PREFACE This is the first edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics for the 21st Century (as “century” is officially defined). Few would dispute that the 20th Century was the century of science; major paradigm shifts took place first in physics and chemistry and, in the second half of the century, in biology. The “Rubber Handbook”, socalled after the original name of its publisher, the Chemical Rubber Company, was a fixture for almost all of that eventful century. When the first edition appeared in 1913, the electron had been known for only 17 years, there were 81 elements, and the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom was still in press. The Handbook was a significant innovation. While systematic compilation of data from the chemistry and physics literature had begun earlier, especially in Germany, the massive tomes that were published by Beilstein, Gmelin, and Landolt-Börnstein were strictly for libraries. The Rubber Handbook appears to have been the first compact, low-price volume of reference data suitable for students and individual researchers to keep on their desk or laboratory bench. It quickly became a standard and grew from its original 116 pages to the present size of over 2500 pages. Generations of students have relied on the CRC Handbook as a resource in their studies, but the impact has been much broader. Senior research scientists, engineers, and workers in other fields have used the book extensively. Linus Pauling, perhaps the most influential chemist of the 20th century, made the following comments a few years before his death: “People who have interviewed me have commented on the extensive knowledge that I have about the properties of substances, especially inorganic compounds, including minerals. I attribute this knowledge in part to the fact that I possessed the Rubber Handbook. I remember clearly the five summers, beginning in 1919, when I worked as a paving-plant inspector, supervising the laying of bituminous pavement in the mountainous region of southern Oregon. For much of the time I was free to read, just keeping an eye on the operation of the paving plant. I remember the book that I read over and over was the Rubber Handbook. I puzzled over the tables of properties - hardness, color, melting and boiling point, density, magnetic properties, and others - trying to think of reasonable explanations of the empirical data. Only in the 1920s and 1930s did I have some success in this effort.” Pauling’s “success” was the first step in our ability to relate the physical and chemical behavior of bulk materials to their molecular structure in a quantitative manner. One factor in the success of the Handbook has been its annual revisions. This practice, followed throughout the century except for a few wartime years, permitted the replacement of old data with new and more accurate values, as well as the introduction of new topics that became important as science moved forward. This policy has helped the Handbook meet the needs of the scientific community in a timely fashion.
The 82nd Edition continues the tradition of updates and improvements. The major change is a revised and expanded table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. The number of compounds has been increased by 12%, the format improved, and the constants updated. In addition, quantitative data on solubility in water are now included in the table, and a formula index has been added. Other tables that have been expanded and updated include: • Critical Constants • Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds • Chemical Carcinogens • Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants • Nomenclature for Organic Polymers • Standard Atomic Weights • Atomic Masses and Abundances • Table of the Isotopes New topics covered in this edition include: • Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures • Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line • Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biological Species • Optical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Solids • Interstellar Molecules • Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum • Units for Magnetic Properties This electronic version of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics contains all the material from the print version of the 82nd Edition, as well as some additional data that could not be accommodated in the printed book. Powerful search capabilities, which are explained in the Help messages, greatly facilitate the task of locating the data. The Editor will appreciate suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of any errors. Address all comments to Editor, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N. W., Boca Raton, FL 33431. Comments may also be sent by electronic mail to
[email protected]. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. I appreciate the valuable suggestions that have come from the Editorial Advisory Board and from many users. I should also like to thank Susan Fox and the rest of the production team at CRC Press for their excellent support. David R. Lide January 1, 2001 This Edition is Dedicated to the Memory of David Reynolds Lide (1901-1976) and Kate Simmons Lide (1896-1991)
This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
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FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Peter J. Mohr and Barry N. Taylor These tables give the 1998 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 1998 set replaces the previous set of constants recommended by CODATA in 1986; assigned uncertainties have been reduced by a factor of 1/5 to 1/12 (and sometimes even greater) relative to the 1986 uncertainties. The recommended set is based on a least-squares adjustment involving all of the relevant experimental and theoretical data available through December 31, 1998. Full details of the input data and the adjustment procedure are given in Reference 1. The 1998 adjustment was carried out by P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The Task Group was established in 1969 with the aim of periodically providing the scientific and technological communities with a self-consistent set of internationally recommended values of the fundamental physical constants based on all applicable information available at a given point in time. The first set was published in 1973 and was followed by a revised set first published in 1986; the current 1998 set first appeared in 1999. In the future, the CODATA Task Group plans to take advantage of the high level of automation developed for the current set in order to issue a new set of recommended values at least every four years. At the time of completion of the 1998 adjustment, the membership of the Task Group was as follows: F. Cabiati, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale “Galileo Ferraris,” Italy E. R. Cohen, Science Center, Rockwell International (retired), United States of America T. Endo, Electrotechnical Laboratory, Japan R. Liu, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of) B. A. Mamyrin, A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America V. S. Tuninsky, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation W. Wöger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada REFERENCES 1. Mohr, Peter J., and Taylor, Barry N., J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1713, 1999; Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 351, 2000. The 1998 set of recommended values is also available at the Web site of the Fundamental Constants Data Center of the NIST Physics Laboratory: http://physics.nist.gov/constants.
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
UNIVERSAL m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1
(exact)
ε0
299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12
Z0
376.730 313 461...
(exact)
G G/c h
6.673(10) × 10−11 6.707(10) × 10−39 6.626 068 76(52) × 10−34 4.135 667 27(16) × 10−15 1.054 571 596(82) × 10−34 6.582 118 89(26) × 10−16
m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 )−2 Js eV s Js eV s
1.5 × 10−3 1.5 × 10−3 7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8 7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8
2.1767(16) × 10−8 1.6160(12) × 10−35 5.3906(40) × 10−44
kg m s
7.5 × 10−4 7.5 × 10−4 7.5 × 10−4
speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant
c, c0 µ0
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 characteristic√impedance of vacuum µ0 /0 = µ0 c Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s Planck mass (c/G)1/2 Planck length /m P c = (G/c3 )1/2 Planck time lP /c = (G/c5 )1/2
mP lP tP
(exact) (exact)
ELECTROMAGNETIC elementary charge
e e/ h
1.602 176 462(63) × 10−19 2.417 989 491(95) × 1014
C A J−1
3.9 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constanta 2e/ h von Klitzing constantb h/e2 = µ0 c/2α
0 G0 G −1 0 KJ
2.067 833 636(81) × 10−15 7.748 091 696(28) × 10−5 12 906.403 786(47) 483 597.898(19) × 109
Wb S Hz V−1
3.9 × 10−8 3.7 × 10−9 3.7 × 10−9 3.9 × 10−8
RK
25 812.807 572(95)
3.7 × 10−9
Bohr magneton e/2m e in eV T−1
µB
927.400 899(37) × 10−26 5.788 381 749(43) × 10−5 13.996 246 24(56) × 109 46.686 4521(19) 0.671 7131(12)
J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1
4.0 × 10−8 7.3 × 10−9 4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6
5.050 783 17(20) × 10−27 3.152 451 238(24) × 10−8 7.622 593 96(31) 2.542 623 66(10) × 10−2 3.658 2638(64) × 10−4
J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1
4.0 × 10−8 7.6 × 10−9 4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6
µB / h µB / hc µB /k nuclear magneton e/2m p in eV T−1
µN µN / h µN / hc µN /k
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General fine-structure constant e2/4π0 c inverse fine-structure constant
α α−1
7.297 352 533(27) × 10−3 137.035 999 76(50)
3.7 × 10−9 3.7 × 10−9
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Rydberg constant α2 m e c/2h
Symbol
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
R∞ R∞ c R∞ hc
10 973 731.568 549(83) 3.289 841 960 368(25) × 1015 2.179 871 90(17) × 10−18 13.605 691 72(53)
m−1 Hz J eV
7.6 × 10−12 7.6 × 10−12 7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8
a0
0.529 177 2083(19) × 10−10
m
3.7 × 10−9
Eh
4.359 743 81(34) × 10−18 27.211 3834(11) 3.636 947 516(27) × 10−4 7.273 895 032(53) × 10−4
J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1
7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8 7.3 × 10−9 7.3 × 10−9
GeV−2
8.6 × 10−6
R∞ hc in eV Bohr radius α/4π R∞ = 4π0 2/m e e2 Hartree energy e2/4πε0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α2 m e c2 in eV quantum of circulation
Value
h/2m e h/m e
Electroweak Fermi coupling constantc weak mixing angled θW (on-shell scheme) 2 ≡ 1 − (m /m )2 sin2 θW = sW W Z
G F /(c)3
1.166 39(1) × 10−5
sin2 θW
0.2224(19)
8.7 × 10−3
Electron, e− 9.109 381 88(72) × 10−31
kg
7.9 × 10−8
c2
5.485 799 110(12) × 10−4 8.187 104 14(64) × 10−14 0.510 998 902(21)
u J MeV
2.1 × 10−9 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio
m e /m µ m e /m τ m e /m p m e /m n m e /m d m e /m α
4.836 332 10(15) × 10−3 2.875 55(47) × 10−4 5.446 170 232(12) × 10−4 5.438 673 462(12) × 10−4 2.724 437 1170(58) × 10−4 1.370 933 5611(29) × 10−4
electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA m e Compton wavelength h/m e c λC /2π = αa0 = α2/4π R∞ classical electron radius α2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2
−e/m e M(e), Me λC re σe
−1.758 820 174(71) × 1011 5.485 799 110(12) × 10−7 2.426 310 215(18) × 10−12 386.159 2642(28) × 10−15 2.817 940 285(31) × 10−15 0.665 245 854(15) × 10−28
C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2
4.0 × 10−8 2.1 × 10−9 7.3 × 10−9 7.3 × 10−9 1.1 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8
µe µe /µB µe /µN
−928.476 362(37) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 1869(41) −1 838.281 9660(39)
J T−1
4.0 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−12 2.1 × 10−9
ae ge
1.159 652 1869(41) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 3737(82)
3.5 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−12
µe /µµ
206.766 9720(63)
3.0 × 10−8
electron mass in u, m e = Ar (e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio
me
me
C
3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 2.1 × 10−9 2.2 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helione magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/
Symbol
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
µe /µp
− 658.210 6875(66)
1.0 × 10−8
µe /µ p
− 658.227 5954(71)
1.1 × 10−8
µe /µn
960.920 50(23)
2.4 × 10−7
µe /µd
−2 143.923 498(23)
1.1 × 10−8
µe /µ h
864.058 255(10)
1.2 × 10−8
γe γe /2π
1.760 859 794(71) × 1011 28 024.9540(11)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
1.883 531 09(16) × 10−28
kg
8.4 × 10−8
0.113 428 9168(34) 1.692 833 32(14) × 10−11 105.658 3568(52)
u J MeV
3.0 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−8 4.9 × 10−8
kg mol−1
3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 3.0 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8
Muon, µ− muon mass in u, m µ = Ar (µ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
mµ
mµ
c2
muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA m µ
m µ /m e m µ /m τ m µ /m p m µ /m n M(µ), Mµ
206.768 2657(63) 5.945 72(97) × 10−2 0.112 609 5173(34) 0.112 454 5079(34) 0.113 428 9168(34) × 10−3
muon Compton wavelength h/m µ c λC,µ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio
λC,µ
µµ µµ /µB µµ /µN
11.734 441 97(35) × 10−15 1.867 594 444(55) × 10−15 −4.490 448 13(22) × 10−26 −4.841 970 85(15) × 10−3 −8.890 597 70(27)
aµ gµ
1.165 916 02(64) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8320(13)
5.5 × 10−7 6.4 × 10−10
µµ /µp
−3.183 345 39(10)
3.2 × 10−8
muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ |/(e/2m µ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio
C,µ
m m J T−1
2.9 × 10−8 2.9 × 10−8 4.9 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8
Tau, τ − tau massf in u, m τ = Ar (τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
mτ
mτ
c2
3.167 88(52) × 10−27
kg
1.6 × 10−4
1.907 74(31) 2.847 15(46) × 10−10 1 777.05(29)
u J MeV
1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA m τ
m τ /m e m τ /m µ m τ /m p m τ /m n M(τ), Mτ
tau Compton wavelength h/m τ c λC,τ /2π
λC,τ C,τ
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
3 477.60(57) 16.8188(27) 1.893 96(31) 1.891 35(31) 1.907 74(31) × 10−3
kg mol−1
1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4
0.697 70(11) × 10−15 0.111 042(18) × 10−15
m m
1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4
1.672 621 58(13) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
1.007 276 466 88(13) 1.503 277 31(12) × 10−10 938.271 998(38)
u J MeV
1.3 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
C kg−1 kg mol−1
2.1 × 10−9 3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 5.8 × 10−10 4.0 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−10
Value
Proton, p proton mass in u, m p = Ar (p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
mp
mp
c2
proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA m p
m p /m e m p /m µ m p /m τ m p /m n e/m p M(p), Mp
1 836.152 6675(39) 8.880 244 08(27) 0.527 994(86) 0.998 623 478 55(58) 9.578 834 08(38) × 107 1.007 276 466 88(13) × 10−3
proton Compton wavelength h/m p c λC,p /2π proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp /µN
λC,p µp µp /µB µp /µN gp
1.321 409 847(10) × 10−15 0.210 308 9089(16) × 10−15 1.410 606 633(58) × 10−26 1.521 032 203(15) × 10−3 2.792 847 337(29) 5.585 694 675(57)
µp /µn µ p
−1.459 898 05(34) 1.410 570 399(59) × 10−26
µ p /µB µ p /µN
1.520 993 132(16) × 10−3 2.792 775 597(31)
1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8
σp
25.687(15) × 10−6
5.7 × 10−4
γp γp /2π
2.675 222 12(11) × 108 42.577 4825(18)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
4.1 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−8
γp
2.675 153 41(11) × 108
s−1 T−1
4.2 × 10−8
γp /2π
42.576 3888(18)
MHz T−1
4.2 × 10−8
proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp / shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ p / (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
C,p
Neutron, n
m m J T−1
J T−1
7.6 × 10−9 7.6 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−8 2.4 × 10−7 4.2 × 10−8
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
mn
1.674 927 16(13) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
m n c2
1.008 664 915 78(55) 1.505 349 46(12) × 10−10 939.565 330(38)
u J MeV
5.4 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
neutron-electron mass ratio neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NA m n
m n /m e m n /m µ m n /m τ m n /m p M(n), Mn
1 838.683 6550(40) 8.892 484 78(27) 0.528 722(86) 1.001 378 418 87(58) 1.008 664 915 78(55) × 10−3
kg mol−1
2.2 × 10−9 3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 5.8 × 10−10 5.4 × 10−10
neutron Compton wavelength h/m n c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio
λC,n µn µn /µB µn /µN
1.319 590 898(10) × 10−15 0.210 019 4142(16) × 10−15 −0.966 236 40(23) × 10−26 −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 −1.913 042 72(45)
gn
−3.826 085 45(90)
2.4 × 10−7
µn /µe
1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3
2.4 × 10−7
µn /µp
−0.684 979 34(16)
2.4 × 10−7
µn /µ p
−0.684 996 94(16)
2.4 × 10−7
γn γn /2π
1.832 471 88(44) × 108 29.164 6958(70)
neutron mass in u, m n = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
neutron g-factor 2µn /µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/
C,n
m m J T−1
7.6 × 10−9 7.6 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7
3.343 583 09(26) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
2.013 553 212 71(35) 3.005 062 62(24) × 10−10 1 875.612 762(75)
u J MeV
1.7 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
kg mol−1
2.1 × 10−9 2.0 × 10−10 1.7 × 10−10
Deuteron, d deuteron mass in u, m d = Ar (d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
md
md
c2
deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA m d
m d /m e m d /m p M(d), Md
3 670.482 9550(78) 1.999 007 500 83(41) 2.013 553 212 71(35) × 10−3
deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio
µd µd /µB µd /µN
0.433 073 457(18) × 10−26 0.466 975 4556(50) × 10−3 0.857 438 2284(94)
µd /µe
−4.664 345 537(50) × 10−4
1.1 × 10−8
µd /µp
0.307 012 2083(45)
1.5 × 10−8
deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio
J T−1
4.2 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio
Symbol
Value
µd /µn
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
2.4 × 10−7
−0.448 206 52(11) Helion, h
helion masse in u, m h = Ar (h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA m h shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ h |/ (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
mh
mh
c2
5.006 411 74(39) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
3.014 932 234 69(86) 4.499 538 48(35) × 10−10 2 808.391 32(11)
u J MeV
2.8 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
kg mol−1 J T−1
2.1 × 10−9 3.1 × 10−10 2.8 × 10−10 4.2 × 10−8
m h /m e m h /m p M(h), Mh µ h
5 495.885 238(12) 2.993 152 658 50(93) 3.014 932 234 69(86) × 10−3 −1.074 552 967(45) × 10−26
µ h /µB µ h /µN
−1.158 671 474(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)
1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8
µ h /µp
−0.761 766 563(12)
1.5 × 10−8
µ h /µ p
−0.761 786 1313(33)
4.3 × 10−9
γh
2.037 894 764(85) × 108
s−1 T−1
4.2 × 10−8
γh /2π
32.434 1025(14)
MHz T−1
4.2 × 10−8
6.644 655 98(52) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
4.001 506 1747(10) 5.971 918 97(47) × 10−10 3 727.379 04(15)
u J MeV
2.5 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
kg mol−1
2.1 × 10−9 2.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−10
Alpha particle, α alpha particle mass in u, m α = Ar (α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA m α
mα
mα
c2
m α /m e m α /m p M(α), Mα
7 294.299 508(16) 3.972 599 6846(11) 4.001 506 1747(10) × 10−3
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m u = 12 m(12 C) = 1 u = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constantg NA e
NA , L
6.022 141 99(47) × 1023
mol−1
7.9 × 10−8
mu
1.660 538 73(13) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
m u c2
1.492 417 78(12) × 10−10 931.494 013(37) 96 485.3415(39)
J MeV C mol−1
7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
F
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
molar Planck constant molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1
molar volume of ideal gas RT / p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA /Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)h 5 2 3/2 kT / p ] 1 0 2 + ln[(2πm u kT1 / h ) T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π 2 /60)k 4/3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constant b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231...
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
k/ h k/ hc
3.990 312 689(30) × 10−10 0.119 626 564 92(91) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6503(24) × 10−23 8.617 342(15) × 10−5 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 69.503 56(12)
J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1
7.6 × 10−9 7.6 × 10−9 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6
Vm n0 Vm
22.413 996(39) × 10−3 2.686 7775(47) × 1025 22.710 981(40) × 10−3
m3 mol−1 m−3 m3 mol−1
1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6
S0 /R
−1.151 7048(44) −1.164 8678(44)
σ c1 c1L c2
5.670 400(40) × 10−8 3.741 771 07(29) × 10−16 1.191 042 722(93) × 10−16 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2
W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK
7.0 × 10−6 7.8 × 10−8 7.8 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6
b
2.897 7686(51) × 10−3
mK
1.7 × 10−6
Symbol
NA h NA hc R k
3.8 × 10−6 3.7 × 10−6
a See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Joseph-
son effect. b See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall
effect. c Value recommended by the Particle Data Group, Caso et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 3(1-4), 1-794 (1998). d Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons m /m recommended by the Particle Data Group (Caso et al., 1998). The value for W Z sin2 θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆW (MZ ) = 0.231 24(24). e The helion, symbol h, is the nucleus of the 3 He atom. f This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group, Caso et al., Eur. Phys. τ τ J. C 3(1-4), 1-794 (1998), but with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of −0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV. g The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3432(76) [7.9×10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants K J−90 and RK−90 given in the “Adopted values” table. h The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass A is given by S = S + 3 R ln A − R ln( p/ p ) + 5 R ln(T/K). r r 0 0 2 2
Fundamental Physical Constants — Adopted values Relative std. uncert. u r
Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
molar mass of 12 C molar mass constanta M(12 C)/12 conventional value of Josephson constantb conventional value of von Klitzing constantc standard atmosphere standard acceleration of gravity
M(12 C) Mu
12 × 10−3 1 × 10−3
kg mol−1 kg mol−1
(exact) (exact)
K J−90
483 597.9
GHz V−1
(exact)
RK−90
25 812.807 101 325 9.806 65
Pa m s−2
(exact) (exact) (exact)
gn a The relative atomic mass A (X) of particle X with mass m(X) is defined by A (X) = m(X)/m , where m = m(12 C)/12 = M /N = 1 u is r r u u u A the atomic mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X in u is m(X) = A r (X) u and the molar mass of X is M(X) = Ar (X)Mu . b This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. c This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
Energy Equivalents J
kg
m−1
Hz
1J
(1 J) = 1J
(1 J)/c2 = 1.112 650 056 × 10−17 kg
(1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 62(39) × 1024 m−1
(1 J)/h = 1.509 190 50(12) × 1033 Hz
1 kg
(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 × 1016 J
(1 kg) = 1 kg
(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 439 29(35) × 1041 m−1
(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 77(11) × 1050 Hz
1 m−1
(1 m−1 )hc = 1.986 445 44(16) × 10−25 J
(1 m−1 )h/c = 2.210 218 63(17) × 10−42 kg
(1 m−1 ) = 1 m−1
(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz
1 Hz
(1 Hz)h = 6.626 068 76(52) × 10−34 J
(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 495 78(58) × 10−51 kg
(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 952 × 10−9 m−1
(1 Hz) = 1 Hz
1K
(1 K)k = 1.380 6503(24) × 10−23 J
(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1807(27) × 10−40 kg
(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1
(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 Hz
1 eV
(1 eV) = 1.602 176 462(63) × 10−19 J
(1 eV)/ hc = (1 eV)/c2 = 1.782 661 731(70) × 10−36 kg 8.065 544 77(32) × 105 m−1
1u
(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 78(12) × 10−10 J
(1 u) = 1.660 538 73(13) × 10−27 kg
(1 u)c/ h = 7.513 006 658(57) × 1014 m−1
(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 733(17) × 1023 Hz
1 Eh
(1 E h ) = 4.359 743 81(34) × 10−18 J
(1 E h )/c2 = 4.850 869 19(38) × 10−35 kg
(1 E h )/ hc = 2.194 746 313 710(17) × 107 m−1
(1 E h )/ h = 6.579 683 920 735(50) × 1015 Hz
(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 491(95) × 1014 Hz
Derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT , and based on the 1998 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 m(12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/N , and E = 2R hc = α 2 m c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree). 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = m u = 12 ∞ e A h
Energy Equivalents K
eV
u
Eh
1J
(1 J)/k = 7.242 964(13) × 1022 K
(1 J) = 6.241 509 74(24) × 1018 eV
(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 536 62(53) × 109 u
(1 J) = 2.293 712 76(18) × 1017 E h
1 kg
(1 kg)c2/k = 6.509 651(11) × 1039 K
(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 589 21(22) × 1035 eV
(1 kg) = 6.022 141 99(47) × 1026 u
(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 22(16) × 1034 E h
1 m−1
(1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2 K
(1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 )hc = −6 −15 1.239 841 857(49) × 10 eV 1.331 025 042(10) × 10 u 4.556 335 252 750(35) × 10−8 E h
1 Hz
(1 Hz)h/k = (1 Hz)h = 4.799 2374(84) × 10−11 K 4.135 667 27(16) × 10−15 eV
(1 Hz)h/c2 = (1 Hz)h = 4.439 821 637(34) × 10−24 u 1.519 829 846 003(12) × 10−16 E h
1K
(1 K) = 1K
(1 K)k = 8.617 342(15) × 10−5 eV
(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 098(16) × 10−14 u
(1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55) × 10−6 E h
1 eV
(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4506(20) × 104 K
(1 eV) = 1 eV
(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 206(43) × 10−9 u
(1 eV) = 3.674 932 60(14) × 10−2 E h
1u
(1 u)c2/k = 1.080 9528(19) × 1013 K
(1 u)c2 = 931.494 013(37) × 106 eV
(1 u) = 1u
(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 709(26) × 107 E h
1 Eh
(1 E h )/k = 3.157 7465(55) × 105 K
(1 E h ) = 27.211 3834(11) eV
(1 E h )/c2 = 2.921 262 304(22) × 10−8 u
(1 E h ) = 1 Eh
Derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT , and based on the 1998 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 m(12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/N , and E = 2R hc = α 2 m c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree). 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = m u = 12 ∞ e A h
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (1997) This table of atomic weights is reprinted from the 1997 report of the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An entry in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of an element that has no stable isotopes and for which a Standard Atomic Weight cannot be defined because of wide variability in isotopic composition (or complete absence) in nature. REFERENCE Vocke, R. D. (for IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances), Atomic Weights of the Elements 1997, Pure Appl. Chem., 71, 1593, 1999.
Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine
Symbol
At. no.
Atomic Weight
Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I
89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49 53
[227] 26.981538(2) [243] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [210] 137.327(7) [247] 9.012182(3) 208.98038(2) [264] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.90545(2) 35.4527(9) 51.9961(6) 58.933200(9) 63.546(3) [247] [262] 162.50(3) [252] 167.26(3) 151.964(1) [257] 18.9984032(5) [223] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.61(2) 196.96655(2) 178.49(2) [269] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3) 126.90447(3)
1-12
Footnotes
g g
g
r
m
r
g g g g
r
m
r
g g g
g
g g
r m
r
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (1997) (continued)
Name
Symbol
At. no.
Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten
Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W
77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74
Atomic Weight 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.80(1) 138.9055(2) [262] 207.2(1) 6.941(2)* 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938049(9) [268] [258] 200.59(2) 95.94(1) 144.24(3) 20.1797(6) [237] 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.00674(7) [259] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973761(2) 195.078(2) [244] [209] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [145] 231.03588(2) [226] [222] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261] 150.36(3) 44.955910(8) [266] 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.989770(2) 87.62(1) 32.066(6) 180.9479(1) [98] 127.60(3) 158.92534(2) 204.3833(2) 232.0381(1) 168.93421(2) 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1)
1-13
Footnotes
g g g g g
g g g
m
m
r r
m
g
r
g g g
r
g
g g g
r g g g
g
g g
r r
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (1997) (continued) Name Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium * g m r
Symbol
At. no.
Atomic Weight
U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
92 23 54 70 39 30 40
238.0289(1) 50.9415(1) 131.29(2) 173.04(3) 88.90585(2) 65.39(2) 91.224(2)
Footnotes g
m
g g
m
g
Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that are known to range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given the table can occur. range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated atomic weight value should be applicable to any normal material.
1-14
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses are based on the 1995 evaluation of Audi and Wapstra (Reference 2). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. Natural abundance values are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 3 and 4 for more details). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined. An electronic version of these data is available on the Web site of the NIST Physics Laboratory (Reference 5). REFERENCES 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2001. 2. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Nucl. Phys., A595, 409, 1995. 3. Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 1275, 1998. 4. R. D. Vocke (for IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances), Pure Appl. Chem., 71, 1593, 1999. 5. Coursey, J. S., and Dragoset, R. A., Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 2.1). Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Compositions/ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Z 1
Isotope 1H 2D 3T
2
3He 4He
3
6Li 7Li
4 5
9Be 10B 11B
6
12C 13C
7
14N 15N
8
16O 17O 18O
9 10
19F 20Ne 21Ne 22Ne
11 12
23Na 24Mg 25Mg 26Mg
13 14
27Al 28Si 29Si 30Si
15 16
31P 32S 33S 34S 36S
17
35Cl 37Cl
18
36Ar 38Ar
Mass in u 1.0078250321(4) 2.0141017780(4) 3.0160492675(11) 3.0160293097(9) 4.0026032497(10) 6.0151223(5) 7.0160040(5) 9.0121821(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093055(5) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.0030740052(9) 15.0001088984(9) 15.9949146221(15) 16.99913150(22) 17.9991604(9) 18.99840320(7) 19.9924401759(20) 20.99384674(4) 21.99138551(23) 22.98976967(23) 23.98504190(20) 24.98583702(20) 25.98259304(21) 26.98153844(14) 27.9769265327(20) 28.97649472(3) 29.97377022(5) 30.97376151(20) 31.97207069(12) 32.97145850(12) 33.96786683(11) 35.96708088(25) 34.96885271(4) 36.96590260(5) 35.96754628(27) 37.9627322(5)
Abundance in %
Z
Isotope 40Ar
99.9850(70) 0.0115(70)
19
39K 40K 41K
0.000137(3) 99.999863(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.632(7) 0.368(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.2297(7) 4.6832(5) 3.0872(5) 100 94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28) 0.02(1) 75.78(4) 24.22(4) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5)
20
40Ca 42Ca 43Ca 44Ca 46Ca 48Ca
21 22
45Sc 46Ti 47Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti
23
50V 51V
24
50Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr
25 26
55Mn 54Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe
27 28
59Co 58Ni 60Ni 61Ni 62Ni 64Ni
29
63Cu 65Cu
30
64Zn 66Zn 67Zn
1-15
Mass in u 39.962383123(3) 38.9637069(3) 39.96399867(29) 40.96182597(28) 39.9625912(3) 41.9586183(4) 42.9587668(5) 43.9554811(9) 45.9536928(25) 47.952534(4) 44.9559102(12) 45.9526295(12) 46.9517638(10) 47.9479471(10) 48.9478708(10) 49.9447921(11) 49.9471628(14) 50.9439637(14) 49.9460496(14) 51.9405119(15) 52.9406538(15) 53.9388849(15) 54.9380496(14) 53.9396148(14) 55.9349421(15) 56.9353987(15) 57.9332805(15) 58.9332002(15) 57.9353479(15) 59.9307906(15) 60.9310604(15) 61.9283488(15) 63.9279696(16) 62.9296011(15) 64.9277937(19) 63.9291466(18) 65.9260368(16) 66.9271309(17)
Abundance in % 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44) 96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4) 100 68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.17(3) 30.83(3) 48.63(60) 27.90(27) 4.10(13)
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z
Isotope 68Zn 70Zn
31
69Ga 71Ga
32
70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge
33 34
75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se
35
79Br 81Br
36
78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr
37
85Rb 87Rb
38
84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr
39 40
89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr 94Zr 96Zr
41 42
93Nb 92Mo 94Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 100Mo
43
97Tc 98Tc 99Tc
44
96Ru 98Ru 99Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 104Ru
45 46
103Rh 102Pd 104Pd 105Pd
Mass in u 67.9248476(17) 69.925325(4) 68.925581(3) 70.9247050(19) 69.9242504(19) 71.9220762(16) 72.9234594(16) 73.9211782(16) 75.9214027(16) 74.9215964(18) 73.9224766(16) 75.9192141(16) 76.9199146(16) 77.9173095(16) 79.9165218(20) 81.9167000(22) 78.9183376(20) 80.916291(3) 77.920386(7) 79.916378(4) 81.9134846(28) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.9106103(12) 84.9117893(25) 86.9091835(27) 83.913425(4) 85.9092624(24) 86.9088793(24) 87.9056143(24) 88.9058479(25) 89.9047037(23) 90.9056450(23) 91.9050401(23) 93.9063158(25) 95.908276(3) 92.9063775(24) 91.906810(4) 93.9050876(20) 94.9058415(20) 95.9046789(20) 96.9060210(20) 97.9054078(20) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062546(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(21) 99.9042197(22) 100.9055822(22) 101.9043495(22) 103.905430(4) 102.905504(3) 101.905608(3) 103.904035(5) 104.905084(5)
Abundance in %
Z
Isotope 106Pd
18.75(51) 0.62(3) 60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.84(87) 27.54(34) 7.73(5) 36.28(73) 7.61(38) 100 0.89(4) 9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.35(1) 2.28(6) 11.58(14) 11.49(6) 57.00(4) 17.30(22) 72.17(2) 27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9) 100 14.84(35) 9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2) 9.55(8) 24.13(31) 9.63(23)
108Pd 110Pd
47
107Ag 109Ag
48
106Cd 108Cd 110Cd 111Cd 112Cd 113Cd 114Cd 116Cd
49
113In 115In
50
112Sn 114Sn 115Sn 116Sn 117Sn 118Sn 119Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn
51
121Sb 123Sb
52
120Te 122Te 123Te 124Te 125Te 126Te 128Te 130Te
53 54
127I 124Xe 126Xe 128Xe 129Xe 130Xe 131Xe 132Xe 134Xe 136Xe
55 56
133Cs 130Ba 132Ba
5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8)
134Ba 135Ba 136Ba 137Ba 138Ba
57
138La 139La
58
136Ce 138Ce 140Ce
1-16
Mass in u 105.903483(5) 107.903894(4) 109.905152(12) 106.905093(6) 108.904756(3) 105.906458(6) 107.904183(6) 109.903006(3) 110.904182(3) 111.9027572(30) 112.9044009(30) 113.9033581(30) 115.904755(3) 112.904061(4) 114.903878(5) 111.904821(5) 113.902782(3) 114.903346(3) 115.901744(3) 116.902954(3) 117.901606(3) 118.903309(3) 119.9021966(27) 121.9034401(29) 123.9052746(15) 120.9038180(24) 122.9042157(22) 119.904020(11) 121.9030471(20) 122.9042730(19) 123.9028195(16) 124.9044247(20) 125.9033055(20) 127.9044614(19) 129.9062228(21) 126.904468(4) 123.9058958(21) 125.904269(7) 127.9035304(15) 128.9047795(9) 129.9035079(10) 130.9050819(10) 131.9041545(12) 133.9053945(9) 135.907220(8) 132.905447(3) 129.906310(7) 131.905056(3) 133.904503(3) 134.905683(3) 135.904570(3) 136.905821(3) 137.905241(3) 137.907107(4) 138.906348(3) 135.907140(50) 137.905986(11) 139.905434(3)
Abundance in % 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62) 100 0.09(1) 0.09(1) 1.92(3) 26.44(24) 4.08(2) 21.18(3) 26.89(6) 10.44(10) 8.87(16) 100 0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51)
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z
Isotope 142Ce
59 60
141Pr 142Nd 143Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 148Nd 150Nd
61
145Pm 147Pm
62
144Sm 147Sm 148Sm 149Sm 150Sm 152Sm 154Sm
63
151Eu 153Eu
64
152Gd 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 160Gd
65 66
159Tb 156Dy 158Dy 160Dy 161Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy
67 68
165Ho 162Er 164Er 166Er 167Er 168Er 170Er
69 70
169Tm 168Yb 170Yb 171Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 176Yb
71
175Lu 176Lu
72
174Hf 176Hf 177Hf 178Hf 179Hf 180Hf
Mass in u 141.909240(4) 140.907648(3) 141.907719(3) 142.909810(3) 143.910083(3) 144.912569(3) 145.913112(3) 147.916889(3) 149.920887(4) 144.912744(4) 146.915134(3) 143.911995(4) 146.914893(3) 147.914818(3) 148.917180(3) 149.917271(3) 151.919728(3) 153.922205(3) 150.919846(3) 152.921226(3) 151.919788(3) 153.920862(3) 154.922619(3) 155.922120(3) 156.923957(3) 157.924101(3) 159.927051(3) 158.925343(3) 155.924278(7) 157.924405(4) 159.925194(3) 160.926930(3) 161.926795(3) 162.928728(3) 163.929171(3) 164.930319(3) 161.928775(4) 163.929197(4) 165.930290(3) 166.932045(3) 167.932368(3) 169.935460(3) 168.934211(3) 167.933894(5) 169.934759(3) 170.936322(3) 171.9363777(30) 172.9382068(30) 173.9388581(30) 175.942568(3) 174.9407679(28) 175.9426824(28) 173.940040(3) 175.9414018(29) 176.9432200(27) 177.9436977(27) 178.9458151(27) 179.9465488(27)
Abundance in %
Z
11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)
73
Isotope 180Ta 181Ta
74
180W 182W 183W 184W 186W
75
185Re 187Re
76
184Os 186Os 187Os
3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(3) 52.19(3) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.06(1) 0.10(1) 2.34(8) 18.91(24) 25.51(26) 24.90(16) 28.18(37) 100 0.14(1) 1.61(3) 33.61(35) 22.93(17) 26.78(26) 14.93(27) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16)
188Os 189Os 190Os 192Os
77
191Ir 193Ir
78
190Pt 192Pt 194Pt 195Pt 196Pt 198Pt
79 80
197Au 196Hg 198Hg 199Hg 200Hg 201Hg 202Hg 204Hg
81
203Tl 205Tl
82
204Pb 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb
83 84
209Bi 209Po 210Po
85
210At 211At
86
211Rn 220Rn 222Rn
87 88
223Fr 223Ra 224Ra 226Ra 228Ra
89 90
227Ac 230Th 232Th
91 92
231Pa 233U 234U 235U
1-17
Mass in u 179.947466(3) 180.947996(3) 179.946706(5) 181.948206(3) 182.9502245(29) 183.9509326(29) 185.954362(3) 184.9529557(30) 186.9557508(30) 183.952491(3) 185.953838(3) 186.9557479(30) 187.9558360(30) 188.9581449(30) 189.958445(3) 191.961479(4) 190.960591(3) 192.962924(3) 189.959930(7) 191.961035(4) 193.962664(3) 194.964774(3) 195.964935(3) 197.967876(4) 196.966552(3) 195.965815(4) 197.966752(3) 198.968262(3) 199.968309(3) 200.970285(3) 201.970626(3) 203.973476(3) 202.972329(3) 204.974412(3) 203.973029(3) 205.974449(3) 206.975881(3) 207.976636(3) 208.980383(3) 208.982416(3) 209.982857(3) 209.987131(9) 210.987481(4) 210.990585(8) 220.0113841(29) 222.0175705(27) 223.0197307(29) 223.018497(3) 224.0202020(29) 226.0254026(27) 228.0310641(27) 227.0277470(29) 230.0331266(22) 232.0380504(22) 231.0358789(28) 233.039628(3) 234.0409456(21) 235.0439231(21)
Abundance in % 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1) 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26) 6.87(15) 29.524(14) 70.476(14) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1) 100
100 100 0.0055(2) 0.7200(51)
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z
Isotope
236U 238U
93
237Np 239Np
94
238Pu 239Pu 240Pu 241Pu 242Pu 244Pu
95
241Am 243Am
96
243Cm 244Cm 245Cm 246Cm 247Cm 248Cm
97
247Bk
Mass in u
236.0455619(21) 238.0507826(21) 237.0481673(21) 239.0529314(23) 238.0495534(21) 239.0521565(21) 240.0538075(21) 241.0568453(21) 242.0587368(21) 244.064198(5) 241.0568229(21) 243.0613727(23) 243.0613822(24) 244.0627463(21) 245.0654856(29) 246.0672176(24) 247.070347(5) 248.072342(5) 247.070299(6)
Abundance in %
Z
Isotope
249Bk
99.2745(106)
98
249Cf 250Cf 251Cf 252Cf
99 100 101
252Es 257Fm 256Md 258Md
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
259No 262Lr 261Rf 262Db 263Sg 264Bh 265Hs 268Mt 269Uun 272Uuu
*Mass values derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends.
1-18
Mass in u
249.074980(3) 249.074847(3) 250.0764000(24) 251.079580(5) 252.081620(5) 252.082970(50) 257.095099(7) 256.094050(60) 258.098425(5) 259.101020(110)* 262.109690(320)* 261.108750(110)* 262.114150(200)* 263.118310(130)* 264.124730(300)* 265.130000(320)* 268.138820(340)* 269.145140(310)* 272.153480(360)*
Abundance in %
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE Atomic no.
n= Element
K 1 s
L 2 s
p
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s
M 3 p d
s
N 4 p d
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 5* 5 6 7 8 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1-13
1 2 4* 5 5 7 8 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
O 5 f
s
p
d
f
s
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6
1 2
P 6 p d
Q 7 s
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE (continued) Atomic no. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 *
n= Element
K 1 s
L 2 s
p
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s
M 3 p d
s
N 4 p d
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
O 5 f
s
1* 3 4 5 6 7 7 9* 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
p 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
d
f
s
2* 3 4 6* 7 7* 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
P 6 p d
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Note irregularity.
REFERENCE W. L. Wiese and G. A. Martin, in A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989, 94.
1-14
1 2 1 1 1
1
1 2
Q 7 s
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: 9
[(
)
T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ln( p/ Pa ) – B / C i =1
]
i
The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990.
Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala
Equilibrium stateb
Temperature T90 (K)
He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au
VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP
Cuc
FP
3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77
1-15
t90 (°C)
–270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62
INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) (continued) Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 (continued) a
b
c
e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.
Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef.or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C
3He 0.65—3.2 K
4He 1.25—2.1768 K
1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3
1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9
1-16
4He 2.1768—5.0 K
3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000°C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064°C range. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1545, 1992. t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
-180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.002 -0.005 -0.007 -0.010 -0.013 -0.016 -0.018 -0.021 -0.024 -0.026 -0.028 -0.030 -0.032 -0.034 -0.036 -0.037 -0.038 -0.039 -0.039 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040
0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 -0.006 -0.012 -0.016 -0.020 -0.023 -0.026 -0.026 -0.027 -0.027 -0.026 -0.024 -0.023 -0.020 -0.018 -0.016 -0.012 -0.009 -0.005 -0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024
270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710
-0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.040 -0.040 -0.041 -0.042 -0.043 -0.045 -0.046 -0.048 -0.051 -0.053 -0.056 -0.059 -0.062 -0.065 -0.068 -0.072 -0.075 -0.079 -0.083 -0.087 -0.090 -0.094 -0.098 -0.101 -0.105 -0.108 -0.112 -0.115 -0.118 -0.122 -0.125 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01
0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.06 -0.08 -0.10 -0.11 -0.13 -0.15 -0.16 -0.18 -0.19 -0.20 -0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.24 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.30 -0.35 -0.39 -0.44 -0.49 -0.54
0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1
1-17
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 (continued) t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
T/K
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000
-0.60 -0.66 -0.72 -0.79 -0.85 -0.93 -1.00 -1.07 -1.15 -1.24 -1.32 -1.41 -1.50 -1.59 -1.69 -1.78 -1.89 -1.99 -2.10 -2.21 -2.32 -2.43 -2.55
2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8
T/K
T90-T76
T90-T68
-0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005 -0.0006 -0.0007 -0.0008 -0.0010 -0.0011 -0.0013 -0.0014 -0.0016 -0.0018 -0.0020 -0.0022 -0.0025 -0.0027 -0.0030 -0.0032 -0.0035 -0.0038 -0.0041
-0.006 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0.008 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.004
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
T90-T76
1-18
T90-T68
T/K
-0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.008 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.005 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
T90-T76
T90-T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 -0.006 -0.031 -0.040 -0.040 -0.055 -0.089 -0.124
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) 1 SI base units Table 1 gives the seven base quantities, assumed to be mutually independent, on which the SI is founded; and the names and symbols of their respective units, called ``SI base units.' ' Definitions of the SI base units are given in Appendix A. The kelvin and its symbol K are also used to express the value of a temperature interval or a temperature difference.
Table 1. SI base units SI base unit Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity
Name
Symbol
meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela
m kg s A K mol cd
2 SI deriived units Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or other derived units (including the radian and steradian which are the two supplementary units – see Sec. 3). The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For example, the derived unit for the derived quantity molar mass (mass divided by amount of substance) is the kilogram per mole, symbol kg/mol. Additional examples of derived units expressed in terms of SI base units are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of SI base units SI derived unit Derived quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number mass density (density) specific volume current density magnetic field strength amount-of-substance concentration (concentration) luminance
2.1
Name
Symbol
square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter
m2 m3 m/s m/s 2 m21 kg/m 3 m 3 /kg A/m 2 A/m
mole per cubic meter candela per square meter
mol/m 3 cd/m 2
SI derived units with special names and symbols
Certain SI derived units have special names and symbols; these are given in Tables 3a and 3b. As discussed in Sec. 3, the radian and steradian, which are the two supplementary units, are included in Table 3a.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 3a. SI derived units with special names and symbols, including the radian and steradian SI derived unit Derived quantity
Special name
plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature(a) luminous flux illuminance (a) (b)
Special symbol
Expression in terms of other SI units
Expression in terms of SI base units
radian steradian hertz newton pascal
rad sr Hz N Pa
N/m2
m ? m21 = 1 m 2 ? m22 = 1 s21 m ? kg ? s22 m21 ? kg ? s22
joule watt
J W
N?m J/s
m2 ? kg ? s22 m2 ? kg ? s23
coulomb
C
volt farad ohm siemens weber tesla henry degree Celsius lumen lux
V F V S Wb T H 8C lm lx
s?A W/A C/V V/A A/V V?s Wb/m2 Wb/A cd ? sr lm/m2
m2 ? kg ? s23 ? A21 m22 ? kg21 ? s4 ? A2 m2 ? kg ? s23 ? A22 m22 ? kg21 ? s3 ? A2 m2 ? kg ? s22 ? A21 kg ? s22 ? A21 m2 ? kg ? s22 ? A22 K cd ? sr (b) m22 ? cd ? sr (b)
See Sec. 2.1.1. The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in photometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions for units (see Sec. 3).
Table 3b. SI derived units with special names and symbols admitted for reasons of safeguarding human health (a) SI derived unit Derived quantity
Special name
Special symbol
Expression in terms of other SI units
Expression in terms of SI base units
activity (of a radionuclide)
becquerel
Bq
absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma
gray
Gy
J/kg
m2 ? s22
dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, equivalent dose
sievert
Sv
J/kg
m2 ? s22
(a)
s21
The derived quantities to be expressed in the gray and the sievert have been revised in accordance with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU).
2.1.1 Degree Celsius In addition to the quantity thermodynamic temperature (symbol T ), expressed in the unit kelvin, use is also made of the quantity Celsius temperature (symbol t ) defined by the equation t = T2T 0 , where T 0 = 273.15 K by definition. To express Celsius temperature, the unit degree Celsius, symbol 8C, which is equal in magnitude to the unit kelvin, is used; in this case, ``degree Celsius' ' is a special name used in place of ``kelvin.' ' An interval or difference of Celsius temperature can, however, be expressed in the unit kelvin as well as in the unit degree Celsius. (Note that the thermodynamic temperature T0 is exactly 0.01 K below the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.)
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) 2.2
Use of SI derived units with special names and symbols
Examples of SI derived units that can be expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols (including the radian and steradian) are given in Table 4. Table 4. Examples of SI derived units expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols SI derived unit Derived quantity angular velocity angular acceleration dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension heat flux density, irradiance radiant intensity radiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and g rays) absorbed dose rate (a)
Name
Symbol
Expression in terms of SI base units
radian per second radian per second squared pascal second newton meter newton per meter
rad/s rad/s 2 Pa ? s N?m N/m
m ? m 21 ? s 21 = s 21 m ? m 21 ? s 22 = s 22 m21 ? kg ? s21 m 2 ? kg ? s22 kg ? s22
watt per square meter watt per steradian watt per square meter steradian joule per kelvin joule per kilogram kelvin joule per kilogram watt per meter kelvin joule per cubic meter volt per meter coulomb per cubic meter coulomb per square meter farad per meter henry per meter joule per mole
W/m 2 W/sr
kg ? s23 m 2 ? kg ? s 23 ? sr 21 (a)
W/(m 2 ? sr) J/K
kg ? s 23 ? sr 21 (a) m 2 ? kg ? s22 ? K21
J/(kg ? K) J/kg W/(m ? K) J/m 3 V/m C/m 3 C/m 2 F/m H/m J/mol
m 2 ? s22 ? K21 m 2 ? s22 m ? kg ? s23 ? K21 m21 ? kg ? s22 m ? kg ? s23 ? A21 m23 ? s ? A m22 ? s ? A m23 ? kg21 ? s4 ? A2 m ? kg ? s22 ? A22 m 2 ? kg ? s22 ? mol21
joule per mole kelvin coulomb per kilogram gray per second
J/(mol ? K) C/kg Gy/s
m 2 ? kg ? s22 ? K21 ? mol21 kg21 ? s ? A m 2 ? s23
The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in radiometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions for units (see Sec. 3).
The advantages of using the special names and symbols of SI derived units are apparent in Table 4. Consider, for example, the quantity molar entropy: the unit J/(mol ? K) is obviously more easily understood than its SI base-unit equivalent, m 2 ? kg ? s 22 ? K 21 ? mol 21. Nevertheless, it should always be recognized that the special names and symbols exist for convenience; either the form in which special names or symbols are used for certain combinations of units or the form in which they are not used is correct. For example, because of the descriptive value implicit in the compound-unit form, communication is sometimes facilitated if magnetic flux (see Table 3a) is expressed in terms of the volt second (V ? s) instead of the weber (Wb). Tables 3a, 3b, and 4 also show that the values of several different quantities are expressed in the same SI unit. For example, the joule per kelvin (J/K) is the SI unit for heat capacity as well as for entropy. Thus the name of the unit is not sufficient to define the quantity measured. A derived unit can often be expressed in several different ways through the use of base units and derived units with special names. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to using certain units with special names, or combinations of units, to facilitate the distinction between quantities whose values have identical expressions in terms of SI base units. For example, the SI unit of frequency is specified as the hertz (Hz) rather than the reciprocal second (s 21 ), and the SI unit of moment of force is specified as the newton meter (N ? m) rather than the joule (J).
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Similarly, in the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated as the becquerel (Bq) rather than the reciprocal second (s 21 ), and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent are designated as the gray (Gy) and the sievert (Sv), respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram (J/kg). 3 SI supplementary units As previously stated, there are two units in this class: the radian, symbol rad, the SI unit of the quantity plane angle; and the steradian, symbol sr, the SI unit of the quantity solid angle. Definitions of these units are given in Appendix A. The SI supplementary units are now interpreted as so-called dimensionless derived units for which the CGPM allows the freedom of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units.3 Thus the radian and steradian are not given in a separate table but have been included in Table 3a together with other derived units with special names and symbols (seeSec.2.1). This interpretation of the supplementary units implies that plane angle and solid angle are considered derived quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities), each of which has the which has the unit one, symbol 1, as its coherent SI unit. However, in practice, when one expresses the values of derived quantities involving plane angle or solid angle, it often aids understanding if the special names (or symbols) ``radian' ' (rad) or ``steradian' ' (sr) are used in place of the number 1. For example, although values of the derived quantity angular velocity (plane angle divided by time) may be expressed in the unit s21, such values are usually expressed in the unit rad/s. Because the radian and steradian are now viewed as so-called dimensionless derived units, the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU, Comité Consultatif des Unités) of the CIPM as result of a 1993 request it received from ISO/TC12, recommended to the CIPM that it request the CGPM to abolish the class of supplementary units as a separate class in the SI. The CIPM accepted the CCU recommendation, and if the abolishment is approved by the CGPM as is likely (the question will be on the agenda of the 20th CGPM, October 1995), the SI will consist of only two classes of units: base units and derived units, with the radian and steradian subsumed into the class of derived units of the SI. (The option of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units, as is convenient, would remain unchanged.) 4 Decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units: SI prefixes Table 5 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. They allow very large or very small numerical values to be avoided. A prefix attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit. For example, one kilometer, symbol 1 km, is equal to one thousand meters, symbol 1000 m or 103 m. When prefixes are attached to SI units, the units so formed are called ``multiples and submultiples of SI units' ' in order to distinguish them from the coherent system of SI units.
Note:
3
Alternative definitions of the SI prefixes and their symbols are not permitted. For example, it is unacceptable to use kilo (k) to represent 2 10 = 1024, mega (M) to represent 2 20 = 1 048 576, or giga (G) to represent 2 30 = 1 073 741 824.
This interpretation was given in 1980 by the CIPM . It was deemed necessary because Resolution 12 of the 11th CGPM, which established the SI in 1960 , did not specify the nature of the supplementary units. The interpretation is based on two principal considerations: that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio of two lengths and solid angle as the ratio of an area and the square of a length, and are thus quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities); and that treating the radian and steradian as SI base units – a possibility not disallowed by Resolution 12 – could compromise the internal coherence of the SI based on only seven base units. (See ISO 31-0 for a discussion of the concept of dimension.)
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 5. SI prefixes Factor
Prefix
10 24 10 21 10 18 10 15 10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 2 10 1
= = = = = = = =
(10 3 ) 8 (10 3 ) 7 (10 3 ) 6 (10 3 ) 5 (10 3 ) 4 (10 3 ) 3 (10 3 ) 2 (10 3 ) 1
5
Units Outside the SI
Symbol
yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka
Y Z E P T G M k h da
Factor 1021 1022 1023 1026 1029 10212 10215 10218 10221 10224
= = = = = = = =
Prefix
Symbol
deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
(10 3 ) 21 (10 3 ) 22 (10 3 ) 23 (10 3 ) 24 (10 3 ) 25 (10 3 ) 26 (10 3 ) 27 (10 3 ) 28
d c m m n p f a z y
Units that are outside the SI may be divided into three categories: –
those units that are accepted for use with the SI;
– those units that are temporarily accepted for use with the SI; and – those units that are not accepted for use with the SI and thus must strictly be avoided. 5.1
Units accepted for use with the SI The following sections discuss in detail the units that are acceptable for use with the SI.
5.1.1
Hour, degree, liter, and the like
Certain units that are not part of the SI are essential and used so widely that they are accepted by the CIPM for use with the SI. These units are given in Table 6. The combination of units of this table with SI units to form derived units should be restricted to special cases in order not to lose the advantages of the coherence of SI units. Additionally, it is recognized that it may be necessary on occasion to use time-related units other than those given in Table 6; in particular, circumstances may require that intervals of time be expressed in weeks, months, or years. In such cases, if a standardized symbol for the unit is not available, the name of the unit should be written out in full.
Table 6. Units accepted for use with the SI Name
Symbol
6 6
minute hour time day degree minute plane angle second liter metric ton (c)
min h d 8 ' " l, L (b) t
Value in SI units 1 min 1h 1d 18 1' 1" 1L 1t
= = = = = = = =
60 s 60 min = 3600 s 24 h = 86 400 s (p/180) rad (1/60)8=(p/10 800) rad (1/60)' =(p/648 000) rad 1 dm3 = 1023 m3 10 3 kg
(b)
The alternative symbol for the liter, L, was adopted by the CGPM in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter l and the number 1 . Thus, although both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the liter, to avoid this risk the symbol to be used in the United States is L . The script letter , is not an approved symbol for the liter.
(c)
This is the name to be used for this unit in the United States; it is also used in some other English-speaking countries. However, ``tonne' ' is used in many countries.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) 5.1.2
Neper, bel, shannon, and the like
There are a few highly specialized units not listed in Table 6 that are given by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and which are also acceptable for use with the SI. They include the neper (Np), bel (B), octave, phon, and sone, and units used in information technology, including the baud (Bd), bit (bit), erlang (E), hartley (Hart), and shannon (Sh).4 It is the position of NIST that the only such additional units that may be used with the SI are those given in either the International Standards on quantities and units of ISO or of IEC . 5.1.3
Electronvolt and unified atomic mass unit
The CIPM also finds it necessary to accept for use with the SI the two units given in Table 7. These units are used in specialized fields; their values in SI units must be obtained from experiment and, therefore, are not known exactly.
Note :
In some fields the unified atomic mass unit is called the dalton, symbol Da; however, this name and symbol are not accepted by the CGPM, CIPM, ISO, or IEC for use with the SI. Similarly, AMU is not an acceptable unit symbol for the unified atomic mass unit. The only allowed name is ``unified atomic mass unit' ' and the only allowed symbol is u.
Table 7. Units accepted for use with the SI whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt unified atomic mass unit (a)
Symbol eV u
Definition (a) (b)
The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum; 1 eV = 1.602 177 33310219 J with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 000 49310219 J . The unified atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12 C; 1 u = 1.660 540 23 10227 kg with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 001 0310227 kg .
(b)
5.1.4
Natural and atomic units
In some cases, particularly in basic science, the values of quantities are expressed in terms of fundamental constants of nature or so-called natural units.The use of these units with the SI is permissible when it is necessary for the most effective communication of information. In such cases, the specific natural units that are used must be identified. This requirement applies even to the system of units customarily called ``atomicunits' ' used in theoretical atomic physics and chemistry, inasmuch as there are several different systems that have the appellation ``atomic units.'' Examples of physical quantities used as natural units are given in Table 8. NIST also takes the position that while theoretical results intended primarily for other theorists may be left in natural units, if they are also intended for experimentalists, they must also be given in acceptable units.
4
The symbol in parentheses following the name of the unit is its internationally accepted unit symbol, but the octave, phon, and sone have no such unit symbols. For additional information on the neper and bel, see Sec. 0.5 of ISO 31-2. The question of the byte (B) is under international consideration.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 8. Examples of physical quantities sometimes used as natural units Kind of quantity
Physical quantity used as a unit
action electric charge energy length length magnetic flux magnetic moment magnetic moment mass mass speed
Planck constant divided by 2p elementary charge Hartree energy Bohr radius Compton wavelength (electron) magnetic flux quantum Bohr magneton nuclear magneton electron rest mass proton rest mass speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
5.2
Symbol
h e Eh a0 lC F0 mB mN me mp c
Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI
Because of existing practice in certain fields or countries, in 1978 the CIPM considered that it was permissible for the units given in Table 9 to continue to be used with the SI until the CIPM considers that their use is no longer necessary. However, these units must not be introduced where they are not presently used. Further, NIST strongly discourages the continued use of these units except for the nautical mile, knot, are, and hectare; and except for the curie, roentgen, rad, and rem until the year 2000 (the cessation date suggested by the Committee for Ineragency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination or CIRRPC, a United States Government interagency group). 5 Table 9. Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI (a) Name nautical mile knot ångström are(b) hectare(b) barn bar gal curie roentgen rad rem (a) (b) (c)
Symbol
Å a ha b bar Gal Ci R rad (c) rem
Value in SI units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10210 m 1 a = 1 dam2 = 10 2 m2 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10 4 m2 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10228 m2 1 bar=0.1 MPa=100 kPa=1000 hPa=10 5 Pa 1 Gal = 1 cm/s 2 = 1022 m/s 2 1 Ci = 3.731010 Bq 1 R = 2.5831024 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 1022 Gy 1 rem = 1 cSv = 1022 Sv
See Sec. 5.2 regarding the continued use of these units. This unit and its symbol are used to express agrarian areas. When there is risk of confusion with the symbol for the radian, rd may be used as the symbol for rad.
5 In 1993 the CCU (see Sec. 3) was requested by ISO/TC 12 to consider asking the CIPM to deprecate the use of the units of Table 9 except for the nautical mile and knot, and possibly the are and hectare. The CCU discussed this request at its February 1995 meeting.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)
Appendix A. A.1
Definitions of the SI Base Units and the Radian and Steradian
Introduction
The following definitions of the SI base units are taken from NIST SP 330; the definitions of the SI supplementary units, the radian and steradian, which are now interpreted as SI derived units (see Sec. 3), are those generally accepted and are the same as those given in ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992. SI derived units are uniquely defined only in terms of SI base units; for example, 1 V = 1 m 2 ? kg ? s 23 ? A 21. A.2
Meter (17th CGPM, 1983)
The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. A.3
Kilogram (3d CGPM, 1901)
The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. A.4
Second (13th CGPM, 1967)
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium- 133 atom. A.5
Ampere (9th CGPM, 1948)
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 3 10 27 newton per meter of length. A.6
Kelvin (13th CGPM, 1967)
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. A.7
Mole (14th CGPM, 1971)
1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. In the definition of the mole, it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to. Note that this definition specifies at the same time the nature of the quantity whose unit is the mole. A.8
Candela (16th CGPM, 1979)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 3 10 12 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of ( 1/ 683) watt per steradian. A.9
Radian
The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. A.10
Steradian
The steradian is the solid angle that, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
CONVERSION FACTORS The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this Section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI Prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g., 1 calth = 4.184 J 1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J Thus, 1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits which indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example: 3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10-2 or 0.035 239 07 Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103 or 3 386.389 A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: (1) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 (2) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 (3) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 (4) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950
REFERENCE Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Factors in boldface are exact To convert from
to
Multiply by
abampere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abcoulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+01 E+01
abfarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abhenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abmho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+09 Eⴚ09 E+09
abohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 acceleration of free fall, standard (g n ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.046 873
Eⴚ09 Eⴚ08
acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.233 489 ampere hour (A ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
E+03 E+03
ångstro¨ m (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ångstro¨ m (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nanometer (nm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . astronomical unit (AU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, standard (atm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, standard (atm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, technical (at) 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eⴚ10 Eⴚ01 E+02 E+11 E+05 E+02
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.495 979 1.013 25 1.013 25
9.806 65 atmosphere, technical (at) 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
bar (bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar (bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barn (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . biot (Bi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit IT (BtuIT )11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit th (Btuth )11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (39 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (59 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (60 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ ft/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ ft/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . .
E+03
E+04 E+01
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.589 873 1.589 873 1.0 1.055 056
E+05 E+02 Eⴚ28 E⫺01 E+02 E+01 E+03
1.054 350 1.055 87 1.059 67 1.054 80 1.054 68
E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03
1.730 735
E+00
1.729 577
E+00
British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ in/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.442 279 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ in/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.441 314 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ in/(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.192 204
9
E+00
E⫺01 E⫺01 E+02
The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm 2 ). 11 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for International Table used in this listing is subscript ‘‘IT’’. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript ‘‘th.’’ Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btu th , is based on the thermochemical calorie, cal th , where cal th = 4.184 J exactly. 10
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ in/(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT /ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per cubic meter (J/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth /ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per cubic meter (J/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT / ⬚F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth /⬚F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine (BtuIT /⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth /⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth /h). . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth /min) . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT /lb). . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth /lb) . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(lb ⭈ ⬚F)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(lb ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT /(lb ⭈ ⬚R)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth /(lb ⭈ ⬚R)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT /s) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per second (Btuth /s) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT /ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth /ft2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT /(ft2 ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ h)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT /(ft2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth /(in2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Multiply by 5.188 732
E+02
3.725 895
E+04
3.723 403
E+04
1.899 101
E+03
1.897 830
E+03
1.899 101
E+03
1.897 830 2.930 711
E+03 E⫺01
2.928 751
E⫺01
5.678 263
E+00
5.674 466 1.757 250
E+00 E+01
2.326 2.324 444
E+03 E+03
4.1868
E+03
4.184
E+03
4.1868
E+03
4.184 1.055 056 1.054 350
E+03 E+03 E+03
2.044 175
E+04
2.042 808
E+04
1.135 653
E+04
1.134 893
E+04
3.154 591
E+00
3.152 481
E+00
1.891 489
E+02
1.135 653
E+04
1.134 893
E+04
1.634 246
E+06
To convert from
to
Multiply by 3
bushel (U.S.) (bu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.523 907
E⫺02
bushel (U.S.) (bu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.523 907
E+01
calorie IT (calIT) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie th (calth) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (cal) (mean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (15 ⬚C) (cal 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (20 ⬚C) (cal 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1868 4.184
E+00 E+00
4.190 02 4.185 80 4.181 90
E+00 E+00 E+00
4.1868 4.184 4.190 02
E+03 E+03 E+03
4.184 4.1868 4.184
E+02 E+03 E+03
4.1868
E+03
4.184 4.1868 4.184 6.973 333 4.184 4.184
E+03 E+03 E+03 E⫺02 E+00 E+04
6.973 333
E+02
4.184 1.550 003 2.0 2.0 1.333 22 1.333 22 1.333 224 1.333 224 9.806 38
E+04 E+03 Eⴚ04 Eⴚ01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+01
9.806 65 1.0 1.0 2.011 684 5.067 075 5.067 075 1.55 3.624 556 2.831 685 4.719 474 4.719 474 2.831 685
E+01 Eⴚ03 Eⴚ06 E+01 E⫺10 E⫺04 E⫺01 E+00 E⫺02 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺02
calorieIT , kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth , kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth /(cm ⭈ s ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram (calIT /g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram (calth /g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT /(g ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth /(g ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram kelvin [cal IT /(g ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J / (kg ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram kelvin [cal th / (g ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J / (kg ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . calorieth per minute (calth /min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per second (calth /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter (calth /cm2). . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth /(cm2 ⭈ min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter second [calth /(cm2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square inch (cd/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . carat, metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carat, metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury (0 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury (0 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg) 13 . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg) 13 . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of water (4 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of water, conventional (cmH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centipoise (cP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centistokes (cSt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared per second (m2 /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . circular mil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . circular mil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square millimeter (mm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W). . . . . . . cord (128 ft 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot (ft3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per second (ft3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The kilogram calorie or ‘‘large calorie’’ is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix ‘‘kilo’’ is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
cubic inch (in3) 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.638 706 cubic inch per minute (in3 /min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.731 177 cubic mile (mi3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.168 182 cubic yard (yd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.645 549
E⫺05 E⫺07 E+09 E⫺01
cubic yard per minute (yd3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.274 258 cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882 cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882
E⫺02 E⫺04 E⫺01
cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882 curie (Ci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . becquerel (Bq) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7
E+02 E+10
darcy15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared (m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.869 233 day (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.64
E⫺13 E+04
day (sidereal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.616 409 debye (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb meter (C ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641
E+04 E⫺30
degree (angle) (⬚). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.745 329 E⫺02 degree Celsius (temperature) (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T / K = t / ⬚C+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature) 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t / ⬚C ≈ t / deg. cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval) 16 . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (⬚F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t / ⬚C = (t / ⬚F ⫺ 32) / 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (⬚F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T / K = (t / ⬚F + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(⬚F) . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(⬚F) . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit IT (⬚F ⭈ h / Btu IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit th (⬚F ⭈ h / Btu th). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /BtuIT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . 1.761 102 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /Btuth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . 1.762 280 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /(BtuIT ⭈ in)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter kelvin per watt (m ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /(Btuth ⭈ in)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter kelvin per watt (m ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.938 112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit IT (⬚F ⭈ s / Btu IT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.265 651 E⫺04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit th (⬚F ⭈ s / Btu th) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.269 175 E⫺04 degree Rankine (⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T / K = (T / ⬚R) / 1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (⬚R) . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 denier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.111 111 E⫺07 denier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram per meter (g/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.111 111 E⫺04 dyne (dyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ05
dyne centimeter (dyn ⭈ cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ07 Eⴚ01
electronvolt (eV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.602 177
E⫺19
EMU of capacitance (abfarad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 EMU of current (abampere). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 EMU of electric potential (abvolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+09 E+01 Eⴚ08
EMU of inductance (abhenry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ09
14
The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E⫺05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 15
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
EMU of resistance (abohm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ09
erg (erg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ07
erg per second (erg/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ07
erg per square centimeter second |1obrkt㜸1ru|/ (cm2 ⭈ s)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of capacitance (statfarad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of current (statampere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of electric potential (statvolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of inductance (stathenry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of resistance (statohm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0
Eⴚ03
1.112 650 3.335 641 2.997 925 8.987 552 8.987 552
E⫺12 E⫺10 E+02 E+11 E+11
faraday (based on carbon 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.828 804 fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . femtometer (fm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 foot (ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.048 foot (U.S. survey) (ft)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.048 006
E+04
footcandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.076 391 footlambert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.063 666
E+00 Eⴚ15 E+00 E⫺05 E+01 Eⴚ01 E⫺01 E+01 E+00
4.063 666 2.988 98
E+04 E+01 E+03
2.988 98 2.989 067 2.989 067 8.466 667 5.08 3.048
E+00 E+03 E+00 E⫺05 Eⴚ03 Eⴚ01
3.048 4.214 011 1.355 818 3.766 161 2.259 697 1.355 818
Eⴚ01 E⫺02 E+00 E⫺04 E⫺02 E+00
8.630 975 franklin (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641
E⫺03 E⫺10
gal (Gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) (gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 4.546 09 4.546 09
Eⴚ02 Eⴚ03 E+00
3.785 412 3.785 412 4.381 264 4.381 264
E⫺03 E+00 E⫺08 E⫺05
1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per joule (L / J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal / min) . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) (gal / min) . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.309 020
E⫺09
foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water, conventional (ftH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water, conventional (ftH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per hour (ft/h). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per minute (ft/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per second (ft/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per second squared (ft/s2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot foot foot foot foot foot
poundal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force (ft ⭈ lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per hour (ft ⭈ lbf/h). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per minute (ft ⭈ lbf/min) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per second (ft ⭈ lbf/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the fourth power (ft 4) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter to the fourth power (m4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gallon (U.S.) (gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per day (gal / d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per day (gal / d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per joule (m3 /J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the ‘‘moment of section’’ or ‘‘area moment of inertia’’ of a plane section about a specified axis.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E⫺06 E⫺05 E⫺02
To convert from
to
Multiply by
gamma (␥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tesla (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ09
gauss (Gs, G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tesla (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ04
gilbert (Gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill (U.S.) (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill (U.S.) (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gon (also called grade) (gon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gon (also called grade) (gon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree (angle) (⬚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain (gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain (gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milligram (mg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr / gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.957 747 1.420 653 1.420 653 1.182 941 1.182 941 1.570 796 9.0 6.479 891 6.479 891
E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺02 Eⴚ01 Eⴚ05 E+01
1.711 806 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr / gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milligram per liter (mg / L). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.711 806 gram-force per square centimeter (gf / cm 2). . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 gram per cubic centimeter (g / cm 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E⫺02 E+01 E+01
hectare (ha) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (550 ft ⭈ lbf/s) (hp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (boiler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (electric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (metric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (U.K.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (water). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hour (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hour (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundredweight (long, 112 lb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundredweight (short, 100 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 7.456 999 9.809 50 7.46 7.354 988 7.4570 7.460 43 3.6 3.590 170 5.080 235 4.535 924
E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01
inch (in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch (in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (32 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (32 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury, conventional (inHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury, conventional (inHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water, conventional (inH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.54 2.54 3.386 38 3.386 38 3.376 85
Eⴚ02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03
3.376 85 3.386 389 3.386 389 2.490 82 2.4884
E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02
2.490 889 inch per second (in/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter to the fourth power (m4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.162 314
E+03
E+02 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ02 E⫺07
E+02 kayser (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reciprocal meter (m ⫺1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 kelvin (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t / ⬚C = T / K ⫺ 273.15 E+03 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 kilogram-force meter (kgf ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E+00 E+00
To convert from
to
Multiply by
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+04
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+01
kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2). . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+00
kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+06
kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megapascal (MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+00
kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ⭈ s 2 /m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+00
kilometer per hour (km/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.777 778 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E⫺01 E+00
kilowatt hour (kW ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
E+06
kilowatt hour (kW ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megajoule (MJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222
E+00 E+03
kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilonewton (kN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222
E+00
kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.144 444
E+06 E+03 E⫺01
lambert 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.183 099 langley (cal th /cm 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 light year (l.y.)19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.460 73 liter (L) 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+03 E+04 E+15 Eⴚ03
lumen per square foot (lm/ft 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.076 391
E+01
maxwell (Mx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weber (Wb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 mho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ08 E+00
microinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 microinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micrometer (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 micron () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ08 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ06
micron () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micrometer (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 mil (0.001 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 mil (0.001 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54
E+00 Eⴚ05 Eⴚ02
mil (angle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.817 477 mil (angle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree (⬚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.625 mile (mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344
E⫺04 Eⴚ02 E+03
mile (mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 347 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 347
E+00 E+03
E+00 mile, nautical 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.852 E+03 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per cubic meter (m/m 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.251 437 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer per liter (km /L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.251 437 E⫺01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km) . . . . . . . .divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4704 Eⴚ01 mile per hour (mi/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer per hour (km/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 E+00
18
The exact conversion factor is 10 4 /. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995 , page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name ‘‘liter’’ as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name ‘‘International nautical mile.’’ 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 19
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
mile per minute (mi/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.682 24
E+01
mile per second (mi/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 millibar (mbar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+03 E+02
millibar (mbar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.333 224 9.806 65
Eⴚ01 E+02 E+00
2.908 882 6.0
E⫺04 E+01
minute (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.983 617
E+01
oersted (Oe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere per meter (A/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.957 747 ohm centimeter (⍀ ⭈ cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm meter (⍀ ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+01 Eⴚ02
ohm circular-mil per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm meter (⍀ ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.662 426
E⫺09
ohm circular-mil per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm square millimeter per meter (⍀ ⭈ mm 2 / m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.662 426
E⫺03
ounce (avoirdupois) (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E⫺02 E+01 E⫺02 E+01
millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13 . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter of water, conventional (mmH 2 O)13 . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minute (angle) (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minute (min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.834 952 2.834 952 3.110 348 3.110 348
ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.841 306 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.841 306
E+01
ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353
E⫺05 E+01
ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ⭈ in) . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ⭈ in) . . . . . . . . . . . . millinewton meter (mN ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz / in3) . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz / gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz / gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram per liter (g / L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz / gal) . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon(U.S.)(oz / gal). . . . . . . . gram per liter (g / L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz / ft2). . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz / in2) . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard (oz / yd2) . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.780 139 7.061 552 7.061 552 1.729 994
E⫺01 E⫺03 E+00 E+03
6.236 023
E+00
6.236 023 7.489 152 7.489 152 3.051 517
E+00 E+00 E+00 E⫺01
4.394 185 3.390 575
E+01 E⫺02
parsec (pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peck (U.S.) (pk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peck (U.S.) (pk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pennyweight (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pennyweight (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm (0 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m2)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm (23 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m2)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm inch (0 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm inch (23 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.085 678 8.809 768 8.809 768 1.555 174 1.555 174
E+16 E⫺03 E+00 E⫺03 E+00
5.721 35
E⫺11
5.745 25
E⫺11
1.453 22
E⫺12
1.459 29
E⫺12
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E⫺05
To convert from
to
phot (ph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (computer) (1/6 in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (computer) (1/6 in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multiply by 1.0 4.233 333 4.233 333 4.217 518
E+04 E⫺03 E+00 E⫺03
pica (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.217 518 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.506 105 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.506 105 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.731 765
E+00
pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.527 778
E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01
point (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . point (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poise (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.514 598 3.514 598 1.0
E⫺04 E⫺01 Eⴚ01
4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.732 417 poundal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.382 550 poundal per square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488 164
E⫺01 E⫺01 E⫺01 E+00
poundal second per square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound foot squared (lb ⭈ ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram meter squared (kg ⭈ m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force (lbf)24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force foot (lbf ⭈ ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force foot per inch (lbf ⭈ ft/in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter per meter (N ⭈ m/m) . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.488 164
E+00
4.214 011 4.448 222 1.355 818 5.337 866
E⫺02 E+00 E+00 E+01
pound-force inch (lbf ⭈ in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ⭈ in/in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter per meter (N ⭈ m/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per meter (N/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.459 390
E⫺01 E+00 E+01
pound-force per inch (lbf/in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per meter (N/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per kilogram (N/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.788 026 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2 ) . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757
E+02
pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2 ) . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force second per square foot (lbf ⭈ s/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force second per square inch (lbf ⭈ s/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound inch squared (lb ⭈ in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram meter squared (kg ⭈ m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic inch (lb/in3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per foot (lb/ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.894 757
E+00
4.788 026
E+01
6.894 757
E+03
2.926 397 1.601 846
E⫺04 E+01
2.767 990 5.932 764 1.488 164 4.133 789
E+04 E⫺01 E+00 E⫺04
pound per foot second [lb/(ft ⭈ s)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488 164 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.977 637 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per liter (kg/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.977 637 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.198 264
E+00
E+00 E+01 E+03
E+01 E⫺02
pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per liter (kg/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.198 264
E+02 E⫺01
pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per joule (kg/J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.689 659 pound per hour (lb/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.259 979
E⫺07 E⫺04
23
The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E⫺01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound.
24
If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as g n= 9.806 65 m / s 2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
pound per inch (lb/in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.785 797 pound per minute (lb/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.559 873
E+01 E⫺03
pound per second (lb/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per square foot (lb/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per yard (lb/yd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2) . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2) . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.535 924 4.882 428
E⫺01 E+00
7.030 696 4.960 546 6.894 757 6.894 757
E+02 E⫺01 E+03 E+00
quad (10 15 Btu IT ) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.463 529
E+18
rad (absorbed dose) (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gray (Gy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rem (rem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sievert (Sv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . revolution (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian per second (rad/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ⭈ s) ⫺1 ]. . . . . . . . . . . rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roentgen (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb per kilogram (C/kg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian per second (rad/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 1.0 6.283 185 1.047 198 1.0 5.029 210 2.58 1.047 198
Eⴚ02 Eⴚ02 E+00 E⫺01 E+01 E+00 Eⴚ04 E⫺01
second (angle) (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nanosecond (ns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug (slug). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug per cubic foot (slug/ft 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug per foot second [slug/(ft ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot (ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot per hour (ft2 /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter per second (m2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot per second (ft2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter per second (m2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square inch (in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square inch (in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square centimeter (cm2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi 2)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi 2)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square yard (yd2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.848 137 9.972 696 1.0 1.0 1.459 390 5.153 788 4.788 026 9.290 304 2.580 64
E⫺06 E⫺01 Eⴚ08 E+01 E+01 E+02 E+01 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ05
9.290 304 6.4516 6.4516 2.589 988 2.589 988
Eⴚ02 Eⴚ04 E+00 E+06 E+00
2.589 998
E+06
2.589 998 8.361 274 3.335 641
E+00 E⫺01 E⫺10
statcoulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641 statfarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.112 650
E⫺10 E⫺12
stathenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statmho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stere (st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stilb (sb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E+11 E⫺12 E+11 E+02 E+00
8.987 552 1.112 650 8.987 552 2.997 925 1.0
1.0 stokes (St) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared per second (m2 /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E⫺03 E+00 E⫺04 E⫺01
E+04 Eⴚ04
To convert from
to
Multiply by
tablespoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.478 676
E⫺05
tablespoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.478 676
E+01
teaspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.928 922
E⫺06
teaspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . therm (EC)25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . therm (U.S.)25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.928 922 1.0 1.055 06
E+00 Eⴚ06 E+08
1.054 804 2.916 667 2.916 667 8.896 443 8.896 443 1.016 047
E+08 E⫺02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03
1.328 939 1.0 1.0
E+03 E+03 E+03
3.516 853 4.184
E+03 E+09
2.831 685 9.071 847 1.186 553 2.519 958 1.333 224
E+00 E+02 E+03 E⫺01 E+02
unit pole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weber (Wb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.256 637
E⫺07
watt hour (W ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square centimeter (W/cm2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square inch (W/in2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt second (W ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
E+03
1.0 1.550 003 1.0
E+04 E+03 E+00
yard (yd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (365 days). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (sidereal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (tropical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.144 3.1536 3.155 815 3.155 693
Eⴚ01 E+07 E+07 E+07
ton, assay (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, assay (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton-force (2000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton-force (2000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilonewton (kN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, long (2240 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, long, per cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton , metric (t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tonne (called ‘‘metric ton’’ in U.S.) (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton of refrigeration (12 000 Btu IT /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton of TNT (energy equivalent) 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short (2000 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short, per cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short, per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torr (Torr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S. natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From
To
Celsius
Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine
tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15)
Fahrenheit
Celsius Kelvin Rankine
t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67
Kelvin
Celsius Rankine
t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K
Rankine
Fahrenheit Kelvin
tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R
Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature
DESIGNATION OF LARGE NUMBERS 106 109 1012 1015 1018
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
U.S.A. million billion trillion quadrillion quintillion
Other Countries million milliard billion billiard trillion
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.
v: 1 cm-1 v: 1 MHz
Wavenumber v cm-1 ⬟1 ⬟ 3.33564 × 10-5
Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1
Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10-5 6.626076 × 10-10
Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10-4 4.135669 × 10-9
Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10-6 1.519830 × 10-10
Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10-3 3.990313 × 10-7
Molar energy Em kcal/mol 2.85914 × 10-3 9.53708 × 10-8
Temperature T K 1.438769 4.79922 × 10-5
1 aJ E: 1 eV Eh
⬟ 50341.1 ⬟ 8065.54 ⬟ 219474.63
1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109
1 0.1602177 4.359748
6.241506 1 27.2114
0.2293710 3.674931 × 10-2 1
602.2137 96.4853 2625.500
143.9325 23.0605 627.510
7.24292 × 104 1.16045 × 104 3.15773 × 105
Em: 1 kJ/mol 1 kcal/mol
⬟ 83.5935 ⬟ 349.755
2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107
1.660540 × 10-3 6.947700 × 10-3
1.036427 × 10-2 4.336411 × 10-2
3.808798 × 10-4 1.593601 × 10-3
1 4.184
0.239006 1
120.272 503.217
T: 1 K
⬟ 0.695039
2.08367 × 104
1.380658 × 10-5
8.61738 × 10-5
3.16683 × 10-6
8.31451 × 10-3
1.98722 × 10-3
1
Examples of the use of this table:
1 aJ ⬟ 50341 cm-1 1 eV ⬟96.4853 kJ mol-1
The symbol ⬟ should be read as meaning “corresponds to” or “is equivalent to”. E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE ; Eh is the Hartree energy
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi
1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757
kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757
MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757
bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757
atmos
Torr
µmHg
9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046
0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151
7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1
psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1
To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example: 1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa
1-34
Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→
BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-1
BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1
Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-1
Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1
calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-1
calth s-1 cm-1 °C-1
kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-1
J s-1 cm-1 K-1
W cm-1 K-1
W m-1 K-1
mW cm-1 K-1
BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-1 BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1 Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-1 Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1 calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-1 calth s-1 cm-1 °C-1 kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-1 J s-1 cm-1 K-1 W cm-1 K-1 W m-1 K-1 mW cm-1 K-1
1 8.33333 × 10-2 0.999331 8.32776 × 10-2 2.41909 × 102 2.41747 × 102 0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789 × 10-2
12 1 11.9920 0.999331 2.90291 × 103 2.90096 × 103 8.05824 6.93347 × 102 6.93347 × 102 6.93347 0.693347
1.00067 8.33891 × 10-2 1 8.33333 × 10-2 2.42071 × 102 2.41909 × 102 0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176 × 10-2
12.0080 1.00067 12 1 2.90485 × 103 2.90291 × 103 8.06363 6.93811 × 102 6.93811 × 102 6.93811 0.693811
4.13379 × 10-3 3.44482 × 10-4 4.13102 × 10-3 3.44252 × 10-4 1 0.999331 2.77592 × 10-3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846 × 10-3 2.38846 × 10-4
4.13656 × 10-3 3.44713 × 10-4 4.13379 × 10-3 3.44482 × 10-4 1.00067 1 2.77778 × 10-3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006 × 10-3 2.39006 × 10-4
1.48916 0.124097 1.48816 0.124014 3.60241 × 102 3.6 × 102 1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421 × 10-2
1.73073 × 10-2 1.44228 × 10-3 1.72958 × 10-2 1.44131 × 10-3 4.1868 4.184 1.16222 × 10-2 1 1 1 × 10-2 1 × 10-3
1.73073 × 10-2 1.44228 × 10-3 1.72958 × 10-2 1.44131 × 10-3 4.1868 4.184 1.16222 × 10-2 1 1 1 × 10-2 1 × 10-3
1.73073 0.144228 1.72958 0.144131 4.1868 × 102 4.184 × 102 1.16222 1 × 102 1 × 102 1 0.1
17.3073 1.44228 17.2958 1.44131 4.1868 × 103 4.184 × 103 11.6222 1 × 103 1 × 103 10 1
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert from multiply by appropriate factor to Obtain
↓
→
abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot
abΩ cm 1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010
µΩ cm
Ω cm
1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107
10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1
StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11
Ωm 10–11 10–6 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1
Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108
Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12
Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1
1-36
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION CONVERSION BETWEEN SI AND OTHER UNITS
Expression in SI units
Special name for SI units
s–1 J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
becquerel gray
1-39
Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate
A D D·
Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate
W
Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate
I U, V
Fluence Fluence rate
φ Φ
Kerma Kerma rate
K K·
Lineal energy
y
coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared 1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter
Linear energy transfer
L
joule per meter
J m–1
Mass attenuation coefficient Mass energy transfer coefficient Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power
µ/ρ
m2 kg–1
S/ρ
Power Pressure
P p
Radiation chemical yield Specific energy
G
meter squared per kilogram meter squared per kilogram meter squared per kilogram joule meter squared per kilogram joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule
mol J–1
z
joule per kilogram
J kg–1
H H·
X X·
µtr/ρ µen/ρ
1 per second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule
Expression in symbols for SI units
joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere
Symbols using special names Bq Gy Gy s–1
J J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
Conventional units
Symbol for conventional unit
Value of conventional unit in SI units
curie rad rad
Ci rad rad s–1
3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1
electronvolt
eV
1.602 × 10–19 J
sievert
Sv Sv s–1
rem rem per second
rem rem s–1
0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1
volt
V
ampere volt
A V
1.0 A 1.0 A
C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1
roentgen roentgen
R R s–1
2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1
m–2 m–2 s–1
cm–2 cm–2 s–1
1.0 × 104 m–2 1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1
Gy Gy s–1
1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second
rad rad s–1
0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1
keV µm–1
1.602 × 10–10 J m–1
keV µm–1
1.602 × 10–10 J m–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
MeV cm2 g–1
1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1
W Pa
kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr
W torr
1.0 W (101325/760)Pa
molecules (100 eV)–1 rad
1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1
Gy
molecules per 100 electron volts rad
A W A–1
J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
gray
J m–1
m2 kg–1 m2 kg–1 J m2 kg–1 J s–1 N m–2
watt pascal
gray
0.01 Gy
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued)
Quantity
Symbol for quantity
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued) CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM MBq TO mCi AND µCi MBq
mCi
MBq
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800 700 600
189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6 18.9 16.2
500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
mCi 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08
MBq
µCi
MBq
µCi
30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
810 540 270 240 220 189 162 135 108 81 54
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
27 24 21.6 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7
CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM mCi AND µCi TO MBq mCi
MBq
mCi
MBq
200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850 1480 1110 740
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
370 333 296 259 222 185 148 111 74.0 37.0
µCi
MBq
µCi
MBq
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90
37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1 7.4 3.7 3.33
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1
2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037
CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)
= = = = = = = = =
2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)
100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)
CONVERSION OF ABSORBED DOSE UNITS SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy) 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)
CONVERSION OF DOSE EQUIVALENT UNITS 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv) 100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)
Conventional = = = = = = = = = = = =
10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad) 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)
2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)
= = = = = = = = =
1-40
= = = = = = = = = = = =
10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem) 10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)
VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R =8.314510 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 = 8314.510 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314510 bar L K-1 mol-1 This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa 1 torr (mmHg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C] The advice of Prabir K. Chandra is appreciated.
V
Units of V, T, n T n
ft3
K °R
cm3
K °R
L
K °R
m3
K °R
mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol
kPa 0.2936241 133.1857 0.1631245 73.99204 8314.510 3771398 4619.172 2095221 8.314510 3771.398 4.619172 2095.221 0.008314510 3.771398 0.004619172 2.095221
atm
psi
0.00289785 1.31444 0.00160991 0.730245 82.0578 37220.8 45.5877 20678.2 0.0820578 37.2208 0.0455877 20.6782 0.0000820578 0.0372208 0.0000455877 0.0206782
0.0425866 19.3169 0.0236592 10.7316 1205.92 546995 669.954 303886 1.20592 546.995 0.669954 303.886 0.00120592 0.546995 0.000669954 0.303886
1-40
Units of P mmHg 2.20237 998.978 1.22354 554.987 62364.1 28287900 34646.7 15715500 62.3641 28287.9 34.6467 15715.5 0.0623641 28.2879 0.0346467 15.7155
in Hg
in H2O
ft H2O
0.0867074 39.3298 0.0481708 21.8499 2455.28 1113700 1364.04 618720 2.45528 1113.70 1.36404 618.720 0.00245528 1.11370 0.00136404 0.618720
1.17882 534.706 0.654903 297.059 33380.6 15141200 18544.8 8411770 33.3806 15141.2 18.5448 8411.77 0.0333806 15.1412 0.0185448 8.41177
0.0982355 44.5589 0.0545753 24.7549 2781.72 1261770 1545.40 700982 2.78172 1261.77 1.54540 700.982 0.00278172 1.26177 0.00154540 0.700982
1-33
NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). In this Handbook the CAS Index Names are used only in the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds”. Other tables use more familiar names which, with a few possible exceptions, conform to one of the IUPAC naming systems. Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Naming Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area.
Inorganic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Recommendations 1990, edited by Leigh, G.J., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. Block, B.P., Powell, W.H., and Fernelius, W.C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990.
Organic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, edited by Panico, R., Powell, W.H., and Richer, J.-C., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, edited by Moss, G.P., Smith, P.A.S., and Tavernier, D., Pure & Appl. Chem, 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P.H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, edited by Moss, G.P., Pure & Applied Chemistry, 68, 2193, 1966.
Macromolecular Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, edited by, Metanomski, W.V., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, edited by Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R.F.T., and Suter, U.W., Pure & Appl. Chem, 68, in press.
Biochemistry International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, edited by McNaught, A.D., Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 1919, 1996.
General Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide.
2-22
NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS See the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds for references. The assistance of Warren H. Powell in preparing this list is gratefully acknowledged. Group H F Cl Br I ClO C1O2 ClO3 C1O4 IO IO2 O O2 HO HO2 S HS S2 SO SO2 SO3 HSO3 S2O3 SO4 Se SeO SeO2 SeO3 SeO4 Te CrO2 UO2 NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 N N3 NH NH2 NHOH N2H3 NO NO2 ONO NS NO3 N2O3 P PO PO2 PS PH2O3 PHO3
As prefix in organic compounds
As cation
As anion
As ligand
hydrogen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl
hydride fluoride chloride bromide iodide hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate hypoiodite
hydrido fluoro chloro bromo iodo hypochlorito chlorito chlorato
fluoro chloro bromo iodo chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl
oxide peroxide (O22-) hyperoxide (O2-) hydroxide hydrogen peroxide sulfide hydrogen sulfide disulfide
oxo peroxo
iodoso iodyl; iodoxy oxo peroxy
iodosyl iodyl
sulfinyl; thionyl sulfonyl; sulfuryl
hydroxo hydrogen peroxo thio; sulfido thiolo disulfido
hydroxy hydroperoxy thio; thioxo mercapto sulfinyl sulfonyl
sulfoxylate sulfite hydrogen sulfite thiosulfate sulfate selenide
sulfito hydrogen sulfito thiosulfato sulfato seleno
selenite selenate telluride
selenito selenato telluro
nitride azide imide amide hydroxylamide hydrazide
nitrite
nitrido azido imido amido hydroxylamido hydrazido nitrosyl nitro nitrito
nitrate hyponitrite phosphide
nitrato hyponitrito phosphido
seleninyl selenonyl
seleno; selenoxo seleninyl selenonyl
telluro; telluroxo
chromyl uranyl neptunyl plutoryl americyl
nitrosyl nitryl
imino amino hydroxyamino hydrazino; diazanyl nitroso nitro
thionitrosyl
phosphoryl phospho thiophosphoryl
phosphinidyne phosphoroso; phosphinylidyne phosphinothioylidyne; thiophosphorozo
hypophosphite phosphite
2-23
hypophosphito phosphito
NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS (continued) Group PO4 AsO4 VO CO CS CH3O C2H5O CH3S C2H5S CN OCN SCN SeCN TeCN CO3 HCO3 C2O4
As cation
As anion phosphate arsenate
As prefix in organic compounds
phosphato arsenato
vanadyl carbonyl thiocarbonyl
cyanogen
As ligand
carbonyl methanolate ethanolate methanethiolate ethanethiolate cyanide cyanate thiocyanate selenocyanate tellurocyanate carbonate hydrogen carbonate oxalate
2-24
methoxo ethoxo methanethiolato ethanethiolato cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carbonato hydrogen carbonato oxalato
carbonyl thiocarbonyl methoxy ethoxy methylthio ethylthio cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carboxycarbonyl
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds. SUBSTITUENT GROUPS acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl) cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCOC6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2-
cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)
NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2COHOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCO-
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid)
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OCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2
picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]
2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC≡CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS H 5
1 3
2
1
3
Spiropentane
2
4
2
4
Cyclopropane
1
1
5 4
3
Cyclobutane
N
N
1
5
2 3
4
1
3
4
4
1
H
N 5 4
2
5
3
4
5 4
5
3
4
N
2 3
5
1
Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)
N 2H-Imidazole (1,3-Diazole)
N 1,2,3-Triazole
N 1,2,4-Triazole
1,2-Dithiole
O
O
S
S
O
O
1
1
1
5
2
N
3
4
3
4
5
3
4
5 4
N
Thiazole (1,3-Thiazole) O 1 5 2O 3
4
N
1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole
2 3
4
N
Oxazole (1,3-Oxazole) O N 5 1 2N
N
1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole
2 3
4
Isoxazole (1,2-Oxazole) O 1 5 2N N
5
N
3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole
1
6
2 3
5
1
6
2 3
5
5
3
Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole) O 1 5 2O H
5
1
6
2 3
5
1
2N
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
O
N
1,3,2-Dioxazole
O
1
1
3
2 3
2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)
5
1
O 2
5
2S 3
4 S 1,3-Dithiole
3H-1,2-Oxathiole
O
O
N5
2N
1
1
4
1
N 2
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
2
N N N N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole 1,2,4-Oxadiazole 1,2,5-Oxadiazole 1,3,4-Oxadiazole (Furazan) O O O O 1 1 1 H N 5 1 2S 5 2N H 5 2 5 2
3
4
N
1,2,4-Dioxazole
O 6
2N
5 4
3
3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole) 1
1
2
S 2S 3
4
N
Pyrrole (Azole)
S
1
N
2 3
2
Thiophene
N
1 2 3
1
H 1 5 4
3
N
1
Furan
N N
2
5
S
Cyclopentane
H
5
2
O
O 2
6
3
5
1
O
1,3,4-Dioxazole
5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole
O 2
O
6
3
1
5
O 2
6
3
5
1
S
1,3-Oxathiole
O 2O
6
3
5
1
2 3
O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Benzene
Cyclohexane
2H-Pyran
4H-Pyran
2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)
O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)
1,2-Dioxin
1,3-Dioxin
H N
N
1
1
6 5
2
6 5
3 4
2N
N
N
1
1
6 5
3 4
2 3
4
6 5
N
N 6
2
1
5
3
N 3
4
4
N
N
N
Pyridazine
Pyrimidine
Pyrazine
H Piperazine
O
O
O
O
O
1
1
1
6
2N
5
3
6 5
4
2 3
4
6 5
N
2 3
4
6 5
N
2
1
N
6 5
3 4
6 5
N 1
2 3
4
6 5
N
1 6 5
2
2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine O O 1 1 N H 2 6 2 6 5
3 4
3
5
4
3
N
4
N
N
1,4-Oxazine
H 4H-1,4-Oxazine
2H-1,2-Oxazine
5
2
2
6 5
3
4
N
1,2,3-Triazine (v-Triazine) O 1 S
3
N
4
2H-1,2-Oxazine O 1 2N 6 5
3 4
1,2,5-Oxathiazine
3
2
6 5
3 4
N
6 5
2N
4
2
6 5
3 4
1,4-Oxazine O 1 N 2S
3
3
1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) O O 1 1 N H
4
6H-1,2-Oxazine O 1 6 2S
1 6 5
4
N 4H-1,2-Oxazine O
N 2N
N
Pyridine
1
1
2
H 4H-1,4-Oxazine 1,2,5-Oxathiazine O O 1
3
N
4
6 5
3 4
1
2
6 5
N
2 3
4
N
N
1,2,6-Oxathiazine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine
Morpholine
H N
O
1
7
2
6
3 5
S
1
7
2
6
4
Azepine
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3 5
4
Oxepin
N
1
7
2
6
3 5
4
Thiepin
1
7
2
6
N
3 5
4
4H-1,2-Diazepine
1
7 6 5
4
Indene
O 2 3
6 5
7
1
4
2H-Indene (Isoindene)
2 3
6 5
7
1
4
Benzofuran
2 3
6 5
7
1
2O 3
4
Isobenzofuran
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS (continued) H S 6 5
7
N
1 2
6 5
3
4
Benzo[b]thiophene
1 2S 3
7 4
1
7
6 5
N 2 3
4
Benzo[c]thiophene
1
7
6 5
N 2 3
4
2N 3
3 2
4
3H-Indole
Indole
1
7
6 5
5
4
6 7
1
N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine
1H-Indole
H N 6 5
7
O
1 2N
6 5
3
4
Indazole
O
1 2N
7
3
4
Benzisoxazole (Indoxazine)
3
4
N
Benzoxazole
1 2O 3
7
6 5
7 6
4
2,1-Benzisoxazole
8
1
5
4
2 3
7 6
Naphthalene
O 8 5
O
1 2 3
7 6
4
5
2H-1-Benzopyran (2H-Chromene) 8 5
1
O
2 3
1
8
7 6
4
5
4
2
1
8
7 6
3
5
2O
4
1
8
7 6
3
5
2O 3
4
7 6
O
O
2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Coumarin) (Chromen-4-one) (Isocoumarin) (Isochromen-3-one)
N 7 6
O
1
8
N N
2 3
7 6
4
N
N
8
1
5
4
1
8
2 3
5
7 6
N
4
N N
2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
8
1
7
1
2 3
4
Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole
5
4
8
1
5
4
7 6
8
1
5
4
7
3
6
2 3
8
1
5
4
7 6
8
1
5
4
7 6
N
8
1
5
4
3
2N 3
Isoquinoline
N 2 3
2
Octahydronaphthalene (Decalin)
Quinoline
N 2 3
2
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) N
O 7 6
6 5
N
1 2
7
6 5
O
O 2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
2 3
N
N Cinnoline
Quinazoline
1,8-Naphtyridine
1,7-Naphtyridine
1,5-Naphtyridine
O 7 6
8
1
5
4
1,6-Naphtyridine
O 2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
O
2 3
6 7
N
5
4
8
1
O
3 2
N
7 6
8
1
5
4
1H-2,3-Benzoxazine
7 6
8
1
5
4 3
N
4H-3,1-Benzoxazine
3 2
4
N H
2 3
N
2H-1,4-Benzoxazine
O
N H
2H-1,2-Benzoxazine
1
2
4H-1,4-Benzoxazine
3
1 7 6
5
1
9
8
6 7
2 3
10
4
Anthracene
5 8
9
4
9 8
10
7
Phenanthrene
9
8
7 6
6 5
1 2 3
5
Phenalene
4
Fluorene
H N
N 7 6
9
8
1 2 3
5
7 6
4
1
9
8 5
5 2 3
10
4
6 7
10
8
9
O Carbazole
Xanthene
Acridine R´´
4 1
3 2
3 4
2 1 5
R
N N
1 2
6 3
5
7
4
N 7H-Purine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
H
N
14 8 H H 7
10
2 3 4
17
16 15
9
1 8 9
11
12 13
5
6
H
Steroid ring system
7 6
Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)
R´
H
2
R = Nearly always methyl R´ = Usually methyl R´´ = Various groups
2H-1,3-Benzoxazine
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k ,M, etc.) are not listed here, since they should never be used alone, but selected combinations with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. a a0 A Å A AH Ar AAS Abe abs ac Ac AcOH ACT ACTH Ade ADP ads ae AES AF AFM AI AIM Al Ala alc aliph. alk. All Alt am Am AM AMP amu anh, anhyd antilog AO AOM Api APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg
absorption coefficient, acceleration, activity Bohr radius ampere, adenine (in genetic code) ångstrom absorbance, area, Helmholtz energy, mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atomic absorption spectroscopy abequose absolute alternating current acetyl acetic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adenine adenosine diphosphate adsorption eon (109 years) atomic emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy artificial intelligence atoms in molecules Alfen number alanine alcohol aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amorphous solid amyl amplitude modulation adenosine 5'-monophosphate atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) anhydrous antilogarithm atomic orbital angular overlap model apiose appearance potential spectroscopy augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine
as, asym ASCII ASE Asn Asp at atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU av avdp b B bar bbl bcc BCS BDE Bé BET BeV Bhn Bi BN BNS BO BOD bp bpy Bq BRE BSSE Btu bu Bu Bz Bzl c c c0 C °C C ca. cal
2-29
asymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization energy asparagine aspartic acid atomization standard atmosphere adenosine 5'-triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit average avoirdupois barn magnetic flux density, second virial coefficient, susceptance bar (pressure unit) barrel body centered cubic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy Baumé Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (method) billion electronvolt Brinell hardness number biot bond number nuclear backscattering spectroscopy bond order, Born-Oppenheimer (approximation) biochemical oxygen demand boiling point 2,2'-bipyridine becquerel bond resonance energy basis set superposition error British thermal unit bushel butyl benzoyl benzyl combustion reaction amount concentration, specific heat, velocity speed of light in vacuum coulomb, cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance, heat capacity, number concentration approximately calorie
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) calc CARS CAS RN CAT CBS cc CCD cd c.d. CD CDP CEPA cf. cfm cgs CHF Ci CI CIDEP CIDNP cir CKFF CL cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const cos cosh COSY cot coth cp cP Cp CP CPA cpd cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRU csc ct CT CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw
calculated coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number clear-air turbulence, computerized axial tomography complete basis set cubic centimeter charge-coupled device candela, condensed phase current density circular dichroism cytidine 5'-diphosphate couplet electron pair approximation compare cubic feet per minute centimeter-gram-second system coupled Hartree-Fock (method) curie configuration interaction, chemical ionization chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5'-monophosphate coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand concentrated, concentration constant cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy (in NMR) cotangent hyperbolic cotangent candle power centipoise cyclopentadienyl chemically pure coherent potential approximation contact potential difference cycles per second charge conjugation-space inversion-time reversal (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) constitutional repeating unit cosecant carat charge transfer conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5'-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave
cwt Cy cyl Cys d d D D
hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cylinder cysteine day, deuteron distance, density, dextrorotatory debye unit diffusion coefficient, dissociation energy, electric displacement Da dalton DA donor-acceptor (complex) dB decibel dc direct current DE delocalization energy dec decomposes deg degree den density det determinant dev deviation DFT density functional theory diam diameter dil dilute, dilution DIM diatomics in molecules dm decimeter dmf, DMF N,N-dimethylformamide dmso, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNase deoxyribonuclease DNMR dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance DOS density of states doz dozen d.p. degree of polymerization dpl displacement dpm disintegrations per minute dps disintegrations per second dr dram dRib 2-deoxyribose DRIFT diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform DRS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy DSC differential scanning calorimetry DTA differential thermal analysis dyn dyne e electron, base of natural logarithms e elementary charge, linear strain E electric field strength, electromotive force, energy, modulus of elasticity, entgegen (trans configuration) Eh Hartree energy EA electron affinity EAN effective atomic number ECP effective core potential ECR electron cyclotron resonance ED electron diffraction, effective dose EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy EFFF energy factored force field EHMO extended Hückel molecular orbital EHT extended Hückel theory emf electromotive force emu electromagnetic unit system en ethylenediamine
2-30
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) ENDOR EOS EPMA EPR eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ESCA e.s.d. ESD ESR est esu Et ET Et2O e.u. Eu eV EWG EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext f f F °F F FAD fcc FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO ft ft-lb FT FTIR Fuc Fuc-ol fus g g
electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron probe microanalysis electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis estimated standard deviation electron stimulated desorption electron spin resonance estimate, estimated electrostatic unit system ethyl electron transfer, ephemeris time diethyl ether entropy unit Euler number electronvolt electron withdrawing group extended x-ray absorption fine structure extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external formation reaction activity coefficient, aperture ratio, focal length, force constant, frequency, fugacity farad degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant, force, angular momentum flavin adenine dinucleotide face centered cubic free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second, foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical Gaussian orbitaì foot foot pound Fourier transform Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy fucose fucitol fusion (melting) gram, gas acceleration due to gravity, degeneracy, statistical weight, Landé g-factor
G G gal Gal GalN GC GC-MS GDMS gem GeV GIAO gl GLC Glc GlcN Glc-ol Gln Glu Gly GMP GMT gpm gps gr Gr GTO Gua Gul GUT GVB GWS Gy h h H H H0 ha Ha Hacac HAM hav Hb hcp Hea HEIS HEP HF hfs Him His HMO HOMO hp HPLC Hpz hr HREELS HREM HSAB
2-31
gauss, guanine (in genetic code) electrical conductance, Gibbs energy, gravitational constant, sheer modulus gallon gal, galileo, galactose galactosamine gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry glow discharge mass spectroscopy geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital glacial gas-liquid chromatography glucose glucosamine glucitol glutamine glutamic acid glycine guanosine 5'-triphosphate Greenwich mean time gallons per minute gallons per second grain Grashof number gaussian type atomic orbital guanine gulose grand unified theory generalized valence bond Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray, gigayear helion, hour Planck constant henry enthalpy, Hamiltonian function, magnetic field Hubble constant hectare Hartmann number acetylacetone hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin hexagonal closed packed ethanolamine high energy ion scattering high energy physics high frequency hyperfine structure imidazole histidine Hückel molecular orbital highest occupied molecular orbital horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography pyrazole hour high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory)
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) HSE Hz i I IAT i-Bu IC ICP ICR id ID Ido IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO Ile Im imm IMPATT in. INDO INS int I/O IP IPN i-Pr IPR IPTS IR IRAS IRC isc ISE ISS ITP ITS IU j J J k K K kb kcal KE keV kg kgf kJ km Kn
homodesmotic stabilization energy hertz square root of minus one electric current, ionic strength, moment of inertia, nuclear spin angular momentum, radiant intensity international atomic time isobutyl integrated circuit inductively coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance ideal (solution) inside diameter idose inosine 5'-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals isoleucine imaginary part immersion impact ionization avalanche transit time inch intermediate neglect of differential overlap inelastic neutron scattering, ion neutralization spectroscopy internal input/output ionization potential interpenetrating polymer network isopropyl isotopic perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale infrared reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate intersystem crossing isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy inosine 5'-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit angular momentum, electric current density joule angular momentum, electric current density, flux, Massieu function absorption index, Boltzmann constant, rate constant, thermal conductivity, wave vector kelvin absorption coefficient, bulk modulus, equilibrium constant, kinetic energy kilobar, kilobase (DNA or RNA) kilocalorie kinetic energy kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilogram force kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number
kPa kt kV kva kW kwh l l L L lat. lb lbf lc LC LCAO LD Le LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER lim LIMS liq lm ln LNDO log long. LST LT LTE LUMO lut lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx m m M M Mr Ma Man MASNMR max MBE MBPT MC MCD MCPF MCSCF
2-32
kilopascal karat kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liquid, liter angular momentum, length, levorotatory liter, lambert Avogadro constant, inductance, Lagrange function latitude pound pound force liquid crystal liquid chromatography linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose Lewis function light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationship limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laboratory information management system liquid lumen logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) longitude local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lutidine lux langley light year lysine lyxose meter, molal (as in 0.1 m solution), metastable (isotope) magnetic dipole moment, mass, molality, angular momentum component, meta (as chemical descriptor) molar (as in 0.1 M solution), metal (in chemical formulas) magnetization, molar mass, mutual inductance, torque, angular momentum component molecular weight (relative molar mass) Mach number mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum molecular beam epitaxy many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) magnetic circular dichroism modified couple pair functional multi-configurational self-consistent field
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) MD Me MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met meV MeV MF mg MHD mi MIM min MINDO MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml mm MM mmf mmHg MO mol mol.wt. mon MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MRI mRNA ms MS MSL Mur mV mW MW Mx n n
N N NA NE NAA NAD NADH NADP NAO NBO nbp Neu
molecular dynamics methyl molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path mesityl metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine millielectronvolt megaelectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile molecules-in-molecules minimum, minute modified intermediate neglect of differential overlap mid-infrared miscible meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter millimeter molecular mechanics magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury molecular orbital mole molecular weight monomeric form metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA millisecond mass spectroscopy mean sea level muramic acid millivolt milliwatt megawatt, microwave, molecular weight maxwell neutron amount of substance, number density, principal quantum number, refractive index, normal (in chemical formulas) newton angular momentum, neutron number Avogadro constant density of states neutron activation analysis nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate natural atomic orbital natural bond order normal boiling point neuraminic acid
NEXAFS ng NIR nm NMR NNDO NO NOE NPA NQR NRA ns NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd OD Oe ORD oz p p P P Pa PA PAS pc PCR PD pdl pe Pe PES PET peth pf pg pH Ph Phe pI pip pK pm PMO PNDO PNRA pol ppb ppm PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro ps PS
2-33
near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram near infrared nanometer nuclear magnetic resonance neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance prompt nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (as chemical descriptor) observed optical density, outside diameter oersted optical rotatory dispersion ounce proton dielectric polarization, electric dipole moment, momentum, pressure, para (as chemical descriptor) poise power, pressure, probability, sound energy flux pascal proton affinity photoacoustic spectroscopy parsec polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal probable error Péclet number photoelectron spectroscopy positron emission tomography petroleum ether power factor picogram negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenyl phenylalanine isoelectric point piperidine negative log of ionization constant picometer perturbational molecular orbital partial neglect of differential overlap prompt nuclear reaction analysis polymeric form parts per billion parts per million Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) parts per thousand, precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) PSD Psi psi psia psig pt PVT py q Q QCD QED Q.E.D. QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. r r R °R R RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS RE Re RED REM rem RF Rha RHEED RHF RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase rRNA ROHF ROM RPA rpm rps RRK RRKM RRS RS Ry s s
photon stimulated desorption psicose pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage pint pressure-volume-temperature pyridine electric field gradient, flow rate, heat, wave vector (phonons) electric charge, heat, partition function, quadrupole moment, radiant energy, vibrational normal coordinate quantum chromodynamics quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quantitative structure-activity relationship quasi-stellar object (quasar) quart quadrillion Btu (= 1.0551018 J) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) reaction position vector, radius roentgen, alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance, gas constant, molar refraction, Rydberg constant right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy resonance energy real part radial electron distribution reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man radiofrequency rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root mean square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease ribosomal RNA restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory random phase approximation revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy rydberg second, solid path length, solubility, spin angular momentum, symmetry number, symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor)
S S SALC SALI SAM SANS Sar sat, satd SAXS s-Bu Sc SCE SCF SCR sd sec sec SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAFS Sh SI SIMS sin SINDO sinh SIPN SLAM sln SMO SMOW SNMS SNU SO sol soln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM sq sr Sr SSMS St St std, stnd STEM STM STO STP sub Sv t t T
2-34
siemens area, entropy, probability current density, Poynting vector, symmetry coordinate, spin angular momentum symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy small angle neutron scattering sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering sec-butyl Schmidt number saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field silicon-controlled rectifier standard deviation secant, second secondary (in chemical name) surface sensitive energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscope separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure Sherwood number International System of Units secondary ion mass spectroscopy sine symmetrically orthogonalized INDO method hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy solution semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy solar neutrino unit spin orbital soluble, solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy square steradian Strouhal number spark source mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimation, sublimes sievert metric tonne, triton Celsius temperature, thickness, time, transport number tesla
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) T Tag Tal tan tanh t-Bu TCA TCE tcne TCSCF TE TED TEM temp tert TFD TGA theor thf, THF Thr Thy TL TLC TM Tol Torr tRNA Trp trs TS tsp Tyr u u U U UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPES UPS ur Ura USP UT UTP UV v V V Val vap VB VCD VHF
kinetic energy, period, term value, temperature (thermodynamic), torque, transmittance tagatose talose tangent hyperbolic tangent tert-butyl trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene tetracyanoethylene two configuration self-consistent field transverse electric transmission electron diffraction, transferred electron device transmission electron microscopy, transverse electromagnetic temperature tertiary (in chemical name) Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) thermo-gravimetric analysis theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography transverse magnetic tolyl torr transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state teaspoon tyrosine unified atomic mass unit Bloch function, electric mobility, velocity uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference, internal energy uridine 5'-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (theory) uridine 5'-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy urea uracil United States Pharmacopeia universal time uridine 5'-triphosphate ultraviolet reaction rate, specific volume, velocity, vibrational quantum number, vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volt electric potential, potential energy, volume valine vaporization valence band, valence bond vibrational circular dichroism very high frequency
vic VIS vit VSEPR VSLI VUV v/v w W W WAXS Wb We WKB wt w/v w/w x X X XAFS XANES XPES XPS XRD XRF XRS Xyl y, yr Y yd z Z
ZDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β γ γ Γ δ ∆ ε η θ Θ
2-35
vicinal (on adjacent carbon atoms) visible region of the spectrum vitreous valence shell electron pair repulsion very large scale integrated (circuit) vacuum ultraviolet volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) energy density, mass fraction, velocity, work watt radiant energy, statistical weight, work wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (method) weight weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, generally expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) mole fraction X unit, halogen (in chemical formula) reactance x-ray absorption fine structure x-ray absorption near-edge structure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose year admittance, Planck function, Young’s modulus yard charge number (of an ion), collision frequency factor atomic number, compression factor, collision number, impedance, partition function, zusammen (cis configuration) zero differential overlap zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient, degree of dissociation, electric polarizability, expansion coefficient, fine structure constant beta particle photon activity coefficient, conductivity, magnetogyric ratio, mass concentration, ratio of heat capacities, surface tension Gruneisin parameter, level width, surface concentration chemical shift, Dirac delta function, Kronecker delta, loss angle inertia defect, mass defect emittance, Levi-Civita symbol, linear strain, molar absorption coefficient, permittivity overpotential, viscosity Bragg angle, temperature, scattering angle, surface coverage quadrupole moment
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) κ λ Λ µ µ
µF µg µm µs ν νe π Π
compressibility, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, molar absorption coefficient, transmission coefficient absolute activity, radioactive decay constant, thermal conductivity, wavelength angular momentum, ionic conductivity muon chemical potential, electric dipole moment, electric mobility, friction coefficient, Joule-Thompson coefficient, magnetic dipole moment, mobility, permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency, kinematic velocity, stoichiometric number, wavenumber neutrino pion osmotic pressure, Peltier coefficient
ρ σ τ φ Φ χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω
2-36
density, reflectance, resistivity electrical conductivity, cross section, normal stress, shielding constant (NMR), Stefan-Boltzmann constant, surface tension transmittance, chemical shift, shear stress, relaxation time electrical potential, fugacity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, quantum yield, volume fraction, wavefunction magnetic flux, potential energy, radiant power, work function magnetic susceptibility, electronegativity electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency, angular velocity, harmonic vibration wavenumber, statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum, solid angle
DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: • Physical quantities • Units of measure • Classes of chemical compounds and materials • Important theories, laws, and basic concepts. Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. * An asterisk following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term. REFERENCES 1. ISO Standards Handbook 2, Units of Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1992. 2. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Second Edition, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 3. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 5. Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67, 1307, 1995. 6. Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 7. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 8. Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68, 2287, 1996. 9. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. 10. Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1990. 11. ASM Metals Reference Book, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983.
Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol-1dm3cm-1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5]
Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH<7. In the Brönsted definition, an acid is a substance that donates a proton in any type of reaction. The most general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of accepting an electron pair as an acid. Acid dissociation constant (Ka)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid HA through the reaction HA + H2O 1 A- + H3O+. The quantity pKa = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation constant. Actinides - The elements of atomic number 89 through 103, e.g., Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr. [7] Activation energy* - In general, the energy that must be added to a system in order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the height of the potential barrier separating the products and reactants. It determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Activity - For a mixture of substances, the absolute activity λ of substance B is defined as λB = exp(µB/RT), where µB is the chemical potential of substance B, R the gas constant, and T the thermodynamic temperature. The relative activity a is defined as aB = exp[(µB-µB°)/RT], where µB° designates the chemical potential in the standard state. [2] Activity coefficient (γ)* - Ratio of the activity aB of component B of a mixture to the concentration of that component. The value of γ depends on the method of stating the composition. For mole fraction xB, the relation is aB = γB xB; for molarity cB, it is aB = γB cB/c°, where c° is the standard state composition (typically chosen as 1 mol/L); for molality
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) mB, it is aB = γBmB/m°, where m° is the standard state molality (typically 1 mol/kg). [2] Activity, of radioactive substance (A) - The average number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from a particular energy state occurring in an amount of a radionuclide in a small time interval divided by that interval. [1] Acyl groups - Groups formed by removing the hydroxy groups from oxoacids that have the general structure RC(=O)(OH) and replacement analogues of such acyl groups. [5] Adiabatic process - A thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. Admittance (Y) - Reciprocal of impedance. Y = G + iB, where G is conductance and B is susceptance. [1] Adsorption - A process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer to surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact. [10] Albedo* - The ratio of the light reflected or scattered from a surface to the intensity of incident light. The term is often used in reference to specific types of terrain or to entire planets. Alcohols - Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. [5] Aldehydes - Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. [5] Aldoses - Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxyaldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n>1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5] Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, RC≡CR′.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as -OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/ mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+-O-. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the αamino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the ß-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10-10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogenbound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N-; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein
both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 1 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10-28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH- ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s-1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the BeerLambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy difference between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula 8πhc ρ= λ5 e hc / λkT – 1
(
)
where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT-1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan-1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of Nsubstituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR′, (R′ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3] Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/ dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: ε r – 1 ρN A α = ε r + 2 3Mε 0
where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found
in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)-1q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s-1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions) Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the
form
εr –1 ρN A = ε r + 2 3Mε 0
µ2 α + 3kT
where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T << θD, the heat capacity is proportional to T3. Debye unit (D) - A non-SI unit of electric dipole moment used in molecular physics, equal to 3.335641 × 10-30 C m. Debye-Waller factor (D) - The factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of lattice vibrations. [1] Defect - Any departure from the regular structure of a crystal lattice. A Frenkel defect results when an atom or ion moves to an interstitial position and leaves behind a vacancy. A Schottky defect involves either a vacancy where the atom has moved to the surface or a structure where a surface atom has moved to an interstitial position. Degree of polymerization - The number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or an oligomer molecule. [8] Dendrite - A tree-like crystalline pattern often observed, for example, in ice crystals and alloys in which the crystal growth branches repeatedly. Density (ρ)* - In the most common usage, mass density or mass per unit volume. More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) divided by a length, area, or volume. Density of states (NE, ρ) - The number of one-electron states in an infinitesimal interval of energy, divided by the range of that interval and by volume. [1] Dew point* - The temperature at which liquid begins to condense as the temperature of a gas mixture is lowered. In meteorology, it is the temperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface in contact with the air. Diamagnetism - A type of magnetism characterized by a negative magnetic susceptibility, so that the material, when placed in an external magnetic field, becomes weakly magnetized in the direction opposite to the field. This magnetization is independent of temperature. Diazo compounds - Compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N +=N-, attached to a carbon atom, e.g., CH 2=N 2 diazomethane. [5] Dielectric constant (ε)* - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called permittivity. [1] Dienes - Compounds that contain two fixed double bonds (usually assumed to be between carbon atoms). Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conjugated. [5] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Diffusion* - The migration of atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles as a result of some type of gradient (concentration, temperature, etc.). Diopter - A unit used in optics, formally equal to m-1. It is used in expressing dioptic power, which is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens. Dipole moment, electric (p,µ)* - For a distribution of equal positive and
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) negative charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment vector is the positive charge multiplied by the distance between the centers of positive and negative charge distribution. The direction is given by the line from the center of negative charge to the center of positive charge. Dipole moment, magnetic (m,µ) - Formally defined in electromagnetic theory as a vector quantity whose vector product with the magnetic flux density equals the torque. The magnetic dipole generated by a current I flowing in a small loop of area A has a magnetic moment of magnitude IA. In atomic and nuclear physics, a magnetic moment is associated with the angular momentum of a particle; e.g., an electron with orbital angular momentum l exhibits a magnetic moment of -el/ 2me where e is the elementary charge and me the mass of the electron. [1] Disaccharides - Compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. [5] Dislocation - An extended displacement of a crystal from a regular lattice. An edge dislocation results when one portion of the crystal has partially slipped with respect to the other, resulting in an extra plane of atoms extending through part of the crystal. A screw dislocation transforms successive atomic planes into the surface of a helix. Dispersion - Splitting of a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) of mixed wavelengths into the constituent wavelengths as a result of the variation of refractive index of the medium with wavelength. Dissociation constant* - The equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction in which a compound dissociates into its constituent parts. Dissociation energy (De)* - For a diatomic molecule, the difference between the energies of the free atoms at rest and the minimum in the potential energy curve. The term bond dissociation energy (D0), which can be applied to polyatomic molecules as well, is used for the difference between the energies of the fragments resulting when a bond is broken and the energy of the original molecule in its lowest energy state. The term bond strength implies differences in enthalpy rather than energy. Domain - A small region of a solid in which the magnetic or electric moments of the individual units (atoms, molecules, or ions) are aligned in the same direction. Domain wall - The transition region between adjacent ferromagnetic domains, generally a layer with a thickness of a few hundred ångström units. Also called Bloch wall. Doppler effect - The change in the apparent frequency of a wave (sound, light, or other) when the source of the wave is moving relative to the observer. Dose equivalent (H) - The product of the absorbed dose of radiation at a point of interest in tissue and various modifying factors which depend on the type of tissue and radiation. [1] Drift velocity - The velocity of charge carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) moving under the influence of an electric field in a medium which subjects the carriers to some frictional force. Dyne (dyn) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of force, equal to 10-5 N. Ebullioscopic constant (Eb)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a nondissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tb = Eb m, where m is the molality of the solute. Eddy currents - Circulating currents set up in conducting bulk materials or sheets by varying magnetic fields. Effinghausen effect - The appearance of a temperature gradient in a current carrying conductor that is placed in a transverse magnetic field. The direction of the gradient is perpendicular to the current and the field. Eigenvalue - An allowed value of the constant a in the equation Au = au, where A is an operator acting on a function u (which is called an
eigenfunction). In quantum mechanics, the outcome of any observation is an eigenvalue of the corresponding operator. Also called characteristic value. Einstein - A non-SI unit used in photochemistry, equal to one mole of photons. Einstein temperature (θV) - In the Einstein theory of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θV = hν/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and ν is the vibrational frequency of the crystal. Einstein transition probability - A constant in the Einstein relation Aij + Bijρ for the probability of a transition between two energy levels i and j in a radiation field of energy density ρ. The Aij coefficient describes the probability of spontaneous emission, while Bij and Bji govern the probability of stimulated emission and absorption, respectively (Bij = Bji). Elastic limit - The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining after complete release of the stress. [10] Elastic modulus - See Young’s modulus. Electric charge (Q) - The quantity of electricity; i.e., the property that controls interactions between bodies through electrical forces. Electric current (I) - The charge passing through a circuit per unit time. [1] Electric displacement (D) - A vector quantity whose magnitude equals the electric field strength multiplied by the permittivity of the medium and whose direction is the same as that of the field strength. Electric field strength (E) - The force exerted by an electric field on a point charge divided by the electric charge. [1] Electric potential (V) - A scalar quantity whose gradient is equal to the negative of the electric field strength. Electrical conductance - See Conductance Electrical resistance - See Resistance Electrical resistivity - See Resistivity. Electrochemical series* - An arrangement of reactions which produce or consume electrons in an order based on standard electrode potentials. A common arrangement places metals in decreasing order of their tendency to give up electrons. Electrode potential* - The electromotive force of a cell in which the electrode on the left is the standard hydrogen electrode and that on the right is the electrode in question. [2] Electrolysis - The decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample. Electromotive force (emf) - The energy supplied by a source divided by the charge transported through the source. [1] Electron* - An elementary particle in the family of leptons, with negative charge and spin of 1/2. Electron affinity* - The energy difference between the ground state of a gas-phase atom or molecule and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spin (s) - The quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron volt (eV)* - A non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10-19 J. The electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon acceleration through a potential difference of 1 V. [1] Electronegativity* - A parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom or group of atoms to attract electrons from the same molecular entity. [3] Electrophoresis - The motion of macromolecules or colloidal particles in an electric field. [3] Emissivity (ε)* - Ratio of the radiant flux emitted per unit area to that of an ideal black body at the same temperature. Also called emittance. [1] Emu - The electromagnetic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the emu of current (sometimes called the abampere). Enantiomers - A chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image. The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite directions. Also called optical isomers. Energy (E,U)* - The characteristic of a system that enables it to do work. Energy gap* - In the theory of solids, the region between two energy bands, in which no bound states can occur. Enols, alkenols - The term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR′=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R′ = H) or ketones (R′ not equal to H). [5] Enthalpy (H)* - A thermodynamic function, especially useful when dealing with constant-pressure processes, defined by H = E + PV, where E is energy, P pressure, and V volume. [1] Enthalpy of combustion* - The enthalpy change in a combustion reaction. Its negative is the heat released in combustion. Enthalpy of formation, standard* - The enthalpy change for the reaction in which a substance is formed from its constituent elements, each in its standard reference state (normally refers to 1 mol, sometimes to 1 g, of the substance). Enthalpy of fusion* - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to liquid state. Enthalpy of sublimation - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to gas state. Enthalpy of vaporization* - The enthalpy change in the transition from liquid to gas state. Entropy (S)* - A thermodynamic function defined such that when a small quantity of heat dQ is received by a system at temperature T, the entropy of the system is increased by dQ/T, provided that no irreversible change takes place in the system. [1] Entropy unit (e.u.) - A non-SI unit of entropy, equal to 4.184 J/K mol. Ephemeris time - Time measured in tropical years from January 1, 1900. Epoxy compounds - Compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers. [5] Equation of continuity - Any of a class of equations that express the fact that some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) cannot be created or destroyed. Such equations typically specify that the rate of increase of the quantity in a given region of space equals the net current of the quantity flowing into the region. Equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance or system. Equilibrium constant (K)* - For a chemical reaction aA + bB 1 cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is defined by: K=
aC c ⋅ a D d aA a ⋅ aB b
where ai is the activity of component i. To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations. The equilibrium constant
is related to ∆rG°, the standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction, by RT lnK = -∆rG°. Equivalent conductance - See Conductivity, electrical Erg (erg) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10-7 J. Esters - Compounds formally derived from an oxoacid RC(=O)(OH) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking, with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. [5] Esu - The electrostatic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the esu of charge (sometimes called the statcoulomb or franklin). Ethers - Compounds with formula ROR, where R is not equal to H. [5] Euler number (Eu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Eu = ∆p/ρv2, where p is pressure, ρ is density, and v is velocity. [2] Eutectic - The point on a two-component solid-liquid phase diagram which represents the lowest melting point of any possible mixture. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a single temperature without change of composition. Excitance (M) - Radiant energy flux leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of that element. [1] Exciton - A localized excited state consisting of a bound electron-hole pair in a molecular or ionic crystal. The exciton can propagate through the crystal. Exosphere - The outermost part of the earth’s atmosphere, beginning at about 500 to 1000 km above the surface. It is characterized by densities so low that air molecules can escape into outer space. Expansion coefficient - See thermal expansion coefficient. Extended electron energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extinction coefficient - See Absorption coefficient, molar F-Center - See Color center Fahrenheit temperature (°F) - The temperature scale based on the assignment of 32°F = 0°C and a temperature interval of °F =(5/9)°C; i.e., t/°F = (9/5)t/°C + 32. Farad (F)* - The SI unit of electric capacitance, equal to C/V. [1] Faraday constant (F)* - The electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions; i.e., F = NAe, where NA is Avogadro’s constant and e is the elementary charge. [1] Faraday effect* - The rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light by a medium placed in a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light beam. The effect can be observed in solids, liquids, and gasses. Fatty acids - Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. [5] Fermat’s principle - The law that a ray of light traversing one or more media will follow a path which minimizes the time required to pass between two given points. Fermi (f) - Name sometimes used in nuclear physics for the femtometer. Fermi level - The highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero temperature. Sometimes called Fermi energy. The Fermi surface is the surface in momentum space formed by electrons occupying the Fermi level. Fermi resonance - An effect observed in vibrational spectroscopy when an overtone of one fundamental vibration closely coincides in energy with another fundamental of the same symmetry species. It leads to a splitting of vibrational bands. Fermi-Dirac distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribu-
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) tion which takes into account the Pauli exclusion principle. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT+1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. The distribution is applicable to a system of fermions. Fermion - A particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics. Specifically, any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Examples are the electron, proton, neutron, muon, etc. Ferrimagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two nonequivalent sublattices with unequal magnetic moments, leading to a nonzero magnetic susceptibility. Ferrite - A ferrimagnetic material of nominal formula MFe2O4, where M is a divalent metal; widely used in microwave switches and other solid state devices. Ferroelectricity* - The retention of electric polarization by certain materials after the external field that produced the polarization has been removed. Ferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with each other by a weak magnetic field. Some ferromagnetic materials can retain their magnetization when the external field is removed, as long as the temperature is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a large positive magnetic susceptibility. Fick’s law - The statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e., J = -D(dc/dx), where D is called the diffusion coefficient. Field - A mathematical construct which describes the interaction between particles resulting from gravity, electromagnetism, or other physical phenomena. In classical physics a field is described by equations. Quantum field theory introduces operators to represent the physical observables. Field emission microscopy (FEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Field ion microscopy (FIM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Fine structure - The splitting in spectral lines that results from interactions of the electron spin with the orbital angular momentum. Fine structure constant (α)* - Defined as e2/2hcε0, where e is the elementary charge, h Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and ε0 the permittivity of a vacuum. It is a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between particles. First radiation constant (c1)* - Constant (= 2πhc2) in the equation for the radiant excitance Mλ of a black body: Mλ =
c1λ–5 ∆λ
e c2 / λT – 1
where λ is the wavelength, T is the temperature, and c2 = hc/k is the second radiation constant. Flash point - The lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. [10] Fluence (F) - Term used in photochemistry to specify the energy per unit area delivered in a given time interval, for example by a laser pulse. [2] Fluorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of fluorine and carbon. [5] Fluxoid - The quantum of magnetic flux in superconductivity theory, equal to hc/2e, where h is Planck’s constant, c the velocity of light, and e the elementary charge. Force (F) - The rate of change of momentum with time. [1] Force constants (f, k)* - In molecular vibrations, the coefficients in the expression of the potential energy in terms of atom displacements from their equilibrium positions. In a diatomic molecule, f = d2V/dr2, where V(r) is the potential energy and r is the interatomic distance. [2]
Fourier number (Fo) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fo = at/l2, where a is thermal diffusivity, t is time, and l is length. [2] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) - A technique for obtaining an infrared spectrum by use of an interferometer in which the path length of one of the beams is varied. A Fourier transformation of the resulting interferogram yields the actual spectrum. The technique is also used for NMR and other types of spectroscopy. Fractals - Geometrical objects that are self-similar under a change of scale; i.e., they appear similar at all levels of magnification. They can be considered to have fractional dimensionality. Examples occur in diverse fields such as geography (rivers and shorelines), biology (trees), and solid state physics (amorphous materials). Franck-Condon principle - An important principle in molecular spectroscopy which states that the nuclei in a molecule remain essentially stationary while an electronic transition is taking place. The physical interpretation rests on the fact that the electrons move much more rapidly than the nuclei because of their much smaller mass. Franklin (Fr) - Name sometimes given to the unit of charge in the esu system. Fraunhofer diffraction - Diffraction of light in situations where the source and observation point are so far removed that the wave surfaces may be considered planar. Fraunhofer lines - Sharp absorption lines in the spectrum of sunlight, caused by absorption of the solar blackbody radiation by atoms near the sun’s surface. Free radical - See Radicals. The term “free radical” is often used more broadly for molecules that have a paramagnetic ground state (e.g., O2) and sometimes for any transient or highly reactive molecular species. Freezing point - See Melting point Frequency (ν)* - Number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time. [1] Fresnel diffraction - Diffraction of light in a situation where the source and observation point are sufficiently close together that the curvature of the wave surfaces must be taken into account. Froude number (Fr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fr = v/(lg)1/2, where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity. [2] Fugacity (fB) - For a gas mixture, the fugacity of component B is defined as the absolute activity λB times the limit, as the pressure p approaches zero at constant temperature, of pB/λB. [2] Fullerenes - Compounds composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The archetypal example is [60]fullerene, where the atoms and bonds delineate a truncated icosahedron. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms. [5] Fulvalenes - The hydrocarbon fulvalene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvalene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fulvenes - The hydrocarbon fulvene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fundamental vibrational frequencies* - In molecular spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational frequencies obtained when the vibrational energy is expressed in normal coordinates. They determine the primary features of the infrared and Raman spectra of the molecule. γ - Name sometimes used for microgram. γ-rays* - Electromagnetic radiation (photons) with energy greater than about 0.1 MeV (wavelength less than about 1 pm). g-Factor of the electron* - The proportionality factor in the equation
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) relating the magnetic moment µ of an electron to its total angular momentum quantum number J, i.e., µ = -gµBJ, where µB is the Bohr magneton. Also called Landé factor. Gal - A non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 0.01 m/s. Also called galileo. Gallon (US) - A unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L. Gallon (UK, Imperial) - A unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L. Gauss (G) - A non-SI unit of magnetic flux density (B) equal to 10-4 T. Gaussian system of units - A hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory, which combines features of both the esu and emu systems. Gel - A colloidal system with a finite, but usually rather small, yield stress (the sheer stress at which yielding starts abruptly). [3] Genetic code* - The set of relations between each of the 64 codons of DNA and a specific amino acid (or other genetic instruction). Gibbs energy (G)* - An important function in chemical thermodynamics, defined by G = H-TS, where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. Sometimes called Gibbs free energy and, in older literature, simply “free energy”. [2] Gibbs phase rule - The relation F = C - P + 2, where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of phases. Glass transition temperature* - The temperature at which an amorphous polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery condition to a hard and relatively brittle one. [10] Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Gluon - A hypothetical particle postulated to take part in the binding of quarks, in analogy to the role of the photon in electromagnetic interactions. Glycerides - Esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2monoglycerides, according to the number and positions of acyl groups. [5] Glycols - Dihydric alcohols in which two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. Also called diols. [5] Grain (gr) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg. Grain boundary - The interface between two regions of different crystal orientation. Grashof number (Gr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2, where T is temperature, ρ is density, l is length, η is viscosity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity. [2] Gravitational constant (G)* - The universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles, F = Gm1m2/r2, where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses. [1] Gray (Gy)* - The SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to J/kg. [1] Gregorian calendar - The modification of the Julian calendar introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XII which specified that a year divisible by 100 is a leap year only if divisible by 400. Grignard reagents - Organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a carbon-magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution with R2Mg + MgX2). [5] Gruneisen parameter (γ) - Defined by γ = αV/κ cV ρ, where αV is the cubic thermal expansion coefficient, κ is the isothermal compressibility, cV is the specific heat capacity at constant volume, and ρ is the mass density. γ is independent of temperature for most crystalline solids. [1] Gyromagnetic ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called magnetogyric ratio. Hadron - Any elementary particle that can take part in the strong
interaction. Hadrons are subdivided into baryons, with odd half integer spins, and mesons, which have zero or integral spin. Hall effect* - The development of a transverse potential difference V in a conducting material when subjected to a magnetic field H perpendicular to the direction of the current. The potential difference is given by V = RH BJt, where B is the magnetic induction, J the current density, t the thickness of the specimen in the direction of the potential difference, and RH is called the Hall coefficient. Halocarbon - A compound containing no elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and one or more halogens. In common practice, the term is used mainly for compounds of no more than four or five carbon atoms. Halogens - The elements F, Cl, Br, I, and At. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides or halides. [7] Hamiltonian (H) - An expression for the total energy of a mechanical system in terms of the momenta and positions of constituent particles. In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator appears in the eigenvalue equation Hψ= Eψ, where E is an energy eigenvalue and ψ the corresponding eigenfunction. Hardness* - The resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or scratching. Hardness is measured on various scales, such as Mohs, Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, and Vickers. [10] Hartmann number (Ha) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Ha = Bl(κ/η)1/2, where B is magnetic flux density, l is length, κ is electric conductivity, and η is viscosity. [2] Hartree (Eh)* - An energy unit used in atomic and molecular science, equal to approximately 4.3597482 × 10-18 J. Hartree-Fock method - A iterative procedure for solving the Schrödinger equation for an atom or molecule in which the equation is solved for each electron in an initial assumed potential from all the other electrons. The new potential that results is used to repeat the calculation and the procedure continued until convergence is reached. Also called self-consistent field (SCF) method. Heat capacity* - Defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is Cp = (∂H/ ∂T)p; that at constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V , where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity. [1] Heat of formation, vaporization, etc. - See corresponding terms under Enthalpy. Hectare (ha) - A unit of area equal to 104 m2. [1] Heisenberg uncertainty principle - The statement that two observable properties of a system that are complementary, in the sense that their quantum-mechanical operators do not commute, cannot be specified simultaneously with absolute precision. An example is the position and momentum of a particle; according to this principle, the uncertainties in position ∆q and momentum ∆p must satisfy the relation ∆p∆q ≥ h/4π, where h is Planck’s constant. Heitler-London model - An early quantum-mechanical model of the hydrogen atom which introduced the concept of the exchange interaction between electrons as the primary reason for stability of the chemical bond. Helicon - A low-frequency wave generated when a metal at low temperature is exposed to a uniform magnetic field and a circularly polarized electric field. Helmholz energy (A) - A thermodynamic function defined by A = E-TS, where E is the energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Hemiacetals - Compounds having the general formula R2C(OH)OR′ (R′ not equal to H). [5] Henry (H)* - The SI unit of inductance, equal to Wb/A. [1]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Henry’s law * - An expression which applies to an ideal dilute solution in which one or more gasses are dissolved, viz., pi = Hixi, where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its mole fraction in the solution, and Hi is the Henry’s law constant (a characteristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature). Hermitian operator - An operator A that satisfies the relation ∫ um*Aundx = (∫ un*Aum dx)*, where * indicates the complex conjugate. The eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real, and eigenfunctions belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. Hertz (Hz) - The SI unit of frequency, equal to s-1. [1] Heterocyclic compounds - Cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole, bicyclo[3.3.1]tetrasiloxane. [5] Heusler alloys - Alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanent magnets. Holography - A technique for creating a three-dimensional image of a object by recording the interference pattern between a light beam diffracted from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from this pattern by a suitable optical system. Homopolymer - A polymer derived from one species of (real, implicit, or hypothetical) monomer. [8] Hooke’s law - The statement that the ratio of stress to strain is a constant in a totally elastic medium. Horse power - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 746 W. Hubble constant - The ratio of the recessional velocity of an extragalactic object to the distance of that object. Its value is about 2 × 10-18 s-1. Huckel theory - A simple approximation for calculating the energy of conjugated molecules in which only the resonance integrals between neighboring bonds are considered. Also called CNDO method (complete neglect of differential overlap). Hume-Rothery rules - A set of empirical rules for predicting the occurrence of solid solutions in metallic systems. The rules involve size, crystal structure, and electronegativity. Hund’s rules - A series of rules for predicting the sequence of energy states in atoms and molecules. One of the important results is that when two electrons exist in different orbitals, the state with their spins parallel (triplet state) lies at lower energy than the state with antiparallel spins (singlet). Hydrazines - Hydrazine (diazane), H2NNH2, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. When one or more substituents are acyl groups, the compound is a hydrazide. [5] Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. [5] Hydrolysis - A reaction occurring in water in which a chemical bond is cleaved and a new bond formed with the oxygen atom of water. Hyperfine structure - Splitting of energy levels and spectral lines into several closely spaced components as a result of interaction of nuclear spin angular momentum with other angular momenta in the atom or molecule. Hysteresis* - An irreversible response of a system (parameter A) as a function of an external force (parameter F), usually symmetric with respect to the origin of the A vs. F graph after the initial application of the force. A common example is magnetic induction vs. magnetic field strength in a ferromagnet. Ideal gas law - The equation of state pV = RT, which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas constant. Ideal solution - A solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law, which states that the vapor pressure pi of component i is pi = xipi*, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi* the vapor pressure of the pure substance i.
Ignition temperature* - The lowest temperature at which combustion of a material will occur spontaneously under specified conditions. Sometimes called autoignition temperature, kindling point. [10] Imides - Diacyl derivatives of ammonia or primary amines, especially those cyclic compounds derived from diacids. Also used for salts having the anion RN2-. [5] Impedence (Z) - The complex representation of potential difference divided by the complex representation of current. In terms of reactance X and resistance R, the impedance is given by Z = R + iX. [1] Index of refraction (n)* - For a non-absorbing medium, the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a specified frequency in the medium. [1] Inductance - The ratio of the electromagnetic force induced in a coil by a current to the rate of change of the current. Inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Inertial defect - In molecular spectroscopy, the quantity Ic-Ia-Ib for a molecule whose equilibrium configuration is planar, where Ia, Ib, and Ic are the effective principal moments of inertia. The inertial defect for a rigid planar molecule would be zero, but vibration-rotation interactions in a real molecule lead to a positive inertial defect. Insulator - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band (conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of 5 eV or more are generally considered as insulators at room temperature. Their conductivity is less than 10-6 S/m and increases with temperature. Intercalation compounds - Compounds resulting from reversible inclusion, without covalent bonding, of one kind of molecule in a solid matrix of another compound, which has a laminar structure. The host compound, a solid, may be macromolecular, crystalline, or amorphous. [5] International System of Units (SI)* - The unit system adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. It consists of seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and prefixes. [1] International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)* - The official international temperature scale adopted in 1990. It consists of a set of fixed points and equations which enable the thermodynamic temperature to be determined from operational measurements. [9] Ion - An atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge. [3] Ion exchange - A process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one or more other ionic species. [3] Ion neutralization spectroscopy (INS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Ionic strength (I) - A measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by I = 1/2Σi zi2mi, where zi is the charge of ionic species i and mi is its molality. For a 1-1 electrolyte at molality m, I = m. Ionization constant* - The equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a substance in solution dissociates into ions. Ionization potential* - The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational ground state) in the gaseous phase. More properly called ionization energy. [3] Irradiance (E) - The radiant energy flux incident on an element of a surface, divided by the area of that element. [1] Isentropic process - A thermodynamic process in which the entropy of the system does not change. Ising model - A model describing the coupling between two atoms in a ferromagnetic lattice, in which the interaction energy is proportional to the negative of the product of the spin components along a specified axis.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Isobar - A line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isochore - A line or surface of constant volume on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isoelectric point* - The pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electrophoresis there is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point. Isomers - In chemistry, compounds that have identical molecular formulas but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. In physics, nuclei of the same atomic number Z and mass number A but in different energy states. [3] Isomorphs - Substances of different chemical nature but having the same crystal structure. Isotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising only one species of repeating unit which has chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to its adjacent constitutional units. [8] Isotherm - A line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isothermal process - A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change. Isotones - Nuclides having the same neutron number N but different atomic number Z. [3] Isotopes - Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for a species of specific Z and A. [3] Jahn-Teller effect - An interaction of vibrational and electronic motions in a nonlinear molecule which removes the degeneracy of certain electronic energy levels. It can influence the spectrum, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the substance. Johnson noise - Electrical noise generated by random thermal motion of electrons in a conductor or semiconductor. Also called thermal noise. Josephson effect - The tunneling of electron pairs through a thin insulating layer which separates two superconductors. When a potential difference is applied to the superconductors, an alternating current is generated whose frequency is precisely proportional to the potential difference. This effect has important applications in metrology and determination of fundamental physical constants. Joule (J)* - The SI unit of energy, equal to N m. [1] Joule-Thomson coefficient (µ) - A parameter which describes the temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by µ = (∂T/ ∂p)H, where H is enthalpy. Julian calendar - The calendar introduced by Julius Caeser in 46 B.C. which divided the year into 365 days with a leap year of 366 days every fourth year. Julian date (JD) - The number of days elapsed since noon Greenwich Mean Time on January 1, 4713 B.C. Thus January 1, 2000, 0h (midnight) will be JD 2,451,543.5. This dating system was introduced by Joseph Scaliger in 1582. Kaon - One of the elementary particles in the family of mesons. Kaons have a spin of zero and may be neutral or charged. Kelvin (K)* - The SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. [1] Kepler’s laws - The three laws of planetary motion, which established the elliptical shape of planetary orbits and the relation between orbital dimensions and the period of rotation. Kerr effect* - An electrooptical effect in which birefringence is induced in a liquid or gas when a strong electric field is applied perpendicular to the direction of an incident light beam. The Kerr constant k is given by n1-n2 = kλE2, where λ is the wavelength, E is the electric field
strength, and n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of the ordinary and extraordinary rays, respectively. Ketenes - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is connected by a double bond to an alkylidene group: R2C=C=O. [5] Ketones - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R1R2C=O (neither R may be H). [5] Kilogram (kg)* - The SI base unit of mass. [1] Kinetic energy (Ek, T) - The energy associated with the motion of a system of particles in a specified reference frame. For a single particle of mass m moving at velocity v, Ek = 1/2mv2. Kirchhoff’s laws - Basic rules for electric circuits, which state (a) the algebraic sum of the currents at a network node is zero and (b) the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero. Klein-Gordon equation - A relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation. Klein-Nishima formula - An expression for the scattering cross section of a photon by an unbound electron, based upon the Dirac electron theory. Knight shift - The change in magnetic resonance frequency of a nucleus in a metal relative to the same nucleus in a diamagnetic solid. The effect is due to the polarization of the conduction electrons in the metal. Knudsen number (Kn) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Kn = λ/l, where λ is mean free path and l is length. [2] Kondo effect - A large increase in electrical resistance observed at low temperatures in certain dilute alloys of a magnetic metal in a nonmagnetic material. Kramers-Kronig relation - A set of equations relating the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of a medium Lactams - Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lactones - Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lagrangian function (L) - A function used in classical mechanics, defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy for a system of particles. Lamb shift - The small energy difference between the 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 levels in the hydrogen atom, which results from interactions between the electron and the radiation field. Laminar flow - Smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterized by small values of the Reynolds number. Landé g-factor - See g-Factor of the electron Langevin function - The mathematical function L(x) = (ex+e-x)/(ex-e-x)1/x, which occurs in the expression for the average dipole moment of a group of rotating polar molecules in an electric field: µav = µL(µE/ kT), where µ is the electric dipole moment of a single molecule, E is the electric field strength, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Lanthanides - The elements of atomic number 57 through 71, which share common chemical properties: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu. [7] Larmor frequency (νL) - The precession frequency of a magnetic dipole in an applied magnetic field. In particular, a nucleus in a magnetic field of strength B has a Larmor frequency of γB/2π, where γ is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus. Laser* - A device in which an optical cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, stimulated emission occurs, producing a highly monochromatic, coherent beam of light.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Laser ionization mass spectroscopy (LIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Lattice constants* - Parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles between them. Lattice energy* - The energy per ion pair required to separate completely the ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero. Laue diagram - A diffraction pattern produced when an x-ray beam passes through a thin slice of a crystal and impinges on a detector behind the crystal. Lenz’s law - The statement that the current induced in a circuit by a change in magnetic flux is so directed as to oppose the change in flux Leonard-Jones potential - A simple but useful function for approximating the interaction between two neutral atoms or molecules separated by a distance r by writing the potential energy as U(r) = 4ε{(r0/r)12 (r0/r)6}, where ε and r0 are adjustable parameters. In this form the depth of the potential well is ε and the minimum occurs at 21/6r0 . The (1/r)12 term is often replaced by other powers of 1/r. Lepton - One of the class of elementary particles that do not take part in the strong interaction. Included are the electron, muon, and neutrino. All leptons have a spin of 1/2. Lewis number (Le) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Le = a/D, where a is thermal diffusivity and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Ligand field theory - A description of the structure of crystals containing a transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands. Light year (l.y.) - A unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the distance light travels in one year in a vacuum. Its approximate value is 9.46073 × 1015 m. Lignins - Macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans, composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites and apparently randomly. [5] Ligroin - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90-140°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Lipids - A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [5] Lipoproteins - Clathrate complexes consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding, in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. [5] Liter (L)* - A synonym for cubic decimeter. [1] Lithosphere* - The outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of the mantle to the surface of the crust. Lorentz contraction - The reduction in length of a moving body in the direction of motion, given by the factor (1-v2/c2)1/2 , where v is the velocity of the body and c the velocity of light. Also known as the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction. Lorentz force - The force exerted on a point charge Q moving at velocity v in the presence of external fields E and B. It is given (in SI units) by F = Q(E + v × B). Loss angle (δ) - For a dielectric material in an alternating electromagnetic field, δ is the phase difference between the current and the potential difference. The function tan δ is a measure of the ratio of the power dissipated in the dielectric to the power stored. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.
Lumen (lm)* - The SI unit of luminous flux, equal to cd sr. [1] Luminous flux (Φ) - The intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid angle. The SI unit is lumen. [1] Lux (lx)* - The SI unit of illuminance, equal to cd sr m-2. [1] Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation - A relation between the phonon frequencies and dielectric constants of an ionic crystal which states that (ωT/ωL)2 = ε(∞)/ε(0), where ωT is the angular frequency of transverse optical phonons, ωL that of longitudinal optical phonons, ε(0) is the static dielectric constant, and ε(∞) the dielectric constant at optical frequencies. Lyman series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principal quantum number n = 1) and successive excited states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1-1/n2), where n = 2,3,4,… and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 1↔2), which is often called the Lyman-α line, falls at a wavelength of 1216 Å, and the series converges at 912 Å, the ionization limit of hydrogen. Mach number (Ma) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ma = v/c, where v is velocity and c is the speed of sound. [2] Macromolecule - A molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [8] Madelung constant* - A constant characteristic of a particular crystalline material which gives a measure of the electrostatic energy binding the ions in the crystal. Magnetic field strength (H) - An axial vector quantity, the curl of which is equal to the current density, including the displacement current. [1] Magnetic induction (B) - An axial vector quantity such that the force exerted on an element of current is equal to the vector product of this element and the magnetic induction. [1] Magnetic moment - See Dipole moment, magnetic. Magnetic susceptibility (χm, κ)* - Defined by χm = (µ-µ0)/µ0, where µ is the permeability of the medium and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetization (M) - Defined by M = (B/µ0)-H, where B is magnetic induction, H magnetic field strength, and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetogyric ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called gyromagnetic ratio. Magneton - See Bohr magneton, Nuclear magneton. Magnetostriction* - The change in dimensions of a solid sample when it is placed in a magnetic field. Magnon - A quantum of magnetic energy associated with a spin wave in a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic crystal. Mantle - The layer of the earth between the crust and the liquid outer core, which begins about 2900 km below the earth’s surface. Maser - A device in which a microwave cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, the device can serve as an amplifier or oscillator at that frequency. Mass (m)* - Quantity of matter. Mass can also be defined as “resistance to acceleration”. Mass defect (B) - Defined by B = Zm(1H) + Nmn - ma, where Z is the atomic number, m(1H) is the mass of the hydrogen atom, N is the neutron number, mn is the rest mass of the neutron, and ma is the mass of the atom in question. Thus Bc2 can be equated to the binding energy of the nucleus if the binding energy of atomic electrons is neglected. [1] Mass excess (∆) - Defined by ∆ = ma - Amu, where ma is the mass of the
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) atom, A the number of nucleons, and mu the unified atomic mass constant (mu = 1 u). [1] Mass fraction (wB) - The ratio of the mass of substance B to the total mass of a mixture. [1] Mass number (A) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mass spectrometry - An analytical technique in which ions are separated according to the mass/charge ratio and detected by a suitable detector. The ions may be produced by electron impact on a gas, a chemical reaction, energetic vaporization of a solid, etc. [6] Massieu function - A thermodynamic function defined by J = -A/T, where A is the Helmholz energy and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Matthiessen’s rule - The statement that the electrical resistivity ρ of a metal can be written as ρ = ρL+ρi, where ρL is due to scattering of conduction electrons by lattice vibrations and ρi to scattering by impurities and imperfections. If the impurity concentration is small, ρi is temperature independent. Maxwell (Mx)* - A non-SI unit of magnetic field strength (H) equal to 10-8 Wb. [1] Maxwell’s equations - The fundamental equations of electromagnetism. In a form appropriate to SI units, they are: curl H = ∂D/∂t + j div B = 0 curl E = -∂B/∂t div D = ρ where H is the magnetic field strength, B the magnetic induction, E the electric field strength, D the electric displacement, j the current density, ρ the charge density, and t is time. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the fraction of molecules f(v) in a gas that have velocity v within a specified interval. It takes the form 2 3/ 2 f (v) = 4 π( M / 2 πRT ) v 2 e – Mv / 2 RT where M is the molar mass, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Mean free path* - The average distance a gas molecule travels between collisions. Meissner effect - The complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the interior of a superconductor. Melting point* - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure (normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). Mercaptans - A traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with thiols. This term is still widely used. [5] Meson - Any elementary particle that has zero or integral spin. Mesons are responsible for the forces between protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mesosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere (about 50 km above the surface) to 80-90 km. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. Metal - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduction band) is only partially filled with electrons. The electrical conductivity of metals generally decreases with temperature. Metallocenes - Organometallic coordination compounds in which one atom of a transition metal such as iron, ruthenium or osmium is bonded to and only to the face of two cyclopentadienyl ligands which lie in parallel planes. [5] Meter (m)* - The SI base unit of length. [1] Methine group - In organic compounds, the -C= group. [5] Mho - An archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm).
Micelle - A particle formed by the aggregation of surfactant molecules (typically, 10 to 100 molecules) in solution. For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface of the micelle, while the hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points toward the center. At the critical micelle concentration (cmc) the previously dissolved molecules aggregate into a micelle. Micron (µ) - An obsolete name for micrometer. Mie scattering - The scattering of light by spherical dielectric particles whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of the light. Milky way - The band of light in the night sky resulting from the stars in the galactic plane. The term is also used to denote the galaxy in which the sun is located. Miller indices (hkl) - A set of indices used to label planes in a crystal lattice. [2] Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr. Mobility (µ)* - In solid state physics, the drift velocity of electrons or holes in a solid divided by the applied electric field strength. The term is used in a similar sense in other fields. Molality (m) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per kilogram of solvent. Thus a 0.1 molal solution (often written as 0.1 m) has m = 0.1 mol/kg. Molar mass - The mass of one mole of a substance. It is normally expressed in units of g/mol, in which case its numerical value is identical with the molecular weight (relative molecular mass). [1] Molar quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc Molar refraction (R) - A property of a dielectric defined by the equation R = Vm[(n2-1)/(n2+2)], where n is the index of refraction of the medium (at optical wavelengths) and Vm the molar volume. It is related to the polarizability α of the molecules that make up the medium by the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, R = NAα/3ε0 , where NA is Avogadro’s constant and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Molarity (c) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per liter of solution. Thus a 0.1 molar solution (often referred to as 0.1 M) has a concentration c = 0.1 mol/L. Mole (mol)* - The SI base unit of amount of substance. [1] Mole fraction (xB) - The ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance B to the total amount of substance in a mixture. [1] Molecular orbital - See Orbital. Molecular weight (Mr)* - The ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called relative molar (or molecular) mass. [1] Moment of inertia (I) - The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is the sum (or integral) of the products of its elements of mass and the squares of their distances from the axis. [1] Momentum (p) - The product of mass and velocity. [1] Monomer - A substance consisting of molecules which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule. [8] Monosaccharides - A term which includes aldoses, ketoses, and a wide variety of derivatives. [5] Mössbauer effect - The recoilless emission of γ-rays from nuclei bound in a crystal under conditions where the recoil energy associated with the γ emission is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This results in a very narrow line width, which can be exploited in various types of precise measurements.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Muon* - An unstable elementary particle of spin 1/2 and mass about 200 times that of the electron. Naphtha - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C6 to C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 80-120°C. Solvents derived from this fraction include ligroin and petroleum ether. Nautical mile - A non-SI unit of length, equal to exactly 1852 m. Navier-Stokes equations - A set of complex equations for the motion of a viscous fluid subject to external forces. Néel temperature (TN)* - The critical temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. [1] Nernst effect - The production of an electric field in a conductor subject to an applied magnetic field and containing a transverse temperature gradient. The electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the temperature gradient. Network - In polymer science, a highly ramified macromolecule in which essentially each constitutional unit is connected to each other constitutional unit and to the macroscopic phase boundary by many permanent paths through the macromolecule, the number of such paths increasing with the number of intervening bonds. The paths must on the average be coextensive with the macromolecule. [8] Neutrino - A stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2. Neutron* - An elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Neutron number (N) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Newton (N)* - The SI unit of force, equal to m kg s-2. [1] Nitriles - Compounds having the structure RC≡N; thus C-substituted derivatives of hydrocyanic acid, HC≡N. [5] Nitrosamines - N-Nitroso amines: compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolatable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant. [5] Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)* - A widely used technique in which the resonant absorption of radiofrequency radiation by magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field is measured. The results give important information on the local environment of each nucleus. Nuclear magneton (µN)* - The unit of nuclear magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πmp, where h is Planck’s constant, mp the proton mass, and e the elementary charge. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear spin (I) - The quantum number that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular nucleus. The magnitude of the angular momentum is given by [I(I+1)]1/2 h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant. Nucleic acids* - Macromolecules, the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose. [5] Nucleon - A collective term for the proton and neutron. Nucleosides - Ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivatives (rarely, other glycosyl derivatives) of certain pyrimidine or purine bases. They are thus glycosylamines or N-glycosides related to nucleotides by the lack of phosphorylation. [5] Nucleotides - Compounds formally obtained by esterification of the 3′ or
5′ hydroxy group of nucleosides with phosphoric acid. They are the monomers of nucleic acids and are formed from them by hydrolytic cleavage. [5] Nuclide - A species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic number Z and identical mass number A. [3] Nusselt number (Nu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Nu = hl/k, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, l is length, and k is thermal conductivity. [2] Nyquist theorem - An expression for the mean square thermal noise voltage across a resistor, given by 4RkT∆f where R is the resistance, k the Boltzmann constant, T the temperature, and ∆f the frequency band within which the voltage is measured. Octanol-water partition coefficient (P)* - A measure of the way in which a compound will partition itself between the octanol and water phases in the two-phase octanol-water system, and thus an indicator of certain types of biological activity. Specifically, P is the ratio of the concentration (in moles per liter) of the compound in the octanol phase to that in the water phase at infinite dilution. The quantity normally reported is log P. Oersted (Oe) - A non-SI unit of magnetic field (H), equal to 79.57747 A/m. Ohm (Ω)* - The SI unit of electric resistance, equal to V/A. [1] Ohm’s law - A relation among electric current I, potential difference V, and resistance R, viz., I = V/R. The resistance is constant at constant temperature to high precision for many materials. Olefins - Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carboncarbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes. [5] Oligomer - A substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast to a polymer, the properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of its units. [8] Oligopeptides - Peptides containing from three to nine amino groups. [5] Onsager relations - An important set of equations in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems with a linear dependence of flux on driving forces. Optical rotary power - Angle by which the plane of polarization of a light beam is rotated by an optically active medium, divided by path length and by concentration of the active constituent. Depending on whether mass or molar concentration is used, the modifier “specific” or “molar” is attached. [2] Orbital - A one-electron wavefunction. Atomic orbitals are classified as s-, p-, d,- or f-orbitals according to whether the angular momentum quantum number l = 0, 1, 2, or 3. Molecular orbitals, which are usually constructed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, describe the distribution of electrons over the entire molecule. Oscillator strength (f) - A measure of the intensity of a spectroscopic transition, defined by 2 8π 2 Meν µ ij f= 2 3he where ν is the frequency, µij the transition dipole moment, me the mass of the electron, e the elementary charge, and h Planck’s constant. Osmosis - The flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from the side of lower concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the concentrations. The pressure that must be
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) applied to the more concentrated side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure. Osmotic coefficient (φ) - Defined by φ = ln aA/(MAΣmB), where MA is the molar mass of substance A (normally the solvent), aA is its activity, and the mB are molalities of the solutes. [1] Osmotic pressure (Π) - The excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution Π = cBRT , where cB is the amount-of-substance concentration of the solute, R is the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. [1,2] Ostwald dilution law - A relation for the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution, viz., 1 1 Λc = + Λ Λo K Λo
( )
2
where c is the solute concentration, K is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the solute, and Λ° is the conductivity at cΛ = 0. Ounce (oz) - A non-SI unit of mass. The avoirdupois once equals 28.34952 g, while the troy ounce equals 31.10348 g. Overpotential (η) - In an electrochemical cell, the difference between the potential of an electrode and its zero-current value. Oximes - Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes. [5] Oxo compounds - Compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfonic acids, amides and esters. [5] Ozonides - The 1,2,4-trioxolanes formed by the reaction of ozone at a carbon-carbon double bond, or the analogous compounds derived from acetylenic compounds. [5] Pair production - A process in which a photon is converted into a particle and its antiparticle (e.g., an electron and positron) in the electromagnetic field of a nucleus. Paraffins - Obsolescent term for saturated hydrocarbons, commonly but not necessarily acyclic. Still widely used in the petrochemical industry, where the term designates acyclic saturated hydrocarbons, and stands in contradistinction to naphthenes. [5] Paramagnetism* - A type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in removed. In the simplest approximation (Curie’s law) the susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature. Parity - The property of a quantum-mechanical wave function that describes its behavior under the symmetry operation of coordinate inversion. A parity of +1 (or even) is assigned if the wave function does not change sign when the signs of all the coordinates are changed; the parity is -1 (or odd) if the wave function changes sign under this operation. Parsec (pc) - A unit of distance defined as the distance at which 1 astronomical unit (AU) subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. It is equal to 206264.806 AU or 3.085678 × 1016 m. Particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Partition function (q, z) - For a single molecule, q = Σi giexp(εi/kT), where εi is an energy level of degeneracy gi, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature; the summation extends over all energy states. For a system of N non-interacting molecules which are indistinguishable, as in an ideal gas, the canonical partition function Q = qN/ N!. Pascal (Pa)* - The SI unit of pressure, equal to N/m2. [1]
Paschen series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 3 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/9-1/n2), where n = 4,5,6,… and RH is the Rydberg constant. The first member of the series (n = 3↔4), which is often called the Pα line, falls in the infrared at a wavelength of 1.875 µm. Paschen-Back effect - In atomic spectroscopy, the decoupling of electron spin from orbital angular momentum as the strength of an external magnetic field is increased. Pauli exclusion principle - The statement that two electrons in an atom cannot have identical quantum numbers; thus if there are two electrons in the same orbital, their spin quantum numbers must be of opposite sign. Pearson symbol - A code for designating crystallographic information, including the crystal system, the lattice type, and the number of atoms per unit cell. Péclet number (Pe) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pe = vl/a, where v is velocity, l is length, and a is thermal diffussivity. [2] Peltier effect - The absorption or generation of heat (depending on the current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a junction between two materials. Peptides - Amides derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. [5] Permeability (µ) - Magnetic induction divided by magnetic field strength; i.e. µ = B/H. The relative permeability µr = µ/µ0, where µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Permittivity (ε) - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called dielectric constant. [1] Peroxides - Compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2-2 [5] Peroxy acids - Acids in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH group; e.g. CH3C(=O)OOH peroxyacetic acid, PhS(=O)2OOH benzeneperoxysulfonic acid. [5] Petroleum ether - The petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35-60°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. pH* - A convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually defined by pH = -log [c(H+)/mol L-1)], where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions.The more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration. [2] Phenols - Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. [5] Phonon - A quantum of energy associated with a vibrational mode of a crystal lattice. Phosphines - PH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RPH2, R2PH and R3P (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. [5] Phosphonium compounds - Salts (and hydroxides) [R4P]+X- containing tetracoordinate phosphonium ion and the associated anion. [5] Phosphonium ylides - Compounds having the structure R3P+-C -R 2 1 R3P=CR 2. Also known as Wittig reagents. [5] Phosphoresence - The process by which a molecule is excited by light to a higher electronic state and then undergoes a radiationless transition to a state of different multiplicity from which it decays, after some delay, to the ground state. The emitted light is normally of longer wavelength than the exciting light because vibrational energy has been dissipated.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Photoelectric effect - The complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the emission of an electron. Photon - An elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Pinacols - Tetra(hydrocarbyl)ethane-1,2-diols, R2C(OH)C(OH)R2, of which the tetramethyl example is the simplest one and is itself commonly known as pinacol. [5] Pion - An elementary particle in the family of mesons. Pions have zero spin and may be neutral or charged. They participate in the strong interaction which holds the nucleus together. pK* - The negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K. For pKa, see Acid dissociation constant. Planck constant (h)* - The elementary quantum of action, which relates energy to frequency through the equation E = hν. Planck distribution - See Black body radiation Planck function - A thermodynamic function defined by Y = -G/T, where G is Gibbs energy and T thermodynamic temperature. [2] Plasma - A highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is electrically neutral. Plasmon - A quantum associated with a plasma oscillation in the electron gas of a solid. Point group* - A group of symmetry operations (rotations, reflections, etc.) that leave a molecule invariant. Every molecular conformation can be assigned to a specific point group, which plays a major role in determining the spectrum of the molecule. Poise (P) - A non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to 0.1 Pa s. Poiseuille’s equation - A formula for the rate of flow of a viscous fluid through a tube:
(
)
p12 – p2 2 πr 4 dV = 16lηp0 dt where V is the volume as measured at pressure p0; p1 and p2 are the pressures at each end of the tube; r is the radius and l the length of the tube; and η is the viscosity. Poisson ratio (µ) - The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit (i.e., where Hooke’s law is valid). [10] Polariton - A quantum associated with the coupled modes of photons and optical phonons in an ionic crystal. Polarizability (α)* - The change in dipole moment of a molecule produced by an external electric field; specifically, α ab = ∂p a / ∂E b , where p a is the dipole moment component on the a axis and E b is the component of the electric field strength along the b axis. [2] Polymer - A substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule. [8] Polypeptides - Peptides containing 10 or more amino acid residues. See also Peptides. [5] Polysaccharides - Compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Also called glycans. [5] Porphyrins - Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups
to form a macrocyclic structure (porphyrin is designated porphine in Chemical Abstracts indexes). [5] Positron - The antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron, and an equal but opposite charge. Positronium - The hydrogen-like “atom” formed from a positron nucleus and an electron. Its lifetime is very short because of annihilation of the positron and electron. Potential - See Electric potential Potential energy (Ep, V, U) - The portion of the energy of a system that is associated with its position in a force field. Pound (lb) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 0.4535924 kg. Power (P) - Rate of energy transfer. For electrical circuits, this is equal to the product of current and potential difference, P = IV. [1] Poynting vector (S) - For electromagnetic radiation, the vector product of the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength. [1] Prandtl number (Pr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pr = η/ρa, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Pressure* - Force divided by area. [1] Proteins - Naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides having molecular weights greater than about 10,000 (the limit is not precise). See also Peptides. [5] Proton* - A stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2. Protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Pulsar - A neutron star which rotates rapidly and emits electromagnetic radiation in regular pulses at a frequency related to the rotation period. Purine bases* - Purine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Pyrimidine bases* - Pyrimidine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Q-switching - A technique for obtaining very high power from a laser by keeping the Q factor of the laser cavity low while the population inversion builds up, then suddenly increasing the Q to initiate the stimulated emission. Quad - A unit of energy defined as 1015 Btu, equal to approximately 1.055056 × 1018 J. Quadrupole moment - A coefficient of the third term (after monopole and dipole) in the power series expansion of the electric potential of an array of charges. A nucleus of spin greater than 1/2 has a nonvanishing nuclear quadrupole moment which can interact with the electric field gradient of the surrounding electrons. Molecular quadrupole moments have an influence on intermolecular forces. Quality factor (Q) - The ratio of the absolute value of the reactance of an electrical system to the resistance; thus a measure of the energy stored per cycle relative to the energy dissipated. Quantum yield - In photochemistry, the number of moles transformed in a specific process, either physically (e.g., by emission of photons) or chemically, per mole of photons absorbed by the system. [3] Quark - An elementary entity which has not been directly observed but is considered a constituent of protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Quasar - An extragalactic object emitting electromagnetic radiation at a very high power level and showing a very large red shift, thus indicating that the object is receding at a speed approaching the speed of light. Quasicrystal - A solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose lattice does not display translational periodicity. Quaternary ammonium compounds - Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. Compounds having a carbon-nitrogen double bond (i.e. R2C=N+R2Y-) are more accurately called iminium compounds. [5]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Quinones - Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds. [5] Racemic mixture - A mixture of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers (optical isomers); such a mixture is not optically active. Rad - A non-SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to 0.01 Gy. Radiance (L) - The radiant intensity in a given direction from an element of a surface, divided by the area of the orthogonal projection of this element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. [1] Radiant intensity (I) - The radiant energy flux leaving an element of a source within an element of solid angle, divided by that element of solid angle. [1] Radicals - Molecular entities possessing an unpaired electron, such as ·CH3, ·SnH3, ·Cl. (In these formulas the dot, symbolizing the unpaired electron, should be placed so as to indicate the atom of highest spin density, if this is possible). [5] Raman effect - The inelastic scattering of light by a molecule, in which the incident photon either gives up to, or receives energy from, one of the internal vibrational modes of the molecule. The scattered light thus has either a lower frequency (Stokes radiation) or higher frequency (anti-Stokes radiation) than the incident light. These shifts provide a measure of the normal vibrational frequencies of the molecule. Rankine cycle - A thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the working fluid (e.g., a steam engine or a heat pump). Rankine temperature - A thermodynamic temperature scale based on a temperature interval °R = (5/9) K ; i.e., T/°R = (9/5)T/K = t/°F + 459.67. Raoult’s law - The expression for the vapor pressure pi of component i in an ideal solution, viz., pi = xi pi0, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi0 the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. Rare earth elements - The elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). [7] Rayleigh number (Ra) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa, where l is length, g is acceleration of gravity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, T is temperature, ρ is density, η is viscosity, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Rayleigh scattering - The scattering of light by particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is characterized by a scattered intensity which varies as the inverse fourth power of the wavelength. Rayleigh wave - A guided elastic wave along the surface of a solid; also called surface acoustic wave. Reactance (X) - The imaginary part of impedance. For an inductive reactance L and a capacitive reactance C in series, the reactance is X = Lω-1/(Cω), where ω is 2π times the frequency of the current. [1] Red shift - A displacement of a spectral line toward longer wavelengths. This can occur through the Doppler effect (e.g., in the light from receding galaxies) or, in the general theory of relativity, from the effects of a star’s gravitational field. Reflectance (ρ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is reflected to that of the incident radiation. Also called reflection factor. [1] Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Relative humidity* - The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in air to the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage. [10] Relative molar mass - See Molecular weight. Rem - A non-SI unit of dose equivalent, equal to 0.01 Sv. Resistance (R) - Electric potential difference divided by current when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition applies
to direct current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance. [1] Resistivity (ρ) - Electric field strength divided by current density when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by ρ = RA/L. [1] Reynolds number (Re) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Re = ρvl/η, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and η is viscosity. [2] Rheology - The study of the flow of liquids and deformation of solids. Rheology addresses such phenomena as creep, stress relaxation, anelasticity, nonlinear stress deformation, and viscosity. Ribonucleic acids (RNA) - Naturally occurring polyribonucleotides. See also nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, ribonucleotides. [5] Ribonucleotides - Nucleotides in which the glycosyl group is a ribosyl group. See also nucleotides. [5] Roentgen (R) - A unit used for expressing the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or γ radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. A roentgen is defined as 2.58 × 10-4 C/kg. Rotational constants - In molecular spectroscopy, the constants appearing in the expression for the rotational energy levels as a function of the angular momentum quantum numbers. These constants are proportional to the reciprocals of the principal moments of inertia, averaged over the vibrational motion. Rutherford back scattering (RBS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Rydberg constant (R∞)* - The fundamental constant which appears in the equation for the energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms; i.e., En = hcR∞ Z2µ/n2, where h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, Z the atomic number, µ the reduced mass of nucleus and electron, and n the principal quantum number (n = 1, 2, …). Rydberg series - A regular series of lines in the spectrum of an atom or molecule, with the spacing between successive lines becoming smaller as the frequency increases (wavelength decreases). The series eventually converges to a limit which usually corresponds to the complete removal of an electron from the atom or molecule. Sackur-Tetrode equation* - An equation for the molar entropy Sm of an ideal monatomic gas: Sm = Rln(e5/2 V/NAΛ3), where R is the molar gas constant, V is the volume, and NA is Avogadro’s number. The constant Λ is given by Λ = h/(2πmkT)1/2, where h is Planck’s constant, m the atomic mass, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. Salinity (S)* - A parameter used in oceanography to describe the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. It is defined in terms of electrical conductivity relative to a standard solution of KCl. When expressed in units of parts per thousand, S may be roughly equated to the concentration of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salt - An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. Scanned probe microscopy (SPM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Schiff bases - Imines bearing a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom: R2C=NR′ (R′ not equal to H). Considered by many to be synonymous with azomethines. [5]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Schmidt number (Sc) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sc = η/ρD, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Schottky barrier - A potential barrier associated with a metal-semiconductor contact. It forms the basis for the rectifying device known as the Schottly diode. Schrödinger equation - The basic equation of wave mechanics which, for systems not dependent on time, takes the form: –(h / 2 m)∇ 2 ψ + Vψ = Eψ
where ψ is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a function of the spatial coordinates, E is an energy eigenvalue, ∇2 is the Laplacian operator, \ is Planck’s constant divided by 2π, and m is the mass. Second (s)* - The SI base unit of time. [1] Second radiation constant (c2)* - See First radiation constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Seebeck effect - The development of a potential difference in a circuit where two different metals or semiconductors are joined and their junctions maintained at different temperatures. It is the basis of the thermocouple. Selenides - Compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H). They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal salts of H2Se. [5] Semicarbazones - Compounds having the structure R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2, formally derived by condensation of aldehydes or ketones with semicarbazide [NH2NHC(=O)NH2]. [5] Semiconductor - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV. With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity. Semiquinones - Radical anions having the structure -O-Z-O⋅ where Z is an ortho- or para-arylene group or analogous heteroarylene group; they are formally generated by the addition of an electron to a quinone. [5] SI units* - The International System of Units adopted in 1960 and recommended for use in all scientific and technical fields. [1] Siemens (S)* - The SI unit of electric conductance, equal to Ω-1. [1] Sievert (Sv)* - The SI unit of dose equivalent (of radiation), equal to J/ kg. [1] Silanes - Saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes; i.e. compounds of the general formula SinH2n+2. Silanes may be subdivided into silane, oligosilanes, and polysilanes. Hydrocarbyl derivatives are often referred to loosely as silanes. [5] Silicones - Polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered unbranched, of general formula [-OSiR2-]n (R not equal to H). [5] Siloxanes - Saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbors by single oxygen atoms). [5] Skin effect - The concentration of high frequency alternating currents near the surface of a conductor. Slater orbital - A particular mathematical expression for the radial part of the wave function of a single electron, which is used in quantummechanical calculations of the energy and other properties of atoms and molecules. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Snell’s law - The relation between the angle of incidence i and the angle
of refraction r of a light beam which passes from a medium of refractive index n0 to a medium of index n1, viz., sin i/sin r = n1/n0. Solar constant* - The mean radiant energy flux from the sun on a unit surface normal to the direction of the rays at the mean distance of the earth from the sun. The value is approximately 1373 W/m2. Solar wind - The stream of high velocity hydrogen and helium ions emitted by the sun which flows through the solar system and beyond. Soliton - A spatially localized wave in a solid or liquid that can interact strongly with other solitons but will afterwards regain its original form. Solubility* - A quantity expressing the maximum concentration of some material (the solute) that can exist in another liquid or solid material (the solvent) at thermodynamic equilibrium at specified temperature and pressure. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others. Solubility product constant (Ksp)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparsely soluble salt into its constituent ions. Space group* - A group of symmetry operations (reflections, rotations, etc.) that leave a crystal invariant. A total of 230 space groups have been identified. Spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Specific gravity - Ratio of the mass density of a material to that of water. Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged. Specific heat - Heat capacity divided by mass. See Heat capacity. Specific quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by mass. The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc. Specific rotation [α]θλ- For an optically active substance, defined by [α]θλ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l. Here θ is the Celsius temperature and λ the wavelength of the light at which the measurement is carried out. Also called specific optical rotatory power. [2] Spin (s, I)* - A measure of the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which it possesses independent of its orbital motion. The symbol s is used for the spin quantum number of an electron, while I is generally used for nuclear spin. Spiro compounds - Compounds having one atom (usually a quaternary carbon) as the only common member of two rings. [5] Stacking fault - An error in the normal sequence of layer growth in a crystal. Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) - A standard sample of pure water of accurately known isotopic composition which is maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of density and isotopic composition measurements. Standard reduction potential (E°) - The zero-current potential of a cell in which the specified reduction reaction occurs at the right-hand electrode and the left-hand electrode is the standard hydrogen electrode. Also called Standard electrode potential. Standard state - A defined state (specified temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) for tabulating thermodynamic functions and carrying out thermodynamic calculations. The standard state pressure is usually taken as 100,000 Pa (1 bar), but various standard state temperatures are used. [2] Stanton number (St) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by St = h/ρvcp, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, ρ is
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) density, v is velocity, and cp is specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [2] Stark effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external electric field. Statistical weight (g) - The number of distinct states corresponding to the same energy level. Also called degeneracy. Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)* - Constant in the equation for the radiant exitance M (radiant energy flux per unit area) from a black body at thermodynamic temperature T, viz. M = σT4. [1] Stibines - SbH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: R3Sb. RSbH2, R2SbH, and R3Sb (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary stibines, respectively. [5] Stochastic process - A process which involves random variables and whose outcome can thus be described only in terms of probabilities. Stoichiometric number (ν) - The number appearing before the symbol for each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. By convention, it is negative for reactants and positive for products. [2] Stokes (St) - A non-SI unit of kinematic viscosity, equal to 10-4 m2/s. Stokes’ law - The statement, valid under certain conditions, that the viscous force F experienced by a sphere of radius a moving at velocity v in a medium of viscosity η is given by F = -6πηav. Strain - The deformation of a body that results from an applied stress. Stratosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (typically 10 to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km. It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasing altitude. Stress - Force per unit area (pressure) applied to a body. Tensile stress tends to stretch or compress the body in the direction of the applied force. Sheer stress results from a tangential force which tends to twist the body. Strong interaction - The short range (order of 1 fm) attractive forces between protons, neutrons, and other hadrons which are responsible for the stability of the nucleus. Strouhal number (Sr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sr = lf/v, where l is length, f is frequency, and v is velocity. [2] Structure factor - In x-ray crystallography, the sum of the scattering factors of all the atoms in a unit cell, weighted by an appropriate phase factor. The intensity of a given reflection is proportional to the square of the structure factor. Sublimation pressure - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a solid at a specified temperature. Sulfides - Compounds having the structure RSR (R not equal to H). Such compounds were once called thioethers. In an inorganic sense, salts or other derivatives of hydrogen sulfide. [5] Sulfones - Compounds having the structure, RS(=O)2R (R not equal to H), e.g. C2H5S(=O)2CH3, ethyl methyl sulfone. [5] Sulfonic acids - HS(=O)2OH, sulfonic acid, and its S-hydrocarbyl derivatives. [5] Sulfoxides - Compounds having the structure R2S=O (R not equal to H), e.g. Ph2S=O, diphenyl sulfoxide. [5] Superconductor - A material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical resistivity below a critical temperature Tc. The effect can occur in pure metals, alloys, semiconductors, organic compounds, and certain inorganic solids. Superfluid - A fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ point). Supernova - A star in the process of exploding because of instabilities which follow the exhaustion of its nuclear fuel.
Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Surface tension (γ,σ)* - The force per unit length in the plane of the interface between a liquid and a gas, which resists an increase in the area of that surface. It can also be equated to the surface Gibbs energy per unit area. Surfactant - A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and accordingly is positively adsorbed at the liquid-vapor or other interfaces. [3] Susceptance (B) - Imaginary part of admittance. [1] Svedberg - A non-SI unit of time, used to express sedimentation coefficients, equal to 10-13 s. Syndiotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising alternating enantiomeric configurational base units which have chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to their adjacent constitutional units. In this case the repeating unit consists of two configurational base units that are enantiomeric. [8] Tacticity - The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units of a macromolecule or oligomer molecule. In a tactic macromolecule essentially all the configurational repeating units are identical with respect to directional sense. See Configurational repeating unit, Isotactic, Syndiotactic. [8] Tautomerism - Isomerism of the general form G-X-Y=Z 1 X=Y-ZG, where the isomers (called tautomers) are readily interconvertible; the atoms connecting the groups X, Y, Z are typically any of C, H, O, or S, and G is a group which becomes an electrofuge (i.e., a group that does not carry away the bonding electron pair when it leaves its position in the molecule) or nucleofuge (a group that does carry away the bonding electrons when leaving) during isomerization. The commonest case, when the electrofuge is H+, is also known as prototropy. A common example, written so as to illustrate the general pattern given above, is keto-enol tautomerism, such as H-O-C(CH3)=CH-CO2Et (enol) 1 (CH3)C(=O)-CH2-CO2Et (keto) In some cases the interconversion rate between tautomers is slow enough to permit isolation of the separate keto and enol forms. [5] Tensile strength* - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load a body can bear before breaking to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. [11] Terpenes - Hydrocarbons of biological origin having carbon skeletons formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. [5] Terpenoids - Natural products and related compounds formally derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen in various functional groups. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a methyl (or other) group. [5] Tesla (T)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux density (B), equal to V s/m2. [1] Thermal conductivity* - Rate of heat flow divided by area and by temperature gradient. [1] Thermal diffusivity - Thermal conductivity divided by density and by specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [1] Thermal expansion coefficient (α)* - The linear expansion coefficient is defined by αl = (1/l)(dl/dT); the volume expansion coefficient by αV = (1/V)(dV/dT). [1] Thermionic emission - The emission of electrons from a solid as a result of heat. The effect requires a high enough temperature to impart sufficient kinetic energy to the electrons to exceed the work function of the solid. Thermodynamic laws - The foundation of the science of thermodynamics:
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change in energy dU = dq + dw. Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work. Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the thermodynamic temperature approaches zero. Thermoelectric power - For a bar of a pure material whose ends are at different temperatures, the potential difference divided by the difference in temperature of the ends. See also Seeback effect. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Thermosphere - The layer of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the mesosphere (typically 80-90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is characterized by a rapid increase in temperature with increasing altitude up to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300-500 km region. Thiols - Compounds having the structure RSH (R not equal to H). Also known by the term mercaptans (abandoned by IUPAC); e.g. CH3CH2SH, ethanethiol. [5] Thomson coefficient (µ, τ) - The heat power developed in the Thomson effect (whereby heat is evolved in a conductor when a current is flowing in the presence of a temperature gradient), divided by the current and the temperature difference. [1] Tonne (t) - An alternative name for megagram (1000 kg). [1] Torque (T) - For a force F that produces a torsional motion, T = r × F, where r is a vector from some reference point to the point of application of the force. Torr - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with millimeter of mercury. Townsend coefficient - In a radiation counter, the number of ionizing collisions by an electron per unit path length in the direction of an applied electric field. Transducer - Any device that converts a signal from acoustical, optical, or some other form of energy into an electrical signal (or vice versa) while preserving the information content of the original signal. Transistor - A voltage amplifier using controlled electron currents inside a semiconductor. Transition metals - Elements characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series comprises Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. The Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides, respectively. [7] Transition probability* - See Einstein transition probability. Transmittance (τ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called transmission factor. [1] Tribology - The study of frictional forces between solid surfaces. Triple point* - The point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The corresponding temperature and pressure are called the triple point temperature and triple point pressure. Troposphere - The lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere, extending to 10-15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies with latitude and season. Tunnel diode - A device involving a p-n junction in which both sides are so heavily doped that the Fermi level on the p-side lies in the valence band and on the n-side in the conduction band. This leads to a currentvoltage curve with a maximum, so that the device exhibits a negative resistance in some regions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.
Umklapp process - A process involving the interaction of three or more waves (lattice or electron) in a solid in which the sum of the wave vectors does not equal zero. Unified atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. [1] Universal time (tU , UT) - Mean solar time counted from midnight at the Greenwich meridian. Also called Greenwich mean time (GMT). The interval of mean solar time is based on the average, over one year, of the time between successive transits of the sun across the observer’s meridian. Vacancy - A missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice. Van Allen belts - Two toroidal regions above the earth’s atmosphere containing protons and electrons. The outer belt at about 25,000 km above the surface is probably of solar origin. The inner belt at about 3000 km contains more energetic particles from outside the solar system. Van der Waals’ equation* - An equation of state for fluids which takes the form: 1 a pVm = RT – 2 V b V – m m where p is pressure, Vm is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces, respectively. Van der Waals’ force - The weak attractive force between two molecules which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters. Van’t Hoff equation - The equation expressing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction: d ln k ∆ r H o = dT RT 2
where ∆rH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Also called van’t Hoff isochore. Vapor pressure* - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature. Varistor - A device that utilizes the properties of certain metal oxides with small amounts of impurities, which show abrupt nonlinearities at specific voltages where the material changes from a semiconductor to an insulator. Velocity (v) - Rate of change of distance with time. Verdet constants (V)* - Angle of rotation of a plane polarized light beam passing through a medium in a magnetic field, divided by the field strength and by the path length. Virial equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure p, molar volume Vm, and temperature T of a real gas in the form of an expansion in powers of the molar volume, viz., pVm= RT(1+BVm-1+CVm-2+ …), where R is the molar gas constant. B is called the second virial coefficient, C the third virial coefficient, etc. The virial coefficients are functions of temperature. Viscosity (η)* - The proportionality factor between sheer rate and sheer stress, defined through the equation F = η A(dv/dx), where F is the tangential force required to move a planar surface of area A at velocity v relative to a parallel surface separated from the first by a distance x. Sometimes called dynamic or absolute viscosity. The term kinematic viscosity (symbol ν) is defined as η divided by the mass density. Volt (V)* - The SI unit of electric potential, equal to W/A. [1] Volume fraction (φj) - Defined as Vj/ΣiVi, where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing. [2]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Watt (W)* - The SI unit of power, equal to J/s. [1] Wave function - A function of the coordinates of all the particles in a quantum mechanical system (and, in general, of time) which fully describes the state of the system. The product of the wave function and its complex conjugate is proportional to the probability of finding a particle at a particular point in space. Weak interaction - The weak forces (order of 10-12 of the strong interaction) between elementary particles which are responsible for beta decay and other nuclear effects. Weber (Wb)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux, equal to V s. [1] Weber number (We) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by We = ρv2l/γ, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and γ is surface tension. [2] Weight - That force which, when applied to a body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of gravity. [1] Wiedeman-Franz law - The law stating that the thermal conductivity k and electrical conductivity σ of a pure metal are related by k = LσT, where T is the temperature and L (called the Lorenz ratio) has the approximate value 2.45 × 10-8 V2/K2. Wien displacement law - The relation, which can be derived from the Planck formula for black body radiation, that λmaxT = 0.0028978 m K, where λmax is the wavelength of maximum radiance at temperature T. Wigner-Seitz method - A method of calculating electron energy levels in a solid using a model in which each electron is subject to a spherically symmetric potential. Wittig reagents - See phosphonium ylides. Work (W) - Force multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force. [1] Work function (Φ)* - The energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance. It is thus the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the interior of a solid to a point just outside the surface. [1]
X unit (X) - A unit of length used in x-ray crystallography, equal to approximately 1.002 × 10-13 m. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Yield strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation (often chosen as 0.2% for metals) from proportionality of stress and strain. [11] Young’s modulus (E) - In tension or compression of a body below its elastic limit, the ratio of stress to corresponding strain. Since strain is normally expressed on a fractional basis, Young’s modulus has dimensions of pressure. Also called elastic modulus. [11] Zeeman effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external magnetic field. Zener diode - A control device utilizing a p-n junction with a well defined reverse-bias avalanche breakdown voltage. Zeotrope - A liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature. See Azeotrope. Zero-point energy - The energy possessed by a quantum mechanical system as a result of the uncertainty principle even when it is in its lowest energy state; e.g., the difference between the lowest energy level of a harmonic oscillator and the minimum in the potential well. Zeta potential (ζ) - The electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called electrokinetic potential. Zwitterions - Neutral compounds having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign. Some chemists restrict the term to compounds with the charges on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). [5]
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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The basic physical constants for over 12,000 organic compounds are presented in this table, along with structures and references to other sources of information. An effort has been made to include the compounds most frequently encountered in the laboratory, the workplace, and the environment. The selection was based mainly on the appearance of the compounds in various specialized tables in this Handbook and in other widely used reference sources, such as the Merck Index and the DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties. The occurrence of a compound on regulatory lists of hazardous chemicals was also taken into consideration, as was the availability of reliable physical constant data. Clearly, criteria of this type are somewhat subjective, and compounds considered important by some users have undoubtedly been omitted. Suggestions for additional compounds or other improvements are welcomed. The data in the table have been taken from many sources, including both compilations and the primary literature. Where conflicts were found, the value deemed most reliable was chosen. Some of the useful compilations of physical property data are listed at the end of this introduction. In the default listing, the table is arranged alphabetically by the substance name which, in most cases, is either an IUPAC systematic name or, in the case of pesticides and pharmaceuticals, a simple trivial name. Synonyms are given in the column following the primary name. The explanation of the data columns follows: • • • • • •
•
•
Mol. Form.: The molecular formula written in the Hill convention. CAS Reg. No.: The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number assigned by CAS as a unique identifier for the compound. Merck 12 Ed.: Monograph Number in The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition. It should be noted that this is not a unique identifier for a single compound, since several derivatives or isomers of a compound may be included in the same Monograph. Beilstein Ref.: Citation to the Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry. An entry of 5-1811-01234, for example, indicates that the compound may be found in the 5th Series, Volume 18, Subvolume 11, page 1234. Mol. Wt: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 1991 IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights. mp: Normal melting point in °C. A value is sometimes followed by “dec”, indicating decomposition is observed at the stated temperature (so that it is probably not a true melting point). The notation “tp” indicates a triple point, where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium. nbp: Normal boiling point in °C. This is the temperature at which the liquid phase is in equilibrium with the vapor at a pressure of 760 mmHg (101.325 kPa). When a notation such as “dec” or “exp” (explodes) follow the value, the temperature may not be a true normal boiling point. The notation “sub” indicates the solid has a significant sublimation pressure at ambient temperatures. Other bp: A boiling point at reduced pressure. The pressure in mmHg is indicated by a superscript.
•
• •
ρ: Density (mass per unit volume) in g/cm3. The temperature in °C is indicated by a superscript. Values are given only for the liquid and solid phases, and all values are true densities, not specific gravities. The number of decimal places gives a rough estimate of the accuracy of the value. nD: Refractive index, at the temperature indicated in the superscript. Unless otherwise indicated, all values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line). Values are given only for liquids and solids. Solubility: Qualitative indication of solubility in common solvents. Abbreviations are: i insoluble sl slightly soluble s soluble vs very soluble msc miscible dec decomposes
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ac ac Ac2O ace AcOEt alk anh aq Bu BuOH bz chl con, conc ctc cy, cyhex dec dil diox DMF DMSO Et EtOH eth exp gl HOAc hp
acetyl acid acetic anhydride acetone ethyl acetate alkali anhydrous aqueous butyl 1-butanol benzene chloroform concentrated carbon tetrachloride cyclohexane decomposes dilute dioxane dimethylformamide dimethylsulfoxide ethyl ethanol diethyl ether explodes glacial acetic acid heptane
hx i iso lig liq Me MeCN MeOH misc mp nbp org os peth Ph PhCl PhNH2 PhNO2 Pr PrOH py pyr, pyrim reac s sat sl solv sub sulf tfa thf, THF tol undil unst v vap wr xyl
hexane insoluble isooctane ligroin liquid methyl acetonitrile methanol miscible melting point normal boiling point organic organic solvents petroleum ether phenyl chlorobenzene aniline nitrobenzene propyl 1-propanol pyridine pyrimidine reacts soluble saturated slightly solvent sublimes sulfuric acid trifluoroacetic acid tetrahydrofuran toluene undiluted unstable very vapor warm xylene
REFERENCES 1.
Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 2. Luckenbach, R., Editor, Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Data can also be accessed through the online Beilstein Database. 3. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 4. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 5. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX. 6. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 7. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. 8. Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 9. Buckingham, J., Editor, Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Edition (and Supplements), Chapman and Hall, New York, 1982-1993. 10. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary unit for χm is cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI unit is m3 mol-1. Substances with no unpaired electrons are called diamagnetic; they have negative values of χm. This table gives values of the diamagnetic susceptibility for about 400 common organic compounds. All values refer to room temperature and atmospheric pressure and to the physical form that is stable under these conditions. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order. A more extensive table may be found in Reference 1. In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).
REFERENCES 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Gupta, R. R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Barter, C., Meisenheimer, R. G., and Stevenson, D. P., J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1312, 1960. 3. Broersma, S., J. Chem. Phys. 17, 873, 1949.
Molecular Formula
Compound
CBrCl3 CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CHBrCl2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH5N CI4 CN4O8 C2ClF3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3
Bromotrichloromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Bromodichloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Urea Methanol Methylamine Tetraiodomethane Tetranitromethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 73.2 93.7 45.3 32.4 52.2 47.9 58.7 75.3 66.8 66.3 82.6 58.9 117.1 55.1 65.1 46.6 93.1 24.8 18.6 19.9 42.8 32.0 17.8 57.2 23.0 21.0 17.4 33.5 21.4 27.0 136 43.0 49.1 81.6 112.8 65.8
Molecular Formula
Compound
C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3ClO C2H3N C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H8N2 C2N2
Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene Acetyl chloride Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Glycine Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanediamine Cyanogen
3-737
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 73.0 69.0 73.0 99.1 43.3 20.8 123.4 49.2 51.0 48.9 89.8 35.9 39.3 27.8 18.8 78.9 57.4 59.6 22.2 30.5 31.8 31.1 78.8 69.9 69.1 33.9 35.4 39.6 26.8 33.7 26.3 38.9 47.0 44.9 46.5 21.6
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula
Compound
C3H4 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2
Allene Vinyl formate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane Allylamine 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,3-Propylene glycol Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Maleic anhydride Pyrazine Pyrimidine Furan Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene Pyrrole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal 2-Butanone Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Molecular Formula
Compound
25.3 34.7 58.6 47.8 47.8 38.6 30.7 39.2 36.7 34.2 33.8 42.5 43.2 42.4 65.6 65.1 56.0 84.3 40.1 45.0 45.4 57.0 38.6 44.8 45.7 50.2 47.3 57.1 35.8 37.8 43.1 43.1 47.5 49.6 49.1 57.3 48.6 35.6 32.1 46.4 52.8 58.0 55.7 50.4 41.0 42.6 43.3 40.8 40.0 47.9 54.8 45.9 45.6 55.2 56.1 55.0 54.1 54.5
C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H13N C6Cl6 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2
1,4-Dioxane 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 1-Butanethiol Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentanone Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 1,5-Pentanediol Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene
3-738
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 52.2 77.1 79.9 67.1 67.4 93.6 54.8 55.0 50.3 50.5 56.4 57.6 57.6 56.6 55.5 61.8 61.8 70.2 58.9 59.8 56.8 47.2 48.7 61.0 67.3 46.0 51.6 57.3 54.9 54.6 54.7 56.2 64.0 57.5 57.5 57.7 66.5 67.7 65.8 66.8 65.9 67.0 66.3 69.4 75.4 64.2 61.5 63.0 63.0 67.0 69.1 73.5 69.3 147.0 75.5 77.2 74.7 84.4
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula
Compound
C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O
m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Aniline 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate 1-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Isopentyl formate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Paraldehyde Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Molecular Formula
Compound
84.1 81.7 36 78.4 69.5 77.3 77.6 77.7 58.4 92.0 61.9 68.9 65.9 66.9 54.8 79.5 76.6 76.7 67.4 69.7 68.0 60.6 64.7 68.2 67.2 62.4 59.8 48.7 72.5 70.4 70.7 55.1 64.5 58.0 62.0 71.7 81.7 66.4 65.9 68 70.2 69.4 69.2 69.0 69.7 73.4 78.1 78.4 78.7 77.7 86.1 74.1 75.3 75.5 76.2 76.2 79.5 80.4
C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N
Dipropyl ether 1,6-Hexanediol 1,1-Diethoxyethane D-Glucitol Triethylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine] Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Heptane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzeneacetonitrile
3-739
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 79.4 84.3 81.4 107.8 83.3 65.2 60.7 66.8 75 88.7 82.4 79.7 80.3 81.6 72.0 72.2 72.7 73.3 65.6 73.3 72.2 72.4 71.8 72.2 74.9 74.6 72.5 74.1 71.3 72.5 79.1 92.6 77.8 73.9 78.9 81.0 80.5 80.7 80.5 81.1 89.0 88.9 89.4 89.1 91.1 85.2 86.2 87.0 87.5 87.5 89.5 91.7 92.1 66.7 83.6 84.6 83.5 76.9
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O C9H20 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N
Compound Indole Styrene Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Ethyl succinate 1-Octene Cyclooctane Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene Isopropenylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene] 1-Nonene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 85.0 68.2 72.5 84.3 83.0 82.4 82.4 81.6 86.6 77.3 77.7 76.4 77.0 84.5 85.6 85.1 83.1 105.0 88.8 85.3 99.5 100.9 114.9 96.6 97.3 97.8 99.1 99.1 99.8 101.6 103.7 86.1 83.9 83 80.0 93.8 93.2 89.1 89.5 92.3 100.1 104.3 108.1 123.6 107.6 91.6 123.7 96.2 96.8 92.5 98.0
Molecular Formula C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H11N C12H14O4 C12H18 C12H24O2 C13H9N C13H10O C13H12 C13H28 C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H28O2 C14H30 C16H10 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H12
3-740
Compound
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Safrole Dimethyl terephthalate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol N,N-Diethylaniline d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphor, (+) cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Undecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenylamine Diethyl phthalate Hexamethylbenzene Dodecanoic acid Acridine Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Tridecane 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane Tetradecanoic acid [Myristic acid] Tetradecane Pyrene Hexadecanoic acid [Palmitic acid] Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl cis-9-Octadecenoic acid [Oleic acid] Octadecanoic acid [Steric acid] Perylene
97.5 101.6 100.7 101.8 101.7 102.8 101.2 108.0 107.9 98.0 100.7 101.9 103.0 107.0 107.6 119.5 102.9 102.7 131.8 111.6 119.9 109.9 103.3 106.8 108.4 127.5 122.5 113.0 118.8 109.6 116.0 153.7 113.0 129.8 127.6 116 106.8 132.2 127.8 176.0 166.2 147 198.6 187.6 183.5 148.0 150.4 155.5 156.0 208.5 220.8 167.5
THE ELEMENTS C. R. Hammond One of the most striking facts about the elements is their unequal distribution and occurrence in nature. Present knowledge of the chemical composition of the universe, obtained from the study of the spectra of stars and nebulae, indicates that hydrogen is by far the most abundant element and may account for more than 90% of the atoms or about 75% of the mass of the universe. Helium atoms make up most of the remainder. All of the other elements together contribute only slightly to the total mass. The chemical composition of the universe is undergoing continuous change. Hydrogen is being converted into helium, and helium is being changed into heavier elements. As time goes on, the ratio of heavier elements increases relative to hydrogen. Presumably, the process is not reversible. Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle, and more recently, Peebles, Penzias, and others have studied the synthesis of elements in stars. To explain all of the features of the nuclear abundance curve — obtained by studies of the composition of the earth, meteorites, stars, etc. — it is necessary to postulate that the elements were originally formed by at least eight different processes: (1) hydrogen burning, (2) helium burning, (3) χ process, (4) e process, (5) s process, (6) r process, (7) p process, and (8) the X process. The X process is thought to account for the existence of light nuclei such as D, Li, Be, and B. Common metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ti, Zn, etc. were likely produced early in the history of our galaxy. It is also probable that most of the heavy elements on earth and elsewhere in the universe were originally formed in supernovae, or in the hot interior of stars. Studies of the solar spectrum have led to the identification of 67 elements in the sun’s atmosphere; however, all elements cannot be identified with the same degree of certainty. Other elements may be present in the sun, although they have not yet been detected spectroscopically. The element helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on earth. Some elements such as scandium are relatively more plentiful in the sun and stars than here on earth. Minerals in lunar rocks brought back from the moon on the Apollo missions consist predominantly of plagioclase {(Ca,Na)(Al,Si)O4O8} and pyroxene {(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6} — two minerals common in terrestrial volcanic rock. No new elements have been found on the moon that cannot be accounted for on earth; however, three minerals, armalcolite {(Fe,Mg)Ti2O5}, pyroxferroite {CaFe6(SiO3)7}, and tranquillityite {Fe8(Zr,Y)Ti3Si3O2}, are new. The oldest known terrestrial rocks are about 4 billion years old. One rock, known as the “Genesis Rock,” brought back from the Apollo 15 Mission, is about 4.15 billion years old. This is only about one-half billion years younger than the supposed age of the moon and solar system. Lunar rocks appear to be relatively enriched in refractory elements such as chromium, titanium, zirconium, and the rare earths, and impoverished in volatile elements such as the alkali metals, in chlorine, and in noble metals such as nickel, platinum, and gold. Even older than the “Genesis Rock” are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite that has fallen to earth and has been studied. These are some of the most primitive objects of the solar system yet found. The grains making up these objects probably condensed directly out the gaseous nebula from which the sun and planets were born. Most of the condensation of the grains probably was completed within 50,000 years of the time the disk of the nebula was first formed — about 4.6 billion years ago. It is now thought that this type of meteorite may contain a small percentage of presolar dust grains. The relative abundances of the elements of these meteorites are about the same as the abundances found in the solar chromosphere. The X-ray fluorescent spectrometer sent with the Viking I spacecraft to Mars shows that the Martian soil contains about 12 to 16% iron, 14 to 15% silicon, 3 to 8% calcium, 2 to 7% aluminum, and one-half to 2% titanium. The gas chromatograph — mass spectrometer on Viking II found no trace of organic compounds that should be present if life ever existed there. F. W. Clarke and others have carefully studied the composition of rocks making up the crust of the earth. Oxygen accounts for about 47% of the crust, by weight, while silicon comprises about 28% and aluminum about 8%. These elements, plus iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, account for about 99% of the composition of the crust. Many elements such as tin, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, silver, platinum, antimony, arsenic, and gold, which are so essential to our needs and civilization, are among some of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust. These are made available to us only by the processes of concentration in ore bodies. Some of the so-called rare-earth elements have been found to be much more plentiful than originally thought and are about as abundant as uranium, mercury, lead, or bismuth. The least abundant rare-earth or lanthanide element, thulium, is now believed to be more plentiful on earth than silver, cadmium, gold, or iodine, for example. Rubidium, the 16th most abundant element, is more plentiful than chlorine while its compounds are little known in chemistry and commerce. It is now thought that at least 24 elements are essential to living matter. The four most abundant in the human body are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. The seven next most common, in order of abundance, are calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium. Iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, tin, chromium, selenium, and vanadium are needed and play a role in living matter. Boron is also thought essential for some plants, and it is possible that aluminum, nickel, and germanium may turn out to be necessary. Ninety-one elements occur naturally on earth. Minute traces of plutonium-244 have been discovered in rocks mined in Southern California. This discovery supports the theory that heavy elements were produced during creation of the solar system. While technetium and promethium have not yet been found naturally on earth, they have been found to be present in stars. Technetium has been identified in the spectra of certain “late” type stars, and promethium lines have been identified in the spectra of a faintly visible star HR465 in Andromeda. Promethium must have been made very recently near the star’s surface for no known isotope of this element has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. It has been suggested that californium is present in certain stellar explosions known as supernovae; however, this has not been proved. At present no elements are found elsewhere in the universe that cannot be accounted for here on earth. All atomic mass numbers from 1 to 238 are found naturally on earth except for masses 5 and 8. About 285 relatively stable and 67 naturally radioactive isotopes occur on earth totaling 352. In addition, the neutron, technetium, promethium, and the transuranic elements (lying beyond uranium) have now been produced artificially. Scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in June 1999, reported they had found evidence of an isotope of Element 118 and its immediate decay products, Element Nos. 116 and 114. The sequence of events tend to reinforce the theories that have predicted, since the 1970s, an “island of stability” for nuclei with approximately 114 protons and 184 neutrons. This “island” refers to nuclei in which the decay lasts for a period of time instead of a decay that occurs instantly. Laboratory processes have now extended the radioactive element mass numbers beyond 238 to 293. Each element from atomic numbers 1 to 110 is known to have at least one radioactive isotope. As of December 1999, 3288 isotopes and isomers were thought to be known and recognized. Many stable and radioactive isotopes are now produced and distributed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A., to customers licensed by the U.S. Department of Energy.
4-1
THE ELEMENTS (continued) The nucleus of an atom is characterized by the number of protons it contains, denoted by Z, and by the number of neutrons, N. Isotopes of an element have the same value of Z, but different values of N. The mass number A, is the sum of Z and N. For example, Uranium-238 has a mass number of 238, and contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons. There is evidence that the definition of chemical elements must be broadened to include the electron. Several compounds known as electrides, have recently been made of alkaline metal elements and electrons. A relatively stable combination of a positron and electron, known as positronium, has also been studied. In addition to the proton, neutron, and electron, there are considerably more than 100 other fundamental particles which have been discovered or hypothesized. The majority of these fall into one of two classes, leptons or hadrons. The leptons comprise just four known particles, the electron, the muon (µ meson), and two kinds of neutrinos. The muon is essentially similar to the electron and has a charge of –1, but it is 200 times heavier. The neutrino is either of two stable particles of small (probably zero) rest mass, carrying no charge. Also there are four antileptons, identical to the corresponding leptons in some respects, such as mass, but they have properties exactly opposite those of the leptons. The positron, for example, is an antilepton, with a charge of +1. Leptons cannot be broken into smaller units and are considered to be elementary. On the other hand, hadrons are complex and thought to have internal structure. Protons and neutrons, which make up atomic nuclei, are hadrons. Elementary particle physics is not yet clearly understood, but groupings and arrangements of these particles have been made resembling the periodic table of chemical elements. This has led to the speculation that hadrons are composed of simpler components called quarks. Quarks are presumed to be elementary particles. Quarks come in a variety of “flavors”. Two kinds of quarks — up and down — combine to form the protons and neutrons of ordinary matter. Three other quarks, known as {strange”, “charm”, and “bottom”, are found in particle accelerators, and one of these may exist in the center of very dense, massive stars. Theorists have thought that a sixth “top” quark, much more massive than the others, should exist to complete the quark family of sub-atomic particles. In 1994, scientists using Fermilab’s Tevatron accelerator may have “glimpsed” the top quark. There is presently no evidence that quarks exist in isolation. Many physicists now hold that all the matter and energy in the universe is controlled by four fundamental natural forces: the electromagnetic force, gravity, a weak nuclear force, and a strong nuclear force. Each of these natural forces is passed back and forth among the basic particles of matter by unique force-carrying particles. The electromagnetic force is carried by the photon, the weak nuclear force by the intermediate vector boson, and gravity by the gravitron. There is now evidence of the existence of a particle, known as the gluon, that binds quarks together by carrying the strong nuclear force. Hadrons are thought to be particles composed of quarks and gluons. The available evidence leads to the conclusion that elements 89 (actinium) through 103 (lawrencium) are chemically similar to the rare-earth or lanthanide elements (elements 57 to 71, inclusive). These elements therefore have been named actinides after the first member of this series. Those elements beyond uranium that have been produced artificially have the following names and symbols: neptunium, 93 (Np); plutonium, 94 (Pu); americium, 95 (Am); curium, 96 (Cm); berkelium, 97 (Bk); californium, 98 (Cf); einsteinium, 99 (Es); fermium, 100 (Fm); mendelevium, 101 (Md); nobelium, 102 (No); and lawrencium, 103 (Lr). It is now claimed that Elements 104 through 112 have been produced and identified. More recently, Elements 118, 116, and 114 are now thought to be found. In August 1997, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) gave final approval to the following names for Elements 104 to 109: Element 104 — rutherfordium (Rf); Element 105 — dubnium (Db); Element 106 — seaborgium (Sg); Element 107 — bohrium (Bh); Element 108 — hassium (Hs); and Element 109 — meitnerium (Mt). The recently discovered elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 have not yet been named, but may carry temporary names as designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC recommends that until the existence of a new element is proven to their satisfaction, the elements are to have names and symbols derived according to these precise and simple rules: The name is based on the digits in the element’s atomic number. Each digit is replaced with these expressions, with the end using the usual –ium suffix as follows: 0 nil, 1 un, 2 bi, 3 tri, 4 quad, 5 pent, 6 hex, 7 sept, 8 oct, 9 enn. Double letter i’s are not used, as for example Ununbiium, but would be Ununbium. The symbol used would be the first letter of the three main syllables. For example, Element 126 would be Unbihexium, with the symbol Ubh. It is thought there is a good possibility of producing elements beyond Element 118, and discovering, in the near future, Elements 117, 115, and 113 by altering the beams of ions and the targets from those now being used. There are many claims in the literature of the existence of various allotropic modifications of the elements, some of which are based on doubtful or incomplete evidence. Also, the physical properties of an element may change drastically by the presence of small amounts of impurities. With new methods of purification, which are now able to produce elements with 99.9999% purity, it has been necessary to restudy the properties of the elements. For example, the melting point of thorium changes by several hundred degrees by the presence of a small percentage of ThO2 as an impurity. Ordinary commercial tungsten is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Pure tungsten, however, can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, or extruded. In general, the value of a physical property given here applies to the pure element, when it is known. Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years there has been a greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive materials, and other agents. Anyone working with the elements and certain of their compounds should become thoroughly familiar with the proper safeguards to be taken. Information on specific hazards and recommended exposure limits may also be found in Section 16. Reference should also be made to publications such as the following: 1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. (Published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Supt. of Documents.) 3. Occupational Safety and Health Reporter (latest edition with amendments and corrections), Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C. 4. Atomic Energy Law Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 5. Nuclear Regulation Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 6. TLVs® Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents is issued annually be the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. 7. The Sigma Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Vol. 3, Robert E. Lenga and Kristine L. Volonpal, Sigma Chemical Co. and Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. 1993. 8. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, Dec. 1997.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) The prices of elements as indicated in this article are intended to be only a rough guide. Prices may vary, over time, widely with supplier, quantity, and purity. Actinium — (Gr. aktis, aktinos, beam or ray), Ac; at. wt. (227); at. no. 89; m.p. 1051°C, b.p. 3200 ± 300°C (est.); sp. gr. 10.07 (calc.). Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Thirty four isotopes and isomers are now recognized. All are radioactive. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is an alpha and beta emitter with a 21.77-year halflife. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.72-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300°C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.77-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons. Actinium-225, with a purity of 99%, is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to holders of a permit for about $500/millicurie, plus packing charges. Aluminum — (L. alumen, alum), Al; at. wt. 26.981539(5); at. no. 13; f.p. 660.323°C; b.p. 2519°C; sp. gr. 2.6989 (20°C); valence 3. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum in medicine as an astringent, and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name alumium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the “ium” ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides. Bauxite, an impure hydrated oxide ore, is found in large deposits in Jamaica, Australia, Suriname, Guyana, Russia, Arkansas, and elsewhere. The Bayer process is most commonly used today to refine bauxite so it can be accommodated in the Hall-Heroult refining process, used to make most aluminum. Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth’s crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is found in feldspars, granite, and in many other common minerals. Twenty-two isotopes and isomers are known. Natural aluminum is made of one isotope, 27Al. Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nontoxic, has a pleasing appearance, can easily be formed, machined, or cast, has a high thermal conductivity, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although its electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but it can be alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements to impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They have found application in coatings for telescope mirrors, in making decorative paper, packages, toys, and in many other uses. The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have found application in the construction of lasers for producing coherent light. In 1852, the price of aluminum was about $1200/kg, and just before Hall’s discovery in 1886, about $25/kg. The price rapidly dropped to 60¢ and has been as low as 33¢/kg. The price in December 1999 was about $1.50/kg. Americium — (the Americas), Am; at. wt. 243; at. no. 95; m.p. 1176°C; b.p. 2011°C; sp. gr. 13.67 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Americium was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered; the isotope 241Am was identified by Seaborg, James, Morgan, and Ghiorso late in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago as the result of successive neutron capture reactions by plutonium isotopes in a nuclear reactor: 239
Pu( n, γ )→ 240 Pu( n, γ )→ 241 Pu β→ 241 Am
Since the isotope 241Am can be prepared in relatively pure form by extraction as a decay product over a period of years from strongly neutronbombarded plutonium, 241Pu, this isotope is used for much of the chemical investigation of this element. Better suited is the isotope 243Am due to its longer half-life (7.37 × 103 years as compared to 432.2 years for 241Am). A mixture of the isotopes 241Am, 242Am, and 243Am can be prepared by intense neutron irradiation of 241Am according to the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am (n, γ) → 243Am. Nearly isotopically pure 243Am can be prepared by a sequence of neutron bombardments and chemical separations as follows: neutron bombardment of 241Am yields 242Pu by the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am → 242Pu, after chemical separation the 242Pu can be transformed to 243Am via the reactions 242Pu (n, γ) → 243Pu → 243Am, and the 243Am can be chemically separated. Fairly pure 242Pu can be prepared more simply by very intense neutron irradiation of 239Pu as the result of successive neutron-capture reactions. Seventeen radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Americium metal has been prepared by reducing the trifluoride with barium vapor at 1000 to 1200°C or the dioxide by lanthanum metal. The luster of freshly prepared americium metal is white and more silvery than plutonium or neptunium prepared in the same manner. It appears to be more malleable than uranium or neptunium and tarnishes slowly in dry air at room temperature. Americium is thought to exist in two forms: an alpha form which has a double hexagonal close-packed structure and a loose-packed cubic beta form. Americium must be handled with great care to avoid personal contamination. As little as 0.03 µCi of 241Am is the maximum permissible total body burden. The alpha activity from 241Am is about three times that of radium. When gram quantities of 241Am are handled, the intense gamma activity makes exposure a serious problem. Americium dioxide, AmO2, is the most important oxide. AmF3, AmF4, AmCl3, AmBr3, AmI3, and other compounds have been prepared. The isotope 241Am has been used as a portable source for gamma radiography. It has also been used
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) as a radioactive glass thickness gage for the flat glass industry, and as a source of ionization for smoke detectors. Americum-243 (99%) is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of about $750/g plus packing charges. Antimony — (Gr. anti plus monos — a metal not found alone), Sb; at. wt. 121.760(1); at. no. 51; m.p. 630.63°C; b.p. 1587°C; sp. gr. 6.691 (20°C); valence 0, –3, +3, or +5. Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier. It is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found native, but more frequently as the sulfide, stibnite (Sb2S3); it is also found as antimonides of the heavy metals, and as oxides. It is extracted from the sulfide by roasting to the oxide, which is reduced by salt and scrap iron; from its oxides it is also prepared by reduction with carbon. Two allotropic forms of antimony exist: the normal stable, metallic form, and the amorphous gray form. The so-called explosive antimony is an ill-defined material always containing an appreciable amount of halogen; therefore, it no longer warrants consideration as a separate allotrope. The yellow form, obtained by oxidation of stibine, SbH3, is probably impure, and is not a distinct form. Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. Forty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal of a flaky, crystalline texture. It is bluish white and has a metallic luster. It is not acted on by air at room temperature, but burns brilliantly when heated with the formation of white fumes of Sb2O3. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and has a hardness of 3 to 3.5. Antimony, available commercially with a purity of 99.999 + %, is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes, and Hall-effect devices. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery. Tartar emetic (hydrated potassium antimonyl tartate) has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Antimony costs about $140/kg or about $12/g (99.999%). Argon — (Gr. argos, inactive), Ar; at. wt. 39.948(1); at. no. 18; m.p. –189.35°C; b.p. –185.85°C; tc -122.28; density 1.7837 g/l. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894. The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air, the atmosphere containing 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 p.p.m. of 36Ar. Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. It is recognized by the characteristic lines in the red end of the spectrum. It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa, and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as a blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. It is available in high-purity form. Commercial argon is available at a cost of about 3¢ per cubic foot. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon. However, it does form a hydrate having a dissociation pressure of 105 atm at 0°C. Ion molecules such as (ArKr)+, (ArXe)+, (NeAr)+ have been observed spectroscopically. Argon also forms a clathrate with β-hydroquinone. This clathrate is stable and can be stored for a considerable time, but a true chemical bond does not exist. Van der Waals’ forces act to hold the argon. Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Seventeen other radioactive isotopes are now known to exist. Commercial argon is priced at about $70/300 cu. ft. or 8.5 cu. meters. Arsenic — (L. arsenicum, Gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arsenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes; Arabic, Az-zernikh, the orpiment from Persian zerni-zar, gold), As; at. wt. 74.92160(2); at. no. 33; valence –3, 0, +3 or +5. Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications: yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1.97, and 5.73, respectively. Gray arsenic, the ordinary stable form, has a triple point of 817°C and sublimes at 614°C and has a critical temperature of 1400°C. Several other allotropic forms of arsenic are reported in the literature. It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. In 1649 Schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. It is found native, in the sulfides realgar and orpiment, as arsenides and sulfarsenides of heavy metals, as the oxide, and as arsenates. Mispickel, arsenopyrite, (FeSAs) is the most common mineral, from which on heating the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. The element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide (As2O3) with the odor of garlic. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. Exposure to arsenic and its compounds should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 as elemental As during an 8-h work day. These values, however, are being studied, and may be lowered. Arsenic is also used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. The most important compounds are white arsenic (As2O3), the sulfide, Paris green 3Cu(AsO2)2 · Cu(C2H3O2)2, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Marsh’s test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine (AsH3). Arsenic is available in high-purity form. It is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Natural arsenic is made of one isotope 75As. Thirty other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Arsenic (99%) costs about $175/kg. Purified arsenic (99.9995%) costs about $3.50/g. Astatine — (Gr. astatos, unstable), At; at. wt. (210); at. no. 85; m.p. 300°C (est.); valence probably 1, 3, 5, or 7. Synthesized in 1940 by D. R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. The longest-lived isotope, 210At, has a half-life of only 8.1 hours. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are now known. Minute quantities of 215At, 218At, and 219At exist in equilibrium in nature with naturally occurring uranium and thorium isotopes, and traces of 217At are equilibrium with 233U and 239Np resulting from interaction of thorium and uranium with naturally produced neutrons. The total amount of astatine present in the earth’s crust, however, is probably less than 1 oz. Astatine can be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain the relatively long-lived 209–211At, which can be distilled from the target by heating it in air. Only about 0.05 µg of astatine has been prepared to date. The “time of flight” mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that this highly radioactive halogen behaves chemically very much like other halogens, particularly iodine. The interhalogen compounds AtI, AtBr, and AtCl are known to form, but it is not yet known if astatine forms diatomic astatine molecules. HAt and CH3At (methyl astatide) have been detected. Astatine is said to be more metallic that iodine, and, like iodine, it probably accumulates in the thyroid gland. Workers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have recently used reactive scattering in crossed molecular beams to identify and measure elementary reactions involving astatine. Barium — (Gr. barys, heavy), Ba; at. wt. 137.327(7), at. no. 56; m.p. 727°C; b.p. 1897°C; sp. gr. 3.5 (20°C); valence 2. Baryta was distinguished from lime by Scheele in 1774; the element was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is found only in combination with other elements, chiefly in barite or heavy spar (sulfate) and witherite (carbonate) and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride. Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S. Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead; it belongs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. The metal is used as a “getter” in vacuum tubes. The most important compounds are the peroxide (BaO2), chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate. Lithopone, a pigment containing barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, has good covering power, and does not darken in the presence of sulfides. The sulfate, as permanent white or blanc fixe, is also used in paint, in X-ray diagnostic work, and in glassmaking. Barite is extensively used as a weighting agent in oilwell drilling fluids, and also in making rubber. The carbonate has been used as a rat poison, while the nitrate and chlorate give green colors in pyrotechny. The impure sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light. The compounds and the metal are not expensive. Barium metal (99.2 + % pure) costs about $3/g. All barium compounds that are water or acid soluble are poisonous. Naturally occurring barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Thirty six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Berkelium — (Berkeley, home of the University of California), Bk; at. wt. (247); at. no. 97; m.p. 1050°C; valence 3 or 4; sp. gr. 14 (est.). Berkelium, the eighth member of the actinide transition series, was discovered in December 1949 by Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg, and was the fifth transuranium element synthesized. It was produced by cyclotron bombardment of milligram amounts of 241Am with helium ions at Berkeley, California. The first isotope produced had a mass number of 243 and decayed with a half-life of 4.5 hours. Thirteen isotopes are now known and have been synthesized. The existence of 249Bk, with a half-life of 320 days, makes it feasible to isolate berkelium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. One of the first visible amounts of a pure berkelium compound, berkelium chloride, was produced in 1962. It weighed 3 billionth of a gram. Berkelium probably has not yet been prepared in elemental form, but it is expected to be a silvery metal, easily soluble in dilute mineral acids, and readily oxidized by air or oxygen at elevated temperatures to form the oxide. X-ray diffraction methods have been used to identify the following compounds: BkO2, BkO3, BkF3, BkCl, and BkOCl. As with other actinide elements, berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system. The maximum permissible body burden of 249Bk in the human skeleton is about 0.0004 µg. Because of its rarity, berkelium presently has no commercial or technological use. Berkelium most likely resembles terbium with respect to chemical properties. Berkelium-249 is available from O.R.N.L. at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. Beryllium — (Gr. beryllos, beryl; also called Glucinium or Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet), Be; at. wt. 9.012182(3); at no. 4; m.p. 1287°C; b.p. 2471°C; sp. gr. 1.848 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered as the oxide by Vauquelin in beryl and in emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride. Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryllium minerals are found in the U.S., Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, and elsewhere. Colombia is known for its emeralds. Beryl (3BeO · Al2O3 · 6SiO2) and bertrandite (4BeO · 2SiO2 · H2O) are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957. The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. It is one of the lightest of all metals, and has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays, and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the ratio of about 30 neutrons/ million alpha particles. At ordinary temperatures beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper which is extensively used for springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and nonsparking tools. It has found application as a structural material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. It is being used in the windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural components of the space shuttle. Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of microminiature integrated circuits. Natural beryllium is made of 9Be and is stable. Eight other radioactive isotopes are known. Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section. It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled safely if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with proper safeguards. Beryllium metal is available at a cost of about $4.50/g (99.5% pure). Bismuth — (Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum), Bi; at. wt. 208.98038(2); at. no. 83; m.p. 271.4°C; b.p. 1564°C; sp. gr. 9.747 (20°C); valence 3 or 5. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming insoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope 209Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known. Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg. Bohrium — (Named after Niels Bohr [1885-1962], Danish atomic and nuclear physicist.) Bh; at.wt. [262]. at.no. 107. Bohrium is expected to have chemical properties similar to rhenium. This element was synthesized and unambiguously identified in 1981 using the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (G.S.I.) in Darmstadt, Germany. The discovery team was led by Armbruster and Münzenberg. The reaction producing the element was proposed and applied earlier by a Dubna Group led by Oganessian in 1976. A target of 209Bi was bombarded by a beam of 54Cr ions. In 1983 experiments at Dubna using the 157-inch cyclotron, produced 262107 by the reaction 209Bi + 54Cr. The alpha decay of 246Cf, the sixth member in the decay chain of 262107, served to establish a 1-neutron reaction channel. The IUPAC adopted the name Bohrium with the symbol Bh for Element 107 in August 1997. Five isotopes of bohrium are now recognized. One isotope of bohrium appears to have
4-5
THE ELEMENTS (continued) a relatively long life of 15 seconds. Work on this relatively long-lived isotope has been performed with the 88-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory. Boron — (Ar. Buraq, Pers. Burah), B; at. wt. 10.811(7); at. no. 5; m.p. 2075°C; b.p. 4000°C; sp. gr. of crystals 2.34, of amorphous variety 2.37; valence 3. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature’s own version of “fiber optics.” Important sources of boron are the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey. Boron exists naturally as 19.9% 10B isotope and 80.1% 11B isotope. Ten other isotopes of boron are known. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure, or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder. Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. It has interesting optical characteristics, transmitting portions of the infrared, and is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but a good conductor at high temperature. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 · 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile fiberglass and in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Next in order of importance is borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) which is used principally in laundry products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a highstrength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carboranes, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds. Crystalline boron (99.5%) costs about $30/g. Amorphous boron (94–96%) costs about $1.50/g. Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care. Bromine — (Gr. bromos, stench), Br; at. wt. 79.904(1); at. no. 35; m.p. –7.2°C; b.p. 58.8°C; tc 315°C; density of gas 7.59 g/l, liquid 3.12 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers are known. Bromine costs about $100/kg. Cadmium — (L. cadmia; Gr. kadmeia — ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate), Cd; at. wt. 112.411(8); at. no. 48; m.p. 321.07°C; b.p. 767°C; sp. gr. 8.65 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. It is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control atomic fission. The market for Ni-Cd batteries is expected to grow significantly in the next few years. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic. Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Some silver solders, for example, contain cadmium and should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Cadmium is present in certain phosphate rocks. This has raised concerns that the long-term use of certain phosphate fertilizers might pose a health hazard from levels of cadmium that might enter the food chain. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see under Krypton). The current price of cadmium is about $2/g (99.5%). It is available in high purity form for about $300/kg. Natural cadmium is made of eight isotopes. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are now known and recognized. Calcium — (L. calx, lime), Ca; at. wt. 40.078(4); at. no. 20; m.p. 842°C; b.p. 1484°C; sp. gr. 1.55 (20°C); valence 2. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and fluorite (CaF2); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of oxide in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum,
4-6
THE ELEMENTS (continued) beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a “getter” for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc. Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the careful addition of water, is the great cheap base of chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens as mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent after being exposed to light. Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Sixteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metallic calcium (99.5%) costs about $225/kg. Californium — (State and University of California), Cf; at. wt. (251); m.p. 900°C; at. no. 98. Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. Californium (III) is the only ion stable in aqueous solutions, all attempts to reduce or oxidize californium (III) having failed. The isotope 249Cf results from the beta decay of 249Bk while the heavier isotopes are produced by intense neutron irradiation by the reactions: 249
followed by
Bk( n, γ )→ 250 Bk β→ 250 Cf and 250
249
Cf ( n, γ )→ 250 Cf
Cf ( n, γ )→ 251 Cf ( n, γ )→ 252 Cf
The existence of the isotopes 249Cf, 250Cf, 251Cf, and 252Cf makes it feasible to isolate californium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 is a very strong neutron emitter. One microgram releases 170 million neutrons per minute, which presents biological hazards. Proper safeguards should be used in handling californium. Twenty isotopes of californium are now recognized. 249Cf and 252Cf have half-lives of 351 years and 900 years, respectively. In 1960 a few tenths of a microgram of californium trichloride, CfCl , 3 californium oxychloride, CfOCl, and californium oxide, Cf2O3, were first prepared. Reduction of californium to its metallic state has not yet been accomplished. Because californium is a very efficient source of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it. It has already found use in neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of water and oil-bearing layers). It is also being used as a portable neutron source for discovery of metals such as gold or silver by on-the-spot activation analysis. 252Cf is now being offered for sale by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (O.R.N.L.) at a cost of $60/µg and 249Cf at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellar explosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life) agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed through telescopes. This suggestion, however, is questioned. Californium is expected to have chemical properties similar to dysprosium. Carbon — (L. carbo, charcoal), C; at. wt. 12.0107(8); at. no. 6; sublimes at 3642°C; triple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4492°C at a pressure of 101.325 kPa; sp. gr. amorphous 1.8 to 2.1, graphite 1.9 to 2.3, diamond 3.15 to 3.53 (depending on variety); gem diamond 3.513 (25°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite or lamporite of ancient formations called “pipes,” such as found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically. The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle. Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, known as “white” carbon, is now thought to exist. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C. In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above ~2550 K, “white” carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the basal planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of “white” carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphitic gneiss from the Ries (meteoritic) Crater of Germany. “White” carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope. Of recent interest is the discovery of all-carbon molecules, known as “buckyballs” or fullerenes, which have a number of unusual properties. These interesting molecules, consisting of 60 or 70 carbon atoms linked together, seem capable of withstanding great pressure and trapping foreign atoms inside their network of carbon. They are said to be capable of magnetism and superconductivity and have potential as a nonlinear optical material. Buckyball films are reported to remain superconductive at temperatures as high as 45 K. In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives. Carbon has fifteen isotopes. Natural carbon consists of 98.89% 12C and 1.11% 13C. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archeological specimens, etc. A new brittle form of carbon, known as “glassy carbon”, has been developed. It can be obtained with high purity. It has a high resistance to corrosion, has good thermal stability, and is structurally impermeable to both gases and liquids. It has a randomized structure, making it useful in ultra-high technology applications, such as crystal growing, crucibles for high-temperature use, etc. Both Types 1 and 2 glassy carbon are available at a cost of about $35/10gms.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Cerium — (named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered in 1801 only 2 years before the element), Ce; at. wt. 140.115(4); at. no. 58; m.p. 798°C; b.p. 3424°C; sp. gr. 6.770 (25°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and Hisinger; metal prepared by Hillebrand and Norton in 1875. Cerium is the most abundant of the metals of the so-called rare earths. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, and samarskite. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite found on the beaches of Travancore, India, in river sands in Brazil, and deposits of allanite in the western United States, and bastnasite in Southern California will supply cerium, thorium, and the other rare-earth metals for many years to come. Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides. The metallothermic technique is used to produce high-purity cerium. Cerium is especially interesting because of its variable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons, and only small amounts of energy are required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valency states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. The low temperature behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications are thought to exist: cerium at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to –16°C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172°C, and the transformation is complete at –269°C. α Cerium has a density of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726°C. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point. Cerium is an iron-gray lustrous metal. It is malleable, and oxidizes very readily at room temperature, especially in moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive of the “rare-earth” metals. It slowly decomposes in cold water, and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Ceric salts are orange red or yellowish; cerous salts are usually white. Cerium is a component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, etc. Natural cerium is stable and contains four isotopes. Thirty-two other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and it is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in “self-cleaning” ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. As ceric sulfate it finds extensive use as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent instead of rouge, for it is much faster than rouge in polishing glass surfaces. Cerium compounds are finding use in automobile exhaust catalysts. Cerium is also finding use in making permanent magnets. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also finding use as an important catalyst in petroleum refining and in metallurgical and nuclear applications. In small lots, cerium costs about $5/g (99.9%). Cesium — (L. caesius, sky blue), Cs; at. wt. 132.90545(2); at. no. 55; m.p. 28.44°C; b.p. 671°C; sp. gr. 1.873 (20°C); valence 1. Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Durkheim. Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world’s richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow, and green. It is silvery white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Cesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above –116°C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass. Because of its great affinity for oxygen the metal is used as a “getter” in electron tubes. It is also used in photoelectric cells, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. A second of time is now defined as being the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyper-fine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. Cesium has 52 isotopes and isomers with masses ranging from 112 to 148. The present price of cesium is about $65/g (99.98%) sealed in a glass ampoule. Chlorine — (Gr. chloros, greenish yellow), Cl; at. wt. 35.4527(9); at. no. 17; m.p. –101.5°C; b.p. –34.04°C; tc 143.8°C; density 3.214 g/l; sp. gr. 1.56 (–33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen; named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element. In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite (KMgCl3 · 6H2O), and sylvite (KCl). It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes. Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated. It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products. Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. Natural chlorine contains two isotopes. Twenty other isotopes and isomers are known. Chromium — (Gr. chroma, color), Cr; at. wt. 51.9961(6); at. no. 24; m.p. 1907°C; b.p. 2671°C; sp. gr. 7.18 to 7.20 (20°C); valence chiefly 2, 3, or 6. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, who prepared the metal the next year, chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. The principal ore is chromite (FeCr2O4), which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, the Philippines, and elsewhere. The U.S. has no appreciable chromite ore reserves. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form many useful alloys. Much is used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium is used to give glass an emerald green color. It finds wide use as a catalyst. All compounds of chromium are colored; the most important are the chromates of sodium and potassium (K2CrO4) and the dichromates (K2Cr2O7) and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums, as KCr(SO4)2 · 12H2O. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather.
4-8
THE ELEMENTS (continued) Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. The refractory industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure. Chromium is an essential trace element for human health. Many chromium compounds, however, are acutely toxic, chronically toxic, and may be carcinogenic. They should be handled with proper safeguards. Natural chromium contains four isotopes. Twenty other isotopes are known. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs about $600/kg. Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs about $75/kg. Cobalt — (Kobald, from the German, goblin or evil spirit, cobalos, Greek, mine), Co; at. wt. 58.93320(1); at. no. 27; m.p. 1495°C; b.p. 2927°C; sp. gr. 8.9 (20°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered by Brandt about 1735. Cobalt occurs in the mineral cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites. Important ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a magnetic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range; the β-form predominates below 400°C, and the α above that temperature. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies. Cobalt is also used in other magnet steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. The salts have been used for centuries for the production of brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre’s and Thenard’s blue. A solution of the chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O) is used as sympathetic ink. The cobalt ammines are of interest; the oxide and the nitrate are important. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals. Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.Cobalt is found in Vitamin B-12, which is essential for human nutrition. Cobalt of 99.9+% purity is priced at about$500/kg. Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent. Single compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $10/curie, depending on quantity and specific activity. Thirty isotopes and isomers of cobalt are known. Columbium — See Niobium. Copper — (L. cuprum, from the island of Cyprus), Cu; at. wt. 63.546(3); at. no. 29; f.p. 1084.62 °C; b.p. 2562°C; sp. gr. 8.96 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one of man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occurs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; monel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of copper in December 1999 was about $1.75/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Curium — (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; m.p. 1345°C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valence 3 and 4. Although curium follows americium in the periodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium element to be discovered. It was identified by Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result of helium-ion bombardment of 239Pu in the Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30 µg) of 242Cm, in the form of the hydroxide, were first isolated by Werner and Perlman of the University of California in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham found that the magnetic susceptibility of microgram samples of CmF3 was of the same magnitude as that of GdF3. This provided direct experimental evidence for assigning an electronic configuration to Cm+3. In 1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time. Sixteen isotopes of curium are now known. The most stable, 247Cm, with a half-life of 16 million years, is so short compared to the earth’s age that any primordial curium must have disappeared long ago from the natural scene. Minute amounts of curium probably exist in natural deposits of uranium, as a result of a sequence of neutron captures and β decays sustained by the very low flux of neutrons naturally present in uranium ores. The presence of natural curium, however, has never been detected. 242Cm and 244Cm are available in multigram quantities. 248Cm has been produced only in milligram amounts. Curium is similar in some regards to gadolinium, its rareearth homolog, but it has a more complex crystal structure. Curium is silver in color, is chemically reactive, and is more electropositive than aluminum. CmO2, Cm2O3, CmF3, CmF4, CmCl3, CmBr3, and CmI3 have been prepared. Most compounds of trivalent curium are faintly yellow in color. 242Cm generates about three watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one-half watt per gram of 238Pu. This suggests use for curium as a power source. 244Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R.N.L. at $185/mg plus packing charges. 248Cm is available at a cost of $160/µg, plus packing charges, from the O.R.N.L. Curium absorbed into the body accumulates in the bones, and is therefore very toxic as its radiation destroys the red-cell forming mechanism. The maximum permissible total body burden of 244Cm (soluble) in a human being is 0.3 µCi (microcurie). Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen — see Hydrogen. Dubnium — (named after the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia). Db; at.wt. [262]; at.no. 105. In 1967 G. N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. Their evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. More recently, it was reported that early in 1970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and that by the end of April 1970 “had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties.” In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identified Element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a 15N nuclear is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method described. Ghiorso and his associates have attempted to confirm Soviet findings by more sophisticated methods without success. In October 1971, it was announced that two new isotopes of Element 105 were synthesized with the heavy ion linear accelerator by A. Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley. Element 261105 was produced both by bombarding 250Cf with 15N and by bombarding 249Bk with 16O. The isotope emits 8.93-MeV α particles and decays to 257Lr with a half-life of about 1.8 s. Element 262105 was produced by bombarding 249Bk with 18O. It emits 8.45 MeV α particles and decays to 258Lr with a half-life of about 40 s. Nine isotopes of Dubnium are now recognized. Soon after the discovery the names Hahnium and Joliotium, named after Otto Hahn and Jean-Frederic Joliot and Mme. Joliot-Curie, were suggested as names for Element 105. The IUPAC in August 1997 finally resolved the issue, naming Element 105 Dubnium with the symbol Db. Dubnium is thought to have properties similar to tantalum. Dysprosium — (Gr. dysprositos, hard to get at), Dy; at. wt. 162.50(3); at. no. 66; m.p. 1412°C; b.p. 2567°C; sp. gr. 8.551 (25°C); valence 3. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in relatively pure form until the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques by Spedding and associates about 1950. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine. The most important sources, however, are from monazite and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved, with the evolution of hydrogen, by dilute and concentrated mineral acids. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. While dysprosium has not yet found many applications, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cermet has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This cermet absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths, dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for studying chemical reactions. The cost of dysprosium metal has dropped in recent years since the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, and the discovery of large ore bodies. Thirty two isotopes and isomers are now known. The metal costs about $5/g (99.9% purity). Einsteinium — (Albert Einstein [1879–1955]), Es; at. wt. (252); m.p. 860°C (est.); at. no. 99. Einsteinium, the seventh transuranic element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley in December 1952 in debris from the first large thermonuclear explosion, which took place in the Pacific in November 1952. The isotope produced was the 20-day 253Es isotope. In 1961, a sufficient amount of einsteinium was produced to permit separation of a macroscopic amount of 253Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 µg. A special magnetic-type balance was used in making this determination. 253Es so produced was used to produce mendelevium. About 3 µg of einsteinium has been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratories by irradiating for several years kilogram quantities of 239Pu in a reactor to produce 242Pu. This was then fabricated into pellets of plutonium oxide and aluminum powder, and loaded into target rods for an initial 1-year irradiation at the Savannah River Plant, followed by irradiation in a HFIR (High Flux Isotopic Reactor). After 4 months in the HFIR the targets were removed for chemical separation of the einsteinium from californium. Nineteen isotopes and isomers of einsteinium are now recognized. 254Es has the longest half-life (276 days). Tracer studies using 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. Einsteinium is extremely radioactive. Great care must be taken when handling it. Element 93 — See Neptunium. Element 94 — See Plutonium. Element 95 — See Americium. Element 96 — See Curium. Element 97 — See Berkelium. Element 98 — See Californium. Element 99 — See Einsteinium. Element 100 — See Fermium (unnilnilium). Element 101 — See Mendelevium (unnilunium). Element 102 — See Nobelium (unnilbium). Element 103 — See Lawrencium (unniltrium). Element 104 — See Rutherfordium (unnilquadium). Element 105 — See Dubnium (unnilpentium). Element 106 — See Seaborgium (unnilhexium). Element 107 — See Bohrium (unnilseptium). Element 108 — See Hassium (unniloctium). Element 109 — See Meitnerium (unnilennium). Element 110 — In 1987 Oganessian, et al., at Dubna, claimed discovery of this element. Their experiments indicated the spontaneous fissioning nuclide 272110 with a half-life of 10 ms. More recently a group led by Armbruster at G.S.I. in Darmstadt, Germany, reported evidence of 269110, which was produced by bombarding lead for many days with more than 1018 nickel atoms. A detector searched each collision for Element 110’s distinct decay sequence. On November 9, 1994, evidence of 110 was detected. Berkeley scientists, in 1991, performed similar experiments and reported evidence of 110, but this was not confirmed. Workers at Dubna have experiments underway to produce 273110 by bombarding plutonium with sulfur atoms. Other experiments at G.S.I. and elsewhere are now searching for heavier isotopes. Five isotopes of Element 110 are now recognized. Several years ago the IUPAC suggested the use of the temporary name ununnilium, with the symbol Uun, for Element 110 when it was found. Element 111 — On December 20, 1994, scientists at GSI Darmstadt, Germany announced they had detected three atoms of a new element with 111 protons and 161 neutrons. This element was made by bombarding 83Bi with 28Ni. Signals of Element 111 appeared for less than 0.002 sec, then decayed into lighter elements including Element 268109 and Element 264107. These isotopes had not previously been observed. A name for Element 111 has not been suggested although IUPAC has suggested a temporary name of Unununium, with the symbol Uuu. Element 111 is expected to have properties similar to gold.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Element 112 — In late February 1996, Siguard Hofmann and his collaborators at GSI Darmstadt announced their discovery of Element 112, having 112 protons and 165 neutrons, with an atomic mass of 277. This element was made by bombarding a lead target with high-energy zinc ions. A single nucleus of Element 112 was detected, which decayed after less than 0.001 sec by emitting an α particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This created Element 110273, which in turn decayed by emitting an α particle to form a new isotope of Element 108 and so on. Evidence indicates that nuclei with 162 neutrons are held together more strongly than nuclei with a smaller or larger number of neutrons. This suggests a narrow “peninsula” of relatively stable isotopes around Element 114. GSI scientists are experimenting to bombard targets with ions heavier than zinc to produce Elements 113 and 114. A name has not yet been suggested for Element 112, although the IUPAC suggested the temporary name of ununbium, with the symbol of Uub, when the element was discovered. Element 112 is expected to have properties similar to mercury. Element 113 — (ununtrium) As of December 1999 this element remains undiscovered. Element 114 — (ununquadium) Symbol Uuq. Element 114 is the first new element to be discovered since 1996. This element was found by a Russian–American team, including Livermore researchers, by bombarding a sheet of plutonium with a rare form of calcium hoping to make the atoms stick together in a new element. Radiation showed that the new element broke into smaller pieces. Data of radiation collected at the Russian Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in November and December 1998, were analyzed in January 1999. It was found that some of the heavy atoms created when 114 decayed lived up to 30 seconds, which was longr than ever seen before, for such a heavy element. This isotope decayed into a previously unknown isotope of Element 112, which itself lasted 15 minutes. That isotope, in turn, decayed to a previously undiscovered isotope of Element 108, which survived 17 minutes. Isotopes of these and those with longer life-times have been predicted for some time by theorists. It appears that these isotopes are on the edge of the “island of stability”, and that some of the isotopes in this region might last long enough for studies of their nuclear behavior and for a chemical evaluation to be made. No name has yet been suggested for Element 114; however, the temporary name of ununquadium with symbol Uuq may be used. In June 1999 it was announced that Elements 118 and 116 had been discovered. These disintegrated into Element 114 and other elements. See under Element 118. Element 115— (ununpentium) As of December 1999, this element remains undiscovered. Element 116— (ununhexium) Symbol Uuh. This element was discovered along with Element 118 in June 1999. See under Element 118. Element 117— (ununseptium) As of December 1999, this element remains undiscovered. Element 118— (ununoctium) Symbol Uuo. Victor Nonov of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory led a team of university and government scientists in experiments that led to the discovery of Elements 118 and 116 in June 1999. A lead target was bombarded for more than 10 days with roughly 1 quintillion krypton ions. The team made three atoms of Element 118, which quickly decayed into Elements 116, 114, and other elements. The isotopes of Element 118 lasted only about 200 microseconds, while the isotope of Element 116 lasted only 1.2 milliseconds. Investigations seem to indicate that the investigations are converging on a cluster of very stable super-heavy isotopes, some of which may survive for very long times. Researchers at GSI, in Russia at Dubna, or at the Berkeley Laboratory may soon fire krypton at bismuth to make Element 119, which would decay into the yet-undiscovered Elements 117, 115, and 113. Erbium — (Ytterby, a town in Sweden), Er; at. wt. 167.26(3); at. no. 68; m.p. 1529°C; b.p. 2868°C; sp. gr. 9.066 (25°C); valence 3, Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements of the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium above. In 1842 Mosander separated “yttria,” found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander’s terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Twenty-seven radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years. The cost of 99.9% erbium metal is about $10/g. Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. Europium — (Europe), Eu; at. wt. 151.964(1); at. no. 63; m.p. 822°C; b.p. 1596°C; sp. gr. 5.244 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu2O3 with a 10%-excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery-white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications. Europium oxide is now widely used as a phosphor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. Natural europium contains two stable isotopes. Thirty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Europium is one of the rarest and most costly of the rare-earth metals. It is priced at about $50/g (99.9% pure). Fermium — (Enrico Fermi [1901–1954], nuclear physicist), Fm; at. wt. [257]; at. no. 100; m.p. 1527°C. Fermium, the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in the Pacific in work involving the University of California Radiation Laboratory, the Argonne National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The isotope produced was the 20-hour 255Fm. During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16O ions, and isolated a 30-min α-emitter, which
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) they ascribed to 250100, without claiming discovery of the element. This isotope has since been identified positively, and the 30-min half-life confirmed. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely with tracer amounts, and in normal aqueous media only the (III) oxidation state appears to exist. The isotope 254Fm and heavier isotopes can be produced by intense neutron irradiation of lower elements such as plutonium by a process of successive neutron capture interspersed with beta decays until these mass numbers and atomic numbers are reached. Twenty isotopes and isomers of fermium are known to exist. 257Fm, with a half-life of about 100.5 days, is the longest lived. 250Fm, with a half-life of 30 min, has been shown to be a product of decay of Element 254102. It was by chemical identification of 250Fm that production of Element 102 (nobelium) was confirmed. Fermium would probably have chemical properties resembling erbium. Fluorine — (L. and F. fluere, flow, or flux), F; at. wt. 18.9984032(5); at. no. 9; m.p. –219.62°C (1 atm); b.p. –188.12°C (1 atm); tc -129.02°C; density 1.696 g/L (0°C, 1 atm); liq. den. at b.p. 1.50 g/cm3; valence 1. In 1529, Georigius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigators, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending in tragedy. The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Moisson after nearly 74 years of continuous effort. Fluorine occurs chiefly in fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na2AlF6), but is rather widely distributed in other minerals. It is a member of the halogen family of elements, and is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a vessel of metal or transparent fluorspar. Modern commercial production methods are essentially variations on the procedures first used by Moisson. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts with practically all organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a bright flame. Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The atom bomb project and nuclear energy applications, however, made it necessary to produce large quantities. Safe handling techniques have now been developed and it is possible at present to transport liquid fluorine by the ton. Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many well-known high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid is extensively used for etching the glass of light bulbs, etc. Fluorochloro hydrocarbons have been extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration. However, in recent years the U.S. and other countries have been phasing out ozone-depleting substances, such as the fluorochloro hydrocarbons that have been used in these applications. It has been suggested that fluorine might be substituted for hydrogen wherever it occurs in organic compounds, which could lead to an astronomical number of new fluorine compounds. The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, when used by children acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluorides are said to be beneficial and used in water supplies to prevent dental cavities. Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value. Compounds of fluorine with rare gases have now been confirmed. Fluorides of xenon, radon, and krypton are among those known. Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The free element has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb, which is below the safe working level. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 1 ppm. Fluorine is known to have fourteen isotopes. Francium — (France), Fr; at. no. 87; at. wt. [223]; m.p. 27°C; valence 1. Discovered in 1939 by Mlle. Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris. Francium, the heaviest known member of the alkali metal series, occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actinium. It can also be made artificially by bombarding thorium with protons. While it occurs naturally in uranium minerals, there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element, and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. Thirty-six isotopes and isomers of francium are recognized. The longest lived 223Fr(Ac, K), a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 21.8 min. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature. Because all known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, knowledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has been prepared or isolated. The chemical properties of francium most closely resemble cesium. In 1996, researchers Orozco, Sprouse, and co-workers at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, reported that they had produced francium atoms by bombarding 18O atoms at a gold target heated almost to its melting point. Collisions between gold and oxygen nuclei created atoms of francium-210 which had 87 protons and123 neutrons. This team reported they had generated about 1 million francium-210 ions per second and held 1000 or more atoms at a time for about 20 secs. in a magnetic trap they had devised before the atoms decayed or escaped. Enough francium was trapped so that a video camera could capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresced. A cluster of about 10,000 francium atoms appeared as a glowing sphere about 1 mm in diameter. It is thought that the francium atoms could serve as miniature laboratoires for probing interactions between electrons and quarks. Gadolinium — (gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist), Gd; at. wt. 157.25(3); at. no. 64; m.p. 1313°C; b.p. 3273°C; sp. gr. 7.901 (25°C); valence 3. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated the element from Mosander’s “yttria” in 1886. The element was named for the mineral gadolinite from which this rare earth was originally obtained. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance. The element has been isolated only in recent years. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and price of gadolinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. Thirty-one isotopes and isomers of gadolinium are now recognized; seven are stable and occur naturally. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. As with other related rare-earth metals, it is silvery white, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile. At room temperature, gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close-packed α form. Upon heating to 1235°C, α gadolinium transforms into the β form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air it tarnishes with the formation of a loosely adhering oxide film which spalls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns). Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes. Two of these, 155Gd and 157Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, but they are present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material. It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications. Compounds of gadolinium are used in making phosphors for color TV tubes. The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1% gadolinium has been found to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. The metal is ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic moment and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just at room temperature. This suggests uses as a magnetic component that senses hot and cold. The price of the metal is about $12/g (99.9% purity).
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Gallium — (L. Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock), Ga; at. wt. 69.723(1); at. no. 31; m.p. 29.76°C; b.p. 2204°C; sp. gr. 5.904 (29.6°C) solid; sp. gr. 6.095 (29.6°C) liquid; valence 2 or 3. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much as 1.5% gallium. It is the only metal, except for mercury, cesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near room temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1% on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, as they may break as the metal solidifies. Gallium wets glass or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids. Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities such as Mn+2 is finding use in commercial ultraviolet activated powder phosphors. Gallium nitride has been used to produce blue light-emitting diodes. Blue LED’s used in compact disc applications can be used to store a 2-h movie, for example, on one 5-in. diameter disc. Extensive use of gallium has found recent application in the Gallex Detector Experiment located in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy. This underground facility has been built by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in the middle of a highway tunnel through the Abruzzese mountains, about 150 km east of Rome. The experiment is shielded by a 3300-m water-equivalent of rock. In this experiment, 30.3 tons of gallium in the form of 110 tons of GaCl3-HCl solution are being used to detect solar neutrinos. The production of 71Ge from gallium is being measured.Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. Its toxicity appears to be of a low order, but should be handled with care until more data are forthcoming. Natural gallium contains two stable isotopes. Twenty-six other isotopes, one of which is an isomer, are known. The metal can be supplied in ultrapure form (99.99999+%). The cost is about $5/g (99.999%). Germanium — (L. Germania, Germany), Ge; at. wt. 72.61(2); at. no. 32; m.p. 938.25°C; b.p. 2833°C; sp. gr. 5.323 (25°C); valence 2 and 4. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon, and discovered by Winkler in 1886. The metal is found in argyrodite, a sulfide of germanium and silver; in germanite, which contains 8% of the element; in zinc ores; in coal; and in other minerals. The element is frequently obtained commercially from flue dusts of smelters processing zinc ores, and has been recovered from the by-products of combustion of certain coals. Its presence in coal insures a large reserve of the element in the years to come. Germanium can be separated from other metals by fractional distillation of its volatile tetrachloride. The tetrachloride may then be hydrolyzed to give GeO2; the dioxide can be reduced with hydrogen to give the metal. Recently developed zone-refining techniques permit the production of germanium of ultra-high purity. The element is a gray-white metalloid, and in its pure state is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor material. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010. Doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. Its application in fiber optics and infra-red optical systems now provides the largest use for germanium. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium oxide’s high index of refraction and dispersion has made it useful as a component of glasses used in wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organogermanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them of interest as chemotherapeutic agents. The cost of germanium is about $10/g (99.999% purity). Thirty isotopes and isomers are known, five of which occur naturally. Gold — (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold), Au (L. aurum, gold); at. wt. 196.96654(3); at. no. 79; m.p. 1064.18°C; b.p. 2856°C; sp. gr. ~19.3 (20°C); valence 1 or 3. Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quartz or pyrite. It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separated from rocks and other minerals by sluicing and panning operations. About 25% of the world’s gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production now comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes. Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably. It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft on a side. Of all the elements, gold in its pure state is undoubtedly the most beautiful. It is metallic, having a yellow color when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. The Purple of Cassius is a delicate test for auric gold. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 oz. of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. Gold, like other precious metals, is measured in troy weight; when alloyed with other metals, the term carat is used to express the amount of gold present, 24 carats being pure gold. For many years the value of gold was set by the U.S. at $20.67/troy ounce; in 1934 this value was fixed by law at $35.00/troy ounce, 9/10th fine. On March 17, 1968, because of a gold crisis, a two-tiered pricing system was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00/troy ounce price while the price of gold on the private market would be allowed to fluctuate. Since this time, the price of gold on the free market has fluctuated widely. The price of gold on the free market reached a price of $620/ troy oz. in January 1980. More recently, the U.K. and other nations, including the I.M.F. have sold or threatened to sell a sizeable portion of their gold reserves. This has caused wide fluctuations in the price of gold. Because this has damaged the economy of some countires, a moretorium for a few years has been declared. This has tended to stabilize temporarily the price of gold. The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the latter being used in photography for toning the silver image. Gold has forty-eight recognized isotopes and isomers; 198Au, with a half-life of 2.7 days, is used for treating cancer and other diseases. Disodium aurothiomalate is administered intramuscularly as a treatment for arthritis. A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). Gold is available commercially with a purity of 99.999+%. For many years the temperature assigned to the freezing point of gold has been 1063.0°C; this has served as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scales (ITS-27 and ITS-48) and the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) 48). In 1968, a new International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68) was adopted, which demanded that the freezing point of gold be changed to 1064.43°C. In 1990 a new International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) was adopted bringing the t.p. (triple point) of H2O (t90 (°C)) to 0.01°C and the freezing point of gold to 1064.18°C.The specific gravity of gold has been found to vary considerably depending on temperature, how the metal is precipitated, and cold-worked. As of December 1999, gold was priced at about $300/troy oz. ($9.50/g). Hafnium — (Hafnia, Latin name for Copenhagen), Hf; at. wt. 178.49(2); at. no. 72; m.p. 2233°C; b.p. 4603°C; sp. gr. 13.31 (20°C); valence 4. Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations many years prior to its discovery, in 1923, credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. It was finally identified in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 5% hafnium. It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process). Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by the impurities of zirconium present. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Their chemistry is almost identical, however, the density of zirconium is about half that of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity. Natural hafnium contains six isotopes, one of which is slightly radioactive. Hafnium has a total of 41 recognized isotopes and isomers. Because hafnium has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), has excellent mechanical properties, and is extremely corrosion resistant, it is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines. Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310°C). Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient “getter” for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen. Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium. At 700°C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86. Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides. The price of the metal is in the broad range of $1/g to $5/g, depending on purity and quantity. The yearly demand for hafnium in the U.S. is now in excess of 50,000 kg. Hahnium — A name previously used for Element 105, now named dubnium. Hassium — (named for the German state, Hesse) Hs, at.wt. [265]; at.no. 108. This element was first synthesized and identified in 1964 by the same G.S.I. Darmstadt Group who first identified Bohrium and Meitnerium. Presumably this element has chemical properties similar to osmium. Isotope 265108 was produced using a beam of 58Fe projectiles, produced by the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) to bombard a 208Pb target. Discovery of Bohrium and Meitnerium was made using detection of isotopes with odd proton and neutron numbers. Elements having even atomic numbers have been thought to be less stable against spontaneous fusion than odd elements. The production of 265108 in the same reaction as was used at G.S.I. was confirmed at Dubna with detection of the seventh member of the decay chain 253Es. Isotopes of Hassium are believed to decay by spontaneous fission, explaining why 109 was produced before 108. Isotope 265108 and 266108 are thought to decay to 261106, which in turn decay to 257104 and 253102. The IUPAC adopted the name Hassium after the German state of Hesse in September 1997. Helium — (Gr. helios, the sun), He; at. wt. 4.002602(2); at. no. 2; m.p. below — 272.2°C (26 atm); b.p. — 268.93°C; tc -267.96°C; density 0.1785 g/l (0°C, 1 atm); liquid density 7.62 lb/ft3 at. b.p.; valence usually 0. Evidence of the existence of helium was first obtained by Janssen during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum; Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element; in 1895, Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite, and it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that α particles are helium nuclei. Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found throughout the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas; all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars. The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. It is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product. Much of the world’s supply of helium is obtained from wells in Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. The only other known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1999 were inPoland, Russia, China, Algeria, and India. The cost of helium has fallen from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to about 2.5¢/cu.ft. (.028 cu meters) in 1999. Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and has found wide use in cryogenic research, as its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Its use in the study of superconductivity is vital. Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers, and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei, starting from about 0.01 K. Liquid helium (He4) exists in two forms: He4I and He4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174 K (3.83 cm Hg). He4I (above this temperature) is a normal liquid, but He4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling; its conductivity for heat is enormous; and neither its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal rules. It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can readily be changed in volume by more than 30% by application of pressure. The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature. While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium diflouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated. Helium is widely used as an inert gas shield for arc welding; as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, and in titanium and zirconium production; as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels. A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He/O2 are used for different depths at which the diver is operating. Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster such as used on the Apollo lunar missions required about 13 million ft3of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts. Liquid helium’s use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment is providing accurate diagnoses of problems where exploratory surgery has previously been required to determine problems. Another medical application that is being developed uses MRI to determine by blood analysis whether a patient has any form of cancer. Lifting gas applications are increasing. Various
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) companies in addition to Goodyear, are now using “blimps” for advertising. The Navy and the Air Force are investigating the use of airships to provide early warning systems to detect low-flying cruise missiles. The Drug Enforcement Agency has used radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the southern border of the U.S. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful U.V. radiation. Research on and development of materials which become superconductive at temperatures well above the boiling point of helium could have a major impact on the demand for helium. Less costly refrigerants having boiling points considerably higher could replace the present need to cool such superconductive materials to the boiling point of helium. Natural helium contains two stable isotopes 3He and 4He. 3He is present in very small quantities. Six other isotopes of helium are now recognized. Holmium — (L. Holmia , for Stockholm), Ho; at. wt. 164.93032(2); at. no 67; m.p. 1474°C; b.p. 2700°C; sp. gr. 8.795 (25°C); valence + 3. The spectral absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an “Element X”. Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve’s native city. Pure holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. The metal has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating. Natural holmium consists of one isotope 165Ho, which is not radioactive. Holmium has 49 other isotopes known, all of which are radioactive. The price of 99.9% holmium metal is about $35/g. Hydrogen — (Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming), H; at. wt. 1.00794(7); at. no. 1; m.p. –259.34°C; b.p. –252.87°C; tc -240.18; density 0.08988 g/l; density (liquid) 70.8 g/l (–253°C); density (solid) 70.6 g/l (–262°C); valence 1. Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1766. It was named by Lavoisier. Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium. It has been estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. It is found in the sun and most stars, and plays an important part in the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle, which accounts for the energy of the sun and stars. It is thought that hydrogen is a major component of the planet Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet’s interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted into solid metallic hydrogen. In 1973, it was reported that a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, a Livermore (California) group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. It has been predicted that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume. It is the lightest of all gases, and combines with other elements, sometimes explosively, to form compounds. Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. It is also used as a rocket fuel, for welding, for production of hydrochloric acid, for the reduction of metallic ores, and for filling balloons. The lifting power of 1 ft3 of hydrogen gas is about 0.076 lb at 0°C, 760 mm pressure. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. It is prepared by the action of steam on heated carbon, by decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, by the electrolysis of water, or by the displacement from acids by certain metals. It is also produced by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum. Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only a 20°C above absolute zero. Hydrogen consists of three isotopes, most of which is 1H. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as protium. In 1932, Urey announced the discovery of a stable isotope, deuterium (2H or D) with an atomic weight of 2. Deuterium is present in natural hydrogen to the extent of 0.015%. Two years later an unstable isotope, tritium (3H), with an atomic weight of 3 was discovered. Tritium has a half-life of about 12.32 years. Tritium atoms are also present in natural hydrogen but in much smaller proportion. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer. Deuterium gas is readily available, without permit, at about $1/l. Heavy water, deuterium oxide (D2O), which is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons, is available without permit at a cost of 6c to $1/g, depending on quantity and purity. About 1000 tons (4,400,000 kg) of deuterium oxide (heavy water) are now in use at the Sudbury (Ontario) Neutrino Observatory. This observatory is taking data to provide new revolutionary insight into the properties of neutrinos and into the core of the sun. The heavy water is on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL). The observatory and detectors are located 6800 ft (2072 m) deep in the Creighton mine of the International Nickel Co., near Sudbury. The heavy water is contained in an acrylic vessel, 12 m in diameter. Neutrinos react with the heavy water to produce Cherenkov radiation. This light is then detected with 9600 photomultiplier tubes surrounding the vessel. The detector laboratory is immensely clean to reduce background radiation, which otherwise hide the very weak signals from neutrinos. Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1°C lower than those of normal hydrogen. Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze sea water; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high present cost of hydrogen with respect to present fuels are but a few of the problems facing establishment of such an economy. Hydrogen is being investigated as a substitute for deep-sea diving applications below 300 m. Hydrogen is readily available from air product suppliers. Indium — (from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum),In; at. wt. 114.818(3); at. no. 49; m.p. 156.60°C; b.p. 2072°C; sp. gr. 7.31 (20°C); valence 1, 2, or 3. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world’s supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually. The present cost of indium is about $2 to $10/g, depending on quantity and purity. It is available in ultrapure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a high-
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) pitched “cry” when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium. It has found application in making low-melting alloys; an alloy of 24% indium-76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Indium is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, liquid crystal displays, high definition television, batteries, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, care should be taken until further information is available. Seventy isotopes and isomers are now recognized (more than any other element). Natural indium contains two isotopes. One is stable. The other, 115In, comprising 95.71% of natural indium is slightly radioactive with a very long half-life. Iodine — (Gr. iodes, violet), I; at. wt. 126.90447(3); at. no. 53; m.p. 113.7°C; b.p. 184.4°C; tc 546°C; density of the gas 11.27 g/l; sp. gr. solid 4.93 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Courtois in 1811. Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known. Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatilizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Forty two isotopes and isomers are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter. Iodides, and thyroxin which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Elemental iodine costs about 25 to 75¢/g depending on purity and quantity. Iridium — (L. iris, rainbow), Ir; at. wt. 192.217(3); at. no. 77; m.p. 2446°C; b.p. 4428°C; sp. gr. 22.42 (17°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate, for its salts are highly colored. Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. It is very hard and brittle, making it very hard to machine, form, or work. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter bar of Paris, which is a 90% platinum-10% iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see under Krypton). Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry. The largest reserves and production of the platinum group of metals, which includes iridium, is in South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. The U.S. has only one active mine, located at Nye, MT. The presence of iridium has recently been used in examining the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Meteorites contain small amounts of iridium. Because iridium is found widely distributed at the K-T boundary, it has been suggested that a large meteorite or asteroid collided with the earth, killing the dinosaurs, and creating a large dust cloud and crater. Searches for such a crater point to one in the Yucatan, known as Chicxulub. Iridium has found use in making crucibles and apparatus for use at high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts. Its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum. With osmium, it forms an alloy which is used for tipping pens and compass bearings. The specific gravity of iridium is only very slightly lower than that of osmium, which has been generally credited as being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices gives values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements. At present, therefore, we know that either iridium or osmium is the densest known element, but the data do not yet allow selection between the two. Natural iridium contains two stable isotopes. Forty-five other isotopes, all radioactive, are now recognized. Iridium (99.9%) costs about $100/g. Iron — (Anglo-Saxon, iron), Fe (L. ferrum); at. wt. 55.845(2); at. no. 26; m.p. 1538°C; b.p. 2861°C; sp. gr. 7.874 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 6. The use of iron is prehistoric. Genesis mentions that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 71/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its erection. Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. It has been suggested that the iron we have here on earth may have originated in a super-nova. Iron is a very difficult element to produce in ordinary nuclear reactions, such as would take place in the sun. Iron is found native as a principal component of a class of iron-nickel meteorites known as siderites, and is a minor constituent of the other two classes of meteorites. The core of the earth, 2150 miles in radius, is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10% occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight, making up the crust of the earth. The most common ore is hematite (Fe2O3). Magnetite (Fe3O4) is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. Lodestone is another form of magnetite. Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and appears in hemoglobin. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemically, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms, or ferrites, known as α, β, γ, and δ, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530°C. The α form is magnetic, but when transformed into the β form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3% carbon with varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. It is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and has usually a “fibrous” structure. Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful, and important of all metals. Natural iron contains four isotopes and isomers. Twenty-six other isotopes and isomers, all radioactive, are now recognized. Krypton — (Gr. kryptos, hidden), Kr; at. wt. 83.80(1); at. no. 36; m.p. –157.36°C; b.p. –153.22 ± 0.10°C; tc -63.74°C; density 3.733 g/l (0°C); valence usually 0. Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away. Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. It is one of the “noble” gases. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines. Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Thirty other unstable isotopes and isomers are now recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983 the meter, which originally was defined as being one ten millionth of a quadrant
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) of the earth’s polar circumference, was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the “rare gases”. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine with other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds is established. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been reported. Molecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+. Krypton clathrates have been prepared with hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr has found recent application in chemical analysis. By imbedding the isotope in various solids, kryptonates are formed. The activity of these kryptonates is sensitive to chemical reactions at the surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Uses thus far have been limited because of its high cost. Krypton gas presently costs about $690/100 l. Kurchatovium — See Rutherfordium. Lanthanum — (Gr. lanthanein, to lie hidden), La; at. wt. 138.9055(2); at. no. 57; m.p. 918°C; b.p. 3464°C; sp. gr. 6.145 (25°C); valence 3. Mosander in 1839 extracted a new earth lanthana, from impure cerium nitrate, and recognized the new element. Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 and 38%, respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25% lanthanum. Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called “rare-earth” elements. The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium. Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, and hot water attacks it much more rapidly. The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens. At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure. Natural lanthanum is mixture of two isotopes, one of which is stable and one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron. There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems. Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them. The metal costs about $2/g (99.9%). Lawrencium — (Ernest O. Lawrence [1901–1958], inventor of the cyclotron), Lr; at. no. 103; at. mass no. [262]; valence + 3(?). This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A. E. Larsh, and R. M. Latimer.A 3-µg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6-MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. In 1967, Flerov and associates of the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a halflife of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr. In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Ghiorso and associates at Berkeley were able to use a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent, completing each extraction in about 30 s. It was found that lawrencium behaves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series. Ten isotopes of lawrencium are now recognized. Lead — (Anglo-Saxon lead), Pb (L. plumbum); at. wt. 207.2(1); at. no. 82; m.p. 327.46°C; b.p. 1749°C; sp. gr. 11.35 (20°C); valence 2 or 4. Long known, mentioned in Exodus. The alchemists believed lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Native lead occurs in nature, but it is rare. Lead is obtained chiefly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and minim (Pb3O4) are other common lead minerals. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion; lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.4%), 206Pb (24.1%), 207Pb (22.1%), and 208Pb (52.4%). Lead isotopes are the end products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: 206Pb for the uranium series, 207Pb for the actinium series, and 208Pb for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized. Its alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals. Great quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is also used for cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors, and is used to absorb vibration. Lead, alloyed with tin, is used in making organ pipes. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead (PbSO4), chrome yellow (PbCrO4), red lead (Pb3O4), and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. Lead oxide is used in producing fine “crystal glass” and “flint glass” of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been used as insecticides, but their use in recent years has been practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds. Care must be used in handling lead as it is a cumulative poison. Environmental concern with lead poisoning has resulted in a national program to eliminate the lead tetraethyl in gasoline. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recommended that industries limit airborne lead to 50 µgms/cu. meter. Lead is priced at about 90¢/kg (99.9%). Lithium — (Gr. lithos, stone), Li; at. wt. 6.941(2); at. no. 3; m.p. 180.5°C; b.p. 1342°C; sp. gr. 0.534 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water. It does not occur free in nature; combined it is found in small amounts in nearly all igneous rocks and in the waters of many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it. Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from Nevada, Chile, and Argentina. Large deposits of spodumene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly the flame is a dazzling white. Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Seven isotopes of lithium are recognized. Natural lithium contains two isotopes. The metal is priced at about $1.50/g (99.9%). Lutetium — (Lutetia, ancient name for Paris, sometimes called cassiopeium by the Germans), Lu; at. wt. 174.967(1); at. no. 71; m.p. 1663°C; b.p. 3402°C; sp. gr. 9.841 (25°C); valence 3. In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium)and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium,” independently discovered by von Welsbach about the same time. Charles James of the University of New Hampshire also independently prepared the very pure oxide, lutecia, at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. While new techniques, including ion-exchange reactions, have been developed to separate the various rare-earth elements, lutetium is still the most costly of all rare earths. It is priced at about $100/g (99.9%). 176Lu occurs naturally (97.41%) with 175Lu (2.59%), which is radioactive with a very long half-life. It is radioactive with a half-life of about 4 × 1010 years. Lutetium has 50 isotopes and isomers that are now recognized. Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium. While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more information is available. Magnesium — (Magnesia, district in Thessaly) Mg; at. wt. 24.3050(6); at. no. 12; m.p. 650°C; b.p. 1090°C; sp. gr. 1.738 (20°C); valence 2. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. It was isolated by Davy in 1808, and prepared in coherent form by Bussy in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water. Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. It is used in flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminium, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile contruction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron,and is used as an additive to conventional propellants. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. Calcined magnesia is also used for water treatment and in the manufacture of rubber, paper, etc. Organic magnesium compounds (Grignard’s reagents) are important. Magnesium is an important element in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily requirement of magnesium is about 300 mg/day, but this is affected by various factors. Great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially in the finely divided state, as serious fires can occur. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires. Natural magnesium contains three isotopes. Twelve other isotopes are recognized. Magnesium metal costs about $1.70/kg (99.8%). Manganese — (L. magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite; It. manganese, corrupt form of magnesia), Mn; at. wt. 54.938049(9); at. no. 25; m.p. 1246°C; b.p. 2061°C; sp. gr. 7.21 to 7.44, depending on allotropic form; valence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans holds promise as a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in the Ukraine, Brazil, Australia, Republic of So. Africa, Gabon, China, and India. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent. The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1. Twenty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Manganese metal (99.95%) is priced at about $400/kg. Metal of 99.6% purity is priced at about $60/kg. Meitnerium — (named for Lise Meitner [1878–1968], Austrian-Swedish physicist and mathematician), Mt; at. wt [266]; at. no. 109. On August 29, 1992, Element 109 was made and identified by physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (G.S.I.), Darmstadt, Germany, by bombarding a target of 209Bi with accelerated nuclei of 58Fe. The production of Element 109 has been extremely small. It took a week of target bombardment (1011 nuclear encounters) to produce a single atom of 109. Oganessian and his team at Dubna in 1994 repeated the Darmstadt experiment using a tenfold irradiation dose. One fission event from seven alpha decays of 109 was observed, thus indirectly confirming the existence of isotope 266109. In August 1997, the IUPAC adopted the name meitnerium for this element, honoring L. Meitner. Four isotopes of meitnerium are now recognized. Mendelevium — (Dmitri Mendeleev [1834–1907]), Md; at. wt. (258); at. no. 101; m.p. 827°C; valence +2, +3. Mendelevium, the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg early in 1955
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) as a result of the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 78 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis. Nineteen isotopes and isomers are now recognized. 258Md has a half-life of 51.5 days. This isotope has been produced by the bombardment of an isotope of einsteinium with ions of helium. It now appears possible that eventually enough 258Md can be made so that some of its physical properties can be determined. 256Md has been used to elucidate some of the chemical properties of mendelevium in aqueous solution. Experiments seem to show that the element possesses a moderately stable dipositive (II) oxidation state in addition to the tripositive (III) oxidation state,which is characteristic of actinide elements. Mercury — (Planet Mercury), Hg (hydrargyrum, liquid silver); at. wt. 200.59(2); at. no. 80; t.p. –38.83°C; b.p. 356.73°C; tc 1447°C; sp. gr. 13.546 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar (HgS). Spain and China produce about 75% of the world’s supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the “flask,” which weighs 76 lb (34.46 kg). The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor. It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, antifouling paint, batteries, and catalysts. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate — a violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2(calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2), a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (HgS, vermillion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals’ forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, – 38.8344°C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Mercury (99.98%) is priced at about $110/kg. Native mercury contains seven isotopes. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are known. Molybdenum — (Gr. molybdos, lead), Mo; at. wt. 95.94(1); at. no. 42; m.p. 2623°C; b.p. 4639°C; sp. gr. 10.22 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5?, or 6. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in an impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur native, but is obtained principally from molybdenite (MoS2). Wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) are also minor commercial ores. Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The U.S., Canada, Chile, and China produce most of the world’s molybdenum ores. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate. The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the “Hastelloys®” which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found application as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi(lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Natural molybdenum contains seven isotopes. Thirty other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. Molybdenum metal costs about $1/g (99.999% purity). Commercial molybdenum metal (99.9%) costs about $300/kg. Neodymium — (Gr. neos, new, and didymos, twin), Nd; at. wt. 144.24(3); at. no. 60; m.p. 1021°C; b.p. 3074°C; sp. gr. 7.008 (25°C); valence 3. In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible. The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster. Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that spalls off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863°C. Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Twenty seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to make welder’s goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels. The element is also being used with iron and boron to produce extremely strong magnets having energy densities as high as 27 to 35 million gauss oersteds. These are the most compact magnets commercially available. The price of the metal is about $4/g. Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care. Neon — (Gr. neos, new), Ne; at. wt. 20.1797(6); at. no. 10; t.p. –248.59°C; b.p. –246.08°C; tc -228.7°C (1 atm); density of gas 0.89990 g/l (1 atm, 0°C); density of liquid at b.p. 1.207 g/cm3; valence 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. Natural
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) neon is a mixture of three isotopes. Fourteen other unstable isotopes are known. It is very inert element; however, it is said to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The following ions are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies: Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+). Neon also forms an unstable hydrate. In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows reddish orange. Of all the rare gases, the discharge of neon is the most intense at ordinary voltages and currents. Neon is used in making the common neon advertising signs, which accounts for its largest use. It is also used to make high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium and more than three times that of liquid hydrogen. It is compact, inert, and is less expensive than helium when it meets refrigeration requirements. Neon costs about $800/80 cu. ft. (2265 l). Neptunium — (Planet Neptune), Np; at. wt. (237); at. no. 93; m.p. 644°C; sp. gr. 20.25 (20°C); valence 3, 4, 5, and 6. Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series discovered; the isotope 239Np was produced by McMillan and Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley, California, as the result of bombarding uranium with cyclotron-produced neutrons. The isotope 237Np (half-life of 2.14 × 106 years) is currently obtained in gram quantities as a by-product from nuclear reactors in the production of plutonium. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of neptunium are now recognized. Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present. Neptunium is prepared by the reduction of NpF3 with barium or lithium vapor at about 1200°C. Neptunium metal has a silvery appearance, is chemically reactive, and exists in at least three structural modifications: α-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 g/cm3, β-neptunium (above 280°C), tetragonal, density (313°C) 19.36 g/cm3; γ-neptunium (above 577°C), cubic, density (600°C) 18.0 g/cm3. Neptunium has four ionic oxidation states in solution: Np+3 (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion Pm+3, Np+4 (yellow green); NpO+ (green blue); and NpO++ (pale pink). These latter oxygenated species are in contrast to the rare earths which exhibit only simple ions of the (II), (III), and (IV) oxidation states in aqueous solution. The element forms tri- and tetrahalides such as NpF3, NpF4, NpCl4, NpBr3, NpI3, and oxides of various compositions such as are found in the uraniumoxygen system, including Np3O8 and NpO2. Nickel — (Ger. Nickel, Satan or Old Nick’s and from kupfernickel, Old Nick’s copper), Ni; at. wt. 58.6934(2); at. no. 28; m.p. 1455°C; b.p. 2913°C; sp. gr. 8.902 (25°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3. Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world’s nickel. It is now thought that the Sudbury deposit is the result of an ancient meteorite impact. Large deposits of nickel, cobalt, and copper have recently been developed at Voisey’s Bay, Laborador. Other deposits of nickel are found in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar®, Monel®, Inconel®, and the Hastelloys®. Tubing made of a copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively in coinage and in making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in Nichrome®, Permalloy®, and constantan. Nickel added to glass gives a green color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison® storage battery. The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; twenty-five other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as having carcinogenic potential. Nickel metal (99.9%) is priced at about $1.25/g or less in larger quantities. Nielsbohrium — See Bohrium. Niobium — (Niobe, daughter of Tantalus), Nb; or Columbium (Columbia, name for America); at. wt. 92.90638(2); at. no. 41; m.p. 2477°C; b.p. 4744°C, sp. gr. 8.57 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England more that a century before by John Winthrop the Younger, first governor of Connecticut. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as “columbium”. The element is found in niobite(or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of pyrochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda, and Australia. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways. It is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere. It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advance air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. It has also found use in super-alloys for applications such as jet engine components, rocket subassemblies, and heat-resisting equipment. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Natural niobium is composed of only one isotope, 93Nb. Forty-seven other isotopes and isomers of niobium are now recognized. Niobium metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about 50¢/g. Nitrogen — (L. nitrum, Gr. nitron, native soda; genes, forming, N; at. wt. 14.00674(7); at. no. 7; m.p. –210.00°C; b.p. –198.79°C; tc -146.94°C; density 1.2506 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 0.808 (–195.8°C), solid 1.026 (–252°C); valence 3 or 5. Discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, but Scheele, Cavendish,Priestley, and others about the same time studied “burnt or dephlogisticated air,” as air without oxygen was then called. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is 2.6% nitrogen. The estimated amount of this element in our atmosphere is more than 4000 trillion tons. From this inexhaustible source it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen molecules give the orange-red, blue-green, blue-violet, and deep violet shades to the aurora.The element is so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, meaning without life, yet its compounds are so active as to be most important in foods, poisons, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen can be also easily prepared by heating a water solution of ammonium nitrite. Nitrogen, as a gas, is colorless, odorless, and a generally inert element. As a liquid it is also colorless and odorless, and is similar in appearance to water. Two allotropic forms of solid nitrogen exist, with the transition from the α to the β form taking place at –237°C. When nitrogen is heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium; when mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) first nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2); when heated under pressure with a catalyst with hydrogen, ammonia is formed (Haber process). The ammonia thus formed is of the utmost importance as it is used in fertilizers, and it can be oxidized to nitric acid (Ostwald process). The ammonia industryis the largest consumer of nitrogen. Large amounts of gas are also used by the electronics industry, which uses the gas as a blanketing medium during production of such components as transistors, diodes, etc. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products. The drug industry also uses large quantities. Nitrogen is used as a refrigerant both for the immersion freezing of food products and for transportation of foods. Liquid nitrogen is also used in missile work as a purge for components, insulators for space chambers, etc., and by the oil industry to build up great pressures in wells to force crude oil upward. Sodium and potassium nitrates are formed by the decomposition of organic matter with compounds of the metals present. In certain dry areas of the world these saltpeters are found in quantity. Ammonia, nitric acid, the nitrates, the five oxides (N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, and N2O5), TNT, the cyanides, etc. are but a few of the important compounds. Nitrogen gas prices vary from 2¢ to $2.75 per 100 ft3 (2.83 cu. meters), depending on purity, etc. Production of elemental nitrogen in the U.S. is more than 9 million short tons per year. Natural nitrogen contains two isotopes, 14N and 15N. Ten other isotopes are known. Nobelium — (Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite), No; at. wt. [259]; at. no. 102; valence +2, +3. Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J. R. Walton, and G. T. Seaborg, who used a new double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% 244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102254 according to the 246Cm (12C, 4n) reaction. Earlier in 1957 workers of the U.S., Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of Element 102 with a 10-min half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The acceptance of the name was premature, for both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 ± 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support claim to discovery. Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 25-s half-life. Twelve isotopes are now recognized, one of which — 255102 has a half-life of 3.1 min. In view of the discover’s traditional right to name an element, the Berkeley group, in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium, along with the symbol No, be retained. Osmium — (Gr. osme, a smell), Os; at. wt. 190.23(3); at. no. 76; m.p. 3033°C; b.p. 5012°C; sp. gr. 22.57; valence 0 to +8, more usually +3, +4, +6, and +8. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario, region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nickel ores processed make commercial recovery possible. The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C (760 mm). Concentrations in air as low as 10–7 g/m3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage. The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys, with other metals of the platinum group, for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts. The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder — the form usually supplied commercially — is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier. Natural osmium contains seven isotopes, one of which, 186Os, is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive.The measured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable for these elements than actual measurements, however, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 226.61 for osmium. At present, therefore, we know either iridium or osmium is the heaviest element, but the data do not allow selection between the two. Oxygen — (Gr. oxys, sharp, acid, and genes, forming; acid former), O; at. wt. 15.9994(3); at. no. 8; t.p. –218.79°C; tc -118.56°C; valence 2. For many centuries, workers occasionally realized air was composed of more than one component. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century. Oxygen was prepared by several workers, including Bayen and Borch, but they did not know how to collect it, did not study its properties, and did not recognize it as an elementary substance. Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently. Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, one process thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume from which it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth’s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst. The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Ozone’s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick at ordinary pressures and temperatures) is of vital importance in preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth’s surface. There has been recent concern that pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black, and solid ozone is violet-black. Oxygen is very reactive and capable of combining with most elements. It is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. It is essential for respiration of all plants and animals and for practically all combustion. In hospitals it is frequently used to aid respiration of patients. Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. Oxygen has thirteen recognized isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes. Oxygen 18 occurs naturally, is stable, and is available commercially. Water (H2O with 1.5% 18O) is also available. Commercial oxygen consumption in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 million short tons per year and the demand is expected to increase substantially in the next few years. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are also used in making synthesis gas for ammonia and methanol, ethylene oxide, and for oxy-acetylene welding. Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, electrolysis plants about 1%. The gas costs 5¢/ft3 ($1.75/cu. meters) in small quantities.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Palladium — (named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered about the same time; Gr. Pallas, goddess of wisdom), Pd. at. wt. 106.42(1) at. no. 46; m.p. 1554.9°C; b.p. 2963°C; sp. gr. 12.02 (20°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston. Palladium is found along with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in deposits of Russia, South Africa, Canada (Ontario), and elsewhere. Natural palladium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes are recognized, all of which are radioactive. It is frequently found associated with the nickel-copper deposits such as those found in Ontario. Its separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. It is a steel-white metal, does not tarnish in air, and is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid. At room temperatures the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a means of purifying the gas. Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades. White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watchmaking, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Palladium recently has been substituted for higher priced platinum in catalytic converters by some automobile companies. This has caused a large increase in the cost of palladium. The price of the two metals are now, in 1999, about the same. Palladium, however, is less resistant to poisoning by sulfur and lead, than platinum, but it may prove useful in controlling emissions from diesel vehicles. The metal sells for about $425/tr. oz. ($13/g). Phosphorus — (Gr. phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise), P; at. wt. 30.973762(4); at. no. 15; m.p. (white) 44.15°C; b.p. 280.5°C; sp. gr. (white) 1.82 (red) 2.20, (black) 2.25 to 2.69; valence 3 or 5. Discovered in 1669 by Brand, who prepared it from urine. Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications: α and β with a transition temperature at –3.8°C. Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Twenty-one isotopes of phosphorus are recognized. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in the Russia,China, Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. Phosphorus in an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide. It is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water, as it is dangerously reactive in air, and it should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns. When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. It should, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 417°C,and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc. White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under water. If desired, the phosphorus vapor and carbon monoxide produced by the reaction can be oxidized at once in the presence of moisture to produce phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers. In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70 to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps. Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is also used to produce fine chinaware and to produce mono-calcium phosphate used in baking powder. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes. Organic compounds of phosphorus are important. Amorphous (red) phosphorus costs about $80/kg (99.5%). Platinum — (It. platina, silver), Pt; at. wt. 195.078(2); at. no. 78; m.p. 1768.4°C; b.p. 3825°C; sp. gr. 21.45 (20°C); valence 1?, 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians. Platinum occurs native, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains and in Columbia. Sperrylite (PtAs2), occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is a source of a considerable amount of metal. The large production of nickel offsets there being only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore. The largest supplier of the platinum group of metals is now South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6), an important compound. Natural platinum contains six isotopes, one of which, 190Pt, is radioactive with a long half-life. Thirty-seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable instruments including thermocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces. The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes, of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up at red heat. In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. There is also much current interest in the use of platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in its use as antipollution devices for automobiles. Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Pure platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. This phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum. The price of platinum has varied widely; more than a century ago it was used to adulterate gold. It was nearly eight times as valuable as gold in 1920. The price in December 1999 was about $460/ troy oz. ($15/g), somewhat higher than the price of gold. Plutonium — (Planet pluto), Pu; at. wt. (244); at. no. 94; sp. gr. (α modification) 19.84 (25°C); m.p. 640°C; b.p. 3228°C; valence 3, 4, 5, or 6. Plutonium was the second transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. The isotope 238Pu was produced in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Kennedy, and Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium, by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present. By far of greatest importance is the isotope Pu239, with a half-life of 24,100 years, produced in extensive quantities in nuclear reactors from natural uranium: 238
U( n, γ )→ 239 U β→ 239 Np β→ 239 Pu
Nineteen isotopes of plutonium are now known. Plutonium has assumed the position of dominant importance among the transuranium elements because of its successful use as an explosive ingredient in nuclear weapons and the place which it holds as a key material in the development of industrial use of nuclear power. One kilogram is equivalent to about 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world’s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutonium/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. The metal has a silvery appearance and takes on a yellow tarnish when slightly oxidized. It is chemically reactive. A relatively large piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the energy given off in alpha decay. Larger pieces will produce enough heat to boil water. The metal readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, or perchloric acid with formation of the Pu+3 ion. The metal exhibits six allotropic modifications having various crystalline structures. The densities of these vary from 16.00 to 19.86 g/cm3. Plutonium also exhibits four ionic valence states in aqueous solutions: Pu+3(blue lavender), Pu+4 (yellow brown), PuO+ (pink?), and PuO+2 (pink orange). The ion PuO+ is unstable in aqueous solutions, disproportionating into Pu+4 and PuO+2. The Pu+4 thus formed, however, oxidizes the PuO+ into PuO+2, itself being reduced to Pu+3, giving finally Pu+3 and PuO+2. Plutonium forms binary compounds with oxygen: PuO, PuO2, and intermediate oxides of variable composition; with the halides: PuF3, PuF4, PuCl3, PuBr3, PuI3; with carbon, nitrogen, and silicon: PuC, PuN, PuSi2. Oxyhalides are also well known: PuOCl, PuOBr, PuOI. Because of the high rate of emission of alpha particles and the element being specifically absorbed by bone marrow, plutonium, as well as all of the other transuranium elements except neptunium, are radiological poisons and must be handled with very special equipment and precautions. Plutonium is a very dangerous radiological hazard. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the unintentional formation of a critical mass. Plutonium in liquid solution is more likely to become critical than solid plutonium. The shape of the mass must also be considered where criticality is concerned. Plutonium-239 is available to authorized users from the O.R.N.L. at a cost of about $4.80/mg (99.9%) plus packing costs. Polonium — (Poland, native country of Mme. Curie [1867–1934]), Po; at. wt. (209); at. no. 84; m.p. 254°C; b.p. 962°C; sp. gr. (alpha modification) 9.32; valence –2, 0, +2, +3(?), +4, and +6. Polonium was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898, while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblende from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. Polonium is also called Radium F. Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 µg of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium. In 1934, it was found that when natural bismuth (209Bi) was bombarded by neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. Polonium-210 is a low-melting, fairly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55°C. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. A milligram emits as many alpha particles as 5 g of radium. The energy released by its decay is so large (140 W/g) that a capsule containing about half a gram reaches a temperature above 500°C. The capsule also presents a contact gamma-ray dose rate of 0.012 Gy/h. A few curies (1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas. Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. Thirty-eight isotopes and isomers of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218. All are radioactive. Polonium-210 is the most readily available. Isotopes of mass 209 (half-life 102 years) and mass 208 (half-life 2.9 years) can be prepared by alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron, but these are expensive to produce. Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist. Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis. Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal. Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. It has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc.; however, beta sources are more commonly used and are less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. Polonium-210 is very dangerous to handle in even milligram or microgram amounts, and special equipment and strict control is necessary. Damage arises from the complete absorption of the energy of the alpha particle into tissue. The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 µCi, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 × 10–12 g. Weight for weight it is about 2.5 × 1011 times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid. The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 × 1011 µCi/cm3. Polonium-209 is available on special order from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of $3600/µCi plus packing costs.. Potassium — (English, potash — pot ashes; L. kalium, Arab. qali, alkali), K; at. wt. 39.0983(1); at. no. 19; m.p. 63.38°C; b.p. 759°C; sp. gr. 0.862 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis. The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth’s crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty. Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 1000 m in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years. Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium. The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and it is found in most soils. Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na). It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and should be preserved in a mineral oil. As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames. Twenty one isotopes, one of which is an isomer, of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40K (0.0117%), a radioactive isotope with a halflife of 1.26 × 109 years. The radioactivity presents no appreciable hazard. An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate. Metallic potassium is available commercially for about $1200/kg (98% purity) or $55/g (99.95% purity). Praseodymium — (Gr. prasios, green, and didymos, twin), Pr; at. wt. 140.90765(2); at. no. 59; m.p. 931°C; b.p. 3520°C; sp. gr. 6.773; valence 3. In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria, from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite. Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spectral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide. The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of minerals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the rare earths and the cost has dropped greatly in the past few years. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Praseodymium can be prepared by several methods, such as by calcium reduction of the anhydrous chloride of fluoride. Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that spalls off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3, are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when mixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welder’s goggles. The metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about $5/g. Promethium — (Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven), Pm; at. no. 61; at. wt. (145); m.p. 1042°C; b.p. 3000°C (est.); sp. gr. 7.264 (25°C); valence 3. In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. Unsuccessful searches were made for this predicted element over two decades, and various investigators proposed the names “illinium”, “florentium”, and “cyclonium” for this element. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, resp., and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of element 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical identification by use of ionexchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium. These investigators named the newly discovered element. Searches for the element on earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is completely missing from the earth’s crust. Promethium, however, has been reported to be in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star’s surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of promethium, with atomic masses from 130 to 158 are now known. Promethium-145,with a half-life of 17.7 years, is the most useful. Promethium-145 has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g. It is a soft beta emitter; although no gamma rays are emitted, X-radiation can be generated when beta particles impinge on elements of a high atomic number, and great care must be taken in handling it. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to their high radioactivity. Ion-exchange methods led to the preparation of about 10 g of promethium from atomic reactor fuel processing wastes in early 1963. Little is yet generally known about the properties of metallic promethium. Two allotropic modifications exist. The element has applications as a beta source for thickness gages, and it can be absorbed by a phosphor to produce light. Light produced in this manner can be used for signs or signals that require dependable operation; it can be used as a nuclear-powered battery by capturing light in photocells which convert it into electric current. Such a battery, using 147Pm, would have a useful life of about 5 years. It is being used for fluorescent lighting starters and coatings for self-luminous watch dials. Promethium shows promise as a portable X-ray source, and it may become useful as a heat source to provide auxiliary power for space probes and satellites. More than 30 promethium compounds have been prepared. Most are colored. Promethium-147 is available upon special order from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, or from the Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA. Protactinium — (Gr. protos, first), Pa; at. wt. 231.03588(2); at. no. 91; m.p. 1572°C; sp. gr. 15.37 (calc.); valence 4 or 5. The first isotope of element 91 to be discovered was 234Pa, also known as UX2, a short-lived member of the naturally occurring 238U decay series. It was identified by K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring in 1913 and they named the new element brevium. When the longer-lived isotope 231Pa was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted as being more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope. Soddy, Cranson, and Fleck were also active in this work. The name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium in 1949. In 1927, Grosse prepared 2 mg of a white powder, which was shown to be Pa2O5. Later, in 1934, from 0.1 g of pure Pa2O5 he isolated the element by two methods, one of which was by converting the oxide to an iodide and “cracking” it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction 2 PaI 5 → 2 Pa + 5I 2
Protactinium has a bright metallic luster which it retains for some time in air. The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part 231Pa to 10 million of ore. Ores from Congo-Kinshasa have about 3 ppm. Protactinium has twenty-eight isotopes and isomers, the most common of which is 231Pr with a half-life of 32,500 years. A number of protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. The element is superconductive below 1.4 K. The element is a dangerous toxic material and requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium. In 1959 and 1961, it was announced that the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted by a 12-stage process 125 g of 99.9% protactinium, the world’s only stock of the metal for many years to come. The extraction was made from 60 tons of waste material at a cost of about $500,000. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. Radium — (L. radius, ray), Ra; at. wt. (226); at. no. 88; m.p. 700°C; sp. gr. 5; valence 2. Radium was discovered in 1898 by M. and Mme. Curie in the pitchblende or uraninite of North Bohemia (Czech Republic), where it occurs. There is about 1 g of radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. The element was isolated in 1911 by Mme. Curie and Debierne by the electrolysis of a solution of pure radium chloride, employing a mercury cathode; on distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen this amalgam yielded the pure metal. Originally, radium was obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found at Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The carnotite sands of Colorado furnish some radium, but richer ores are found in the Republic of Congo-Kinshasa and the
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Great Bear Lake region of Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals, and could be extracted, if desired, from the extensive wastes of uranium processing. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and elsewhere. Radium is obtained commercially as the bromide or chloride; it is doubtful if any appreciable stock of the isolated element now exists. The pure metal is brilliant white when freshly prepared, but blackens on exposure to air, probably due to formation of the nitride. It exhibits luminescence, as do its salts; it decomposes in water and is somewhat more volatile than barium. It is a member of the alkaline-earth group of metals. Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame. Radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays and when mixed with beryllium produce neutrons. One gram of 226Ra undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per s. The curie (Ci) is defined as that amount of radioactivity which has the same disintegration rate as 1 g of 226Ra. Thirty-six isotopes are now known; radium 226, the common isotope, has a half-life of 1599 years. One gram of radium produces about 0.0001 ml (stp) of emanation, or radon gas, per day. This is pumped from the radium and sealed in minute tubes, which are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. One gram of radium yields about 4186 kJ per year. Radium is used in producing self-luminous paints, neutron sources, and in medicine for the treatment of disease. Some of the more recently discovered radioisotopes, such as 60Co, are now being used in place of radium. Some of these sources are much more powerful, and others are safer to use. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight. Lead is a final product of disintegration. Stored radium should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon. Inhalation, injection, or body exposure to radium can cause cancer and other body disorders. The maximum permissible burden in the total body for 226Ra is 7400 becquerel. Radon — (from radium; called niton at first, L. nitens, shining), Rn; at. wt. (222); at. no. 86; m.p. –71°C; b.p. –61.7°C; tc 104°C; density of gas 9.73 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 4.4 at –62°C, solid 4; valence usually 0. The element was discovered in 1900 by Dorn, who called it radium emanation. In 1908 Ramsay and Gray, who named it niton, isolated the element and determined its density, finding it to be the heaviest known gas. It is essentially inert and occupies the last place in the zero group of gases in the Periodic Table. Since 1923, it has been called radon. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Radon-222, coming from radium, has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter; Radon-220, emanating naturally from thorium and called thoron, has a half-life of 55.6 s and is also an alpha emitter. Radon-219 emanates from actinium and is called actinon. It has a half-life of 3.96 s and is also on alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inch contains about 1 g of radium, which releases radon in tiny amounts to the atmosphere. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas. On the average, one part of radon is present to 1 × 1021 part of air. At ordinary temperatures radon is a colorless gas; when cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brilliant phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. It has been reported that fluorine reacts with radon, forming radon fluoride. Radon clathrates have also been reported. Radon is still produced for therapeutic use by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patients. This practice has now been largely discontinued as hospitals can order the seeds directly from suppliers, who make up the seeds with the desired activity for the day of use. Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its solid daughters, which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build-up of this element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air from radon in homes exceeds 4 pCi/l. Rhenium — (L. Rhenus, Rhine), Re; at. wt. 186.207(1); at. no. 75; m.p. 3186°C; b.p. 5596°C; sp. gr. 21.02 (20°C); valence –1, +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ores and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract 1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenite roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah. Some molybdenites contain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. It is estimated that in 1999 about 16,000 kg of rhenium was being produced. The total estimated world reserves of rhenium is 11,000,000 kg. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual commercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This produces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal. Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impart useful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rheniummolybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200°C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium has recently become especially important as a catalyst for petroleum refining and in making super-alloys for jet engines. Rhenium costs about $16/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with care until more data are available. Rhodium — (Gr. rhodon, rose), Rh; at. wt. 102.90550(3); at. no. 45; m.p. 1964°C; b.p. 3695°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two isotopes and isomers are now known. Soluble salts should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99.9%).
4-25
THE ELEMENTS (continued) Rubidium — (L. rubidus, deepest red), Rb; at. wt. 85.4678(3); at. no. 37; m.p. 39.31°C; b.p. 688°C; sp. gr. (solid) 1.532 (20°C), (liquid) 1.475 (39°C); valence 1, 2, 3, 4. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope. The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, carnallite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 × 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4. Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in “ion engines” for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications. The present cost in small quantities is about $80/g (99.8% pure). Ruthenium — (L. Ruthenia, Russia), Ru; at. wt. 101.07(2); at. no. 44, m.p. 2334°C; b.p. 4150°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann’s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found along with other platinum metals in small but commercial quantities in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite deposits of South Africa. Natural ruthenium contains seven isotopes. Twenty-eight other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. The metal is isolated commercially by a complex chemical process, the final stage of which is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, which yields a powder. The powder is consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidizes in air at about 800°C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution, it oxidizes explosively. It is attacked by halogens, hydroxides, etc. Ruthenium can be plated by electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. The metal is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is thought this may have application to removal of H2S from oil refining and other industrial processes. Compounds in at least eight oxidation states have been found, but of these, the +2. +3. and +4 states are the most common. Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic. In addition, it may explode. Ruthenium compounds show a marked resemblance to those of osmium. The metal is priced at about $30/g (99.95% pure). Rutherfordium — (named for Ernest Rutherford [1871–1937], New Zealand, Canadian, and British physicist); Rf; at. wt. [261]; at. no. 104. In 1964, workers of the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (Russia) bombarded plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neon ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, they detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. They suggested that this isotope, which has a half-life of 0.3 ± 0.1 s, might be 260104, produced by the following reaction: 242 Pu + 22 Ne→ 260 104 94 10
+ 4n
Element 104, the first transactinide element, is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of hafnium. It would, for example, form a relatively volatile compound with chlorine (a tetrachloride). The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identification, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for evaluation. New data, reportedly issued by Soviet scientists, have reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s. The Dubna scientists suggest the name kurchatovium and symbol Ku for Element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903—1960), late Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. The Dubna Group also has proposed the name dubnium for Element 104. In 1969, Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola of the University of California at Berkeley reported they had positively identified two, and possibly three, isotopes of Element 104. The group also indicated that after repeated attempts so far they have been unable to produce isotope 260104 reported by the Dubna groups in 1964. The discoveries at Berkeley were made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with 12C nuclei of 71 MeV, and 13C nuclei of 69 MeV. The combination of 12C with 249Cf followed by instant emission of four neutrons produced Element 257104. This isotope has a half-life of 4 to 5 s, decaying by emitting an alpha particle into 253No, with a half-life of 105 s. The same reaction, except with the emission of three neutrons, was thought to have produced 258104 with a half-life of about 1/100 s. Element 259104 is formed by the merging of a 13C nuclei with 249Cf, followed by emission of three neutrons. This isotope has a half-life of 3 to 4 s, and decays by emitting an alpha particle into 255No, which has a half-life of 185 s. Thousands of atoms of 257104 and 259104 have been detected. The Berkeley group believe their identification of 258104 was correct. Eleven isotopes of Element 104 have now been identified. The Berkeley group proposed for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest Rutherford. This name was formally adapted by IUPAC in August 1997.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Samarium — (Samarskite a mineral), Sm; at. wt. 150.36(3); at. no. 62; m.p. 1074°C; b.p. 1794°C; sp. gr (α) 7.520 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski. Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. The largest producer of rare earth minerals is now China, followed by the U.S., India, and Russia. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recent years. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with barium or lanthanum. Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. Thirty-three isotopes and isomers of samarium are now recognized. Natural samarium is a mixture of seven isotopes, three of which are unstable but have long half-lives. Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting for the motion picture industry. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystals for use in optical masers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. The metal is priced at about $3.50/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully. Scandium — (L. Scandia, Scandinavia), Sc; at. wt. 44.955910(8); at. no. 21; m.p. 1541°C; b.p. 2836°C; sp. gr. 2.989 (25°C); valence 3. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. Cleve later pointed out that Nilson’s scandium was identical with Mendeleev’s ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on earth. It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grieneisen, who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of conc. HNO3 and 48% HF. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of scandium are recognized. The metal is expensive, costing about $200/g with a purity of about 99.9%. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore, it should be handled with care. Seaborgium — (named for Glenn T. Seaborg [1912–1999], American chemist and nuclear physicist). Sg; at. wt. [263]; at no. 106. The discovery of Seaborgium, Element 106, took place in 1974 almost simultaneously at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The Berkeley Group, under direction of Ghiorso, used the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (Super HILAC) as a source of heavy 18O ions to bombard a 259-µg target of 249Cf. This resulted in the production and positive identification of 263106, which decayed with a halflife of 0.9 ± 0.2 s by the emission of alpha particles as follows: 263
α α α 106 → 259 104 → 255 No →.
The Dubna Team, directed by Flerov and Organessian, produced heavy ions of 54Cr with their 310-cm heavy-ion cyclotron to bombard 207Pb and 208Pb and found a product that decayed with a half-life of 7 ms. They assigned 259106 to this isotope. It is now thought seven isotopes of Seaborgium have been identified. Two of the isotopes are believed to have half-lives of about 30 s. Seaborgium most likely would have properties resembling tungsten. The IUPAC adopted the name Seaborgium in August 1997. Normally the naming of an element is not given until after the death of the person for which the element is named; however, in this case, it was named while Dr. Seaborg was still alive. Selenium — (Gr. Selene, moon), Se; at. wt. 78.96(3); at. no. 34; m.p. (gray) 221°C; b.p. (gray) 685°C; sp. gr. (gray) 4.79, (vitreous) 4.28; valence –2, +4, or +6. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium, named for the earth. Selenium is found in a few rare minerals, such as crooksite and clausthalite. In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode muds from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world’s selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting the muds with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter. Selenium exists in several allotropic forms. Three are generally recognized, but as many as six have been claimed. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red, in powder form, or black, in vitreous form. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray. Natural selenium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes and isomers have been characterized. The element is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur both in its various forms and in its compounds. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point selenium is a p-type semiconductor and is finding many uses in
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) electronic and solid-state applications. It is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc., but recently its use in this application has been decreasing in favor of certain organic compounds. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel. Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions. Hydrogen selenide in a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selenium occurs in some soils in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown in such soils. Selenium (99.5%) is priced at about $250/kg. It is also available in high-purity form at a cost of about $750/kg (99.999%). Silicon — (L. silex, silicis, flint), Si; at. wt. 28.0855(3); at. no. 14; m.p. 1414°C; b.p. 3265°C; sp. gr. 2.33 (25°C); valence 4. Davy in 1800 thought silica to be a compound and not an element; later in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, in 1824 succeeded in preparing amorphous silicon by the same general method as used earlier, but he purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of meteorites known as “aerolites”. It is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Natural silicon contains three isotopes. Twenty-four other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth’s crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the oxide appears. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals. Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Several other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. Crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and grayish color. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrogen atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process. This product can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silicon is a relatively inert element, but it is attacked by halogens and dilute alkali. Most acids except hydrofluoric, do not affect it. Silicones are important products of silicon. They may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted chlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95% of all wavelengths of infrared, from 1.3 to 6.7 µm. Silicon is one of man’s most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Glass can be made in a very great variety of shapes, and is used as containers, window glass, insulators, and thousands of other uses. Silicon tetrachloride can be used to iridize glass. Silicon is important in plant and animal life. Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract silica from the water to build up their cell walls. Silica is present in ashes of plants and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 Å. A remarkable material, first discovered in 1930, is Aerogel, developed and now used by NASA in their Stardust mission, which is expected to encounter Comet Wild 2 in 2004, returning cometary and interplanet dust to Earth in 2006. Aerogel is a highly insulative material that has the lowest density of any known solid. One form of Aerogel is 99.9% air and 0.1% SiO2, by volume. It is 1000 times less dense than glass. It has been called “blue smoke” or “solid smoke”. A block of Aerogel as large as a person may weigh less than a pound and yet support the weight of 1000 lbs (455 kg). This material is expected to trap cometary particles traveling at speeds of 32 km/sec. Aerogel is said to be non-toxic and non-inflammable. It has high thermal insulating qualities that could be used in home insulation. Its light weight may have aircraft applications. Regular grade silicon (99.5%) costs about $160/kg. Silicon (99.9999%) pure costs about $250/kg; hyperpure silicon is available at a higher cost. Miners, stonecutters, and other engaged in work where siliceous dust is breathed in large quantities often develop a serious lung disease known as silicosis. Silver — (Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor siolfur), Ag (L. argentum), at. wt. 107.8682(2); at. no. 47; m.p. 961.78°C; b.p. 2162°C; sp. gr. 10.50 (20°C); valence 1, 2. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilized
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu. The composition of the one- and five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollars are 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver. Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of December 1999, the price of silver was about $5.20/troy oz. (17¢/g); however the price has fluctuated considerably due to market instability. The price of silver in 1999 was only about five times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago. This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods. Also, silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography. Sodium — (English, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy), Na (L. natrium); at. wt. 22.989770(2); at. no. 11; m.p. 97.80°C; b.p. 883°C; sp. gr. 0.971 (20°C); valence 1. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth’s crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals of which it is a member. The most common compound is sodium chloride, but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, sodalite,etc. It is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water, decomposing it with the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C. Sodium should be handled with respect, as it can be dangerous when improperly handled. Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of sodamide and esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, to descale metal, to purify molten metals, and as a heat transfer agent. An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is also an important heat transfer agent. Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O). Seventeen isotopes of sodium are recognized. Metallic sodium is priced at about $130/kg (99.95%). On a volume basis, it is the cheapest of all metals. Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It should be kept in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided. Strontium — (Strontian, town in Scotland), Sr; at. wt. 87.62(1); at. no. 38; m.p. 777°C; b.p. 1382°C; sp. gr. 2.54; valence 2. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808; however, Adair Crawford in 1790 recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals (baryta). Strontium is found chiefly as celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3). Celestite is found in Mexico, Turkey, Iran, Spain, Algeria, and in the U.K. The U.S. has no active celestite mines. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540°C. Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380°C. It should be kept under mineral oil to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. Thirty-two other unstable isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed. The major use for strontium at present is in producing glass for color television picture tubes. All color TV and cathode ray tubes sold in the U.S. are required by law to contain strontium in the face plate glass to block X-ray emission. Strontium also improves the brilliance of the glass and the quality of the picture. It has also found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. It has been used as a gemstone, but it is very soft. It does not occur naturally. Strontium metal (99% pure) costs about $220/kg. Sulfur — (Sanskrit, sulvere; L. sulphurium), S; at. wt. 32.066(6); at. no. 16; m.p. 115.21°C; b.p. 444.60°C; tc 1041°C; sp. gr. (rhombic) 2.07, (monoclinic) 1.957 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone. Sulfur is found in meteorites. A dark area near the crater Aristarchus on the moon has been studied by R. W. Wood with ultraviolet light. This study suggests strongly that it is a sulfur deposit. Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, Epsom salts, celestite, barite,etc. Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. It is obtained from these wells by the Frasch process, which forces heated water into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface. Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur. New processes now permit recovery, and these sources promise to be very important. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood. Amorphous or “plastic” sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern. Twenty-one isotopes of sulfur are now recognized. Four occur in natural sulfur, none of which is radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur, is obtained by sublimation. Sulfur readily forms sulfides with many elements. Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively is making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical. It is used in making sulfite paper and other papers, as a fumigant, and in the bleaching of dried fruits. The element is a good electrical insulator. Organic compounds containing
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many other important compounds of sulfur. Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals. Carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide should be handled carefully. Hydrogen sulfide in small concentrations can be metabolized, but in higher concentrations it quickly can cause death by respiratory paralysis. It is insidious in that it quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulfur dioxide is a dangerous component in atmospheric air pollution. In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties. Tantalum — (Gr. Tantalos, mythological character, father of Niobe), Ta; at. wt. 180.9479(1); at. no. 73; m.p. 3017°C; b.p. 5458°C; sp. gr. 16.654; valence 2?, 3, 4?, or 5. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rose, in 1844, and Marignac, in1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)2O6. Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Congo-Kinshasa, Nigeria, and Canada. Separation of tantalum from niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including electrolysis of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Thirty four isotopes and isomers of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes, one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite composite material, which is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738°C. Tantalum has good “gettering” ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, and aircraft and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating metal. It has, therefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses. The metal has many other uses. The price of (99.9%) tantalum is about $2/g. Technetium — (Gr. technetos, artificial), Tc; at. wt. (98); at. no. 43; m.p. 2157°C; b.p. 4265°C; sp. gr. 11.50 (calc.); valence 0, +2, +4, +5, +6, and +7. Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Lawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial materials have been made without success. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. Forty-three isotopes and isomers of technetium, with atomic masses ranging from 86 to 113, are known. 97Tc has a half-life of 2.6 × 106 years. 98Tc has a half-life of 4.2 × 106 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with a half-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energetic gamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities. The metal was first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100°C over Tc2S7. It is now conveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Technetium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until 1960, technetium was available only in small amounts and the price was as high as $2800/g. 99Tc is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at a price of $83/g plus packing charges. 99Tc is available at a cost of $1.56/µCi. The chemistry of technetium is said to be similar to that of rhenium. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and conc. sulfuric acid, but is not soluble in hydrochloric acid of any strength. The element is a remarkable corrosion inhibitor for steel. It is reported that mild carbon steels may be effectively protected by as little as 55 ppm of KTcO4 in aerated distilled water at temperatures up to 250°C. This corrosion protection is limited to closed systems, since technetium is radioactive and must be confined. 99Tc has a specific activity of 6.2 × 108 Bq/g. Activity of this level must not be allowed to spread. 99Tc is a contamination hazard and should be handled in a glove box. The metal is an excellent superconductor at 11°K and below. Tellurium — (L. tellus, earth), Te; at. wt. 127.60(3); at. no. 52; m.p. 449.51°C; b.p. 988°C; sp. gr. 6.24 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798. Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from the anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element. Crystalline tellurium has a silverywhite appearance, and when pure exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a ptype semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flame, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop “tellurium breath,” which has a garlic-like odor. Forty two isotopes and isomers of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 106 to 138. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes, two of which are radioactive with very long halflives. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium catalysts are used in the oxidation of organic compounds and are used in hydrogenation and halogenation reactions. Tellurium is also used in electronic and semi-conductor devices. It is also used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Tellurium costs about 20¢/g, with a purity of about 99.5%. The metal with a purity of 99.9999% costs about $6/g. Terbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Tb; at. wt. 158.92534(2); at. no. 65; m.p. 1356°C; b.p. 3230°C; sp. gr. 8.230; valence 3, 4. Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or “rare earth” group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) a complex oxide containing 1% of more of terbia. Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion-exchange techniques for separating the rare-earth elements. As with other rare earths, it can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal in a tantalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting. Other methods of isolation are possible. Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289°C. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color. Sodium terbium borate is used as a laser material and emits coherent light at 0.546 µm. Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV tubes. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found. The element is priced at about $40/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of terbium. It should be handled with care as with other lanthanide elements. Thallium — (Gr. thallos, a green shoot or twig), Tl; at. wt. 204.3833(2); at. no. 81; m.p. 304°C; b.p. 1473°C; sp. gr. 11.85 (20°C); valence 1, or 3. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite. It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules, found on the ocean floor, contain thallium. When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray tinge, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydroxide is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. Forty-seven isotopes of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 179 to 210 are recognized. Natural thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dangerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man. Thallium sulfate has been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been prohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and this compound is used in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which become fluid between 125 and 150°C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited because of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits. A mercury-thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at –60°C, some 20° below the freezing point of mercury. Thallium metal (99.999%) costs about $2/g. Thorium — (Thor, Scandinavian god of war), Th; at. wt. 232.0381(1); at. no. 90; m.p. 1750°C; b.p. 4788°C; sp. gr. 11.72; valence +2(?), +3(?), +4. Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Thorium occurs in thorite (ThSiO4) and in thorianite (ThO2 + UO2). Large deposits of thorium minerals have been reported in New England and elsewhere, but these have not yet been exploited. Thorium is now thought to be about three times as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead or molybdenum. The metal is a source of nuclear power. There is probably more energy available for use from thorium in the minerals of the earth’s crust than from both uranium and fossil fuels. Any sizable demand for thorium as a nuclear fuel is still several years in the future. Work has been done in developing thorium cycle converter-reactor systems. Several prototypes, including the HTGR (hightemperature gas-cooled reactor) and MSRE (molten salt converter reactor experiment), have operated. While the HTGR reactors are efficient, they are not expected to become important commercially for many years because of certain operating difficulties. Thorium is recovered commercially from the mineral monazite, which contains from 3 to 9% ThO2 along with rare-earth minerals. Much of the internal heat the earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Several methods are available for producing thorium metal: it can be obtained by reducing thorium oxide with calcium, by electrolysis of anhydrous thorium chloride in a fused mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides, by calcium reduction of thorium tetrachloride mixed with anhydrous zinc chloride, and by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with an alkali metal. Thorium was originally assigned a position in Group IV of the periodic table. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. When pure, thorium is a silvery-white metal which is air-stable and retains its luster for several months. When contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming gray and finally black. The physical properties of thorium are greatly influenced by the degree of contamination with the oxide. The purest specimens often contain several tenths of a percent of the oxide. High-purity thorium has been made. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and can be cold-rolled, swaged, and drawn. Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1400°C from a cubic to a body-centered cubic structure. Thorium oxide has a melting point of 3300°C, which is the highest of all oxides. Only a few elements, such as tungsten, and a few compounds, such as tantalum carbide, have higher melting points. Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hydrochloric. Powdered thorium metal is often pyrophoric and should be carefully handled. When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. The principal use of thorium has been in the preparation of the Welsbach mantle, used for portable gas lights. These mantles, consisting of thorium oxide with about 1% cerium oxide and other ingredients, glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. Thorium is an important alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Because thorium has a low work-function and high electron emission, it is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is also used to control the grain size of tungsten used for electric lamps; it is also used for high-temperature laboratory crucibles. Glasses containing thorium oxide have a high refractive index and low dispersion. Consequently, they find application in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments. Thorium oxide has also found use as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking, and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium has not found many uses due to its radioactive nature and its handling and disposal problems. Thirty isotopes of thorium are known with atomic masses ranging from 210 to 237. All are unstable. 232Th occurs naturally and has a half-life of 1.4 × 1010 years. It is an alpha emitter. 232Th goes through six alpha and four beta decay steps before becoming the stable isotope 208Pb. 232Th is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in a few hours. Thorium disintegrates with the production of “thoron” (220Rn), which is an alpha emitter and presents a radiation hazard. Good ventilation of areas where thorium is stored or handled is therefore essential. Thorium metal (99.8%) costs about $25/g. Thulium — (Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia), Tm; at. wt. 168.93421(3); at. no. 69; m.p. 1545°C; b.p. 1950°C; sp. gr. 9.321 (25°C); valence 3. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently permitted
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) much easier separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost; in 1996 the oxide cost $20/g. Thulium metal powder now costs $70/g (99.9%). Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of the anhydrous fluoride. The pure metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but the metal should be protected from moisture in a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Forty-one isotopes and isomers are known, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable Xray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care. Tin — (anglo-Saxon, tin), Sn (L. stannum); at. wt. 118.710(7); at. no. 50; m.p. 231.93°C; b.p. 2602°C; sp. gr. (gray) 5.75, (white) 7.31; valence 2, 4. Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world’s supply comes from China, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and Colorado. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes; thirty-six unstable isotopes and isomers are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a “tin cry” is heard when a bar is bent. The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or α tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or β tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the α to β form is called the tin pest. Tin-lead alloys are used to make organ pipes. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food. Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride (SnCl2 · H2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process). Of recent interest is a crystalline tinniobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh but a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply. The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully. Over the past 25 years the price of commercial tin has varied from 50¢/lb ($1.10/kg) to its present price of about $9/kg as of December 1999. Titanium — (L. Titans, the first sons of the Earth, myth.), Ti; at. wt. 47.867(1); at. no. 22; m.p. 1668°C; b.p. 3287°C; sp. gr. 4.54; valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 by Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is present in meteorites and in the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2. Analyses of rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages. Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Deposits of ilmenite and rutile are found in Florida, California, Tennessee, and New York. Australia, Norway, Malaysia, India, and China are also large suppliers of titanium minerals. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is largely used for producing the metal today. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide. Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, moist chlorine gas, and chloride solutions. Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eighteen other unstable isotopes are known. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal α form changes to the cubic β form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C. Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water. Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert; however, titanium powder may be a carcinogenic hazard. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond. It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2. Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist’s paint, as it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor seeing conditions. Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens. The price of titanium metal (99.8%) is about $800/kg. Tungsten — (Swedish, tung sten, heavy stone); also known as wolfram (from wolframite, said to be named from wolf rahm or spumi lupi, because the ore interfered with the smelting of tin and was supposed to devour the tin), W; at. wt. 183.84(1); at. no. 74; m.p. 3422°C; b.p. 5555°C; sp. gr. 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found an acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten(tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, (Fe, Mn)WO4; scheelite, CaWO4; huebnerite, MnWO4; and ferberite, FeWO4. Important deposits of
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) tungsten occur in California, Colorado, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world’s tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Thirty two other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, and can be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals. Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy®, Stellite®, and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries.Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500°C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints. Zirconium tungstate has found recent applications (see under Zirconium). Tungsten powder (99.999%) costs about $2900/kg. Uranium — (Planet Uranus), U; at. wt. 238.0289(1); at. no. 92; m.p. 1135°C; b.p. 4131°C; sp. gr. ~18.95; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. The metal apparently was first isolated in 1841 by Peligot, who reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium. Uranium is not as rare as it was once thought. It is now considered to be more plentiful than mercury, antimony, silver, or cadmium, and is about as abundant as molybdenum or arsenic. It occurs in numerous minerals such as pitchblende, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, davidite, and tobernite. It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, monazite sands, and can be recovered commercially from these sources. Large deposits of uranium ore occur in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, and elsewhere. Uranium can be made by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament. Uranium exhibits three crystallographic modifications as follows: °C °C α 688 → β 776 →γ
Uranium is a heavy, silvery-white metal which is pyrophoric when finely divided. It is a little softer than steel, and is attacked by cold water in a finely divided state. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. In air, the metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Acids dissolve the metal, but it is unaffected by alkalis. Uranium has twenty three isotopes, one of which is an isomer and all of which are radioactive. Naturally occurring uranium contains 99.2745% by weight 238U, 0.720% 235U, and 0.0055% 234U. Studies show that the percentage weight of 235U in natural uranium varies by as much as 0.1%, depending on the source. The U.S.D.O.E. has adopted the value of 0.711 as being their “official” percentage of 235U in natural uranium. Natural uranium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in an hour or so. Much of the internal heat of the earth is thought to be attributable to the presence of uranium and thorium. 238U with a half-life of 4.46 × 109 years, has been used to estimate the age of igneous rocks. The origin of uranium, the highest member of the naturally occurring elements — except perhaps for traces of neptunium or plutonium — is not clearly understood, although it has been thought that uranium might be a decay product of elements of higher atomic weight, which may have once been present on earth or elsewhere in the universe. These original elements may have been formed as a result of a primordial “creation,” known as “the big bang,” in a supernova, or in some other stellar processes. The fact that recent studies show that most trans-uranic elements are extremely rare with very short half-lives indicates that it may be necessary to find some alternative explanation for the very large quantities of radioactive uranium we find on earth. Studies of meteorites from other parts of the solar system show a relatively low radioactive content, compared to terrestrial rocks. Uranium is of great importance as a nuclear fuel. 238U can be converted into fissionable plutonium by the following reactions: 238
U( n, γ )→ 239 U β→ 239 Np β→ 239 Pu
This nuclear conversion can be brought about in “breeder” reactors where it is possible to produce more new fissionable material than the fissionable material used in maintaining the chain reaction. 235U is of even greater importance, for it is the key to the utilization of uranium. 235U, while occurring in natural uranium to the extent of only 0.72%, is so fissionable with slow neutrons that a self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be made to occur in a reactor constructed from natural uranium and a suitable moderator, such as heavy water or graphite, alone. 235U can be concentrated by gaseous diffusion and other physical processes, if desired, and used directly as a nuclear fuel, instead of natural uranium, or used as an explosive. Natural uranium, slightly enriched with 235U by a small percentage, is used to fuel nuclear power reactors for the generation of electricity. Natural thorium can be irradiated with neutrons as follows to produce the important isotope 233U. 232
Th( n, γ )→ 233 Th β→ 233 Pa β→ 233 U
While thorium itself is not fissionable, 233U is, and in this way may be used as a nuclear fuel. One pound of completely fissioned uranium has the fuel value of over 1500 tons of coal. The uses of nuclear fuels to generate electrical power, to make isotopes for peaceful purposes, and to make explosives are well known. The estimated world-wide production of the 437 nuclear power reactors in operation in 1998 amounted to about 352,000 Megawatt hours. In 1998 the U.S. had about 107 commercial reactors with an output of about 100,000 Megawatt-hours. Some nuclear-powered electric generating plants have recently been closed because of safety concerns. There are also serious problems with nuclear waste disposal that have not been completely resolved. Uranium in the U.S.A. is controlled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under the Department of Energy. Uses are being found for the large quantities of “depleted” uranium, now available, where uranium-235 has been lowered to about 0.2%. Depleted uranium has been used for inertial guidance devices, gyrocompasses, counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, ballast for missile reentry vehicles, and as a shielding material for tanks, etc. Concerns, however, have been raised over its low radioactive properties. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets for production
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) of high-energy X-rays. The nitrate has been used as photographic toner, and the acetate is used in analytical chemistry. Crystals of uranium nitrate are triboluminescent. Uranium salts have also been used for producing yellow “vaseline” glass and glazes. Uranium and its compounds are highly toxic, both from a chemical and radiological standpoint. Finely divided uranium metal, being pyrophoric, presents a fire hazard. The maximum permissible total body burden of natural uranium (based on radiotoxicity) is 0.2 µCi for soluble compounds. Recently, the natural presence of uranium and thorium in many soils has become of concern to homeowners because of the generation of radon and its daughters (see under Radon). Uranium metal is available commercially at a cost of about $6/g (99.7%) in air-tight glass under argon. Unilnilium, Unnilbium, etc. — See under the opening paragraphs of this article and also under Elements 110 to 118. Vanadium — (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis), V; at. wt. 50.9415(1); at. no. 23; m.p. 1910°C; b.p. 3407°C; sp. gr. 6.11 (18.7°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 5. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared del Rio’s new element was only impure chromium; del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemist’s statement. The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1927. Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites. Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. China, South Africa, and Russia supply much of the world’s vanadium ores. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures. Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybolt. Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.25%) and 51V (99.75%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a long half-life. Twenty other unstable isotopes are recognized. Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C. The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant, spring, and highspeed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst. It is also used in producing a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss. Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. Ductile vanadium is commercially available. Vanadium metal (99.7%) costs about $3/g. Wolfram — see Tungsten. Xenon — (Gr. xenon, stranger), Xe; at. wt. 131.29(2); at. no. 54; m.p. –111.79°C; b.p. –108.12°C; tc 16.62°C; density (gas) 5.887 ± 0.009 g/l, sp. gr (liquid) 3.52 (–109°C); valence usually 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898 in the residue left after evaporating liquid air components. Xenon is a member of the so-called noble or “inert” gases. It is present in the atmosphere to the extent of about one part in twenty million. Xenon is present in the Martian atmosphere to the extent of 0.08 ppm. The element is found in the gases evolved from certain mineral springs, and is commercially obtained by extraction from liquid air. Natural xenon is composed of nine stable isotopes. In addition to these, thirty five unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Before 1962, it had generally been assumed that xenon and other noble gases were unable to form compounds. Evidence has been mounting in the past few years that xenon, as well as other members of the zero valence elements, do form compounds. Among the “compounds” of xenon now reported are xenon hydrate, sodium perxenate, xenon deuterate, difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, and XePtF6 and XeRhF6. Xenon trioxide, which is highly explosive, has been prepared. More than 80 xenon compounds have been made with xenon chemically bonded to fluorine and oxygen. Some xenon compounds are colored. Metallic xenon has been produced, using several hundred kilobars of pressure. Xenon in a vacuum tube produces a beautiful blue glow when excited by an electrical discharge. The gas is used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. Xenon is used in the atomic energy field in bubble chambers, probes, and other applications where its high molecular weight is of value. The perxenates are used in analytical chemistry as oxidizing agents. 133Xe and 135Xe are produced by neutron irradiation in air cooled nuclear reactors. 133Xe has useful applications as a radioisotope. The element is available in sealed glass containers for about $20/l of gas at standard pressure. Xenon is not toxic, but its compounds are highly toxic because of their strong oxidizing characteristics. Ytterbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Yb; at. wt. 173.04(3); at. no. 70; m.p. 819°C; b.p. 1196°C; sp. gr (α) 6.903 (β) 6.966; valence 2, 3. Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand, which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another. The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium trichloride with potassium. Their metal was mixed, however, with KCl. Daane, Dennison, and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of the element could be determined. Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. While the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at –13° and 795°C. The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased above 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 80% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Twenty six other unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source as a substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. Ytterbium metal is available with a purity of about 99.99% for about $20/g. Ytterbium has a low acute toxic rating, but may present a carcinogenic hazard. Yttrium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden near Vauxholm), Y; at. wt. 88.90585(2); at. no. 39; m.p. 1522°C; b.p. 3345°C; sp. gr. 4.469 (25°C); valence 3. Yttria, which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusually minerals
4-34
THE ELEMENTS (continued) containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium. In 1843 Mosander showed that yttria could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia. Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content. It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques. Yttrium has a silvermetallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C, and finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air. Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application. Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond). Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of atomic explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. Yttrium is also finding application in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization.It has also potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass. Natural yttrium contains but one isotope, 89Y. Fortythree other unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about $3/g. Zinc — (Ger. Zink, of obscure origin), Zn; at. wt. 65.39(2); at. no. 30; m.p. 419.53°C; b.p. 907°C; sp. gr. 7.133 (25°C); valence 2. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is mentioned as being an “instructor in every artificer in brass and iron.” An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite or blende (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). Canada, Japan, Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands are suppliers of zinc ores. Zinc is also mined in Alaska, Tennessee, Missouri, and elsewhere in the U.S. Zinc can be obtained by roasting its ores to form the oxide and by reduction of the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. Other methods of extraction are possible. Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Twenty-five other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal®, consisting of 78% zinc and 22% aluminum is reported to be almost as strong as steel but as easy to mold as plastic. It is said to be so plastic that it can be molded into form by relatively inexpensive die casts made of ceramics and cement. It exhibits superplasticity. Zinc is also extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35 K. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material to modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not yet been fully investigated. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights. The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50% more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as the oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided. The commercial price of zinc was roughly 60¢/lb ($1.30 kg). Zinc metal with a purity of 99.9999% is priced at about $6/g. Zirconium — (Syriac, zargun, color of gold), Zr; at. wt. 91.224(2); at. no. 40; m.p. 1855°C; b.p. 4409°C; sp. gr. 6.506 (20°C); valence +2, +3, and +4. The name zircon may have originated from the Syriac word zargono, which describes the color of certain gemstones now known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure.This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. These minerals were not known to contain this element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Sri Lanka and found a new earth, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and Klaproth called Zirkonerde (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small iron tube. Pure zirconium was first prepared in 1914. Very pure zirconium was first produced in 1925 by van Arkel and de Boer by an iodide decomposition process they developed. Zirconium is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analyses of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestial rocks. Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Thirty-one other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is found in deposits in Florida, South Carolina, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere. Baddeleyite, found in Brazil, is an important zirconium mineral. It is principally pure ZrO2in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of the chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult. Commercial-grade zirconium contains from 1 to 3% hafnium. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Commercial nuclear power generation now takes more than 90% of zirconium metal production. Reactors of the size now being made may use as much as a half-million lineal feet of zirconium alloy tubing. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy® is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. It is used extensively by the chemical
4-35
THE ELEMENTS (continued) industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed. Zirconium tungstate is an unusual material that shrinks, rather than expands, when heated. While this compound has been known for more than 30 years, it is only now that it is being studied to determine the nature of this unusual behavior. A few other compounds are known to possess this property, but they tend to shrink in one direction, while they stretch out in others in order to maintain an overall volume. Zirconium tungstate shrinks in all directions over a wide temperature range of from near absolute zero to +777°C. This material is being considered for use in very small computer chips, which are subject to severe temperature changes. It is also being considered for use in composite materials where thermal expansion may be a problem. Zirconium of about 99.5% purity is available at a cost of about $2100/kg or about $3/g.
4-36
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illustrating trends in the variation of physical properties with position in the periodic table. An effort has been made to include the most frequently encountered inorganic substances; organometallics are not covered, with the exception of metal salts of organic acids. Many, if not most, of the compounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more than one crystalline modification. The information given here applies to the most stable or common crystalline form. In cases where two or more forms are of practical importance, separate entries will be found in the table. In the default listing, the compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the most commonly used name. However, adjustments are made in many instances in order to bring closely related compounds together. For example, hydrides of elements such as boron, silicon, and germanium are grouped together immediately following the entry for the parent element, since they would otherwise be scattered throughout the table. Likewise, the oxoacids of an element are given in one group when a strict alphabetical order would separate them (e.g., sulfuric acid and fluorosulfuric acid). The data fields in the table are described below. • • •
•
•
• •
Name: Systematic name for the substance. The valence state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, e.g., copper in the +2 state is written as copper(II) rather than cupric. Synonym: Another name in common use. Formula: The formula as most commonly written (generally, not in Hill order). The formula given does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the compound. For example, aluminum chloride is designated as AlCl3, even though a more accurate representation of the structure in the solid phase (and, under some conditions, in the gas phase) is Al2Cl6. A few exceptions are made, such as the use of Hg2+2 for the mercury(I) ion. CAS Reg. No.: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. An asterisk* following the CAS RN for a hydrate indicates that the number refers to the anhydrous compound. In most cases the generic CAS RN for the compound is given rather than the number for a specific crystalline form or mineral. Mol. Wt.: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 1997 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights. The number of decimal places corresponds to the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accurately known element (e.g., one place for lead compounds, two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc.); a maximum of three places is given. For compounds of radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recommendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest half-life is used, and the result is rounded to the nearest integer. Physical Form: The crystal system is given, when available, for compounds that are solid at room temperature, together with color and other descriptive features. mp: Normal melting point in °C. The notation “tp” indicates the temperature where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i.e., the normal melting point does not exist). When available, the triple point pressure is listed.
•
• • •
bp: Normal boiling point in °C (referred to 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg pressure). The notation “sp” following the number indicates the temperature where the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches 101.325 kPa. See Reference 8, p. 23, for further discussion of sublimation points and triple points. A notation “sub” without a temperature being given indicates that there is a perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambient temperatures. ρ: Density. Values for solids and liquids are given in g/cm3 and can be assumed to refer to temperatures near room temperature unless otherwise stated. Values for gases are the calculated ideal gas densities in g/L at 25°C and 101.325 kPa. Sol. Aqueous solubility expressed as the number of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydration) that will dissolve in 100 g of water. The temperature in °C is given as a superscript. Qualitative Sol: Qualitative information on the solubility in various solvents is given. The abbreviations are: i insoluble sl slightly soluble s soluble vs very soluble reac reacts LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Ac ace acid alk amorp anh aq blk brn bz chl col conc cry cub cyhex dec dil diox eth EtOH exp flam
acetyl acetone acid solutions alkaline solutions amorphous anhydrous aqueous black brown benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals, crystalline cubic cyclohexane decomposes dilute dioxane ethyl ether ethanol explodes, explosive flammable
gl grn hc hex hp hex hyd hyg i liq MeOH mono octahed oran orth os peth pow prec pur py reac refrac rhom s silv sl soln sp stab subl temp tetr thf tol tp trans tricl trig unstab viol visc vs wh xyl yel
glass, glassy green hydrocarbon solvents hexagonal heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble in liquid methanol monoclinic octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents petroleum ether powder precipitate purple pyridine reacts with refractory rhombohedral soluble in silvery slightly soluble in solution sublimation point stable sublimes temperature tetragonal tetrahydrofuran toluene triple point transition, transformation triclinic trigonal unstable violet viscous very soluble in white xylene yellow
REFERENCES 1. Phillips, S. L., and Perry, D.L., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 2. Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. 4. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 5. GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N.; JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985; Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998. 7. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 8. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 9. Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985. 10. Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992. 11. Massalski, T. B., ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. 12. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 13. Deer, W. A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 14. Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 15. Dinsdale, A.T., "SGTE Data for Pure Elements", CALPHAD, 15, 317-425, 1991. 16. Madelung, O., Semiconductors: Group IV Elements and III-IV Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. 17. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 18. Lidin, R. A., Andreeva, L. L., and Molochko, V. A., Constants of Inorganic Substances, Begell House, New York, 1995. 19. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 20. The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM, Chapman & Hall / CRC Press, Boca Raton & London, 2000.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. Table 1 Data for the Trivalent Ions of the Rare Earth Elements Electronic configuration for R3+ Rare earth
Symbol
Scandium Yttrium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Atomic no. 21 39 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Atomic wt.a
No. 4f electrons
44.955910 88.90585 138.9055 140.115 140.90765 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967
0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
S
L
J
Spectroscopic ground state symbol
— — — 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2 —
— — — 3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3 —
— — — 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2 —
— — — 2F 5/2 3H 4 4I 9/2 5I 4 6H 5/2 7F 0 8S 7/2 7F 6 6H 15/2 5I 8 4I 15/2 3H 6 2F 7/2 —
Note: For additional information, see Goldschmidt, Z.B., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978; DeLaeter, J.R., and Heumann, K.G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1313 , 1991; Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2423, 1994.
a
1993 standard atomic weights.
Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below Rare earth metal αSc αY αLa αCeb βCe γCec αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tbe αTb α′Dyf αDy Ho
Crystal structurea hcp hcp dhcp fcc dhcp fcc dhcp dhcp dhcp rhombd bcc hcp ortho hcp ortho hcp hcp
ao 3.3088 3.6482 3.7740 4.85b 3.6810 5.1610 3.6721 3.6582 3.65 3.6290d 4.5827 3.6336 3.605e 3.6055 3.595f 3.5915 3.5778
Lattice constants(Å) bo — — — — — — — — — — — — 6.244e — 6.184f — —
co 5.2680 5.7318 12.171 — 11.857 — 11.8326 11.7966 11.65 26.207 — 5.7810 5.706e 5.6966 5.678f 5.6501 5.6178
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Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å)
Atomic volume (cm3/mol)
Density (g/cm3)
1.6406 1.8012 1.8791 1.72b 1.8321 1.8247 1.8279 1.8214 1.811 1.8041 2.0418 1.8013 1.784e 1.7833 1.774f 1.7740 1.7661
15.039 19.893 22.602 17.2b 20.947 20.696 20.803 20.583 20.24 20.000 28.979 19.903 19.34e 19.310 19.00f 19.004 18.752
2.989 4.469 6.146 8.16b 6.689 6.770 6.773 7.008 7.264 7.520 5.244 7.901 8.219e 8.230 8.551f 8.551 8.795
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below (continued) Rare earth metal Er Tm αYbg βYb Lu
Crystal structurea
Lattice constants(Å) bo
ao
hcp hcp hcp fcc hcp
3.5592 3.5375 3.8799g 5.4848 3.5052
— — — — —
co 5.5850 5.5540 6.3859g — 5.5494
Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å)
Atomic volume (cm3/mol)
Density (g/cm3)
1.7566 1.7462 1.9451g 1.9392 1.7349
18.449 18.124 25.067g 24.841 17.779
9.066 9.321 6.903g 6.966 9.841
Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 1996, to be published. a
b c d d f g
hcp = hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP2, A3, Mg-type; dhcp = double-c hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP4, A3′, αLa-type; fcc = facecentered cubic; Fm3m, cF4, A1, Cu-type; rhomb = rhombohedral; R3m, hR3, αSm-type; bcc = body-centered cubic; Im3m, cI2, A2, W-type; ortho = orthorhombic; Cmcm, oC4, α′ Dy-type. At 77 K (–196°C). Equilibrium room temperature (standard state) phase. Rhombohedral is the primitive cell. Lattice parameters given are for the nonprimitive hexagonal cell. At 220 K (–53°C). At 86 K (–187°C). At 23°C.
Table 3 Crystallographic Data for Rare Earth Metals at High Temperature Rare earth metal
Structure
βSc βY βLa γLa δCe βPr βNd βPm βSm
bcc bcc fcc bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc hcp
γSm βGd βTb βDy γYb
bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc
Lattice parameter (Å) 3.73 (est.) 4.10a 5.303 4.26 4.12 4.13 4.13 4.10 (est.) a = 3.6630 c = 5.8448 4.10 (est.) 4.06 4.07a 4.03a 4.44
Metallic radius CN = 8 CN = 12 (Å) (Å)
Temp. (°C)
Atomic volume (cm3/mol)
Density (g/cm3)
1337 1478 325 887 757 821 883 890 450b
1.62 1.78 — 1.84 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.78 —
1.66 1.83 1.875 1.90 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.83 1.8176
15.6 20.8 22.45 23.3 21.1 21.2 21.2 20.8 20.450
2.88 4.28 6.187 5.97 6.65 6.64 6.80 6.99 7.353
922 1265 1289 1381 763c
1.77 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.92
1.82 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.98
20.8 20.2 20.3 19.7 26.4
7.25 7.80 7.82 8.23 6.57
Note: The rare earths Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu are monomorphic. For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986, 1. a
b c
Determined by extrapolation to 0% solute of a vs. composition data for R-Mg alloys at 24°C and corrected for thermal expansion to temperature given. The hcp phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4). The bcc phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4).
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 4 High Temperature Transition Temperatures and Melting Point of Rare Earth Metals
Transition I (α – β)a
Rare earth metal
Temp. (°C)
Sc Y Lab Cec,d Pr Nd Pm Sme Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Transition II (β – γ)a Temp. (C°)
Phases
1337 1478 310 139 795 863 890 734 — 1235 1289 1381 — — — 795 —
hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc dhcp → fcc dhcp → fcc (β - γ) dhcp 1 bcc dhcp 1 bcc dhcp 1 bcc rhom → hcp — hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc — — — fcc 1 bcc (β - γ) —
— — 865 726 — — — 922 — — — — — — — — —
Melting point (C°)
Phases — — fcc 1 bcc fcc 1 bcc (γ - δ) — — — hcp 1 bcc — — — — — — — — —
1541 1522 918 798 931 1021 1042 1074 822 1313 1356 1412 1474 1529 1545 819 1663
Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a b c d e
For all the transformations listed, unless otherwise noted. On cooling, fcc → dhcp (β → α), 260°C. The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C. On cooling, fcc → dhcp (γ → β), –16°C. On cooling, hcp → rhomb (β → α), 727°C.
Table 5 Low Temperature Transition Temperatures of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Ce
Tb Dy Yb
Cooling Transformation
°C
K
γ → βa γ→α β→α α → α′ α→ α′ β→α
–16 –172 –228 –53 –187 –13
257 101 45 220 86 260
Rare earth metal Ce
Yb
Heating Transformation α→β α→β+γ β → γa α→β
°C
K
–148 –104 139 7
125 169 412 280
Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. Koskenmaki, D.C. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., 1978, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 337. Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a
The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C (283 ± 5K).
4-114
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 6 Heat Capacity, Standard Entropy, Heats of Transformation, and Fusion of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal
Heat capacity at 298 K (J/mol K)
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
25.5 26.5 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.3a 29.5 27.7 37.0 28.9 27.7 27.2 28.1 27.0 26.7 26.9
Standard entropy S°298 (J/mol K)
trans. 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 β 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 — α 1 α 1 α 1 — — — β 1 —
34.6 44.4 56.9 72.0 73.2 71.5 71.6a 69.6 77.8 68.1 73.2 75.6 75.3 73.2 74.0 59.9 51.0
Heat of transformation (kJ/mol) ∆Htr1 trans. 2
β β β γ β β β β
4.00 4.99 0.36 0.05 3.17 3.03 3.0a 0.2a — 3.91 5.02 4.16 — — — 1.75 —
β β β
γ
Heat of fusion (kJ/mol)
∆Htr2
— — β 1 γ γ 1 δ — — — β 1 γ — — — — — — — — —
— — 3.12 2.99 — — — 3.11 — — — — — — — — —
14.1 11.4 6.20 5.46 6.89 7.14 7.7a 8.62 9.21 10.0 10.79 11.06 17.0a 19.9 16.8 7.66 22a
Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973; Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R.L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl 2, 1982; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983. a
Estimated.
Table 7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Heats of Sublimation of Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal
10–8 atm (0.001 Pa)
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
1036 1222 1301 1290 1083 955 — 508 399 1167 1124 804 845 908 599 301 1241
Temperature in °Ca for a vapor pressure of 10–6 atm 10–4 atm (0.101 Pa) (10.1Pa) 1243 1460 1566 1554 1333 1175 — 642 515 1408 1354 988 1036 1113 748 400 1483
1533 1812 1938 1926 1701 1500 — 835 685 1760 1698 1252 1313 1405 964 541 1832
10–2 atm (1013 Pa) 1999 2360 2506 2487 2305 2029 — 1150 964 2306 2237 1685 1771 1896 1300 776 2387
Boiling pointa (°C) 2836 3345 3464 3443 3520 3074 3000b 1794 1529 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1196 3402
Heat of sublimation at 25°C (kJ/mol) 377.8 424.7 431.0 422.6 355.6 327.6 348b 206.7 175.3 397.5 388.7 290.4 300.8 317.1 232.2 152.1 427.6
Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973 and Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. a b
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) values. Estimated.
4-115
Table 8 Magnetic Properties of the Rare Earth Metals χA × 106 at 298 K (emu/mol)
αSc αY αLa βLa γCe βCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb α′Tb αDy α′Dy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu
295.2 187.7 95.9 105 2,270 2,500 5,530 5,930 — 1,278d 30,900 185,000e 170,000 — 98,000 — 72,900 48,000 24,700 67d 182.9
Effective magnetic moment Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic at ~298 K at ~0 K Obs. Theoryb Obs. Theorya — — — — 2.54 2.54 3.58 3.62 2.68 0.85 7.94 7.94 9.72 — 10.64 — 10.60 9.58 7.56 — —
— — — — 2.52 2.61 3.56 3.45 — 1.74 8.48 7.98 9.77 — 10.83 — 11.2 9.9 7.61 — —
— — — — 2.14 2.14 3.20 3.27 2.40 0.71 7.0 7.0 — 9.0 — 10.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 — —
— — — — — — 2.7c 2.2c — 0.5c 5.9 7.63 — 9.34 — 10.33 10.34 9.1 7.14 — —
Easy axis — — — — — — a b — a <110> 30° to c — b — a b 30° to c c — —
Néel temp. TN (K) Hex Cubic sites sites
Curie temp. TC (K)
— — — — — 13.7 0.03 19.9 — 109 — — 230.0 — 180.2 — 132 85 58 — —
— — — — — — — — — — — 293.4 — 219.5 — 90.5g 19.5 18.7 32.0 — —
— — — — 14.4 12.5 — 7.5 — 14.0 90.4 — — — — — — — — — —
θp (K) |c — — — — — — — 0 — — — 317 195 — 121 — 73.0 61.7 41.0 — —
⊥c — — — — — — — 5 — — — 317 239 — 169 — 88.0 32.5 –17.0 — —
Polycryst. or avg. — — — – –50 –41 0 3.3 — — 100 317 224 — 153 — 83.0 42.2 2.3 — —
Note: For additional information, see McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411 and Legvold, S., in Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Wohlfarth, E.P., Ed., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1980, 183; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., 1996, to be published; Steward, A.M. and Collocott, S.J., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1, 677, 1988. a b c d e g
g[J(J + 1)]1/2. gJ. At 38 T and 4.2 K. At 290 K. At 350 K. On cooling TC = 89.6 K and on warming TC = 91.5 K.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)
4-116
Rare earth metal
Table 9 Room Temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Resistance, and Hall Coefficient
αa
αSc αY aLa bCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu
7.6 6.0 4.5 — 6.3 4.5 7.6 9b 9.6 35.0 9.1c 9.3 7.1 7.0 7.9 8.8 26.3 4.8
Expansion αi × 106) (°C–1) αc αpoly 15.3 19.7 27.2 — — 11.2 13.5 16b 19.0 — 10.0c 12.4 15.6 19.5 20.9 22.2 — 20.0
10.2 10.6 12.1 — 6.3 6.7 9.6 11b 12.7 35.0 9.4c 10.3 9.9 11.2 12.2 13.3 26.3 9.9
Thermal conductivity (W/cm-K) 0.158 0.172 0.134 — 0.113 0.125 0.165 0.15b 0.133 0.139b 0.105 0.111 0.107 0.162 0.145 0.169 0.385 0.164
ρa
Electrical resistance (µΩ⋅cm) ρc
70.9 72.5 — — — — — — — — 135.1 123.5 111.0 101.5 94.5 88.0 — 76.6
26.9 35.5 — — — — — — — — 121.7 101.5 76.6 60.5 60.3 47.2 — 34.7
ρpoly 56.2a 59.6 61.5 82.8 74.4 70.0 64.3 75b 94.0 90.0 131.0 115.0 92.6 81.4 86.0 67.6 25.0 58.2
Ra
Hall coefficient (Ri × 1012) (V⋅cm/A⋅Oe) Rc
Rpoly
— –0.27 — — — — — — — — –10 –1.0 –0.3 +0.2 +0.3 — — +0.45
— –1.6 — — — — — — — — –54 –3.7 –3.7 –3.2 –3.6 — — –2.6
–0.13 — –0.35 — +1.81 +0.709 +0.971 — –0.21 +24.4 –4.48d — — — — –1.8 +3.77 –0.535
Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173 and McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411. a b c d
Calculated from single crystal values. Estimated. At 100°C. At 77°C.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)
4-117
Rare earth metal
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 10 Electronic Specific Heat Constant (γ), Electron-Electron (Coulomb) Coupling Constant (µ*), ElectronPhonon Coupling Constant (λ), Debye Temperature at 0 K(θD), and Superconducting Transition Temperature Rare earth metal
γ (mJ/mol⋅K2)
µ*
λ
αSc αY αLa βLa αCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tb α′Dy Ho Er Tm αYb βYb Lu
10.334 7.878 9.45 11.5 12.8 20 f — 8.1 ± 1.5g f 4.48 3.71 4.9 2.1 8.7 f 3.30 8.36 8.194
0.16 0.15 0.08 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.14
0.30 0.30 0.76 — — 1.07d 0.86d — 0.81d — 0.30 0.34d 0.32d 0.30d 0.33d 0.36d — — 0.31
θD (K) from Heat Elastic capacity constants 345.3 244.4 150 140 179 155e 157e 159e 162e,f f 169 169.6 192 175e 176.9 179e 117.6 109 183.2
— 258 154 — — 153 163 — 169 118 182 177 183 190 188 200 118 — 185
Superconducting temperature (K) 0.050a 1.3b 5.10 6.00 0.022c — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.022h
Note: For additional information, see Sundström, L.J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 379, Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591, Probst, C. and Wittig, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 749, and Tsang, T.-W.E., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Schmidt, F.A., and Thome, D.K., Phys. Rev., B, 31, 235, 1985. Collocott, S.J., Hill, R.W. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys. F, 18, L223, 1988. Hill, R.W. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., J. Phys. F, 18, 2545, 1988. Skriver, H.L. and Mertig, I., Phys. Rev. B, 41, 6553, 1990. Collocott, S.J. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 4, 6743, 1992. Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993. a b c d e f
g h
At 18.6 GPa. At 11 GPa. At 2.2 GPa. Calculated value. Estimated. Heat capacity results have been reported, but the resultant γ and θD values are unreliable because of the presence of impurities and/or there was no reliable procedure or model to correct for the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity. Based on the values reported for the purer Sm sample (IV). At 4.5 GPa.
4-118
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 11 Room Temperature Elastic Moduli and Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties (MPa) Elastic moduli (GPa) Rare earth metal
Young’s (elastic) modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Poisson’s ratio
Sc Y αLa βCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu
74.4 63.5 36.6 — 33.6 37.3 41.4 46b 49.7 18.2 54.8 55.7 61.4 64.8 69.9 74.0 23.9 68.6
29.1 25.6 14.3 — 13.5 14.8 16.3 18b 19.5 7.9 21.8 22.1 24.7 26.3 28.3 30.5 9.9 27.2
56.6 41.2 27.9 — 21.5 28.8 31.8 33b 37.8 8.3 37.9 38.7 40.5 40.2 44.4 44.5 30.5 47.6
0.279 0.243 0.280 — 0.24 0.281 0.281 0.28b 0.274 0.152 0.259 0.261 0.247 0.231 0.237 0.213 0.207 0.261
Yield strength 0.2% offset 173a 42 126a 86 28 73 71 — 68 — 15 — 43 — 60 — 7 —
Ultimate tensile strength 255a 129 130 138 117 147 164 — 156 — 118 — 139 — 136 — 58 —
Uniform elongation (%) 5.0a 34.0 7.9a — 22.0 15.4 25.0 — 17.0 — 37.0 — 30.0 — 11.5 — 43.0 —
Reduction in area (%) 8.0a — — 24.0 30.0 67.0 72.0 — 29.5 — 56.0 — 30.0 — 11.9 — 92.0 —
Recryst. temp. (°C) 550 550 300 — 325 400 400 400b 440 300 500 500 550 520 520 600 300 600
Note: For additional information, see Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591. a b
Value is questionable. Estimated.
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Table 12 Liquid Metal Properties Near the Melting Point
4-120
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Density (g/cm3) 2.80 4.24 5.96 6.68 6.59 6.72 6.9b 7.16 4.87 7.4 7.65 8.2 8.34 8.6 9.0b 6.21 9.3
Surface tension (N/m) 0.954 0.871 0.718 0.706 0.707 0.687 0.680b 0.431 0.264 0.664 0.669 0.648 0.650 0.637 — 0.320 0.940
Viscosity (centipoise) — — 2.65 3.20 2.85 — — — — — — — — — — 2.67 —
Heat capacity (J/mol K)
Thermal conductivity (W/cm K)
44.2b 43.1 34.3 37.7 43.0 48.8 50b 50.2b 38.1 37.2 46.5 49.9 43.9 38.7 41.4 36.8 47.9b
— — 0.238 0.210 0.251 0.195 — — — 0.149 — 0.187 — — — — —
Magnetic susceptibility χ × 104 (emu/mol) — — 1.20 9.37 17.3 18.7 — 18.3 97 67 82 95 88 69 41 — —
Electrical resistivity (µΩ⋅cm) — — 133 130 139 151 160b 182 242 195 193 210 221 226 235b 113 224
∆VL→sa (%) — — –0.6 +1.1 –0.02 –0.9 — –3.6 –4.8 –2.0 –3.1 –4.5 –7.4 –9.0 –6.9 –5.1 –3.6
Spectral emittance at λ = 645 nm ε Temp. range (%) (°C) — 36.8 25.4 32.2 28.4 39.4 — 43.7 — 34.2 — 29.7 — 37.2 — — —
— 1522–1647 920–1287 877–1547 931–1537 1021–1567 — 1075 — 1313–1600 — 1412–1437 — 1529–1587 — — —
Note: For additional information, see Van Zytveld, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 12, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1989, 357. Stretz, L.A. and Bautista, R.G., in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, part I, H.H. Plumb, Ed., Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, 1972, 489. King, T.S., Baria, D.N., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 411, 1976. Baria, D.N., King, T.S., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 577, 1976. a b
Volume change on freezing. Estimated.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)
Rare earth metal
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 13 Ionization Potentials (Electronvolts)
Rare earth
I Neutral atom
II Singly ionized
III Doubly ionized
IV Triply ionized
V Quadruply ionized
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
6.56144 6.217 5.5770 5.5387 5.464 5.5250 5.554 5.6437 5.6704 6.1500 5.8639 5.9389 6.0216 6.1078 6.18431 6.25416 5.42585
12.79967 12.24 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9
24.75666 20.52 19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594
73.4894 60.597 49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25
91.65 77.0 61.6 65.55 57.53 — — — — — — — — — — — 66.8
Note: For references, see the table “Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10.
Table 14 Effective Ionic Radii (Å)a Rare earth ion
CN = 6
CN = 8
CN = 6
R3+ CN = 8
CN = 12
CN = 6
CN = 8
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
— — — — — — — 1.19 1.17 — — — — — — 1.00 —
— — — — — — — 1.27 1.25 — — — — — — 1.07 —
0.745 0.900 1.045 1.010 0.997 0.983 0.97 0.958 0.947 0.938 0.923 0.912 0.901 0.890 0.880 0.868 0.861
0.87 1.015 1.18 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97
1.116 1.220 1.320 1.290 1.286 1.276 1.267 1.260 1.252 1.246 1.236 1.228 1.221 1.214 1.207 1.199 1.194
— — — 0.80 0.78 — — — — — 0.76 — — — — — —
— — — 0.97 0.96 — — — — — 0.88 — — — — — —
R2+
R4+
Note: For additional information, see Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 25, 925, 1969 and Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 26, 1046, 1970. a
Radius of O2– is 1.40 Å for a coordination number (CN) of 6.
4-121
MELTING, BOILING, AND CRITICAL TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS This table summarizes the melting point tm, normal boiling point tb, and critical temperature tc (on the ITS-90 scale) for the elements for which data are available. A “tp” after a value indicates a solid-liquid-gas triple point, and “sp” indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Transition temperatures between allotropic forms are included for several elements. References may be found in the tables Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds and Critical Constants. Name
tm/°C
tb/°C
Actinium 1051 3198 Aluminum 660.32 2519 Americium 1176 2011 Antimony 630.63 1587 Argon -189.35 -185.85 Arsenic (gray) 817 tp (3.70 MPa) 603 sp Astatine 302 Barium 727 1897 Berkelium (α form) 1050 Berkelium (β form) 986 Beryllium 1287 2471 Bismuth 271.40 1564 Boron 2075 4000 Bromine -7.2 58.8 Cadmium 321.07 767 Calcium 842 1484 Californium 900 Carbon (graphite) 4489 tp (10.3 MPa) 3825 sp Carbon (diamond) 4440 (12.4 GPa) Cerium 798 3443 Cesium 28.5 671 Chlorine -101.5 -34.04 Chromium 1907 2671 Cobalt 1495 2927 Copper 1084.62 2562 Curium 1345 ≈3100 Dysprosium 1412 2567 Einsteinium 860 Erbium 1529 2868 Europium 822 1529 Fermium 1527 Fluorine -219.67 tp -188.12 Francium 27 Gadolinium 1313 3273 Gallium 29.771 tp 2204 Germanium 938.25 2833 Gold 1064.18 2856 Hafnium 2233 4603 Helium -268.93 Holmium 1474 2700 Hydrogen -259.34 -252.87 Indium 156.60 2072 Iodine 113.7 184.4 Iridium 2446 4428 Iron 1538 2861 Krypton -157.38 tp (73.2 kPa) -153.22 Lanthanum 918 3464 Lawrencium 1627 Lead 327.46 1749 Lithium 180.50 1342 Lutetium 1663 3402 Magnesium 650 1090 Manganese 1246 2061 Mendelevium 827 Mercury -38.837 tp 356.73
tc/°C
Name
-122.28 1400
315
1665 143.8
-129.02
-267.96 -240.18 546
-63.74
2950
1477
4-132
tm/°C
Molybdenum 2623 Neodymium 1021 Neon -248.59 Neptunium 644 Nickel 1455 Niobium 2477 Nitrogen -210.00 Nobelium 827 Osmium 3033 Oxygen -218.79 Palladium 1554.9 Phosphorus (white) 44.15 Phosphorus (red) 590 tp Phosphorus (black) 610 Platinum 1768.4 Plutonium 640 Polonium 254 Potassium 63.5 Praseodymium 931 Promethium 1042 Protactinium 1572 Radium 700 Radon -71 Rhenium 3186 Rhodium 1964 Rubidium 39.30 Ruthenium 2334 Samarium 1074 Scandium 1541 Selenium(vitreous) 180 (trans to gray) Selenium (gray) 220.5 Silicon 1414 Silver 961.78 Sodium 97.80 Strontium 777 Sulfur (rhombic) 95.3 (trans to mono) Sulfur (monoclinic) 119.6 Tantalum 3017 Technetium 2157 Tellurium 449.51 Terbium 1356 Thallium 304 Thorium 1750 Thulium 1545 Tin (gray) 13.2 (trans to white) Tin (white) 231.93 Titanium 1668 Tungsten 3422 Uranium 1135 Vanadium 1910 Xenon -111.79 tp (81.6 kPa) Ytterbium 819 Yttrium 1522 Zinc 419.53 Zirconium 1855
tb/°C
tc/°C
4639 3074 -246.08
-228.7
2913 4744 -195.79
-146.94
5012 -182.95 2963 280.5 431 sp 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000
-61.7 5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 685 685 3265 2162 883 1382 444.60 444.60 5458 4265 988 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 -108.12 1196 3345 907 4409
-118.56 721 721
1950
104
1820
1493
2300 1041 1041
16.62
HEAT CAPACITY OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25°C This table gives the specific heat capacity (cp) in J/g K and the molar heat capacity (Cp) in J/mol K at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres) for all the elements for which reliable data are available.
Name Actinium Aluminum Antimony Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine (Br2) Cadmium Calcium Carbon (graphite) Cerium Cesium Chlorine (Cl2) Chromium Cobalt Copper Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine (F2) Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen (H2) Indium Iodine (I2) Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mercury
cp J/g K
Cp J/mol K
0.120 0.897 0.207 0.520 0.329 0.204 1.825 0.122 1.026 0.226 0.232 0.647 0.709 0.192 0.242 0.479 0.449 0.421 0.385 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.824 0.236 0.371 0.320 0.129 0.144 5.193 0.165 14.304 0.233 0.145 0.131 0.449 0.248 0.195 0.129 3.582 0.154 1.023 0.479 0.140
27.2 24.200 25.23 20.786 24.64 28.07 16.443 25.52 11.087 36.057 26.020 25.929 8.517 26.94 32.210 33.949 23.35 24.81 24.440 27.7 28.12 27.66 31.304 37.03 25.86 23.222 25.418 25.73 20.786 27.15 28.836 26.74 36.888 25.10 25.10 20.786 27.11 26.650 24.860 26.86 24.869 26.32 27.983
Name Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen (N2) Osmium Oxygen (O2) Palladium Phosphorous (white) Platinum Potassium Praseodymium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur (rhombic) Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (white) Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
4-123
cp J/g K
Cp J/mol K
0.251 0.190 1.030 0.444 0.265 1.040 0.130 0.918 0.246 0.769 0.133 0.757 0.193 0.094 0.137 0.243 0.363 0.238 0.197 0.568 0.321 0.705 0.235 1.228 0.301 0.710 0.140 0.202 0.182 0.129 0.113 0.160 0.228 0.523 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.158 0.155 0.298 0.388 0.278
24.06 27.45 20.786 26.07 24.60 29.124 24.7 29.378 25.98 23.824 25.86 29.600 27.20 20.786 25.48 24.98 31.060 24.06 29.54 25.52 25.363 19.789 25.350 28.230 26.4 22.75 25.36 25.73 28.91 26.32 26.230 27.03 27.112 25.060 24.27 27.665 24.89 20.786 26.74 26.53 25.390 25.36
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS C. B. Alcock This table gives coefficients in an equation for the vapor pressure of 65 metallic elements in both the solid and liquid state. Vapor pressures in the range 10-10 to 102 Pa (10-15 to 10-3 atm) are covered. The equation is: for p in pascals: log (p/Pa) = 5.006 + A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 for p in atmospheres: log(p/atm) = A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3, where T is the temperature in K This equation reproduces the observed vapor pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, Pergamon Press. REFERENCE Alcock, C. B., Itkin, V. P., and Horrigan, M. K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. Element, state Li sol Li liq Na sol Na liq K sol K liq Rb sol Rb liq Cs sol Cs liq Be sol Be liq Mg sol Ca sol Sr sol Ba sol Ba liq Al sol Al liq Ga sol Ga liq In sol In liq Tl sol Tl liq Sn sol Sn liq Pb sol Pb liq Sc sol Sc liq Y sol Y liq La sol La liq Ti sol Ti liq Zr sol Zr liq Hf sol V sol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A 5.667 5.055 5.298 4.704 4.961 4.402 4.857 4.312 4.711 4.165 8.042 5.786 8.489 10.127 9.226 12.405 4.007 9.459 5.911 6.657 6.754 5.991 5.374 5.971 5.259 6.036 5.262 5.643 4.911 6.650 5.795 9.735 5.795 7.463 5.911 11.925 6.358 10.008 6.806 9.445 9.744
B -8310 -8023 -5603 -5377 -4646 -4453 -4215 -4040 -3999 -3830 -17020 -15731 -7813 -9517 -8572 -9690 -8163 -17342 -16211 -14208 -13984 -12548 -12276 -9447 -9037 -15710 -15332 -10143 -9701 -19721 -17681 -22306 -20341 -22551 -21855 -24991 -22747 -31512 -30295 -32482 -27132
C
D
-0.4440 -0.8253 -1.4030 -1.1926 -2.2890 -0.7927
-0.3413
0.2885 -0.8705 -0.3142 -1.3376 -0.7890 -0.6735 -0.5501
-0.3663
Temperature range 298-m.p. m.p.-1000 298-m.p. m.p.-700 298-m.p. m.p.-600 298-m.p. m.p.-550 298-m.p. m.p.-550 298-m.p. m.p.-1800 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-1200 298-m.p. m.p.-1800 298-m.p. m.p.-1600 298-m.p. m.p.-1500 298-m.p. m.p.-1100 298-m.p. m.p.-1850 298-m.p. m.p.-1200 298-m.p. m.p.-2000 298-m.p. m.p.-2300 298-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. m.p.-2400 298-m.p m.p.-2500 298-m.p. 298-m.p.
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, state V liq Nb sol Ta sol Cr sol Mo sol W sol W sol Mn sol Re sol Fe sol Fe liq Ru sol Os sol Co sol Co liq Rh sol Rh liq Ir sol Ni sol Ni liq Pd sol Pd liq Pt sol Pt liq Cu sol Cu liq Ag sol Ag liq Au sol Au liq Zn sol Zn liq Cd sol Cd liq Hg liq Ce sol Ce liq Pr sol Pr liq Nd sol Nd liq Sm sol Eu sol Gd sol Gd liq Tb sol Tb liq Dy sol Ho sol Er sol Er liq Tm sol Yb sol Lu sol Lu liq Th sol Th liq Pa sol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A 6.929 8.822 16.807 6.800 11.529 2.945 -54.527 12.805 11.543 7.100 6.347 9.755 9.419 10.976 6.488 10.168 6.802 10.506 10.557 6.666 9.502 5.426 4.882 6.386 9.123 5.849 9.127 5.752 9.152 5.832 6.102 5.378 5.939 5.242 5.116 6.139 5.611 8.859 4.772 8.996 4.912 9.988 9.240 8.344 5.557 9.510 5.411 9.579 9.785 9.916 4.668 8.882 9.111 8.793 5.648 8.668 -18.453 10.552
B -25011 -37818 -41346 -20733 -34626 -44094 -57687 -15097 -40726 -21723 -19574 -34154 -41198 -22576 -20578 -29010 -26792 -35099 -22606 -20765 -19813 -17899 -29387 -26856 -17748 -16415 -14999 -13827 -19343 -18024 -6776 -6286 -5799 -5392 -3190 -21752 -21200 -18720 -17315 -17264 -15824 -11034 -9459 -20861 -19389 -20457 -18639 -15336 -15899 -16642 -14380 -12270 -8111 -22423 -20302 -31483 -24569 -34869
C
-0.2575 -3.2152 0.4391 -1.1331 1.3677 -12.2231 -1.7896 -1.1629 0.4536
D
0.7437 -0.4094
-0.5846
-0.4723 -0.3896 -1.0280 -0.7068 -0.7500 -0.8717 -0.9258 1.1039 -0.7317 -0.7845 -0.7479
-0.9512 -0.9519 -1.3287 -1.1661 -0.5775 -0.9247 -1.1114 -1.1753 -1.2154 -0.9564 -1.0849 -0.6200 -0.5288 6.6473 -1.0075
-0.4527
Temperature range m.p.-2500 298-2500 248-2500 298-2000 298-2500 298-2350 2200-2500 298-m.p. 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2100 298-m.p. 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2150 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2150 298-m.p. m.p.-2100 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-1850 298-m.p. m.p.-1600 298-m.p. m.p.-2050 298-m.p. m.p.-750 298-m.p. m.p.-650 298-400 298-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. m.p.-2200 298-m.p. m.p.-2000 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-2250 298-m.p. m.p.-2200 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-1900 298-1400 298-900 298-m.p. m.p.-2350 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p.
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, state Pa liq U sol U liq Np sol Np liq Pu sol Pu sol Pu liq Am sol Cm sol Cm liq
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A 6.177 0.770 20.735 19.643 10.076 26.160 18.858 3.666 11.311 8.369 5.223
B -32874 -27729 -28776 -24886 -23378 -19162 -18460 -16658 -15059 -20364 -18292
C
2.6982 -4.0962 -3.9991 -1.3250 -6.6675 -4.4720 -1.3449 -0.5770
D
-1.5471
Temperature range m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-600 500-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-2200
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the tmax given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation ρ(t) = ρm - k(t-tm) where tm is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of tmax is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate more than about 20°C beyond the melting point. Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is gratefully acknowledged. The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1. REFERENCE 1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 2, 1988. 2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq., 29, 43, 1995. Formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 As Au B Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2 Be BeCl2 BeF2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 Ca CaBr2 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 CeF3 Co Cr Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI
Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfate Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Arsenic Gold Boron Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Bismuth Bismuth bromide Bismuth chloride Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium iodide Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
961.78 432 455 558 212 652 660.32 97.5 192.6 188.32 817 1064.18 2075 727 857 962 1368 711 1287 415 552 271.40 218 230 842 742 775 1418 783 321.07 568 564 387 799 817 1430 1495 1907 28.44 636 645 703 621
9.320 5.577 4.83 5.58 3.970 4.84 2.375 2.647 1.302 3.223 5.22 17.31 2.08 3.338 3.991 3.174 4.14 4.26 1.690 1.54 1.96 10.05 4.76 3.916 1.378 3.111 2.085 2.52 3.443 7.996 4.075 3.392 4.396 6.55 3.25 4.659 7.75 6.3 1.843 3.133 2.79 3.649 3.197
4-126
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.0009 0.001035 0.00094 0.00101 0.001098 0.001089 0.000233 0.002435 0.002711 0.0025 0.000544 0.001343
1500 667 627 802 360 770 1340 267 296 240
0.000299 0.000924 0.000681 0.000999 0.000977 0.00011 0.0011 0.000015 0.00135 0.002637 0.0023 0.000230 0.0005 0.000422 0.000391 0.000751 0.001218 0.00108 0.00082 0.001117 0.000710 0.00092 0.000936 0.00165 0.0011 0.000556 0.001223 0.001065 0.001282 0.001183
1200 1550 900 1081 1727 975 473 850 800 927 350 1484 791 950 2027 1028 500 720 807 700 1460 950 1927 1580 2100 510 860 906 912 907
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula CsNO3 Cs2SO4 Cu CuCl Dy DyCl3 Er Eu Fe FeCl2 Ga GaBr3 GaCl3 GaI3 Gd GdCl3 GdI3 Ge Hf HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 Ho In InBr3 InCl3 InI3 Ir K KBr KCl KF KI KNO3 La LaBr3 LaCl3 LaF3 LaI3 Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mn MnCl2 Mo Na NaBr Na2CO3 NaCl NaF NaI
Name Cesium nitrate Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(I) chloride Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium Europium Iron Iron(II) chloride Gallium Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) iodide Germanium Hafnium Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Indium Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) iodide Iridium Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Lanthanum Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum iodide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Lithium nitrate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride Magnesium iodide Manganese Manganese(II) chloride Molybdenum Sodium Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
414 1005 1084.62 430 1411 680 1529 822 1538 677 29.76 121.5 77.9 212 1314 609 925 938.25 2233 236 276 259 1472 156.60 420 583 207 2446 63.38 734 771 858 681 337 920 788 859 1493 778 180.5 552 610 848.2 469 253 859 1663 650 711 714 634 1246 650 2623 97.80 747 858.1 800.7 996 660
2.820 3.1 8.02 3.692 8.37 3.62 8.86 5.13 6.98 2.348 6.08 3.116 2.053 3.630 7.4 3.56 4.12 5.60 12 5.126 4.368 5.222 8.34 7.02 3.121 2.140 3.820 19 0.828 2.127 1.527 1.910 2.448 1.865 5.94 4.933 3.209 4.589 4.29 0.512 2.528 1.502 1.81 3.109 1.781 2.003 9.3 1.584 2.62 1.68 3.05 5.95 2.353 9.33 0.927 2.342 1.972 1.556 1.948 2.742
4-127
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.001166 0.00095 0.000609 0.00076 0.00143 0.00068 0.00157 0.0028 0.000572 0.000555 0.00062 0.00246 0.002083 0.002377
491 1530 1630 585 1540 987 1700 980 1680 877 400 135 141 252
0.000671 0.000908 0.00055
1007 1032 1600
0.003233 0.002862 0.003235
319 304 354
0.000836 0.0015 0.0021 0.0015
500 528 666 360
0.000232 0.000825 0.000583 0.000651 0.000956 0.000723 0.00061 0.000096 0.000777 0.000682 0.001110 0.00052 0.000652 0.000432 0.000490 0.000917 0.000546 0.000407
500 930 939 1037 904 457 1600 912 973 2177 907 285 739 781 1047 667 441 1214
0.000234 0.000478 0.000271 0.000651 0.00105 0.000437
900 935 826 888 1590 850
0.00023 0.000816 0.000448 0.000543 0.000636 0.000949
600 945 1004 1027 1097 912
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula NaNO3 Na2SO4 Nd Ni NiCl2 Os Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbI2 Pd Pr PrCl3 Pt Pu Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 Re Rh Ru S Sb SbCl3 SbCl5 SbI3 Sc Se Si Sm Sn SnCl2 SnCl4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF2 SrI2 Ta TaCl5 Tb Te ThCl4 ThF4 Ti TiCl4 Tl TlBr TlCl TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 Tm U UCl3
Name Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Neodymium Nickel Nickel(II) chloride Osmium Lead Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) iodide Palladium Praseodymium Praseodymium chloride Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(III) iodide Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Tin(II) chloride Tin(IV) chloride Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride Strontium fluoride Strontium iodide Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Terbium Tellurium Thorium chloride Thorium fluoride Titanium Titanium(IV) chloride Thallium Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) sulfate Thulium Uranium Uranium(III) chloride
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
307 884 1016 1455 1009 3033 327.46 371 501 410 1554.9 931 786 1768.4 640 39.31 682 837 715 833 642 305 1050 3186 1964 2334 115.21 630.63 73.4 4 168 1541 221 1414 1072 231.93 247 -33 777 657 874 1477 538 3017 216 1359 449.51 770 1110 1668 -25 304 460 430 441.8 206 632 1545 1135 837
1.90 2.069 6.89 7.81 2.653 20 10.66 5.73 4.951 5.691 10.38 6.50 3.23 19.77 16.63 1.46 2.715 2.84 2.248 2.87 2.904 2.519 2.56 18.9 10.7 10.65 1.819 6.53 2.681 2.37 4.171 2.80 3.99 2.57 7.16 6.99 3.36 2.37 6.980 3.70 2.727 3.470 4.085 15 2.700 7.65 5.70 3.363 6.058 4.11 1.807 11.22 5.98 5.628 6.15 4.91 5.62 8.56 17.3 4.84
4-128
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.000715 0.000483 0.00076 0.000726 0.00066
370 1077 1350 1700 1057
0.00122 0.00165 0.0015 0.001594 0.001169 0.00093 0.00074 0.0024 0.001419 0.000451 0.001072 0.000640 0.000883 0.00102 0.001143 0.001068 0.000665
700 600 710 697 1700 1460 977 2200 950 800 907 1007 923 1067 902 417 1545
0.000895
2200
0.00080 0.00067 0.002293 0.001869 0.002483
160 745 77 77 322
0.000936
1500
0.000601 0.001253 0.002687
1200 480 138
0.000745 0.000578 0.000751 0.000885
1004 1037 1927 1026
0.004316
457
0.00035 0.0014 0.000759
600 847 1378
0.001735 0.00144 0.001755 0.0018 0.001761 0.001873 0.00130 0.00050
137 600 647 642 737 279 927 1675
0.007943
1057
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula UCl4 UF4 V W Y YCl3 Yb Zn ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 ZnSO4 Zr ZrCl4
Name Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Yttrium chloride Ytterbium Zinc Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc iodide Zinc sulfate Zirconium Zirconium chloride
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
590 1036 1910 3422 1526 721 824 419.53 394 290 446 680 1855 437
3.572 6.485 5.5 17.6 4.24 2.510 6.21 6.57 3.47 2.54 3.878 3.14 5.8 1.643
4-129
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.001945 0.000992
667 1341
0.0005
845
0.0011 0.000959 0.00053 0.00136 0.00047
700 602 557 588 987
0.007464
492
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary units for χm are cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI units are m3 mol-1. Substances that have no unpaired electron orbital or spin angular momentum generally have negative values of χm and are called diamagnetic. Their molar susceptibility varies only slightly with temperature. Substances with unpaired electrons, which are termed paramagnetic, have positive χm and show a much stronger temperature dependence, varying roughly as 1/T. The net susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is the sum of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions, but the former almost always dominates. This table gives values of χm for the elements and selected inorganic compounds. All values refer to nominal room temperature (285 to 300 K) unless otherwise indicated. When the physical state (s = solid, l = liquid, g = gas, aq = aqueous solution) is not given, the most common crystalline form is understood. An entry of “Ferro.” indicates a ferromagnetic substance. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by the most common name, except that compounds such as hydrides, oxides, and acids are grouped with the parent element (the same ordering used in the table “Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds”). In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).
REFERENCES 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/19, Subvolumes a to i2, Magnetic Properties of Metals, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986-1992. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/2, II/8, II/10, II/11,and II/12a, Coordination and Organometallic Transition Metal Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1966-1984. 4. Tables de Constantes et Données Numérique, Volume 7, Relaxation Paramagnetique, Masson, Paris, 1957.
Name Aluminum Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfate Ammonia (g) Ammonia (aq) Ammonium acetate Ammonium bromide Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium fluoride Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Antimony Stibine (g) Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide Antimony(III) oxide Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(V) chloride Argon (g) Arsenic (gray)
Formula Al AlF3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 NH3 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3 NH4ClO3 NH4Cl NH4F NH4IO3 NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN Sb SbH3 SbBr3 SbCl3 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3 SbCl5 Ar As
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +16.5 -13.9 -37 -93 -16.3 -18.3 -41.1 -47 -42.5 -42.1 -36.7 -23 -62.3 -66 -33 -67 -48.1 -99 -34.6 -111.4 -86.7 -46 -147.2 -69.4 -86 -120.5 -19.32 -5.6
Name Arsenic (yellow) Arsine (g) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Barium Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate Barium carbonate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide Barium iodate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium peroxide Barium sulfate Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth
4-130
Formula As AsH3 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsI3 As2O3 As2S3 Ba BaBr2 BaBr2·2H2O BaCO3 BaCl2 BaCl2·2H2O BaF2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(IO3)2 BaI2 BaI2·2H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaO BaO2 BaSO4 Be BeCl2 Be(OH)2 BeO BeSO4 Bi
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -23.2 -35.2 -106 -72.5 -142.2 -30.34 -70 +20.6 -92 -119.3 -58.9 -72.6 -100 -51 -53.2 -122.5 -124.4 -163 -66.5 -29.1 -40.6 -65.8 -9.0 -26.5 -23.1 -11.9 -37 -280.1
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth fluoride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bismuth oxide Bismuth phosphate Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Boron Diborane (g) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron trichloride Boron oxide Bromine (l) Bromine (g) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chloride Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium iodide Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Carbon (diamond) Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Carbon dioxide (g) Cerium (β) Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
BiBr3 BiCl3 BiF3 Bi(OH)3 BiI3 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O Bi2O3 BiPO4 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi2S3 B B2H6 H3BO3 BCl3 B2O3 Br2 Br2 BrF3 BrF5 Cd CdBr2 CdBr2·4H2O
-147 -26.5 -61.2 -65.8 -200.5 -159 -83 -77 -199 -123 -6.7 -21.0 -34.1 -59.9 -38.7 -56.4 -73.5 -33.9 -45.1 -19.7 -87.3 -131.5
CdCO3 CdCl2 CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2·4H2O CdO CdSO4 CdS Ca CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2 CaO CaSO4 CaSO4·2H2O C C CO CO2 Ce CeS CeCl3 CeF3 Ce2S3 CeO2 Ce(SO4)2·4H2O
-46.7 -68.7 -16.8 -54 -40.6 -41 -108.4 -117.2 -55.1 -140 -30 -59.2 -50 +40 -73.8 -38.2 -54.7 -28 -22 -101.4 -109 -15.0 -49.7 -74 -5.9 -6.0 -9.8 -21.0 +2500 +2110 +2490 +2190 +5080 +26 -97
Name Cesium Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Cesium superoxide Cesium sulfate Chlorine (l) Chlorine trifluoride (g) Chromium Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(VI) oxide Cobalt Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) fluoride Cobalt(III) oxide Copper Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfide Dysprosium (α) Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfide Erbium Erbium oxide Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide
4-131
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Cs CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3 CsClO3 CsCl CsF CsI CsO2 Cs2SO4 Cl2 ClF3 Cr CrCl2 CrCl3 CrF3 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 CrO3 Co CoBr2 CoCl2 CoCl2·6H2O
+29 -75.1 -67.2 -103.6 -65 -56.7 -44.5 -82.6 +1534 -116 -40.4 -26.5 +167 +7230 +6350 +4370 +1960 +11800 +40 Ferro. +13000 +12660 +9710
Co(CN)2 CoF2 CoI2 CoSO4 CoS Co3O4 CoF3 Co2O3 Cu CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI Cu2O CuBr2 CuCl2 CuCl2·2H2O CuF2 CuF2·2H2O Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2·3H2O Cu(NO3)2·6H2O
+3825 +9490 +10760 +10000 +225 +7380 +1900 +4560 -5.46 -49 -40 -24 -63 -20 +685 +1080 +1420 +1050 +1600 +1170 +1570 +1625
CuO CuSO4 CuSO4·5H2O CuS Dy Dy2O3 Dy2S3 Er Er2O3 Er2(SO4)3·8H2O Er2S3
+238 +1330 +1460 -2.0 +98000 +89600 +95200 +48000 +73920 +74600 +77200
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Europium Europium(II) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) sulfide Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) sulfate Gadolinium (350 K) Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) sulfide Germanium Germane (g) Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) iodide Gold(III) chloride Hafnium Hafnium oxide Helium (g) Holmium Holmium oxide Hydrazine (l) Hydrogen (l, 20.3 K) Hydrogen (g) Hydrogen chloride (l) Hydrogen chloride (aq) Hydrogen fluoride (l) Hydrogen fluoride (aq) Hydrogen iodide (s, 195 K) Hydrogen iodide (l, 233 K) Hydrogen iodide (aq) Hydrogen peroxide (l) Hydrogen sulfide (g) Indium Indium(I) chloride Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Iodine
Formula Eu EuBr2 EuCl2 EuF2 EuI2 EuS Eu2O3 Eu2(SO4)3 Gd GdCl3 Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3·8H2O Gd2S3 Ga Ga2O GaS GaCl3 Ga2S3 Ge GeH4 GeO GeS GeCl4 GeF4 GeI4 GeO2 GeS2 Au AuBr AuCl AuI AuCl3 Hf HfO2 He Ho Ho2O3 N2H4 H2 H2 HCl HCl HF HF HI HI HI H2O2 H2S In InCl InCl2 InS InBr3 InCl3 In2O3 In2S3 I2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +30900 +26800 +26500 +23750 +26000 +23800 +10100 +10400 +185000 +27930 +53200 +53280 +55500 -21.6 -34 -23 -63 -80 -11.6 -29.7 -28.8 -40.9 -72 -50 -171 -34.3 -53.9 -28 -61 -67 -91 -112 +71 -23 -2.02 +72900 +88100 -201 -5.44 -3.99 -22.6 -22 -8.6 -9.3 -47.3 -48.3 -50.2 -17.3 -25.5 -10.2 -30 -56 -28 -107 -86 -56 -98 -90
Name Iodic acid Iodine pentoxide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride Iodine pentafluoride Iridium Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iron Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfide Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Krypton (g) Lanthanum (α) Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide Lead Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide (aq) Lithium iodide Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride
4-132
Formula HIO3 I2O5 ICl ICl3 IF5 Ir IrCl3 IrO2 Fe FeBr2 FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl2·4H2O FeF2 FeI2 FeO FeSO4 FeSO4·H2O FeSO4·7H2O FeS FeCl3 FeCl3·6H2O FeF3 FeF3·3H2O Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Kr La La2O3 La2(SO4)3·9H2O La2S3 Pb Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO Pb3(PO4)2 PbSO4 PbS Li LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl LiF LiH LiOH LiI Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCO3 MgCl2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -48 -79.4 -54.6 -90.2 -58.1 +25 -14.4 +224 Ferro. +13600 +11300 +14750 +12900 +9500 +13600 +7200 +12400 +10500 +11200 +1074 +13450 +15250 +13760 +7870 +15200 -29.0 +95.9 -78 -262 -37 -23 -89.1 -90.6 -61.2 -73.8 -18 -58.1 -131 -126.5 -74 -42 -182 -69.7 -83.6 +14.2 -34.3 -27 -24.3 -10.1 -4.6 -12.3 -50 -41.6 +182.9 +13.1 -72 -32.4 -47.4
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Manganese Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) fluoride Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Mercury (s, 234 K) Mercury (l) Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide Mercury(II) thiocyanate Molybdenum Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(V) chloride
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgI2 MgO MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O
-22.7 -22.1 -111 -10.2 -42 -61
MgSO4·7H2O
-135.7
Mn MnBr2 MnCO3 MnCl2 MnCl2·4H2O
+511 +13900 +11400 +14350 +14600
MnF2 Mn(OH)2 MnI2 MnO MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O
+10700 +13500 +14400 +4850 +13660 +14200
MnSO4·4H2O
+14600
MnS
+5630
MnS
+3850
Mn3O4 MnF3 Mn2O3 MnO2 Hg Hg Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2O Hg2SO4 HgBr2 HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 HgF2 HgI2 Hg(NO3)2 HgO HgSO4 HgS Hg(SCN)2 Mo MoBr3 MoCl3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl4 MoO2 MoCl5
+12400 +10500 +14100 +2280 -24.1 -33.5 -105 -120 -106 -166 -121 -76.3 -123 -94.2 -82 -67 -57.3 -165 -74 -46 -78.1 -55.4 -96.5 +72 +525 +43 -42.0 +520 +1750 +41 +990
Name Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxide Neodymium (α) Neodymium fluoride Neodymium oxide Neodymium sulfate Neodymium sulfide Neon (g) Neptunium Nickel Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) sulfide Niobium Niobium(V) oxide Nitrogen (g) Nitric acid (l) Nitrous oxide (g) Nitric oxide (s, 90 K) Nitric oxide (l, 118 K) Nitric oxide (g) Nitrogen dioxide (g, 408 K) Nitrogen trioxide (g) Nitrogen tetroxide (g) Osmium Oxygen (s, 54 K) Oxygen (l, 90 K) Oxygen (g) Ozone (l) Palladium Palladium(II) chloride Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphine (g) Phosphoric acid (aq) Phosphorous acid (aq) Phosphorus(III) chloride (l) Platinum Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) fluoride Plutonium Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Potassium Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate
4-133
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
MoF6 MoO3 Nd NdF3 Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Nd2S3 Ne Np Ni NiBr2 NiCl2 NiCl2·6H2O
-26.0 +3 +5930 +4980 +10200 +9990 +5550 -6.96 +575 Ferro. +5600 +6145 +4240
NiF2 Ni(OH)2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2·6H2O NiO NiSO4 NiS Ni3S2 Nb Nb2O5 N2 HNO3 N2O NO NO NO NO2 N2O3 N2O4 Os O2 O2 O2 O3 Pd PdCl2 P P PH3 H3PO4 H3PO3 PCl3 Pt PtCl2 PtCl3 PtCl4 PtF4 Pu PuF4 PuO2 PuF6 K KBrO3 KBr K2CO3
+2410 +4500 +3875 +4300 +660 +4005 +190 +1030 +208 -10 -12.0 -19.9 -18.9 +19.8 +114.2 +1461 +150 -16 -23.0 +11 +10200 +7699 +3449 +6.7 +540 -38 -26.66 -20.77 -26.2 -43.8 -42.5 -63.4 +193 -54 -66.7 -93 +445 +525 +1760 +730 +173 +20.8 -52.6 -49.1 -59
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydroxide (aq) Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium permanganate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium superoxide Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium (α) Praseodymium chloride Praseodymium oxide Praseodymium sulfide Protactinium Rhenium Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhodium Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) oxide Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Samarium (α) Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Scandium (α) Selenium Selenium dioxide Selenium bromide Selenium chloride (l) Selenium hexafluoride (g) Silicon
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCN K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O
-42.8 -38.8 -3.9 -37 +2290 -172.3
KF KHSO4 KOH KIO3 KI KNO3 KNO2 KMnO4 K2SO4 K2S KO2 KSCN Pr PrCl3 Pr2O3 Pr2S3 Pa Re ReO2 ReS2 ReCl5 ReO3 Re2O7 Rh RhCl3 Rh2O3 Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 RbO2 Ru RuCl3 RuO2 Sm SmBr2 SmBr3 Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O
-23.6 -49.8 -22 -63.1 -63.8 -33.7 -23.3 +20 -67 -60 +3230 -48 +5530 +44.5 +8994 +10770 +277 +67 +44 +38 +1225 +16 -16 +102 -7.5 +104 +17 -56.4 -75.4 -46 -31.9 -72.2 -41 -88.4 +1527 +39 +1998 +162 +1278 +5337 +972 +1988 +1710
Sm2S3 Sc Se SeO2 Se2Br2 Se2Cl2 SeF6 Si
+3300 +295.2 -25 -27.2 -113 -94.8 -51 -3.12
Name Silane (g) Disilane (g) Tetramethylsilane (l) Tetraethylsilane (l) Tetrabromosilane (l) Tetrachlorosilane (l) Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(II) oxide Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium dichromate Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydroxide (aq) Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium tetraborate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium fluoride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium nitrate
4-134
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
SiH4 Si2H6 (CH3)4Si (C2H5)4Si SiBr4 SiCl4 SiC SiO2 Ag AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgF AgI AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2O Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 AgSCN AgO Na NaC2H3O2 NaBrO3 NaBr Na2CO3 NaClO3 NaCl Na2Cr2O7 NaF Na2HPO4 NaOH NaIO3 NaI NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O Na2S Na2B4O7 Sr SrBr2 SrBr2·6H2O
-20.4 -37.3 -74.80 -120.2 -126 -87.5 -12.8 -29.6 -19.5 -61 -80.90 -49 -40 -43.2 -36.5 -80 -45.7 -42 -134 -120 -92.90 -61.8 -19.6 +16 -37.6 -44.2 -41 -41 -34.7 -30.2 +55 -15.6 -56.6 -15.8 -53 -57 -25.6 -14.5 -19.8 -28.10 -52 -184 -39 -85 +92 -86.6 -160
SrCO3 Sr(ClO3)2 SrCl2 SrCl2·6H2O
-47 -73 -61.5 -145
SrCrO4 SrF2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2
-5.1 -37.2 -40 -108 -112 -57.2
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Strontium oxide Strontium peroxide Strontium sulfate Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfuric acid (l) Sulfur dioxide (g) Sulfur trioxide (l) Sulfur chloride (l) Sulfur dichloride (l) Sulfur hexafluoride (g) Thionyl chloride (l) Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Tellurium Tellurium dibromide Tellurium dichloride Tellurium hexafluoride (g) Terbium (α) Terbium oxide Thallium Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thorium Thorium(IV) oxide Thulium Thulium oxide Tin (gray) Tin(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride dihydrate Tin(II) oxide Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride (l) Tin(IV) oxide Titanium Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) oxide
Formula SrO SrO2 SrSO4 S S H2SO4 SO2 SO3 SSCl2 SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 Ta TaCl5 Ta2O5 Tc Te TeBr2 TeCl2 TeF6 Tb Tb2O3 Tl TlBrO3 TlBr Tl2CO3 TlClO3 TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlCN TlF TlIO3 TlI TlNO3 TlNO2 Tl2SO4 Tl2S Th ThO2 Tm Tm2O3 Sn SnCl2 SnCl2·2H2O SnO SnBr4 SnCl4 SnO2 Ti TiBr2 TiCl2 TiI2 TiS TiBr3 TiCl3 TiF3 Ti2O3 TiCl4 TiO2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -35 -32.3 -57.9 -15.5 -14.9 -39 -18.2 -28.54 -62.2 -49.4 -44 -44.3 +154 +140 -32 +115 -38 -106 -94 -66 +170000 +78340 -50 -75.9 -63.9 -101.6 -65.5 -57.8 -39.3 -49 -44.4 -86.8 -82.2 -56.5 -50.8 -112.6 -88.8 +97 -16 +24700 +51444 -37.4 -69 -91.4 -19 -149 -115 -41 +151 +720 +484 +1790 +432 +660 +1110 +1300 +132 -54 +5.9
Name Tungsten Tungsten carbide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride (g) Tungsten(VI) oxide Uranium Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) oxide Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Water (s, 273 K) Water (l, 293 K) Water (l, 373 K) Water (g, 373 K)) Xenon (g) Ytterbium (β) Yttrium (α) Yttrium oxide Yttrium sulfide Zinc Zinc carbonate Zinc chloride Zinc cyanide Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodide Zinc oxide Zinc phosphate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide Zirconium Zirconium carbide Zirconium nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide
4-135
Formula W WC WCl2 WO2 WS2 WBr5 WCl5 WCl6 WF6 WO3 U UBr3 UCl3 UH3 UI3 UBr4 UCl4 UF4 UO2 UF6 UO3 V VBr2 VCl2 VBr3 VCl3 VF3 V2O3 V2S3 VCl4 VO2 V2O5 H2O H2O H2O H2O Xe Yb Y Y2O3 Y2S3 Zn ZnCO3 ZnCl2 Zn(CN)2 ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 ZnI2 ZnO Zn3(PO4)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·7H2O ZnS Zr ZrC Zr(NO3)4·5H2O ZrO2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +53 +10 -25 +57 +5850 +270 +387 -71 -53 -15.8 +409 +4740 +3460 +6244 +4460 +3530 +3680 +3530 +2360 +43 +128 +285 +3230 +2410 +2910 +3030 +2757 +1976 +1560 +1215 +99 +128 -12.63 -12.96 -13.09 -13.1 -45.5 +67 +187.7 +44.4 +100 -9.15 -34 -55.33 -46 -34.3 -67 -108 -27.2 -141 -47.8 -63 -138 -25 +120 -26 -77 -13.8
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS This table gives the index of refraction n of several inorganic substances in the liquid state at specified temperatures. The measurements refer to ambient atmospheric pressure except for substances whose normal boiling points are greater than the indicated temperature; in this case the pressure is the saturated vapor pressure of the substance. All values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm unless otherwise indicated. Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical formula as normally written. Data on the index of refraction at other temperatures and wavelengths may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, C., and Wohlfarth, B., Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/38A, Martienssen, W., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996. 2. Francis, A.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5, 534, 1960. Formula
Name
Ar AsCl3 BBr3 BrF3 BrF5 Br2 COS CO2 CS2 C3O2 Cl2 CrO2Cl2 Fe(CO)5 GeBr4 GeCl4 HBr HCN HCl HClO4 HF HI HNO3 H2 H2O H2O2 H2S
Argon Arsenic(III) chloride Boron tribromide Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromine Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon suboxide Chlorine Chromyl chloride Iron pentacarbonyl Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen chloride Perchloric acid Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Nitric acid Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide
H2SO4 H2S2 He Kr NH3
Sulfuric acid Hydrogen disulfide Helium Krypton Ammonia
NO N2 N2H4 N2O O2 PBr3 PCl3 PH3 P2O3 S SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 SO2 SO2Cl2
Nitric oxide Nitrogen Hydrazine Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphine Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur Sulfur dichloride Sulfur hexafluoride Thionyl chloride Sulfur dioxide Sulfuryl chloride
4-136
t/°C
n
-188 16 16 25 25 15 25 24 20 0 20 23 14 26 25 10 20 18 50 25 16 25 -253 20 28 -80 20 20 20 -269 -157 -77 20 -90 -196 22 25 -183 25 21 17 27 125 14 25 10 25 12
1.2312 1.604 1.312 1.4536 1.3529 1.659 1.3506 1.6630 1.62774 1.453 1.3834 1.524 1.523 1.6269 1.4614 1.325 1.26136 1.3287 a 1.3819 1.1574 1.466 1.393 1.1096 1.33336 1.4061 1.460 1.3682 1.4183 1.630 1.02451 c 1.3032 c 1.3944 b 1.3327 1.330 1.19876 b 1.470 1.238 1.2243 c 1.687 1.5122 1.317 1.540 1.9170 1.557 1.167 1.527 1.3396 1.444
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS (continued)
a b c
Formula
Name
t/°C
n
SO3 SSCl2 SbCl5 SiBr4 SiCl4 SnBr4 SnCl4 TiCl4 Xe
Sulfur trioxide Sulfur chloride Antimony(V) chloride Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Xenon
20 20 22 31 25 31 25 18 -112
1.40965 1.671 1.5925 1.5685 1.41156 1.6628 1.5086 1.6076 1.3918 c
At 581 nm At 578 nm At 546 nm
4-137
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS The chemical formula, crystal system, density, hardness, and index of refraction of some common minerals are given in this table. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: • • • • •
Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cub = cubic. Density: Typical density in g/cm3. Individual samples may vary by a few percent. Hardness: On the Mohs’ scale (range of 1 to 10, with talc = 1 and diamond = 10). Index of refraction: Values are given for the three coordinate axes in the order of least, intermediate, and greatest index. For cubic crystals there is only a single value. See Reference 1 for details on the axis systems. Variations of several percent, depending on the origin and exact composition of the sample, are common. REFERENCES 1. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 2. Carmichael, R.S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973.
Name Acanthite Actinolite Aegirine Akermanite Alabandite Albite Allanite Allemontite Almandine Altaite Aluminite Alunite Alunogen Amblygonite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Andorite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Ankerite Anorthite Anorthoclase Anthophyllite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Atacamite Augelite Augite Autunite Axinite
Formula Ag2S Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH,F)2 NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS NaAlSi3O8 (Ca,Mn,Ce,La,Y,Th)2(Fe,Ti)(Al,Fe) O⋅OH(Si2O7)(SiO4) SbAs Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al2(SO4)(OH)4⋅7H2O (K,Na)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 Al2(SO4)3⋅18H2O (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) NaAlSi2O6⋅H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 NaAlSi3O8·CaAl2Si2O8 PbAgSb3S6 Ca3(Fe,Ti)2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 CaAl2Si2O8 (Na,K)AlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2 Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) KFCa4Si8O20⋅8H2O CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S As2O3 FeAsS Cu2(OH)3Cl Al2(PO4)(OH)3 (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al)2(Si,Al)2O6 Ca(UO22)(PO4)2⋅10H20 (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BO3Si4O12(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
orth monocl monocl tetr cub tricl
7.2 3.23 3.58 2.94 4.0 2.63
2.3 5.5 6 5.5 3.8 6.3
monocl hex cub cub monocl rhomb monocl tricl cub tetr orth tricl rhomb cub orth orth rhomb tricl tricl rhomb hex tetr orth orth orth cub monocl rhomb monocl monocl tetr tricl
3.8 6.0 4.32 8.16 1.74 2.8 1.69 3.1 2.27 4.23 3.15 2.67 5.35 3.86 6.29 2.96 3.0 2.76 2.58 3.21 3.2 2.35 2.83 2.66 7.2 3.86 6.1 3.76 2.70 3.38 3.2 3.31
5.8 3.5 6.8 3 1.5 3.8 1.8 5.8 5.5 5.8 7.5 6.3 3.3 6.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 6.3 6 5.8 5 4.8 3.5
4-141
2.3 1.5 5.8 3.3 4.8 6 2.3 6.8
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.624 1.763 1.632
1.655 1.800 1.640
1.664 1.815
1.527
1.531
1.538
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.464 1.592 1.47 1.604
1.470
1.830 1.459 1.572 1.467 1.591 1.486 2.488 1.635 1.550
2.561 1.639 1.553
1.887 1.877 1.570 1.529 1.577 1.523 1.645 1.645 1.535 1.531 1.494
1.883 1.575 1.720 1.585 1.528 1.658 1.648 1.536 1.680 1.494
1.478 1.613
1.644 1.557
1.894 1.614 1.590 1.529 1.668
1.686 1.497
1.755 1.831 1.574 1.703 1.553 1.684
1.861 1.576 1.707 1.577 1.691
1.880 1.588 1.738 1.694
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Azurite Baddeleyite Barite Benitoite Bertrandite Beryl Beryllonite Biotite Bismuthinite Bixbyite Bloedite Boehmite Boracite Borax Bornite Boulangerite Bournonite Braggite Braunite Bravoite Breithauptite Brochantite Bromyrite Brookite Brucite Bunsenite Cacoxenite Calcite Caledonite Calomel Cancrinite Carnalite Carnotite Cassiterite Celestite Celsian Cerargyrite Cerussite Cervantite Chabazite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chiolite Chlorite Chloritoid Chondrodite Chromite Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Cinnabar Claudetite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobaltite Colemanite Columbite Connellite
Formula Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaSO4 BaTi(SiO3)3 Be4Si2O7(OH)2 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 NaBe(PO)4 K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Bi2S3 (Mn,Fe)2O3 Na2Mg(SO4)2⋅4H2O AlO(OH) Mg3B7O13Cl Na2B4O7⋅10H2O Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 PbCuSbS3 PtS (Mn,Si)2O3 (Ni,Fe)S2 NiSb Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 AgBr TiO2 Mg(OH)2 NiO Fe4(PO4)3(OH)3⋅12H20 CaCO3 Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 Hg2Cl2 (Na,Ca,K)7[Al6Si6O24] (CO3,SO4,Cl,OH)2⋅H20 KMgCl3⋅6H20 K2(UO2)2(VO4)2⋅3H2O SnO2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 AgCl PbCO3 Sb2O4 Ca[Al2Si4O12]⋅6H2O CuSO4⋅5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Na5Al3F14 (Mg,Al,Fe)12(Si,Al)8O20(OH)16 FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 Mg(OH,F)2⋅2Mg2SiO4 FeCr2O4 BeAl2O4 CuSiO3⋅2H2O HgS As2O3 Mg(OH,F)2⋅4Mg2SiO4 Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) CoAsS Ca2B6O11⋅5H2O (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 Cu19(SO4)Cl4(OH)32⋅3H2O
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
monocl monocl orth rhomb rhomb hex monocl monocl orth cub monocl orth rhomb monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr tetr cub hex monocl cub orth hex cub hex hex rhomb tetr
3.77 5.7 4.49 3.65 2.6 2.64 2.81 3.0 6.78 4.95 2.25 3.44 2.94 1.73 5.07 6.1 5.83 10.2 4.78 4.62 ≈8.7 3.79 6.47 4.23 2.37 6.72 2.3 2.71 5.76 7.16
hex rhomb rhomb tetr orth monocl cub orth orth trig tricl orth tetr tetr monocl monocl monocl cub orth rhomb hex monocl monocl monocl cub monocl rhomb hex
2.42 1.60
4-150
6.85 3.96 3.25 5.56 6.6 6.64 2.08 2.29 5.6 4.2 3.00 3.0 3.66 3.21 5.0 3.65 2.4 8.17 3.74 3.21 3.30 ≈6.1 2.42 5.20 3.36
Hardness 3.8 6.5 3.3 6.3 6 7.8 5.8 2.8 2 6.3 2.8 3.8 7.3 2.3 3 2.8 2.8 6.3 5.8 5.5 3.8 2.5 5.8 2.5 5.5 3.5 3 2.8 1.5 5.5 2.5 1.5 6.5 3.3 6.3 2.5 3.3 4.5 4.5 2.5 2.8 3.8 3.8 2.5 6.5 6.5 5.5 8.5 2 2.3 2.5 6 6.5 5.5 4.5 6 3
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.730 2.13 1.636 1.757 1.589 1.582 1.552 1.595
1.758 2.19 1.637 1.804 1.602 1.589 1.558 1.651
1.838 2.20 1.648
1.483 1.64 1.66 1.447
1.486 1.65 1.66 1.469
1.487 1.66 1.67 1.472
1.728 2.253 2.583 1.575
1.771
1.800
2.584 1.59
2.700
1.580 1.486 1.818 1.973
1.646 1.658 1.866 2.656
1.495 1.466 1.75 2.006 1.622 1.583 2.071 1.804
1.509 1.475 1.92 2.097 1.624 1.588
1.631 1.594
2.076
2.079
1.537
1.543
1.349 1.62 1.721 1.615
1.62 1.726 1.634
1.482 1.514
1.613 1.561 1.651
1.909
1.494 1.95
1.342 1.61 1.717 1.604 2.16 1.746 1.575 2.814 1.87 1.633 1.693
1.748 1.597 3.143 1.92 1.647 1.700
2.01 1.668 1.712
1.586
1.592
1.614
1.731
1.752
1.756 1.598
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Copiapite Coquimbite Cordierite Corundum Cotunnite Covellite Cristobalite Crocoite Cryolite Cryolithionite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreelite Derbylite Diamond Diaspore Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Douglasite Dyscrasite Eddingtonite Eglestonite Emplectite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Erythrite Eucairite Euclasite Eudialite Eulytite Euxenite Fayalite Ferberite Fergussonite Fluorite Forsterite Franklinite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Galenabismuthite Ganomalite Gaylussite Gehlenite Geikielite Gibbsite Glauberite Glauconite Glaucophane Gmelinite
Formula (Fe,Mg)Fe4(SO4)6(OH)2⋅20H2O Fe2(SO4)3⋅9H2O Al3(Mg,Fe)2Si5AlO18 Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS SiO2 PbCrO4 Na3AlF6 Na3Li3Al2F12 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Cu2O CaSi2B2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) Cr2FeS4 Fe6Ti6Sb2O23 C AlO(OH) Cu2–xS CaMgSi2O6 CuSiO2(ΟH)2 CaMg(CO3)2 K2FeCl4⋅2H2O Ag3Sb BaAl2Si3O10⋅4H2O Hg4OCl2 CuBiS2 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4⋅7H2O (Co,Ni)3(AsO4)2⋅8H2O CuAgSe BeAlSiO4(OH) (Na,Ca,Ce)5(Fe,Mn)(Zr,Ti)(Si3O9)2 (OH,Cl) Bi4Si3O12 (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 Fe2SiO4 FeWO4 (Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 CaF2 Mg2SiO4 ZnFe2O4 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS PbBi2S4 (Ca,Pb)10(OH,Cl)2(Si2O7)3 Na2Ca(CO3)2⋅5H2O Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Al(OH)3 Na2Ca(SO4)2 (K,Na,Ca)1.6(Fe,Al,Mg)4.0Si7.3Al0.7 O20(OH)4 Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]⋅6H2O
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
tricl hex rhomb hex orth hex hex monocl monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb cub orth cub monocl rhomb rhomb orth rhomb rhomb cub rhomb rhomb monocl monocl orth monocl orth monocl
2.13 2.1 2.66 3.97 5.98 4.8 2.33 6.12 2.97 2.77 4.11 3.4 6.0 3.0 2.98 3.81 4.53 3.51 3.4 5.55 3.30 3.5 2.86 2.16 9.74 2.8 8.4 6.38 4.5 3.19 3.44 1.67 3.06 7.7 3.1
2.8 2.5 7 9 2.5 1.8 6.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.5 5.5 3.8 7 5.3
1.52 1.54 1.540 1.761 2.199
1.54 1.56 1.549 1.769 2.217
2.260
1.484 2.29 1.338 1.340
1.487 2.36 1.338
2.66 1.339
1.650
1.660
1.676
1.63 1.624
1.63 1.652
1.63 1.668
5 10 6.8 2.8 6 5 3.5
2.45 2.418 1.694
2.45
2.51
1.715
1.741
1.680 1.65 1.500 1.488
1.687 1.70 1.679 1.500
1.708
1.541 2.49
1.553
1.557
1.656 1.733 1.433 1.626
1.662 1.755 1.455 1.661
1.669 1.765 1.461 1.699
1.651
1.655
1.671
hex cub rhomb orth monocl tetr cub orth cub cub cub cub rhomb hex monocl tetr hex monocl monocl
3.0 6.6 5.5 4.30 7.51 5.7 3.18 3.21 5.21 4.62 4.04 7.60 7.04 5.6 1.99 3.04 3.85 2.42 2.80
5.5 4.5 6 6.5 4.3 6 4 7 6 7.8 7.8 2.5 3 3.5 2.8 5.5 5.5 3 2.8
1.623 2.05 2.2 1.827
1.600
1.615
1.869
1.879
1.651
1.670
monocl monocl hex
2.7 3.19 2.10
2 6 4.5
4-151
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ 1.59 1.553
3.8 2.5 2 3 5.5 6 2.3 2 2.5 7.5
2.1 1.434 1.635 2.36 1.805 1.92 3.91 1.910 1.444 1.658 1.95 1.57 1.515
1.945 1.516 1.669 2.31 1.57 1.535
1.60 1.634 1.477
1.63 1.645 1.485
1.523
1.59 1.536 1.63 1.648
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Goethite Goslarite Greenockite Grossularite Gummite Gypsum Halite Hambergite Hanksite Harmotome Hausmannite Haüyne Hedenbergite Helvite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herderite Hessite Heulandite Hopeite Hornblende Huebnerite Humite Huntite Hydrogrossularite Hydromagnesite Illite Ilmenite Iodyrite Jacobsite Jadeite Jamesonite Jarosite Kainite Kaliophylite Kaolinite Kernite Kieserite Kyanite Lanarkite Lanthanite Laumontite Laurionite Lawsonite Lazulite Lazurite Leadhillite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Levyne Litharge Loellingite Maghemite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Manganite
Formula FeO(OH) ZnSO4⋅7H2O CdS Ca3Al2Si3O12 UO3⋅H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O NaCl Be2(OH)(BO3) Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl Ba[Al2Si6O16]⋅6H2O Mn3O4 (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2 CaFeSi2O6 Mn4Be3Si3O12S Fe2O3 Zn4Si2O7(OH)2⋅H2O Fe(AlO2)2 CaBe(PO4)(Fe,OH) Ag2Te (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si7O18]⋅6H2O Zn3(PO4)2⋅4H2O Ca2(Mg,Fe)4Al(Si7AlO22)(OH)2 MnWO4 Mg(OH,F)2⋅3Mg2SiO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)1-m(OH)4m 3MgCO3⋅Mg(OH)2⋅3H2O KAl4[Si7AlO20](OH)4 FeTiO3 AgI MnFe2O4 NaAlSi2O6 Pb4FeSb6S14 KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 KMg(SO4)Cl⋅3H2O KAlSiO4 Al4Si4O10(OH)8 Na2B4O7⋅4H2O MgSO4⋅H2O Al2OSiO4 Pb2(SO4)O (La,Ce)2(CO3)3⋅8H2O Ca4[Al8Si16O48]⋅16H2O Pb(OH)Cl CaAl2(OH)2Si2O7⋅H2O (Mg,Fe)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Na4SSi3Al3O12 Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 FeO(OH) K2(Li,Al)5-6[Si6-7Al2-1O20](OH,F)4 KAlSi2O6 (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12⋅6H2O PbO FeAs2 Fe2O3 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2(CO3) MnO(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
orth orth cub cub orth monocl cub rhomb hex monocl tetr cub monocl cub hex rhomb cub monocl orth monocl orth monocl monocl orth trig cub monocl monocl rhomb hex cub monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl monocl monocl tricl monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb monocl cub monocl orth monocl tetr rhomb tetr rhomb cub hex cub monocl monocl
4.3 1.97 4.8 3.59 7.05 2.32 2.17 2.36 2.56 2.44 4.84 2.47 3.53 3.32 5.25 3.45 4.3 2.98 8.4 2.2 3.0 3.24 7.2 3.3 2.70 3.4 2.24 2.8 4.72 5.68 4.87 3.34 5.63 3.09 2.15 2.61 2.65 1.95 2.57 3.59 6.92 2.72 2.3 6.24 3.08 3.23 2.42 6.55 4.26 2.85 2.49 2.10 9.35 7.40 4.88 3.05 5.17 4.05 ≈4.3
4-152
Hardness 5.3 2.3 3.3 6.8 3.8 2 2 7.5 3.3 4.5 5.5 5.8 6 6 6 5 7.8 5.3 2.5 3.8 3.2 5.5 4.3 6 6.8 3.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 7.8 6 2.5 3 2.8 6 2.3 2.5 3.5 6.3 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.3 6 5.8 5.3 2.8 5 3.3 5.8 4.5 2 5.3 7.8 4 6 3.8 4
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
2.268 1.457 2.506 1.734
2.401 1.480 2.529
2.457 1.484
1.520 1.544 1.56 1.461 1.506 2.15 1.502 1.721 1.739 2.91 1.614 1.835 1.592
1.525
1.530
1.59 1.481 1.507 2.46
1.63 1.511
1.727
1.746
3.19 1.617
1.636
1.612
1.621
1.498 1.58 1.67 2.17 1.625
1.498 1.59 1.67 2.22 1.636
1.506 1.59 1.69 2.32 1.657
1.70 1.523 1.56
1.527 1.59
1.545 1.59
2.21 2.3 1.649 1.715 1.494 1.532 1.549 1.454 1.520 1.715 1.928 1.52 1.508 2.08 1.655 1.615 1.500 1.87 1.94 1.536 1.510 1.496 2.535 2.63 1.536 2.42 1.655 2.25
2.22 1.654
1.663
1.820 1.505 1.537 1.564 1.472 1.533 1.722 2.007 1.587 1.517 2.12 1.675 1.64
1.565 1.488 1.584 1.731 2.036 1.613 1.519 2.16 1.685 1.650
2.00 2.20 1.565
2.01 2.51 1.566
1.516
1.501 2.665
1.741 1.875 2.25
1.909 2.53
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Manganosite Marcasite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Matlockite Meionite Melanterite Melilite Mellite Mendipite Mesolite Metacinnabar Microcline Miersite Millerite Mimetite Minium Mirabilite Moissanite Molybdenite Monazite Monetite Monticellite Montmorillonite Montroydite Mordenite Muscovite Nantokite Natrolite Nepheline Newberyite Niccolite Norbergite Nosean Oldhamite Oligoclase Olivenite Olivine Opal Orpiment Orthoclase Orthopyroxene Paragonite Parisite Pectolite Penfieldite Pentlandite Percylite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Pharmacosiderite Phenakite Phillipsite Phlogopite Phosgenite Piemontite
Formula MnO FeS2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbClF Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 FeSO4⋅7H2O (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al,Si)3O7 Al2C12O12⋅18H2O Pb3O2Cl2 Na2Ca2(Al2Si3O10)3⋅8H2O HgS KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb5(AsO4,PO4)3Cl Pb3O4 Na2SO4⋅10H2O SiC MoS2 (Ce,La,Th)PO4 CaHPO4 Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO4 (0.5Ca,Na)0.7(Al,Mg,Fe)4 [(Si,Al)8O20](OH)4⋅nH2O HgO (Na,K,Ca)[Al2Si10O24]⋅7H2O KAl2Si3AlO10(OH,F)2 CuCl Na2Al2Si3O10⋅2H2O Na3KAl4Si4O16 MgHPO4⋅3H2O NiAs Mg(OH,F)2⋅Mg2SiO4 Na8Al6Si6O24SO4 CaS ([NaSi]0.9-0.7[CaAl]0.1-0.3)AlSi2O8 Cu2(AsO4)(OH) (Mg,Fe)SiO4 SiO2⋅nH2O As2S3 KAlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)SiO3 NaAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 (Ce,La,Na)FCO3⋅CaCO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Pb4Cl6(OH)2 (Fe,Ni)9S8 PbCuCl2(OH)2 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)3⋅5H2O Be2SiO4 K(Ca0.5,Na)2[Al3Si5O16]⋅6H2O KMg3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Pb2(CO3)Cl2 Ca2(Mn,Fe,Al)3O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
cub cub tetr cub orth tetr tetr monocl tetr tetr rhomb orth cub monocl hex hex hex tetr monocl hex hex monocl tricl orth
5.37 5.02 2.56 5.67 1.77 7.05 2.78 1.89 3.00 1.64 7.24 2.26 7.70 2.56 5.68 5.5 7.24 8.9 1.46 3.16 5.06 5.2 2.92 3.18
5.5 6.3 5.5 2.5 2.3 2.8 5.5 2 5.5 2.3 2.5 5 3 6.3 2.5 3.3 3.8 2.5 1.8 9.5 1.3 5 3.5 5.5
monocl orth orth monocl cub orth hex orth hex orth cub cub tricl rhomb rhomb amorp monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl hex cub cub cub cub monocl cub rhomb monocl monocl tetr monocl
2.5 11.14 2.13 2.83 4.14 2.23 2.61 2.13 7.77 3.21 2.35 2.59 2.64 4.2 3.81 1.9 3.46 2.56 3.6 2.85 4.42 2.88 6.6 4.8
1.5 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.5 5 5.8 3.3 5.3 6.5 5.5 4 6.3 3 6.8 5 1.8 6 5.5 2.5 4.5 4.8
4-153
3.6 3.98 2.42 2.80 2.98 2.2 2.83 6.13 3.49
3.8 2.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 2.5 7.5 4.3 2.3 2.5 6
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.541 2.346 1.520 2.006 1.559 1.47 1.639 1.511 2.24 1.506
1.548 1.523 2.145 1.595 1.48 1.645 1.539 2.27
1.533
1.522 2.20
1.526
1.530
2.128
2.147
1.394 2.648
1.396 2.691
1.398
1.787 1.587 1.647
1.789 1.61 1.655
1.840 1.640 1.664
1.55 2.37 1.478 1.563 1.930 1.478 1.534 1.514
1.57 2.50 1.480 1.596
1.57 2.65 1.482 1.602
1.481 1.538 1.517
1.491
1.565 1.495 2.137 1.539 1.77 1.73 1.44 2.40 1.523 1.709 1.572 1.672 1.603 2.13
1.573
1.592
1.543 1.80 1.76
1.547 1.85 1.78
2.81 1.527 1.712 1.602 1.771 1.610 2.21
3.02 1.531 1.723 1.605
2.05 1.735 2.34 1.506 1.690 1.654 1.494 1.560 2.118 1.762
1.511 1.670 1.497 1.597 2.145 1.773
1.49
2.31
1.533
1.639
1.519
1.505 1.598 1.796
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name
Formula
Pigeonite Pollucite Polybasite Powellite Prehnite Proustite Pseudobrookite Psilomelane Pumpellyite
(Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 CsAlSi2O6 (Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11 Ca(Mo,W)O4 Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 Ag3AsS3 Fe2TiO5 BaMn9O16(OH)4 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe,Mg)[Si2(O,OH)7] (SiO4)(OH,O)3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 NaCaNb2O6F Mn(OH)2 MnO2 Pb5(PO4,AsO4)3Cl Mg3Al2Si3O12 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Fe7S8 SiO2 NiAs2 PbWO4 As4S4 MnCO3 (Mn,Fe,Ca)SiO3 Na2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2 TiO2 (Co,Fe)As2 (Y,Er,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6 (Mg,Fe)2Al4O6SiO4 (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3Si6O24 (Cl,F,OH,CO3,SO4) CaWO4 CaAl2Si3O10⋅3H2O Fe(AsO4)⋅2H2O MgF2 Sb2O3 Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 FeCO3 Al2OSiO4 (Co,Ni)As3 ZnCO3 Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO4(O,OH,F) MgAl2O4 LiAlSi2O6 Cu2FeSn4 (Fe,Mg,Zn)2(Al,Fe,Ti)9O6 [(Si,Al)O4]4(O,OH)2 Na(NH4)H(PO4)⋅4H2O Sb(Ta,Nb)O4 Sb2S3 NaCa2[Al5Si13O36]⋅14H2O
Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrochlore Pyrochroite Pyrolusite Pyromorphite Pyrope Pyrophyllite Pyrrhotite Quartz Rammelsbergite Raspite Realgar Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Samarskite Sapphirine Scapolite Scheelite Scolecite Scorodite Sellaite Senarmontite Serpentine Siderite Sillimanite Skutterudite Smithsonite Sodalite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Stannite Staurolite Stercorite Stibiotantalite Stibnite Stilbite
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
monocl tetr monocl tetr rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb
3.38 2.9 6.1 4.35 2.93 5.57 4.36 4.71
6 6.5 2.5 3.8 6.3 2.3 6 5.5
monocl rhomb cub cub hex tetr hex cub monocl hex hex orth monocl monocl hex orth monocl tetr rhomb
3.21 5.85 5.02 5.3 3.26 5.08 7.04 3.58 2.78 4.62 2.65 7.1 8.46 3.5 3.70 3.48 3.3 4.23 7.3
5.5 2.5 6.3 5.3 2.5 6.3 3.8 6.8 1.5 4 7 5.8 2.8 1.8 3.8 6 5 6.2 4.8
rhomb monocl
5.69 3.49
tetr tetr monocl rhomb tetr cub monocl hex rhomb cub rhomb cub cub cub cub monocl cub monocl tetr monocl tricl rhomb orth monocl
4-154
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.702 1.517
1.703
1.971 1.622 2.792 2.38
1.980 1.628 3.088 2.39
1.688 2.88
1.695 3.08
1.68
1.72
2.048 1.714 1.545
2.058 1.579
1.544
1.553
1.27 2.538 1.597 1.725 1.675 2.609
1.27 2.684 1.816 1.729 1.683 2.900
1.30 2.704
5.5 7.5
2.200 1.709
1.712
1.715
2.64 6.06 2.27 3.28 3.15 5.58 2.55 3.9 3.25 6.8 4.4 2.30 10.58 4.19 4.0 3.50 3.55 3.13 4.4
5.5 4.8 5 3.8 5 2.3 3 4.3 7 5.8 4.3 5.8 6.5 6.8 3.8 5 7.8 6.8 4
1.551 1.920 1.510 1.784 1.378 2.087 1.55 1.635 1.658
3.79 1.62 6.6 4.56 2.2
7.5 2 5.5 2 3.8
1.621 1.485
1.573 1.936 1.518 1.795 1.390 1.56 1.875 1.660
1.728
1.648 2.42
1.705
1.599
1.737 1.694
1.519 1.814
1.56 1.660
1.848
1.800 2.369 1.90 1.719 1.656
1.95
2.03
1.662
1.671
1.743 1.439 2.38
1.747 1.442 2.41
1.755 1.469 2.46
1.492
1.499
1.503
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name
Formula
(K,Na,Ca)0.6(Fe,Mg)6Si8Al (O,OH)27⋅2H2O Stolzite PbWO4 Strengite FePO4⋅2H2O Strontianite SrCO3 Struvite Mg(NH4)(PO4)⋅6H2O Sulfur S Sylvanite (Ag,Au)Te2 Sylvite KCl Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Tantalite (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 Tapiolite FeTa2O6 Tellurobismuthite Bi2Te3 Terlinguaite Hg2OCl Tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 Thenardite Na2SO4 Thermonatrite Na2CO3⋅H2O Thomsenolite NaCaAlF6⋅H2O Thorianite ThO2 Thorite ThSiO4 Topaz Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2⋅8H2O Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Al)3Al6Si6O18 (BO3)3 Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH,F)2 Trevorite NiFe2O4 Tridymite SiO2 Triphyllite-Lithiophyllite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 Troegerite (UO2)3(AsO4)2⋅12H2O Troilite FeS Trona Na3H(CO3)2⋅2H2O Turquois Cu(Al,Fe)6(PO4)4(OH)8⋅4H2O Ullmannite NiSbS Uraninite UO2 Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12 Valentinite Sb2O3 Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl Variseite-Strengite (Al,Fe)(PO4)⋅2H2O Vaterite CaCO3 Vermiculite (Mg,Ca)0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6[(Al,Si)8O20] (OH)4⋅8H2O Vesuvianite Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(Si2O7)2(SiO4)5 (OH,F)4 Villiaumite NaF Vivianite Fe3(PO4)2⋅8H2O Wagnerite Mg2(PO4)F Wavellite Al3(OH)3(PO4)2⋅5H2O Whewellite CaC2O4⋅H2O Willemite Zn2SiO4 Witherite BaCO3 Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 Wollastonite CaSiO3 Wulfenite PbMoO4 Wurtzite ZnS Xenotime YPO4 Zeunerite Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2⋅10H2O Zincite ZnO Zircon ZrSiO4 Zoisite Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
monocl tetr orth orth rhomb orth monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr hex monocl cub orth orth monocl cub tetr rhomb tetr
2.8 8.2 2.87 3.5 1.71 2.07 8.16 1.99 2.71 7.95 7.9 7.74 8.73 4.9 2.7 2.25 2.98 10.0 6.7 3.53 3.22
3.5 2.8 4 3.5 2 2 1.8 2 1 6.5 6.3 1.8 2.5 3.8 2.8 1.3 2 6.5 4.8 8 2.3
1.585 2.19 1.707 1.518 1.495 1.958
1.665 2.27 1.719 1.666 1.496 2.038
1.665
1.490 1.545 2.26 2.27
1.592 2.32 2.42
1.595 2.43
2.35
2.64
2.66
1.468 1.420 1.407 2.200 1.8 1.618 1.582
1.475 1.506 1.414
1.483 1.524 1.415
1.620 1.592
1.627
rhomb monocl cub hex rhomb tetr hex monocl tricl cub cub cub orth hex rhomb hex
3.14 3.0 5.33 2.27 3.46
1.62 1.599 2.3 1.475 1.68 1.59
1.65 1.612 1.476 1.68 1.630
1.479 1.69
4.7 2.14 2.9 6.65 11.0 3.83 5.7 6.8 2.72 2.71
7 5.5 7.8 7 4.5 2.5 4 2.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 6.8 2.8 2.9 4
1.412 1.70
1.492 1.73
1.540 1.75
1.865 2.18 2.350 1.635 1.550
2.35 2.416 1.654 1.645
2.35
monocl
2.3
1.5
1.542
1.556
tetr cub monocl monocl rhomb cub hex orth monocl monocl tetr hex tetr tetr hex tetr rhomb
3.33 2.78 2.58 3.15 2.36 2.2 4.1 4.29 7.3 2.92 6.7 4.09 4.8
6.5 2.3 1.8 5.3 3.6 2.8 5.5 3.5 4.3 4.8 2.9 3.8 4.5
1.73
5.6 4.6 3.26
4 7.5 6
1.72 1.327 1.598 1.568 1.527 1.491 1.691 1.529 2.26 1.628 2.283 2.356 1.721 1.606 2.013 1.94 1.695
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
Stilpnomelane
4-155
1.629 1.572 1.535 1.554 1.719 1.676 2.32 1.639 2.403 2.378 1.816 2.029 1.99 1.699
1.741 1.668 1.504 2.245
1.622
1.668
1.556
1.652 1.582 1.553 1.650 1.677 2.42 1.642
1.711
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued) γ
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS
α
β
This table contains x-ray crystallographic data on about 400 common minerals, as well as selected crystalline elements. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: Name: Common name of the mineral. Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cubic = cubic. Structure type: Prototype for the structural arrangement of the crystallographic cell. Z: Number of formula units per the unit cell. a, b, c: Lengths of the cell edges in Å (1Å = 10-8 cm). α, β, γ : Angles between cell axes.
b/Å
c/Å
REFERENCES 1. Robie, R.A., Bethke, P.M., and Beardsley, K.M., U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 3. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific &
Name
Formula
Crystal system
Structure type
Z
a/Å
Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992.
4-146
Formula
Crystal system
Acanthite Acmite (Aegirine) Akermanite Alabandite Almandine (Almandite) Altaite Aluminum Alunite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Annite Anorthite Anthophyllite Antimony Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Argentopyrite Arsenic Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Azurite Baddeleyite Banalsite Barite Berlinite Beryl Berzelianite Bismite Bismuth Bismuthinite Bixbyite Boehmite Borax Bornite (metastable) Breithauptite Brochantite Bromargyrite Bromellite Brookite Brucite
Ag2S NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 NaAlSi2O6⋅H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 Ca3Fe2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 KFe3[AlSi3O10](OH)2 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Sb CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S AgFe2S3 As As2O3 FeAsS Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaNa2Al4Si4O16 BaSO4 AlPO4 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Cu2Se Bi2O3 Bi Bi2S3 Mn2O3 AlO(OH) Na2B4O7⋅10H2O Cu5FeS4 NiSb Cu4SO4(OH)6 AgBr BeO TiO2 Mg(OH)2
monocl monocl tetr cubic cubic cubic cubic rhomb cubic tetr orth cubic orth orth monocl tricl orth rhomb orth orth cubic orth rhomb cubic tricl monocl monocl orth orth hex hex cubic monocl rhomb orth cubic orth monocl cubic hex monocl cubic hex orth hex
Structure type diopside melilite rock salt garnet rock salt copper
garnet barite anhydrite 1M mica primitive cell arsenic aragonite arcanite
arsenic diamond
baddeleyite barite α-quartz beryl pseudo-orth arsenic stibnite thallium trioxide lepidocrocite
niccolite rock salt zincite cadmium iodide
Z
a/Å
b/Å
c/Å
4 4 2 4 8 4 4 3 16 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 16 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 6 4 16 4 4 8 2 4 4 2 8 1
4.228 9.658 7.8435 5.223 11.526 6.4606 4.049 6.982 13.733 3.785 7.7959 12.048 8.480 6.991 10.29 8.177 18.61 4.2996 5.741 5.772 4.870 6.64 3.760 11.074 5.760 5.008 5.1454 8.50 8.878 4.942 9.215 5.85 7.48 4.5367 11.150 9.411 2.868 11.858 10.94 3.942 13.066 5.7745 2.6979 5.456 3.147
6.928 8.795
7.862 5.294 5.010
α
β
γ
99.58° 107.42°
17.32
7.8983 5.398 6.996 9.33 12.877 18.01 7.968 10.072 11.47
9.514 5.5583 6.958 6.238 5.39 14.169 5.24 11.2516 4.959 7.483
93.17°
105.1° 115.85°
6.45 10.555
5.690 5.844 5.2075 9.97 5.450
5.785 10.336 5.3107 16.72 7.152 10.97 9.192
8.14 11.300
5.83 11.8383 3.981
12.227 10.674
3.700 12.197
106.68°
9.85
5.155 6.022
103.27°
9.182
91.22°
4.3772 5.143 4.769
90.00°
112.23° 92.45° 99.23°
112.9°
90.00°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-147
Name
Name
Crystal system
NiO CaMn(SiO3)2 CdTe CdSe CaCO3 Hg2Cl2 Ca10(PO4)6CO3⋅H2O SnO2 CoS2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 CeO2 PbCO3 Sb2O4 CuSO4⋅5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Ca5(PO4)3Cl AgCl FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 MgCl2 2Mg2SiO4⋅MgF2 BeAl2O4 HgS As2O3 PbSe MgSiO3 FeSiO3 4Mg2SiO4⋅MgF2 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH Co2SiO4 CoO CoS CoTiO3 CoCO3 CoAsS SiO2 USiO4 Ca2B6O11⋅5H2O HgTe PtS Cu Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS
cubic tricl cubic hex rhomb tetr hex tetr cubic orth monocl cubic orth orth tricl orth tetr hex cubic monocl rhomb monocl orth hex monocl cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl orth cubic cubic rhomb rhomb cubic monocl tetr monocl cubic tetr cubic rhomb orth hex
Structure type rock salt sphalerite zincite calcite apatite rutile pyrite barite fluorite aragonite
apatite rock salt
olivine cinnabar rock salt
olivine rock salt sphalerite ilmenite calcite NiSbS zircon sphalerite face-centered cubic corundum
Z
a/Å
4 6 4 2 6 4 1 2 4 4 8 4 4 4 2 96 4 2 4 8 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 16 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6
4.177 7.736 6.4805 4.2977 4.9899 4.478 9.436 4.738 5.5345 8.359 8.627 5.4110 6.152 5.424 6.1045 11.881 5.2988 9.629 5.5491 9.48 3.632 7.89 5.4756 4.149 5.339 6.1255 9.620 9.7085 13.68 8.887 4.782 4.260 5.339 5.066 4.6581 5.60 7.152 6.995 8.743 6.4600 3.4699 3.6150 4.7591 4.535 3.792
b/Å
c/Å
7.157
13.824
α 90.52°
β 94.58°
γ 103.87°
7.0021 17.064 10.910 6.883 3.188 5.352 13.045
6.866 14.408
8.436 11.76 10.72 27.323
5.195 4.804 5.949 13.491 10.434 6.777
5.48
101.77°
12.984
18.18 17.795 10.29 4.4267 9.495 4.5405
8.825 9.0872 4.75 5.581 10.301
5.188 5.2284 10.27 10.14 6.003
108.33° 108.43° 100.83° 115.93°
4.743 9.4041
115.20°
97.57°
107.28°
109.03°
94.27°
13.918 14.958 12.379 11.264
7.152 6.263 6.102 6.1098
7.62
12.9894 9.05 16.34
120.00° 110.12°
77.43°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-148
Bunsenite Bustamite Cadmium telluride Cadmoselite Calcite Calomel Carbonate-apatite Cassiterite Cattierite Celestite Celsian Cerianite Cerussite Cervantite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chlorapatite Chlorargyrite Chloritoid Chloromagnesite Chondrodite Chrysoberyl Cinnabar Claudetite Clausthalite Clinoenstatite Clinoferrosilite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobalt olivine Cobalt oxide Cobalt sulfide Cobalt titanate Cobalticalcite Cobaltite Coesite Coffinite Colemanite Coloradoite Cooperite Copper Corundum Cotunnite Covellite
Formula
Name
SiO2 SiO2 Na3AlF6 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe,Mn)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2 Cu2O CaB2Si2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) FeCr2S4 C AlO(OH) Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Cu1.79S CaMg(SiO3)2 CuSiO2(OH)2 Cu2O(SO4) CaMg(CO3)2 NaMg3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 NaLiAl7.67B3Si6O27(OH)4 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4⋅7H2O Cr2O3 AgCuSe AlBeSiO4(OH) Cu3SbS4 Fe2SiO4 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) Ca2Fe2SiO7 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) KFeSi2O6 KFeSi3O8 KFeSi3O8 FeAs2.95 FeWO4 KFe3[FeSi3O10](OH)2 FeSe2 Ca2Fe5[Si8O22](OH)2 NaCa2Mg5[AlSi7O22]F2 3Mg2SiO4⋅MgF2 Mg2SiO4⋅MgF2 KMg3[AlSi3O10]F2 Na2CaMg5[Si8O22]F2 Ca2Mg5[Si8O22]F2
Crystal system tetr cubic monocl orth monocl cubic orth monocl cubic cubic orth monocl cubic monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb rhomb orth orth monocl orth rhomb orth monocl tetr orth orth tetr hex tetr tricl monocl cubic monocl monocl orth monocl monocl orth orth monocl monocl monocl
Structure type
tremolite
spinel diamond
deformed fluorite diopside phenacite calcite tourmaline tourmaline
corundum
olivine cordierite melilite beryl
wolframite marcasite tremolite tremolite
1M mica tremolite tremolite
Z
a/Å
4 8 2 4 2 2 4 4 8 8 4 4 4 4 18 4 3 3 3 2 16 2 4 6 10 4 2 4 4 2 2 16 4 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
4.971 7.1382 5.40 6.46 9.522 4.2696 8.04 9.62 9.966 3.5670 4.401 5.150 5.5695 9.743 14.61 8.334 4.8079 15.942 15.842 6.426 8.829 8.89 11.86 4.9607 4.105 4.763 5.384 4.817 9.726 7.54 9.860 13.205 8.68 8.689 8.1814 4.732 5.430 4.801 9.97 9.847 10.243 8.727 5.299 9.823 9.781
b/Å
c/Å
α
β
γ
6.918 5.60 11.12 18.223
7.776 6.23 5.332
101.92°
8.77 7.60
7.74 4.84
90.15°
9.421 8.940
2.845 14.736
103.58°
8.923
13.10 13.12
5.251 7.80 7.628 16.010 7.224 7.009 6.144 5.192 10.19 6.858 13.599 6.31 4.618 10.770 6.105 9.287 4.855 9.285 13.970 7.340 7.319
5.708 9.404 5.778 18.34 18.00 20.72 10.271 9.188 17.96 18.01
4.965 10.341 3.587 5.30 5.282 4.735 4.709 10.135 5.268 5.267
6.312
7.422 18.22 5.63 11.99 20.35 14.29 10.477 17.065
90.18°
105.93° 108.4°
115.40°
100.25°
90.75°
116.05° 116.10° 90.00° 100.07° 104.50° 104.83°
99.92° 104.33° 104.52°
86.23°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-149
Cristobalite (α) Cristobalite (β) Cryolite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreeite Diamond Diaspore Dickite Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolerophanite Dolomite Dravite Elbaite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Eskolaite Eucairite Euclase Famatimite Fayalite Fe-Cordierite Fe-Gehlenite Fe-Indialite Fe-Leucite Fe-Microcline Fe-Sanidine Fe-Skutterudite Ferberite Ferriannite Ferroselite Ferrotremolite Fluor-edenite Fluor-humite Fluor-norbergite Fluor-phlogopite Fluor-richterite Fluor-tremolite
Formula
Name
Ca5(PO4)3F CaF2 Mg2SiO4 FeTe2 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS Ga2O3 Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 NiAsS Al(OH)3 CaMnSiO4 (Co,Fe)AsS Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 FeO(OH) Au Ca3V2Si3O12 ZnSO4⋅7H2O C CdS Fe3S4 Ca3Al2Si3O12 Fe7[Si8O22](OH)2 FeSbS CaSO4⋅2H2O HfO2 NaCl Be2(OH,F)BO3 Ca2ZnSi2O7 MnS2 Mn3O4 CdS Ni3S2 CaFe(SiO3)2 Fe2O3 Zn4(OH)2Si2O7⋅H2O Fe(AlO2)2 SnS Ag2Te MgSO4⋅6H2O NaAlSi3O8 Ag2S
Crystal system hex cubic orth orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb tetr rhomb orth cubic monocl orth orth monocl monocl orth cubic cubic orth hex hex cubic cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl cubic orth tetr cubic tetr cubic rhomb monocl rhomb orth cubic orth monocl monocl tricl cubic
Structure type apatite fluorite olivine marcasite spinel spinel rock salt corundum melilite ilmenite
olivine tremolite tremolite face-centered cubic garnet epsomite graphite zincite spinel garnet tremolite
baddeleyite rock salt melilite pyrite sphalerite diopside corundum spinel germanium sulfide
Z
a/Å
2 4 4 2 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 4 24 2 2 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 8 2 8 4 4 4 8 2 4 8 4 3 4 6 2 8 4 4 8 4 4
9.3684 5.4638 4.758 5.265 8.0848 8.258 5.9360 4.9793 7.690 5.054 6.075 5.693 9.719 4.944 6.64 9.748 9.663 4.596 4.0786 12.070 11.779 2.4612 4.1354 9.876 11.851 9.572 10.00 5.68 5.1156 5.6402 9.755 7.87 6.1014 8.136 5.833 5.746 9.854 5.0329 8.370 8.150 4.328 8.13 10.110 8.160 6.269
b/Å
c/Å
α
β
γ
6.8841 10.214 6.265
5.984 3.869
13.812
13.429 5.0675 13.898 5.592
5.0705 11.19 28.39 17.915 17.696 9.957
8.6412 6.529 5.64 5.273 5.277 3.021
12.050
6.822 6.7079 6.7120
18.44 5.93 15.18 5.1722
5.342 6.73 6.29 5.2948
12.201
4.426 5.01
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-150
Fluorapatite Fluorite Forsterite Frohbergite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Gallium oxide Gehlenite Geikielite Gerhardite Gersdorfite Gibbsite Glauchroite Glaucodot Glaucophane I Glaucophane II Goethite Gold Goldmanite Goslarite Graphite Greenockite Greigite Grossularite Grunerite Gudmundite Gypsum Hafnia Halite Hambergite Hardystonite Hauerite Hausmannite Hawleyite Heazelwoodite Hedenbergite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herzenbergite Hessite Hexahydrite High albite (Analbite) High argentite
Formula
94.57°
102.78° 103.67°
101.77° 90.00° 113.83° 99.18°
9.422
9.024
7.134 5.263
10.719
5.120
11.190 4.48 7.212 12.870
3.978 8.09 24.41 7.106
104.23° 13.749
93.54°
111.9° 98.30° 116.36°
90.19°
Name
Cu5FeS4 NaAlSiO4 Cu2S MgSiO3 Cu2S GeO2 KAlSi2O6 Ag2Se KAlSi3O8 MnWO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca5(PO4)3OH H2O FeTiO3 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) AgI Fe MnFe2O4 NaAl(SiO3)2 Ag1.55Cu0.45S CaMn(SiO3)2 KAlSiO4 KAlSiO4 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 V2O3 SiO2 Na2B4O7⋅4H2O CaFeSiO4 CuSe MnFeSiO4 Al2OSiO4 Ca2SiO4 RuS2 FeCl2 CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2⋅H2O Pb MgSO4⋅4H2O FeO(OH) K2Al3Li2AlSi7O20(OH)4 KAlSi2O6 CaO Ca2SiO4 Co3S4 PbO FeAs2
Crystal system cubic cubic hex tricl cubic hex cubic cubic monocl monocl rhomb hex hex rhomb hex hex cubic cubic monocl tetr monocl hex hex tricl rhomb tetr monocl orth hex orth tricl monocl cubic rhomb orth cubic monocl orth monocl tetr cubic orth cubic tetr orth
Structure type
Z
1 4 2 8 4 α−quartz 3 16 2 4 wolframite 2 calcite 3 apatite 2 4 ilmenite 6 beryl 2 zincite 2 body-centered cubic 2 spinel 8 diopside 4 16 diopside 4 54 2 2 corundum 6 12 4 olivine 4 deformed covellite 78 olivine 4 4 4 pyrite 4 3 4 face-centered cubic 4 4 4 2M2 mica 2 16 rock salt 4 olivine 4 spinel 8 2 marcasite 2
a/Å 5.50 7.325 3.961 10.000 5.725 4.987 13.43 4.993 8.615 4.834 9.498 9.418 4.5212 5.093 9.7698 4.5955 2.8664 8.499 9.409 8.673 9.83 26.930 5.1597 5.155 4.952 7.456 7.022 4.886 14.206 4.854 7.123 5.48 5.60 3.593 8.787 4.9505 5.922 3.868 9.2 13.074 4.8108 5.091 9.401 3.9759 5.300
b/Å
c/Å
8.934
6.722 5.170
α
88.27°
β
70.03°
γ
91.01°
5.652
13.031 5.758
7.177 4.999 7.816 6.883 7.3666 14.055 9.3517 7.5005
115.98° 91.18°
8.564
107.50°
10.602 7.848 6.76
5.220 11.756 5.27 8.522 8.7032 7.407 14.002 8.604 15.676 6.434 17.25 6.162 5.564 9.28
5.836
17.58 13.123
9.04
8.959
9.151 11.146
13.604 12.525 5.3
7.905 3.066 20.0 13.738
11.371
6.782
5.981
5.023 2.882
105.00°
91.68°
104.87°
89.93°
108.83°
89.92°
101.25° 94.55°
90.85° 98.00°
105.97°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-151
High bornite High carnegeite High chalcocite High clinoenstatite High digenite High germania High leucite High naumanite High sanidine Huebnerite Huntite Hydroxylapatite Ice Ilmenite Indialite (Cordierite) Iodargyrite Iron (α) Jacobsite Jadeite Jalpaite Johannsenite Kaliophilite Kalsilite Kaolinite Karelianite Keatite Kernite Kerschsteinite Klockmannite Knebelite Kyanite Larnite Laurite Lawrencite Lawsonite Lead Leonhardtite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Lime Lime olivine Linnaeite Litharge Loellingite
Formula
Name
NaAlSi3O8 Cu5FeS4 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) GeO2 NaAlSiO4 Cu3AsS4 FeS Na2Mg3Fe2[Si8O22](OH)2 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2CO3 Au2Bi MnS MnS MnO FeS2 CaAl2[AlSi2O10](OH)2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbO PbClF Ni11As8 Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 SiO2 FeSO4⋅7H2O NiTe2 HgS AgSbS2 KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb3O4 Fe3Si4O10(OH)2 Na2SO4⋅10H2O Mn2Al3(AlSi5O18) MoS2 Mo MoO3 CdO CaMgSiO4 HgO 2Al2O3⋅SiO2 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2
Crystal system tricl tetr orth tetr hex tetr tetr monocl rhomb cubic monocl cubic hex cubic cubic orth monocl tetr cubic orth orth tetr tetr tetr cubic monocl hex cubic monocl tricl cubic rhomb tetr monocl monocl hex hex cubic orth cubic orth orth orth orth monocl
Structure type
rutile
tremolite calcite spinel
zincite sphalerite rock salt marcasite 2M mica sphalerite arcanite
clathrate type cadmium iodide sphalerite
sphalerite
beryl molybdenite
rock salt olivine
2M2 mica
Z
a/Å
4 16 4 2 8 2 2 2 6 8 4 8 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 46 4 1 4 8 4 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 3 4
8.139 10.94 9.721 4.3963 9.986 5.289 3.675 9.733 4.6330 8.3940 9.502 7.958 3.976 5.611 4.4448 4.443 5.13 12.064 6.0507 7.782 5.489 4.106 6.870 12.174 13.402 14.072 3.869 5.8517 12.862 8.582 6.4963 9.616 8.815 5.4 11.51 9.925 3.1604 3.1653 3.962 4.6953 4.827 6.608 7.5788 7.557 5.203
b/Å 12.788 17.062
17.946
11.974
c/Å 7.160 21.88 9.339 2.8626 8.330 10.440 5.030 5.299 15.016
α 94.27°
β
γ
116.57°
87.68°
103.30°
3.240
98.75°
6.432
5.423 8.92
3.3876 19.50 7.514
5.993 4.755
10.636 5.891 7.23 21.81 7.652
6.503
11.041 5.308
4.111 12.964
13.220 7.222
9.42 10.38
3.152 6.565 19.4 12.83 9.297 12.295
13.858
3.697
11.084 5.518 7.6909 7.6876 8.995
6.376 3.519 2.8883 2.8842 20.030
95.00°
105.57°
90.62°
98.63° 115.92°
100.00° 107.75°
94.47°
87.68°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-152
Low albite Low bornite Low cordierite Low germania Low nepheline Luzonite Mackinawite Magnesioriebeckite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Maldonite Manganese sulfide (γ) Manganese sulfide (β) Manganosite Marcasite Margarite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Massicot Matlockite Maucherite Meionite Melanophlogite Melanterite Melonite Metacinnabar Miargyrite Microcline Miersite Millerite Minium Minnesotaite Mirabilite Mn-Indialite Molybdenite Molybdenum Molybdite Monteponite Monticellite Montroydite Mullite (2:1) Mullite (3:2) Muscovite
Formula
Name
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 CuCl NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Na2Al2Si3O10⋅2H2O NaMgF3 NiAs2.95 NiAs Ni NiCO3 Ni2SiO4 NiSe2 KNO3 BaMg(CO3)2 CaS As2S3 KAlSi3O8 FeSiO3 CdCO3 BaAl2Si2O8 NaAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 NiAs2 TeO2 CaSiO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Fe5.25Ni3.75S8 Fe4.75Ni5.25S8 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Ag3AuTe2 Be2SiO4 KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 MgCr2O4 Ca2Al1.5Mn1.5(SiO4)3OH Pt Ni3S4 Ca(OH)2 CaMoO4 MgSiO3 Ag3AsS3 CaSiO3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 MnO2 Mg3Al2Si3O12
Crystal system monocl cubic rhomb orth orth cubic hex cubic rhomb orth cubic orth rhomb cubic monocl monocl orth rhomb monocl monocl orth tetr monocl tricl cubic cubic cubic orth monocl cubic rhomb monocl cubic monocl cubic cubic hex tetr orth rhomb tricl rhomb cubic tetr cubic
Structure type sphalerite
perovskite niccolite face-centered cubic calcite olivine pyrite aragonite calcite rock salt
enstatite calcite 2M1 mica
rock salt perovskite
phenacite 1M mica spinel face-centered cubic spinel cadmium iodide scheelite
pyrite rutile garnet
Z
a/Å
b/Å
c/Å
4 4 3 8 4 8 2 4 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 16 6 4 4 8 4 12 2 4 4 4 4 2 8 18 2 8 2 4 8 1 4 8 6 24 6 4 2 8
8.909 5.416 6.974 18.30 5.363 8.3300 3.618 3.5238 4.5975 4.727 5.9604 6.431 5.020 5.689 11.49 8.562 9.080 4.9204 8.58 5.13 5.75 4.810 15.417 7.99 10.196 10.095 4.2117 5.3670 11.32 10.38 12.472 5.326 8.333 8.95 3.9231 9.480 3.5933 5.226 9.25 10.816 6.90 11.052 5.4175 4.388 11.459
5.146
15.697
18.63 7.676
16.69 6.60 5.503
α
β
γ
113.70°
5.034
10.121
14.723 5.915
9.164
5.414 16.75
9.59 12.996 18.431
4.25 7.193 5.238 16.298 9.08 19.32 11.428 7.613 7.066 7.02
9.583 8.89 5.82 7.321 7.04
7.6438 5.14
90.45° 116.02°
90.00° 95.17°
90.05°
5.4439 7.62
95.40° 95.27°
105.90°
9.210
8.252 10.311
100.17°
5.70
9.41
115.70°
8.74 11.78
4.9086 11.43 5.32 8.6948 19.65 8.7177 2.865
102.47°
90.00°
90.80°
90.00°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-153
Nacrite Nantokite Natroalunite Natrolite Neighborite Ni-Skutterudite Niccolite Nickel Nickel carbonate Nickel olivine Nickel selenide Niter Norsethite Oldhamite Orpiment Orthoclase Orthoferrosilite Otavite Paracelsian Paragonite Pararammelsbergite Paratellurite Parawollastonite Pectolite Pentlandite Pentlandite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Petzite Phenacite Phlogopite Picrochromite Piemontite Platinum Polymidite Portlandite Powellite Protoenstatite Proustite Pseudowollastonite Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrolusite Pyrope
Formula
Name
MnTiO3 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 MnFe(SiO3)2 Fe0.980S Fe0.885S SiO2 SiO2 NiAs2 AsS NiSO4⋅4H2O MnCO3 MnSiO3 Na2Fe5FSi8O22(OH)2 TiO2 Co0.5Fe0.5As2 ZnWO4 Mg2Al4O6SiO4 MnCl2 CaWO4 NaFe3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 Se SeO2 MgF2 Sb2O3 Ni3Pb2S2 Na2Ca2(CO3)3 FeCO3 Si Al2OSiO4 Ag Ag2Te Ag2Te ZnCO3 NaNO3 NaCaAlSi2O7 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO5 MgAl2O4 LiAl(SiO3)2 LiAl(SiO3)2 Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2 AgFe2S3 Sb2S3
Crystal system rhomb monocl tricl hex hex hex hex orth monocl tetr rhomb tricl monocl tetr orth monocl monocl rhomb tetr rhomb hex tetr tetr cubic rhomb orth rhomb cubic orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb rhomb tetr cubic cubic cubic monocl cubic monocl tetr monocl orth orth
Structure type ilmenite 2M1 mica defect niccolite defect niccolite
marcasite
calcite tremolite marcasite wolframite
scheelite tourmaline
rutile arsenic trioxide
calcite diamond face-centered cubic
calcite calcite melilite pyrite garnet sphalerite spinel diopside
stibnite
Z
a/Å
6 4 7 2 2 3 3 2 16 4 6 10 2 2 2 2 8 3 4 3 3 8 2 16 3 2 6 8 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4
5.155 5.14 7.56 3.446 3.440 4.9136 4.999 4.757 9.29 6.782 4.7771 7.682 9.729 4.5937 5.231 4.691 9.96 3.711 5.242 16.032 4.3642 8.35 4.621 11.152 5.576 4.961 4.6887 5.4305 7.4843 4.0862 5.29 6.585 4.6528 5.0696 8.511 5.968 11.621 5.4093 7.07 8.080 9.451 7.5332 7.90 11.60 11.229
b/Å 8.90 17.45
5.797 13.53
11.818 18.065 5.953 5.720 28.60
11.03
7.6730
c/Å 14.18 18.55 6.67 5.848 5.709 5.4051 5.4592 3.542 6.57 18.28 15.664 6.707 5.334 2.9618 2.962 4.925 9.85 17.59 11.372 7.149 4.9588 5.05 3.050
α
84.00°
β 99.92° 94.30°
113.70°
106.55°
92.36°
93.95° 103.31°
89.36° 110.5°
13.658 7.12 15.373 5.7711
15.025 16.829 4.809
8.72
6.56
113.95°
8.387
5.208 9.1540 5.63 6.63 3.8389
110.07°
16.65 12.675 11.310
γ
90.00°
105.66°
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-154
Pyrophanite Pyrophyllite Pyroxmangite Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite Quartz (α) Quartz (β) Rammelsbergite Realgar Retgersite Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Sanmartinite Sapphirine Scacchite Scheelite Schorl Selenium Selenolite Sellaite Senarmontite Shandite Shortite Siderite Silicon Sillimanite Silver Silver telluride I Silver telluride II Smithsonite Soda niter Sodium melilite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Spodumene (β) Staurolite Sternbergite Stibnite
Formula
Name
ZnSe SiO2 PbWO4 Ag0.93Cu1.07S SrCO3 S S S KCl K2Ca(SO4)2⋅H2O CaAl2Si2O8 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Ta PbSnS2 TeO2 Te Bi2Te3 Cu12As4S13 CuO Mn2SiO4 Cu12Sb4S13 Na2SO4 ThO2 ThSiO4 HgSe Sn Ti Ti2O3 Al2(SiO4)(OH) Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 NiFe2O4 SiO2 CoSe2 FeS CaAl2SiO6 W WS2 CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8⋅4H2O Cu3Se2 UO2 NaCr(SiO3)2 Ca3Cr2Si3O12 CaMg4Al5B3Si6O27(OH)4 NiS2
Crystal system cubic tetr tetr orth orth monocl orth rhomb cubic monocl hex orth monocl cubic orth orth hex rhomb cubic monocl orth cubic orth cubic tetr cubic tetr hex rhomb orth monocl cubic hex cubic hex monocl cubic hex tricl tetr cubic monocl cubic rhomb cubic
Structure type sphalerite rutile scheelite
Z
4 2 4 4 aragonite 4 S8 ring molecules 48 S8 ring molecules 128 S6 ring molecules 18 rock salt 4 2 2 2 2M1 mica 4 tungsten 2 germanium sulfide 2 tellurite 8 selenium 3 3 tetrahedrite 2 4 olivine 4 tetrahedrite 2 thenardite 8 fluorite 4 zircon 4 sphalerite 4 4 2 corundum 6 4 tremolite 2 spinel 8 4 pyrite 4 niccolite 2 diopside 4 2 molybdenite 2 1 2 fluorite 4 diopside 4 garnet 8 tourmaline 3 pyrite 4
a/Å 5.6685 4.1790 5.4616 4.066 6.029 11.04 10.4646 10.818 6.2931 9.775 5.10 8.22 5.287 3.3058 4.266 5.607 4.4570 4.3835 10.190 4.684 4.871 10.327 5.863 5.5952 7.143 6.0853 5.8315 2.953 5.149 8.394 9.840 8.339 5.0463 5.8588 3.446 9.615 3.1653 3.154 7.424 6.402 5.4682 9.550 11.999 15.86 5.6873
b/Å
6.628 8.414 10.98 12.8660
7.156 8.60 9.158
c/Å
α
2.6649 12.046 7.972 5.107 10.92 24.4860 4.280
4.090 5.463 5.9290 30.487
3.425 10.636
5.129 6.232
12.304
9.821
γ
96.73°
6.251 14.72 4.83 18.95
11.419 12.034
β
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
4-155
Stilleite Stishovite Stolzite Stromeyerite Strontianite Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfur (orthorhombic) Sulfur (rhombohedral) Sylvite Syngenite Synthetic anorthite Synthetic anorthite Talc Tantalum Teallite Tellurite Tellurium Tellurobismuthite Tennantite Tenorite Tephroite Tetrahedrite Thenardite Thorianite Thorite Tiemannite Tin Titanium Titanium(III) oxide Topaz Tremolite Trevorite Tridymite (β) Trogtalite Troilite Tschermakite Tungsten Tungstenite Turquois Umangite Uraninite Ureyite Uvarovite Uvite Vaesite
Formula
104.00°
99.50°
99.47°
6.327
8.792 18.052
3.1813 4.729 13.642 4.649 5.275
104.70°
8.2563
8.661
5.877 5.272
7.629
12.362 9.910 4.276
8.712
5.273 7.19
106.12°
68.61°
69.71°
107.44°
65.08°
Name
Sb2O3 MgSO4⋅3Na2SO4 CaCO3 NaF FeNi2S4 Zn2SiO4 BaCO3 Fe0.5Mn0.5WO4 CaSiO3 PbMoO4 ZnS Fe0.953O YPO4 Zn ZnTe ZnO ZnSO4 ZrSiO4 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH
Crystal system orth monocl hex cubic cubic rhomb orth monocl tricl tetr hex cubic tetr hex cubic hex orth tetr orth
Structure type antimony trioxide
Z
4 2 6 rock salt 4 spinel 8 phenacite 18 aragonite 4 wolframite 2 6 scheelite 4 zincite 2 defect rock salt 4 zircon 4 hexagonal close pack 2 sphalerite 4 zincite 2 barite 4 zircon 4 4
a/Å 4.914 9.797 7.135 4.6342 9.464 13.94 6.430 4.782 7.94 5.435 3.8230 4.3088 6.885 2.665 6.1020 3.2495 8.588 6.604 16.15
b/Å 12.468 9.217
8.904 5.731 7.32
c/Å 5.421 8.199 8.524
9.309 5.314 4.982 7.07 12.110 6.2565 5.982 4.947
6.740 5.581
α
5.2069 4.770 5.979 10.06
β
γ
113.50°
90.03°
90.57° 95.37°
103.43°
4-156
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)
Valentinite Vanthoffite Vaterite Villiaumite Violarite Willemite Witherite Wolframite Wollastonite Wulfenite Wurtzite Wustite Xenotime Zinc Zinc telluride Zincite Zinkosite Zircon Zoisite
Formula
CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) has conducted a project to establish internationally agreed values for the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances. This table presents the final results of the project. Use of these recommended, internally consistent values is encouraged in the analysis of thermodynamic measurements, data reduction, and preparation of other thermodynamic tables. The table includes the standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K, the entropy at 298.15 K, and the quantity H° (298.15 K)–H° (0). A value of 0 in the ∆fH° column for an element indicates the reference state for that element. The standard state pressure is 100000 Pa (1 bar). See the reference for information on the dependence of gas-phase entropy on the choice of standard state pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order of their chemical formulas when written in the most common form. The table is reprinted with permission of CODATA. REFERENCE Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.
Substance Ag Ag Ag+ AgCl Al Al Al+3 AlF3 Al2O3 Ar B B BF3 B2O3 Be Be BeO Br BrBr2 Br2 C C CO CO2 CO2 CO3-2 Ca Ca Ca+2 CaO Cd Cd Cd+2 CdO CdSO4⋅8/3H2O Cl ClClO4Cl2 Cs Cs Cs+
State cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr, corundum g cr, rhombic g g cr cr g cr g aq l g cr, graphite g g g aq, undissoc. aq cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr g aq aq g cr g aq
∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 284.9 ± 0.8 105.79 ± 0.08 -127.01 ± 0.05 0 330.0 ± 4.0 -538.4 ± 1.5 -1510.4 ± 1.3 -1675.7 ± 1.3 0 0 565 ± 5 -1136.0 ± 0.8 -1273.5 ± 1.4 0 324 ± 5 -609.4 ± 2.5 111.87 ± 0.12 -121.41 ± 0.15 0 30.91 ± 0.11 0 716.68 ± 0.45 -110.53 ± 0.17 -393.51 ± 0.13 -413.26 ± 0.20 -675.23 ± 0.25 0 177.8 ± 0.8 -543.0 ± 1.0 -634.92 ± 0.90 0 111.80 ± 0.20 -75.92 ± 0.60 -258.35 ± 0.40 -1729.30 ± 0.80 121.301 ± 0.008 -167.080 ± 0.10 -128.10 ± 0.40 0 0 76.5 ± 1.0 -258.00 ± 0.50
5-1
S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1
H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1
42.55 ± 0.20 172.997 ± 0.004 73.45 ± 0.40 96.25 ± 0.20 28.30 ± 0.10 164.554 ± 0.004 -325 ± 10 66.5 ± 0.5 50.92 ± 0.10 154.846 ± 0.003 5.90 ± 0.08 153.436 ± 0.015 254.42 ± 0.20 53.97 ± 0.30 9.50 ± 0.08 136.275 ± 0.003 13.77 ± 0.04 175.018 ± 0.004 82.55 ± 0.20 152.21 ± 0.30 245.468 ± 0.005 5.74 ± 0.10 158.100 ± 0.003 197.660 ± 0.004 213.785 ± 0.010 119.36 ± 0.60 -50.0 ± 1.0 41.59 ± 0.40 154.887 ± 0.004 -56.2 ± 1.0 38.1 ± 0.4 51.80 ± 0.15 167.749 ± 0.004 -72.8 ± 1.5 54.8 ± 1.5 229.65 ± 0.40 165.190 ± 0.004 56.60 ± 0.20 184.0 ± 1.5 223.081 ± 0.010 85.23 ± 0.40 175.601 ± 0.003 132.1 ± 0.5
5.745 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 12.033 ± 0.020 4.540 ± 0.020 6.919 ± 0.001 11.62 ± 0.04 10.016 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 1.222 ± 0.008 6.316 ± 0.002 11.650 ± 0.020 9.301 ± 0.040 1.950 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 2.837 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 24.52 ± 0.01 9.725 ± 0.001 1.050 ± 0.020 6.536 ± 0.001 8.671 ± 0.001 9.365 ± 0.003 5.736 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 6.75 ± 0.06 6.247 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.41 ± 0.08 35.56 ± 0.04 6.272 ± 0.001 9.181 ± 0.001 7.711 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001
CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued)
Substance Cu Cu Cu+2 CuSO4 F FF2 Ge Ge GeF4 GeO2 H H+ HBr HCO3HCl HF HI HPO4-2 HSHSO4H2 H2O H2O H2PO4H2S H2S H3BO3 H3BO3 He Hg Hg Hg+2 HgO Hg2+2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2SO4 I II2 I2 K K K+ Kr Li Li Li+ Mg Mg Mg+2 MgF2 MgO N NH3 NH4+ NO3-
State cr g aq cr g aq g cr g g cr, tetragonal g aq g aq g g g aq aq aq g l g aq g aq, undissoc. cr aq, undissoc. g l g aq cr, red aq cr cr g aq cr g cr g aq g cr g aq cr g aq cr cr g g aq aq
∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 337.4 ± 1.2 64.9 ± 1.0 -771.4 ± 1.2 79.38 ± 0.30 -335.35 ± 0.65 0 0 372 ± 3 -1190.20 ± 0.50 -580.0 ± 1.0 217.998 ± 0.006 0 -36.29 ± 0.16 -689.93 ± 0.20 -92.31 ± 0.10 -273.30 ± 0.70 26.50 ± 0.10 -1299.0 ± 1.5 -16.3 ± 1.5 -886.9 ± 1.0 0 -285.830 ± 0.040 -241.826 ± 0.040 -1302.6 ± 1.5 -20.6 ± 0.5 -38.6 ± 1.5 -1094.8 ± 0.8 -1072.8 ± 0.8 0 0 61.38 ± 0.04 170.21 ± 0.20 -90.79 ± 0.12 166.87 ± 0.50 -265.37 ± 0.40 -743.09 ± 0.40 106.76 ± 0.04 -56.78 ± 0.05 0 62.42 ± 0.08 0 89.0 ± 0.8 -252.14 ± 0.08 0 0 159.3 ± 1.0 -278.47 ± 0.08 0 147.1 ± 0.8 -467.0 ± 0.6 -1124.2 ± 1.2 -601.60 ± 0.30 472.68 ± 0.40 -45.94 ± 0.35 -133.26 ± 0.25 -206.85 ± 0.40
5-2
S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1
H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1
33.15 ± 0.08 166.398 ± 0.004 -98 ± 4 109.2 ± 0.4 158.751 ± 0.004 -13.8 ± 0.8 202.791 ± 0.005 31.09 ± 0.15 167.904 ± 0.005 301.9 ± 1.0 39.71 ± 0.15 114.717 ± 0.002 0 198.700 ± 0.004 98.4 ± 0.5 186.902 ± 0.005 173.779 ± 0.003 206.590 ± 0.004 -33.5 ± 1.5 67 ± 5 131.7 ± 3.0 130.680 ± 0.003 69.95 ± 0.03 188.835 ± 0.010 92.5 ± 1.5 205.81 ± 0.05 126 ± 5 89.95 ± 0.60 162.4 ± 0.6 126.153 ± 0.002 75.90 ± 0.12 174.971 ± 0.005 -36.19 ± 0.80 70.25 ± 0.30 65.74 ± 0.80 191.6 ± 0.8 200.70 ± 0.20 180.787 ± 0.004 106.45 ± 0.30 116.14 ± 0.30 260.687 ± 0.005 64.68 ± 0.20 160.341 ± 0.003 101.20 ± 0.20 164.085 ± 0.003 29.12 ± 0.20 138.782 ± 0.010 12.24 ± 0.15 32.67 ± 0.10 148.648 ± 0.003 -137 ± 4 57.2 ± 0.5 26.95 ± 0.15 153.301 ± 0.003 192.77 ± 0.05 111.17 ± 0.40 146.70 ± 0.40
5.004 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 16.86 ± 0.08 6.518 ± 0.001 8.825 ± 0.001 4.636 ± 0.020 7.398 ± 0.001 17.29 ± 0.10 7.230 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 8.648 ± 0.001 8.640 ± 0.001 8.599 ± 0.001 8.657 ± 0.001
8.468 ± 0.001 13.273 ± 0.020 9.905 ± 0.005 9.957 ± 0.010 13.52 ± 0.04 6.197 ± 0.001 9.342 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 9.117 ± 0.025 23.35 ± 0.20 26.070 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 13.196 ± 0.040 10.116 ± 0.001 7.088 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 4.632 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 4.998 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 9.91 ± 0.06 5.160 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 10.043 ± 0.010
CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued)
Substance N2 Na Na Na+ Ne O OHO2 P P P2 P4 Pb Pb Pb+2 PbSO4 Rb Rb Rb+ S S SO2 SO4-2 S2 Si Si SiF4 SiO2 Sn Sn Sn+2 SnO SnO2 Th Th ThO2 Ti Ti TiCl4 TiO2 U U UO2 UO2+2 UO3 U3O8 Xe Zn Zn Zn+2 ZnO
State g cr g aq g g aq g cr, white g g g cr g aq cr cr g aq cr, rhombic g g aq g cr g g cr, alpha quartz cr, white g aq cr, tetragonal cr, tetragonal cr g cr cr g g cr, rutile cr g cr aq cr, gamma cr g cr g aq cr
∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 0 107.5 ± 0.7 -240.34 ± 0.06 0 249.18 ± 0.10 -230.015 ± 0.040 0 0 316.5 ± 1.0 144.0 ± 2.0 58.9 ± 0.3 0 195.2 ± 0.8 0.92 ± 0.25 -919.97 ± 0.40 0 80.9 ± 0.8 -251.12 ± 0.10 0 277.17 ± 0.15 -296.81 ± 0.20 -909.34 ± 0.40 128.60 ± 0.30 0 450 ± 8 -1615.0 ± 0.8 -910.7 ± 1.0 0 301.2 ± 1.5 -8.9 ± 1.0 -280.71 ± 0.20 -577.63 ± 0.20 0 602 ± 6 -1226.4 ± 3.5 0 473 ± 3 -763.2 ± 3.0 -944.0 ± 0.8 0 533 ± 8 -1085.0 ± 1.0 -1019.0 ± 1.5 -1223.8 ± 1.2 -3574.8 ± 2.5 0 0 130.40 ± 0.40 -153.39 ± 0.20 -350.46 ± 0.27
5-3
S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1
H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1
191.609 ± 0.004 51.30 ± 0.20 153.718 ± 0.003 58.45 ± 0.15 146.328 ± 0.003 161.059 ± 0.003 -10.90 ± 0.20 205.152 ± 0.005 41.09 ± 0.25 163.199 ± 0.003 218.123 ± 0.004 280.01 ± 0.50 64.80 ± 0.30 175.375 ± 0.005 18.5 ± 1.0 148.50 ± 0.60 76.78 ± 0.30 170.094 ± 0.003 121.75 ± 0.25 32.054 ± 0.050 167.829 ± 0.006 248.223 ± 0.050 18.50 ± 0.40 228.167 ± 0.010 18.81 ± 0.08 167.981 ± 0.004 282.76 ± 0.50 41.46 ± 0.20 51.18 ± 0.08 168.492 ± 0.004 -16.7 ± 4.0 57.17 ± 0.30 49.04 ± 0.10 51.8 ± 0.5 190.17 ± 0.05 65.23 ± 0.20 30.72 ± 0.10 180.298 ± 0.010 353.2 ± 4.0 50.62 ± 0.30 50.20 ± 0.20 199.79 ± 0.10 77.03 ± 0.20 -98.2 ± 3.0 96.11 ± 0.40 282.55 ± 0.50 169.685 ± 0.003 41.63 ± 0.15 160.990 ± 0.004 -109.8 ± 0.5 43.65 ± 0.40
8.670 ± 0.001 6.460 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 6.725 ± 0.001 8.680 ± 0.002 5.360 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.904 ± 0.001 14.10 ± 0.20 6.870 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 20.050 ± 0.040 7.489 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 4.412 ± 0.006 6.657 ± 0.001 10.549 ± 0.010 9.132 ± 0.002 3.217 ± 0.008 7.550 ± 0.001 15.36 ± 0.05 6.916 ± 0.020 6.323 ± 0.008 6.215 ± 0.001 8.736 ± 0.020 8.384 ± 0.020 6.35 ± 0.05 6.197 ± 0.003 10.560 ± 0.020 4.824 ± 0.015 7.539 ± 0.002 21.5 ± 0.5 8.68 ± 0.05 6.364 ± 0.020 6.499 ± 0.020 11.280 ± 0.020 14.585 ± 0.050 42.74 ± 0.10 6.197 ± 0.001 5.657 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.933 ± 0.040
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2400 individual substances in the crystalline, liquid, and gaseous states. Substances are listed by molecular formula in a modified Hill order; all compounds not containing carbon appear first, followed by those that contain carbon. The properties tabulated are: ∆fH° ∆fG° S° Cp
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K
The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). The standard states are defined for different phases by: • The standard state of a pure gaseous substance is that of the substance as a (hypothetical) ideal gas at the standard state pressure. • The standard state of a pure liquid substance is that of the liquid under the standard state pressure. • The standard state of a pure crystalline substance is that of the crystalline substance under the standard state pressure. An entry of 0.0 for ∆fH° for an element indicates the reference state of that element. See References 1 and 2 for further information on reference states. A blank means no value is available. We are indebted to M.V. Korobov for providing data on fullerene compounds. REFERENCES 1. Cox, J.D., Wagman, D.D., and Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R.L., The NBS Tables of Chemical of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 3. Chase M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 4. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 5. Pedley, J.B., Naylor, R.D., and Kirby, S.P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 1986. 6. Pedley, J.B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 1994. 7. Dolmalski, E.S., Evans, W.H., Hearing E.D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 13, Suppl. 1, 1984; Vol. 19, No. 4, 881—1047, 1990. 8. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 1, Hermisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 9. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Molecular formula
Actinium Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) fluoride Silver(II) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) nitrate Disilver Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) oxide Silver(II) oxide Silver(III) oxide Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide (argentite) Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum monobromide Aluminum tribromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum dichloride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum trifluoride Sodium tetrafluoroaluminate Aluminum hydride Aluminum hydride Potassium aluminum hydride Lithium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum hydride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum triiodide Aluminum nitride Aluminum monoxide Aluminum phosphate Aluminum phosphide Aluminum monosulfide Dialuminum Aluminum hexabromide Aluminum hexachloride
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
0.0 0.0 -100.4 -10.5 -127.0 -30.3 -31.1 -204.6 -360.0 -61.8 -171.1 -124.4
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
366.0 246.0 -96.9 71.3 -109.8 64.5
56.5 42.6 107.1 151.9 96.3 142.0
-66.2 -93.7 -33.4
115.5 149.4 140.9
406.0 284.9
410.0 -731.7 -31.1 -24.3 33.9 -715.9 -32.6 0.0
-527.2
-704.2 -1510.4
330.0 13.0 -4.0 -425.1 -47.7 -331.0 -583.2 -258.2 -1204.6 -1869.0 259.2
-46.0 -183.7 -116.3 -15.5 -313.8 -318.0
65.5 -207.5
145.0
-1431.1
37.0 142.3 65.9 88.0
289.1
164.6 379.2 239.5
131.4 76.5 24.4
35.6 100.6
228.1
66.5
21.4 194.6
35.0 91.1
215.0 277.1 345.7 187.9
75.1
30.0
40.2
-44.7
78.7
83.2
-300.8 -287.0
159.0 20.2
98.7 30.1
31.9 62.6 105.9 29.4
36.0
65.3 -1617.9
200.9 485.9 -970.7 -1290.8
20.8 20.8
257.1
109.3 -283.7 -1188.2 -1827.5 231.2
27.2 25.4 52.4
56.8 102.9 93.1
217.6 121.3 117.0 100.0 200.4 144.0 28.3
-74.1 -628.8
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
50.8
180.2
91.2 -1733.8 -166.5
289.4 147.0 -42.0
Gas 188.1 173.0
358.8 -641.8 -11.2 27.6 121.4 -618.4 -40.7
-16.3
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
218.4 90.8
30.9 93.2
150.1 433.3
230.6 233.2
-1220.4
490.0
33.4 36.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Ac Ag AgBr AgBrO3 AgCl AgClO3 AgClO4 AgF AgF2 AgI AgIO3 AgNO3 Ag2 Ag2CrO4 Ag2O Ag2O2 Ag2O3 Ag2O4S Ag2S Al AlB3H12 AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl2 AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlF4Na AlH AlH3 AlH4K AlH4Li AlH4Na AlI AlI3 AlN AlO AlO4P AlP AlS Al2 Al2Br6 Al2Cl6
Name
Molecular formula
BF4Na
Crys.
Aluminum hexafluoride Aluminum hexaiodide Aluminum oxide (Al2O) Aluminum oxide (corundum) -1675.7 Aluminum sulfide -724.0 Americium 0.0 Argon Arsenic (gray) 0.0 Arsenic (yellow) 14.6 Arsenic(III) bromide -197.5 Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gallium arsenide -71.0 Arsine Arsenic acid -906.3 Arsenic(III) iodide -58.2 Indium arsenide -58.6 Arsenic monoxide Diarsenic Arsenic(V) oxide -924.9 Arsenic(III) sulfide -169.0 Astatine 0.0 Gold 0.0 Gold(I) bromide -14.0 Gold(III) bromide -53.3 Gold(I) chloride -34.7 Gold(III) chloride -117.6 Gold(III) fluoride -363.6 Gold hydride Gold(I) iodide 0.0 Digold Boron (rhombic) 0.0 Bromoborane Boron tribromide Chloroborane Chloroxyborane Boron trichloride Cesium metaborate -972.0 Fluoroborane Fluorooxyborane Boron trifluoride Aminetrifluoroboron -1353.9 Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron Sodium tetrafluoroborate -1844.7
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-2628.0 -516.7 -130.0
Gas
261.0
-130.0 -261.5 -785.8
-259.4 -774.2
216.3 181.2
388.3
326.3
295.0
265.7
-238.5
-387.4
521.0 195.4 -232.5 120.9
38.1 105.8 47.8
80.6
35.0
180.5
25.4
20.8
211.2
5.9 229.7
206.3
153.4 225.0 324.2 213.2
29.2
290.1
104.4
106.7
62.7
80.6
-149.8
200.5
-1119.4
254.4
145.3
36.9 20.8 32.9 67.8 31.7
11.1
29.6
-854.0 -1750.1
79.2 75.7 65.6
116.5 116.3
47.4
-388.7
-915.0
126.6
239.4 105.4 163.6
366.1
-122.2 -607.0 -1136.0
363.9 327.2 289.1 222.8
171.9 -782.3 -168.6
20.8 20.8
24.6
46.2
213.1 75.7
70.0 222.2
-427.2
154.8 174.2
35.1
68.9 -59.4 -53.6
45.7 79.0 105.1
64.2
66.4
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
259.4
-159.0 -248.9 -770.8
-67.8
515.1 565.0 238.1 -205.6 149.5 -314.0 -403.8
Gas
50.9 116.9
0.0 302.5
-239.7
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
-159.0 -1582.3
-305.0 -821.3
Crys.
120.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Al2F6 Al2I6 Al2O Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsGa AsH3 AsH3O4 AsI3 AsIn AsO As2 As2O5 As2S3 At Au AuBr AuBr3 AuCl AuCl3 AuF3 AuH AuI Au2 B BBr BBr3 BCl BClO BCl3 BCsO2 BF BFO BF3 BF3H3N BF3H3P
Name
Molecular formula
Boron monohydride Metaboric acid (monoclinic) Borane (3) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Potassium borohydride Lithium borohydride Sodium borohydride Boron triiodide Potassium metaborate Lithium metaborate Boron nitride Sodium metaborate Boron monoxide Boron dioxide Rubidium metaborate Boron monosulfide Diboron Tetrachlorodiborane Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Diboron dioxide Boron oxide Boron sulfide Borazine Tetraborane (10) Sodium tetraborate Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane (11) Hexaborane (10) Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium nitrite Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas 442.7 -561.9 89.2 -994.1
-794.3 -1094.3 -227.4 -190.8 -188.6
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-723.4
647.5
419.6 -551.0
38.0
-523.0
-1273.5 -240.6
614.5
0.0 -757.3 -855.0 -1456.9 -1207.1 -177.0 -944.7 -602.1 -768.2 -988.0 -548.0 -1473.2 -460.0 0.0 -353.5 -490.4
29.2 42.2 36.0
-464.8
-1194.3
70.8 66.7 59.8 19.7 65.9
29.5
203.5 229.6 94.3
288.8 774.0 -460.6 -1410.4 86.7 -462.3 -832.0
29.2 43.0 74.1
262.3
54.0 100.0
-392.7
216.2 201.9 357.4 317.3 232.1 242.5 279.8
137.7
62.8 111.7
280.3
73.2 103.3 94.6 180.0
189.5 171.8
175.0
146.0 -736.8 -806.7 -1293.2 -1156.8 -138.2
-792.6 -520.3 -1362.2 -456.0 324.0
286.6 -445.6
30.0 30.5 95.4 79.1 56.7 57.3 66.9
199.6
-3096.0 42.7 73.2 56.3
171.9 240.1 188.2
212.3
66.1 -3291.1
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
349.2 80.0 51.5 14.8 73.5
-4.0 -305.9
-541.0
Gas
86.1 96.1 82.6 86.8
20.7 -923.4 -976.1 -228.4 -920.7
-913.0 342.0 830.5 -490.4 -1440.1 36.4 -454.8 -843.8 67.0
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
90.0 106.3 75.9 101.3
25.0 -300.4 -971.0
Crys.
-968.9 -160.3 -125.0 -123.9
71.1 -981.6 -1032.2 -254.4 -977.0
Gas
184.2
62.5 146.0 123.7 203.0 96.4 63.0
214.0 72.1 132.2 78.2 9.5 108.0 75.8
93.2 186.8
280.6 321.0 296.8 170.2
151.1
28.1
99.6 130.3 125.7 20.8
75.1 71.2 46.0
136.3
151.4 47.3 101.8 49.4 16.4 69.4 62.4
20.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
BH BHO2 BH3 BH3O3 BH4K BH4Li BH4Na BI3 BKO2 BLiO2 BN BNaO2 BO BO2 BO2Rb BS B2 B2Cl4 B2F4 B2H6 B2O2 B2O3 B2S3 B3H6N3 B4H10 B4Na2O7 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaCl2H4O2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaN2O4 BaN2O6 BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2
Name
Molecular formula
Crys.
Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth trichloride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Dibismuth Bismuth oxide Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Berkelium Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromotrichlorosilane Cesium bromide Copper(I) bromide Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Germanium monobromide Bromogermane Hydrogen bromide Bromosilylene Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Iodine bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Potassium bromate Potassium perbromate Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Bromosilyldyne Thallium(I) bromide Bromine
-1026.8 -902.5 -192.5 -609.4 -1205.2 -234.3 0.0 -366.9 -379.1 -711.3
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-979.4 -815.0 -580.1 -1093.8 207.1 -265.7
168.2 -322.1 -315.0
-256.0
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
53.4 45.5 121.0 13.8 77.9 34.0 56.7 120.5 177.0
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
187.0
51.8 62.1 71.1 25.6 85.7 34.0 25.5
20.8
358.9
105.0
79.7
-175.3 219.7 -573.9 -2544.3 -143.1 0.0
36.9 -493.7
151.5
113.5
-140.6
200.4
122.2
111.9 14.6 -405.8 -104.6
82.4 -1.0 -391.4 -100.8
-300.8 -458.6
-93.8 -255.6 -428.9 235.6
113.1 96.1 -240.5 -351.8
-36.3 -464.4
175.0 240.1 350.1
-109.2 -229.4 -350.6
20.8 35.0 90.9 52.9 54.7
178.2 225.1
229.0 292.5 320.2
124.6
274.8 198.7
-53.4
262.4 -270.8
-175.2 40.8 -56.9
-175.3 -393.8 -360.2 -287.9 -351.2
82.2 -143.1
-361.1 -334.1
-169.0 -380.7 -271.2 -174.4 -342.0 -349.0 -242.6
125.8 48.5 -394.6 -173.2 0.0
209.0 -37.7 30.9
113.0 3.7 -94.3
82.4 -177.1
52.8 96.0
258.8 259.5
113.0 95.9 149.2 170.1 74.3
36.4 36.7 52.3 105.2 120.2
273.7 241.2
86.8 128.9
108.2
45.5 36.3
51.4
237.6
-381.8
110.0
-167.4
120.5
33.0 66.6 99.6 37.1 56.4 29.1
32.1 52.8 38.6
3.1
152.2
245.5
75.7
36.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
BeF2 BeH2O2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S BeS Bi BiClO BiCl3 BiH3O3 BiI3 Bi2 Bi2O3 Bi2O12S3 Bi2S3 Bk Br BrCl BrCl3Si BrCs BrCu BrF BrF3 BrF5 BrGe BrGeH3 BrH BrHSi BrH3Si BrH4N BrI BrIn BrK BrKO3 BrKO4 BrLi BrNO BrNa BrNaO3 BrO BrO2 BrRb BrSi BrTl Br2
Name
Molecular formula
Crys.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Cobalt(II) bromide Chromium(II) bromide Copper(II) bromide Iron(II) bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(I) bromide Magnesium bromide Manganese(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Platinum(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Selenium bromide Tin(II) bromide Strontium bromide Titanium(II) bromide Zinc bromide Tribromochlorosilane Iron(III) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Indium(III) bromide Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Platinum(III) bromide Rhenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Scandium bromide Titanium(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Protactinium(IV) bromide Platinum(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tellurium tetrabromide Titanium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Tungsten(VI) bromide
-682.8 -316.2 -220.9 -302.1 -141.8 -249.8
-663.6 -296.3
130.0 137.2
-238.1
140.6
-170.7 -206.9 -524.3 -384.9 -212.1 -278.7 -82.0
-153.1 -181.1 -503.8
172.0 218.0 117.2
-261.9
161.5
80.1
-697.1
135.1
75.3
-312.1
138.5
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Gas
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Crys.
76.7 79.5
309.7
65.5
-13.0 -21.0 -243.5 -717.6 -402.0 -328.7 -268.2 -386.6
-359.8
180.0
-317.6 -282.0
-336.4
-328.5
248.1
348.6
80.8
-184.5
-139.3
-175.7
-162.8
240.2
359.8 348.1
89.9 76.0
372.9
80.2
-120.9 -167.0 -138.0 -259.4 -743.1 -548.5
-194.6
-239.3
-223.9
-523.8 -347.7
-300.0
-824.0 -156.5 -415.5 -314.6 -549.4 -336.8
207.1 176.6
-331.4
-318.0
-787.8 -457.3
-760.7 -269.9 -598.3 -348.5
95.3
-355.6 -428.9 -458.6
-377.4 -190.4 -616.7
377.1
101.7 280.7
396.2
101.8
277.8
97.1 103.4
234.0
-350.2
-443.9
-431.8 -331.4
264.4
377.9 411.9
-589.5
-568.2
243.5
398.4
131.5
100.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Co Br2Cr Br2Cu Br2Fe Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Hg2 Br2Mg Br2Mn Br2Ni Br2Pb Br2Pt Br2S2 Br2Se Br2Sn Br2Sr Br2Ti Br2Zn Br3ClSi Br3Fe Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Pt Br3Re Br3Ru Br3Sb Br3Sc Br3Ti Br4Ge Br4Pa Br4Pt Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Te Br4Ti Br4V Br4Zr Br5P Br5Ta Br6W
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Name
Molecular formula
Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodide Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Calcium phosphate Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium telluride Cerium (γ, fcc) Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) oxide Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Cesium perchlorate Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Germanium monochloride Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Perchloric acid Chlorosilane Ammonium chloride Ammonium perchlorate Phosphonium chloride Iodine chloride
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
0.0 -795.4 -1228.0 -181.5 -985.2 -533.5 -938.2 -634.9 -1434.5 -482.4 -4120.8 0.0 -391.5 -700.4 -560.7 -203.3 -258.4 -933.3 -161.9 -92.5 0.0 -1060.5 -669.3 -1088.7 -459.4 -1796.2 0.0
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
144.0
-984.8
41.6 108.4 68.5 41.4 83.4 142.0 193.2 38.1 106.5 56.5 236.0 51.8 115.3 77.4 96.0 161.1 54.8 123.0 64.9 100.0 72.0 151.0
-1024.6 -451.5 -1706.2
62.3 78.2 150.6
177.8 -748.8 -1175.6 -142.5 -897.5 -528.9 -742.8 -603.3 -1322.0 -477.4 -3884.7 111.8 -343.9 -647.7 -473.6 -201.4 -228.7 -822.7 -156.5 -92.0 423.0
385.0
121.3 -443.0 -443.1 -137.2
Gas 154.9
167.7
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 25.9 72.9 67.0 41.0 87.5 149.4 42.0 99.7 47.4 227.8 26.0 74.7
20.8
20.8
80.0 43.4 99.6
191.8
26.9 87.4
23.1
61.6 50.0 114.6
105.3 -414.5 -314.3 -119.9
-189.5 -1065.7
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
165.2 101.2 175.1 86.2
21.8 52.5 108.3 48.5
-50.3 -23.8 -163.2
-51.8 48.2 -123.0
217.9 279.0 281.6
32.1 64.9 63.9
155.2
124.2
-92.3 -78.7
-95.3 -66.1
247.0 263.7 186.9 236.7
36.9 54.7 29.1 37.2
-40.6 250.7 -314.4 -295.3 -145.2
-202.9 -88.8 -23.9
17.8
94.6 186.2 -13.6
-5.5
51.0 84.1
135.1
247.6
35.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaH2O2 CaI2 CaN2O6 CaO CaO4S CaS Ca3O8P2 Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdH2O2 CdI2 CdO CdO4S CdS CdTe Ce CeCl3 CeI3 CeO2 CeS Ce2O3 Cf Cl ClCs ClCsO4 ClCu ClF ClFO3 ClF3 ClF5S ClGe ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClHO4 ClH3Si ClH4N ClH4NO4 ClH4P ClI
Name
Molecular formula
Crys.
Indium(I) chloride -186.2 Potassium chloride -436.5 Potassium chlorate -397.7 Potassium perchlorate -432.8 Lithium chloride -408.6 Lithium perchlorate -381.0 Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride -411.2 Sodium chlorite -307.0 Sodium chlorate -365.8 Sodium perchlorate -383.3 Chlorine monoxide Vanadyl chloride -607.0 Chlorine dioxide Chlorine superoxide (ClOO) Rubidium perchlorate -437.2 Rubidium chloride -435.4 Chlorosilylidyne Thallium(I) chloride -204.1 Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride -312.5 Chromium(II) chloride -395.4 Chromyl chloride Copper(II) chloride -220.1 Iron(II) chloride -341.8 Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride -224.3 Mercury(I) chloride -265.4 Magnesium chloride -641.3 Manganese(II) chloride -481.3 Nickel(II) chloride -305.3 Chlorine oxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Uranyl chloride -1243.9 Lead(II) chloride -359.4 Platinum(II) chloride -123.4 Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride -325.1 Strontium chloride -828.9 Titanium(II) chloride -513.8 Zinc chloride -415.1 Zirconium(II) chloride -502.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas -75.0 -214.6
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-408.5 -296.3 -303.1 -384.4
51.7 12.6
Gas
Crys.
-233.3
82.6 143.1 151.0 59.3
72.1
-262.3 -254.9
123.4 142.3
51.3 100.3 112.4 48.0
36.5
44.7 53.2 50.5
98.1
226.6
31.5
256.8 263.7
42.0 46.0
75.0
102.5 89.1
-579.5
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
261.7 272.2
-384.1
-556.0
Gas 239.1
66.1 54.4
101.8
189.9 -67.8 0.0
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
120.5 105.0 -306.9 -407.8
161.1 95.9
52.4
-184.9
111.3
50.9
-269.8 -356.0
109.2 115.3
36.9 223.1
-538.1
-510.8
-501.6
221.8
-175.7 -302.3
108.1 118.0
-178.6 -210.7 -591.8 -440.5 -259.0
146.0 191.6 89.6 118.2 97.7
33.9 78.5 71.2
329.8
84.5 71.9 76.7
285.7
-245.6 -394.1
80.3 -212.5 -364.0
97.9 -198.3 -320.0
60.5
71.4 72.9 71.7 266.2 309.8 311.9
121.0 134.0
-1146.4 -314.1
150.5 136.0
107.9
-781.1 -464.4 -369.4
114.9 87.4 111.5
75.6 69.8 71.3
-50.0 -59.4
-266.1
45.4 66.5 77.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
ClIn ClK ClKO3 ClKO4 ClLi ClLiO4 ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClNaO2 ClNaO3 ClNaO4 ClO ClOV ClO2 ClO2 ClO4Rb ClRb ClSi ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2Hg2 Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2O2U Cl2Pb Cl2Pt Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl2Zr
Name
Molecular formula
Crys.
Chromium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium chloride Europium(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Holmium chloride Indium(III) chloride Iridium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Lutetium chloride Nitrogen trichloride Neodymium chloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Osmium(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Praseodymium chloride Platinum(III) chloride Rhenium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Scandium chloride Samarium(III) chloride Terbium chloride Titanium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride Thulium chloride Uranium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) chloride Yttrium chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Protactinium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride
-556.5 -1000.0 -998.7 -936.0 -399.5 -524.7 -1008.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-486.1
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
123.0
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 91.8 100.0
-334.0 -454.8
142.3 142.0
96.7 88.0
-539.3 -1005.4 -537.2 -245.6 -1072.2 -945.6
-513.0
-482.5
-482.0
227.6
313.9
75.8 88.0
-374.0 108.8 -649.0 230.0
-1041.0
113.0 -597.1 -734.7
-558.5 -695.6
-520.8 -668.5
-512.9 -659.3
222.5 244.3
325.5 344.3
-319.7
-287.0
-272.3
-267.8
217.1
311.8
138.8
84.9 89.9
-190.4 -1056.9 -182.0 -264.0 -299.2 -205.0 -382.2 -925.1 -1025.9 -997.0 -720.9 -315.1 -986.6 -866.5 -580.7 -1000.0 -959.8
71.8 100.0
-188.0
123.8
92.4
-323.7
184.1
107.9
-653.5
139.7
97.2
-799.1 -511.2
159.0 131.0
102.5 93.2
-750.2 -531.8
-990.4 -1043.0
-495.8 -884.5
75.0 -462.7
-457.3
-901.3 -953.0
245.6
347.7
190.8 192.0
96.1 120.5
-329.3 -231.8 -687.0 -511.3
-657.0 -471.5
-804.2
-964.4 -763.2
-326.4 -1186.2
-619.8 -440.1
-617.0 -432.2
-737.2
-932.0 -726.3
-1094.1
239.7 258.6
330.7 365.8
252.3
390.7 353.2
190.4
145.3 165.3
90.3 98.3
145.2
107.5 95.4
138.5 120.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Cl3Cr Cl3Dy Cl3Er Cl3Eu Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3Gd Cl3HSi Cl3Ho Cl3In Cl3Ir Cl3La Cl3Lu Cl3N Cl3Nd Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3Os Cl3P Cl3Pr Cl3Pt Cl3Re Cl3Rh Cl3Ru Cl3Sb Cl3Sc Cl3Sm Cl3Tb Cl3Ti Cl3Tl Cl3Tm Cl3U Cl3V Cl3Y Cl3Yb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Pa Cl4Pb Cl4Pt Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti
Name
Molecular formula
Crys.
Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Protactinium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Uranium(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Chromium Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(IV) oxide Lead(II) chromate Chromium iron oxide Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(II,III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydrogen fluoride Cesium hydride Cesium hydroxide Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium amide Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate Cesium superoxide Cesium oxide Cesium sulfite Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide Copper
-1019.2
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
-980.5 -797.5 -443.5 -1145.0 -859.0 -1092.0 -602.5 0.0 0.0 -692.0 -539.7 -88.7 -420.5 -237.9 -888.3 -82.8 -147.3 -891.0 0.0 -778.0 -1159.0 -156.9 -205.0 -598.0 -930.9 -1444.7 -1139.7 -1531.0 0.0 -553.5 -923.8 -54.2 -417.2 -1158.1 -118.4 -346.6 -506.0 -286.2 -345.8 -1134.7 -1443.0 -359.8 0.0
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
-809.6 -525.5
-930.0
-569.4
-703.7 -374.9
-889.9 -683.2
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
-786.6 -492.0
197.1
-503.7
-646.0 -305.0
-1034.0 -1013.0 -513.8
-962.0
Gas
255.0
419.0 362.4 400.6 364.6
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 122.0 96.2 119.8 148.1
285.8
431.0
175.7
380.3
30.0 82.0 79.0
179.5
-647.2 -454.3
24.8 68.8
-214.2 -782.3
53.0 118.0
-774.0 396.6
351.8
102.5 23.8
174.5
123.4 23.4
93.9
78.7
-1343.8 -1058.1
146.0 81.2
133.6 118.7
49.6 -525.5 -858.9
85.2 92.8 135.2
-340.6 -406.5
123.1 155.2
52.8
-308.1
146.9
76.0
-1323.6
211.9
134.9
297.7
33.2
23.0
55.2
-1088.0
76.5
120.8 112.8
238.0 -928.0
424.7
337.4
181.6 210.5
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
175.6
166.4
32.2 51.1 87.3
24.4
20.8
20.8
20.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Pa Cl5Ta Cl6U Cl6W Cm Co CoF2 CoH2O2 CoI2 CoN2O6 CoO CoO4S CoS Co2S3 Co3O4 Cr CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrI3 CrO2 CrO4Pb Cr2FeO4 Cr2O3 Cr3O4 Cs CsF CsF2H CsH CsHO CsHO4S CsH2N CsI CsNO3 CsO2 Cs2O Cs2O3S Cs2O4S Cs2S Cu
Name
Molecular formula
Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) tungstate Copper(II) sulfide Copper(II) selenide Dicopper Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) sulfide Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) oxide Erbium Erbium fluoride Erbium oxide Einsteinium Europium Europium(III) oxide Europium(II,III) oxide Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Germanium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Fluorosilane Ammonium fluoride Iodine fluoride Indium monofluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Sodium fluoride Fluorine monoxide Rubidium fluoride Fluorosilylidyne Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Difluoramine Sodium hydrogen fluoride
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-542.7 -449.8 -67.8 -302.9 -157.3 -771.4 -1105.0 -53.1 -39.5
Crys.
Gas
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
54.1
-129.7 -662.2
42.6 109.2
42.3
-53.6
66.5
47.8
431.9
290.4
254.4 -1771.5
317.1
280.7 -1808.7
175.3
241.6 93.1 120.9 75.6 149.8 73.2
196.6 195.6
155.6 142.2
-1556.8 -2142.0
77.8 146.0 205.0
188.8
62.3
158.8
-273.3
-275.4
252.8 173.8 238.4
-348.7 -95.7 -203.4
-567.3 -616.0
72.0 -118.5
-537.8 -587.7 -66.5
-576.6
27.7 122.2
20.8
20.8
22.7 33.3 34.7 51.6 47.4
236.2
-51.0
20.8
65.3
66.6 35.7
-546.3
36.6 63.6 76.3 27.7 116.3 28.1 108.5
79.4 -251.9 -33.4
-464.0
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
96.7
-146.0 -86.2
-299.8
Crys.
-69.5
484.2 -168.6 -79.5 0.0 -1863.1 0.0 -1711.0 -1897.9 0.0 0.0 -1651.4 -2272.0
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
33.4 49.0 41.6
248.1 260.4 259.8 51.1
41.3 49.8 44.1 46.9
109.0
105.0
216.8
30.5
7.1 -182.4 0.0
-24.3
225.8
32.6
-557.7 -324.7
202.8
-711.3 -927.7
-668.6 -859.7
87.0 104.3
-920.3
-852.2
90.9
31.3 68.1 76.9
252.8
43.4 75.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
CuF2 CuH2O2 CuI CuN2O6 CuO CuO4S CuO4W CuS CuSe Cu2 Cu2O Cu2S Dy Dy2O3 Er ErF3 Er2O3 Es Eu Eu2O3 Eu3O4 F FGa FGe FGeH3 FH FH3Si FH4N FI FIn FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FNa FO FRb FSi FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2HN F2HNa
Name
Molecular formula
Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Nickel(II) fluoride Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Uranyl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Difluorosilylene Strontium fluoride Zinc fluoride Gallium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) fluoride Trifluorosilane Holmium fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Neodymium fluoride Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Antimony(III) fluoride Scandium fluoride Samarium(III) fluoride Thorium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) fluoride Yttrium fluoride Germanium(IV) fluoride Hafnium fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Lead(IV) fluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) fluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-922.6 -1124.2
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-855.6 -1071.1
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
120.1 57.2
43.1 69.5 82.0 -651.4
Crys.
79.4 61.6
57.8
-604.1
249.9
73.6
24.7
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
41.0
64.1
41.9
247.4 278.7
43.3 56.8
18.0 284.0 -1653.5 -664.0
-1557.4 -617.1
135.6 110.5
-619.0 -1216.3 -764.4 -1163.0
-628.0 -1164.8 -713.3 -1085.3
66.0 103.2
252.7 82.1 73.7 84.0
43.9 70.0 65.7
-1297.0 271.9
60.5
-1707.0 -132.1
-90.6
260.8
53.4
-1254.3 -958.4
-1205.8 -936.9
285.4 273.1
68.8 58.7 67.8
-1657.0
-915.5 -1629.2 -1778.0
-1247.0 -1166.1 -1058.5 -1288.7 -1190.2 -1669.8 -8.4
-1502.1 -1718.8 -1930.5
-1555.6
-1234.0
92.0
300.5
-1433.4 -1644.7
-1160.6 -1051.9 -1277.8 -1150.0
123.4 100.0
339.2 331.9 311.8 301.9
-1830.4
95.1
73.3 74.3 70.3
113.0 79.9
301.2
79.2
-722.0 -1572.8 -1724.0 -1572.7
299.6 282.8 341.7 368.0
77.6 73.6 93.0 91.2
-941.8 -763.2 -1615.0 -1759.0 -1598.7
-2097.8 -1914.2 -1403.3 -261.5 -1911.3
-2003.4 -1823.3
-1809.9 -864.8
-1813.8
-822.5 -1739.7 -1594.4
142.0 151.7
104.6 -751.7 -1673.6 -1520.7
-1699.0
110.7 116.0
103.7 327.7 321.9 300.8
160.2
134.7
99.2 97.1 84.8
-1903.6 -1480.3
-1433.9
-1373.1
-1369.8
175.7
320.9
98.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
F2HRb F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2N2 F2Ni F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2O2U F2Pb F2Si F2Sr F2Zn F3Ga F3Gd F3HSi F3Ho F3N F3Nd F3OP F3P F3Sb F3Sc F3Sm F3Th F3U F3Y F4Ge F4Hf F4N2 F4Pb F4S F4Si F4Th F4U F4V F4Xe F4Zr F5I F5Nb F5P F5Ta F5V
Name
Molecular formula
F6Ir F6K2Si F6Mo F6Na2Si F6Os F6Pt F6S F6Se F6Te F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeI3 FeMoO4 FeO FeO4S FeO4W FeS FeS2 Fe2O3 Fe2O4Si Fe3O4 Fm Fr Ga GaH3O3 GaI3 GaN GaO GaP GaSb Ga2 Ga2O Ga2O3 Gd Gd2O3 Ge GeH3I GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeO2
Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Iridium(VI) fluoride Potassium hexafluorosilicate Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sodium hexafluorosilicate Osmium(VI) fluoride Platinum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(III) iodide Iron(II) molybdate Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) tungstate Iron(II) sulfide Iron disulfide Iron(III) oxide Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II,III) oxide Fermium Francium Gallium Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium nitride Gallium monoxide Gallium phosphide Gallium antimonide Digallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) oxide Germanium Iodogermane Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(IV) oxide
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-2681.7 -579.7 -2956.0 -1585.5
Gas
Crys.
-544.0
-2365.3 -461.6 -2798.6
-1557.7
-2909.6
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-1473.0
Gas
Crys.
-460.0
280.2 247.7 226.0
-1472.2
-2754.2
-2197.0 -1747.7 0.0 -113.0
-1220.5 -1117.0 -1318.0 -2147.4 -1721.7 416.3
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
228.1
259.7
-2063.7 -1632.1 370.7
350.5
169.8
358.1 348.3 291.5 313.9
227.6 251.5 27.3
121.1 120.6
187.1
-1116.5 -1017.0
-1631.4
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
357.8
207.1 246.0 235.6
-2068.5
Gas
377.9 341.1 180.5
120.8 122.8 97.0 110.5 166.8 25.1
129.6 119.0 25.7
71.0 -1075.0 -272.0 -928.4 -1155.0 -100.0 -178.2 -824.2 -1479.9 -1118.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 -964.4 -238.9 -110.5
5.6
272.0
-975.0
129.3
118.5
-820.8 -1054.0 -100.4 -166.9 -742.2 -1379.0 -1015.4
107.5 131.8 60.3 52.9 87.4 145.2 146.4
100.6 114.6 50.5 62.2 103.9 132.9 143.4
0.0 -831.3
279.5 -88.0 -41.8
233.7
95.4 40.8 100.0 205.0
253.5 -38.9
169.0
26.1
25.3
100.0 231.1
76.1
32.1 48.5
438.5 -356.0 -1089.1 0.0 -1819.6 0.0
-141.8 -261.9 -580.0
397.5
-998.3 359.8
85.0 68.1
372.0
331.2
31.1
90.8 -56.9 -46.2
-144.3 -237.2 -521.4
113.4 -106.3 -73.2
271.1 50.0 39.7
194.3 167.9 283.2 217.1 428.9 224.3
92.1 37.0 106.7 23.3
52.1
27.5 30.7 57.5 45.0 104.1 30.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
F6H8N2Si
Name
Molecular formula
H2LiN H2Mg H2MgO2 H2N H2NNa H2NRb H2N2O2 H2NiO2
Germanium phosphide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) telluride Digermanium Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Iodic acid Potassium hydride Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydrogen sulfate Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydride Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Hydroxyl Rubidium hydroxide Thallium(I) hydroxide Hydroperoxy Metaphosphoric acid Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Perrhenic acid Rubidium hydride Mercapto Silylidyne Tantalum hydride Hydrogen Potassium amide Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium amide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydroxide Amidogen Sodium amide Rubidium amide Nitramide Nickel(II) hydroxide
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-21.0 -69.0 20.0 137.3 193.7
-230.1 -57.7 -424.6 -1160.6 -90.5 -484.9
Gas
Crys.
92.0
-17.0 -71.5
473.1 162.3 226.8 218.0 26.5
-228.0
-174.1 264.0
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-378.7 -1031.3 -68.3 -439.0
351.5 -79.5 -133.9 294.1
-56.3 -425.6 -1125.5 -1748.1
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
234.0
33.7
416.3
252.8
35.6
203.3 1.7
114.7 206.6
20.8 29.2
Crys.
42.0
63.0 71.0
-229.7
-80.7 327.3
-418.2 -238.9
49.2
181.2 254.1 266.9 239.0
109.9
29.2 45.6 54.1 43.7
36.4 59.5 135.3 183.7
29.9
229.0
34.9
195.7
32.3
88.0 22.6
-656.4
-32.6
64.9 27.9 49.7
40.0 64.5 113.0 150.5
-195.8
142.7 361.0
238.3
155.6 140.6
34.2
10.5 -948.5 -1159.0 -762.3 -52.3
78.9 138.1 20.0 42.8
345.6 -46.0 -73.5 328.1
-33.5 -379.5 -992.8 -1608.2 39.0
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Gas
158.2 113.3
-69.0
79.1
0.0
90.8 130.7
28.8
-128.9 -1568.3 -179.5 -75.3 -924.5
-1415.9
134.9
116.6
-35.9 -833.5
31.1 63.2
35.4 77.0
184.9 -123.8 -113.0 -89.5 -529.7
194.6
195.0
-64.0
76.9
-447.2
88.0
33.9 66.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
GeP GeS GeTe Ge2 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 H HI HIO3 HK HKO HKO4S HLi HLiO HN HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HNa HNaO HNaO4S HNa2O4P HO HORb HOTl HO2 HO3P HO4RbS HO4Re HRb HS HSi HTa2 H2 H2KN H2KO4P
Name
Molecular formula
H3P H3Sb H3U H4IN H4N2 H4N2O2 H4N2O3 H4N4 H4O4Si H4O7P2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H5NO H5NO3S H5NO4S H6Si2 H8N2O4S H8Si3 H9N2O4P H12N3O4P He
Crys.
Water Hydrogen peroxide Tin(II) hydroxide -561.1 Strontium hydroxide -959.0 Zinc hydroxide -641.9 Metasilicic acid -1188.7 Sulfuric acid Selenic acid -530.1 Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Strontium hydride -180.3 Hydrogen telluride Thorium hydride -139.7 Zirconium(II) hydride -169.0 Iodosilane Ammonia Hydroxylamine -114.2 Hypophosphorous acid -604.6 Phosphorous acid -964.4 Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid) -1284.4 Phosphine Stibine Uranium(III) hydride -127.2 Ammonium iodide -201.4 Hydrazine Ammonium nitrite -256.5 Ammonium nitrate -365.6 Ammonium azide 115.5 Orthosilicic acid -1481.1 Pyrophosphoric acid -2241.0 Diphosphine Silane Stannane Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite -768.6 Ammonium hydrogen sulfate -1027.0 Disilane Ammonium sulfate -1180.9 Trisilane Diammonium hydrogen phosphate -1566.9 Ammonium phosphate -1671.9 Helium
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-285.8 -187.8
-241.8 -136.3
Crys.
Gas
-237.1 -120.4
-228.6 -105.6
Crys.
-491.6
155.0
-553.5 -1092.4
81.2 134.0
-814.0
-18.1
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-690.0 -20.6 15.5 29.7
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
70.0 109.6
188.8 232.7
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 75.3 89.1
156.9 -33.4
138.9 205.8 84.1
15.9
33.6 43.1
219.0
34.2 51.5 34.7
99.6 -100.0 -128.8
50.7 35.0
-45.9
36.7 31.0 270.9 192.8
-16.4
54.4 35.1
-595.4
-1271.7
-1124.3
-1123.6
5.4 145.1
110.5
-72.8 -112.5 50.6
95.4
149.3
159.4
37.1 41.1
238.5
98.9
42.8 49.0
165.6
127.3
48.4
139.3
204.6 227.7
-254.0
-901.7 92.5
121.2
56.9 188.3
80.3
145.0
49.3
151.1 112.5 192.0
20.9 34.3 162.8
-361.2
106.1 210.2 232.8
63.7 117.0
-183.9 274.2 -1332.9 -2231.7 -5.0
150.8
13.4 147.8
154.9
272.7 220.1
80.8 187.5
120.9 188.0 0.0
126.2
20.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
H2O H2O2 H2O2Sn H2O2Sr H2O2Zn H2O3Si H2O4S H2O4Se H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Sr H2Te H2Th H2Zr H3ISi H3N H3NO H3O2P H3O3P H3O4P
Name
Molecular formula
Hafnium Hafnium oxide Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide Mercury(II) telluride Dimercury Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) sulfate Holmium Holmium oxide Iodine (atomic) Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Potassium iodate Potassium periodate Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodate Sodium periodate Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Magnesium iodide Nickel(II) iodide Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Strontium iodide Zinc iodide Indium(III) iodide Lanthanum iodide Lutetium iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Ruthenium(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Platinum(IV) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Vanadium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
0.0 -1144.7
Gas
Crys.
619.2 0.0
61.4
-375.7 -481.6 0.0
576.5
43.6 59.3
31.8
186.9 75.9
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 25.7 60.3
175.0
82.4
48.4
68.2
264.8 -1791.1 -120.5 -324.9 -418.4 -361.4 -270.3 -286.1
70.2 -37.7
-323.0
288.1 233.5 200.7 75.3 158.2 130.0 106.3 151.5 175.7 86.8 98.5
195.6
20.8 28.0
-50.6
300.8
7.1 62.4
Gas
44.1
-111.0 -625.8
106.8 7.5
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
180.0 70.3
175.1 -333.8 -123.8 0.0 -364.0 -78.2 -175.5 -143.5 -558.1 -208.0 -238.0 -668.9 -548.0 -45.6 -65.7 -100.4 -72.8 -189.5
Crys.
-101.7 -58.5
108.8
-116.3 -327.9 -501.4 -467.2 -270.4 -287.8 -481.8 -429.3
Gas
-1088.2
-105.4 -90.8 -707.5 -58.2 -42.0 -121.3 -743.1 0.0 -1880.7
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
20.8
37.4 132.0 27.2 115.0
180.8 267.3
20.8 20.8 36.8
52.9 106.5 51.0 52.1 92.0
163.0 149.8
-328.9 -125.4
245.5
-358.2
118.4 127.6 116.1 129.7
-173.6
174.9
-209.0
161.1
19.3
32.9 53.2
260.7
54.4
36.9
77.4 81.6
-120.5
374.4
-277.8 -122.6 243.3
-371.5
446.1
84.9 125.7
105.4
173.8
26.7
20.8
249.4
208.7
57.8
78.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Hf HfO2 Hg HgI2 HgO HgO4S HgS HgTe Hg2 Hg2I2 Hg2O4S Ho Ho2O3 I IIn IK IKO3 IKO4 ILi INa INaO3 INaO4 IO IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Ni I2Pb I2Sn I2Sr I2Zn I3In I3La I3Lu I3P I3Ru I3Sb I4Pt I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4V I4Zr In
Name
Molecular formula
Indium monoxide Indium phosphide Indium(II) sulfide Indium antimonide Diindium Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Iridium Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(III) sulfide Potassium Potassium permanganate Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium Potassium superoxide Dipotassium Potassium oxide Potassium peroxide Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium phosphate Krypton Lanthanum Lanthanum sulfide Lanthanum oxide Lithium Lithium nitrite Lithium nitrate Dilithium Lithium oxide Lithium peroxide Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lithium sulfide Lithium phosphate Lawrencium Lutetium Lutetium oxide Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium nitrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
387.0 -88.7 -138.1 -30.5
238.0 344.3 380.9
-925.8 -427.0 0.0 -274.1 -138.0 -234.0 0.0 -837.2 -369.8 -494.6
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
364.4
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
236.5
32.6
-77.0 -131.8 -25.5
59.8 67.0 86.2
45.4
-830.7 -412.5
104.2 163.6 35.5
92.0 118.0 25.1 57.3
665.3
617.9
89.0
60.5 -737.6 -306.6 -394.9
64.7 171.7 152.1 133.1
49.5
193.6
160.3
29.6 117.6 107.4 96.4
20.8
20.8
6.3 -284.9
-239.4 123.7
-361.5 -494.1 -1437.8 -380.7 -1950.2 0.0 -456.0 -1793.7 0.0 -372.4 -483.1
-425.1 -1321.4 -364.0 0.0 431.0 -451.5 -1705.8 159.3
77.5 249.7
102.1 175.6 105.0
393.6
126.6 -302.0 -381.1
215.9 -597.9 -634.3 -1648.1 -1436.5 -441.4 -2095.8 0.0 0.0 -1878.2 0.0 0.0 -790.7 -601.6 -1284.9
116.7 87.5
56.9 73.2 127.3 29.1 96.0 90.0
174.4
37.9
131.5
164.1 182.4
138.8
27.1 59.0 108.8 24.8
197.0 37.6
54.1
-1557.2 -1321.7
79.8 115.1
99.1 117.6
387.8
51.0 110.0
184.8
26.9 101.8
20.9
112.5
32.7 164.0 27.0 91.6
148.6
24.9 141.9 37.2 96.5
20.8
-1789.0 147.1 -589.4 -569.3 -1170.6
20.8
36.1
-561.2
427.6
20.8 22.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
InO InP InS InSb In2 In2O3 In2S3 Ir IrO2 IrS2 Ir2S3 K KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KNa KO2 K2 K2O K2O2 K2O4S K2S K3O4P Kr La LaS La2O3 Li LiNO2 LiNO3 Li2 Li2O Li2O2 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Li2S Li3O4P Lr Lu Lu2O3 Md Mg MgN2O6 MgO MgO4S
Name
Name
Crys.
MgO4Se MgS Mg2 Mg2O4Si Mn MnN2O6 MnNa2O4 MnO MnO2 MnO3Si MnS MnSe Mn2O3 Mn2O4Si Mn3O4 Mo MoNa2O4 MoO2 MoO3 MoO4Pb MoS2 N NNaO2 NNaO3 NO NO2 NO2Rb NO3Rb NO3Tl NP N2 N2O N2O3 N2O4 N2O4Sr N2O5 N2O6Pb N2O6Ra N2O6Sr N2O6Zn N3Na N4Si3 Na NaO2 Na2
Magnesium selenate Magnesium sulfide Dimagnesium Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) nitrate Sodium permanganate Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) sulfide Manganese(II) selenide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II,III) oxide Molybdenum Sodium molybdate Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(VI) oxide Lead(II) molybdate Molybdenum(IV) sulfide Nitrogen (atomic) Sodium nitrite Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Rubidium nitrite Rubidium nitrate Thallium(I) nitrate Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Strontium nitrite Nitrogen pentoxide Lead(II) nitrate Radium nitrate Strontium nitrate Zinc nitrate Sodium azide Silicon nitride Sodium Sodium superoxide Disodium
-968.5 -346.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-341.8
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
50.3
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 45.6
287.7 -2174.0 0.0 -576.3 -1156.0 -385.2 -520.0 -1320.9 -214.2 -106.7 -959.0 -1730.5 -1387.8 0.0 -1468.1 -588.9 -745.1 -1051.9 -235.1
-2055.1 280.7
238.5
-362.9 -465.1 -1240.5 -218.4 -111.7 -881.1 -1632.1 -1283.2 658.1
612.5 -1354.3 -533.0 -668.0 -951.4 -225.9
472.7 -358.7 -467.9
-762.3 -43.1 -451.9 -992.0 -978.2 -483.7 21.7 -743.5 0.0 -260.2
0.0 81.6 86.6 11.1 113.9
178.2 222.0 194.6
93.8 -642.6
96.9 101.3 51.3 115.9
77.0 103.9
45.4 54.1 86.4 50.0 51.0 107.7 129.9 139.7 24.1 141.7 56.0 75.0 119.7 63.6
20.8
20.8 92.9 29.9 37.2 102.1 99.5
209.2
-796.1 -780.0
-218.4
20.8
210.8 240.1
103.7 142.4 99.8 117.1
118.5 26.3
153.3
172.0 147.3 160.7
97.5
107.5 142.1
182.0
87.6 51.3 -306.2 -395.8 -152.4
13.3
59.7 53.1 89.1 78.2 90.8 110.5 163.2 155.6 28.7 159.7 46.3 77.7 166.1 62.6 103.8 116.5
91.3 33.2
50.3 -19.5
173.7
455.5 -284.6 -367.0
-367.4 -495.1 -243.9 -63.0
95.1 32.0
191.6 220.0 314.7 304.4 355.7
142.7 143.1
29.1 38.6 72.7 79.2 95.3
149.9 76.6 153.7 230.2
28.2 72.1
20.8 37.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Molecular formula
Molecular formula
Crys.
Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfite Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neodymium oxide Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Nobelium Oxygen (atomic) Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) oxide (litharge) Palladium(II) oxide Radium oxide Rubidium oxide Rhodium monoxide Sulfur monoxide Selenium monoxide Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Thallium(I) oxide Uranium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Phosphorus dioxide Lead(IV) oxide Rubidium superoxide Rubidium peroxide Ruthenium(IV) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide (α-quartz)
-414.2 -510.9 -1100.8 -1554.9 -1387.1 -364.8 0.0 -405.8 -796.2 -1899.5 0.0 -1807.9
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-375.5 -447.7 -1012.5 -1462.8 -1270.2 -349.8 725.9
681.1 -378.6 -740.5 -1766.0
327.6
292.4 -1720.8
0.0 429.7
0.0 -872.9 -82.0 -489.5 0.0
384.5 -759.7 -79.5
249.2 -28.5 -217.3 -219.0 -85.4 -523.0 -339.0
75.1 95.0 145.9 113.9 149.6 83.7 36.4 48.1 54.5 137.2 71.5 158.6 29.9 92.0 53.0
231.7 -51.9 -187.9 -188.9
-280.7 -592.0 -519.7 -178.7
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
69.1 89.2 120.3 128.2 186.3
189.4 146.3 182.2
24.6 41.3 57.5 132.1 27.5 111.3 26.1 138.0 47.1
161.1 222.8 68.7 66.5
348.9
325.9
218.0
385.0 6.3 53.4 -99.6 15.1
-19.9 26.8 -126.4 -8.4
222.0 234.0 211.6 232.1
-251.9 -561.9 -495.0 -147.3
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
57.2 54.4 50.0 126.0
30.2
22.1 20.8 23.4
21.9 31.8 45.8 45.8 31.4
44.3 45.0 40.0
30.2 31.3 29.9 31.6
21.0 -431.8 -350.5
-404.2 -320.5 0.0 -279.9
-277.4 -278.7 -472.0 -305.0 -296.8 -322.0
68.6
-300.1 -856.3
45.4 40.3 205.2 252.1
-281.6 -217.3
-320.5 -225.4 -910.7
38.9 43.7
29.4 39.5 64.6
248.2 41.5
39.9 44.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Na2O Na2O2 Na2O3S Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Nd2O3 Ne Ni NiO4S NiS Ni2O3 No O OP OPb OPb OPd ORa ORb2 ORh OS OSe OSi OSn OSr OTi OTl2 OU OV OZn O2 O2P O2Pb O2Rb O2Rb2 O2Ru O2S O2Se O2Si
Name
Molecular formula
Crys.
Tin(IV) oxide Tellurium dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) metasilicate Praseodymium oxide Rhodium(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Scandium oxide Strontium metasilicate Samarium(III) oxide Terbium oxide Titanium(III) oxide Thulium oxide Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Ytterbium(III) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Radium sulfate Rubidium sulfate Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Zinc sulfate Strontium orthosilicate Zinc orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Antimony(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Vanadium(III,IV) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Uranium(IV,VI) oxide
-577.6 -322.6 -1226.4 -944.0 -1085.0 -589.7 -1100.6
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-465.7
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-515.8 -270.3 -1169.2 -888.8 -1031.8 -533.9 -1042.8
-471.5
142.7 -669.9 -1145.7 -1809.6 -343.0 -454.5 -1908.8 -1633.9 -1823.0 -1865.2 -1520.9 -1888.7 -1223.8 -1218.8 -842.9 -1905.3 -1814.6 -394.1 -920.0 -609.2 -1363.1 -718.4 -1471.1 -1435.6 -239.3 -1453.1 -931.8 -982.8 -2304.5 -1636.7 -2033.4 -971.9 -2046.0 -2459.4 -1550.6 -1933.0 -1240.1 -3427.1
Gas
-395.7
-337.2
-1100.0
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
49.0 79.5 65.2 50.6 77.0 50.5 50.4
-374.2 -1819.4 -1549.7 -1734.6 -1434.2 -1794.5 -1145.7 -1139.3 -764.0 -1816.6 -1726.7 -304.9 -813.0 -504.9 -1252.6 -601.2 -1365.6 -1316.9 -152.2 -1340.9 -830.4 -871.5 -2191.1 -1523.2 -1919.1 -829.2 -1911.2 -2317.4 -1419.5 -1803.0 -1066.0 -3242.9
Gas
274.6
-371.1
-292.8
-994.0
61.8 55.0 63.6 56.1 56.2
238.9 109.6
-373.8
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 52.6
163.2 -1062.1
-441.0
Crys.
70.7 77.0 96.7 151.0 78.8 139.7 96.1 98.3 75.9 99.1 133.1 143.9 148.5 167.8 186.6 211.3 138.0 197.4 146.4 117.0 230.5 110.5 153.1 131.4 84.1 125.1 143.1 129.3 131.0 163.0 207.1 250.5
51.4
39.2 90.0 117.4 103.8
113.8
256.8
50.7 94.2 88.5 114.5 115.9 97.4 116.7 81.7 103.2 73.8 102.5 115.4
293.8
74.1 103.2 137.2 146.9 134.1
99.2 134.3 123.3 98.7 135.1 154.8 127.7 452.0
166.1 215.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
O2Sn O2Te O2Th O2Ti O2U O2W O2Zr O3 O3PbS O3PbSi O3Pr2 O3Rh2 O3S O3Sc2 O3SiSr O3Sm2 O3Tb2 O3Ti2 O3Tm2 O3U O3V2 O3W O3Y2 O3Yb2 O4Os O4PbS O4PbSe O4Pb2Si O4Pb3 O4RaS O4Rb2S O4Ru O4SSr O4STl2 O4SZn O4SiSr2 O4SiZn2 O4SiZr O5Sb2 O5Ta2 O5Ti3 O5V2 O5V3 O7Re2 O7U3
Name
Molecular formula
Zirconium(IV) sulfate Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(IV,V) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus (black) Diphosphorus Tetraphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) telluride Palladium Palladium(II) sulfide Promethium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(IV) sulfide Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Disulfur Antimony Diantimony Scandium Selenium Strontium selenide Thallium(I) selenide Zinc selenide
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys. -2217.1 -3574.8 -4510.4 0.0 0.0 -17.6 -39.3
0.0 0.0 -100.4 -102.9 -70.7 0.0 -75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -81.6 -108.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
791.0 316.5
745.0 280.1
144.0 58.9 607.0 195.2
103.5 24.4 563.0 162.2 -98.7 -101.7 -69.5
378.2
339.7 -67.0
Crys. 282.6 334.1 32.6 41.1 22.8
51.9 64.8 91.2 102.5 110.0 37.6 46.0
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
192.6 163.2
218.1 280.0 198.1 175.4
167.1
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 172.0 238.4 293.3 24.7 23.8 21.2
26.4 49.5 50.2 50.5 26.0
187.1 355.6 565.3
320.9 520.5
73.2 41.6 55.1 74.7
189.8 192.4
130.0 53.1 724.6 510.8
71.0 76.8 36.9 31.5
595.8 236.7
28.5 32.1
176.5 170.1 188.9 185.8 176.2 186.5 167.8
-76.1 -99.6 159.0 80.9 769.9 556.9 0.0 642.7 277.2 112.5
0.0 0.0 -385.8 -59.0 -163.0
Gas
-3369.5 -4275.1
-100.0 -472.4 -97.1 -192.6 -206.0 0.0
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
60.9 -98.3 -467.8 -93.7 -201.3
128.6 262.3 235.6 377.8 227.1 -59.0 -163.0
45.7 34.6 42.4 172.0 84.0
20.8
27.2 25.9 43.4 65.9
31.1 25.5 25.0 24.1 22.6
21.4 25.5
20.8 20.8 20.8 21.0 20.8 21.5 23.7 32.3
49.3 48.7
57.7 79.7 222.1 187.0 336.0 187.0
32.1 67.2 22.9 20.8
24.3
223.7 77.0 68.2 151.0
20.8 20.8
46.0 228.2 180.3 254.9 174.8 176.7
25.2 25.5 25.4
32.5 20.8 36.4 22.1 20.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
O8S2Zr O8U3 O9U4 Os P P P P2 P4 Pa Pb PbS PbSe PbTe Pd PdS Pm Po Pr Pt PtS PtS2 Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S S SSi SSn SSr STl2 SZn SZn S2 Sb Sb2 Sc Se SeSr SeTl2 SeZn
Name
Molecular formula
CBrCl2F CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBrN CBrN3O6 CBr2ClF CBr2Cl2 CBr2F2 CBr2O CBr3Cl CBr3F
Diselenium Silicon Disilicon Samarium Tin (white) Tin (gray) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Ditellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) carbonate Barium carbonate Beryllium carbonate Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Cyanogen bromide Bromotrinitromethane Dibromochlorofluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Carbonyl bromide Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
146.0 450.0 594.0 206.7 301.2
0.0 0.0 0.0 -2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas 96.2 405.5 536.0 172.8 266.2
0.1 164.4 782.0 388.7 678.0 196.7 168.2 602.0 473.0 182.2 232.2 533.0 514.2 849.4 0.0 421.3 152.3 130.4 608.8 716.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 146.0 -505.8 -1213.0 -1025.0
130.9 739.3 349.7 157.1 118.0 560.7 428.4 147.4 197.5 488.4 754.4 807.1 381.1 118.4 94.8 566.5 671.3 2.9 156.9 -436.8 -1134.4
140.5 32.5
-127.2
-41.1 -648.3 186.2 80.3
-96.2
165.3
-110.9
Crys. 18.8 69.6 51.2 44.1 55.0 41.5 73.2 49.7 51.8 30.7 64.2 74.0 50.2 28.9 32.6 44.4 59.9 41.6 39.0 5.7 2.4 107.2 167.4 112.1 52.0
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas 252.0 168.0 229.9 183.0 168.5 164.6 185.2 203.6 181.1 182.7 268.1 190.2 180.3 181.0 190.1 199.8 182.3 174.0 169.7 179.5 173.1 161.0 181.4 158.1
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 20.0 29.5 27.0 25.8 26.8 25.4 28.9 25.7 27.3 25.0 26.3 27.0 27.7 24.9 24.3 26.5 26.7 25.4 25.4 8.5 6.1 66.7 112.3 86.0 65.0
35.4 22.3 34.4 30.4 21.3 20.8 20.9 24.6 20.8 20.8 36.7 20.8 24.4 20.8 20.8 23.7 26.0 21.3 20.8 25.9 20.8 20.8 26.7 20.8
318.5
74.6
330.6
248.3
80.0 85.3 69.3 46.9
342.8 347.8 325.3 309.1 357.8 345.9
82.4 87.1 77.0 61.8 89.4 84.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Se2 Si Si2 Sm Sn Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Te2 Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr C C CAgN CAg2O3 CBaO3 CBeO3 CBrClF2
Name
Molecular formula
CCdO3 CClFO CClF3 CClN CClN3O6 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3 CCl3F CCl4 CCoO3 CCs2O3 CCuN CFN CF2O CF3 CF3I CF4 CFeO3 CFe3 CH CHBrClF CHBrCl2 CHBrF2 CHBr2Cl CHBr2F CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHCsO3 CHFO CHF3 CHI3 CHKO2 CHKO3 CHN CHNO CHNS CHN3O6 CHNaO2
Crys.
Tetrabromomethane 29.4 Calcium carbonate (calcite) -1207.6 Calcium carbonate (aragonite) -1207.8 Cadmium carbonate -750.6 Carbonyl chloride fluoride Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Chlorotrinitromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethyl Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Cobalt(II) carbonate -713.0 Cesium carbonate -1139.7 Copper(I) cyanide 96.2 Cyanogen fluoride Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Iron(II) carbonate -740.6 Iron carbide 25.1 Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromodifluoromethane Chlorodibromomethane Dibromofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Cesium hydrogen carbonate -966.1 Formyl fluoride Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane -181.1 Potassium formate -679.7 Potassium hydrogen carbonate -963.2 Hydrogen cyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isothiocyanic acid Trinitromethane Sodium formate -666.5
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
83.9
47.7 -1129.1
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
67.0
212.5 91.7
-1128.2 -669.4
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas 358.1
88.0 92.5
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 144.3 83.5
91.2
82.3 276.7
112.1 -27.1
-301.3 -128.2
-706.3 138.0 18.4 -477.4 -219.1 59.0 -268.3 -95.7
131.0
236.2
52.4 66.9 45.0
-439.4 -204.9
300.8 283.5
72.3 57.7
-236.8
225.4
-1054.3 111.3
121.6 130.7
204.5 84.5
123.9 224.7
-639.8 -477.0 -587.8 -933.6
-464.0
-666.7 20.1
78.1 83.3
41.8 46.8 49.6 70.9 61.1
264.5 307.4 261.6 92.9 104.6
82.1 105.9
595.8
-424.9
-22.3
23.8 -482.6
-5.0
8.0
220.9
-134.1
-102.7
-73.7
6.0
201.7
-863.5 135.1
-32.8
127.6 -0.2
130.7
114.2
246.6 259.7 356.2
-695.4 251.0
108.9
304.3 316.4 295.1 327.7 316.8 330.9 280.9 293.1 295.7
39.9 51.0 75.0
115.5 125.0
124.7
112.8
113.0 -599.9
63.2 67.4 58.7 69.2 65.1 71.2 55.9 60.9 65.7
103.8
201.8 238.0 247.8
70.6
82.7
35.9 44.9 46.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
CBr4 CCaO3 CCaO3
Name
Molecular formula
CH5N3 CH5N3S CH5N5O2 CH6ClN CH6N2 CH6Si CHg2O3 CIN
Crys.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Bromofluoromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Dinitromethane Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Trithiocarbonic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Ammonium cyanide Urea Thiourea Nitroguanidine Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Guanidine Hydrazinecarbothioamide 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine Methylamine hydrochloride Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Mercury(I) carbonate Cyanogen iodide
-950.8
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-851.0
68.5
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
177.8 90.4
95.8
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 87.6
28.0 372.9
-95.4 -452.3 119.5
Gas
101.7
43.1 390.4
-124.2
Crys.
174.1
224.7 194.9 287.6 276.3 293.2 264.4 270.2 246.7 309.7 242.9
101.2 134.0
34.6 33.8 52.7 49.2 54.7 47.0 51.0 42.9 57.7 52.5
58.8 -104.9
-58.9 -108.6
-102.5
218.8
35.4
-177.6 -425.0 24.0
-59.8
-13.6 -254.0 -112.6 -156.3 0.4 -333.1 -89.1 -92.4
-378.7 145.7 -111.2 -35.4 -81.9
129.0 147.9 -92.9 -26.3
14.4 -193.9 -74.3 -66.1 -122.4 -74.6
99.0
163.2
194.2 249.4 246.4 234.6 222.9 254.1
126.0
38.7 59.5 42.4 40.8 37.5 44.1 57.3
-14.4
-6.8
171.8
275.0
106.6
-43.4
-39.2 -50.5
217.1
318.5 186.3
157.3 35.7 134.0
-245.8 22.9 -239.2 -46.7 -47.3
-201.0 -22.9 -22.5
-849.4 -56.0 24.7 22.1 -298.1
-166.6 -7.7 35.7
-162.3 -9.3 32.7
-665.9
54.2 -553.5 166.2
-361.4
94.7
225.5
239.9 255.2 242.9
81.1 90.5 102.1
44.1 50.3 50.1
165.9
278.8 256.5
134.9
71.1 65.9
120.9
180.0 -468.1 185.0
126.8 169.2 150.2
187.0
196.6
180.0 96.2
256.8
48.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
CHNaO3 CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2BrF CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N2O4 CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH2S3 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4N4O2 CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO3
Name
Molecular formula
C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2Br6 C2Ca C2CaN2 C2CaO4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4
Crys.
Tetraiodomethane Potassium cyanide Potassium thiocyanate Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Manganese(II) carbonate Cyanide Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanate Tetranitromethane Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Lead(II) carbonate Rubidium carbonate Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Zinc carbonate Carbon sulfide Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide Silicon carbide (cubic) Silicon carbide (hexagonal) Dicarbon Bromopentafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethylene Hexabromoethane Calcium carbide Calcium cyanide Calcium oxalate Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Ethanedioyl dichloride 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene
-392.9 -113.0 -200.2 -1151.0 -1215.9 -1095.8 -894.1
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
474.0 128.5 124.3 155.5 90.4 65.7 85.8
437.6
202.6 115.6 96.7
29.2 70.4 86.6
88.3
-1130.7
-1044.4
135.0
-110.5 -142.0 -393.5 -699.1 -1136.0 -1220.1 -700.0 -812.8 234.0 116.7
-65.3 -62.8
64.6
184.0 67.1
-817.7
-789.1
-59.8 -184.5 -1360.6 -522.7
-505.5 -1118.8
-960.2 -367.6
-937.0 -335.8
-745.0
-716.8
79.7 151.3
210.6 237.8
76.4
199.4
43.2
387.1 441.9
102.7 139.3
70.0
62.7
-523.8
322.1
83.9 184.2 111.7
170.1 336.6
-50.6
-10.9
29.8 45.4
26.9 26.7
775.9
-64.9
29.1 41.5 37.1 87.4 117.6 81.4
16.6 16.5
831.9 -1064.4 -656.6
197.7 231.6 213.8 131.0 181.3 97.1 155.2 82.4
-62.8 -60.2
-691.7
112.3
-137.2 -169.2 -394.4 -625.5 -1051.0 -1140.1 -614.6 -731.5
89.0 164.8
95.9 66.3 88.5 114.4 99.1 75.5 81.5
407.5 -76.4 -358.1
38.4
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
391.9 -101.9 -178.3 -1063.5 -1132.1 -1012.1 -816.7
-87.5 -405.4
Gas
3.0
266.9
96.1 143.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
CI4 CKN CKNS CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CMnO3 CN CNNa CNNaO CN4O8 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Pb CO3Rb2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CO3Zn CS CS2 CSe2 CSi CSi C2 C2BrF5 C2Br2ClF3
Name
Molecular formula
C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl2F C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2H2 C2H2BrF3 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2ClF3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl2O2
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoroethane Bromoacetylene 1-Bromo-2-chloro1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethylene 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethylene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Acetylene 2-Bromo-1,1,1trifluoroethane cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,2dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Chloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetic acid
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-489.9
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
-407.0
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
382.9
123.4 173.6
-280.8 -202.8 -820.5
-239.8 -143.6 -497.9 -658.9 -1344.2
-675.3
-644.8
-720.0
-690.4
237.3
-315.5
-43.6 -234.5 -280.4
-9.0 -196.6 -241.0
-187.6
-142.0
198.2
-289.1
228.4
298.1 300.1 332.3 253.7
77.9 80.5 106.7 55.7
242.0
54.3
303.0
72.1
313.9
76.5
352.8 324.8
124.4 151.0
102.5 80.3
-503.3
-1069.9
173.8
-490.5 -1031.4 -1100.4 227.4
209.9
231.7
52.4
200.9
44.0
311.3 313.5
68.8 70.3
-694.5
-36.9 165.7
-23.9 -26.4 -24.3 -283.7 -496.3
2.8 4.6 5.0 -244.8
24.1
25.4
27.3
28.6
201.5 198.4 195.9
326.5 289.0 289.6 290.0
111.3 116.4 116.8
89.1 67.1 65.1 66.7
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C2Cl4F2
Name
Molecular formula
C2H2I2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2O4 C2H2O4Sr C2H2S2 C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO3 C2H3NS C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2
Crys.
2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethylene cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2iodoethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene Ketene Glyoxal Oxalic acid Strontium formate Thiirene Bromoethylene Acetyl bromide Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethylene Acetyl iodide Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Isocyanomethane Methylisocyanate Oxamic acid Methyl isothiocyanate Sodium acetate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane
-358.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-195.0
-67.9 -821.7 -1393.3
-94.1
-223.5 14.6
Gas
Gas
Crys.
-48.3
-932.4
-144.4 -151.3 -138.8 -442.1 -744.6 -730.7 -888.4
-163.5
-126.4
40.6 130.8 -92.0
74.0 163.5
Gas
-208.0
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
356.0 362.8 266.2 268.3
162.3
247.6 109.8
300.0 79.2 -190.4 37.2
-177.4 -190.8
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
246.9
-644.5 -207.4 -47.5 -212.0 -723.7
-242.8 -435.2
-467.2
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-149.2 -335.0
-272.9 -510.5
Crys.
51.8 91.0
275.8 81.8
255.3 275.8
53.6
264.0
-205.8
102.7 100.8 60.1 58.2
54.7 55.5 59.4
53.7
200.8
307.2 295.1
117.0
82.5 67.8
227.4 232.6
320.2 323.1 337.2
144.3 150.9
88.7 93.3 89.0
279.9
78.2
285.0
57.9
-723.0
-661.2 79.4 -708.8
86.5 159.5
91.9 165.7
149.6 159.0
243.4 246.9
91.5
52.2 52.9
-552.3 -607.2
123.0
52.4
79.9
68.4
219.3
42.9 130.1
-66.2 -79.2 -158.4 -166.8
327.7 -37.5 -313.4 -127.7 -126.4
223.3 -73.8
-70.8
211.8
80.8 136.0
305.1 308.4
126.3 128.4
76.2 78.7
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C2H2Cl3NO C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F3I
Name
Molecular formula
1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Diiodoethane Oxamide Ethanedial, dioxime 1,1-Dinitroethane 1,2-Dinitroethane Ethanedithioamide 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Thiirane Ethynylsilane Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethylene chlorohydrin Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Glycine 2-Nitroethanol Ethyl nitrate Thioacetamide Ethane Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl mercury N-Methylurea 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide Ethanedioic acid, dihydrazide Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfite Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
-497.0 75.0 -387.1
9.3 -504.4 -90.5
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
282.5
67.8
-148.2 -165.2 -20.8 76.8
83.0 -192.2 -78.0 -216.9 -484.3 -386.1 51.6
-166.2 -52.6 -175.1 -432.2 -357.4 82.0
-127.6 -11.8
-133.0 -13.0
160.2 153.9
263.8 242.5
89.0 88.0
55.3 47.9
-389.9
-374.2
159.8
123.3 119.1
-90.5 -136.8 -295.4
-61.9 -112.1
-25.8 -59.3
-23.9 -60.4
198.7 190.8
283.5 285.3 255.2 269.4 286.7 276.0
100.8 104.3
63.4 64.4 53.3 72.6 64.5 62.8
-40.0 91.9
-8.1 126.5 -238.3
14.7
19.2
211.7
264.5 306.0
115.1
58.6 66.9
-317.0 -143.9 -528.5 -350.7 -190.4 -71.7 63.6 59.8
96.8
115.0
91.3 123.8 134.4
-102.3 -392.1 -154.1 11.4 -84.0 101.6 94.4
139.0 140.3
-32.0 146.9 146.1
201.9 209.0
229.2 303.0 306.0
52.5 132.0 83.3
-332.8 -498.7 -295.2 -277.6 -203.3 -204.2 -460.0 -450.1 -523.6 -735.5 -73.6 -65.3 -54.3 -62.6
-234.8 -184.1 -151.3 -392.2 -373.1 -483.4 -687.0 -46.1 -37.4 -9.7 -24.7
-174.8
-167.9 -112.6
160.7
-99.9 -302.4
188.3 163.2 -272.7
-5.5
-4.8
142.0
207.0 196.4 235.4
281.6 266.4 303.8 310.6
296.2 286.0
112.3 153.0 148.6
117.9 118.1 146.1
65.6 64.4 82.7 100.0
72.7 74.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C2H4F2 C2H4I2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2S2 C2H4N4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4S C2H4Si C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H5NO3 C2H5NS C2H6 C2H6Cd C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6N4O2 C2H6N4O2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O3S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2
Name
Molecular formula
C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2O4 C2HgO4 C2I2 C2I4 C2K2O4 C2MgO4 C2N2 C2N4O6 C2Na2O4 C2O4Pb C3F8 C3H2N2 C3H2O2 C3H2O3 C3H3Cl3 C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H4F4O C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5BrO
Dimethyl zinc Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine Dimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Ammonium oxalate Mercury(II) oxalate Diiodoacetylene Tetraiodoethylene Potassium oxalate Magnesium oxalate Cyanogen Trinitroacetonitrile Sodium oxalate Lead(II) oxalate Perfluoropropane Malononitrile 2-Propynoic acid 1,3-Dioxol-2-one 1,2,3-Trichloropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 2-Propenenitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1propanol 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole 1,2-Propanedione Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromoacetone
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
23.4 -74.1 -43.9
53.0 -47.5 -18.8
-63.0 48.9 52.7
-18.0 84.1 92.2
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
201.6 70.0
36.3 68.5
182.3
129.2 130.0 137.7 195.5
283.8 273.1
71.5 70.7
-289.3 206.4
172.6 164.1
198.0
-1123.0 -678.2
226.0 313.1
70.3
241.9
56.8
305.0 -1346.0 -1269.0 285.9 183.7
306.7 -1318.0
-851.4
-750.1
146.0
105.4
-1783.2 265.5
186.4 -193.2 -459.9 -101.8 147.1 -48.0 42.1
-418.6 -614.2 180.6 -15.5 78.6 190.5 184.9 277.1
-73.3 -208.7 -251.8 -1114.9 105.4 49.8 -309.1 -383.8 -329.9 -571.5 7.9 12.2
-1061.3 179.4 132.9 -271.0 -282.9 -508.4 40.8 45.2 -181.0
175.3
145.7 122.1 133.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8ClN
Name
Molecular formula
C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H6S
2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Iodoacetone 3-Iodopropanoic acid Propanenitrile 2-Propyn-1-amine Ethyl isocyanide Nitroacetone Methyl nitroacetate Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,2-Diiodopropane 1,3-Diiodopropane Propanediamide N-(Aminocarbonyl) acetamide 1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thiolactic acid Trioxane Thiacyclobutane Methylthiirane
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
-21.0 -148.4 -522.5
-107.8 -475.8
-505.3 -230.6 53.7
-462.9 -182.9 91.5 -130.5
15.5 205.7 108.6 -278.6 -464.0 -370.9 4.0 35.2 -113.6 -198.8 -199.9 -205.8 -381.5 -385.3
51.7
125.1 131.6
-549.3 183.6
-460.0 119.3
141.7
-270.9 20.0 53.3 -71.6 -162.8 -159.2 -173.2 -316.3 -318.4 35.6
104.5
237.5
55.6 149.1
-9.0 -546.1 -544.2 -163.2 -207.1 -181.2 -171.8 -215.6 -248.4 -123.0 -110.8 -510.7 -445.9 -333.5 -468.4 -522.5 24.7 11.3
-441.2 -100.7
-124.5 -185.6 -217.1 -94.7 -80.5 -455.7
138.9 -152.7
199.8 196.5
126.3 120.4
191.0
-413.3 -298.0 -465.9 60.6 45.8
304.5 295.3 286.9
152.8 149.3 141.9 118.0
324.4
133.0 107.1
80.7 74.5 72.6
86.0
111.4 184.9
285.0
68.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5IO C3H5IO2 C3H5N C3H5N C3H5N C3H5NO3 C3H5NO4 C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C3H6I2 C3H6I2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2
Name
Molecular formula
C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S
1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propanamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane DL-Alanine D-Alanine L-Alanine β-Alanine N-Methylglycine L-Cysteine Propyl nitrate Isopropyl nitrate DL-Serine L-Serine Propane N-Ethylurea N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea Oxymethurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-121.9 -130.5 -160.5 -172.3 -525.3 -517.5
-66.0 -74.8 -10.0 45.8 -239.3 -338.2 -167.2 -180.3 -563.6 -561.2 -604.0 -558.0 -513.3 -534.1
Gas 0.0 10.0 -87.0 -99.4 -131.9 -144.9
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
47.7 54.7
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
313.5 323.3
86.5 84.7
-285.9 -293.5 -30.0 -40.3 77.0 -192.4 -259.0 -123.8 -138.9
187.7
147.1 150.6
170.3
-465.9 -424.0 -367.3 -214.5 -229.7
-173.9 -191.0
-120.9
-103.8
-302.6 -318.1
193.6 181.1
-501.0 -480.8
-255.1 -272.6 -216.4 -429.8 -408.0
-377.8 -669.6 -99.9 -105.9 -91.6
-348.5 -577.9 -67.8 -76.2 -59.6
244.0 206.3 242.5 233.5 239.1
-739.0 -732.7 -23.4
270.3
73.6
-357.8 -319.1 -312.1 -717.0 322.6 309.2 309.2
143.9 156.5 190.8
171.1 162.0 218.9 144.6 145.3 144.6
85.6 89.3 93.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C3H6S2 C3H6S2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2S C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2
Name
Molecular formula
C3H10N2 C3H10Si C3H12BN C3H12BN C4F8 C4F10 C4H2N2 C4H2O3 C4H2O4 C4H3NO3 C4H4BrNO2 C4H4ClNO2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5N3O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6
1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl aluminum Trimethylborane Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Propylamine hydrochloride Trimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)Trimethylsilane Trimethylamine borane Aminetrimethylboron Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedinitrile Maleic anhydride 2-Butynedioic acid 2-Nitrofuran N-Bromosuccinimide N-Chlorosuccinimide Succinonitrile Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil 2,4,6-Trihydroxypyrimidine Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Succinimide 4-Methylthiazole Cytosine 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-79.4 -136.4 -143.1 -382.8 -101.5 -112.3 -45.7
-29.8 -74.1 -124.3 -352.8 -70.1 -83.7 -23.6
-97.8
-53.6
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -9.9 -32.1 -246.4
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq. 209.4 238.9 278.2
-35.9 -243.5 39.9 32.2
218.3 208.5
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 155.6
314.7 369.1 325.4 312.2 287.1
88.5 164.1 163.8 137.9
91.2 97.5 91.8
-354.7 -282.9 331.0 -142.5 -284.1
70.7 -79.3
117.9
187.0 218.0
-1542.6 127.2 268.2 -469.8 -577.3 -104.1 -335.9 -357.9
340.2 -398.3 -28.8
139.7
209.7 196.1 195.7 278.3 -302.9
191.6
177.0
67.9
-34.8 -190.3 -527.9 -679.4 -675.8 114.9 134.3 159.7 108.2 182.8 -375.4 111.8
138.6 88.5 141.4 119.1
162.3 110.0 165.2 145.7
139.8 145.9 224.9 -429.4 -634.7 -62.3 -233.1 -608.6 -789.4 -811.7 80.2 95.1 117.8 63.1 140.8 -459.0
145.6
120.5 267.2
160.8 168.0 126.1
114.8
65.4
123.8
72.8
137.0 142.0 181.2
278.8
156.4
-221.3
127.7
132.6 199.0
123.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C3H8S2 C3H9Al C3H9B C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H10ClN C3H10ClN
Name
Molecular formula
C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O
Cyclobutene 2,5-Piperazinedione Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid Propyl chlorocarbonate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline Iminodiacetic acid Ethyl nitroacetate L-Aspartic acid 4H-Imidazol-4-one, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1methyl1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2methylpropane 1,3-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
156.7 -446.5 -39.8 -138.7
-13.6 -100.6
-349.2 -362.2 -420.9 -624.4 -613.2
-314.4 -333.0 -366.5 -572.5 -582.5 -823.0 -708.9 90.7 86.9 -170.1
161.1
-940.5 -756.3 52.9 47.0 -208.1 -575.5 -556.3 -566.3 -533.4 -5.8 -13.8 -286.2 -169.5
239.5
158.8 141.4 218.6
167.3
153.1
133.5 131.6
303.5 297.1
79.8 83.3
-492.7 33.6 23.4 -130.5
-932.6 -487.1 -973.3
-238.5 -20.8 -29.8 -33.3 -37.5 3.7 1.7 -142.1 -148.0 -140.3 -139.6
0.1 -7.1 -11.4 -16.9 27.7
-87.8 -102.0
-156.6 -237.3 -229.8
-113.3 -195.0 -183.4
227.0 219.9
118.0 127.0
-91.6
220.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C4H6 C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C4H7N3O
Name
Name
C4H8I2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O4 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9ClO C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3
1,4-Diiodobenzene Succinamide Dimethylglyoxime L-Asparagine N-Glycylglycine 1,4-Dinitrobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran S-Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Cyclobutanamine Pyrrolidine Butanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Nitrobutane 2-Nitroisobutane Propyl carbamate 4-Aminobutanoic acid 3-Nitro-2-butanol
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
230.9 246.6
343.7
147.0 163.7
103.4
239.1 204.3
339.9 302.4
158.7 124.0
101.7 76.3
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
-30.0 -581.2 -199.7 -789.4 -747.7 -237.5 -167.4 -168.9 -239.2 -247.3 -273.3 -216.2 -268.2 -533.8
-204.8 -215.7 -238.5 -184.1 -228.1 -475.9
-500.3 -479.3 -379.7 -353.9 -386.9
-462.7 -443.6 -340.6 -315.3 -352.0
-72.9 -143.8 -154.9 -164.4 -188.1 -192.8 -191.1 -211.3 -335.6
-34.1 -10.0 -107.1 -120.3 -132.4 -154.4 -161.1 -159.3 -182.2 -301.3
-107.5 5.6 -41.1 -346.9
-72.1 41.2 -3.6 -282.0
-278.3
-282.6 -228.0
-140.8
222.2
178.6 173.0
257.7
170.7 143.9 152.1
270.2
180.0 45.8 72.4
309.6 333.5
92.5 110.4
162.3
204.1
156.6 179.0
-368.6
-192.5 -217.2 -552.6 -581.0 -390.0
-143.9 -177.1 -471.4 -441.0
175.6 164.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
Molecular formula
Molecular formula
Crys.
2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol -410.1 DL-Threonine -758.8 L-Threonine -807.2 Creatine -537.2 Butane Isobutane Diethyl mercury Piperazine -45.6 Trimethylurea -330.5 N-Nitrodiethylamine L-Asparagine, monohydrate -1086.6 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Diethyl sulfoxide 1,2-Butanediol, (±)1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-147.3 -154.2 30.1
-125.7 -134.2 75.3
-106.2
-53.0
-327.3 -342.6 -334.7 -359.2 -279.5 -266.0 -278.8 -268.0 -523.6 -501.0 -505.3 -541.5 -539.7
-274.9 -292.8 -283.8 -312.5 -252.1 -238.1 -252.0 -205.6
-376.6 -420.6 -293.6 -628.5 -600.7 -813.2 -124.7 -131.0 -132.0 -140.5 -119.4 -118.5 -124.7 -105.7 -120.1 -127.6 -137.5 -150.6 -132.6 -103.7
-433.2 -428.7 -482.3
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
140.9 182.8
225.8 214.9 214.7 193.3 172.4 262.9 253.8
359.5 326.7 342.7
223.4
177.2 196.9 181.5 218.6 175.6 165.4 161.9
112.7 113.6 119.5
200.1 213.0 210.8 193.3
-389.7 -245.9 -571.2 -552.2 -756.3 -88.0 -96.9 -97.3 -109.6 -83.5 -82.2 -90.5 -50.6 -79.4 -91.9 -104.6 -121.0 -98.7 -72.2
244.8
171.2
269.3 272.5 263.1 269.3
368.1
171.4 171.6 172.4 171.4 179.2 192.1 183.2 169.2
117.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10Hg C4H10N2 C4H10N2O C4H10N2O2 C4H10N2O4 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10OS C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N
Name
Molecular formula
C4H12BrN C4H12ClN C4H12ClN C4H12IN C4H12N2 C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4N2 C4NiO4 C5FeO5 C5H2F6O2 C5H3NO5 C5H4N4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4O2 C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5F3O2 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O4 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N
Crys.
N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine -493.8 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)1,3-propanediol -717.8 Tetramethylammonium bromide -251.0 Diethylamine hydrochloride -358.6 Tetramethylammonium chloride -276.4 Tetramethylammonium iodide -203.9 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine 2-Butynedinitrile Nickel carbonyl Iron pentacarbonyl Hexafluoroacetylacetone -2286.7 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid -516.8 1H-Purine 169.4 Hypoxanthine -110.8 Xanthine -379.6 Uric acid -618.8 Furfural 2-Furancarboxylic acid -498.4 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4pentanedione Pyridine 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde -106.4 Adenine 96.9 Guanine -183.9 cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Thymine -462.8 Furfuryl alcohol trans-1-Propene-1,2dicarboxylic acid -824.4 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -253.7
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
-203.6 -397.1
-133.9 97.9 -264.0 -52.3
-90.3 135.9 -239.1 -18.8
500.4 -633.0 -774.0
529.2 -602.9
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 233.5
-100.0
-99.9
277.3
359.0
204.1
143.9
254.0 -588.2 -705.3
-587.2
313.4 338.1
145.6 161.1 173.2 -201.6 -504.5
-151.0 -390.0 -447.2
-1040.2 100.2
-993.3 140.4
410.6
204.6 240.6
134.5 151.3 166.1 163.2
132.7
205.7
147.0
150.8
-276.2
134.3 -328.7 -211.8
44.6 43.1 80.9 103.0
83.5 82.5 125.7 147.4
226.5 228.2 105.9
204.0
218.5
149.8
145.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H11NO3
Name
Molecular formula
C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H9NO2 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10
Crys.
1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Methylenecyclobutane Spiropentane Pentaerythritol tetranitrate -538.6 Cyclopentanone 4-Pentenoic acid -430.6 Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate Allyl acetate 2,4-Pentanedione 4-Methyl-gammabutyrolactone Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Glutaric acid -960.0 Propyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 2-Piperidinone -306.6 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone L-Proline -515.2 D-Glutamic acid -1005.3 L-Glutamic acid -1009.7 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Methylcyclobutane Ethylcyclopropane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. 62.4 23.3 20.5
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
103.1 74.0 70.2 220.2 140.7 81.4 76.1 105.7 133.1
101.2 48.2 4.3 93.8 157.5
75.5 34.0 121.6 185.2
-235.9
-192.1
-382.9
-341.9
229.3 201.2
152.6 122.4
193.7
134.5
191.2 184.1 -423.8
-382.0
-461.3 -436.7
-406.5 -379.6
-515.5 -33.1 -39.8 33.5
-467.0 10.5 -2.3
232.0
-262.2
179.4
307.8 -366.2
-46.9 -53.7 -58.2 -61.1 -51.5 -68.6 -105.1 -44.5 -24.8 -33.3 -26.3
-21.1 -27.6 -31.9 -35.2 -27.5 -41.7 -76.4
-8.2
262.6 258.6 256.5 254.0 253.3 251.0 204.5
154.0 151.7 157.0 157.2 156.1 152.8 128.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8N4O12 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2
Name
Molecular formula
C5H10Br2 C5H10N2O C5H10N2O2 C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10OS C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N
Crys.
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 1,3-Dibromo-2methylpropane N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitropiperidine L-Glutamine -826.4 Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran S-Propyl thioacetate Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid -564.5 Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol -485.0 trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol -490.1 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane -416.1 (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol momomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate, (±)D-Ribose -1047.2 D-Xylose -1057.8 α-D-Arabinopyranose -1057.9 Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
-30.7
-31.1 -93.0 -300.1 -267.2 -297.3 -296.5 -299.5 -182.2 -258.3 -294.5 -559.4 -554.5 -561.6
-518.9 -502.7
-137.6 16.6 -44.5 -242.5 -228.4 -258.8 -257.9 -262.6 -148.2 -223.4 -250.4 -491.9
206.3
184.1
266.0 268.5
184.1 190.9 179.9
259.8
210.3
-510.0 -491.3 200.2 196.2 199.4
-481.6 -463.4
-376.9 -296.5 -435.7 -681.5
-369.1 -637.9 310.0 254.0
-909.2
-106.3 -89.5 -170.2 -213.2 -235.7 -216.0 -226.6 -95.1
-63.5 -48.1 -128.9 -174.9 -202.2 -179.7 -185.1 -54.9
53.1
218.2 256.9
241.0
323.0
163.3 165.2
181.2
109.7
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C5H10
Name
Molecular formula
C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2S C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12O3 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S
Crys.
Piperidine Pentanamide -379.5 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide -399.7 1-Nitropentane DL-Valine -628.9 L-Valine -617.9 5-Aminopentanoic acid -604.1 L-Methionine -577.5 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3propanediol -606.4 Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Butylurea -419.5 tert-Butylurea -417.4 N,N-Diethylurea -372.2 Tetramethylurea -262.2 Tetramethylthiourea -38.1 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether tert-Butyl methyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol -551.2 Diethoxymethane 1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2methyl-1,3-propanediol -744.6 Pentaerythritol -920.6 Xylitol -1118.5 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -86.4
Gas -47.1 -290.2 -313.1
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
210.0
179.9
260.4
167.2 164.8
-215.4 -455.1 -460.0 -413.5
-173.5 -178.4 -190.2
-351.6 -365.2 -368.9 -356.6 -356.4 -379.5 -366.6 -399.4 -290.6 -313.6 -303.6 -528.8 -450.5 -443.6 -459.4
-146.9 -153.6 -168.0
44.9 -294.6 -311.0 -314.9 -301.4 -300.7 -329.3 -313.5 -258.1 -283.7 -272.0 -450.8
208.1 239.7
247.1
295.3 265.3 295.0
192.7 187.5 197.2
-414.7 -429.9 271.1
-776.7 -151.3 -154.4 -154.4 -162.8 -158.8
-110.0 -114.9 -114.9 -127.1 -121.3
290.1
198.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H11NO4
Name
Molecular formula
C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O8 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2O5 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6
Crys.
2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylmethanediamine Chloropentafluorobenzene -858.4 Hexachlorobenzene -127.6 Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentafluorobenzene -852.7 Pentafluorophenol -1024.1 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene -70.8 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene -78.4 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol -467.5 o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene -42.3 o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 2,4-Dinitrophenol -232.7 p-Benzoquinone -185.7 Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene m-Chlorophenol -206.4 p-Chlorophenol -197.7 Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid -344.9 2-Nitrophenol -202.4 1H-Benzotriazole 236.5 2,3-Dinitroaniline -11.7 2,4-Dinitroaniline -67.8 2,5-Dinitroaniline -44.3 2,6-Dinitroaniline -50.6 3,5-Dinitroaniline -38.9 1,5-Hexadiyne Benzene
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-165.4 -142.9 -157.1 -144.8 -156.1
-129.0 -102.4 -121.3 -104.8 -118.3
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
307.5 276.1 309.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H14N2
Name
200.9 199.9 198.4 218.0
-51.1
-991.3 -1963.5 -2406.3 -841.8 -1007.7 -683.8 -63.1
-17.5 -20.7 -330.0 -343.9 -342.3
60.9 11.1 -189.3 -181.3 -150.6 117.2 12.5
-18.2 -809.3 -35.5 -955.4 -1932.7 -2370.4 -806.5
260.2
201.2 280.8
221.6
3.8 -8.1 -13.4 30.2 25.7 22.5 -293.8 -309.2 -306.7 -128.1 -122.9
162.4 175.4
147.8 222.6 223.8
159.0 159.1 157.5 129.0
219.2
154.3 150.1
205.9 205.4
146.4 158.7 185.8
52.0
-115.9 164.9 67.5 -221.5 335.5
384.2 49.1
82.9
124.5
129.7
173.4
269.2
136.0
82.4
Molecular formula
C6H6O6 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2S C6H8O4 C6H8O6 C6H8O7 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H9NO6 C6H9N3O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10
o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,2,4-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Adiponitrile o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide Dimethyl maleate L-Ascorbic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid Butyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole Triacetamide Nitrilotriacetic acid L-Histidine 1,5-Hexadiene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys. -26.1 -38.3 -42.0 -165.1
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -9.4 -14.4 -20.7 -10.3
-364.5 -354.1 -368.0 -551.1 -563.8 -584.6 -581.4
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
63.8 58.4 58.8 -96.4 27.8 -265.3 -267.5 -274.7 -434.2 -444.0 -452.9
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 166.0 158.8 167.0 127.4
144.0
136.0
-1224.4 -1232.7 63.7 31.6 56.7 61.9 59.2 111.5 85.1
111.3 87.5 99.2 106.4 103.8 156.5 149.5
-0.3 -7.8 3.0
222.8 -7.0 216.3 209.1
128.7 154.5
141.0 96.3
173.2 191.9 158.6 158.7 159.0
317.9
159.6
202.9
217.0 263.2
-1164.6 -1543.8 -545.8 -553.4 0.7
-492.3 -500.2 44.1
-16.7 -610.5
39.8 -550.1
54.1 78.4 -38.5 -36.4 -23.7
84.2
-422.3
-1311.9 -466.7
-5.0 -3.8 7.4
214.6
148.3
107.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6
Name
Molecular formula
Name
C6H10 C6H10Cl2O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-17.6 -550.1 -271.2 -265.2
14.6 -497.8 -226.1
-420.0
-375.6
-395.0
-350.2
-679.1
-626.5
-805.5
-742.0
-207.2 -566.5 -537.6 -538.4
-163.7 -513.8 -485.7 -487.4 -239.6
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
182.2 212.5
248.0 -994.3 310.0
-329.4 -293.0 -74.2 -83.9 -85.5 -78.9 -86.1 -90.0 -78.2 -80.0 -94.5 -87.0 -94.6 -91.6 -87.1 -93.2 -87.5 -101.4 -156.4 -137.9 -59.0
-43.5 -52.3 -53.9 -47.6 -54.4 -59.4 -49.5 -51.3 -62.3 -57.5 -63.1 -61.5 -56.0 -62.4 -60.3 -68.1 -123.4 -106.2 -27.5
-96.2 -98.5
-66.9
156.8 295.2
183.3
270.2
174.7 154.9
-1032.7 -348.2 -345.5 -218.8
-286.2
208.2
-182.6
232.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
4-Methylcyclopentene Butyl dichloroacetate Cyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate C6H10O3 Propanoic anhydride C6H10O4 Adipic acid C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 Ethylene glycol diacetate C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane C6H11ClO2 Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate C6H11ClO2 Propyl 3-chloropropanoate C6H11ClO2 Butyl chloroacetate C6H11NO Caprolactam C6H11NO 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone C6H12 1-Hexene C6H12 cis-2-Hexene C6H12 trans-2-Hexene C6H12 cis-3-Hexene C6H12 trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene C6H12 C6H12 3-Methyl-1-pentene C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene C6H12 C6H12 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene C6H12 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene C6H12 C6H12 2-Ethyl-1-butene C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene C6H12 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene C6H12 Cyclohexane C6H12 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 Ethylcyclobutane C6H12 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane C6H12 2-Methyl-2-pentene C6H12N2O4S2 L-Cystine C6H12O Cyclohexanol C6H12O cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether
Crys.
Molecular formula
C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12S C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O
2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde β-D-Fructose D-Galactose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose L-Sorbose Cyclohexanethiol Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide 1-Bromohexane 2-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine (±)-2-Methylpiperidine Hexanamide N-Butylacetamide DL-Leucine D-Leucine L-Leucine DL-Isoleucine L-Isoleucine Norleucine 6-Aminohexanoic acid Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane Lysine D-Arginine 1-Hexanol
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-322.0 -320.2
-278.9 -277.6
-325.9 -328.6 -583.8 -529.2
-286.0 -290.6 -511.9 -485.3
-514.2
-471.1
-530.0
-491.2
-673.1
-631.7
-140.7 -109.8 -194.2 -246.1 -147.6 -124.9 -397.9 -380.9
-96.2 -64.7 -148.3 -204.3 -104.0 -84.4 -324.2 -305.9
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 213.3 216.9 213.3
305.3
227.8 233.8 228.0 229.3 257.9 221.3 376.0
-1265.6 -1286.3 -1273.3 -1263.0 -1271.5
-640.6 -637.3 -637.4 -635.3 -637.8 -639.1 -637.3
255.6
192.6
453.0
203.5
-486.8
-198.7 -204.6 -202.4 -213.8 -207.4 11.5
-166.9 -174.6 -171.9 -185.9 -178.1 51.3
-377.5
-315.9
-678.7 -623.5
200.1
195.6 193.7 190.7 191.9 189.7
290.6 292.5 272.5 287.8
250.6
232.0 287.4
240.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2
Name
Molecular formula
C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O4S C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S2 C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H18N3OP C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6
2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Ethyl tert-butyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 1,2-Hexanediol 1,6-Hexanediol Hexylene glycol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfate Galactitol D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol Diisopropyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Dipropyl disulfide Triethylborane Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -392.0 -392.4
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
-333.5 286.2 248.0 275.9 273.0
-394.7 -396.4
-569.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2
Name
-328.8 -351.5
-293.0 -319.2
-329.4 -577.1 -548.6
-313.9 -254.9 -490.1 -461.2
293.4 221.6 216.8 159.0
323.9
336.0 281.0 -491.4 -451.4
-453.5 -408.1
259.4 301.0 274.1
-750.9 -804.3 -859.0 -1317.0 -1314.5 -175.7 -188.3 -187.1 -181.6 -172.3 -167.1 -171.5 -194.6 -156.1 -178.5 -127.7 -305.9 -664.2
-129.9 -148.3 -147.9 -142.0 -127.8 -121.8 -118.3 -157.7 -116.0 -143.8 -92.7
313.0
9.4
16.1
336.7
232.0
437.8
-777.7 -912.1
241.2
219.9
-558.3
-815.0 -982.8
-725.0 -792.0
389.0
-541.5 -877.7
-534.5 -856.0
433.8 325.9
535.0 490.0
321.0 311.4 242.3
238.5 205.0
Molecular formula
Tetracyanoethylene Perfluorotoluene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Benzoyl chloride o-Chlorobenzoic acid o-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid o-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Fluorotoluene Benzamide 2-Aminobenzoic acid Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene (Nitromethyl)benzene Salicylaldoxime Toluene Phenylurea o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
623.8
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
705.0 -1311.1 -2931.1 -3420.0 -883.8 -189.7
355.5 -2897.2 -3383.6 -842.7
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C6N4 C7F8 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H4Cl2O C7H4N2O6 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8N2O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N
Name
262.3 353.1 419.0 225.8
561.8 306.4
-409.8 -158.0 -404.5 -424.3 -428.9 163.2 -24.2 -378.8 -394.7 -392.2 79.5 151.9
-103.2 -325.0 -342.3 -341.0 215.7 44.8
-385.2 -182.0
181.7 243.0 -36.7 -294.0 -105.9
-589.9
-494.8
-87.0
163.2 188.4 165.2
209.1
221.2
172.0
167.6
146.8 222.0 166.8
-32.5 -186.9 -202.6 -380.4 -389.8 -391.9 -9.7 -31.5 -48.1
18.9 -147.4 -100.9 -296.0 -283.6 -296.7
-22.8
31.0 30.7
12.4
50.5
171.2
172.3
-183.7 -218.6 -204.6 -194.0 -199.3 -160.7 -114.8 34.2 -6.3
-128.6 -132.3 -125.4 -100.4 -67.9 94.4 56.4
157.3 165.4
154.6 212.6
224.9
167.3
150.2 216.7
167.6
217.9
351.0
130.2
Molecular formula
C7H12O C7H12O4 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
Crys.
m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline -23.5 N-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Ethyl 2-pentynoate Methyl 2-hexynoate 3-Methylbutyl trichloroacetate Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Methylenecyclohexane Vinylcyclopentane 1-Ethylcyclopentene Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane -95.1 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0) hexane 2-Methylenecyclohexanol -277.6 Diethyl malonate Butyl 2-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Heptanenitrile 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 5-Methyl-1-hexene 3-Methyl-cis-3-hexene 3-Methyl-trans-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-8.1
54.6 55.3
48.1 19.4 16.1 18.7 12.7 18.3 22.5 -301.8 -242.7 -580.9 -47.2 -61.3 -34.8 -53.3
101.6 67.1 63.6 66.5 58.1 68.8 72.0 -250.3
-33.2
1.7
-571.7 -603.1 -557.9 -572.6 -630.7 -82.8 -97.9 -105.1 -109.5 -104.3 -109.3 -100.0 -115.9 -112.7 -117.0 -110.6 -123.1 -105.3 -121.7 -114.1 -117.7 -156.6 -190.1
-517.3 -549.6 -502.3 -517.3 -578.4 -31.0 -62.3
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
165.4 167.7
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
352.5 347.0
125.5 126.2 207.1
243.7 248.5 248.8 244.2 240.7 241.7
189.5 184.8 184.7 185.2 191.8 184.5
-523.1 4.8 -25.2 -19.8 -54.8
285.0
-65.7 -79.4 -76.8 -83.8 -81.6 -88.7 -72.6 -88.8 -79.5 -85.5 -118.1 -154.7
327.6
211.8
184.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H11N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12
Name
Molecular formula
C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2
Crys.
Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate α-Methylglucoside -1233.3 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol tert-Butyl isopropyl ether 1,7-Heptanediol
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-163.4 -172.1
-126.9 -138.2
279.9
-165.3
-129.5
269.2
-171.2
-136.6
-170.1
-135.8
-168.1
-133.6
-119.8 -212.3 -311.5
-157.9 -263.8
-356.1 -352.9 -390.2 -415.7 -416.1 -394.4 -413.2 -433.3 -610.2
-313.6 -311.3 -327.0 -352.5 -350.9 -329.1 -347.5 -367.2 -536.2
-553.0 -571.0
-505.9 -527.0
-577.2 -540.2
-536.0 -492.2
-218.4 -224.2 -229.5 -226.4 -224.9 -238.3 -233.1 -234.6 -234.2 -236.5 -403.3 -392.8 -574.2
-167.8 -187.6 -194.5 -191.3 -189.5 -205.7 -198.7 -201.6 -201.0 -204.4 -336.5 -358.1
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
335.4
230.1 232.6
318.0
233.7
265.4 261.0 248.5
323.3
224.7 222.9
314.5 300.3
219.6 221.1
303.2
224.2
292.2
213.5 272.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
Name
Molecular formula
C8H12 C8H12N4 C8H12O2 C8H14
2,2-Diethoxypropane 1-Heptanethiol Phthalic anhydride 1H-Indole-2,3-dione Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 1H-Indole Styrene Phenyl vinyl ether Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate 1,7-Octadiyne Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole Veratrole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Xylidine 1-Octen-3-yne cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 2,2′-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3cyclobutanedione Ethylidenecyclohexane
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -538.9 -200.5
-460.1 -268.2 -782.0 -803.0 -816.1 100.6 86.6 103.8 -26.2 -142.5
Gas -506.9 -149.9 -371.4
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
180.0
160.0
207.9
188.1
-696.3 -717.9 166.3 156.5 147.9 22.7 -86.7
-416.5 -426.1 -429.2
182.0
174.9 163.6 169.0 -343.5 334.4 -12.3 -24.4 -25.4 -24.4 -208.8 -214.3
-224.4 -241.1 -228.7 -246.6 -237.4 -242.3 -244.4 -152.6 -290.3 4.0 47.7
-287.9
221.3 249.0
29.9 19.1 17.3 18.0 -145.2 -146.1 -144.1 -157.2 -163.8 -161.6 -162.1 -157.3 -162.4 -101.6 -223.3 56.3 100.5
183.2 186.1 183.0 181.5
206.9
228.5
238.9 140.7 124.3
166.5
101.3
143.5
-103.5
-307.6 -59.5
228.9 -379.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C7H16O2 C7H16S C8H4O3 C8H5NO2 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H12 C8H12
Name
Molecular formula
C8H15ClO2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2
Allylcyclopentane Butanoic anhydride 3-Methylbutyl 2chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3chloropropanoate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene 2,2-Dimethyl-cis-3-hexene 2,2-Dimethyl-trans-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Propyl pentanoate Isopropyl pentanoate
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -64.5
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
-24.1 283.7
-627.3
-575.0
-593.4 -107.3 -121.8 -135.7 -135.7 -126.4 -144.9 -137.9 -145.9 -142.4 -167.7 -212.1 -218.7 -211.8
-539.4 -50.5 -81.3
-89.3 -107.7 -100.3 -110.5 -104.9 -124.4 -171.5 -180.9 -172.1
280.9 267.2 274.1
211.8 209.2 210.2
-218.2 -222.9
-179.9 -184.6
273.2 272.6
209.4 209.4
-215.7 -215.6
-176.5 -176.6
276.3 271.1
212.8 212.1
-222.4 -188.8 -193.8
-184.5 -147.7
268.0 310.8
210.2 216.3
241.0 239.0 239.0
-190.8 -195.1
-156.2
-194.4 -196.0 -348.5
-299.6
-381.6 -636.0 -635.1
-338.3 -554.3 -559.5
-583.0 -592.2
-533.6 -544.9
273.3 297.9 282.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C8H14 C8H14O3 C8H15ClO2
Name
Molecular formula
C8H18O3 C8H18O3S C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S2 C8H18S2 C8H19N C8H19N
Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane Octanamide Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether tert-Butyl isobutyl ether 1,8-Octanediol 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5hexanediol Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfite Tetraethylene glycol Dibutyl sulfide Di-sec-butyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutyl disulfide Di-tert-butyl disulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -567.1 -245.1 -291.3
Gas
-40.1 -426.5
-515.5 -189.3 -238.9 -362.7 -208.5 -215.3 -212.5 -211.9 -210.7 -224.5 -213.8 -219.2 -222.5 -219.9 -212.8 -211.0 -214.8 -220.0 -224.0 -216.3 -217.3 -226.0 9.2 -355.6
-432.8 -377.9 -401.5 -399.6 -409.1
-365.3 -332.8 -360.6 -362.0 -369.0
-693.1 -981.7 -220.7 -220.7 -232.6 -229.2 -222.9 -255.2 -206.0 -218.5
-625.3 -883.0 -167.7 -167.7 -188.8 -180.5 -160.6 -201.0 -156.6 -179.2
-473.2 -250.1 -255.0 -252.3 -251.6 -250.4 -261.9 -252.6 -257.0 -260.4 -257.5 -251.8 -249.6 -252.8 -256.9 -259.2 -253.5 -255.0 -269.0
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas 285.1
254.6 252.0 250.2 251.1
356.4 362.6
249.2 246.6
239.1 245.6 247.3
329.3 273.7
239.2
347.0
305.2 330.1 317.5 278.2 276.1
-626.6 -681.7 341.4
405.1
428.8 284.3
292.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17NO C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2
Name
Molecular formula
C8H20Pb C8H20Si C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H15N C9H16O4 C9H17NO C9H18
Tetraethylammonium bromide Tetraethyl lead Tetraethylsilane Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Hydroxyquinoline Indene 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid Cyclopropylbenzene Indan 2,2′-Dipyrrolylmethane Benzyl acetate Ethyl benzoate L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Propylbenzene Cumene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene 2-Isopropylphenol 3-Isopropylphenol 4-Isopropylphenol Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl1-phenylethyl Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole2-carboxylate Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole3-carboxylate Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole3-carboxylate Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole3-carboxylate Isophorone Triacetin 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole Nonanedioic acid 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4piperidinone Propylcyclohexane
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
-342.7 52.7
109.6
141.2 144.3 110.6
200.5 204.6 -25.5 163.4
100.3 11.5
150.5 60.3
-144.9
464.6
307.4 298.1
216.0
196.2
215.3
186.9
56.0
190.2
-815.6
126.2 148.5 246.0 -466.9 -685.1
-312.9
213.6 214.0
203.0 216.4
-38.3 -41.1 -46.4 -48.7 -49.8 -58.5 -61.8 -63.4 -233.7 -252.5 -265.9
7.9 4.0 1.3 -1.8 -3.2 -9.5 -13.8 -15.9 -182.2 -196.0 -209.4
287.8
214.7 210.7
267.9
216.4 215.0 209.3
-148.3
-78.4
-1330.8
-1245.0
458.3
253.5 384.7
-237.4
-273.4 -192.3
311.9
242.0
-474.5 -463.2 -478.7 -470.3
-89.2 -1054.3 -334.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C8H20BrN
Name
Molecular formula
C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O2 C9H21N C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H7I C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N
1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane (1′,3′,5′) 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Butyl pentanoate sec-Butyl pentanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 1,9-Nonanediol Tripropylamine 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
-397.2 -398.2 -408.5 -659.7 -613.3 -624.2 -620.0 -590.3 -171.8
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
-212.1 -340.7 -344.9 -357.6 -577.3 -560.2 -573.2 -568.6 -533.9
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
401.4
303.6 297.3 362.4
-206.9 -274.7 -288.1 -282.7 -282.8 -293.3 -281.1 -284.0 -280.2 -277.5 -275.4 -272.7 -269.7 -278.3 -277.7 -280.0 -277.9
-159.9 -228.2
-233.3
278.2
-237.1 -236.9 -241.6 -236.1
271.5
-453.4
-376.5
-207.1
-161.0
54.6
119.8 137.4 233.8 235.1 111.2 150.6 289.1 -30.4 -29.9 132.8
284.4
-242.6
266.3
-403.0 -657.6 29.8 39.7 55.4 161.5 144.3 42.6 78.5 212.3 -121.5 -124.1 67.8
212.6
201.6
224.1
167.4
333.1
165.7 166.9
131.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C9H18
Name
Molecular formula
C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16N2O8 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20
Crys.
2-Naphthalenamine 60.2 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene 1-Tetralone -209.6 Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate -730.9 Dimethyl terephthalate -732.6 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene o-Cymene m-Cymene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-o-xylene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene -119.9 Thymol -309.7 cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl2,4,6-octatriene Dipentene D-Limonene β-Myrcene α-Pinene β-Pinene α-Terpinene Glycine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)- -1759.5 Camphor -319.4 1,1′-Bicyclopentyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid -1082.6 Decanenitrile 1-Decene cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethylene
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
134.3 71.6 84.2 303.1 261.1 -29.2 -63.2 -66.4 -70.7 -69.8 -73.3 -78.6 -78.0 -68.5 -73.5 -72.8 -80.5 -86.0 -80.1 -84.8 -84.1 -87.8
26.0 -11.8 -18.4 -23.0 -21.9
217.5 243.4
321.2
236.4
245.6
215.1
-218.5 -24.0 -50.8 -54.5 14.5 -16.4 -7.7
-2.6
249.4 249.0
28.3 38.7 -20.6
-267.5 -178.9 -219.4 -230.6 -158.4 -173.8 -163.6
-169.2 -182.1 -921.9 -91.5 -123.3
271.2 265.0 264.9
232.0 228.5
425.0
300.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C10H9N C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12
Name
Molecular formula
Butylcyclohexane Decanoic acid Methyl nonanoate 1-Nitrodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether 1,10-Decanediol Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Decanethiol Dipentyl sulfide Diisopentylsulfide 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthoic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene L-Tryptophan 1,1-Dimethylindan Pentamethylbenzene Spiro[5.5]undecane 1-Undecene Methyl decanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Trinonafluorobutylamine Acenaphthylene Phenazine Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Thianthrene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Aminobiphenyl p-Biphenylamine Diphenylamine p-Benzidine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys. -713.7
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq. -263.1 -684.3 -616.2 -351.5 -300.9 -309.8 -307.9 -478.1
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
-213.7 -594.9 -554.2
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
345.0
-249.5 -260.2 -258.6 -396.6
271.0
314.4 313.3 314.4 370.6 250.0 379.0
420.1 423.8
-678.9 -309.9
-276.5 -266.4 -281.8
-333.5 -346.1
-211.5 -204.9 -221.5 -223.1 -232.5
56.3 44.9 -415.3
254.8 106.7
-53.6 -144.6 -244.5
350.0 350.4
476.1
220.0 251.0
224.4 196.0 238.1
-1.6 -67.2 -188.3 344.9
-640.5 -327.2 -504.8
-573.8 -270.8
344.9 418.4
186.7 237.0 -5.3 120.0 182.0 101.7 70.3 99.4 243.4 227.2 -32.1 -359.2 -371.9 93.8 81.0 130.2 70.7
259.7 328.8 83.4 205.1 286.0 200.7 156.0 181.4 342.0 -14.9
52.0
184.4 219.3
166.4
188.9 209.4
190.4 198.4
233.9
216.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21NO2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O2 C10H22S C10H22S C10H22S C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H14 C11H16 C11H20 C11H22 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12F27N C12H8 C12H8N2 C12H8O C12H8S C12H8S2 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H12N2
Name
Molecular formula
C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H22O4 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O12 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C13H8O2 C13H9N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10O C13H11N C13H12 C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H8O2 C14H8O4 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12
Diethyl phthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate 3,9-Dodecadiyne 5,7-Dodecadiyne Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanedioic acid Sucrose β-Lactose 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Methyl undecanoate α-Lactose monohydrate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Xanthone Acridine Phenanthridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9-Acridinamine Benzophenone 9-Methylcarbazole Diphenylmethane Tridecanedioic acid 1-Tridecene Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione 9,10-Phenanthrenedione 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-776.6 -76.6
-688.4 -16.7
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
425.1
366.1
-916.7 197.8 181.5 -162.4 -273.7
-77.4 -215.7 -976.9
-226.2 -737.9 -665.2
-165.4 -642.0 -593.8
-344.7 -392.3 -350.9 -528.5
-269.9 -321.1 -289.4 -436.6
-1130.0 -2226.1 -2236.7 -774.6
306.3
245.6
484.8
360.7 404.3
-2484.1
375.8 438.1 452.0
-281.6 -191.5 179.4 141.9 150.6 159.2 -34.5 105.5 71.5 -1148.3
273.9 240.5 233.7
89.7
54.9 201.0 139.0
-693.0
-614.9
224.8 239.3 391.8 406.7
-599.4 -188.5 -154.7
-75.7 -46.6
-595.8 129.2 116.2 312.4 -153.9
-471.7 230.9 207.5
183.3 136.9
-55.5 252.3 236.1
207.5 215.1
210.5 220.6 225.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H17NO4
Name
Molecular formula
Name
Crys.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Gas
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
48.7 142.9
-260.2 -788.8 -717.9 -580.6
-174.9 -693.7 -635.3
388.0
-367.3 -811.7 -743.9
-699.0 -656.9
-842.6
289.0 225.7 -750.9
-218.3 -328.7 -838.1 -771.0 -444.5 -456.1
432.0
-138.6 -248.4 -737.1 -680.0 -350.2 -374.8 -517.0
443.3
230.6 224.9
230.2 229.7
587.9 452.4
488.9 460.7
501.6 422.0
-865.6
475.7 293.0 269.8 326.8 577.0 619.0
-884.7 -544.1
-781.2 -446.0 -414.6
501.5 480.2
485.6
264.6
274.9
-433.0 -734.5 -737.0
-775.8
-649.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C14H14 1,1-Diphenylethane C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 51.5 C14H23N3O10 Glycine, N,N-bis[2[bis(carboxymethyl) amino]ethyl] -2225.2 C14H27N Tetradecanenitrile C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid -833.5 C14H28O2 Methyl tridecanoate C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol -629.6 C15H16O2 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane -368.6 C15H30 Decylcyclopentane C15H30O2 Pentadecanoic acid -861.7 C15H30O2 Methyl tetradecanoate C15H32O 1-Pentadecanol -658.2 C16H10 Fluoranthene 189.9 C16H10 Pyrene 125.5 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate C16H22O11 α-D-Glucose pentaacetate -2249.4 C16H22O11 β-D-Glucose pentaacetate -2232.6 C16H26 Decylbenzene C16H32 1-Hexadecene C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid -891.5 C16H32O2 Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane C16H33Br C16H34 Hexadecane C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol -686.5 Tetrabutyl ammonium iodide -498.6 C16H36IN C17H34O2 Margaric acid -924.4 C18H12 Benz[a]anthracene 170.8 Chrysene 145.3 C18H12 C18H15N Triphenylamine 234.7 C18H34O2 Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate C18H34O4 C18H36O2 Stearic acid -947.7 C18H37Cl 1-Chlorooctadecane C18H38 Octadecane -567.4 C18H39N Trihexylamine C19H16O Triphenylmethanol -2.5 C19H36O2 Methyl oleate C19H36O2 Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate C20H12 Perylene 182.8 C20H14O4 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ester -489.2 C20H38O2 Ethyl cis-9-octadecenoate
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Molecular formula
C20H40O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C24H38O4 C24H51N C26H18 C26H54 C26H54 C28H18 C31H64 C32H66 C60 C70
Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate Arachidic acid Brassidic acid Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Trioctylamine 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane 9,9′-Bianthracene 11-Decylheneicosane Dotriacontane Fullerene-C60 Fullerene-C70
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Crys.
-1011.9 -960.7
∆fH°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
-773.3 -940.0
-812.4
Crys.
∆fG°/kJ mol–1 Liq.
Gas
Crys.
S°/J mol–1 K–1 Liq.
Gas
Cp/J mol–1 K–1 Crys. Liq. Gas
545.1
-816.9 704.7 -585.0 308.7 -713.5 -716.0 326.2 -848.0 -968.3 2327.0 2555.0
465.6 -587.6 -593.4 454.3 -705.8 -697.2 2502.0 2755.0
2302.0 2537.0
2442.0 2692.0
426.0 464.0
544.0 614.0
520.0 650.0
512.0 585.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued)
C20H38O2
Name
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE L. V. Gurvich, V. S. Iorish, V. S. Yungman, and O. V. Dorofeeva The thermodynamic properties C° p (T), S° (T), H° (T)-H° (Tr), -[G° (T)-H° (Tr)]/T and formation properties ∆f H° (T), ∆f G° (T), log Kf° (T) are tabulated as functions of temperature in the range 298.15 to 1500 K for 80 substances in the standard state.The reference temperature, Tr, is equal to 298.15 K. The standard state pressure is taken as 1 bar (100,000 Pa). The tables are presented in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables format (Reference 2). The numerical data are extracted from IVTANTHERMO databases except for C2H4O, C3H6O, C6H6, C6H6O, C10H8, and CH5N, which are based upon TRC Tables. See the references for information on standard states and other details. REFERENCES 1. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Eds., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985.
Order of Listing of Tables No.
Formula
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ar Br Br2 BrH C C C2 C3 CO CO2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H8 C6H6 C6H6 C10H8 C10H8 CH2O CH4O C2H4O C2H6O C2H4O2 C3H6O C6H6O CF4 CHF3 CClF3 CCl2F2 CHClF2 CH5N Cl Cl2 ClH Cu Cu CuO Cu2O
Name Argon Bromine Dibromine Hydrogen bromide Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Dicarbon Tricarbon Carbon oxide Carbon dioxide Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Cyclopropane Propane Benzene Benzene Naphthalene Naphthalene Formaldehyde Methanol Acetaldehyde Ethanol Acetic acid Acetone Phenol Carbon tetrafluoride Trifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Methylamine Chlorine Dichlorine Hydrogen chloride Copper Copper Copper oxide Dicopper oxide
State g g g g cr cr g g g g g g g g g g l g cr, l g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g cr, l g cr cr
5-61 5.030 final-473
No.
Formula
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
CuCl2 CuCl2 F F2 FH Ge Ge GeO2 GeCl4 H H2 HO H2O H2O I I2 I2 IH K K K2O KOH KOH KCl KCl N2 NO NO2 NH3 O O2 S S S2 S8 SO2 Si Si SiO2 SiCl4
Name Copper dichloride Copper dichloride Fluorine Difluorine Hydrogen fluoride Germanium Germanium Germanium dioxide Germanium tetrachloride Hydrogen Dihydrogen Hydroxyl Water Water Iodine Diiodine Diiodine Hydrogen iodide Potassium Potassium Dipotassium oxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium chloride Potassium chloride Dinitrogen Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Oxygen Dioxygen Sulfur Sulfur Disulfur Octasulfur Sulfur dioxide Silicon Silicon Silicon dioxide Silicon tetrachloride
State cr, l g g g g cr, l g cr, l g g g g l g g cr, l g g cr, l g cr, l cr, l g cr, l g g g g g g g cr, l g g g g cr g cr g
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
1. ARGON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Cp°
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786
154.845 154.973 160.953 165.591 169.381 172.585 175.361 177.809 179.999 181.980 183.789 185.453 186.993 188.427
154.845 154.845 155.660 157.200 158.924 160.653 162.322 163.909 165.410 166.828 168.167 169.434 170.634 171.773
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982
175.017 175.146 181.126 185.765 189.559 192.776 195.575 198.061 200.302 202.347 204.231 205.980 207.612 209.142
175.017 175.018 175.833 177.373 179.097 180.827 182.499 184.093 185.604 187.034 188.390 189.676 190.900 192.065
245.467 245.690 249.387 256.169 264.406 271.188 276.951 281.962 286.396 290.373 293.979 297.279 300.322 303.146 305.782
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.277 8.364 10.461 12.571 14.698 16.844 19.010 21.195 23.397 25.615
111.870 111.838 96.677 96.910 97.131 97.348 97.568 97.796 98.036 98.291 98.560 98.844 99.141 99.449
82.379 82.196 75.460 70.129 64.752 59.338 53.893 48.420 42.921 37.397 31.850 26.279 20.686 15.072
–14.432 –14.311 –9.854 –7.326 –5.637 –4.428 –3.519 –2.810 –2.242 –1.776 –1.386 –1.056 –0.772 –0.525
245.467 245.468 245.671 246.892 249.600 252.650 255.720 258.694 261.530 264.219 266.763 269.170 271.451 273.615 275.673
0.000 0.067 1.235 3.711 7.403 11.123 14.862 18.615 22.379 26.154 29.938 33.730 37.532 41.343 45.164
30.910 30.836
198.697 198.698 199.842 202.005 204.436 206.886 209.269
0.000 0.054 2.971 5.903 8.868 11.882 14.957
–36.290 –36.333 –52.109 –52.484 –52.844 –53.168 –53.446
Br2 (g)
36.057 36.074 36.340 36.729 37.082 37.305 37.464 37.590 37.697 37.793 37.883 37.970 38.060 38.158 38.264
4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
H°-H° (Tr)
Br (g) 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.798 20.833 20.908 21.027 21.184 21.365 21.559 21.752 21.937 22.107 22.258
3. DIBROMINE 298.15 300 332.25 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Ar (g)
2. BROMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
29.141 29.141 29.220 29.454 29.872 30.431 31.063
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3.105 2.933 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–0.544 –0.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
HBr (g) 198.697 198.878 207.269 213.811 219.216 223.861 227.965
5-62
–53.360 –53.466 –55.940 –56.854 –57.694 –58.476 –59.214
9.348 9.309 7.305 5.939 5.023 4.363 3.866
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
31.709 32.335 32.919 33.454 33.938 34.374 34.766
5. CARBON (GRAPHITE) 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
8.536 8.610 11.974 14.537 16.607 18.306 19.699 20.832 21.739 22.452 23.000 23.409 23.707 23.919
6. CARBON (DIAMOND) 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
6.109 6.201 10.321 13.404 15.885 17.930 19.619 21.006 22.129 23.020 23.709 24.222 24.585 24.824
7. DICARBON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
18.095 21.298 24.561 27.880 31.250 34.666 38.123
∆fG°
Log Kf
–53.677 –53.864 –54.012 –54.129 –54.220 –54.291 –54.348
–59.921 –60.604 –61.271 –61.925 –62.571 –63.211 –63.846
3.478 3.166 2.909 2.696 2.514 2.358 2.223
0.000 0.016 1.054 2.385 3.945 5.694 7.596 9.625 11.755 13.966 16.240 18.562 20.918 23.300
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
HBr (g) (continued) 231.661 235.035 238.145 241.032 243.729 246.261 248.646
211.555 213.737 215.816 217.799 219.691 221.499 223.230
C (cr; graphite) 5.740 5.793 8.757 11.715 14.555 17.247 19.785 22.173 24.417 26.524 28.502 30.360 32.106 33.749
5.740 5.740 6.122 6.946 7.979 9.113 10.290 11.479 12.662 13.827 14.968 16.082 17.164 18.216
C (cr; diamond) 2.362 2.400 4.783 7.431 10.102 12.709 15.217 17.611 19.884 22.037 24.071 25.990 27.799 29.504
2.362 2.362 2.659 3.347 4.251 5.274 6.361 7.479 8.607 9.731 10.842 11.934 13.003 14.047
0.000 0.011 0.850 2.042 3.511 5.205 7.085 9.118 11.277 13.536 15.874 18.272 20.714 23.185
1.850 1.846 1.645 1.507 1.415 1.361 1.338 1.343 1.372 1.420 1.484 1.561 1.646 1.735
2.857 2.863 3.235 3.649 4.087 4.537 4.993 5.450 5.905 6.356 6.802 7.242 7.675 8.103
–0.501 –0.499 –0.422 –0.381 –0.356 –0.339 –0.326 –0.316 –0.308 –0.302 –0.296 –0.291 –0.286 –0.282
197.095 197.365 209.809 218.924 225.966 231.726 236.637 240.943 244.793 248.284 251.484 254.444 257.201 259.785
197.095 197.096 198.802 201.959 205.395 208.758 211.943 214.931 217.728 220.349 222.812 225.133 227.326 229.405
0.000 0.081 4.403 8.483 12.342 16.078 19.755 23.411 27.065 30.728 34.406 38.104 41.824 45.570
830.457 830.506 832.751 834.170 834.909 835.148 835.020 834.618 834.012 833.252 832.383 831.437 830.445 829.427
775.116 774.772 755.833 736.423 716.795 697.085 677.366 657.681 638.052 618.492 599.006 579.596 560.261 540.997
–135.795 –134.898 –98.700 –76.933 –62.402 –52.016 –44.227 –38.170 –33.328 –29.369 –26.074 –23.288 –20.903 –18.839
C2 (g)
43.548 43.575 42.169 39.529 37.837 36.984 36.621 36.524 36.569 36.696 36.874 37.089 37.329 37.589
5-63
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) C°p
T/K
8. TRICARBON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
37.135 37.220 41.328 44.627 47.327 49.569 51.442 53.008 54.320 55.423 56.354 57.144 57.818 58.397
11. METHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
237.611 237.872 250.164 260.003 268.322 275.582 282.045 287.876 293.189 298.069 302.578 306.768 310.679 314.346
237.611 237.611 239.280 242.471 246.104 249.807 253.440 256.948 260.310 263.524 266.593 269.524 272.326 275.006
0.000 0.078 4.354 8.766 13.331 18.042 22.884 27.835 32.879 37.999 43.182 48.417 53.695 59.010
197.658 197.659 198.803 200.973 203.419 205.895 208.309 210.631 212.851 214.969 216.990 218.920 220.763 222.527
213.783 214.013 225.305 234.895 243.278 250.747 257.492 263.644 269.299 274.529 279.393 283.936 288.196 292.205
186.369 186.590 197.501 207.202 216.246 224.821 233.008
∆fG°
Log Kf
839.958 839.989 841.149 841.570 841.453 840.919 840.053 838.919 837.572 836.059 834.420 832.690 830.899 829.068
774.249 773.841 751.592 729.141 706.659 684.230 661.901 639.698 617.633 595.711 573.933 552.295 530.793 509.421
–135.643 –134.736 –98.147 –76.172 –61.519 –51.057 –43.217 –37.127 –32.261 –28.288 –24.982 –22.191 –19.804 –17.739
0.000 0.054 2.976 5.930 8.941 12.021 15.175 18.399 21.687 25.032 28.426 31.864 35.338 38.845
–110.530 –110.519 –110.121 –110.027 –110.157 –110.453 –110.870 –111.378 –111.952 –112.573 –113.228 –113.904 –114.594 –115.291
–137.168 –137.333 –146.341 –155.412 –164.480 –173.513 –182.494 –191.417 –200.281 –209.084 –217.829 –226.518 –235.155 –243.742
24.031 23.912 19.110 16.236 14.319 12.948 11.915 11.109 10.461 9.928 9.482 9.101 8.774 8.488
213.783 213.784 215.296 218.280 221.762 225.379 228.978 232.493 235.895 239.172 242.324 245.352 248.261 251.059
0.000 0.069 4.004 8.307 12.909 17.758 22.811 28.036 33.404 38.893 44.483 50.159 55.908 61.719
–393.510 –393.511 –393.586 –393.672 –393.791 –393.946 –394.133 –394.343 –394.568 –394.801 –395.035 –395.265 –395.488 –395.702
–394.373 –394.379 –394.656 –394.914 –395.152 –395.367 –395.558 –395.724 –395.865 –395.984 –396.081 –396.159 –396.219 –396.264
69.092 68.667 51.536 41.256 34.401 29.502 25.827 22.967 20.678 18.803 17.241 15.918 14.783 13.799
186.369 186.370 187.825 190.744 194.248 198.008 201.875
0.000 0.066 3.871 8.229 13.199 18.769 24.907
–74.600 –74.656 –77.703 –80.520 –82.969 –85.023 –86.693
–50.530 –50.381 –41.827 –32.525 –22.690 –12.476 –1.993
8.853 8.772 5.462 3.398 1.975 0.931 0.130
CO (g)
29.141 29.142 29.340 29.792 30.440 31.170 31.898 32.573 33.178 33.709 34.169 34.568 34.914 35.213
10. CARBON DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C3 (g)
42.202 42.218 43.383 44.883 46.406 47.796 48.997 50.006 50.844 51.535 52.106 52.579 52.974 53.307
9. CARBON OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
197.658 197.838 206.243 212.834 218.321 223.067 227.277 231.074 234.538 237.726 240.679 243.430 246.005 248.424
CO2 (g)
CH4 (g)
35.695 35.765 40.631 46.627 52.742 58.603 64.084
5-64
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
11. METHANE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
14. ETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
205.773 209.660 213.511 217.310 221.048 224.720 228.322
31.571 38.719 46.306 54.289 62.630 71.291 80.242
–88.006 –88.996 –89.698 –90.145 –90.367 –90.390 –90.237
8.677 19.475 30.358 41.294 52.258 63.231 74.200
–0.504 –1.017 –1.442 –1.797 –2.100 –2.359 –2.584
200.927 201.199 214.814 226.552 236.842 246.021 254.331 261.947 268.995 275.565 281.725 287.528 293.014 298.218
200.927 200.927 202.741 206.357 210.598 215.014 219.418 223.726 227.905 231.942 235.837 239.592 243.214 246.709
0.000 0.082 4.829 10.097 15.747 21.704 27.931 34.399 41.090 47.985 55.067 62.317 69.721 77.264
227.400 227.397 227.161 226.846 226.445 225.968 225.436 224.873 224.300 223.734 223.189 222.676 222.203 221.774
209.879 209.770 203.928 198.154 192.452 186.823 181.267 175.779 170.355 164.988 159.672 154.400 149.166 143.964
–36.769 –36.524 –26.630 –20.701 –16.754 –13.941 –11.835 –10.202 –8.898 –7.835 –6.950 –6.204 –5.565 –5.013
219.316 219.582 233.327 246.198 258.332 269.770 280.559 290.754 300.405 309.556 318.247 326.512 334.384 341.892
219.316 219.317 221.124 224.864 229.441 234.393 239.496 244.630 249.730 254.756 259.688 264.513 269.225 273.821
0.000 0.079 4.881 10.667 17.335 24.764 32.851 41.512 50.675 60.280 70.271 80.599 91.223 102.107
52.400 52.341 49.254 46.533 44.221 42.278 40.655 39.310 38.205 37.310 36.596 36.041 35.623 35.327
68.358 68.457 74.302 80.887 87.982 95.434 103.142 111.036 119.067 127.198 135.402 143.660 151.955 160.275
–11.976 –11.919 –9.703 –8.450 –7.659 –7.121 –6.734 –6.444 –6.219 –6.040 –5.894 –5.772 –5.669 –5.581
229.161 229.487 246.378 262.344 277.568 292.080 305.904 319.075 331.628 343.597 355.012 365.908 376.314 386.260
229.161 229.162 231.379 235.989 241.660 247.835 254.236 260.715 267.183 273.590 279.904 286.103 292.178 298.121
0.000 0.097 5.999 13.177 21.545 30.972 41.334 52.525 64.445 77.007 90.131 103.746 117.790 132.209
–84.000 –84.094 –88.988 –93.238 –96.779 –99.663 –101.963 –103.754 –105.105 –106.082 –106.741 –107.131 –107.292 –107.260
–32.015 –31.692 –13.473 5.912 26.086 46.800 67.887 89.231 110.750 132.385 154.096 175.850 197.625 219.404
5.609 5.518 1.759 –0.618 –2.271 –3.492 –4.433 –5.179 –5.785 –6.286 –6.708 –7.066 –7.373 –7.640
240.852 248.379 255.607 262.551 269.225 275.643 281.817
C2H2 (g)
44.036 44.174 50.388 54.751 58.121 60.970 63.511 65.831 67.960 69.909 71.686 73.299 74.758 76.077
13. ETHYLENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
CH4 (g) (continued)
69.137 73.746 77.919 81.682 85.067 88.112 90.856
12. ACETYLENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C2H4 (g)
42.883 43.059 53.045 62.479 70.673 77.733 83.868 89.234 93.939 98.061 101.670 104.829 107.594 110.018
C2H6 (g) 52.487 52.711 65.459 77.941 89.188 99.136 107.936 115.709 122.552 128.553 133.804 138.391 142.399 145.905
5-65
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
15. CYCLOPROPANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
237.488 237.832 256.695 275.637 294.092 311.763 328.564 344.501 359.616 373.961 387.588 400.549 412.892 424.662
237.488 237.489 239.924 245.177 251.801 259.115 266.755 274.516 282.277 289.965 297.538 304.967 312.239 319.344
0.000 0.103 6.708 15.230 25.374 36.854 49.447 62.987 77.339 92.395 108.060 124.257 140.915 157.976
270.313 270.769 294.739 317.768 339.753 360.668 380.528 399.381 417.293 434.321 450.526 465.961 480.675 494.721
270.313 270.314 273.447 280.025 288.162 297.039 306.245 315.555 324.841 334.026 343.064 351.929 360.604 369.080
173.450 174.292 216.837 257.048
269.190 269.700 297.840 326.050 353.360 379.330 403.860 426.970 448.740 469.280 488.690 507.070 524.490 541.040
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
53.300 53.195 47.967 43.730 40.405 37.825 35.854 34.384 33.334 32.640 32.249 32.119 32.215 32.507
104.514 104.832 122.857 142.091 162.089 182.583 203.404 224.441 245.618 266.883 288.197 309.533 330.870 352.193
–18.310 –18.253 –16.043 –14.844 –14.111 –13.624 –13.281 –13.026 –12.830 –12.673 –12.545 –12.437 –12.345 –12.264
0.000 0.136 8.517 18.872 30.955 44.540 59.427 75.444 92.452 110.325 128.954 148.241 168.100 188.460
–103.847 –103.972 –110.33 –115.658 –119.973 –123.384 –126.016 –127.982 –129.380 –130.296 –130.802 –130.961 –130.829 –130.445
–23.458 –22.959 15.029 34.507 64.961 96.065 127.603 159.430 191.444 223.574 255.770 287.993 320.217 352.422
4.110 3.997 –0.657 –3.605 –5.655 –7.168 –8.331 –9.253 –10.000 –10.617 –11.133 –11.572 –11.947 –12.272
173.450 173.453 179.082 190.639
0.000 .252 15.102 33.204
49.080 49.077 48.978 50.330
124.521 124.989 150.320 175.559
–21.815 –21.762 –19.630 –18.340
269.190 269.190 272.823 280.658 290.517 301.360 312.658 324.084 335.473 346.710 357.743 368.534 379.056 389.302
0.000 0.153 10.007 22.696 37.706 54.579 72.962 92.597 113.267 134.827 157.137 180.097 203.607 227.607
82.880 82.780 77.780 73.740 70.490 67.910 65.910 64.410 63.340 62.620 62.200 62.000 61.990 62.110
129.750 130.040 146.570 164.260 182.680 201.590 220.820 240.280 259.890 277.640 299.320 319.090 338.870 358.640
–22.731 –22.641 –19.140 –17.160 –15.903 –15.042 –14.418 –13.945 –13.575 –13.184 –13.029 –12.821 –12.643 –12.489
C6H6 (l)
135.950 136.312 161.793 207.599
18. BENZENE
H°-H° (Tr)
C3H8 (g)
73.597 73.931 94.014 112.591 128.700 142.674 154.766 165.352 174.598 182.673 189.745 195.853 201.209 205.895
17. BENZENE
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C3H6 (g)
55.571 55.941 76.052 93.859 108.542 120.682 130.910 139.658 147.207 153.749 159.432 164.378 168.689 172.453
16. PROPANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
C6H6 (g)
82.430 83.020 113.510 139.340 160.090 176.790 190.460 201.840 211.430 219.580 226.540 232.520 237.680 242.140
5-66
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
19. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 300 353.43
165.720 167.001 208.722
353.43 400 470
217.200 241.577 276.409
131.920 132.840 180.070 219.740 251.530 277.010 297.730 314.850 329.170 341.240 351.500 360.260 367.780 374.270
35.387 35.443 39.240 43.736 48.181 52.280 55.941 59.156 61.951 64.368 66.453 68.251 69.803 71.146
22. METHANOL 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
44.101 44.219 51.713 59.800 67.294 73.958 79.838 85.025 89.597 93.624 97.165 100.277 103.014 105.422
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
201.585 202.349 224.543
–35.316 –35.232 –33.186
224.543 241.475 266.859
–33.186 –31.533 –29.658
C10H8 (cr, l)
C10H8 (g) 333.150 333.970 378.800 423.400 466.380 507.140 545.520 581.610 615.550 647.500 677.650 706.130 733.110 758.720
21. FORMALDEHYDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
167.390 167.390 0.000 78.530 168.419 167.393 0.308 78.466 198.948 169.833 10.290 96.099 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 18.980 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 53.702 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 252.650 169.833 29.270 96.099 280.916 181.124 39.917 96.067 322.712 199.114 58.091 97.012
20. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
333.150 333.157 338.950 351.400 367.007 384.146 401.935 419.918 437.806 455.426 472.707 489.568 506.009 522.019
0.000 0.244 15.940 36.000 59.624 86.096 114.868 145.523 177.744 211.281 245.932 281.531 317.941 355.051
150.580 150.450 144.190 139.220 135.350 132.330 130.050 128.430 127.510 127.100 126.960 127.060 127.390 127.920
224.100 224.560 250.270 277.340 305.330 333.950 362.920 392.150 421.700 450.630 480.450 509.770 539.740 568.940
–39.260 –39.098 –32.681 –28.973 –26.581 –24.919 –23.696 –22.759 –22.027 –21.398 –20.913 –20.482 –20.137 –19.812
218.760 218.761 220.192 223.028 226.381 229.924 233.517 237.088 240.603 244.042 247.396 250.660 253.833 256.915
0.000 0.066 3.789 7.936 12.534 17.560 22.975 28.734 34.792 41.111 47.655 54.392 61.297 68.346
–108.700 –108.731 –110.438 –112.073 –113.545 –114.833 –115.942 –116.889 –117.696 –118.382 –118.966 –119.463 –119.887 –120.249
–102.667 –102.630 –100.340 –97.623 –94.592 –91.328 –87.893 –84.328 –80.666 –76.929 –73.134 –69.294 –65.418 –61.514
17.987 17.869 13.103 10.198 8.235 6.815 5.739 4.894 4.213 3.653 3.183 2.784 2.441 2.142
239.865 239.866 241.685 245.374 249.830 254.616 259.526 264.455 269.343 274.158 278.879 283.497 288.007 292.405
0.000 0.082 4.864 10.442 16.803 23.873 31.569 39.817 48.553 57.718 67.262 77.137 87.304 97.729
–201.000 –201.068 –204.622 –207.750 –210.387 –212.570 –214.350 –215.782 –216.916 –217.794 –218.457 –218.936 –219.261 –219.456
–162.298 –162.057 –148.509 –134.109 –119.125 –103.737 –88.063 –72.188 –56.170 –40.050 –23.861 –7.624 8.644 24.930
28.434 28.216 19.393 14.010 10.371 7.741 5.750 4.190 2.934 1.902 1.039 0.306 –0.322 –0.868
H2CO (g) 218.760 218.979 229.665 238.900 247.270 255.011 262.236 269.014 275.395 281.416 287.108 292.500 297.616 302.479
CH3OH (g) 239.865 240.139 253.845 266.257 277.835 288.719 298.987 308.696 317.896 326.629 334.930 342.833 350.367 357.558
5-67
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
23. ACETALDEHYDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
263.840 263.837 266.147 270.850 276.550 282.667 288.938 295.189 301.431 307.537 313.512 319.350 325.031 330.571
0.000 0.103 6.189 13.345 21.486 30.494 40.258 50.698 61.669 73.153 85.065 97.344 109.954 122.834
281.622 281.623 284.390 290.115 297.112 304.674 312.456 320.276 328.033 335.670 343.156 350.473 357.612 364.571
283.470 283.863 304.404 323.751 341.988 359.162 375.331 390.558 404.904 418.429 431.189 443.240 454.637 465.432
295.349 295.809 319.658 341.916 362.836 382.627 401.246
∆fG°
Log Kf
–166.190 –166.250 –169.530 –172.420 –174.870 –176.910 –178.570 –179.880 –180.850 –181.560 –182.070 –182.420 –182.640 –182.750
–133.010 –132.800 –121.130 –108.700 –95.720 –82.350 –68.730 –54.920 –40.930 –27.010 –12.860 1.240 15.470 29.580
23.302 23.122 15.818 11.356 8.334 6.145 4.487 3.187 2.138 1.283 0.560 –0.050 –0.577 –1.030
0.000 0.122 7.474 16.318 26.487 37.790 50.065 63.185 77.042 91.543 106.609 122.168 138.160 154.531
–234.800 –234.897 –239.826 –243.940 –247.260 –249.895 –251.951 –253.515 –254.662 –255.454 –255.947 –256.184 –256.206 –256.044
–167.874 –167.458 –144.216 –119.820 –94.672 –69.023 –43.038 –16.825 9.539 36.000 62.520 89.070 115.630 142.185
29.410 29.157 18.832 12.517 8.242 5.151 2.810 0.976 –0.498 –1.709 –2.721 –3.579 –4.314 –4.951
283.470 283.471 286.164 291.765 298.631 306.064 313.722 321.422 329.060 336.576 343.933 351.113 358.105 364.903
0.000 0.118 7.296 15.993 26.014 37.169 49.287 62.223 75.844 90.039 104.707 119.765 135.146 150.793
–432.249 –432.324 –436.006 –438.875 –440.993 –442.466 –443.395 –443.873 –443.982 –443.798 –443.385 –442.795 –442.071 –441.247
–374.254 –373.893 –353.840 –332.950 –311.554 –289.856 –267.985 –246.026 –224.034 –202.046 –180.086 –158.167 –136.299 –114.486
65.567 65.100 46.206 34.783 27.123 21.629 17.497 14.279 11.702 9.594 7.839 6.355 5.085 3.987
295.349 295.349 298.498 304.988 312.873 321.470 330.265
0.000 0.138 8.464 18.464 29.978 42.810 56.785
–217.150 –217.233 –222.212 –226.522 –230.120 –233.049 –235.350
–152.716 –152.339 –129.913 –106.315 –81.923 –56.986 –31.673
26.757 26.521 16.962 11.107 7.133 4.252 2.068
C2H5OH (g) 281.622 282.029 303.076 322.750 341.257 358.659 375.038 390.482 405.075 418.892 431.997 444.448 456.298 467.591
C2H4O2 (g)
63.438 63.739 79.665 93.926 106.181 116.627 125.501 132.989 139.257 144.462 148.760 152.302 155.220 157.631
26. ACETONE
kJ/mol ∆fH°
263.840 264.180 281.620 297.540 312.360 326.230 339.260 351.520 363.100 374.040 384.400 394.230 403.570 412.460
65.652 65.926 81.169 95.400 107.656 118.129 127.171 135.049 141.934 147.958 153.232 157.849 161.896 165.447
25. ACETIC ACID 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
C2H4O (g)
55.318 55.510 66.282 76.675 85.942 94.035 101.070 107.190 112.490 117.080 121.060 124.500 127.490 130.090
24. ETHANOL
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C3H6O (g)
74.517 74.810 91.755 107.864 122.047 134.306 144.934
5-68
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
26. ACETONE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
27. PHENOL 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
418.860 435.513 451.286 466.265 480.491 493.963 506.850
339.141 347.950 356.617 365.155 373.513 381.596 389.533
71.747 87.563 104.136 121.332 139.072 157.314 175.975
314.810 315.450 349.820 383.040 414.450 443.860 471.310 496.950 520.960 543.500 564.720 584.740 603.680 621.650
314.810 314.810 319.278 328.736 340.430 353.134 366.211 379.327 392.302 405.033 417.468 429.568 441.331 452.767
–237.149 –238.404 –239.283 –239.827 –240.120 –240.203 –240.120
–6.109 19.707 45.396 71.463 97.362 123.470 149.369
0.353 –1.030 –2.157 –3.110 –3.912 –4.607 –5.202
0.000 0.192 12.217 27.152 44.412 63.508 84.079 105.861 128.658 152.314 176.703 201.723 227.288 253.325
–96.400 –96.490 –100.870 –104.240 –106.810 –108.800 –110.300 –111.370 –111.990 –112.280 –112.390 –112.330 –112.120 –111.780
–32.630 –32.230 –10.180 12.970 36.650 60.750 85.020 109.590 134.280 158.620 183.350 208.070 233.050 257.540
5.720 5.610 1.330 –1.360 –3.190 –4.530 –5.550 –6.360 –7.010 –7.530 –7.980 –8.360 –8.700 –8.970
261.455 261.456 264.001 269.155 275.284 281.732 288.199 294.542 300.695 306.629 312.334 317.811 323.069 328.116
0.000 0.113 6.822 14.499 22.890 31.801 41.094 50.670 60.460 70.416 80.500 90.687 100.957 111.295
–933.200 –933.219 –933.986 –934.372 –934.490 –934.431 –934.261 –934.024 –933.745 –933.442 –933.125 –932.800 –932.470 –932.137
–888.518 –888.240 –873.120 –857.852 –842.533 –827.210 –811.903 –796.622 –781.369 –766.146 –750.952 –735.784 –720.641 –705.522
155.663 154.654 114.016 89.618 73.348 61.726 53.011 46.234 40.814 36.381 32.688 29.564 26.887 24.568
259.675 259.676 261.807 266.149 271.368 276.917 282.542 288.116 293.572 298.879 304.022 308.997 313.804 318.449
0.000 0.095 5.722 12.275 19.593 27.519 35.930 44.732 53.854 63.240 72.849 82.647 92.607 102.709
–696.700 –696.735 –698.427 –699.715 –700.634 –701.253 –701.636 –701.832 –701.879 –701.805 –701.629 –701.368 –701.033 –700.635
–662.237 –662.023 –650.186 –637.969 –625.528 –612.957 –600.315 –587.636 –574.944 –562.253 –549.574 –536.913 –524.274 –511.662
116.020 115.267 84.905 66.647 54.456 45.739 39.196 34.105 30.032 26.699 23.922 21.573 19.561 17.817
C6H6O (g) 103.220 103.860 135.790 161.910 182.480 198.840 212.140 223.190 232.490 240.410 247.200 253.060 258.120 262.520
61.050 61.284 72.399 80.713 86.783 91.212 94.479 96.929 98.798 100.250 101.396 102.314 103.059 103.671
51.069 51.258 61.148 69.631 76.453 81.868 86.201 89.719 92.617 95.038 97.084 98.833 100.344 101.660
CF4 (g)
261.455 261.833 281.057 298.153 313.434 327.162 339.566 350.842 361.156 370.643 379.417 387.571 395.181 402.313
29. TRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Log Kf
C3H6O (g) (continued)
154.097 162.046 168.908 174.891 180.079 184.556 188.447
28. CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
∆fG°
CHF3 (g)
259.675 259.991 276.113 290.700 304.022 316.230 327.455 337.818 347.426 356.370 364.730 372.571 379.952 386.921
5-69
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
C°p
J/K⋅mol S°
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
30. CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
66.886 67.111 77.528 85.013 90.329 94.132 96.899 98.951 100.507 101.708 102.651 103.404 104.012 104.512
285.419 285.834 306.646 324.797 340.794 355.020 367.780 379.317 389.827 399.465 408.357 416.604 424.290 431.484
31. DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
72.476 72.691 82.408 89.063 93.635 96.832 99.121 100.801 102.062 103.030 103.786 104.388 104.874 105.270
300.903 301.352 323.682 342.833 359.500 374.189 387.276 399.053 409.742 419.517 428.515 436.847 444.602 451.851
32. CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
55.853 56.039 65.395 73.008 78.940 83.551 87.185 90.100 92.475 94.433 96.066 97.438 98.601 99.593
33. METHYLAMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
50.053 50.227 60.171 70.057 78.929 86.711 93.545
280.915 281.261 298.701 314.145 328.003 340.533 351.936 362.379 371.999 380.908 389.196 396.941 404.206 411.044
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
0.000 0.124 7.383 15.532 24.314 33.547 43.106 52.903 62.880 72.993 83.213 93.517 103.889 114.316
∆fG°
Log Kf
–707.800 –707.810 –708.153 –708.170 –707.975 –707.654 –707.264 –706.837 –706.396 –705.950 –705.505 –705.064 –704.628 –704.196
–667.238 –666.986 –653.316 –639.599 –625.901 –612.246 –598.642 –585.090 –571.586 –558.126 –544.707 –531.326 –517.977 –504.660
116.896 116.131 85.313 66.818 54.489 45.686 39.087 33.957 29.856 26.503 23.710 21.349 19.326 17.574
0.000 0.134 7.919 16.514 25.663 35.196 44.999 55.000 65.146 75.402 85.745 96.154 106.618 117.126
–486.000 –486.002 –485.945 –485.618 –485.136 –484.576 –483.984 –483.388 –482.800 –482.226 –481.667 –481.121 –480.588 –480.065
–447.030 –446.788 –433.716 –420.692 –407.751 –394.897 –382.126 –369.429 –356.799 –344.227 –331.706 –319.232 –306.799 –294.404
78.317 77.792 56.637 43.949 35.497 29.467 24.950 21.441 18.637 16.346 14.439 12.827 11.447 10.252
280.915 280.916 283.231 287.898 293.448 299.294 305.172 310.956 316.586 322.033 327.289 332.352 337.228 341.923
0.000 0.104 6.188 13.123 20.733 28.867 37.411 46.280 55.413 64.761 74.289 83.966 93.769 103.681
–475.000 –475.028 –476.390 –477.398 –478.103 –478.574 –478.870 –479.031 –479.090 –479.068 –478.982 –478.843 –478.661 –478.443
–443.845 –443.652 –432.978 –422.001 –410.851 –399.603 –388.299 –376.967 –365.622 –354.276 –342.935 –331.603 –320.283 –308.978
77.759 77.246 56.540 44.086 35.767 29.818 25.353 21.878 19.098 16.823 14.927 13.324 11.950 10.759
242.881 242.893 244.975 249.244 254.431 260.008 265.749
0.000 0.091 5.604 12.121 19.579 27.873 36.893
–22.529 –22.614 –26.846 –30.431 –33.364 –35.712 –37.548
32.734 33.077 52.294 72.510 93.382 114.702 136.316
–5.735 –5.759 –6.829 –7.575 –8.129 –8.559 –8.900
CClF3 (g) 285.419 285.421 288.187 293.734 300.271 307.096 313.897 320.536 326.947 333.108 339.013 344.668 350.084 355.273
CCl2F2 (g) 300.903 300.905 303.883 309.804 316.729 323.909 331.027 337.942 344.596 350.969 357.061 362.882 368.445 373.767
CHClF2 (g)
CH5N (g) 242.881 243.196 258.986 273.486 287.063 299.826 311.865
5-70
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
33. METHYLAMINE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
∆fG°
Log Kf
323.239 334.006 344.233 353.944 363.190 372.012 380.426
271.511 277.220 282.861 288.374 293.775 299.061 304.209
46.555 56.786 67.509 78.685 90.239 102.131 114.326
–38.949 –39.967 –40.681 –41.136 –41.376 –41.451 –41.381
158.138 180.098 201.822 224.240 246.364 268.504 290.639
–9.178 –9.407 –9.584 –9.761 –9.899 –10.018 –10.121
165.190 165.325 171.703 176.752 180.905 184.411 187.432 190.079 192.430 194.542 196.458 198.211 199.826 201.323
165.190 165.190 166.055 167.708 169.571 171.448 173.261 174.986 176.615 178.150 179.597 180.963 182.253 183.475
0.000 0.040 2.259 4.522 6.800 9.074 11.337 13.584 15.815 18.031 20.233 22.423 24.602 26.772
121.302 121.311 121.795 122.272 122.734 123.172 123.585 123.971 124.334 124.675 124.996 125.299 125.587 125.861
105.306 105.207 99.766 94.203 88.546 82.813 77.019 71.175 65.289 59.368 53.416 47.439 41.439 35.418
–18.449 –18.318 –13.028 –9.841 –7.709 –6.179 –5.029 –4.131 –3.410 –2.819 –2.325 –1.906 –1.546 –1.233
33.949 33.981 35.296 36.064 36.547 36.874 37.111 37.294 37.442 37.567 37.678 37.778 37.872 37.961
223.079 223.290 233.263 241.229 247.850 253.510 258.450 262.832 266.769 270.343 273.617 276.637 279.440 282.056
223.079 223.080 224.431 227.021 229.956 232.926 235.815 238.578 241.203 243.692 246.052 248.290 250.416 252.439
0.000 0.063 3.533 7.104 10.736 14.408 18.108 21.829 25.566 29.316 33.079 36.851 40.634 44.426
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
186.902 186.902 188.045 190.206 192.630 195.069 197.435 199.700 201.858 203.912 205.867 207.732 209.513 211.217
0.000 0.054 2.969 5.892 8.835 11.812 14.836 17.913 21.049 24.241 27.488 30.786 34.132 37.522
–92.310 –92.314 –92.587 –92.911 –93.249 –93.577 –93.879 –94.149 –94.384 –94.587 –94.760 –94.908 –95.035 –95.146
–95.298 –95.317 –96.278 –97.164 –97.983 –98.746 –99.464 –100.145 –100.798 –101.430 –102.044 –102.645 –103.235 –103.817
16.696 16.596 12.573 10.151 8.530 7.368 6.494 5.812 5.265 4.816 4.442 4.124 3.852 3.615
Cl2 (g)
36. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
Cl (g)
21.838 21.852 22.467 22.744 22.781 22.692 22.549 22.389 22.233 22.089 21.959 21.843 21.742 21.652
35. DICHLORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
CH5N (g) (continued)
99.573 104.886 109.576 113.708 117.341 120.542 123.353
34. CHLORINE
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
29.136 29.137 29.175 29.304 29.576 29.988 30.500 31.063 31.639 32.201 32.734 33.229 33.684 34.100
HCl (g)
186.902 187.082 195.468 201.990 207.354 211.943 215.980 219.604 222.907 225.949 228.774 231.414 233.893 236.232
5-71
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
37. COPPER
24.440 24.460 25.339 25.966 26.479 26.953 27.448 28.014 28.700 29.553 30.617 31.940 32.844
1358 1400 1500
32.800 32.800 32.800
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
42.300 42.417 46.783 49.190 50.827 52.099 53.178 54.144 55.040 55.890 56.709 57.507 58.288 59.057
40. DICOPPER OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
33.150 33.150 0.000 0.000 33.301 33.150 0.045 0.000 40.467 34.122 2.538 0.000 46.192 35.982 5.105 0.000 50.973 38.093 7.728 0.000 55.090 40.234 10.399 0.000 58.721 42.322 13.119 0.000 61.986 44.328 15.891 0.000 64.971 46.245 18.726 0.000 67.745 48.075 21.637 0.000 70.361 49.824 24.644 0.000 72.862 51.501 27.769 0.000 74.275 52.443 29.647 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 13.141 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 9.676 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 83.951 52.443 42.788 0.000 84.950 53.403 44.166 0.000 87.213 55.583 47.446 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
Cu (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.788 20.793 20.803 20.823 20.856
39. COPPER OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Cu (cr, l)
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1358
38. COPPER
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
62.600 62.721 67.587 70.784
166.397 166.525 172.505 177.143 180.933 184.137 186.913 189.361 191.551 193.532 195.341 197.006 198.548 199.986
166.397 166.397 167.213 168.752 170.476 172.205 173.874 175.461 176.963 178.380 179.719 180.986 182.186 183.325
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.826 22.907 24.991
337.600 337.594 337.179 336.691 336.147 335.554 334.913 334.219 333.463 332.631 331.703 330.657 316.342 315.146
297.873 297.626 284.364 271.215 258.170 245.221 232.359 219.581 206.883 194.265 181.726 169.270 157.305 145.987
–52.185 –51.821 –37.134 –28.333 –22.475 –18.298 –15.171 –12.744 –10.806 –9.225 –7.910 –6.801 –5.869 –5.084
42.740 42.741 44.467 47.852 51.755 55.757 59.691 63.491 67.134 70.615 73.941 77.118 80.158 83.070
0.000 0.078 4.564 9.372 14.377 19.526 24.791 30.158 35.617 41.164 46.794 52.505 58.295 64.163
–162.000 –161.994 –161.487 –160.775 –159.973 –159.124 –158.247 –157.356 –156.462 –155.582 –154.733 –153.940 –166.354 –165.589
–134.277 –134.105 –124.876 –115.803 –106.883 –98.102 –89.444 –80.897 –72.450 –64.091 –55.812 –47.601 –39.043 –29.975
23.524 23.349 16.307 12.098 9.305 7.320 5.840 4.695 3.784 3.043 2.429 1.913 1.457 1.044
92.550 92.551 95.078 99.995
0.000 0.116 6.654 13.580
–173.100 –173.102 –173.036 –172.772
–150.344 –150.203 –142.572 –134.984
26.339 26.152 18.618 14.101
CuO (cr) 42.740 43.002 55.878 66.596 75.717 83.651 90.680 97.000 102.751 108.037 112.936 117.507 121.797 125.845
Cu2O (cr) 92.550 92.938 111.712 127.155
5-72
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
40. DICOPPER OXIDE 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
73.323 75.552 77.616 79.584 81.492 83.360 85.202 87.026 88.836 90.636
71.880 71.998 76.338 78.654 80.175 81.056
675 700 800 871
82.400 82.400 82.400 82.400
871 900 1000 1100 1130.75
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
140.291 151.764 161.989 171.245 179.729 187.584 194.917 201.808 208.324 214.515
56.814 56.869 58.992 60.111 60.761 61.168 61.439 61.630 61.776 61.900 62.022 62.159 62.325 62.531
43. FLUORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
kJ/mol ∆fH°
105.643 111.429 117.121 122.629 127.920 132.992 137.850 142.507 146.978 151.276
20.789 28.235 35.894 43.755 51.809 60.052 68.480 77.092 85.885 94.858
–172.389 –171.914 –171.363 –170.750 –170.097 –169.431 –168.791 –168.223 –194.030 –193.438
∆fG°
Log Kf
–127.460 –120.009 –112.631 –105.325 –98.091 –90.922 –83.814 –76.756 –68.926 –60.010
11.096 8.955 7.354 6.113 5.124 4.317 3.648 3.084 2.572 2.090
–173.826 –173.552 –158.962 –144.765 –130.901 –120.693
30.453 30.218 20.758 15.123 11.396 9.340
–120.693 –117.350 –104.137 –94.893
9.340 8.757 6.799 5.691
–94.893 –91.655 –80.730 –70.144 –66.951
5.691 5.319 4.217 3.331 3.093
CuCl2 (cr, l)
108.070 108.070 0.000 –218.000 108.515 108.071 0.133 –217.975 129.899 110.957 7.577 –216.494 147.204 116.532 15.336 –214.873 161.687 122.884 23.282 –213.182 171.183 127.732 29.329 –211.185 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.037 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 172.220 127.732 30.029 –211.185 175.216 129.375 32.089 –210.719 186.219 135.808 40.329 –208.898 193.226 140.207 46.179 –192.649 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.001 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 17.221 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 210.447 140.207 61.180 –192.649 213.723 142.523 64.080 –191.640 224.259 150.179 74.080 –188.212 233.790 157.353 84.080 –184.873 236.547 159.470 87.155 –183.867
42. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
Cu2O (cr) (continued)
41. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 675
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
CuCl2 (g)
278.418 278.769 295.456 308.752 319.774 329.173 337.360 344.608 351.109 357.003 362.394 367.364 371.976 376.283
278.418 278.419 280.679 285.010 289.911 294.865 299.677 304.274 308.638 312.771 316.685 320.395 323.916 327.265
0.000 0.105 5.911 11.871 17.918 24.015 30.147 36.301 42.471 48.655 54.851 61.060 67.284 73.526
–43.268 –43.271 –43.428 –43.606 –43.814 –44.060 –44.349 –44.688 –45.088 –45.566 –46.139 –46.829 –60.784 –61.613
–49.883 –49.924 –52.119 –54.271 –56.385 –58.462 –60.500 –62.499 –64.457 –66.372 –68.239 –70.053 –71.404 –72.133
8.739 8.692 6.806 5.670 4.909 4.362 3.950 3.627 3.367 3.152 2.970 2.815 2.664 2.512
158.750 158.891 165.394 170.363 174.368 177.717 180.595 183.117
158.750 158.750 159.639 161.307 163.161 165.008 166.780 168.458
0.000 0.042 2.302 4.528 6.724 8.897 11.052 13.193
79.380 79.393 80.043 80.587 81.046 81.442 81.792 82.106
62.280 62.173 56.332 50.340 44.246 38.081 31.862 25.601
–10.911 –10.825 –7.356 –5.259 –3.852 –2.842 –2.080 –1.486
F (g)
22.746 22.742 22.432 22.100 21.832 21.629 21.475 21.357
5-73
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
43. FLUORINE 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
H°-H° (Tr)
185.362 187.386 189.227 190.917 192.479 193.930
170.039 171.525 172.925 174.245 175.492 176.673
15.324 17.447 19.563 21.675 23.782 25.886
202.790 202.984 212.233 219.739 226.070 231.545 236.365 240.669 244.557 248.103 251.363 254.381 257.191 259.820
202.790 202.790 204.040 206.453 209.208 212.017 214.765 217.409 219.932 222.334 224.619 226.794 228.866 230.843
31.304 31.337 32.995 34.258 35.171 35.839 36.343 36.740 37.065 37.342 37.588 37.811 38.019 38.214
∆fG°
Log Kf
82.391 82.654 82.897 83.123 83.335 83.533
19.308 12.986 6.642 0.278 –6.103 –12.498
–1.009 –0.617 –0.289 –0.011 0.228 0.435
0.000 0.058 3.277 6.643 10.117 13.669 17.279 20.934 24.625 28.346 32.093 35.863 39.654 43.466
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
173.776 173.776 174.919 177.078 179.496 181.923 184.269 186.505 188.626 190.636 192.543 194.355 196.081 197.729
0.000 0.054 2.968 5.884 8.804 11.732 14.676 17.645 20.644 23.680 26.756 29.875 33.037 36.241
–273.300 –273.302 –273.450 –273.679 –273.961 –274.277 –274.614 –274.961 –275.309 –275.652 –275.988 –276.315 –276.631 –276.937
–275.399 –275.412 –276.096 –276.733 –277.318 –277.852 –278.340 –278.785 –279.191 –279.563 –279.904 –280.217 –280.505 –280.771
48.248 47.953 36.054 28.910 24.142 20.733 18.174 16.180 14.583 13.275 12.184 11.259 10.466 9.777
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
F2 (g)
45. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
F (g) (continued)
21.266 21.194 21.137 21.091 21.054 21.022
44. DIFLUORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
29.137 29.137 29.149 29.172 29.230 29.350 29.549 29.827 30.169 30.558 30.974 31.403 31.831 32.250
46. GERMANIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1211.4
23.222 23.249 24.310 24.962 25.452 25.867 26.240 26.591 26.926 27.252 27.571 27.608
1211.4 1300
27.600 27.600
HF (g)
173.776 173.956 182.340 188.846 194.169 198.683 202.614 206.110 209.270 212.163 214.840 217.336 219.679 221.889
Ge (cr, l) 31.090 31.090 0.000 0.000 31.234 31.090 0.043 0.000 38.083 32.017 2.426 0.000 43.582 33.798 4.892 0.000 48.178 35.822 7.414 0.000 52.133 37.876 9.980 0.000 55.612 39.880 12.586 0.000 58.723 41.804 15.227 0.000 61.542 43.639 17.903 0.000 64.124 45.386 20.612 0.000 66.509 47.048 23.353 0.000 66.770 47.232 23.668 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 37.030 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 30.568 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 97.338 47.232 60.698 0.000 99.286 50.714 63.143 0.000
5-74
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
46. GERMANIUM 1400 1500
30.733 30.757 31.071 30.360 29.265 28.102 27.029 26.108 25.349 24.741 24.264 23.898 23.624 23.426
50.166 50.475 61.281 66.273 69.089 70.974 72.449 73.764 75.049 76.378 77.796 79.332 79.460
1308 1388
80.075 81.297
1388 1400 1500
78.500 78.500 78.500
95.918 96.041 100.750 103.206 104.624 105.509 106.096 106.504 106.799 107.020 107.189 107.320 107.425 107.509
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
54.258 57.460
65.903 68.663
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
167.903 168.094 177.025 183.893 189.334 193.758 197.439 200.567 203.277 205.664 207.795 209.722 211.483 213.105
167.903 167.904 169.119 171.415 173.965 176.487 178.882 181.122 183.205 185.141 186.941 188.621 190.192 191.666
0.000 0.057 3.162 6.239 9.222 12.090 14.845 17.501 20.072 22.575 25.025 27.432 29.807 32.159
367.800 367.814 368.536 369.147 369.608 369.910 370.060 370.073 369.969 369.763 369.471 332.088 331.704 331.296
327.009 326.756 312.959 298.991 284.914 270.773 256.598 242.414 228.234 214.069 199.928 188.521 177.492 166.491
–57.290 –56.893 –40.868 –31.235 –24.804 –20.205 –16.754 –14.069 –11.922 –10.165 –8.703 –7.575 –6.622 –5.798
–521.605 –521.242 –501.610 –482.134 –462.859 –443.776 –424.866 –406.113 –387.502 –369.024 –350.671 –329.732 –328.034
91.382 90.755 65.503 50.368 40.295 33.115 27.741 23.570 20.241 17.523 15.264 13.249 13.100
–328.034 –312.415
13.100 11.757
–312.415 –310.228 –292.057
11.757 11.575 10.170
–461.582 –461.343 –448.540 –435.882 –423.347 –410.914 –398.565 –386.287 –374.068 –361.899 –349.772 –334.973 –319.857 –304.771
80.866 80.326 58.573 45.536 36.855 30.662 26.023 22.419 19.539 17.185 15.225 13.459 11.934 10.613
Ge (g)
GeO2 (cr, l)
39.710 39.710 0.000 –580.200 40.021 39.711 0.093 –580.204 56.248 41.850 5.759 –579.893 70.519 46.191 12.164 –579.013 82.872 51.299 18.943 –577.915 93.671 56.597 25.952 –576.729 103.247 61.841 33.125 –575.498 111.857 66.928 40.436 –574.235 119.696 71.819 47.877 –572.934 126.910 76.504 55.447 –571.582 133.616 80.987 63.155 –570.166 139.903 85.279 71.010 –605.685 140.390 85.615 71.646 –584.059 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 21.500 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 16.437 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 156.827 85.615 93.146 –584.059 161.617 89.858 99.601 –565.504 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 17.200 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.392 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 174.009 89.858 116.801 –565.504 174.685 90.582 117.743 –565.328 180.100 96.372 125.593 –563.882
49. GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
101.331 103.236
48. GERMANIUM DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1308
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Ge (cr, l) (continued)
27.600 27.600
47. GERMANIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
348.393 348.987 377.342 400.114 419.067 435.266 449.396 461.917 473.155 483.344 492.664 501.249 509.206 516.621
GeCl4 (g) 348.393 348.395 352.229 359.604 367.980 376.463 384.715 392.611 400.113 407.224 413.961 420.349 426.416 432.185
0.000 0.178 10.045 20.255 30.652 41.162 51.744 62.375 73.041 83.733 94.444 105.169 115.907 126.654
5-75
–500.000 –499.991 –499.447 –498.845 –498.234 –497.634 –497.057 –496.509 –495.993 –495.512 –495.067 –531.677 –531.265 –530.861
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
C°p
50. HYDROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
53. WATER 298.15 300 373.21
54. WATER 298.15
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
114.716 114.845 120.824 125.463 129.252 132.457 135.232 137.680 139.870 141.852 143.660 145.324 146.864 148.298
114.716 114.716 115.532 117.071 118.795 120.524 122.193 123.780 125.282 126.700 128.039 129.305 130.505 131.644
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982
130.680 130.858 139.217 145.738 151.078 155.607 159.549 163.052 166.217 169.113 171.791 174.288 176.633 178.846
130.680 130.680 131.818 133.974 136.393 138.822 141.172 143.412 145.537 147.550 149.460 151.275 153.003 154.653
183.737 183.922 192.476 199.067 204.445 209.003 212.979 216.522 219.731 222.677 225.406 227.954 230.347 232.606
∆fG°
Log Kf
217.998 218.010 218.635 219.253 219.867 220.476 221.079 221.670 222.247 222.806 223.345 223.864 224.360 224.835
203.276 203.185 198.149 192.956 187.639 182.219 176.712 171.131 165.485 159.781 154.028 148.230 142.393 136.522
–35.613 –35.377 –25.875 –20.158 –16.335 –13.597 –11.538 –9.932 –8.644 –7.587 –6.705 –5.956 –5.313 –4.754
0.000 0.053 2.960 5.882 8.811 11.749 14.702 17.676 20.680 23.719 26.797 29.918 33.082 36.290
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
183.737 183.738 184.906 187.104 189.560 192.020 194.396 196.661 198.810 200.848 202.782 204.621 206.374 208.048
0.000 0.055 3.028 5.982 8.931 11.888 14.866 17.874 20.921 24.012 27.149 30.332 33.562 36.836
39.349 39.350 39.384 39.347 39.252 39.113 38.945 38.763 38.577 38.393 38.215 38.046 37.886 37.735
34.631 34.602 33.012 31.422 29.845 28.287 26.752 25.239 23.746 22.272 20.814 19.371 17.941 16.521
–6.067 –6.025 –4.311 –3.283 –2.598 –2.111 –1.747 –1.465 –1.240 –1.058 –0.906 –0.778 –0.669 –0.575
69.950 70.416 86.896
69.950 69.951 71.715
0.000 0.139 5.666
–285.830 –285.771 –283.454
–237.141 –236.839 –225.160
41.546 41.237 31.513
188.832
188.832
0.000
–241.826
–228.582
40.046
H2 (g)
28.836 28.849 29.181 29.260 29.327 29.440 29.623 29.880 30.204 30.580 30.991 31.422 31.860 32.296
52. HYDROXYL
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H (g)
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786
51. DIHYDROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
OH (g)
29.886 29.879 29.604 29.495 29.513 29.655 29.914 30.265 30.682 31.135 31.603 32.069 32.522 32.956
H2O (l) 75.300 75.281 76.079
H2O (g) 33.598
5-76
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) C°p
T/K
54. WATER 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
189.040 198.791 206.542 213.067 218.762 223.858 228.501 232.792 236.797 240.565 244.129 247.516 250.746
188.833 190.158 192.685 195.552 198.469 201.329 204.094 206.752 209.303 211.753 214.108 216.374 218.559
0.062 3.453 6.929 10.509 14.205 18.023 21.966 26.040 30.243 34.574 39.028 43.599 48.282
180.787 180.915 186.895 191.533 195.323 198.527 201.303 203.751 205.942 207.924 209.735 211.403 212.950 214.392
180.787 180.787 181.602 183.142 184.866 186.594 188.263 189.851 191.352 192.770 194.110 195.377 196.577 197.717
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.432 12.510 14.589 16.669 18.751 20.835 22.921 25.013
∆fG°
Log Kf
–241.844 –242.845 –243.822 –244.751 –245.620 –246.424 –247.158 –247.820 –248.410 –248.933 –249.392 –249.792 –250.139
–228.500 –223.900 –219.050 –214.008 –208.814 –203.501 –198.091 –192.603 –187.052 –181.450 –175.807 –170.132 –164.429
39.785 29.238 22.884 18.631 15.582 13.287 11.497 10.060 8.882 7.898 7.064 6.348 5.726
106.760 106.748 97.974 75.988 76.190 76.385 76.574 76.757 76.936 77.109 77.277 77.440 77.596 77.745
70.172 69.945 58.060 50.202 45.025 39.816 34.579 29.319 24.038 18.740 13.426 8.098 2.758 –2.592
–12.294 –12.178 –7.582 –5.244 –3.920 –2.971 –2.258 –1.702 –1.256 –0.890 –0.584 –0.325 –0.103 0.090
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
I (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.789 20.795 20.806 20.824 20.851 20.889 20.936
56. DIIODINE
I2 (cr, l)
298.15 300 386.75
54.440 54.518 61.531
386.75 400 457.67
79.555 79.555 79.555
57. DIIODINE 298.15 300 400 457.67 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H2O (g) (continued) 33.606 34.283 35.259 36.371 37.557 38.800 40.084 41.385 42.675 43.932 45.138 46.281 47.356
55. IODINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
116.139 116.139 0.000 0.000 116.476 116.140 0.101 0.000 131.039 117.884 5.088 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.665 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 40.504 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 171.543 117.884 20.753 0.000 174.223 119.706 21.807 0.000 184.938 127.266 26.395 0.000
I2 (g)
36.887 36.897 37.256 37.385 37.464 37.613 37.735 37.847 37.956 38.070 38.196 38.341 38.514 38.719 38.959
260.685 260.913 271.584 276.610 279.921 286.765 292.573 297.619 302.083 306.088 309.722 313.052 316.127 318.989 321.668
260.685 260.685 262.138 263.652 264.891 267.983 271.092 274.099 276.965 279.681 282.249 284.679 286.981 289.166 291.245
0.000 0.068 3.778 5.931 7.515 11.269 15.037 18.816 22.606 26.407 30.220 34.047 37.890 41.751 45.635
5-77
62.420 62.387 44.391 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
19.324 19.056 5.447 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–3.385 –3.318 –0.711 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
58. HYDROGEN IODIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 336.86
29.600 29.671 32.130
336.86 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4
32.129 31.552 30.741 30.158 29.851 29.838 30.130 30.730 31.053
60. POTASSIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
0.000 0.054 2.977 5.928 8.931 12.002 15.145 18.362 21.646 24.991 28.391 31.839 35.330 38.858
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
26.500 26.477 17.093 –5.481 –5.819 –6.101 –6.323 –6.489 –6.608 –6.689 –6.741 –6.775 –6.797 –6.814
1.700 1.546 –6.289 –9.946 –10.806 –11.614 –12.386 –13.133 –13.865 –14.586 –15.302 –16.014 –16.723 –17.432
–0.298 –0.269 0.821 1.039 0.941 0.867 0.809 0.762 0.724 0.693 0.666 0.643 0.624 0.607
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
K (cr, l) 64.680 64.680 0.000 0.000 64.863 64.681 0.055 0.000 68.422 64.896 1.188 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.321 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.891 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 75.313 64.896 3.509 0.000 80.784 66.986 5.519 0.000 87.734 70.469 8.632 0.000 93.283 73.824 11.675 0.000 97.905 76.943 14.673 0.000 101.887 79.818 17.655 0.000 105.415 82.470 20.651 0.000 108.618 84.927 23.691 0.000 109.812 85.847 24.908 0.000
K (g)
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.789 20.793 20.801
72.000 72.130 79.154 86.178 92.500
206.589 206.589 207.734 209.904 212.348 214.820 217.230 219.548 221.763 223.878 225.896 227.823 229.666 231.430
206.589 206.769 215.176 221.760 227.233 231.965 236.162 239.950 243.409 246.597 249.555 252.314 254.901 257.336
160.340 160.468 166.448 171.086 174.876 178.080 180.856 183.304 185.494 186.297 187.475 189.284 190.948 192.489 193.923
61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 590
H°-H° (Tr)
HI (g)
29.157 29.158 29.329 29.738 30.351 31.070 31.807 32.511 33.156 33.735 34.249 34.703 35.106 35.463
59. POTASSIUM
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
160.340 160.340 161.155 162.695 164.419 166.148 167.817 169.404 170.905 171.474 172.323 173.662 174.929 176.129 177.268
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 15.408 16.667 18.746 20.825 22.904 24.983
89.000 88.984 85.598 84.563 83.599 82.680 81.776 80.859 79.897 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
60.479 60.302 51.332 42.887 34.643 26.557 18.601 10.759 3.021 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–10.596 –10.499 –6.703 –4.480 –3.016 –1.982 –1.215 –0.624 –0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
K2O (cr, l)
96.000 96.000 0.000 –361.700 96.446 96.001 0.133 –361.704 118.158 98.914 7.698 –366.554 136.575 104.647 15.964 –366.043 151.348 110.662 24.005 –364.204 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.186 J/K⋅mol, crIII–crII
5-78
–321.171 –320.920 –306.416 –291.423 –278.079
56.267 55.876 40.013 30.444 24.619
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
Cp°
61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE 590 600 645
100.000 100.000 100.000
645 700 800 900 1000 1013
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
1013 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
64.900 65.038 72.519 80.000 81.496
520 600 678
79.000 79.000 79.000
678 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000
49.184 49.236 51.178 52.178 52.804 53.296 53.758 54.229 54.713 55.203 55.686 56.153 56.598 57.016
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
–278.079 –276.621 –270.109
24.619 24.082 21.874
–270.109 –262.592 –249.183 –236.067 –223.202 –221.546
21.874 19.595 16.270 13.701 11.659 11.424
–221.546 –203.633 –178.740 –154.185 –129.941 –105.986
11.424 9.670 7.780 6.195 4.848 3.691
–378.747 –378.463 –362.765 –347.093 –344.002
66.354 65.895 47.372 36.260 34.555
–344.002 –332.766 –321.998
34.555 28.969 24.807
–321.998 –319.297 –307.206 –295.383 –283.791 –267.780 –249.014 –230.490 –212.184 –194.080
24.807 23.826 20.058 17.143 14.824 12.716 10.839 9.261 7.917 6.758
–229.685 –229.696 –229.667 –229.129 –228.413 –227.562 –226.599 –225.538 –224.388 –218.535 –209.674 –200.826 –191.991 –183.169
40.239 39.993 29.991 23.937 19.885 16.981 14.795 13.090 11.721 10.377 9.127 8.069 7.163 6.378
K2O (cr, l) (continued)
KOH (cr, l)
78.870 78.870 0.000 –424.580 79.272 78.871 0.120 –424.569 99.007 81.512 6.998 –426.094 115.993 86.745 14.624 –424.572 119.159 87.931 16.239 –417.725 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 6.450 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.404 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 131.563 87.931 22.689 –417.725 142.868 94.520 29.009 –416.274 152.523 100.649 35.171 –405.464 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 9.400 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 13.865 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 166.388 100.649 44.571 –405.464 169.038 102.757 46.397 –404.981 180.121 111.750 54.697 –402.808 189.897 119.901 62.997 –400.694 198.642 127.345 71.297 –398.668 206.553 134.192 79.597 –475.618 213.775 140.527 87.897 –472.711 220.418 146.421 96.197 –469.843 226.569 151.929 104.497 –467.011 232.296 157.098 112.797 –464.217
63. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
152.534 110.662 24.705 –364.204 154.215 111.374 25.705 –363.968 161.447 114.618 30.205 –358.901 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 4.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.202 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 167.649 114.618 34.205 –358.901 175.832 119.111 39.705 –357.592 189.185 127.054 49.705 –355.224 200.963 134.625 59.705 –352.919 211.499 141.794 69.705 –350.732 212.791 142.697 71.005 –323.459 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 27.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S =26.654 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 239.444 142.697 98.005 –323.459 247.684 150.679 106.705 –479.439 256.385 159.131 116.705 –475.371 264.389 166.924 126.705 –471.321 271.800 174.154 136.705 –467.287 278.699 180.896 146.705 –463.268
62. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 520
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
238.283 238.588 253.053 264.591 274.163 282.340 289.487 295.846 301.585 306.823 311.647 316.122 320.300 324.220
KOH (g) 238.283 238.284 240.243 243.998 248.251 252.551 256.730 260.730 264.533 268.143 271.570 274.827 277.927 280.884
0.000 0.091 5.124 10.296 15.547 20.853 26.206 31.605 37.052 42.548 48.092 53.684 59.322 65.003
5-79
–227.989 –228.007 –231.377 –232.309 –233.145 –233.934 –234.708 –235.495 –236.322 –316.077 –315.925 –315.764 –315.595 –315.420
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
Cp°
64. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1044
51.300 51.333 52.977 54.448 55.885 57.425 59.205 61.361 64.032 65.405
1044 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000
36.505 36.518 37.066 37.384 37.597 37.769 37.907 38.041 38.162 38.279 38.401 38.518 38.639 38.761
66. DINITROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
29.124 29.125 29.249 29.580 30.109 30.754 31.433 32.090 32.696 33.241 33.723 34.147 34.517 34.842
67. NITRIC OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500
29.862 29.858 29.954 30.493
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
–408.568 –408.395 –398.651 –388.749 –378.960 –369.295 –359.760 –350.360 –341.100 –336.720
71.579 71.107 52.058 40.612 32.991 27.557 23.490 20.334 17.817 16.847
–336.720 –328.790 –314.856 –301.192 –287.778 –274.594
16.847 15.613 13.705 12.102 10.737 9.562
KCl (cr, l)
82.570 82.570 0.000 –436.490 82.887 82.571 0.095 –436.481 97.886 84.605 5.312 –438.463 109.867 88.498 10.685 –437.990 119.921 92.919 16.201 –437.332 128.649 97.413 21.865 –436.502 136.430 101.812 27.694 –435.505 143.523 106.058 33.719 –434.337 150.121 110.138 39.983 –432.981 152.908 111.882 42.830 –485.450 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 26.320 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 25.210 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 178.118 111.882 69.150 –485.450 181.880 115.351 73.182 –483.633 188.145 121.160 80.382 –480.393 193.908 126.537 87.582 –477.158 199.244 131.542 94.782 –473.928 204.211 136.223 101.982 –470.704
65. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
KCl (g)
239.091 239.317 249.904 258.212 265.048 270.857 275.910 280.382 284.397 288.039 291.375 294.454 297.313 299.983
239.091 239.092 240.532 243.267 246.344 249.441 252.441 255.302 258.014 260.581 263.010 265.312 267.496 269.574
0.000 0.068 3.749 7.473 11.222 14.991 18.775 22.572 26.383 30.205 34.039 37.885 41.743 45.613
–214.575 –214.594 –218.112 –219.287 –220.396 –221.461 –222.509 –223.568 –224.667 –304.696 –304.821 –304.941 –305.053 –305.159
–233.320 –233.436 –239.107 –244.219 –249.100 –253.799 –258.347 –262.764 –267.061 –266.627 –263.161 –259.684 –256.199 –252.706
40.876 40.644 31.224 25.513 21.686 18.938 16.868 15.250 13.950 12.661 11.455 10.434 9.559 8.800
191.608 191.788 200.180 206.738 212.175 216.864 221.015 224.756 228.169 231.311 234.224 236.941 239.485 241.878
191.608 191.608 192.752 194.916 197.352 199.812 202.208 204.509 206.706 208.802 210.801 212.708 214.531 216.275
0.000 0.054 2.971 5.911 8.894 11.936 15.046 18.222 21.462 24.759 28.108 31.502 34.936 38.404
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
210.745 210.746 211.916 214.133
0.000 0.055 3.041 6.061
91.277 91.278 91.320 91.340
87.590 87.567 86.323 85.071
–15.345 –15.247 –11.272 –8.887
N2 (g)
NO (g) 210.745 210.930 219.519 226.255
5-80
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
67. NITRIC OXIDE 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
37.178 37.236 40.513 43.664 46.383 48.612 50.405 51.844 53.007 53.956 54.741 55.399 55.960 56.446
69. AMMONIA 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
70. OXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
NO (g) (continued)
31.243 32.031 32.770 33.425 33.990 34.473 34.883 35.234 35.533 35.792
68. NITROGEN DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
231.879 236.754 241.081 244.979 248.531 251.794 254.811 257.618 260.240 262.700
216.635 219.168 221.642 224.022 226.298 228.469 230.540 232.516 234.404 236.209
9.147 12.310 15.551 18.862 22.233 25.657 29.125 32.632 36.170 39.737
91.354 91.369 91.386 91.405 91.426 91.445 91.464 91.481 91.495 91.506
83.816 82.558 81.298 80.036 78.772 77.505 76.237 74.967 73.697 72.425
–7.297 –6.160 –5.308 –4.645 –4.115 –3.680 –3.318 –3.012 –2.750 –2.522
240.166 240.397 251.554 260.939 269.147 276.471 283.083 289.106 294.631 299.729 304.459 308.867 312.994 316.871
240.166 240.167 241.666 244.605 248.026 251.575 255.107 258.555 261.891 265.102 268.187 271.148 273.992 276.722
0.000 0.069 3.955 8.167 12.673 17.427 22.381 27.496 32.741 38.090 43.526 49.034 54.603 60.224
34.193 34.181 33.637 33.319 33.174 33.151 33.213 33.334 33.495 33.686 33.898 34.124 34.360 34.604
52.316 52.429 58.600 64.882 71.211 77.553 83.893 90.221 96.534 102.828 109.105 115.363 121.603 127.827
–9.165 –9.129 –7.652 –6.778 –6.199 –5.787 –5.478 –5.236 –5.042 –4.883 –4.749 –4.635 –4.537 –4.451
192.768 192.989 203.647 212.633 220.578 227.781 234.414 240.589 246.384 251.854 257.039 261.970 266.673 271.168
192.768 192.769 194.202 197.011 200.289 203.709 207.138 210.516 213.816 217.027 220.147 223.176 226.117 228.971
0.000 0.066 3.778 7.811 12.174 16.850 21.821 27.066 32.569 38.309 44.270 50.432 56.779 63.295
–45.940 –45.981 –48.087 –49.908 –51.430 –52.682 –53.695 –54.499 –55.122 –55.589 –55.920 –56.136 –56.251 –56.282
–16.407 –16.223 –5.980 4.764 15.846 27.161 38.639 50.231 61.903 73.629 85.392 97.177 108.975 120.779
2.874 2.825 0.781 –0.498 –1.379 –2.027 –2.523 –2.915 –3.233 –3.496 –3.717 –3.905 –4.066 –4.206
161.058 161.194 167.430 172.197 176.060 179.310 182.115 184.584 186.789 188.782 190.599 192.270
161.058 161.059 161.912 163.511 165.290 167.067 168.777 170.399 171.930 173.372 174.733 176.019
0.000 0.041 2.207 4.343 6.462 8.570 10.671 12.767 14.860 16.950 19.039 21.126
249.180 249.193 249.874 250.481 251.019 251.500 251.932 252.325 252.686 253.022 253.335 253.630
231.743 231.635 225.677 219.556 213.319 206.997 200.610 194.171 187.689 181.173 174.628 168.057
–40.600 –40.331 –29.470 –22.937 –18.571 –15.446 –13.098 –11.269 –9.804 –8.603 –7.601 –6.753
NO2 (g)
NH3 (g)
35.630 35.678 38.674 41.994 45.229 48.269 51.112 53.769 56.244 58.535 60.644 62.576 64.339 65.945
O (g) 21.911 21.901 21.482 21.257 21.124 21.040 20.984 20.944 20.915 20.893 20.877 20.864
5-81
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
70. OXYGEN 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
193.815 195.254
177.236 178.389
23.212 25.296
205.148 205.330 213.873 220.695 226.454 231.470 235.925 239.937 243.585 246.930 250.019 252.888 255.568 258.081
205.148 205.148 206.308 208.525 211.045 213.612 216.128 218.554 220.878 223.096 225.213 227.233 229.162 231.007
0.000 0.054 3.026 6.085 9.245 12.500 15.838 19.244 22.707 26.217 29.768 33.352 36.968 40.611
∆fG°
Log Kf
253.908 254.171
161.463 154.851
–6.024 –5.392
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
S (cr, l)
298.15 300 368.3
22.690 22.737 24.237
368.3 388.36
24.773 25.180
388.36 400 500 600 700 800 882.38
31.710 32.369 38.026 34.371 32.451 32.000 32.000
73. SULFUR
32.070 32.070 0.000 0.000 32.210 32.070 0.042 0.000 37.030 32.554 1.649 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.401 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.089 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 38.119 32.553 2.050 0.000 39.444 32.875 2.551 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 1.722 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 4.431 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 43.875 32.872 4.273 0.000 44.824 33.206 4.647 0.000 53.578 36.411 8.584 0.000 60.116 39.842 12.164 0.000 65.278 43.120 15.511 0.000 69.557 46.163 18.715 0.000 72.693 48.496 21.351 0.000
S (g) 23.673 23.669 23.233 22.741 22.338 22.031 21.800 21.624 21.489 21.386 21.307 21.249 21.209 21.186
74. DISULFUR 298.15 300 400 500
H°-H° (Tr)
O2 (g)
29.378 29.387 30.109 31.094 32.095 32.987 33.741 34.365 34.881 35.314 35.683 36.006 36.297 36.567
72. SULFUR
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
O (g) (continued) 20.853 20.845
71. DIOXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
167.828 167.974 174.730 179.860 183.969 187.388 190.314 192.871 195.142 197.185 199.043 200.746 202.319 203.781
167.828 167.828 168.752 170.482 172.398 174.302 176.125 177.847 179.465 180.985 182.413 183.759 185.029 186.231
0.000 0.044 2.391 4.689 6.942 9.160 11.351 13.522 15.677 17.821 19.955 22.083 24.206 26.325
277.180 277.182 274.924 273.286 271.958 270.829 269.816 215.723 216.018 216.284 216.525 216.743 216.940 217.119
236.704 236.453 222.962 210.145 197.646 185.352 173.210 162.258 156.301 150.317 144.309 138.282 132.239 126.182
–41.469 –41.170 –29.115 –21.953 –17.206 –13.831 –11.309 –9.417 –8.164 –7.138 –6.282 –5.556 –4.934 –4.394
228.165 228.366 237.956 245.686
228.165 228.165 229.462 231.959
0.000 0.060 3.398 6.863
128.600 128.576 122.703 118.296
79.696 79.393 63.380 49.031
–13.962 –13.823 –8.276 –5.122
S2 (g)
32.505 32.540 34.108 35.133
5-82
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
74. DISULFUR 600 700 800 882.38 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
77. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
∆fG°
252.156 257.715 262.589 266.200 266.932 270.852 274.430 277.725 280.781 283.635 286.314
234.800 237.686 240.501 242.734 243.201 245.773 248.218 250.541 252.751 254.856 256.865
10.413 14.020 17.671 20.706 21.358 25.079 28.833 32.620 36.439 40.290 44.173
114.685 111.599 108.841
432.536 433.505 480.190 518.176 550.180 577.948 602.596 624.821 645.067 663.625 680.707 696.480 711.089 724.662
432.536 432.539 438.834 451.022 464.951 479.152 493.071 506.495 519.355 531.639 543.359 554.539 565.206 575.389
0.000 0.290 16.542 33.577 51.137 69.157 87.620 106.494 125.712 145.185 164.817 184.524 204.237 223.909
101.277 101.231 80.642 66.185 55.101 46.349 39.177 –392.062 –387.728 –383.272 –378.786 –374.356 –370.048 –365.905
48.810 48.484 32.003 21.409 13.549 7.343 2.263 6.554 50.614 94.233 137.444 180.283 222.785 264.984
–8.551 –8.442 –4.179 –2.237 –1.180 –0.548 –0.148 –0.380 –2.644 –4.475 –5.983 –7.244 –8.312 –9.227
248.219 248.466 260.435 270.465 279.167 286.859 293.746 299.971 305.646 310.855 315.665 320.131 324.299 328.203
248.219 248.220 249.828 252.978 256.634 260.413 264.157 267.796 271.301 274.664 277.882 280.963 283.911 286.735
0.000 0.074 4.243 8.744 13.520 18.513 23.671 28.958 34.345 39.810 45.339 50.920 56.543 62.203
–296.810 –296.833 –300.240 –302.735 –304.699 –306.308 –307.691 –362.075 –362.012 –361.934 –361.849 –361.763 –361.680 –361.605
–300.090 –300.110 –300.935 –300.831 –300.258 –299.386 –298.302 –295.987 –288.647 –281.314 –273.989 –266.671 –259.359 –252.053
52.574 52.253 39.298 31.427 26.139 22.340 19.477 17.178 15.077 13.358 11.926 10.715 9.677 8.777
18.810 18.933 25.023 30.152 34.537 38.361 41.752 44.802 47.578 50.130 52.493
18.810 18.810 19.624 21.231 23.092 25.006 26.891 28.715 30.464 32.138 33.737
0.000 0.037 2.160 4.461 6.867 9.348 11.888 14.478 17.114 19.791 22.508
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Log Kf
39.842 39.909 43.427 46.490 48.938 50.829 52.282 53.407 54.290 54.993 55.564 56.033 56.426 56.759
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
35.530 22.588 10.060 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–3.093 –1.685 –0.657 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
S8 (g)
156.500 156.768 167.125 173.181 177.936 182.441 186.764 190.595 193.618 195.684 196.825 197.195 196.988 196.396
76. SULFUR DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
S2 (g) (continued)
35.815 36.305 36.697 36.985 37.045 37.377 37.704 38.030 38.353 38.669 38.976
75. OCTASULFUR 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
SO2 (g)
Si (cr) 19.789 19.855 22.301 23.610 24.472 25.124 25.662 26.135 26.568 26.974 27.362
5-83
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
77. SILICON 1300 1400 1500
78. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Cp°
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
54.698 56.767 58.719
35.265 36.728 38.130
25.263 28.055 30.883
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
167.980 168.117 174.416 179.204 183.074 186.327 189.135 191.606 193.815 195.815 197.643 199.329 200.895 202.360
167.980 167.980 168.843 170.456 172.246 174.032 175.748 177.375 178.911 180.358 181.723 183.014 184.236 185.396
0.000 0.041 2.229 4.374 6.497 8.607 10.709 12.808 14.904 17.002 19.103 21.209 23.323 25.446
450.000 450.004 450.070 449.913 449.630 449.259 448.821 448.329 447.791 447.211 446.595 445.946 445.268 444.563
405.525 405.249 390.312 375.388 360.508 345.682 330.915 316.205 301.553 286.957 272.416 257.927 243.489 229.101
–71.045 –70.559 –50.969 –39.216 –31.385 –25.795 –21.606 –18.352 –15.751 –13.626 –11.858 –10.364 –9.085 –7.978
–856.288 –855.951 –837.651 –819.369 –801.197 –783.157 –765.265 –756.747
150.016 149.032 109.385 85.598 69.749 58.439 49.966 46.613
–756.747 –747.587 –730.034 –712.557 –695.148
46.613 43.388 38.133 33.836 30.259
–695.148 –677.994 –660.903 –643.867
30.259 27.242 24.658 22.421
–622.390 –622.143 –608.841 –595.637 –582.527 –569.501 –556.548 –543.657 –530.819 –518.027 –505.274 –492.553 –479.860 –467.189
109.039 108.323 79.505 62.225 50.713 42.496 36.338 31.553 27.727 24.599 21.994 19.791 17.904 16.269
Si (g) 22.251 22.234 21.613 21.316 21.153 21.057 21.000 20.971 20.968 20.989 21.033 21.099 21.183 21.282
44.602 44.712 53.477 60.533 64.452 68.234 76.224 82.967
848 900 1000 1100 1200
67.446 67.953 68.941 69.940 70.947
1200 1300 1400 1500
71.199 71.743 72.249 72.739
SiO2 (cr) 41.460 41.460 0.000 –910.700 41.736 41.461 0.083 –910.708 55.744 43.311 4.973 –910.912 68.505 47.094 10.705 –910.540 79.919 51.633 16.971 –909.841 90.114 56.414 23.590 –908.958 99.674 61.226 30.758 –907.668 104.298 63.533 34.569 –906.310 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.411 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 0.484 J/K⋅mol, crII–crII′ 104.782 63.532 34.980 –906.310 108.811 66.033 38.500 –905.922 116.021 70.676 45.345 –905.176 122.639 75.104 52.289 –904.420 128.768 79.323 59.333 –901.382 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.261 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.883 J/K⋅mol, crII′–crI 130.651 79.323 61.594 –901.382 136.372 83.494 68.742 –900.574 141.707 87.463 75.941 –899.782 146.709 91.248 83.191 –899.004
80. SILICON TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Si (cr) (continued) 27.737 28.103 28.462
79. SILICON DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 848
J/K⋅mol S°
90.404 90.562 96.893 100.449 102.587 103.954 104.875 105.523 105.995 106.349 106.620 106.834 107.003 107.141
331.446 332.006 359.019 381.058 399.576 415.500 429.445 441.837 452.981 463.101 472.366 480.909 488.833 496.220
SiCl4 (g) 331.446 331.448 335.088 342.147 350.216 358.432 366.455 374.155 381.490 388.456 395.068 401.347 407.316 413.000
0.000 0.167 9.572 19.456 29.616 39.948 50.392 60.914 71.491 82.109 92.758 103.431 114.123 124.830
5-84
–662.200 –662.195 –661.853 –661.413 –660.924 –660.417 –659.912 –659.422 –658.954 –658.515 –658.107 –657.735 –657.400 –657.104
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS This table contains standard state thermodynamic properties of ions and neutral species in aqueous solution. It includes enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity, and thus serves as a companion to the preceding table, “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances”. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution with molality m = 1 mol/kg (mean ionic molality m± in the case of a species which is assumed to dissociate at infinite dilution). Further details on conventions may be found in Reference 1. Cations are listed by formula in the first part of the table, followed by anions and finally neutral species. All values refer to standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa pressure. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Zemaitis, J. F., Clark, D. M., Rafal, M., and Scrivner, N. C., Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1986. Species
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cations Ag+ Al+3 AlOH+2 Ba+2 BaOH+ Be+2 Bi+3 BiOH+2 Ca+2 CaOH+ Cd+2 CdOH+ Ce+3 Ce+4 Co+2 Co+3 Cr+2 Cs+ Cu+ Cu+2 Dy+3 Er+3 Eu+2 Eu+3 Fe+2 Fe+3 FeOH+ FeOH+2 Fe(OH)2+ Ga+2 Ga+3 GaOH+2 Ga(OH)2+ Gd+3 H+ Hg+2 Hg2+2 HgOH+ Ho+3 In+ In+2 In+3
105.6 -531.0 -537.6 -382.8
-542.8 -75.9 -696.2 -537.2 -58.2 92.0 -143.5 -258.3 71.7 64.8 -699.0 -705.4 -527.0 -605.0 -89.1 -48.5 -324.7 -290.8
-211.7
-686.0 0 171.1 172.4 -84.5 -705.0
-105.0
77.1 -485.0 -694.1 -560.8 -730.5 -379.7 82.8 -146.4 -553.6 -718.4 -77.6 -261.1 -672.0 -503.8 -54.4 134.0 -292.0 50.0 65.5 -665.0 -669.1 -540.2 -574.1 -78.9 -4.7 -277.4 -229.4 -438.0 -88.0 -159.0 -380.3 -597.4 -661.0 0 164.4 153.5 -52.3 -673.7 -12.1 -50.7 -98.0
72.7 -321.7
21.8
9.6 -129.7
-53.1 -73.2 -205.0 -301.0 -113.0 -305.0 133.1 40.6 -99.6 -231.0 -244.3 -8.0 -222.0 -137.7 -315.9 -29.0 -142.0
-10.5
21.0 21.0 8.0
-331.0
-205.9 0 -32.2 84.5 71.0 -226.8
-151.0
Species
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1
InOH+2 In(OH)2+ K+ La+3 Li+ Lu+3 LuF+2 Mg+2 MgOH+ Mn+2 MnOH+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ Nd+3 Ni+2 NiOH+ PH4+ Pa+4 Pb+2 PbOH+ Pd+2 Po+2 Po+4 Pr+3 Pt+2 Ra+2 Rb+ Re+ Sc+3 ScOH+2 Sm+2 Sm+3 Sn+2 SnOH+ Sr+2 SrOH+ Tb+3 Te(OH)3+ Th+4 Th(OH)+3 Th(OH)2+2 Tl+ Tl+3
-370.3 -619.0 -252.4 -707.1 -278.5 -665.0
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
0
17.0
5-85
-466.9 -220.8 -450.6 -132.5 -7.5 -240.1 -696.2 -54.0 -287.9 -619.0 -1.7 149.0
-704.6 -527.6 -251.2 -614.2 -861.5 -691.6 -8.8 -286.2 -545.8 -682.8 -608.4 -769.0 -1030.1 -1282.4 5.4 196.6
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-313.0 -525.0 -283.3 -683.7 -293.3 -628.0 -931.4 -454.8 -626.7 -228.1 -405.0 -79.3 82.5 -261.9 -671.6 -45.6 -227.6 92.1
-88.0 25.0 102.5 -217.6 13.4 -264.0
21.8 -13.0 68.6 25.0
-24.4 -226.3 176.5 71.0 293.0 -679.1 254.8 -561.5 -284.0 -33.0 -586.6 -801.2 -497.5 -666.6 -27.2 -254.8 -559.5 -721.3 -651.9 -496.1 -705.1 -920.5 -1140.9 -32.4 214.6
10.5
-138.1 -73.6 -17.0 113.4 151.0 59.0 -206.7 -128.9 -71.0
50.0 79.9 70.3 46.4 -21.0
-184.0
-209.0
-29.0
54.0 121.5 -255.0 -134.0 -211.7 -17.0 50.0 -32.6
-21.0
-226.0 111.7 -422.6 -343.0 -218.0 125.5 -192.0
17.0
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species TlOH+2 Tl(OH)2+ Tm+3 U+3 U+4 Y+3 Y2(OH)2+4 Yb+2 Yb+3 Y(OH)+2 Zn+2 ZnOH+
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1
-697.9 -489.1 -591.2 -723.4
-674.5 -153.9
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 -15.9 -244.7 -662.0 -476.2 -531.9 -693.8 -1780.3 -527.0 -644.0 -879.1 -147.1 -330.1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
-243.0 -188.0 -410.0 -251.0
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
25.0
-238.0
25.0
-112.1
46.0
Anions AlO2Al(OH)4AsO2AsO4-3 BF4BH4BO2B4O7-2 BeO2-2 BrBrOBrO3BrO4CHOOCH3COOC2O4-2 C2O4HClClOClO2ClO3ClO4CNCO3-2 CrO4-2 Cr2O7-2 FFe(CN)6-3 Fe(CN)6-4 HB4O7HCO3HF2HPO3FHPO4-2 HP2O7-3 HSHSO3HSO4HS2O4HSeHSeO3HSeO4H2AsO3H2AsO4-
-930.9 -1502.5 -429.0 -888.1 -1574.9 48.2 -772.4 -790.8 -121.6 -94.1 -67.1 13.0 -425.6 -486.0 -825.1 -818.4 -167.2 -107.1 -66.5 -104.0 -129.3 150.6 -677.1 -881.2 -1490.3 -332.6 561.9 455.6 -692.0 -649.9 -1292.1 -2274.8 -17.6 -626.2 -887.3 15.9 -514.6 -581.6 -714.8 -909.6
-830.9 -1305.3 -350.0 -648.4 -1486.9 114.4 -678.9 -2604.8 -640.1 -104.0 -33.4 18.6 118.1 -351.0 -369.3 -673.9 -698.3 -131.2 -36.8 17.2 -8.0 -8.5 172.4 -527.8 -727.8 -1301.1 -278.8 729.4 695.1 -2685.1 -586.8 -578.1 -1198.2 -1089.2 -1972.2 12.1 -527.7 -755.9 -614.5 44.0 -411.5 -452.2 -587.1 -753.2
-36.8 102.9 40.6 -162.8 180.0 110.5 -37.2 -159.0 82.4 42.0 161.7 199.6 92.0 86.6 45.6 149.4 56.5 42.0 101.3 162.3 182.0 94.1 -56.9 50.2 261.9 -13.8 270.3 95.0
-141.8
-87.9 -6.3
79.0 135.1 149.4 110.5 117.0
H2PO4H2P2O7-2 IIOIO3IO4MnO4MnO4-2 MoO4-2 NO2NO3N3OCNOHPO4-3 P2O7-4 ReS-2 SCNSO3-2 SO4-2 S2-2 S2O3-2 S2O4-2 S2O8-2 Se-2 SeO3-2 SeO4-2 VO3VO4-3 WO4-2
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1296.3 -2278.6 -55.2 -107.5 -221.3 -151.5 -541.4 -653.0 -997.9 -104.6 -207.4 275.1 -146.0 -230.0 -1277.4 -2271.1 46.0 33.1 76.4 -635.5 -909.3 30.1 -652.3 -753.5 -1344.7 -509.2 -599.1 -888.3
-106.7
-84.0
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
-1130.2 -2010.2 -51.6 -38.5 -128.0 -58.5 -447.2 -500.7 -836.3 -32.2 -111.3 348.2 -97.4 -157.2 -1018.7 -1919.0 10.1 85.8 92.7 -486.5 -744.5 79.5 -522.5 -600.3 -1114.9 129.3 -369.8 -441.3 -783.6 -899.0
90.4 163.0 111.3 -5.4 118.4 222.0 191.2 59.0 27.2 123.0 146.4 107.9 106.7 -10.8 -220.5 -117.0 230.0 -14.6 144.3 -29.0 20.1 28.5 67.0 92.0 244.3
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-142.3
-82.0
-97.5 -86.6
-148.5
-40.2 -293.0
13.0 54.0 50.0
-1075.7
-136.4
91.2 92.5 -33.5 46.0 62.8 139.7 131.8
Species
Neutral species AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2(SO4)3 BaBr2 BaCO3 BaCl2 BaF2 Ba(HCO3)2 BaI2 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 BeSO4 CCl3COOH CHCl2COOH CHOOCs CHOOH CHOOK
5-86
-16.0 -61.6 -227.1 50.4 -101.8 -698.1 -895.0 -1033.0 -1531.0 -699.0 -3791.0 -780.7 -1214.8 -872.0 -1202.9 -1921.6 -648.0 -952.4 -1446.9 -1292.0 -516.3 -512.1 -683.8 -425.6 -677.9
-26.9 -54.1 -201.7 25.5 -34.2 -590.3 -799.0 -879.0 -1322.0 -640.0 -3205.0 -768.7 -1088.6 -823.2 -1118.4 -1734.3 -663.9 -783.3 -1305.3 -1124.3
155.2 129.3 59.0 184.1 219.2 165.7 -74.5 -152.3 -363.2 12.1 -583.2 174.5 -47.3 122.6 -18.0 192.0 232.2 302.5 29.7 -109.6
-643.0 -351.0 -634.2
226.0 92.0 192.0
-120.1 -114.6 -84.9 -120.5 -64.9 -251.0
-87.9 -66.1
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species CHOONH4 CHOONa CHOORb CH2ClCOOH CH3COOCs CH3COOH CH3COOK CH3COONH4 CH3COONa CH3COORb (COOH)2 (CH3)3N CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CeCl3 CoBr2 CoCl2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 CsBr CsCl CsF CsHCO3 CsHSO4 CsI CsNO3 Cs2CO3 Cs2S Cs2SO4 Cs2Se Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 DyCl3 ErCl3 EuCl2 EuCl3 FeBr2 FeBr3 FeCl2 FeCl3 FeF2 FeF3 FeI2 FeI3 Fe(NO3)3 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -558.1 -665.7 -676.7 -501.3 -744.3 -486.0 -738.4 -618.5 -726.1 -737.2 -825.1 -76.0 -785.9 -1220.0 -877.1 -1208.1 -653.2 -957.6 -1452.1 -319.0 -410.2 -741.2 -186.3 -490.6 -985.2 -1197.5 -301.2 -392.5 -168.6 -472.8 -967.3 -379.8 -425.4 -590.9 -950.3 -1145.6 -313.5 -465.6 -1193.7 -483.7 -1425.8 -350.0 -844.5 -1197.0 -1207.1 -862.0 -1106.2 -332.2 -413.4 -423.4 -550.2 -754.4 -1046.4 -199.6 -214.2 -670.7 -998.3 -2825.0
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
Species
-430.4 -612.9 -635.1
205.0 151.0 213.0
-7.9 -41.4
-661.3 -369.3 -652.6 -448.6 -631.2 -653.3 -673.9 93.1 -761.5 -1081.4 -816.0 -1111.2 -656.7 -776.1 -1298.1 -285.5 -340.1 -635.2 -180.8 -300.1 -822.1 -1065.6 -262.3 -316.7 -157.7 -276.9 -799.1 -396.0 -423.2 -570.8 -878.8 -1047.9 -343.6 -403.3 -1111.9 -498.3 -1328.6 -454.8 -157.0 -679.0 -1059.0 -1062.7
219.7 86.6 189.1 200.0 145.6 207.9 45.6 133.5 111.7 -110.0 59.8 -80.8 169.5 239.7 -33.1 91.6 39.7 -100.8 149.4 219.7 -53.1 -38.0 50.0
-967.7 -286.8 -316.7 -341.3 -398.3 -636.5 -840.9 -182.1 -159.4 -338.3 -823.4 -2242.8
-54.0 27.2 -68.6 -24.7 -146.4 -165.3 -357.3 84.9 18.0 123.4 -117.6 -571.5
GdCl3 HBr HCN HCl HF HI HNO3 HSCN H2SO4 HoCl3 KBr KCl KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KI KNO3 K2CO3 K2S K2SO4 K2Se LaCl3 LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2CO3 Li2SO4 LuCl3 MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnI2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4BrO3 NH4CN NH4Cl NH4ClO3 NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4HSO4 NH4HSeO4 NH4H2AsO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4H3P2O7 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2
109.0 180.0 -92.0 215.5 189.5 119.2 224.3 264.8 244.3 279.5 209.2 251.0 286.2 193.3 -79.5 -61.9 -75.3
-6.3 15.5 73.6 40.2
-146.9
-152.7 -99.0
-389.0 -389.0 -402.0
5-87
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1188.0 -121.6 150.6 -167.2 -332.6 -55.2 -207.4 76.4 -909.3 -1206.7 -373.9 -419.5 -585.0 -944.4 -1139.7 -307.6 -459.7 -1181.9 -471.5 -1414.0 -1208.8 -400.0 -445.6 -611.1 -333.7 -485.9 -1234.1 -1466.2 -1167.0 -709.9 -801.2 -577.2 -881.6 -1376.1 -464.0 -555.1 -331.0 -635.5 -1130.1 -254.1 -199.6 18.0 -299.7 -236.5 -261.8 -465.1 -824.5 -150.2 -758.7 -1019.9 -714.2 -847.3 -1042.1 -1428.8 -2409.1 -187.7 -354.0 -237.2
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-1059.0 -104.0 172.4 -131.2 -278.8 -51.6 -111.3 92.7 -744.5 -1067.3 -387.2 -414.5 -562.1 -870.0 -1039.2 -334.9 -394.5 -1094.4 -480.7 -1311.1 -437.2 -1077.3 -397.3 -424.6 -571.9 -344.8 -404.5 -1114.6 -1331.2 -1021.0 -662.7 -717.1 -558.1 -677.3 -1199.5
-36.8 82.4 94.1 56.5 -13.8 111.3 146.4 144.3 20.1 -57.7 184.9 159.0 88.7 193.7 234.3 213.8 248.9 148.1 190.4 225.1
-410.0 -141.8
-50.0 95.8 69.9 -0.4 124.7 160.2 -29.7 47.3 -96.0 26.8 -25.1 84.5 154.8 -118.0
-490.8
38.9
-222.0
-450.9 -972.7 -183.3 -60.7 93.0 -210.5 -87.3 -87.8 -358.1 -666.1 -67.2 -607.0 -835.2 -531.6 -666.4 -832.5 -1209.6 -2102.6 -130.9 -207.4 -111.6
218.0 -53.6 195.8 275.1 207.5 169.9 275.7 295.4 99.6 204.6 176.1 253.1 245.2 262.8 223.8 230.5 203.8 326.0 224.7 231.8 236.4
-121.0 -243.0 -61.9
-136.4 -106.7 -142.3 -86.6 -40.2 -293.0 -393.0 -120.1 -114.6 -84.9 -63.0 -120.5 -64.9
-251.0 -423.0 -73.2 -67.8 -38.1 -73.6 -18.0 -155.6 -385.0
-56.5
-26.8
-3.8
-62.3 -17.6
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species NH4NO3 NH4OH NH4SCN (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)2HAsO4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaI NaNO3 Na2CO3 Na2S Na2SO4 Na2Se NdCl3 NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PrCl3 RaCl2 Ra(NO3)2
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -339.9 -362.5 -56.1 -942.2 -1146.2 -1755.2 -1171.4 -1557.2 -231.8 -900.4 -1174.3 -864.0 -1674.9 -361.7 -407.3 -572.8 -932.1 -1127.5 -295.3 -447.5 -1157.4 -447.3 -1389.5 -1197.9 -297.1 -388.3 -719.2 -164.4 -468.6 -963.2 -244.8 -336.0 -666.9 -112.1 -416.3 -1206.2 -861.9 -942.2
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
Species
-190.6 -236.5 13.4 -686.4 -886.4 -1459.5 -873.2 -1247.8 -72.6 -645.0 -903.1 -599.8 -1256.6 -365.8 -393.1 -540.7 -848.7 -1017.8 -313.5 -373.2 -1051.6 -438.1 -1268.4 -394.6 -1065.6 -253.6 -307.9 -603.3 -149.0 -268.5 -790.3 -232.3 -286.9 -582.0 -127.6 -246.9 -1072.7 -823.8 -784.0
259.8 102.5 257.7 169.9 277.0 488.7 225.1 193.3 212.1 197.5 246.9 280.7 117.0 141.4 115.5 45.2 150.2 190.8 170.3 205.4 61.1 103.3 138.1
-6.7 -68.6 39.7
RaSO4 RbBr RbCl RbF RbHCO3 RbHSO4 RbI RbNO3 Rb2CO3 Rb2S Rb2SO4 SmCl3 SrBr2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 TbCl3 TlBr TlBr3 TlCl TlCl3 TlF TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 TmCl3 UCl4 UO2CO3 UO2(NO3)2 UO2SO4 YbCl3 ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4
-37.7 36.0 -15.1 -156.5 93.7 164.0 -108.8 175.3 123.4 -17.2 233.0 303.3 -42.0 167.0 347.0
-133.1
-95.4 -90.0 -60.2 -38.0 -95.8 -40.2
-201.0 -431.0
-439.0
5-88
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1436.8 -372.7 -418.3 -583.8 -943.2 -1138.5 -306.4 -458.5 -1179.5 -469.4 -1411.6 -1193.3 -788.9 -1222.9 -880.1 -656.2 -960.5 -1455.1 -1184.1 -116.2 -168.2 -161.8 -305.0 -327.3 -49.8 -202.0 -898.6 -1199.1 -1259.8 -1696.6 -1434.3 -1928.8 -1176.1 -397.0 -488.2 -819.1 -264.3 -568.6 -1063.2
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
-1306.2 -387.9 -415.2 -562.8 -870.8 -1039.9 -335.6 -395.2 -1095.8 -482.0 -1312.5 -1060.2 -767.4 -1087.3 -821.9 -662.6 -782.0 -1304.0 -1045.5 -136.4 -97.1 -163.6 -179.0 -311.2 -84.0 -143.7 -809.3 -1055.6 -1056.8 -1481.5 -1176.0 -1698.2 -1037.6 -355.0 -409.5 -704.6 -250.2 -369.6 -891.6
75.0 203.9 178.0 107.5 212.7 253.1 232.6 267.8 186.2 228.4 263.2 -42.7 132.2 -89.5 80.3 190.0 260.2 -12.6 -59.0 207.9 54.0 182.0 -23.0 111.7 236.8 272.0 271.1 -75.0 -184.0 -154.4 195.4 -77.4 -71.0 52.7 0.8 -139.7 110.5 180.7 -92.0
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-431.0
-393.0
-385.0
-385.0 -238.0 -226.0 -167.0 -238.0 -126.0 -247.0
HEAT OF COMBUSTION The heat of combustion of a substance at 25°C can be calculated from the enthalpy of formation (∆fH°) data in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in this Section. We can write the general combustion reaction as X + O 2 → CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) + other products For a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the reaction is simply
1 1 1 C a H b O c + a + b – c O 2 → a CO 2 (g) + b H 2 O(l) 4 2 2 and the standard heat of combustion ∆cH°, which is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the reaction (i.e., the heat released in the combustion process), is given by 1 ∆ c H o = − a∆ t H o (CO 2 , g) − b ∆ t H o (H 2 O, l) + ∆ t H o (C a H b , O c ) 2 = 393.51 a + 142.915 b + ∆ t H o (C a H b , O c )
This equation applies if the reactants start in their standard states (25°C and one atmosphere pressure) and the products return to the same conditions. The same equation applies to a compound containing another element if that element ends in its standard reference state (e.g., nitrogen, if the product is N2); in general, however, the exact products containing the other elements must be known in order to calculate the heat of combustion. The following table gives the standard heat of combustion calculated in this manner for a few representative substances.
Molecular formula
Name
∆cH°/kJ mol–1
Inorganic substances C CO H2 H3N H4N2 N2O
Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Hydrogen (g) Ammonia (g) Hydrazine (g) Nitrous oxide (g)
393.5 283.0 285.8 382.8 667.1 82.1
Hydrocarbons CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H6 C4H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C10H8
Methane (g) Acetylene (g) Ethylene (g) Ethane (g) Propylene (g) Cyclopropane (g) Propane (g) 1,3-Butadiene (g) Butane (g) Pentane (l) Benzene (l) Cyclohexane (l) Hexane (l) Toluene (l) Heptane (l) Naphthalene (s)
890.8 1301.1 1411.2 1560.7 2058.0 2091.3 2219.2 2541.5 2877.6 3509.0 3267.6 3919.6 4163.2 3910.3 4817.0 5156.3
Alcohols and ethers CH4O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2
Methanol (l) Ethanol (l) Dimethyl ether (g) Ethylene glycol (l)
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726.1 1366.8 1460.4 1189.2
Molecular formula C3H8O C3H8O3 C4H10O C5H12O C6H6O
Name 1-Propanol (l) Glycerol (l) Diethyl ether (l) 1-Pentanol (l) Phenol (s)
∆cH°/kJ mol–1 2021.3 1655.4 2723.9 3330.9 3053.5
Carbonyl compounds CH2O C2H2O C2H4O C3H6O C3H6O C4H8O
Formaldehyde (g) Ketene (g) Acetaldehyde (l) Acetone (l) Propanal (l) 2-Butanone (l)
570.7 1025.4 1166.9 1789.9 1822.7 2444.1
Acids and esters CH2O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C7H6O2
Formic acid (l) Acetic acid (l) Methyl formate (l) Methyl acetate (l) Ethyl acetate (l) Benzoic acid (s)
254.6 874.2 972.6 1592.2 2238.1 3226.9
Nitrogen compounds CHN CH3NO2 CH5N C2H3N C2H5NO C3H9N C5H5N C6H7N
Hydrogen cyanide (g) Nitromethane (l) Methylamine (g) Acetonitrile (l) Acetamide (s) Trimethylamine (g) Pyridine (l) Aniline (l)
671.5 709.2 1085.6 1247.2 1184.6 2443.1 2782.3 3392.8
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI The molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., Ω-1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25°C as a function of the concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of Λ for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical representations may be found in the reference. REFERENCE Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970. c/mol L–1
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Inf. dil. 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
405.1
426.1 424.5 422.6 421.2 415.7 411.9 398.9 391.1 360.7 332.2 305.8 281.4 258.9 237.6
427.7 425.9 424.3 422.9 417.6 413.7 400.4 391.9 361.9 334.5 307.6 281.7 257.8 236.8
426.4 424.6 423.0 421.7 416.4 412.8 400.8 394.0 369.8 343.9 316.4 288.9 262.5 237.9
c/mol L–1
128.1 96.1 50.1 39.1 26.3 24.3
–20°C
–10°C
0°C
c/mol L–1
HF
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10°C
HCl
HBr
HI
218.3 200.0 183.1 167.4 152.9 139.7 127.7 116.9 107.0 98.2 90.3 83.1 76.6 70.7
217.5 199.4 182.4 166.5 151.8 138.2 125.7 114.2 103.8 94.4 85.8
215.4 195.1 176.8 160.4 145.5 131.7 118.6 105.7
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
336.4 312.2 287.5 262.9 239.8 219.3 201.6 185.6 170.6 156.6 143.6 131.5 120.4 110.2 100.9 92.4 84.7 77.8 71.5 65.8 60.7 56.1 51.9 48.0 44.4
386.8 359.0 331.1 303.3 277.0 253.3 232.9 214.2 196.6 180.2 165.0 151.0 138.2 126.4 115.7 106.1 97.3 89.4 82.3 75.9 70.1 64.9 60.1 55.6 51.4
436.9 402.9 371.6 342.4 315.2 289.3 263.9 242.2 222.5 204.1 187.1 171.3 156.9 143.3 131.6 120.6 110.7 101.7 93.6 86.3 79.6 73.6 68.0 62.8 57.9
482.4 445.3 410.8 378.2 347.6 319.0 292.1 268.2 246.7 226.5 207.7 190.3 174.3 159.7 146.2 134.0 123.0 112.9 103.9 95.7 88.4 81.7 75.6 70.0 64.8
HCl 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5
85.5 79.3 73.7 68.5 63.6 58.9 54.4 50.2 46.3 42.7 39.4 36.4 33.6 31.2 28.9 26.8 24.9 23.1 21.4
131.7 120.8 111.3 102.7 94.9 87.8 81.1 74.9 69.1 63.7 58.6 54.0 49.8 45.9 42.3 39.1 36.1 33.4 31.0 28.7 26.7
228.7 211.7 196.2 182.0 168.5 154.6 139.6 129.2 119.5 110.3 101.7 93.7 86.2 79.3 73.0 67.1 61.7 56.8 52.3 48.2 44.5 41.1 38.0 35.3 32.7
283.0 261.6 241.5 222.7 205.1 188.5 172.2 158.1 145.4 133.5 122.5 112.3 103.0 94.4 86.5 79.4 72.9 67.1 61.8 57.0 52.7 48.8 45.3 42.0 39.0
5-90
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued) c/mol
L–1
–20°C
–10°C
0°C
10°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
347.0 329.0 298.9 271.8 244.8 222.2 203.2 186.8 171.2 155.7 142.1 129.6 118.0 107.1
398.9 380.4 340.6 314.1 281.7 255.0 234.4 214.2 195.1 178.2 162.8 148.0 134.1 121.4
453.6 418.6 381.8 350.5 316.0 287.8 263.7 239.7 218.8 199.6 181.4 165.4 150.5 136.3
496.8 465.2 421.4 387.4 349.1 318.6 291.9 266.9 242.6 221.3 201.8 183.4 166.3 150.8
HBr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
84.0 78.0 72.3 67.0 61.8 56.8 51.9
150.8 136.8 125.7 116.1 107.5 99.0 91.4 84.2 77.2 70.7 64.6
240.9 229.6 209.5 188.6 171.7 157.2 144.1 132.3 123.0 112.6 103.1 94.3 86.0 78.4
295.9 276.0 254.9 231.3 208.3 189.5 174.6 160.2 146.4 134.0 122.7 112.0 102.0 92.6
5-91
STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS FOR CALIBRATING CONDUCTIVITY CELLS This table presents recommended electrolytic conductivity (κ) values for aqueous potassium chloride solutions with molalities of 0.01 mol/kg, 0.1 mol/kg and 1.0 mol/kg at temperatures from 0˚C to 50˚C. The values, which are based on measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provide primary standards for the calibration of conductivity cells. The measurements at 0.01 and 0.1 molal are described in Reference 1, while those at 1.0 molal are in Reference 2. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. The uncertainty in the conductivity is about 0.03% for the 0.01 molal values and about 0.04% for the 0.1 and 1.0 molal values. The conductivity of water saturated with atmospheric CO2 is given in the last column. These values were subtracted from the original measurements to give the values in the second, third, and fourth columns. All κ values are given in units of 10-4 S/m (numerically equal to µS/cm). The assistance of Kenneth W. Pratt is appreciated.
REFERENCES 1. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., and Pratt, K.W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991. 2. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., Feng, D., Holland, L.A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994. 104 κ/S m-1 t/˚C
0.01 m KCl
0.1 m KCl
1.0 m KCl
H2O (CO2 sat.)
0 5 10 15 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
772.92 890.96 1 013.95 1 141.45 1 219.93 1 273.03 1 408.23 1 546.63 1 687.79 1 831.27 1 976.62 2 123.43
7 116.85 8 183.70 9 291.72 10 437.1 11 140.6 11 615.9 12 824.6 14 059.2 15 316.0 16 591.0 17 880.6 19 180.9
63 488 72 030 80 844 89 900 —99 170 108 620 118 240 127 970 137 810 147 720 157 670
0.58 0.68 0.79 0.89 0.95 0.99 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51 1.61
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EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity Λ at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/ L. The units of Λ are 10–4 m2 S mol–1. For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the DebyeHückel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as Λ = Λ° – (A + BΛ°)c1/2 For a solution at 25°C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. Λ° can be found from the next table, “Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution”. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.
Concentration (mol/L) Compound
Infinite dilution
0.0005
0.001
0.005
Λ° AgNO3 1/2BaCl2 1/2CaCl2 1/2Ca(OH)2 1/2CuSO4 HCl KBr KCl KClO4 1/3K3Fe(CN)6 1/4K4Fe(CN)6 KHCO3 KI KIO4 KNO3 KMnO4 KOH KReO4 1/3LaCl3 LiCl LiClO4 1/2MgCl2 NH4Cl NaCl NaClO4 NaI NaOOCCH3 NaOH Na picrate 1/2Na2SO4 1/2SrCl2 1/2ZnSO4
133.29 139.91 135.77 258 133.6 425.95 151.9 149.79 139.97 174.5 184 117.94 150.31 127.86 144.89 134.8 271.5 128.20 145.9 114.97 105.93 129.34 149.6 126.39 117.42 126.88 91.0 247.7 80.45 129.8 135.73 132.7
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
121.35 119.03 115.59 214 72.16 407.04 140.41 138.27 127.86 — 122.76 107.17 139.38 114.08 132.34 — — 114.49 115.3 104.60 96.13 109.99 138.25 115.70 106.91 116.64 81.20 — — 106.73 115.48 74.20
115.18 111.42 108.42 — 59.02 398.89 135.61 133.30 121.56 — 107.65 — 134.90 106.67 126.25 — 219 106.40 106.2 100.06 92.15 103.03 133.22 111.01 102.35 112.73 76.88 — 66.3 97.70 108.20 61.17
109.09 105.14 102.41 — 50.55 391.13 131.32 128.90 115.14 — 97.82 — 131.05 98.2 120.34 113 213 97.40 99.1 95.81 88.52 97.05 128.69 106.69 98.38 108.73 72.76 — 61.8 89.94 102.14 52.61
Λ 131.29 135.89 131.86 — 121.6 422.53 149.8 147.74 138.69 166.4 — 116.04 148.2 125.74 142.70 132.7 — 126.03 139.6 113.09 104.13 125.55 147.5 124.44 115.58 125.30 89.2 245.5 78.7 125.68 131.84 121.3
130.45 134.27 130.30 — 115.20 421.15 148.9 146.88 137.80 163.1 167.16 115.28 143.32 124.88 141.77 131.9 234 125.12 137.0 112.34 103.39 124.15 146.7 123.68 114.82 124.19 88.5 244.6 78.6 124.09 130.27 114.47
127.14 127.96 124.19 233 94.02 415.59 146.02 143.48 134.09 150.7 146.02 112.18 144.30 121.18 138.41 — 230 121.31 127.5 109.35 100.52 118.25 134.4 120.59 111.70 121.19 85.68 240.7 75.7 117.09 124.18 95.44
5-92
124.70 123.88 120.30 226 83.08 411.80 143.36 141.20 131.39 — 134.76 110.03 142.11 118.45 132.75 126.5 228 118.49 121.8 107.27 98.56 114.49 141.21 118.45 109.54 119.18 83.72 237.9 73.7 112.38 120.23 84.87
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity λ for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25°C. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to λ through the equation
(
)
D = RT / F 2 (λ / z ) where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp; for typical ions, λ and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25°C. The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation
Dsalt =
(z+ + z– )D+ D– z + D+ + z – D–
For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity Λ°, which is the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as
Λ° = λ + + λ – where λ+ and λ– are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is Λ° = ν+λ+ + ν−λ− where ν+ and ν− refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2—226. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.
Ion
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1
Ion
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Cations Ag+ 1/3Al3+ 1/2Ba2+ 1/2Be2+ 1/2Ca2+ 1/2Cd2+ 1/3Ce3+ 1/2Co2+ 1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 1/3Cr3+ Cs+ 1/2Cu2+ D+ 1/3Dy3+ 1/3Er3+ 1/3Eu3+ 1/2Fe2+ 1/3Fe3+ 1/3Gd3+ H+ 1/2Hg2+ 1/2Hg2+
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61.9 61 63.6 45 59.47 54 69.8 55 101.9 74.7 69 67 77.2 53.6 249.9 65.6 65.9 67.8 54 68 67.3 349.65 68.6 63.6
1.648 0.541 0.847 0.599 0.792 0.719 0.620 0.732 0.904 0.663 0.306 0.595 2.056 0.714 6.655 0.582 0.585 0.602 0.719 0.604 0.597 9.311 0.913 0.847
1/3Ho3+ K+ 1/3La3+ Li+ 1/2Mg2+ 1/2Mn2+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ 1/3Nd3+ 1/2Ni2+ 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 1/2Pb2+ 1/3Pr3+ 1/2Ra2+ Rb+ 1/3Sc3+ 1/3Sm3+ 1/2Sr2+ Tl+ 1/3Tm3+ 1/2UO22+ 1/3Y3+ 1/3Yb3+ 1/2Zn2+
66.3 73.48 69.7 38.66 53.0 53.5 73.5 59 50.08 69.4 49.6 52 71 69.5 66.8 77.8 64.7 68.5 59.4 74.7 65.4 32 62 65.6 52.8
0.589 1.957 0.619 1.029 0.706 0.712 1.957 1.571 1.334 0.616 0.661 0.346 0.945 0.617 0.889 2.072 0.574 0.608 0.791 1.989 0.581 0.426 0.550 0.582 0.703
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued) Ion
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1/2SeO421/2WO42-
Inorganic Anions Au(CN)2Au(CN)4B(C6H5)4BrBr3BrO3CNCNO1/2CO32ClClO2ClO3ClO41/3[Co(CN)6]31/2CrO42F1/4[Fe(CN)6]41/3[Fe(CN)6]3H2AsO4HCO3HF21/2HPO42H2PO4H2PO2HSHSO3HSO4H2SbO4IIO3IO4MnO41/2MoO42N(CN)2NO2NO3NH2SO3N3OCNODOHPF61/2PO3F21/3PO431/4P2O741/3P3O931/5P3O105ReO4SCN1/2SO321/2SO421/2S2O321/2S2O421/2S2O621/2S2O82Sb(OH)6SeCN-
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50 36 21 78.1 43 55.7 78 64.6 69.3 76.31 52 64.6 67.3 98.9 85 55.4 110.4 100.9 34 44.5 75 57 36 46 65 58 52 31 76.8 40.5 54.5 61.3 74.5 54.5 71.8 71.42 48.3 69 64.6 119 198 56.9 63.3 92.8 96 83.6 109 54.9 66 72 80.0 85.0 66.5 93 86 31.9 64.7
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
Ion
1.331 0.959 0.559 2.080 1.145 1.483 2.077 1.720 0.923 2.032 1.385 1.720 1.792 0.878 1.132 1.475 0.735 0.896 0.905 1.185 1.997 0.759 0.959 1.225 1.731 1.545 1.385 0.825 2.045 1.078 1.451 1.632 1.984 1.451 1.912 1.902 1.286 1.837 1.720 3.169 5.273 1.515 0.843 0.824 0.639 0.742 0.581 1.462 1.758 0.959 1.065 1.132 0.885 1.238 1.145 0.849 1.723
75.7 69
D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1.008 0.919
Organic Cations Benzyltrimethylammonium+ Isobutylammonium+ Butyltrimethylammonium+ Decylpyridinium+ Decyltrimethylammonium+ Diethylammonium+ Dimethylammonium+ Dipropylammonium+ Dodecylammonium+ Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ Ethanolammonium+ Ethylammonium+ Ethyltrimethylammonium+ Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ Hexyltrimethylammonium+ Histidyl+ Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ Methylammonium+ Octadecylpyridinium+ Octadecyltributylammonium+ Octadecyltriethylammonium+ Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ Octadecyltripropylammonium+ Octyltrimethylammonium+ Pentylammonium+ Piperidinium+ Propylammonium+ Pyrilammonium+ Tetrabutylammonium+ Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ Tetraethylammonium+ Tetramethylammonium+ Tetraisopentylammonium+ Tetrapentylammmonium+ Tetrapropylammonium+ Triethylammonium+ Triethylsulfonium+ Trimethylammonium+ Trimethylhexylammonium+ Trimethylsulfonium+ Tripropylammonium+
34.6 38 33.6 29.5 24.4 42.0 51.8 30.1 23.8 22.6 42.2 47.2 40.5 20.9 29.6 23.0 39.4 58.7 20 16.6 17.9 19.9 17.2 26.5 37 37.2 40.8 24.3 19.5 21.5 32.6 44.9 17.9 17.5 23.4 34.3 36.1 47.23 34.6 51.4 26.1
0.921 1.012 0.895 0.786 0.650 1.118 1.379 0.802 0.634 0.602 1.124 1.257 1.078 0.557 0.788 0.612 1.049 1.563 0.533 0.442 0.477 0.530 0.458 0.706 0.985 0.991 1.086 0.647 0.519 0.573 0.868 1.196 0.477 0.466 0.623 0.913 0.961 1.258 0.921 1.369 0.695
Organic Anions Acetatep-Anisate1/2Azelate2BenzoateBromoacetateBromobenzoateButyrateChloroacetatem-Chlorobenzoateo-Chlorobenzoate-
40.9 29.0 40.6 32.4 39.2 30 32.6 39.8 31 30.2
1.089 0.772 0.541 0.863 1.044 0.799 0.868 1.060 0.825 0.804
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)
Ion 1/3Citrate3CrotonateCyanoacetateCyclohexane carboxylate1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2DecylsulfateDichloroacetate1/2Diethylbarbiturate2Dihydrogencitrate1/2Dimethylmalonate23,5-DinitrobenzoateDodecylsulfateEthylmalonateEthylsulfateFluoroacetateFluorobenzoateFormate1/2Fumarate21/2Glutarate2HydrogenoxalateIsovalerate-
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λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1 70.2 33.2 43.4 28.7 53.4 26 38.3 26.3 30 49.4 28.3 24 49.3 39.6 44.4 33 54.6 61.8 52.6 40.2 32.7
D 10-5 cm2 s-1 0.623 0.884 1.156 0.764 0.711 0.692 1.020 0.350 0.799 0.658 0.754 0.639 1.313 1.055 1.182 0.879 1.454 0.823 0.700 1.070 0.871
Ion IodoacetateLactate1/2Malate21/2Maleate21/2Malonate2MethylsulfateNaphthylacetate1/2Oxalate2OctylsulfatePhenylacetate1/2o-Phthalate21/2m-Phthalate2PicratePivalatePropionatePropylsulfateSalicylate1/2Suberate21/2Succinate2p-Sulfonate 1/2Tartarate2Trichloroacetate-
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1
40.6 38.8 58.8 61.9 63.5 48.8 28.4 74.11 29 30.6 52.3 54.7 30.37 31.9 35.8 37.1 36 36 58.8 29.3 59.6 35
1.081 1.033 0.783 0.824 0.845 1.299 0.756 0.987 0.772 0.815 0.696 0.728 0.809 0.849 0.953 0.988 0.959 0.479 0.783 0.780 0.794 0.932
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS Petr Vany´sek This table gives mean activity coefficients at 25°C for molalities in the range 0.1 to 1.0. See the following table for definitions, references, and data over a wider concentration range.
AgNO3 AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 BaCl2 BeSO4 CaCl2 CdCl2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CoCl2 CrCl3 Cr(NO3)3 Cr2(SO4)3 CsBr CsCl CsI CsNO3 CsOH CsOAc Cs2SO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeCl2 HBr HCl HClO4 HI HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KClO3 K2CrO4 KF K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KH2PO4 KI KNO3 KOAc KOH KSCN K2SO4 LiBr LiCl LiClO4 LiI LiNO3 LiOH LiOAc Li2SO4 MgCl2 MgSO4 MnCl2 MnSO4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.734 0.337 0.035 0.500 0.150 0.518 0.2280 0.513 0.150 0.522 0.331 0.319 0.0458 0.754 0.756 0.754 0.733 0.795 0.799 0.456 0.508 0.511 0.150 0.5185 0.805 0.796 0.803 0.818 0.791 0.2655 0.772 0.770 0.749 0.456 0.775 0.268 0.139 0.731 0.778 0.739 0.796 0.798 0.769 0.441 0.796 0.790 0.812 0.815 0.788 0.760 0.784 0.468 0.529 0.150 0.516 0.150
0.657 0.305 0.0225 0.444 0.109 0.472 0.1638 0.464 0.103 0.479 0.298 0.285 0.0300 0.694 0.694 0.692 0.655 0.761 0.771 0.382 0.455 0.460 0.104 0.473 0.782 0.767 0.778 0.807 0.754 0.2090 0.722 0.718 0.681 0.382 0.727 0.212 0.0993 0.653 0.733 0.663 0.766 0.760 0.716 0.360 0.766 0.757 0.794 0.802 0.752 0.702 0.742 0.398 0.489 0.107 0.469 0.105
0.606 0.302 0.0176 0.419 0.0885 0.455 0.1329 0.442 0.0822 0.463 0.294 0.279 0.0238 0.654 0.656 0.651 0.602 0.744 0.761 0.338 0.429 0.439 0.0829 0.454 0.777 0.756 0.768 0.811 0.735 0.1826 0.693 0.688 0.635 0.340 0.700 0.184 0.0808 0.602 0.707 0.614 0.754 0.742 0.685 0.316 0.756 0.744 0.792 0.804 0.736 0.665 0.721 0.361 0.477 0.0874 0.450 0.0848
0.567 0.313 0.0153 0.405 0.0769 0.448 0.1139 0.430 0.0699 0.459 0.300 0.281 0.0207 0.626 0.628 0.621 0.561 0.739 0.759 0.311 0.417 0.429 0.0704 0.448 0.781 0.755 0.766 0.823 0.725 — 0.673 0.666 0.599 0.313 0.682 0.167 0.0693 0.561 0.689 0.576 0.750 0.734 0.663 0.286 0.752 0.740 0.798 0.813 0.728 0.638 0.709 0.337 0.475 0.0756 0.442 0.0725
0.536 0.331 0.0143 0.397 0.0692 0.448 0.1006 0.425 0.0615 0.462 0.314 0.291 0.0190 0.603 0.606 0.599 0.528 0.739 0.762 0.291 0.411 0.426 0.0620 0.450 0.789 0.757 0.769 0.839 0.720 0.1557 0.657 0.649 0.568 0.292 0.670 0.155 0.0614 0.529 0.676 0.545 0.751 0.732 0.646 0.264 0.753 0.739 0.808 0.824 0.726 0.617 0.700 0.319 0.481 0.0675 0.440 0.0640
0.509 0.356 0.014 0.391 0.0639 0.453 0.0905 0.423 0.0553 0.470 0.335 0.304 0.0182 0.586 0.589 0.581 0.501 0.742 0.768 0.274 0.409 0.427 0.0559 0.454 0.801 0.763 0.776 0.860 0.717 — 0.646 0.637 0.541 0.276 0.661 0.146 0.0556 0.501 0.667 0.519 0.754 0.733 0.633 0.246 0.758 0.743 0.820 0.838 0.727 0.599 0.691 0.307 0.491 0.0616 0.443 0.0578
0.485 0.388 0.0142 0.391 0.0600 0.460 0.0827 0.423 0.0505 0.479 0.362 0.322 0.0181 0.571 0.575 0.567 0.478 0.748 0.776 0.262 0.409 0.431 0.0512 0.463 0.815 0.772 0.785 0.883 0.717 0.1417 0.636 0.626 0.518 0.263 0.654 0.140 0.0512 0.477 0.660 0.496 0.759 0.736 0.623 0.232 0.767 0.748 0.834 0.852 0.729 0.585 0.689 0.297 0.506 0.0571 0.448 0.0530
0.464 0.429 0.0149 0.391 0.0570 0.470 0.0765 0.425 0.0468 0.492 0.397 0.344 0.0185 0.558 0.563 0.554 0.458 0.754 0.783 0.251 0.410 0.437 0.0475 0.473 0.832 0.783 0.795 0.908 0.718 — 0.629 0.618 — 0.253 0.650 0.135 0.0479 0.456 0.654 0.476 0.766 0.742 0.614 — 0.777 0.755 0.852 0.870 0.733 0.573 0.688 0.289 0.522 0.0536 0.455 0.0493
0.446 0.479 0.0159 0.392 0.0546 0.484 0.0713 0.428 0.0438 0.511 0.436 0.371 0.0194 0.547 0.553 0.543 0.439 0.762 0.792 0.242 0.413 0.445 0.0446 0.488 0.850 0.795 0.808 0.935 0.721 — 0.622 0.610 — 0.243 0.646 0.131 0.0454 0.438 0.649 0.459 0.774 0.749 0.606 — 0.789 0.764 0.869 0.888 0.737 0.563 0.688 0.282 0.544 0.0508 0.466 0.0463
0.429 0.539 0.0175 0.395 0.0530 0.500 0.0669 0.433 0.0415 0.531 0.481 0.401 0.0208 0.538 0.544 0.533 0.422 0.771 0.802 0.235 0.417 0.455 0.0423 0.506 0.871 0.809 0.823 0.963 0.724 0.1316 0.617 0.604 — 0.235 0.645 0.128 — 0.421 0.645 0.443 0.783 0.756 0.599 — 0.803 0.774 0.887 0.910 0.743 0.554 0.689 0.277 0.570 0.0485 0.479 0.0439
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued)
NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4 Na2CrO4 NaF NaH2PO4 NaI NaNO3 NaOAc NaOH NaSCN Na2SO4 NiCl2 NiSO4 Pb(NO3)2 RbBr RbCl RbI RbNO3 RbOAc Rb2SO4 SrCl2 TlClO4 TlNO3 UO2Cl2 UO2SO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.770 0.740 0.439 0.782 0.778 0.772 0.775 0.464 0.765 0.744 0.787 0.762 0.791 0.766 0.787 0.445 0.522 0.150 0.395 0.763 0.764 0.762 0.734 0.796 0.451 0.511 0.730 0.702 0.544 0.150 0.515 0.531 0.150
0.718 0.677 0.356 0.741 0.735 0.720 0.729 0.394 0.710 0.675 0.751 0.703 0.757 0.727 0.750 0.365 0.479 0.105 0.308 0.706 0.709 0.705 0.658 0.767 0.374 0.462 0.652 0.606 0.510 0.102 0.462 0.489 0.140
0.687 0.636 0.311 0.719 0.710 0.688 0.701 0.353 0.676 0.629 0.735 0.666 0.744 0.708 — 0.320 0.463 0.0841 0.260 0.673 0.675 0.671 0.606 0.756 0.331 0.442 0.599 0.545 0.520 0.0807 0.432 0.474 0.0835
0.4 0.665 0.606 0.280 0.704 0.693 0.664 0.683 0.327 0.651 0.593 0.727 0.638 0.737 0.697 0.720 0.289 0.460 0.0713 0.228 0.650 0.652 0.647 0.565 0.753 0.301 0.433 0.559 0.500 0.505 0.0689 0.411 0.469 0.0714
0.5
0.6
0.649 0.582 0.257 0.697 0.681 0.645 0.668 0.307 0.632 0.563 0.723 0.617 0.735 0.690 0.715 0.266 0.464 0.0627 0.205 0.632 0.634 0.629 0.534 0.755 0.279 0.430 0.527 — 0.517 0.0611 0.394 0.473 0.0630
0.636 0.562 0.240 0.692 0.673 0.630 0.656 0.292 0.616 0.539 0.723 0.599 0.736 0.685 0.712 0.248 0.471 0.0562 0.187 0.617 0.620 0.614 0.508 0.759 0.263 0.431 — — 0.532 0.0566 0.380 0.480 0.0569
0.7 0.625 0.545 0.226 0.689 0.667 0.617 0.648 0.280 0.603 0.517 0.724 0.583 0.740 0.681 0.710 0.233 0.482 0.0515 0.172 0.605 0.608 0.602 0.485 0.766 0.249 0.434 — — 0.549 0.0515 0.369 0.489 0.0523
0.8 0.617 0.530 0.214 0.687 0.662 0.606 0.641 0.269 0.592 0.499 0.727 0.570 0.745 0.679 0.710 0.221 0.496 0.0478 0.160 0.595 0.599 0.591 0.465 0.773 0.238 0.441 — — 0.571 0.0483 0.357 0.501 0.0487
0.9
1.0
0.609 0.516 0.205 0.687 0.659 0.597 0.635 0.261 0.582 0.483 0.731 0.558 0.752 0.678 0.711 0.210 0.515 0.0448 0.150 0.586 0.590 0.583 0.446 0.782 0.228 0.449 — — 0.595 0.0458 0.348 0.518 0.0458
0.603 0.504 0.196 0.687 0.657 0.589 0.629 0.253 0.573 0.468 0.736 0.548 0.757 0.678 0.712 0.201 0.563 0.0425 0.141 0.578 0.583 0.575 0.430 0.792 0.219 0.461 — — 0.620 0.0439 0.339 0.535 0.0435
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION The mean activity coefficient γ of an electrolyte XaYb is defined as
(
γ = γ a+ γ b–
)
1 / (a+b)
where γ+ and γ– are activity coefficients of the individual ions (which cannot be directly measured). This table gives the mean activity coefficients of about 100 electrolytes in aqueous solution as a function of concentration, expressed in molality terms. All values refer to a temperature of 25°C. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by formula. REFERENCES 1. Hamer,W. J., and Wu, Y. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1047, 1972. 2. Staples, B. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 385, 1977; 10, 767, 1981; 10, 779, 1981. 3. Goldberg, R. N. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 263, 1978; 8, 923, 1979; 8, 1005, 1979; 10, 1, 1981; 10, 671, 1981.
Mean Activity Coefficient at 25°C m/mol kg-1
AgNO3
BaBr2
BaCl2
BaI2
CaBr2
CaCl2
CaI2
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.794 0.732 0.656 0.536 0.430 0.316 0.181 0.108 0.085
0.881 0.850 0.785 0.727 0.661 0.573 0.517 0.463 0.435 0.470 0.654
0.887 0.849 0.782 0.721 0.653 0.559 0.492 0.436 0.391 0.393
0.890 0.853 0.792 0.737 0.678 0.600 0.551 0.520 0.536 0.664 1.242
0.890 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.540 0.502 0.500 0.604 1.125 18.7
0.888 0.851 0.787 0.727 0.664 0.577 0.517 0.469 0.444 0.495 0.784 5.907 43.1
0.890 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.600 0.552 0.524 0.554 0.729
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000
Cd(NO2)2 0.881 0.837 0.759 0.681 0.589 0.451 0.344 0.247 0.148 0.098 0.069 0.054
Cd(NO3)2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.728 0.664 0.576 0.515 0.465 0.428 0.437 0.517
CoBr2 0.890 0.854 0.794 0.740 0.681 0.605 0.556 0.523 0.538 0.685 1.421 13.9
m/mol kg-1
CsCl
CsF
CsI
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100
0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.805 0.751
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.830 0.792
0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.863 0.804 0.749
CoCl2 0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.670 0.586 0.528 0.483 0.465 0.532 0.864
CoI2 0.887 0.849 0.783 0.724 0.661 0.582 0.540 0.527 0.596 0.845 2.287 55.3 196
Co(NO3)2
CsBr
0.888 0.850 0.786 0.728 0.663 0.576 0.516 0.469 0.446 0.492 0.722 3.338
0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.806 0.752 0.691 0.605 0.540 0.485 0.454
CsNO3
CsOH
Cs2SO4
CuBr2
0.964 0.951 0.924 0.897 0.860 0.796 0.733
0.966 0.953 0.930 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.802
0.885 0.845 0.775 0.709 0.634 0.526 0.444
0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.541
5-97
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
CsCl
CsF
CsI
0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000
0.691 0.607 0.546 0.496 0.474 0.508
0.755 0.721 0.726 0.803
0.688 0.601 0.534 0.470
CuCl2
Cu(ClO4)2
Cu(NO3)2
0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.654 0.561 0.495 0.441 0.401 0.405 0.453 0.601
0.890 0.854 0.795 0.741 0.685 0.613 0.572 0.553 0.617 0.892 2.445
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000
CsNO3
CsOH
Cs2SO4
CuBr2
0.655 0.529 0.421
0.772 0.755 0.782
0.369 0.285 0.233
0.504 0.503 0.591 0.859
FeCl2
HBr
HCl
HClO4
0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.664 0.577 0.516 0.466 0.431 0.456 0.615 2.083
0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659 0.570 0.509 0.462 0.443 0.500 0.782
0.966 0.953 0.930 0.907 0.879 0.837 0.806 0.783 0.790 0.872 1.167 3.800 33.4
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.832 0.797 0.768 0.759 0.811 1.009 2.380 10.4
0.966 0.953 0.929 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.803 0.776 0.769 0.826 1.055 3.100 30.8 323
m/mol kg-1
HF
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
KBr
KCNS
KCl
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
0.551 0.429 0.302 0.225 0.163 0.106 0.0766 0.0550 0.0352 0.0249 0.0175 0.0110 0.0085 0.0077 0.0075
0.966 0.953 0.931 0.909 0.884 0.847 0.823 0.811 0.845 0.969 1.363 4.760 49.100
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.875 0.829 0.792 0.756 0.725 0.730 0.788 1.063 1.644 2.212 2.607
0.804 0.740 0.634 0.542 0.445 0.325 0.251 0.195 0.146 0.125 0.119 0.197 0.527 1.077 1.701
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.817 0.771 0.772 0.658 0.617 0.593 0.626
0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.815 0.768 0.716 0.647 0.598 0.556 0.525
0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.768 0.717 0.649 0.604 0.573 0.593
m/mol kg-1
KClO3
K2CrO4
KF
KH2PO4*
K2HPO4**
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.899 0.865 0.805 0.749 0.681 0.569
0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.539 0.460 0.385 0.296 0.239
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.773 0.726 0.670 0.645
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.793 0.730 0.652 0.529 0.422
5-98
0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.538 0.457 0.379 0.283
KI
KNO3
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.820 0.776 0.731 0.676 0.646
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.860 0.797 0.735 0.662 0.546 0.444
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
KClO3
2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
K2CrO4
KF
0.199
0.658 0.871 1.715 3.120
KI
KNO3
0.638
0.332
K2SO4
LiBr
LiCl
LiClO4
LiI
LiNO3
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.821 0.779 0.740 0.710 0.733 0.860 1.697 6.110 19.9 46.4
0.885 0.844 0.772 0.704 0.625 0.511 0.424 0.343 0.251
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.877 0.832 0.797 0.767 0.754 0.803 1.012 2.696 20.0 147 486
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.756 0.739 0.775 0.924 2.000 9.600 30.9
0.966 0.953 0.931 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.815 0.795 0.806 0.887 1.161
0.966 0.953 0.930 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.817 0.802 0.824 0.912 1.197
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.788 0.753 0.726 0.743 0.837 1.298 2.500 3.960 4.970
LiOH
Li2SO4
MgBr2
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000
0.964 0.950 0.923 0.895 0.858 0.794 0.735 0.668 0.579 0.522 0.484 0.493
0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.645 0.544 0.469 0.400 0.325 0.284 0.270
0.889 0.852 0.790 0.733 0.672 0.593 0.543 0.512 0.540 0.715 1.590 36.1
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
K2HPO4**
KOH
m/mol kg-1
m/mol kg-1
KH2PO4*
MgCl2 0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.672 0.590 0.535 0.493 0.485 0.577 1.065 14.40
MgI2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.602 0.556 0.535 0.594 0.858 2.326 109.8
MnBr2
MnCl2
0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.595 0.543 0.508 0.519 0.650 1.224 6.697
0.888 0.850 0.786 0.727 0.662 0.574 0.513 0.464 0.437 0.477 0.661 1.539
Mn(ClO4)2
NH4Cl
NH4ClO4
(NH4)2HPO4**
NH4NO3
NaBr
NaBrO3
0.892 0.858 0.801 0.752 0.700 0.637 0.604 0.596 0.686 1.030 3.072
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.769 0.718 0.649 0.603 0.569 0.563
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.895 0.859 0.794 0.734 0.663 0.560 0.479 0.399
0.882 0.839 0.763 0.688 0.600 0.469 0.367 0.273 0.171 0.114 0.074
0.964 0.951 0.925 0.897 0.862 0.801 0.744 0.678 0.582 0.502 0.419 0.303 0.220 0.179 0.154
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.873 0.824 0.783 0.742 0.697 0.687 0.730 1.083
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.759 0.698 0.605 0.528 0.449
5-99
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
Na2CO3
NaCl
NaClO3
NaClO4
Na2CrO4
NaF
Na2HPO4*
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000
0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.644 0.541 0.462 0.385 0.292 0.229 0.182
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.822 0.779 0.734 0.681 0.657 0.668 0.874
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.771 0.719 0.646 0.590 0.537
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.821 0.777 0.729 0.668 0.630 0.608 0.648
0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.653 0.554 0.479 0.406 0.318 0.261 0.231
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.901 0.868 0.813 0.764 0.710 0.633 0.573
0.887 0.848 0.780 0.717 0.644 0.539 0.456 0.373 0.266 0.191 0.133
NaI
NaNO3
NaOH
Na2SO3
Na2SO4
Na2WO4
NiBr2
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.753 0.722 0.734 0.823 1.402 4.011
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.810 0.759 0.701 0.617 0.550 0.480 0.388 0.329
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.819 0.775 0.731 0.685 0.674 0.714 1.076 3.258 9.796 19.410
0.887 0.847 0.779 0.716 0.644 0.540 0.462 0.386 0.296 0.237 0.196
0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.637 0.529 0.446 0.366 0.268 0.204 0.155
0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.638 0.534 0.457 0.388 0.320 0.291 0.291
0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.675 0.596 0.546 0.514 0.535 0.692 1.476
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
m/mol kg-1
NiCl2
Ni(ClO4)2
Ni(NO3)2
Pb(ClO4)2
Pb(NO3)2
RbBr
RbCl
0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.669 0.584 0.527 0.482 0.465 0.538 0.915 4.785
0.891 0.855 0.797 0.745 0.690 0.621 0.582 0.567 0.639 0.946 2.812
0.889 0.851 0.787 0.730 0.666 0.581 0.524 0.481 0.467 0.528 0.797
0.889 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.580 0.522 0.476 0.458 0.516 0.799 4.043 33.8
0.882 0.840 0.764 0.690 0.604 0.476 0.379 0.291 0.195 0.136
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.811 0.760 0.705 0.630 0.578 0.535 0.514
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.761 0.707 0.633 0.583 0.546 0.544
m/mol kg-1
RbF
RbI
RbNO3
Rb2SO4
SrBr2
SrCl2
SrI2
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859
0.886 0.845 0.776 0.710 0.635
0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.673
0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659
0.890 0.854 0.793 0.740 0.681
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000
5-100
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
RbF
RbI
RbNO3
Rb2SO4
SrBr2
SrCl2
SrI2
0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000
0.821 0.780 0.739 0.701 0.697 0.724
0.810 0.759 0.703 0.627 0.574 0.532 0.517
0.795 0.733 0.657 0.536 0.430 0.320
0.526 0.443 0.365 0.274 0.217
0.591 0.535 0.492 0.476 0.545 0.921
0.569 0.506 0.455 0.421 0.451 0.650
0.606 0.557 0.526 0.542 0.686
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
UO2Cl2
UO2(NO3)2
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
ZnI2
0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.583 0.529 0.493 0.501 0.601 0.948
0.888 0.849 0.784 0.726 0.663 0.583 0.535 0.509 0.532 0.673 1.223 3.020
0.890 0.854 0.794 0.741 0.683 0.606 0.553 0.515 0.516 0.558 0.578 0.788 2.317 5.381 7.965
0.887 0.847 0.781 0.719 0.652 0.561 0.499 0.447 0.384 0.330 0.283 0.342 0.876 1.914 2.968
0.893 0.859 0.804 0.757 0.708 0.644 0.601 0.574 0.635 0.836 1.062 1.546 4.698
* The anion is H2PO4–. ** The anion is HPO4–2.
5-101
ENTHALPY OF DILUTION OF ACIDS The quantity given in this table is –∆dilH, the negative of the enthalpy (heat) of dilution to infinite dilution for aqueous solutions of several common acids; i.e., the negative of the enthalphy change when a solution of molality m at a temperature of 25°C is diluted with an infinite amount of water. The tabulated numbers thus represent the heat produced (or, if the value is negative, the heat absorbed) when the acid is diluted. The initial molality m is given in the first column. The second column gives the dilution ratio, which is the number of moles of water that must be added to one mole of the acid to produce a solution of the molality in the first column. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965. –∆dilH in kJ/mol at 25°C m 55.506 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5.5506 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5551 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0925 0.0793 0.0694 0.0617 0.05551 0.05 0.02775 0.01850 0.01388 0.01110 0.00555 0.00278 0.00111 0.000555 0.000111 0
Dil. ratio 1.0 2.775 3.700 5.551 6.167 6.938 7.929 9.251 10 11.10 12.33 13.88 15.86 18.50 22.20 27.75 37.00 55.51 100 111.0 277.5 555.1 600 700 800 900 1000 1110 2000 3000 4000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000 500000 ∞
HF
HCl
HClO4
HBr
HI
HNO3
CH2O2
C2H4O2
14.88 14.34 13.87 13.81 13.77 13.73 13.69 13.66 13.62 13.58 13.53 13.47 13.45 13.43 13.40 13.36 13.30 13.22 13.20 13.09 12.80 12.79 12.70 12.61 12.50 12.42 12.24 11.29 10.66 10.25 9.874 8.912 7.531 5.439 3.766 1.255 0
45.61 19.87 15.40 10.24 9.213 8.201 7.217 6.268 5.841 5.318 4.899 4.402 3.958 3.506 3.063 2.623 2.167 1.695 1.234 1.172 0.761 0.556 0.540 0.502 0.473 0.448 0.427 0.406 0.310 0.251 0.226 0.197 0.142 0.105 0.067 0.042 0.021 0
13.81 7.920 2.013 1.280 0.611 0.046 -0.351 -0.490 -0.628 -0.732 -0.787 -0.820 -0.782 -0.724 -0.623 -0.431 -0.201 0.050 0.075 0.247 0.272 0.272 0.272 0.268 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.226 0.197 0.180 0.167 0.126 0.092 0.059 0.042 0.021 0
48.83 19.92 14.29 8.694 7.719 6.786 5.925 5.004 4.590 4.113 3.711 3.330 2.966 2.611 2.301 1.996 1.665 1.314 0.983 0.941 0.649 0.498 0.481 0.452 0.427 0.406 0.385 0.372 0.285 0.234 0.205 0.184 0.130 0.092 0.054 0.038 0.021 0
21.71 14.02 7.615 6.569 5.607 4.728 3.975 3.577 3.197 2.828 2.460 2.105 1.787 1.527 1.318 1.125 0.933 0.736 0.711 0.536 0.439 0.427 0.402 0.385 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.264 0.218 0.192 0.172 0.121 0.084 0.050 0.038 0.021 0
19.73 9.498 6.883 3.933 3.368 2.791 2.251 1.749 1.540 1.310 1.109 0.958 0.791 0.665 0.582 0.527 0.506 0.506 0.502 0.498 0.439 0.372 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.326 0.318 0.305 0.247 0.213 0.192 0.176 0.130 0.096 0.063 0.046 0.021 0
0.046 0.038 0.109 0.205 0.230 0.255 0.272 0.280 0.285 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.285 0.276 0.259 0.226 0.184 0.176 0.146 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.130 0.126 0.121 0.121 0.117 0.117 0.113 0.109 0.105 0.096 0.084 0.054 0.038 0
2.167 2.075 1.962 1.824 1.782 1.724 1.648 1.540 1.477 1.393 1.310 1.218 1.121 1.025 0.912 0.803 0.678 0.544 0.423 0.406 0.331 0.289 0.285 0.285 0.280 0.276 0.272 0.272 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.255 0.243 0.230 0.222 0.209 0.167 0
5-102
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION OF ELECTROLYTES This table gives the molar enthalpy (heat) of solution at infinite dilution for some common uni-univalent electrolytes. This is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of solute in its standard state is dissolved in an infinite amount of water. Values are given in kilojoules per mole at 25°C. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Series — Natl. Bur. Stand.(U.S.), No.2, 1965.
Solute
State
∆sol H° kJ/mol
HF HCl HClO4 HClO4 ⋅ H2O HBr HI HIO3 HNO3 HCOOH CH3COOH
g g l c g g c l l l
–61.50 –74.84 –88.76 –32.95 –85.14 –81.67 8.79 –33.28 –0.86 –1.51
NH3 NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4Br NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN NH4CNS CH3NH3Cl (CH3)3NHCl N(CH3)4Cl N(CH3)4Br N(CH3)4I
g c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
–30.50 14.78 33.47 16.78 13.72 31.80 19.25 25.69 –2.38 17.57 22.59 5.77 1.46 4.08 24.27 42.07
AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3
c c c
7.36 36.94 22.59
LiOH LiOH ⋅ H2O LiF LiCl LiCl ⋅ H2O LiClO4 LiClO4 ⋅ 3H2O LiBr LiBr ⋅ H2O
c c c c c c c c c
–23.56 –6.69 4.73 –37.03 –19.08 –26.55 32.61 –48.83 –23.26
Solute
State
∆sol H° kJ/mol
LiBr ⋅ 2H2O LiBrO3 LiI LiI ⋅ H2O LiI ⋅ 2H2O LiI ⋅ 3H2O LiNO2 LiNO2 ⋅ H2O LiNO3
c c c c c c c c c
–9.41 1.42 –63.30 –29.66 –14.77 0.59 –11.00 7.03 –2.51
NaOH NaOH ⋅ H2O NaF NaCl NaClO2 NaClO2 ⋅ 3H2O NaClO3 NaClO4 NaClO4 ⋅ H2O NaBr NaBr ⋅ 2H2O NaBrO3 NaI NaI ⋅ 2H2O NaIO3 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2⋅ 3H2O NaCN NaCN ⋅ 0.5H2O NaCN ⋅ 2H2O NaCNO NaCNS
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
–44.51 –21.41 0.91 3.88 0.33 28.58 21.72 13.88 22.51 –0.60 18.64 26.90 –7.53 16.13 20.29 13.89 20.50 –17.32 19.66 1.21 3.31 18.58 19.20 6.83
KOH KOH ⋅ H2O KOH ⋅ 1.5H2O KF KF ⋅ 2H2O
c c c c c
–57.61 –14.64 –10.46 –17.73 6.97
5-103
State
∆sol H° kJ/mol
KCl KClO3 KClO4 KBr KBrO3 KI KIO3 KNO2 KNO3 KC2H3O2 KCN KCNO KCNS KMnO4
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
17.22 41.38 51.04 19.87 41.13 20.33 27.74 13.35 34.89 –15.33 11.72 20.25 24.23 43.56
RbOH RbOH ⋅ H2O RbOH ⋅ 2H2O RbF RbF ⋅ H2O RbF ⋅ 1.5H2O RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbBr RbBrO3 RbI RbNO3
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
–62.34 –17.99 0.88 –26.11 –0.42 1.34 17.28 47.74 56.74 21.88 48.95 25.10 36.48
CsOH CsOH ⋅ H2O CsF CsF ⋅ H2O CsF ⋅ 1.5H2O CsCl CsClO4 CsBr CsBrO3 CsI CsNO3
c c c c c c c c c c c
–71.55 –20.50 –36.86 –10.46 –5.44 17.78 55.44 25.98 50.46 33.35 40.00
Solute
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING The present compilation of kinetic data represents the 12th evaluation prepared by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The Panel was established in 1977 by the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program Office for the purpose of providing a critical tabulation of the latest kinetic and photochemical data for use by modelers in computer simulations of stratospheric chemistry. The recommended rate data and cross sections are based on laboratory measurements. The major use of theoretical extrapolation of data is in connection with three-body reactions, in which the required pressure or temperature dependence is sometimes unavailable from laboratory measurements, and can be estimated by use of appropriate theoretical treatment. In the case of important rate constants for which no experimental data are available, the panel may provide estimates of rate constant parameters based on analogy to similar reactions for which data are available. Rate constants are expressed in the form k(T) = A exp(-E/RT), where A is the pre-exponential factor, E the activation energy, R the gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. Uncertainties are expressed by the factor f, e.g., a value of 4.2x10-10 with f = 2 indicates that the true value is believed to lie between 2.1x10-10 and 8.4x10-10. The value of f at other temperatures may be calculated from f(298), given in the last column, by: f(T) = f(298) exp[(∆E/R)(1/T-1/298)] , where ∆E/R is the uncertainty in E/R. Table 1 covers rate constant data on second order reactions, grouped by class, while Table 2 covers association reactions. Relevant equilibrium constant data are given in Table 3. All concentrations are measured in molecules cm-3. Notes on each reaction, as well as related photochemical data, may be found in the reference. The assistance of Robert Hampson is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCE DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for use in Atmospheric Modeling. Evaluation Number 12, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 974, Pasadena CA, 1997. The report is also available at the World Wide Web site < http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/jpl97>. Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions
Reaction
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
8.0x10-12
2060±250
8.0x10-15
1.15
3.2x10-11 1.2x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 1.8x10-11 4.9x10-11 6.7x10-11 2.5x10-10 7.4x10-11 1.5x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.4x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 3.6x10-10 1.9x10-10 7.4x10-11
-(70±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 -(110±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 -(120±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100
4.0x10-11 1.2x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 2.6x10-11 4.9x10-11 6.7x10-11 2.5x10-10 1.1x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.4x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 3.6x10-10 1.9x10-10 7.4x10-11
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
3.3x10-10 1.8x10-10 2.7x10-10 6.6x10-10
0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100
3.3x10-10 1.8x10-10 2.7x10-10 6.6x10-10
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5
1.5x10-10
0±100
1.5x10-10
1.2
Ox Reactions O + O3 → O2 + O2 O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + O2 → O + O2 O(1D) + O3 → O2 + O2 → O2 + O + O O(1D) + H2 → OH + H O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH O(1D) + N2 → O + N2 O(1D) + N2O → N2 + O2 → NO + NO O(1D) + NH3 → OH + NH2 O(1D) + CO2 → O + CO2 O(1D) + CH4 → products O(1D) + HCl → products O(1D) + HF → OH + F O(1D) + HBr → products O(1D) + Cl2 → products O(1D) + CCl2O → products O(1D) + CClFO → products O(1D) + CF2O → products O(1D) + CCl4 → products (CFC-10) O(1D) + CH3Br → products O(1D) + CH2Br2 → products O(1D) + CHBr3 → products O(1D) + CH3F → products (HFC-41)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction O(1D) + CH2F2 → products (HFC-32) O(1D) + CHF3 → products (HFC-23) O(1D) + CHCl2F → products (HCFC-21) O(1D) + CHClF2 → products (HCFC-22) O(1D) + CCl3F → products (CFC-11) O(1D) + CCl2F2 → products (CFC-12) O(1D) + CClF3 → products (CFC-13) O(1D) + CClBrF2 → products (Halon-1211) O(1D) + CBr2F2 → products (Halon-1202) O(1D) + CBrF3 → products (Halon-1301) O(1D) + CF4 → CF4 + O (CFC-14) O(1D) + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) O(1D) + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) O(1D) + CH3CCl2F → products (HCFC-141b) O(1D) + CH3CClF2 → products (HCFC-142b) O(1D) + CH3CF3 → products (HFC-143a) O(1D) + CH2ClCClF2 → products (HCFC-132b) O(1D) + CH2ClCF3 → products (HCFC-133a) O(1D) + CH2FCF3 → products (HFC-134a) O(1D) + CHCl2CF3 → products (HCFC-123) O(1D) + CHClFCF3 → products (HCFC-124) O(1D) + CHF2CF3 → products (HFC-125) O(1D) + CCl3CF3 → products (CFC-113a) O(1D) + CCl2FCClF2 → products (CFC-113) O(1D) + CCl2FCF3 → products (CFC-114a) O(1D) + CClF2CClF2 → products (CFC-114) O(1D) + CClF2CF3 → products (CFC-115) O(1D) + CBrF2CBrF2 → products (Halon-2402)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
5.1x10-11
0±100
5.1x10-11
1.3
9.1x10-12
0±100
9.1x10-12
1.2
1.9x10-10
0±100
1.9x10-10
1.3
1.0x10-10
0±100
1.0x10-10
1.2
2.3x10-10
0±100
2.3x10-10
1.2
1.4x10-10
0±100
1.4x10-10
1.3
8.7x10-11
0±100
8.7x10-11
1.3
1.5x10-10
0±100
1.5x10-10
1.3
2.2x10-10
0±100
2.2x10-10
1.3
1.0x10-10
0±100
1.0x10-10
1.3
-
-
2.0x10-14
1.5
2.6x10-10
0±100
2.6x10-10
1.3
2.0x10-10
0±100
2.0x10-10
1.3
2.6x10-10
0±100
2.6x10-10
1.3
2.2x10-10
0±100
2.2x10-10
1.3
1.0x10-10
0±100
1.0x10-10
3.0
1.6x10-10
0±100
1.6x10-10
2.0
1.2x10-10
0±100
1.2x10-10
1.3
4.9x10-11
0±100
4.9x10-11
1.3
2.0x10-10
0±100
2.0x10-10
1.3
8.6x10-11
0±100
8.6x10-11
1.3
1.2x10-10
0±100
1.2x10-10
2.0
2x10-10
0±100
2x10-10
2.0
2x10-10
0±100
2x10-10
2.0
1x10-10
0±100
1x10-10
2.0
1.3x10-10
0±100
1.3x10-10
1.3
5x10-11
0±100
5x10-11
1.3
1.6x10-10
0±100
1.6x10-10
1.3
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction O(1D) + CF3CF3 → O + CF3CF3 (CFC-116) O(1D) + CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 → products (HFC-338pcc) O(1D) + c-C4F8 → products O(1D) + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) O(1D) + C5F12 → products (CFC-41-12) O(1D) + C6F14 → products (CFC-51-14) O(1D) + 1,2-(CF3)2c-C4F6 → products O(1D) + SF6 → products
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
-
-
1.5x10-13
1.5
1.8x10-11 -
0±100 -
1.8x10-11 8x10-13
1.5 1.3
2.1x10-10
0±100
2.1x10-10
4
-
-
3.9x10-13
2
-
-
1x10-12
2
-
-
2.8x10-13 1.8x10-14
2 1.5
3.6x10-18 5.2x10-11 2.2x10-11 2.1x10-15 4.2x10-13
220±100 2840±500 0±200 0±200 0±200
<2x10-16 1.7x10-18 3.8x10-15 4.8x10-18 <9x10-17 <10-20 <2x10-20 8x10-14 3.9x10-17 2.2x10-11 5.4x10-12 <10-13 2.1x10-15 4.2x10-13
1.2 1.2 1.5 5.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2
2.2x10-11 3.0x10-11 1.4x10-12 1.4x10-10 8.1x10-11 1.6x10-12 5.5x10-12 5.0x10-12 4.2x10-12 4.8x10-11 2.9x10-12 1.1x10-14 2.3x10-13 1.7x10-33[M]
-(120±100) -(200±100) 2000±1000 470±200 0±100 940±300 2000±100 2130±200 240±240 -(250±200) 160±100 500± -(600±200) -(1000±400)
3.3x10-11 5.9x10-11 1.7x10-15 2.9x10-11 8.1x10-11 6.8x10-14 6.7x10-15 4.0x10-15 1.9x10-12 1.1x10-10 1.7x10-12 2.0x10-15 1.7x10-12 4.9x10-32[M]
1.2 1.2 2.0 1.25 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
6.5x10-12 1.0x10-11
-(120±120) 0±150
1.1 1.5
7.8x10-11
3400±750
9.7x10-12 1.0x10-11 <3.0x10-16 <3.0x10-17 8.6x10-16
Singlet O2 Reactions O2(1∆) + O → products O2(1∆) + O2 → products O2(1∆) + O3 → O + 2O2 O2(1∆) + H2O → products O2(1∆) + N → NO + O O2(1∆) + N2 → products O2(1∆) + CO2 → products O2(1Σ) + O → products O2(1Σ) + O2 → products O2(1Σ) + O3 → products O2(1Σ) + H2O → products O2(1Σ) + N → products O2(1Σ) + N2 → products O2(1Σ) + CO2 → products HOx Reactions O + OH → O2 + H O + HO2 → OH + O2 O + H2O2 → OH + HO2 H + O3 → OH + O2 H + HO2 → products OH + O3 → HO2 + O2 OH + H2 → H2O+ H OH + HD → products OH + OH → H2O + O OH + HO2 → H2O + O2 OH + H2O2 → H2O+ HO2 HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 H2O2 + O2 NOx Reactions O + NO2 → NO + O2 O + NO3→ O2 + NO2 O + N2O5 → products O + HNO3 → OH + NO3 O + HO2NO2 → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
3.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction H + NO2 → OH + NO OH + NO3 → products OH + HONO → H2O + NO2 OH + HNO3 → H2O + NO3 OH + HO2NO2 → products OH + NH3 → H2O + NH2 HO2 + NO → NO2 + OH HO2 + NO2 → ΗΟΝΟ + Ο2 HO2 + NO3 → products HO2 + NH2 → products N + O2 → NO + O N + O3 → NO + O2 N + NO → N2 + O N + NO2 → N2O + O NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 NO + NO3 → 2NO2 NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 NO2 + NO3 → NO + NO2 +O2 NO3 + NO3 → 2NO2 + O2 NH2 + O2 → products NH2 + O3 → products NH2 + NO → products NH2 + NO2 → products NH + NO → products NH + NO2 → products O3 + HNO2 → O2 + HNO3 N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 N2(A,v) + O2 → products N2(A,v) + O3 → products
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
4.0x10-10
340±300
1.8x10-11 See reference 1.3x10-12 1.7x10-12 3.5x10-12 See reference
390± 1.3 -(380±) 710±200 -(250±50)
1.3x10-10 2.2x10-11 4.5x10-12
1.3 1.5 1.5
4.6x10-12 1.6x10-13 8.1x10-12
1.5 1.2 1.15
3.5x10-12 3.4x10-11 8.5x10-17 <2.0x10-16 3.0x10-11 1.2x10-11 1.8x10-14 2.6x10-11 3.2x10-17
1.5 2.0 1.25
2.3x10-16 <6.0x10-21 1.9x10-13 1.8x10-11 1.9x10-11 4.9x10-11 1.6x10-11 <5.0x10-19 <2.0x10-21 2.5x10-12, v=0 4.1x10-11, v=0
1.5
1.3 10 1.3 1.25 1.25 3 1.25 1.2 1.3
1775±100
1.1x10-10 1.5x10-17 1.4x10-13 1.6x10-13 4.5x10-13 1.0x10-20 1.7x10-18 1.1x10-17 1.5x10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 6.3x10-15
1950 ± 200 0±200 600±300 -(200±200) 0±200 400±150 1070±100 660±100 -(270±200) 235±100 -(200±400)
5.0x10-15 1.0x10-11 8.9x10-13 7.4x10-12 4.0x10-13 3.1x10-14 2.4x10-13 1.1x10-12 1.4x10-11 3.2x10-12 8.0x10-13
1.15 1.25 1.2 1.5 1.3 3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3
1.5x10-11
3600±400
2.1x10-11 5.8x10-12 2.0x10-12 1.5x10-11 1.2x10-13 See reference 8.5x10-13
-(100±100) -(220±100) 1400±200 -(170±100) 2450±150
4.3x10-12 4.0x10-12 2.1x10-12 4.9x10-11 3.5x10-13
930±500 -(450±150) -(650±250) 0±300 -(1140±500)
2450±500
1.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.15
3.0 1.3 3.0 1.5 2.0
1.5 2.0
Reactions of Organic Compounds O + CH3 → products O + HCN → products O + C2H2 → products O + H2CO → products O + CH3CHO → CH3CO + OH O3 + C2H2 → products O3 + C2H4 → products O3 + C3H6 → products OH + CO → Products OH + CH4 → CH3 + H2O OH + 13CH4 → 13CH3 + H2O OH + CH3D → products OH + H2CO → H2O + HCO OH + CH3OH → products OH + CH3OOH → Products OH + HC(O)OH → products OH + HCN → products OH + C2H6 → H2O + C2H5 OH + C3H8 → H2O + C3H7 OH + CH3CHO → CH3CO + H2O OH + C2H5OH → products OH + CH3C(O)OH → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
1.1x10-10 1.0x10-11 3.0x10-11 3.4x10-11 1.8x10-11 1.0x10-14 1.2x10-14 6.5x10-15 1.5x10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 2.45x10-12 See reference 3.5x10-12 1.0x10-11 6.7x10-12 3.8x10-12 4.0x10-13 1.2x10-13 8.7 x 10-12 1.0 x 10-11 5.6x10-12 7.0x10-12 4.0x10-13
0±250 4000±1000 1600±250 1600±250 1100±200 4100±500 2630±100 1900±200 0±300
1.1
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction OH + CH3C(O)CH3 → CH3C(O)CH2 + H2O OH + CH3CN → products OH+ CH3ONO2 → products OH + CH3C(O)O2NO2 (PAN)→ products OH+ C2H5ONO2 → products HO2 + CH2O → adduct HO2 + CH3O2 → CH3OOH + O2 HO2 + C2H5O2 → C2H5OOH + O2 HO2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products NO3 + CO → products NO3 + CH2O → products NO3 + CH3CHO → products CH3 + O2 → products CH3 + O3 → products HCO + O2 → CO + HO2 CH2OH + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + NO → CH2O + HNO CH3O+ NO2 → CH2O + HONO CH3O2 + O3 → products CH3O2 + CH3O2 → products CH3O2 + NO → CH3O + NO2 CH3O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products C2H5 + O2 → C2H4 + HO2 C2H5O + O2 → CH3CHO + HO2 C2H5O2 + C2H5O2 → products C2H5O2 + NO → products CH3C(O)O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products CH3C(O)O2 + NO → products
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
2.2 x 10-12 7.8x10-13 5.0x10-13
685±100 1050±200 890±500
2.2x10-13 2.3x10-14 2.4x10-14
1.15 1.5 3
8.2x10-13 6.7x10-15 3.8x10-13 7.5x10-13 4.5x10-13
450±300 -(600±600) -(800±400) -(700±250) -(1000±600)
1.4x10-12
1900±300
5.4x10-12 3.5x10-12 9.1x10-12 3.9x10-14 See reference 1.1 x 10-11
220±150 -(140±140) 0±200 900±300
2.5x10-13 3.0x10-12 1.3x10-12
-(190±190) -(280±60) -(640±200)
6.3 x 10-14 6.8x10-14 2.6x10-12
<4 x 10-14 1.8x10-13 5.0x10-14 5.6x10-12 8.0x10-12 1.3x10-11 <4.0x10-19 5.8x10-16 2.4x10-15 <3.0x10-16 2.6x10-12 5.5x10-12 9.1x10-12 1.9x10-15
3 5 2 1.5 2 1.3 1.3 2 1.3 1.3 1.5 5
550±200 0±300 -(365±150)
2.0 x 10-13 <3.0x10-17 4.7x10-13 7.7x10-12 1.1x10-11 <2.0x10-14 1.0x10-14 6.8x10-14 8.7x10-12
2.9x10-12 5.3x10-12
-(500±150) -(360±150)
1.5x10-11 1.8x10-11
1.5 1.4
2.7x10-11 5.0x10-11
0±250 0±250
2.7x10-11 5.0x10-11
3.0 5.0
3.0x10-12
1500±300
2.0x10-14
1.1
1.9x10-12
1550±200
1.0x10-14
1.2
1.0x10-12
2440±200
2.8x10-16 <2x10-17
1.3
7.0x10-12
1100±300
1.7x10-13
1.4
2.4x10-12
1260±200
3.5x10-14
1.2
1.7x10-11
1500±500
1.1x10-13
2.0
1.8x10-12
2170±150
1.2x10-15
1.1
4.0x10-12
1650±300
1.6x10-14
1.5
1.5x10-12
1750±200
4.2x10-15
1.1
1200±600
1.5 1.15 1.5 1.5 2 1.2
FOx Reactions O + FO → F + O2 O + FO2 → FO + O2 OH + CH3F → CH2F + H2O (HFC-41) OH + CH2F2 → CHF2 + H2O (HFC-32) OH + CHF3 → CF3 + H2O (HFC-23) OH + CF3OH → CF3O + H2O OH + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) OH + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) OH + CH2FCH2F → CHFCH2F (HFC-152) + H2O OH + CH3CF3 → CH2CF3 + H2O (HFC-143a) OH + CH2FCHF2 → products (HFC-143) OH + CH2FCF3 → CHFCF3 + H2O (HFC-134a)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction OH + CHF2CHF2 → CF2CHF2 (HFC-134) + H2O OH + CHF2CF3 → CF2CF3 + H2O (HFC-125) OH + CH3OCHF2 → products (HFOC-152a) OH + CF3OCH3 → CF3OCH2 + H2O (HFOC-143a) OH + CF2HOCF2H → CF2OCF2H (HFOC-134) + H2O OH + CF3OCHF2 → CF3OCF2 + H2O (HFOC-125) OH + CF3CH2CH3 → products (HFC-263fb) OH + CH2FCF2CHF2 → products (HFC-245ca) OH + CHF2CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-245ea) OH + CF3CHFCH2F → products (HFC-245eb) OH + CHF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-245fa) OH + CF3CF2CH2F → CF3CF2CHF (HFC-236cb) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-236ea) OH + CF3CH2CF3 → CF3CHCF3 (HFC-236fa) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCF3 → CF3CFCF3+H2O (HFC-227ea) OH + CHF2OCH2CF3 → products (HFOC-245fa) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH3 → products (HFC-365mfc) OH + CF3CH2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-356mff) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2F → products (HFC-356mcf) OH + CHF2CF2CF2CF2H → products (HFC-338pcc) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-458mfcf) OH + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3 → (HFC-55-10-mcff) products F + O3 → FO + O2 F + H2 → HF + H F + H2O → HF + OH F + HNO3 → HF + NO3 F + CH4 → HF + CH3 FO + O3 → products FO + NO → NO2 + F FO + FO → 2 F + O2 FO2 + O3 → products FO2 + NO → FNO + O2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
1.6x10-12
1680±300
5.7x10-15
2.0
5.6x10-13
1700±300
1.9x10-15
1.3
6.0x10-12
1530±150
3.5x10-14
1.2
1.5x10-12
1450±150
1.2x10-14
1.1
1.9x10-12
2000±150
2.3x10-15
1.2
4.7x10-13
2100±300
4.1x10-16
1.2
-
-
4.2x10-14
1.5
2.4x10-12
1660±150
9.1x10-15
1.3
-
-
1.6x10-14
2.0
-
-
1.5x10-14
2.0
6.1x10-13
1330±150
7.0x10-15
1.2
1.5x10-12
1750±500
4.2x10-15
2.0
1.1x10-12
1590±150
5.3x10-15
1.1
1.3x10-12
2480±150
3.2x10-16
1.1
5.0x10-13
1700±300
1.7x10-15
1.1
2.6x10-12
1610±150
1.2x10-14
2.0
2.0x10-12
1750±200
5.7x10-15
1.3
3.0x10-12
1800±300
7.1x10-15
1.3
1.7x10-12
1110±200
4.2x10-14
2.0
7.8x10-13
1530±200
4.6x10-15
1.5
1.2x10-12
1830±200
2.6x10-15
2.0
5.2x10-13
1500±300
3.4x10-15
1.3
2.2x10-11 1.4x10-10 1.4x10-11 6.0x10-12 1.6x10-10
230±200 500±200 0±200 -(400±200) 260±200
1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4
8.2x10-12 1.0x10-11
-(300±200) 0±250
7.5x10-12
690±400
8.3x10-15 1.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 1.4x10-11 2.3x10-11 6.7x10-11 <1 x 10-14 2.2x10-11 1.0x10-11 <3.4x10-16 7.5x10-13
1.5 1.5 2.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction FO2 + NO2 → products FO2 + CO → products FO2 + CH4 → products CF3O + O2 → FO2 + CF2O CF3O + O3 → CF3O2 + O2 CF3O + H2O → OH + CF3OH CF3O + NO → CF2O + FNO CF3O + NO2 → products CF3O + CO → products CF3O + CH4 → CH3 + CF3OH CF3O + C2H6 → C2H5 + CF3OH CF3O2 + O3 → CF3O + 2O2 CF3O2 + CO → CF3O + CO2 CF3O2 + NO → CF3O + NO2
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
3.8x10-11
2040±500
<3 x 10-11 2 x 10-12 3 x 10-12 3.7 x 10-11 See reference
5000 1400±600 >3600 -(110±70)
2.6 x 10-12 4.9 x 10-12
1420±200 400±100
5.4 x 10-12
-(320±150)
<2 x 10-15 2.2 x 10-14 1.3 x 10-12 <3 x 10-15 <5 x 10-16 1.6 x 10-11
3.0x10-11 2.4x10-12 2.7x10-11 1.0x10-11 1.7x10-13 2.9x10-12 2.1x10-12 1.4x10-12 1.1x10-11 4.5x10-13 2.6x10-12 3.0x10-12 2.4x10-12 1.2x10-12 4.0x10-12 3.8x10-12 2.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12
-(70±70) 960±300 530±150 3300±350 0±300 800±200 4700±1000 900±400 -(120±150) -(800±200) 350±100 500±500 1250±300 330±200 1400±250 1050±150 900±150 >2300
3.8x10-11 1.0x10-13 4.5x10-12 1.5x10-16 1.7x10-13 2.0x10-13 3.0x10-19 <1.0x10-19 6.7x10-14 1.7x10-11 6.8x10-12 8.0x10-13 5.0x10-13 3.6x10-14 3.9x10-13 3.6x10-14 1.1x10-13 1.0x10-13 <5.0x10-16
1.2 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 -
~1.0x10-12
>3700
<5.0x10-18
-
~1.0x10-12
>3600
<6.0x10-18
-
2.8x10-12
1270±200
3.9x10-14
1.2
1.7x10-12
1250±150
2.6x10-14
1.2
1.0x10-12 2.4x10-12
1600±150 360±200
4.7x10-15 7.2x10-13
1.1 3.0
1.8x10-12 4.9x10-13 9.4x10-12 8.2x10-12
1550±150 -(450±200) 1200±200 600±300
1.0x10-14 2.2x10-12 1.7x10-13 1.1x10-12
1.1 1.25
1.7x10-12
1700±150
5.7x10-15
1.2
1.3x10-12
1800±150
3.1x10-15
1.2
4.0x10-14 <5.1x10-16 <2x10-16 <1.5 x 10-18 1.8 x 10-14 <2 x 10-17 5.4 x 10-11
f(298) 2.0
1.3 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1
ClOx Reactions O + ClO → Cl + O2 O + OClO → ClO + O2 O + Cl2O → ClO + ClO O + HCl → OH + Cl O + HOCl → OH + ClO O + ClONO2 → products O3 + OClO → products O3 + Cl2O2 → products OH + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl OH + ClO → products OH + OClO → HOCl + O2 OH + HCl → H2O + Cl OH + HOCl → H2O + ClO OH + ClNO2 → HOCl + NO2 OH + ClONO2 → products OH + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + H2O OH + CH2Cl2 → CHCl2 + H2O OH + CHCl3 → CCl3 + H2O OH + CCl4 → products OH + CFCl3 → products (CFC-11) OH + CF2Cl2 → products (CFC-12) OH + CH2ClF → CHClF + H2O (HCFC-31) OH + CHFCl2 → CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-21) OH + CHF2Cl → CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-22) OH + CH3OCl → products OH + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + H2O (HCC-140) OH + C2HCl3 → products OH + C2Cl4 → products OH + CCl3CHO → H2O + CCl3CO OH + CH3CFCl2 → CH2CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-141b) OH + CH3CF2Cl → CH2CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-142b)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
1.25
1.5
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction OH + CH2ClCF2Cl → CHClCF2Cl (HCFC-132b) + H2O OH + CHCl2CF2Cl → CCl2CF2Cl (HCFC-122) + H2O OH + CHFClCFCl2 → CFClCFCl2 (HCFC-122a) + H2O OH + CH2ClCF3 → CHClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-133a) OH + CHCl2CF3 → CCl2CF3 + H2O (HCFC-123) OH + CHFClCF2Cl → CFClCF2Cl (HCFC-123a) + H2O OH + CHFClCF3 → CFClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-124) OH + CH3CF2CFCl2 → products (HCFC-243cc) OH + CF3CF2CHCl2 → products (HCFC-225ca) OH + CF2ClCF2CHFCl → products (HCFC-225cb) HO2 + Cl → HCl + O2 → OH + ClO HO2 + ClO → HOCl + O2 H2O + ClONO2 → products NO + OClO → NO2 + ClO NO + Cl2O2 → products NO3 + HCl → HNO3 + Cl HO2NO2 + HCl → products Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 Cl + H2 → HCl + H Cl + H2O2 → HCl + HO2 Cl + NO3 → ClO + NO2 Cl + N2O → ClO + N2 Cl + HNO3 → products Cl + CH4 → HCl + CH3 Cl + CH3D → products Cl + H2CO → HCl + HCO Cl + CH3O2 → products Cl + CH3OH → CH2OH + HCl Cl + C2H6 → HCl + C2H5 Cl + C2H5O2 → ClO + C2H5O → HCl + C2H4O2 Cl + CH3CN → products Cl + CH3CO3NO2 → products Cl + C3H8 → HCl + C3H7 Cl + OClO → ClO + ClO Cl + ClOO → Cl2 + O2 → ClO + ClO Cl + Cl2O → Cl2 + ClO Cl + Cl2O2 → products Cl + HOCl → products Cl + ClNO → NO + Cl2 Cl + ClONO2 → products Cl + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + HCl Cl + CH2Cl2 → HCl + CHCl2 Cl + CHCl3 → HCl + CCl3
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
3.6x10-12
1600±400
1.7x10-14
2.0
1.0x10-12
900±150
4.9x10-14
1.2
1.0x10-12
1250±150
1.5x10-14
1.1
5.2x10-13
1100±300
1.3x10-14
1.3
7.0x10-13
900±150
3.4x10-14
1.2
9.2x10-13
1280±150
1.3x10-14
1.2
8.0x10-13
1350±150
8.6x10-15
1.2
7.7x10-13
1700±300
2.6x10-15
2.0
1.0x10-12
1100±200
2.5x10-14
1.3
5.5x10-13 1.8x10-11 4.1x10-11 4.8x10-13 2.5x10-12 2.9x10-11 3.7x10-11 1.1x10-11 2.4x10-11 See reference 1.1x10-11 8.1x10-11 5.4x10-11 7.7x10-11 1.6x10-11 1.2x10-10 3.4x10-11 2.3x10-10 1.2x10-11 6.2x10-11 2.5x10-12 5.8x10-11 6.5x10-12 3.2x10-11 3.1x10-11 8.2x10-12
1250±200 -(170±200) 450±200 -(700±) 600±300 260±100 2300±200 980±500 0±400
8.3x10-15 3.2x10-11 9.1x10-12 5.0x10-12 <2.0x10-21 3.4x10-13 <2.0x10-14 <5.0x10-17 <1.0x10-21 1.2x10-11 1.6x10-14 4.1x10-13 2.4x10-11
1400±150 30±100 0±250 90±90 2140±300 -(40±250) -(160±200) 0±250 0±250 -(130±130) 130±250 -(100±200) -(135±50) 1250±200 1350±500 1325±300
<2.0x10-16 1.0x10-13 7.4x10-14 7.3x10-11 1.6x10-10 5.4x10-11 5.7x10-11 7.4x10-11 7.7x10-11 1.2x10-14 <1x10-14 1.4x10-10 5.8x10-11 2.3x10-10 1.2x10-11 9.6x10-11 1.0x10-10 1.6x10-12 8.1x10-11 1.0x10-11 4.8x10-13 3.3x10-13 9.6x10-14
1.3
1.5 2.0 1.4 2.0 1.15 1.25 1.5
1.5 1.1 2.0 1.15 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.25 3.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.3
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction Cl + CH3F → HCl + CH2F (HFC-41) Cl + CH2F2 → HCl + CHF2 (HFC-32) Cl + CF3H → HCl + CF3 (HFC-23) Cl + CH2FCl → HCl + CHFCl (HCFC-31) Cl + CHFCl2 → HCl + CFCl2 (HCFC-21) Cl + CHF2Cl → HCl + CF2Cl (HCFC-22) Cl + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + HCl Cl + CH3CH2F → HCl + CH3CHF (HFC-161) → HCl + CH2CH2F Cl + CH3CHF2 → HCl + CH3CF2 (HFC-152a) → HCl + CH2CHF2 Cl + CH2FCH2F → HCl + CHFCH2F (HFC-152) Cl + CH3CFCl2 → HCl + CH2CFCl2 (HCFC-141b) Cl + CH3CF2Cl → HCl + CH2CF2Cl (HCFC-142b) Cl + CH3CF3 → HCl + CH2CF3 (HFC-143a) Cl + CH2FCHF2 → HCl + CH2FCF2 (HFC-143) → HCl + CHFCHF2 Cl + CH2ClCF3 → HCl + CHClCF3 (HCFC-133a) Cl + CH2FCF3 → HCl + CHFCF3 (HFC-134a) Cl + CHF2CHF2 → HCl + CF2CHF2 (HCF-134) Cl + CHCl2CF3 → HCl + CCl2CF3 (HCFC-123) Cl + CHFClCF3 → HCl + CFClCF3 (HCFC-124) Cl + CHF2CF3 → HCl + CF2CF3 (HFC-125) ClO + O3 → ClOO + O2 → OClO + O2 ClO + H2 → products ClO + NO → NO2 + Cl ClO + NO3 → ClOO + NO2 ClO + N2O → products ClO + CO → products ClO + CH4 → products ClO + H2CO → products ClO + CH3O2 → products ClO + ClO → Cl2 + O2 → ClOO + Cl → OClO + Cl HCl + ClONO2 → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
2.0x10-11
1200±500
3.5x10-13
1.3
1.2x10-11
1630±500
5.0x10-14
1.5
-
-
3.0x10-18
5.0
1.2x10-11
1390±500
1.1x10-13
2.0
5.5x10-12
1675±200
2.0x10-14
1.3
5.9x10-12 2.8x10-12
2430±200 1790±400
1.7x10-15 7.0x10-15
1.3 2.0
1.8x10-11 1.4x10-11
290±500 880±500
6.8x10-12 7.3x10-13
3.0 3.0
6.4x10-12 7.2x10-12
950±500 2390±500
2.6x10-13 2.4x10-15
1.3 3.0
2.6x10-11
1060±500
7.5x10-13
3.0
1.8x10-12
2000±300
2.2x10-15
1.2
1.4x10-12
2420±500
4.2x10-16
1.2
1.2x10-11
3880±500
2.6x10-17
5.0
5.5x10-12 7.7x10-12
1610±500 1720±500
2.5x10-14 2.4x10-14
3.0 3.0
1.8x10-12
1710±500
5.9x10-15
3.0
-
-
1.5x10-15
1.2
7.5x10-12
2430±500
2.2x10-15
1.5
4.4x10-12
1750±500
1.2x10-14
1.3
1.1x10-12
1800±500
2.7x10-15
1.3
1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 6.4x10-12 4.7x10-13 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 3.3x10-12 1.0x10-12 3.0x10-11 3.5x10-13 -
>4000 >4800 -(290±100) 0±400 >4300 >3700 >3700 >2100 115±115 1590±300 2450±500 1370±300 -
2.4x10-16 <1.4x10-17 <1.0x10-18 <1.0x10-19 1.7x10-11 4.7x10-13 <6.0x10-19 <4.0x10-18 <4.0x10-18 <1.0x10-15 2.2x10-12 4.8x10-15 8.0x10-15 3.5x10-15 <1.0x10-20
1.3 1.15 1.5 -
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 -
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction CH2ClO + O2 → CHClO + HO2 CH2ClO2 + HO2 → CH2ClO2H + O2 CH2ClO2 + NO → CH2ClO + NO2 CCl3O2 + NO → CCl2O + NO2 + Cl CCl2FO2 + NO → CClFO + NO2 + Cl CClF2O2 + NO → CF2O + NO2 + Cl
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
-
-
6 x 10-14
5
3.3 x 10-13 7 x 10-12 7.3 x 10-12
-(820±200) -(300±200) -(270±200)
5.2 x 10-12 1.9 x 10-11 1.8 x 10-11
1.5 1.5 1.3
4.5 x 10-12
-(350±200)
1.5 x 10-11
1.3
3.8 x 10-12
-(400±200)
1.5 x 10-11
1.2
1.9x10-11 5.8x10-12 1.2x10-10 4.2x10-11 1.1x10-11 4.0x10-12 2.4x10-12 1.6x10-12 1.1x10-12 2.3x10-12 1.4x10-12 7.2x10-13 1.3x10-12 9.3x10-13 1.5x10-11 3.4x10-12 4.3x10-11 1.5x10-11 6.4x10-12 1.7x10-11 1.0x10-11 1.7x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.1x10-11 ~1.0x10-12 8.8x10-12 1.6x10-12 2.9x10-12 5.8x10-13 1.5x10-12
-(230±150) 1500±200 430±300 0±600 0±250 1470±150 900±300 710±200 1400±200 930±150 1340±200 1110±150 995±150 1250±150 600±600 -(540±200) 1370±500 1060±100 810±100 800±200 >3000 800±200 1300±300 470±150 >3200 -(260±130) -(430±200) -(220±200) -(170±200) -(230±150)
4.1x10-11 3.8x10-14 2.8x10-11 4.2x10-11 7.5x10-11 1.1x10-11 2.9x10-14 1.2x10-13 1.5x10-13 1.0x10-14 1.0x10-13 <1.5x10-16 <5.0x10-16 <1.2x10-16 1.6x10-14 1.8x10-14 4.5x10-14 1.4x10-14 <1.5x10-16 2.0x10-12 2.1x10-11 <1.0x10-16 4.3x10-13 4.3x10-13 4.2x10-13 1.2x10-12 <5.0x10-16 1.6x10-11 1.1x10-12 3.4x10-13 4.3x10-12 3.0x10-12 <2.0x10-17 2.1x10-11 1.0x10-12 6.8x10-12 6.1x10-12 1.0x10-12 3.2x10-12
1.5 1.3 3.0 1.3 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.1 1.2
4x10-12
-(300±200)
1.1 x 10-11
1.5
BrOx Reactions O + BrO → Br + O2 O + HBr → OH + Br O + HOBr → OH + BrO OH + Br2 → HOBr + Br OH + BrO → products OH + HBr → H2O + Br OH + CH3Br → CH2Br + H2O OH + CH2Br2 → CHBr2 + H2O OH + CHBr3 → CBr3 + H2O OH + CHF2Br → CF2Br + H2O OH + CH2ClBr → CHClBr + H2O OH + CF2ClBr → products OH + CF2Br2 → products OH + CF3Br → products OH + CH2BrCF3 → CHBrCF3 + H2O OH + CHFBrCF3 → CFBrCF3 OH + CHClBrCF3 → CClBrCF3 + H2O OH + CF2BrCHFCl → CF2BrCFCl + H2O OH + CF2BrCF2Br → products HO2 + Br → HBr + O2 HO2 + BrO → products NO3 + HBr → HNO3 + Br Cl + CH2ClBr → HCl + CHClBr Cl + CH3Br → HCl + CH2Br Cl + CH2Br2 → HCl + CHBr2 Br + O3 → BrO + O2 Br + H2O2 → HBr + HO2 Br + NO3 → BrO + NO2 Br + H2CO → HBr + HCO Br + OClO → BrO + ClO Br + Cl2O → BrCl + ClO Br + Cl2O2 → products BrO + O3 → products BrO + NO → NO2 + Br BrO + NO3 → products BrO + ClO → Br + OClO → Br + ClOO → BrCl + O2 BrO + BrO → products CH2BrO2 + NO → CH2O + NO2 + Br
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
-
1.3
1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 3.0 1.2 1.2 1.2
2.0 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0 1.15 3.0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
1.4x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.8x10-10 3.0x10-11 7.2x10-14 3.1x10-14 3.8x10-13 8.4x10-11
1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 1.5
IOx Reactions O + I2 → IO + I O + IO → O2 + I OH + I2 → ΗΟΙ + Ι OH + HI → H2O + I OH + CH3I → H2O + CH2I OH + CF3I → HOI + CF3 HO2 + I → HI + O2 HO2 + IO → HOI + O2 NO3 + HI → HNO3 + I I + O3 → IO + O2 I + BrO → IO + Br IO + NO → I + NO2 IO + ClO → products IO + BrO → products IO + IO → products INO + INO → I2 + 2NO INO2 + INO2 → I2 + 2NO2
1.4x10-10
0±250
3.1x10-12
1120±500
1.5x10-11
1090±500
See reference 2.3x10-11 9.1x10-12 5.1x10-12 1.5x10-11 8.4x10-11 2.9x10-11
870±200 -(240±150) -(280±200) -(500±500) 2620±600 2600±1000
1.2x10-12 1.2x10-11 2.0x10-11 1.3x10-11 6.9x10-11 8.0x10-11 1.3x10-14 4.7x10-15
1.2 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.0
2.7x10-10 9.2x10-12 2.1x10-11 3.2x10-11 1.3x10-11 5.5x10-11 3.0x10-12 6.0x10-12 1.1x10-13 See reference 9.9x10-12 1.2x10-11 6.0x10-11 4.4x10-13 1.9x10-13 1.3x10-12 -
760±250 1800±550 2200±150 650±150 -(410±100) -(250±100) >7000 75±75 1200±500 -(360±100) 260±100 -(400±200) -(210±210) -(500±200) 270±270 -
1.6x10-10 2.1x10-11 2.2x10-14 1.3x10-14 3.6x10-12 5.0x10-11 1.3x10-10 <2.0x10-20 <1.0x10-18 <2.0x10-22 4.7x10-12 1.9x10-15 3.3x10-11 5.0x10-12 2.3x10-10 6.6x10-11 8.6x10-11 <3.0x10-15 <4.0x10-15 <5.0x10-15 <1.0x10-18 <2.0x10-26 <8.0x10-16 <1.0x10-16 <4.0x10-16 8.9x10-13 1.0x10-12 5.3x10-13 <7.0x10-21 <1.0x10-17 <5.0x10-17 2.4.x10-10
5.0 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.15 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.25 1.2 1.4 -
SOx Reactions O + SH → SO + H O + CS → CO + S O + H2S → OH + SH O + OCS → CO + SO O + CS2 → CS + SO O + CH3SCH3 → CH3SO + CH3 O + CH3SSCH3 → CH3SO + CH3S O3 + H2S → products O3 + CH3SCH3 → products O3 + SO2 → SO3 + O2 OH + H2S → SH + H2O OH + OCS → products OH + CS2 → products OH + CH3SH → CH3S + H2O OH + CH3SCH3 → H2O + CH2SCH3 OH + CH3SSCH3 → products OH + S → H + SO OH + SO → H + SO2 HO2 + H2S → products HO2 + CH3SH → products HO2 + CH3SCH3 → products HO2 + SO2 → products NO2 + SO2 → products NO3+ H2S → products NO3 + OCS → products NO3 + CS2 → products NO3 + CH3SH → products NO3 + CH3SCH3→ CH3SCH2 + HNO3 NO3 + CH3SSCH3 → products NO3 + SO2 → products N2O5 + CH3SCH3 → products CH3O2 + SO2 → products F + CH3SCH3 → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
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2.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction Cl + H2S → HCl + SH Cl + OCS → products Cl + CS2 → products Cl + CH3SH → CH3S + HCl Cl + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + OCS → products ClO + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + SO → Cl +SO2 ClO + SO2 → Cl + SO3 Br + H2S → HBr + SH Br + CH3SH → CH3S + HBr Br + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + SO → Br + SO2 IO + CH3SH → products IO + CH3SCH3 → products S + O2 → SO + O S + O3 → SO + O2 SO + O2 → SO2 + O SO + O3 → SO2 + O2 SO + NO2 → SO2 + NO SO + OClO → SO2 + ClO SO3 + H2O → products SO3 + NO2 → products SH + O2 → OH + SO SH + O3 → HSO + O2 SH + H2O2 → products SH + NO2 → HSO + NO SH + Cl2 → ClSH + Cl SH + BrCl → products SH + Br2 → BrSH + Br SH + F2 → FSH + F HSO + O2 → products HSO + O3 → products HSO + NO → products HSO + NO2 → HSO2 + NO HSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO2 HOSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO3 CS + O2 → OCS + O CS + O3 → OCS + O2 CS + NO2 → OCS + NO CH3S + O2 → products CH3S + O3 → products CH3S + NO → products CH3S + NO2 → CH3SO + NO CH2SH + O2 → products CH2SH + O3 → products CH2SH + NO → products CH2SH + NO2 → products CH3SO + O3 → products CH3SO + NO2 → CH3SO2 + NO CH3SOO + O3 → products CH3SOO + NO → products CH3SO2+ NO2 → products CH3SCH2 + NO3 → products CH3SCH2O2 + NO → CH3SCH2O + NO2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
3.7x10-11 1.2x10-10 See reference 2.8x10-11 1.4x10-11 9.2x10-12 See reference 1.5x10-14
-(210±100) -(150±50) 0±50 2750±300 390±100
7.4x10-11 <1.0x10-16 <4.0x10-15 2.0x10-10 <2.0x10-16 9.5x10-15 2.8x10-11 <4.0x10-18 1.4x10-15 2.5x10-12
1.25 1.25 2.0 1.3 2.0 2.0
-(850±200)
2.3x10-12
0±200
2.6x10-13 3.6x10-12 1.4x10-11
2400±500 1100±200 0±50
2.6x10-13 5.7x10-11 6.6x10-16 1.2x10-14 2.3x10-12 1.2x10-11 8.4x10-17 9.0x10-14 1.4x10-11 1.9x10-12 1.0x10-19 <4.0x10-19 3.5x10-12 <5.0x10-15 6.5x10-11 1.7x10-12 7.4x10-11 1.0x10-10 4.0x10-13 <2.0x10-17 1.0x10-13 <1.0x10-15 9.6x10-12 3.0x10-13 4.4x10-13 2.9x10-19 3.0x10-16 7.6x10-17 <3.0x10-18 5.3x10-12 <1.0x10-13 6.1x10-11 6.5x10-12 3.5x10-11 1.9x10-11 5.2x10-11 6.0x10-13 1.2x10-11 <8.0x10-13 1.1x10-11 2.2x10-11 3.0 x 10-10 1.9 x 10-11
1.3 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 3.0 10.0 1.3 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 3.0
See reference
9.0x10-12
280±200
2.9x10-11 1.7x10-11 2.3x10-11 6.0x10-11 4.3x10-11
-(240±50) 690±200 -(350±200) -(160±160) 1390±200
1.3x10-12
330±200
2.0x10-12
-(290±100)
2.1x10-11
-(320±100)
1.1x10-11 2.2x10-11
0±100 0±100
3.0
1.15 1.15 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
Reaction
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
4.6x10-13 1.8x10-11 4.5x10-12
2.0 2.0 2.0
7.3x10-10 <4.0x10-11 1.3x10-12 7.3x10-10 3.7x10-10 1.6x10-10 6.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.2x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 2.2x10-11 <10-14 2.3x10-10 2.8x10-10
1.2 1.2 1.3 3.0 1.5 3.0
CH3SS + O3 → products CH3SS + NO2 → products CH3SSO + NO2 → products Metal Reactions Na + O3 → NaO + O2 → NaO2 + O Na + N2O → NaO + N2 Na + Cl2 → NaCl + Cl NaO + O → Na + O2 NaO + O3 → NaO2 + O2 → Na + 2O2 NaO + H2 → NaOH + H NaO + H2O → NaOH + OH NaO + NO → Na + NO2 NaO + HCl → products NaO2 + O→ NaO + O2 NaO2 + NO→ NaO + NO2 NaO2 + HCl→ products NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
1.0x10-9 2.8x10-10 7.3x10-10 3.7x10-10 1.1x10-9 6.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.2x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 2.2x10-11 2.3x10-10 2.8x10-10
95±50 1600±400 0±200 0±400 570±300 0±800 0±600 0±400 0±400 0±400 0±600 0±400 0±400
2.0
2.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0
Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.
Reaction
Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n
High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m
Ox Reactions O + O2→ O3
(6.0±0.5) (-34)
2.3±0.5
-
-
O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + N2→ N2O
(3.5±3.0) (-37)
0.6
-
-
HOx Reactions H + O2 → HO2 OH + OH → H2O2
(5.7±0.5) (-32) (6.2±1.2) (-31)
1.6±0.5 1.0
(7.5±4.0) (-11) (2.6±1.0) (-11)
0±1.0 0±0.5
NOx Reactions O + NO → NO2 O + NO2 → NO3 OH + NO → HONO OH + NO2 → HNO3 HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 NO3 → NO + O2
(9.0±2.0) (-32) (9.0±1.0) (-32) (7.0±1.0) (-31) (2.5±0.1) (-30) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (2.2±0.5) (-30) See reference
1.5±0.3 2.0±1.0 2.6±0.3 4.4±0.3 3.2±0.4 3.9±1.0
(3.0±1.0) (-11) (2.2±0.3) (-11) (3.6±1.0) (-11) (1.6±0.2) (-11) (4.7±1.0) (-12) (1.5±0.8) (-12)
0±1.0 0±1.0 0.1±0.5 1.7±0.2 1.4±1.4 0.7±0.4
Hydrocarbon Reactions CH3 + O2 → CH3O2 C2H5 + O2 → C2H5O2 OH + C2H2 → HOCHCH OH + C2H4 → HOCH2CH2
(4.5±1.5) (-31) (1.5±1.0) (-28) (5.5±2.0) (-30) (1.0±0.6) (-28)
3.0±1.0 3.0±1.0 0.0±0.2 0.8±2.0
(1.8±0.2) (-12) (8.0±1.0) (-12) (8.3±1.0) (-13) (8.8±0.9) (-12)
1.7±1.7 0±1.0 -2 0
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.
Reaction
Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n
CH3O + NO → CH3ONO CH3O + NO2 → CH3ONO2 C2H5O + NO → C2H5ONO C2H5O + NO2 → C2H5ONO2 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2
High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m
(1.4±0.5) (-29) (1.1±0.4) (-28) (2.8±1.0) (-27) (2.0±1.0) (-27) (1.5±0.8) (-30)
3.8±1.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0
(3.6±1.6) (-11) (1.6±0.5) (-11) (5.0±1.0) (-11) (2.8±0.4) (-11) (6.5±3.2) (-12)
0.6±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.0±2.0
(9.7±3.8) (-29)
5.6±2.8
(9.3±0.4)(-12)
1.5±0.3
FOx Reactions F + O2 → FO2 F + NO → FNO F + NO2 → FNO2 FO + NO2 → FONO2 CF3 + O2 → CF3O2 CF3O + NO2 → CF3ONO2 CF3O2 + NO2CF3O2NO2 CF3O + CO → CF3OCO CF3O → CF2O + F
(4.4±0.4) (-33) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (6.3±3.0) (-32) (2.6±2.0) (-31) (3.0±0.3) (-29) See reference (2.2±0.5) (-29) (2.5±0.2) (-31) See reference
1.2±0.5 1.0±10 2.0±2.0 1.3±1.3 4.0±2.0
(2.8±1.4) (-10) (2.6±1.3) (-10) (2.0±1.0) (-11) (4.0±1.0) (-12)
0.0±1.0 0.0±1.0 1.5±1.5 1.0±1.0
5.0±1.0 -
(6.0±1.0) (-12) (6.8±0.4) (-14)
2.5±1.0 -1.2
ClOx Reactions Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + NO → ClNO Cl + NO2 ClONO → ClNO2 Cl + CO → ClCO Cl + C2H2 → ClC2H2 Cl + C2H4 → ClC2H4 Cl + C2Cl4 → C2Cl5 ClO + NO2 → ClONO2 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + O → ClO3 CH2Cl + O2 → CH2ClO2 CHCl2 + O2 → CHCl2O2 CCl3 + O2 → CCl3O2 CFCl2 + O2 → CFCl2O2 CF2Cl + O2 → CF2ClO2 CCl3O2 + NO2 → CCl3O2NO2 CFCl2O2 + NO2 → CFCl2O2NO2 CF2ClO2 + NO2 → CF2ClO2NO2
(2.7±1.0) (-33) (9.0±2.0) (-32) (1.3±0.2) (-30) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (1.3±0.5) (-33) ((5.9±1.0) (-30) (1.6±1) (-29) (1.4±0.6) (-28) (1.8±0.3) (-31) See reference (2.2±0.4) (-32) (6.2±1.0) (-32) (1.9±0.5) (-31) (1.9±0.1) (-30) (1.3±0.1) (-30) (6.9±0.2) (-31) (5.0±0.8) (-30) (3.0±1.5) (-30) (5.0±1.0) (-29) (3.5±0.5) (-29) (3.3±0.7) (-29)
1.5±0.5 1.6±0.5 2.0±1.0 2.0±1.0 3.8±0.5 2.1±1.0 3.3±1.0 8.5±1.0 3.4±1.0
(1.0±0.5) (-10) (1.0±0.5) (-10) (2.1±0.4) (-10) (3.1±2) (-10) (4.0±1.0) (-11) (1.5±0.7) (-11)
1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±0.5 1.0±0.5 1.2±0.5 1.9±1.9
3.1±0.5 4.7±0.6 1.1±1.0 3.2±0.2 4.0±0.2 6.4±0.3 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 5.0±1.0 5.0±1.0 6.7±1.3
(3.5±2) (-12) (2.4±1.2) (-11) (3.1±0.8) (-11) (2.9±0.2) (-12) (2.8±0.2) (-12) (2.4±0.2) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (3±2) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (4.1±1.9) (-12)
1.0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 1.2±0.6 1.4±0.6 2.1±0.6 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.8±0.7
BrOx Reactions Br + NO2 → BrNO2 BrO + NO2 → BrONO2
(4.2±0.8) (-31) (5.2±0.6) (-31)
2.4±0.5 3.2±0.8
(2.7±0.5) (-11) (6.9±1.0) (-12)
0±1.0 2.9±1.0
IOx Reactions I + NO → INO I + NO2 → INO2 IO + NO2 → IONO2
(1.8±0.5) (-32) (3.0±1.5) (-31) (5.9±2.0) (-31)
1.0±0.5 1.0±1.0 3.5±1.0
(1.7±1.0) (-11) (6.6±5.0) (-11) (9.0±1.0) (-12)
0±1.0 0±1.0 1.5±1.0
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.
Reaction
Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n
High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m
SOx Reactions HS + NO → HSNO CH3S +NO → CH3SNO O + SO2 → SO3 OH + SO2 → HOSO2 CH3SCH2 + O2 → CH3SCH2O2 SO3 + NH3 → H3NSO3
(2.4±0.4) (-31) (3.2±0.4) (-29) (1.3±)(-33) (3.0±1.0) (-31) See reference (3.9±0.8) (-30)
3.0±1.0 4.0±1.0 -3.6±0.7 3.3±1.5
(2.7±0.5) (-11) (3.9±0.6) (-11)
0 2.7±1.0
(1.5±0.5) (-12)
0
3.0±3.0
(4.7±1.3) (-11)
0±1.0
Metal Reactions Na + O2 → NaO2 NaO + O2 → NaO3 NaO + CO2 → NaCO3 NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3
(3.2±0.3) (-30) (3.5±0.7) (-30) (8.7±2.6) (-28) (1.3±0.3) (-28)
1.4±0.3 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0
(6.0±2.0) (-10) (5.7±3.0) (-10) (6.5±3.0) (-10) (6.8±4.0) (-10)
0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0
Table 3. Equilibrium Constants K(T)/cm3 molecule-1 = A exp (B/T) Reaction HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO + NO2 → N2O3 NO2 + NO2 → N2O4 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2 F + O2 → FOO Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + CO → ClCO ClO + O2 → ClO.O2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 OH + CS2 → CS2OH CH3S + O2 → CH3SO2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
[200 < T/K < 300] A/cm3 molecule-1
B/K
2.1x10-27 3.3x10-27 5.2x10-29 2.7x10-27 1.3x10-28
10900±1000 4667±100 6643±250 11000±500 11200±1000
1.6x10-11 2.1x10-20 2.5x10-19 2.9x10-11 2.7x10-12
5 2 2 1.3 2
9.0x10-29 3.2x10-25 5.7x10-25 1.6x10-25 2.9x10-26 1.3x10-27 1.1x10-24 1x10-28 4.5x10-25 1.8x10-27
14000±200 6100±1200 2500±750 4000±500 <3700 8744±850 5455±300 9300±1000 5140±500 5545±300
2.3x10-8 2.5x10-16 2.5x10-21 1.1x10-19 <7.2x10-21 7.2x10-15 9.8x10-17 3.6x10-15 1.4x10-17 2.2x10-19
2 1.0 2 5 1.5 3 5 1.4 1.4
K (298 K)
f (298 K)
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER This table gives the electrical conductivity of highly purified water over a range of temperature and pressure. The first column of conductivity data refers to water at its own vapor pressure. Equations for calculating the conductivity at any temperature and pressure may be found in the reference.
REFERENCE Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 32, 221, 1987.
Conductivity in µS/cm at the indicated pressure t/°C
Sat. vapor
50 MPa
100 MPa
200 MPa
400 MPa
600 MPa
0 25 100 200 300 400 600
0.0115 0.0550 0.765 2.99 2.41
0.0150 0.0686 0.942 4.08 4.87 1.17
0.0189 0.0836 1.13 5.22 7.80 4.91 0.134
0.0275 0.117 1.53 7.65 14.1 14.3 4.65
0.0458 0.194 2.45 13.1 28.9 39.2 33.8
0.0667 0.291 3.51 19.5 46.5 71.3 85.7
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR These tables summarize the thermodynamic properties of air in the liquid and gaseous states, as well as along the saturation line. In the table for the saturation state, P(boil) is the bubble point temperature (i.e., the pressure at which boiling begins as the temperature of the liquid is raised), and P(con) is the dew point temperature (pressure at which condensation begins as the temperature of the gas is lowered). The other properties tabulated are density (ρ), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and isobaric heat capacity (Cp). More detailed tables may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. Vasserman, A.A., and Rabinovich, V.A., Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and its Components, Izdatel’stvo Komiteta, Standartov, Moscow, 1968. 2. Vasserman, A.A., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air Components, Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moscow, 1966. Properties in the saturation state: T K 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 132.55
P(boil) bar
P(con) bar
0.1468 0.3234 0.6366 1.146 1.921 3.036 4.574 6.621 12.59 21.61 34.16 37.69
0.0861 0.2052 0.4321 0.8245 1.453 2.397 3.748 5.599 11.22 20.14 33.32 37.69
ρ (liq) g/cm3
ρ (gas) g/L
0.939 0.917 0.894 0.871 0.845 0.819 0.792 0.763 0.699 0.622 0.487 0.313
0.464 1.033 2.048 3.709 6.258 9.980 15.21 22.39 45.15 87.34 184.33 312.89
Properties of liquid air: P bar
T K
ρ g/cm3
1 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100
75 75 80 85 90 95 75 80 90 100 75 100 125 150 75 100 125 150
0.8935 0.8942 0.8718 0.8482 0.8230 0.7962 0.8952 0.8729 0.8245 0.7695 0.9025 0.7859 0.6222 0.1879 0.9111 0.8033 0.6746 0.4871
H J/g –131.7 –131.4 –122.3 –112.9 –103.3 –93.5 –131.1 –122.0 –103.1 –83.2 –128.2 –81.8 –28.3 91.9 –124.5 –79.4 –31.4 32.8
S J/g K 2.918 2.916 3.031 3.143 3.250 3.356 2.913 3.028 3.246 3.452 2.892 3.415 3.889 4.764 2.867 3.376 3.805 4.271
Cp J/g K 1.843 1.840 1.868 1.901 1.941 1.991 1.836 1.863 1.932 2.041 1.806 1.939 2.614 2.721 1.774 1.852 2.062 2.832
Properties of air in the gaseous state: P bar 1 1 1
T K
ρ g/L
H J/g
S J/g K
Cp J/g K
100 200 300
3.556 1.746 1.161
98.3 199.7 300.3
5.759 6.463 6.871
1.032 1.007 1.007
6-1
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR (continued) P bar
T K
ρ g/L
H J/g
S J/g K
Cp J/g K
1 1 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100
500 1000 200 300 500 1000 200 300 500 1000
0.696 0.348 17.835 11.643 6.944 3.471 213.950 116.945 66.934 33.613
503.4 1046.6 195.2 298.3 502.9 1047.2 148.8 279.9 499.0 1052.4
7.389 8.138 5.766 6.204 6.727 7.477 4.949 5.486 6.048 6.812
1.030 1.141 1.049 1.021 1.034 1.142 1.650 1.158 1.073 1.151
6-2
PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THE RANGE 0 — 100 °C This table summarizes the best available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp), vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension for liquid water in the range 0 — 100 °C. All values (except vapor pressure) refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The temperature scale is IPTS-68.
t
Density g/cm3
Cp J/g K
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.99984 0.99970 0.99821 0.99565 0.99222 0.98803 0.98320 0.97778 0.97182 0.96535 0.95840
Ref.
1—3
°C
Vap. pres. kPa
Visc. µPa s
4.2176 4.1921 4.1818 4.1784 4.1785 4.1806 4.1843 4.1895 4.1963 4.2050 4.2159
0.6113 1.2281 2.3388 4.2455 7.3814 12.344 19.932 31.176 47.373 70.117 101.325
1793 1307 1002 797.7 653.2 547.0 466.5 404.0 354.4 314.5 281.8
2
1, 3
3
Ther. cond. mW/K m
Diel. const.
Surf. ten. mN/m
561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1
87.90 83.96 80.20 76.60 73.17 69.88 66.73 63.73 60.86 58.12 55.51
75.64 74.23 72.75 71.20 69.60 67.94 66.24 64.47 62.67 60.82 58.91
3
4
5
REFERENCES 1. L. Harr, J. S. Gallagher, and G. S. Kell, NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. K. N. Marsh, Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 3. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 4. D. G. Archer and P. Wang, The dielectric constant of water and Debye-Hückel limiting law slopes, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 371, 1990. 5. N. B. Vargaftik, et al., International tables of the surface tension of water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.
6-3
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of water is tabulated as a function of temperature on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. t
∆vapH kJ/mol
t
°C
°C
∆vapH kJ/mol
0 25 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
45.054 43.990 43.350 42.482 41.585 40.657 39.684 38.643 37.518 36.304
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374
34.962 33.468 31.809 29.930 27.795 25.300 22.297 18.502 12.966 2.066
FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF H2O AND D2O Temperatures are given on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCES 1. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., Straub, J., Watanabe, K., and Hill, P.G., Assessment of critical parameter values for H2O and D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 193, 1985. 3. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 601, 1984. 4. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 175, 1984. 5. Hill, P.G., MacMillan, R.D.C., and Lee, V., A fundamental equation of state for heavy water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 1, 1982. Unit Molar mass Melting point(101.325 kPa) Boiling point(101.325 kPa) Triple point temperature Triple point pressure Triple point density(l) Triple point density(g) Critical temperature Critical pressure Critical density Critical specific volume Maximum density(saturated liquid) Temperature of maximum density
g/mol °C °C °C Pa g/cm3 mg/L °C MPa g/cm3 cm3/g g/cm3 °C
6-4
H2O 18.01528 0.00 100.00 0.01 611.73 0.99978 4.885 373.99 22.064 0.322 3.11 0.99995 4.0
D2O 20.02748 3.82 101.42 3.82 661 1.1055 5.75 370.74 21.671 0.356 2.81 1.1053 11.2
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED H2O AND D2O This table gives the thermal conductivity λ for water (H2O or D2O) in equilibrium with its vapor. Values for the liquid (λl) and vapor (λv) are listed, as well as the vapor pressure. REFERENCES 1. Sengers, J.V. and Watson, J.T.R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 2. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983.
t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350
P/kPa
H2O λ l /(mW/K m)
0.6 1.2 2.3 4.2 7.4 12.3 19.9 31.2 47.4 70.1 101.3 476 1555 3978 8593 16530
561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1 682.1 663.4 621.4 547.7 447.6
λ v /(mW/K m) 16.49 17.21 17.95 18.70 19.48 20.28 21.10 21.96 22.86 23.80 24.79 30.77 39.10 51.18 71.78 134.59
P/kPa
1.0 2.0 3.7 6.5 11.1 18.2 28.8 44.2 66.1 96.2 465 1546 3995 8688 16820
D2O λ l /(mW/K m)
575 589 600 610 618 625 629 633 635 636 625 592 541 473 391
λ v /(mW/K m)
17.0 17.8 18.5 19.3 20.2 21.0 21.9 22.8 23.8 24.8 30.8 39.0 52.0 75.2 143.0
STANDARD DENSITY OF WATER This table gives the density ρ of standard mean ocean water (SMOW), free from dissolved salts and gases, at a pressure of 101325 Pa. SMOW is a standard water sample of high purity and known isotopic composition. Methods of correcting for different isotopic compositions are discussed in the reference. The table below is reprinted with the permission of IUPAC. Note that the temperature scale is IPTS-68. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
t68/°C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
999.8426 999.9015 999.9429 999.9672 999.9750 999.9668 999.9430 999.9043 999.8509 999.7834 999.7021 999.6074 999.4996 999.3792 999.2464 999.1016 998.9450 998.7769 998.5976 998.4073 998.2063 997.9948 997.7730 997.5412 997.2994 997.0480 996.7870 996.5166 996.2371 995.9486 995.6511 995.3450 995.0302 994.7071 994.3756 994.0359 993.6883 993.3328 992.9695 992.5987 992.2204
8493 9065 9461 9687 9748 9651 9398 8996 8448 7759 6932 5972 4882 3665 2325 0864 9287 7595 5790 3877 1856 9731 7503 5174 2747 0223 7604 4891 2087 9192 6209 3139 9983* 6743 3420 0015 6531 2968 9328 5612
8558 9112 9491 9700 9746 9632 9365 8948 8385 7682 6842 5869 4766 3536 2184 0712 9123 7419 5604 3680 1649 9513 7275 4936 2499 9965* 7337 4615 1801 8898 5906 2827 9663* 6414 3083 9671* 6178 2607 8960 5236
8622 9158 9519 9712 9742 9612 9330 8898 8321 7604 6751 5764 4648 3407 2042 0558 8957 7243 5416 3481 1440 9294 7045 4697 2250 9707* 7069 4337 1515 8603 5602 2514 9342* 6085 2745 9325* 5825 2246 8591 4860
ρ/kg m-3 0.4 8683 9202 9546 9722 9736 9591 9293 8847 8256 7525 6658 5658 4530 3276 1899 0403 8791 7065 5228 3282 1230 9073 6815 4456 2000 9447* 6800 4059 1228 8306 5297 2201 9020* 5755 2407 8978* 5470 1884 8221 4483
* The leading figure decreases by 1.
6-5
0.5 8743 9244 9571 9731 9728 9568 9255 8794 8189 7444 6564 5551 4410 3143 1755 0247 8623 6886 5038 3081 1019 8852 6584 4215 1749 9186* 6530 3780 0940 8009 4991 1887 8697* 5423 2068 8631* 5115 1521 7850 4105
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
8801 9284 9595 9738 9719 9544 9216 8740 8121 7362 6468 5443 4289 3010 1609 0090 8455 6706 4847 2880 0807 8630 6351 3973 1497 8925* 6259 3500 0651 7712 4685 1572 8373* 5092 1728 8283* 4759 1157 7479 3726
8857 9323 9616 9743 9709 9518 9175 8684 8051 7279 6372 5333 4167 2875 1463 9932* 8285 6525 4655 2677 0594 8406 6118 3730 1244 8663* 5987 3219 0361 7413 4377 1255 8049* 4759 1387 7934* 4403 0793 7107 3347
8912 9360 9636 9747 9696 9490 9132 8627 7980 7194 6274 5222 4043 2740 1315 9772* 8114 6343 4462 2474 0380 8182 5883 3485 0990 8399* 5714 2938 0070 7113 4069 0939 7724* 4425 1045 7585* 4045 0428 6735 2966
8964 9395 9655 9749 9683 9461 9088 8569 7908 7108 6174 5110 3918 2602 1166 9612* 7942 6160 4268 2269 0164 7957 5648 3240 0735 8135* 5441 2655 9778* 6813 3760 0621 7397* 4091 0703 7234* 3687 0062 6361 2586
VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS This table gives the following properties of aqueous solutions of NaCl as a function of temperature and concentration: Specific volume v (reciprocal of density) in cm3/g Isothermal compressibility κT = -(1/v)(∂v/∂P)T in GPa-1 Cubic expansion coefficient αv = (1/v)(∂v/∂T)P in kK-1 All data refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The reference gives properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure. REFERENCE Rogers, P. S. Z., and Pitzer, K. S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 15, 1982.
Molality in mol/kg T/°C
0.100
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
0.925426 0.927905 0.930909 0.932590 0.934382 0.938287 0.942603 0.9474 0.9526 0.9581 0.9640 0.9703
0.896292 0.899262 0.902565 0.904339 0.906194 0.910145 0.914411 0.9191 0.9240 0.9293 0.9348 0.9406
0.870996 0.874201 0.877643 0.879457 0.881334 0.885276 0.889473 0.8940 0.8987 0.9037 0.9089 0.9144
0.848646 0.851958 0.855469 0.857301 0.859185 0.863108 0.867241 0.8716 0.8762 0.8809 0.8858 0.8910
0.346 0.341 0.338 0.337 0.337 0.338 0.340 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39
0.315 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.315 0.317 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37
0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.296 0.299 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34
0.313 0.349 0.384 0.401 0.418 0.451 0.484 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64
0.355 0.380 0.406 0.420 0.433 0.460 0.486 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61
Specific volume v in cm3/g 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.995732 0.995998 0.997620 0.998834 1.000279 1.003796 1.008064 1.0130 1.0186 1.0249 1.0317 1.0391
0.989259 0.989781 0.991564 0.992832 0.994319 0.997883 1.002161 1.0071 1.0127 1.0188 1.0256 1.0329
0.978889 0.979804 0.981833 0.983185 0.984735 0.988374 0.992668 0.9976 1.0031 1.0092 1.0157 1.0228
0.968991 0.970256 0.972505 0.973932 0.975539 0.979243 0.983551 0.9885 0.9939 0.9999 1.0063 1.0133
0.959525 0.961101 0.963544 0.965038 0.966694 0.970455 0.974772 0.9797 0.9851 0.9909 0.9972 1.0040
Compressibility κT in GPa–1 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.503 0.472 0.453 0.447 0.443 0.438 0.438 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.49
0.492 0.463 0.446 0.440 0.436 0.432 0.431 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48
0.475 0.449 0.433 0.428 0.425 0.421 0.421 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47
0.459 0.436 0.422 0.417 0.414 0.411 0.411 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46
0.443 0.423 0.411 0.407 0.404 0.401 0.402 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45
0.389 0.377 0.371 0.369 0.367 0.367 0.369 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.42
Cubic expansion coefficient αV in kK–1 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.058 0.102 0.218 0.267 0.311 0.389 0.458 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.74
-0.026 0.123 0.232 0.278 0.320 0.394 0.460 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.73
0.024 0.156 0.254 0.296 0.334 0.402 0.464 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.72
0.069 0.186 0.274 0.312 0.347 0.410 0.467 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71
0.110 0.213 0.292 0.327 0.359 0.417 0.470 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.70
6-6
0.237 0.297 0.349 0.373 0.395 0.438 0.479 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66
DENSITY OF D2O Density of liquid D2O in g/cm3 at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). REFERENCE Kirillin, V.A., Ed., Heavy Water: Thermophysical Properties, Gosudarstvennoe Energeticheskoe Izdatel’stvo, Moscow, 1963.
t/°C Density
3.8 1.1053
5 1.1055
10 1.1057
15 1.1056
20 1.105
25 1.1044
30 1.1034
t/°C Density
35 1.1019
40 1.1001
45 1.0979
50 1.0957
55 1.0931
60 1.0905
65 1.0875
t/°C Density
70 1.0847
75 1.0815
80 1.0783
85 1.0748
90 1.0712
95 1.0673
100 1.0635
6-7
VAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE The values of the vapor (sublimation) pressure of ice in this table were calculated from the equation recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS) in 1993. Temperature values correspond to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in the pressure is estimated to be 0.1% for t > -25°C and 0.5% for t < -25°C. The first entry in the table is the triple point of water. REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. t/°C
p/Pa
0.01 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –11 –12 –13 –14 –15
611.657 611.15 562.67 517.72 476.06 437.47 401.76 368.73 338.19 309.98 283.94 259.90 237.74 217.32 198.52 181.22 165.30
t/°C –16 –17 –18 –19 –20 –21 –22 –23 –24 –25 –26 –27 –28 –29 –30 –31 –32
p/Pa 150.68 137.25 124.92 113.62 103.26 93.77 85.10 77.16 69.91 63.29 57.25 51.74 46.73 42.16 38.01 34.24 30.82
t/°C –33 –34 –35 –36 –37 –38 –39 –40 –45 –50 –55 –60 –65 –70 –75 –80
p/Pa 27.71 24.90 22.35 20.04 17.96 16.07 14.37 12.84 7.202 3.936 2.093 1.080 0.540 0.261 0.122 0.055
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370° C This table gives the vapor pressure of water at intervals of 1° C from the melting point to the critical point. REFERENCE Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. t/°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
P/kPa 0.61129 0.65716 0.70605 0.75813 0.81359 0.87260 0.93537 1.0021 1.0730 1.1482 1.2281 1.3129 1.4027 1.4979 1.5988 1.7056 1.8185 1.9380 2.0644 2.1978 2.3388 2.4877 2.6447 2.8104 2.9850 3.1690 3.3629 3.5670 3.7818 4.0078 4.2455 4.4953 4.7578 5.0335 5.3229 5.6267 5.9453 6.2795 6.6298 6.9969 7.3814 7.7840 8.2054 8.6463 9.1075 9.5898 10.094 10.620 11.171 11.745 12.344 12.970 13.623
t/°C 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
t/°C
P/kPa 14.303 15.012 15.752 16.522 17.324 18.159 19.028 19.932 20.873 21.851 22.868 23.925 25.022 26.163 27.347 28.576 29.852 31.176 32.549 33.972 35.448 36.978 38.563 40.205 41.905 43.665 45.487 47.373 49.324 51.342 53.428 55.585 57.815 60.119 62.499 64.958 67.496 70.117 72.823 75.614 78.494 81.465 84.529 87.688 90.945 94.301 97.759 101.32 104.99 108.77 112.66 116.67 120.79
106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
6-8
P/kPa 125.03 129.39 133.88 138.50 143.24 148.12 153.13 158.29 163.58 169.02 174.61 180.34 186.23 192.28 198.48 204.85 211.38 218.09 224.96 232.01 239.24 246.66 254.25 262.04 270.02 278.20 286.57 295.15 303.93 312.93 322.14 331.57 341.22 351.09 361.19 371.53 382.11 392.92 403.98 415.29 426.85 438.67 450.75 463.10 475.72 488.61 501.78 515.23 528.96 542.99 557.32 571.94 586.87
t/°C 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211
P/kPa 602.11 617.66 633.53 649.73 666.25 683.10 700.29 717.83 735.70 753.94 772.52 791.47 810.78 830.47 850.53 870.98 891.80 913.03 934.64 956.66 979.09 1001.9 1025.2 1048.9 1073.0 1097.5 1122.5 1147.9 1173.8 1200.1 1226.9 1254.2 1281.9 1310.1 1338.8 1368.0 1397.6 1427.8 1458.5 1489.7 1521.4 1553.6 1586.4 1619.7 1653.6 1688.0 1722.9 1758.4 1794.5 1831.1 1868.4 1906.2 1944.6
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370° C (continued) t/°C 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252
P/kPa 1983.6 2023.2 2063.4 2104.2 2145.7 2187.8 2230.5 2273.8 2317.8 2362.5 2407.8 2453.8 2500.5 2547.9 2595.9 2644.6 2694.1 2744.2 2795.1 2846.7 2899.0 2952.1 3005.9 3060.4 3115.7 3171.8 3228.6 3286.3 3344.7 3403.9 3463.9 3524.7 3586.3 3648.8 3712.1 3776.2 3841.2 3907.0 3973.6 4041.2 4109.6
t/°C 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293
t/°C
P/kPa
294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334
4178.9 4249.1 4320.2 4392.2 4465.1 4539.0 4613.7 4689.4 4766.1 4843.7 4922.3 5001.8 5082.3 5163.8 5246.3 5329.8 5414.3 5499.9 5586.4 5674.0 5762.7 5852.4 5943.1 6035.0 6127.9 6221.9 6317.0 6413.2 6510.5 6608.9 6708.5 6809.2 6911.1 7014.1 7118.3 7223.7 7330.2 7438.0 7547.0 7657.2 7768.6
6-9
P/kPa
t/°C
P/kPa
7881.3 7995.2 8110.3 8226.8 8344.5 8463.5 8583.8 8705.4 8828.3 8952.6 9078.2 9205.1 9333.4 9463.1 9594.2 9726.7 9860.5 9995.8 10133 10271 10410 10551 10694 10838 10984 11131 11279 11429 11581 11734 11889 12046 12204 12364 12525 12688 12852 13019 13187 13357 13528
335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 373.98
13701 13876 14053 14232 14412 14594 14778 14964 15152 15342 15533 15727 15922 16120 16320 16521 16725 16931 17138 17348 17561 17775 17992 18211 18432 18655 18881 19110 19340 19574 19809 20048 20289 20533 20780 21030 21283 21539 21799 22055
BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES Data are based on the equation of state recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam in 1984, as presented in Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, NBS-NRC Steam Tables (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. Note that: 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 0.000986923 atmos = 0.750062 mmHg. P/mbar
T/°C
P/mbar
T/°C
P/mbar
T/°C
P/mbar
T/°C
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 905 910
32.88 45.82 53.98 60.07 64.98 69.11 72.70 75.88 78.74 81.34 83.73 85.95 88.02 89.96 91.78 93.51 95.15 96.71 96.87 97.02
915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010
97.17 97.32 97.47 97.62 97.76 97.91 98.06 98.21 98.35 98.50 98.64 98.78 98.93 99.07 99.21 99.35 99.49 99.63 99.77 99.91
1013.25 1015 1020 1025 1030 1035 1040 1045 1050 1055 1060 1065 1070 1075 1080 1085 1090 1095 1100 1150
100.00 100.05 100.19 100.32 100.46 100.60 100.73 100.87 101.00 101.14 101.27 101.40 101.54 101.67 101.80 101.93 102.06 102.19 102.32 103.59
1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
104.81 105.99 107.14 108.25 109.32 110.36 111.38 112.37 113.33 114.26 115.18 116.07 116.94 117.79 118.63 119.44 120.24 121.02 121.79 122.54
6-10
MELTING POINT OF ICE AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE This table gives values of the melting temperature of ice at various pressures, as calculated from the equation for the ice I - liquid water phase boundary recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS). Temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. See the Reference for information on forms of ice that exist at higher pressures. The transition points for transformations of the various forms of ice (in each case in equilibrium with liquid water) are: ice I - ice III ice III - ice V ice V - ice VI ice VI - ice VII
209.9 MPa 350.1 632.4 2216
–21.985°C –16.986 0.16 82
REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. p/MPa 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30
t/°C 0.00 -0.06 -0.14 -0.21 -0.29 -0.36 -0.74 -1.52 -2.32
p/MPa 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
t/°C -3.15 -4.02 -4.91 -5.83 -6.79 -7.78 -8.80 -9.86 -10.95
p/MPa 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
t/°C -12.07 -13.22 -14.40 -15.62 -16.85 -18.11 -19.39 -20.69 -22.00
PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE This table gives properties of compressed water and superheated steam at selected pressures and temperatures. The properties included are density ρ, enthalpy H, entropy S, heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, and static dielectric constant (relative permittivity). The table was generated from the formulation approved by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam for general and scientific use. The reference state for this table is the liquid at the triple point, at which the internal energy and entropy are taken as zero. A duplicate entry in the temperature column indicates a phase transition (liquid-vapor) at that temperature; property values are then given for both phases. In the 100 MPa section of the table, an entry is given at the critical temperature, 647.10 K. Temperatures refer to the ITS-90 scale, on which the normal boiling point of water is 373.12 K (99.97°C). REFERENCES 1. Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, September 1996; available from Executive Secretary of IAPWS, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. 2. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Mallard, W. G., and Linstrom, P. J., Eds., March 1998, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899 (http:// webbook.nist.gov). 3. Pruss, A. and Wagner, W., to be published. 4. Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. [Dielectric constant] p/MPa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T/K
ρ/kg m-3
H/J g-1
273.16 300 325 350 372.76 372.76 375 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 453.03 453.03 500
999.84 996.56 987.19 973.73 958.63 0.59034 0.58653 0.54761 0.48458 0.43514 0.39507 0.36185 0.33384 0.30988 0.28915 0.27102 0.25504 0.24085 0.22815 0.21673 0.20640 0.19701 0.18844 0.18058 1000.3 996.96 987.58 974.13 957.43 937.87 890.39 887.13 5.1450 4.5323
0.10 112.65 217.15 321.84 417.50 2674.9 2679.6 2730.4 2829.7 2928.6 3028.1 3128.8 3230.8 3334.4 3439.5 3546.3 3654.8 3765.0 3876.9 3990.7 4106.1 4223.4 4342.3 4463.0 1.02 113.48 217.93 322.56 427.64 533.47 749.20 762.51 2777.1 2891.2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
S/J g-1K-1 0.0000 0.3931 0.7276 1.0380 1.3028 7.3588 7.3713 7.5025 7.7365 7.9447 8.1344 8.3096 8.4730 8.6264 8.7715 8.9093 9.0408 9.1668 9.2879 9.4045 9.5172 9.6263 9.7321 9.8348 0.0000 0.3928 0.7272 1.0374 1.3274 1.6005 2.1086 2.1381 6.5850 6.8250
Cp/J g-1K-1 4.2194 4.1806 4.1819 4.1945 4.2152 2.0784 2.0686 2.0078 1.9752 1.9813 2.0010 2.0268 2.0557 2.0867 2.1191 2.1525 2.1868 2.2216 2.2568 2.2921 2.3273 2.3621 2.3965 2.4302 4.2150 4.1781 4.1798 4.1925 4.2158 4.2535 4.3924 4.4045 2.7114 2.2795
Diel. const. 87.90 77.75 69.32 61.79 55.61 1.006 1.006 1.005 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 87.93 77.78 69.36 61.82 55.09 49.06 38.81 38.23 1.042 1.034
PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (continued) p/MPa
T/K
ρ/kg m-3
H/J g-1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 584.15 584.15 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 600 647.10 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
4.0581 3.6871 3.3843 3.1305 2.9140 2.7265 2.5624 2.4174 2.2882 2.1723 2.0678 1.9729 1.8865 1.8074 1004.8 1001.0 991.46 978.09 961.62 942.42 896.16 838.02 761.82 688.42 55.463 49.773 40.479 35.355 31.810 29.107 26.933 25.123 23.580 22.241 21.063 20.017 19.078 18.230 1045.3 1037.2 1026.6 1013.6 998.59 981.82 943.51 899.21 848.78 791.49 730.24 726.21 651.77 568.52 482.23 404.66 343.61 298.61 265.45 240.32 220.62 204.71 191.53
3001.8 3109.0 3215.2 3321.7 3429.0 3537.5 3647.3 3758.5 3871.3 3985.7 4101.8 4219.5 4338.9 4460.0 10.1 121.7 225.6 329.7 434.4 539.6 753.9 977.1 1218 1408 2725 2820 3022 3177 3314 3443 3568 3691 3813 3935 4057 4180 4304 4429 95.4 201.4 301.3 401.7 502.6 603.7 807.8 1015 1228 1448 1665 1679 1925 2188 2466 2742 3000 3231 3440 3631 3809 3979 4142
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
S/J g-1K-1
Cp/J g-1K-1
7.0359 7.2224 7.3925 7.5504 7.6984 7.8384 7.9715 8.0986 8.2206 8.3380 8.4512 8.5608 8.6669 8.7699 0.000 0.390 0.723 1.031 1.320 1.592 2.096 2.566 3.027 3.360 5.616 5.775 6.100 6.330 6.520 6.686 6.838 6.978 7.110 7.235 7.354 7.469 7.579 7.685 -0.008 0.362 0.682 0.979 1.258 1.518 1.999 2.436 2.842 3.225 3.573 3.595 3.958 4.322 4.681 5.016 5.310 5.560 5.774 5.961 6.127 6.278 6.417
2.1647 2.1292 2.1254 2.1368 2.1566 2.1816 2.2098 2.2402 2.2721 2.3048 2.3380 2.3713 2.4044 2.4371 4.173 4.153 4.160 4.173 4.195 4.230 4.355 4.602 5.140 6.123 7.140 5.136 3.396 2.874 2.645 2.531 2.473 2.445 2.436 2.439 2.450 2.466 2.485 2.507 3.905 3.979 4.008 4.025 4.040 4.056 4.110 4.196 4.323 4.501 4.733 4.750 5.083 5.449 5.610 5.380 4.887 4.382 3.978 3.683 3.471 3.319 3.209
Diel. const. 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006 88.30 78.11 69.67 62.13 55.40 49.39 39.17 30.79 23.53 18.70 1.404 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066 91.83 81.22 72.58 64.95 58.19 52.20 42.15 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.97 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AT VARIOUS FREQUENCIES The permittivity of liquid water in the radiofrequency and microwave regions can be represented by the Debye equation (References 1 and 2):
ε′ = ε∞ + ε ′′ =
(ε
s
εs − ε∞ 1 + ω2τ2
− ε ∞ )ωτ
1 + ω2τ2
where ε = ε′ + i ε′′ is the (complex) relative permittivity (i.e., the absolute permittivity divided by the permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.854⋅10-12 F m-1 ). Here εs is the static permittivity (see Reference 3 and the table “Properties of Water in the Range 0—100°C” in this Section); ε∞ is a parameter describing the permittivity in the high frequency limit; τ is the relaxation time for molecular orientation; and ω = 2πf is the angular frequency. The values in this table have been calculated from parameters given in Reference 2:
ε∞ τ/ps
0°C
25°C
50°C
5.7 17.67
5.2 8.27
4.0 4.75
Other useful quantities that can be calculated from the values in the table are the loss tangent: tan δ = ε ′′ / ε ′
and the absorption coefficient α which describes the power attentuation per unit length (P = P0 e-αl): α=
πf ε ′′ c ε′
and c is the speed of light. The last equation is valid when ε′′/ε′ << 1. REFERENCES 1. Fernendez, D.P., Mulev, Y., Goodwin, A.R.H., and Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, 33, 1995. 2. Kaatze, U., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34, 371, 1989. 3. Archer, D.G., and Wang, P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.
Frequency 0 1 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 500 MHz 1 GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz
ε′ 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.89 87.86 87.65 86.90 84.04 79.69 74.36 68.54 42.52 19.56 12.50 9.67 8.28
0°C
ε′′
ε′
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.91 1.82 4.55 9.01 17.39 24.64 30.49 34.88 40.88 30.78 22.64 17.62 14.34
78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.35 78.31 78.16 77.58 76.62 75.33 73.73 62.81 40.37 26.53 18.95 14.64
6-13
25°C
ε′′
ε′
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.38 0.76 1.90 3.79 7.52 11.13 14.58 17.81 29.93 36.55 33.25 28.58 24.53
69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.87 69.82 69.65 69.36 68.95 68.45 64.49 52.57 40.57 31.17 24.42
50°C
ε′′ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.20 0.39 0.98 1.96 3.92 5.85 7.75 9.62 18.05 28.99 32.74 32.43 30.47
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS These tables give thermodynamic and transport properties of some important fluids, as generated from the equations of state presented in the references below. The properties tabulated are density (ρ), energy (E), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), isochoric heat capacity (Cv), isobaric heat capacity (Cp), speed of sound (vs), viscosity (η), thermal conductivity (λ), and dielectric constant (D). All extensive properties are given on a molar basis. Not all properties are included for every substance. The references should be consulted for information on the uncertainties and the reference states for E, H, and S. Values are given as a function of temperature for several isobars. The phase can be determined by noting the sharp decrease in density between two successive temperature entries; all lines above this point refer to the liquid phase, and all lines below refer to the gas phase. If there is no sharp discontinuity in density, all data in the table refer to the supercritical region (i.e., the isobar is above the critical pressure). REFERENCES 1. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. McCarty, R.D., Thermodynamic Properties of Helium, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. Nitrogen (N2) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 70 30.017 77.25 28.881 77.25 0.163 100 0.123 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008
–3828 –3411 1546 2041 4140 6223 8308 10414 12563 14770 17044 19383 21786 34530
–3824 –3407 2161 2856 5800 8717 11635 14573 17554 20593 23698 26869 30103 47004
73.8 79.5 151.6 159.5 179.9 191.8 200.2 206.7 212.2 216.8 221.0 224.7 228.1 241.8
28.5 27.8 21.6 21.1 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4
57.2 57.8 31.4 30.0 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.7 31.4 32.0 32.6 34.7
203.9 152.2 5.3 6.8 12.9 18.0 22.2 26.1 29.5 32.8 35.8 38.7 41.5 54.0
143.5 133.8 7.6 9.6 18.4 25.8 32.3 38.5 44.5 50.5 56.3 62.0 67.7 93.3
1.45269 1.43386 1.00215 1.00162 1.00079 1.00053 1.00040 1.00032 1.00026 1.00023 1.00020 1.00017 1.00016 1.00010
P = 1 MPa 70 80 90 100 103.75 103.75 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
30.070 28.504 26.721 24.634 23.727 1.472 0.614 0.402 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.171 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080
–3838 –3267 –2685 –2073 –1828 1788 4048 6171 8273 10389 12544 14756 17032 19374 21778 34527
–3805 –3232 –2648 –2032 –1786 2467 5675 8661 11609 14563 17554 20600 23709 26884 30121 47029
73.6 81.3 88.2 94.6 97.1 138.1 160.3 172.5 180.9 187.5 193.0 197.7 201.8 205.6 209.0 222.7
28.9 27.8 26.7 26.2 26.2 24.1 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4
56.9 57.7 59.4 64.4 67.8 45.0 30.4 29.6 29.5 29.7 30.2 30.8 31.4 32.1 32.7 34.8
205.9 139.5 100.1 73.1 64.8 7.6 13.2 18.1 22.4 26.1 29.6 32.8 35.9 38.8 41.5 54.0
144.1 130.7 115.3 98.5 91.8 12.5 19.3 26.3 32.7 38.8 44.8 50.7 56.5 62.2 67.8 93.4
1.45355 1.42760 1.39824 1.36417 1.34947 1.01954 1.00812 1.00529 1.00395 1.00315 1.00262 1.00224 1.00196 1.00174 1.00157 1.00104
P = 10 MPa 65.32 31.120 100 26.201 200 7.117 300 3.989 400 2.898 500 2.302
–4176 –2328 3037 5667 7941 10148
–3855 –1946 4442 8174 11392 14492
68.6 92.0 136.4 151.7 161.0 167.9
31.8 27.4 22.7 21.4 21.3 21.5
53.8 56.3 45.5 33.4 31.3 30.8
275.7 90.2 17.6 20.1 23.7 27.1
153.8 112.3 30.4 31.9 36.7 42.0
1.47067 1.38942 1.09698 1.05347 1.03860 1.03055
6-14
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
ρ mol/L 1.918 1.647 1.445 1.288 1.162 0.783
E J/mol 12361 14613 16919 19283 21705 34504
H J/mol 17575 20683 23837 27046 30308 47283
S J/mol K 173.5 178.3 182.5 186.3 189.8 203.5
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
21.9 22.5 23.2 23.8 24.4 26.5
30.9 31.3 31.8 32.4 32.9 34.8
30.4 33.5 36.4 39.3 42.0 54.3
47.4 53.0 58.6 64.1 69.6 94.7
1.02538 1.02175 1.01904 1.01694 1.01526 1.01020
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
Oxygen (O2) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 60 40.049 80 37.204 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032
–5883 –4814 2029 2458 2881 3301 3720 4138 4556 4974 5393 5812 6234 6657 7082 7510 7941
–5880 –4812 2840 3442 4035 4624 5210 5796 6381 6966 7552 8138 8726 9316 9908 10503 11100
72.4 87.7 172.9 178.4 182.9 186.9 190.3 193.4 196.2 198.8 201.1 203.3 205.3 207.2 209.0 210.7 212.3
34.9 31.0 21.4 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.6
53.4 53.6 30.5 29.8 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.8 30.0
425.2 251.7 7.5 9.0 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8 23.8 24.8
188.2 166.1 9.3 11.2 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.4 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.8 26.3 27.8 29.3 30.8 32.2
1.55619 1.51114 1.00146 1.00121 1.00103 1.00090 1.00080 1.00072 1.00065 1.00060 1.00055 1.00051 1.00048 1.00045 1.00042 1.00040 1.00038
P = 1 MPa 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
40.084 37.254 34.153 1.198 0.950 0.802 0.698 0.620 0.559 0.509 0.468 0.433 0.403 0.377 0.355 0.335 0.317
–5887 –4822 –3741 2163 2683 3151 3598 4035 4466 4894 5321 5748 6174 6602 7032 7463 7898
–5863 –4795 –3712 2997 3735 4398 5030 5647 6255 6858 7458 8056 8654 9252 9851 10452 11056
72.3 87.6 99.7 156.7 162.4 166.8 170.5 173.8 176.7 179.3 181.7 183.9 186.0 187.9 189.7 191.4 193.1
34.9 31.0 28.5 24.0 22.2 21.5 21.2 21.1 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7
53.3 53.5 55.2 40.6 34.4 32.2 31.2 30.6 30.3 30.1 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.9 30.0 30.1 30.2
428.5 253.8 155.6 9.4 10.8 12.2 13.5 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8 22.8 23.9 24.9
188.4 166.4 137.9 13.9 14.9 16.3 17.7 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8 25.2 26.7 28.2 29.6 31.1 32.6
1.55674 1.51192 1.46381 1.01429 1.01133 1.00955 1.00831 1.00738 1.00665 1.00606 1.00556 1.00515 1.00479 1.00448 1.00421 1.00397 1.00376
P = 10 MPa 60 40.419 80 37.727 100 34.881 120 31.721 140 27.890 160 22.379 180 13.232 200 8.666
–5931 –4893 –3856 –2796 –1662 -322 1489 2681
–5684 –4628 –3570 –2481 –1304 125 2245 3835
71.5 86.7 98.5 108.4 117.5 127.0 139.5 147.9
35.1 31.6 29.1 27.3 26.2 26.1 26.6 24.0
53.0 52.7 53.4 55.9 62.9 84.8 105.9 60.6
461.8 274.4 171.0 113.0 76.3 48.6 26.2 21.2
189.9 168.6 141.2 115.1 91.8 71.2 46.8 34.0
1.56210 1.51936 1.47500 1.42677 1.36972 1.29037 1.16560 1.10650
6-15
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
6.868 5.836 5.134 4.613 4.205 3.874 3.598 3.363 3.161
E J/mol 3424 4029 4573 5086 5581 6063 6538 7009 7477
H J/mol 4880 5742 6521 7254 7959 8645 9318 9982 10641
S J/mol K 152.9 156.6 159.7 162.5 164.9 167.1 169.1 171.0 172.8
Cv J/mol K 22.6 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
46.4 40.6 37.6 35.8 34.7 33.9 33.4 33.0 32.8
20.5 20.8 21.4 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.6 25.4 26.3
λ mW/m K
D
30.8 30.1 30.2 30.8 31.6 32.6 33.7 34.9 36.1
1.08380 1.07090 1.06219 1.05575 1.05073 1.04667 1.04329 1.04043 1.03796
Hydrogen (H2) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 15 37.738 20 35.278 40 0.305 60 0.201 80 0.151 100 0.120 120 0.100 140 0.086 160 0.075 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 400 0.030
–605 –524 491 748 1030 1370 1777 2237 2723 3216 3703 4179 4641 5093 5535 5970 8093
–603 –521 818 1244 1694 2202 2776 3401 4054 4714 5367 6009 6638 7256 7865 8466 11421
11.2 15.8 75.6 84.3 90.7 96.4 101.6 106.4 110.8 114.7 118.1 121.2 123.9 126.4 128.6 130.7 139.2
9.7 11.3 12.5 13.1 15.3 18.7 21.8 23.8 24.6 24.6 24.1 23.4 22.8 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0
14.4 19.1 21.3 21.6 23.7 27.1 30.2 32.2 33.0 32.9 32.4 31.8 31.2 30.6 30.2 29.9 29.3
1319 1111 521 636 714 773 827 883 940 998 1054 1110 1163 1214 1263 1310 1518
1.24827 1.23093 1.00186 1.00122 1.00091 1.00073 1.00061 1.00052 1.00046 1.00041 1.00037 1.00033 1.00030 1.00028 1.00026 1.00024 1.00018
P = 1 MPa 15 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400
38.109 35.852 3.608 2.098 1.523 1.204 0.999 0.854 0.747 0.663 0.597 0.543 0.498 0.460 0.427 0.399 0.299
–609 –532 399 697 994 1343 1756 2219 2709 3204 3693 4170 4634 5087 5530 5966 8091
–583 –504 676 1173 1651 2174 2758 3390 4048 4712 5368 6012 6643 7263 7873 8475 11433
10.9 15.5 54.1 64.3 71.1 77.0 82.3 87.1 91.5 95.4 98.9 102.0 104.7 107.2 109.5 111.5 120.1
10.1 11.4 12.9 13.2 15.4 18.8 21.9 23.9 24.7 24.6 24.1 23.5 22.9 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0
14.1 18.4 28.4 23.5 24.7 27.7 30.6 32.5 33.2 33.1 32.5 31.9 31.2 30.7 30.3 30.0 29.4
1315 1155 498 635 719 779 835 891 949 1006 1063 1118 1171 1222 1271 1317 1525
1.25089 1.23496 1.02209 1.01280 1.00928 1.00733 1.00608 1.00520 1.00454 1.00404 1.00363 1.00330 1.00303 1.00279 1.00259 1.00242 1.00182
P = 10 MPa 20 40 60 80 100
39.669 31.344 21.273 14.830 11.417
–568 –209 255 686 1110
–316 110 725 1360 1986
13.0 27.3 39.7 48.8 55.8
10.9 13.2 13.8 15.9 19.3
15.0 27.0 32.5 31.1 31.9
1458 1171 931 886 904
1.26198 1.20354 1.13527 1.09303 1.07109
6-16
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400
ρ mol/L 9.357 7.969 6.963 6.195 5.588 5.094 4.683 4.336 4.038 3.780 2.869
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
1571 2068 2583 3099 3604 4094 4569 5030 5481 5924 8073
2640 3323 4020 4713 5393 6057 6704 7336 7958 8570 11559
61.8 67.0 71.7 75.7 79.3 82.5 85.3 87.8 90.1 92.3 100.9
22.4 24.3 25.0 24.9 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.8 21.2
33.5 34.6 34.9 34.4 33.6 32.8 32.0 31.3 30.8 30.4 29.6
941 989 1042 1096 1150 1203 1254 1302 1349 1394 1592
1.05801 1.04925 1.04294 1.03814 1.03436 1.03129 1.02874 1.02659 1.02475 1.02315 1.01753
Helium (He-4) ρ mol/L
E J/mol
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 3 35.794 4 32.477 5 2.935 10 1.238 20 0.602 50 0.240 100 0.120 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008
–39 –27 52 120 247 623 1247 2494 3741 4988 6236 7483 8730 9977 11224 12471 18707
–36 –24 86 201 413 1039 2079 4158 6237 8315 10394 12472 14551 16630 18708 20787 31179
P = 1 MPa 3 4 5 10 20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
39.703 38.210 35.818 15.378 6.067 2.353 1.186 0.597 0.399 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.172 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080
–42 –34 –22 78 228 617 1245 2495 3742 4990 6237 7485 8732 9979 11227 12474 18710
P = 10 MPa 4 51.978 5 51.118 10 46.872
–24 –18 23
T K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
η µPa s
9.8 13.3 39.1 55.2 69.9 89.0 103.4 117.8 126.3 132.3 136.9 140.7 143.9 146.7 149.1 151.3 159.7
7.6 9.1 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
9.4 16.3 27.1 21.7 21.0 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
222 185 120 185 264 417 589 833 1020 1177 1316 1441 1557 1664 1765 1861 2279
3.85 3.33 1.39 2.26 3.58 6.36 9.78 15.14 19.93 24.29 28.36 32.22 35.89 39.43 42.85 46.16 61.55
1.05646 1.05114 1.00456 1.00192 1.00093 1.00037 1.00019 1.00009 1.00006 1.00005 1.00004 1.00003 1.00003 1.00002 1.00002 1.00002 1.00001
–16 –7 6 143 393 1042 2089 4170 6249 8327 10406 12484 14562 16641 18719 20798 31190
8.6 11.2 14.0 32.2 49.8 69.8 84.3 98.7 107.1 113.1 117.8 121.5 124.7 127.5 130.0 132.2 140.6
7.1 8.3 9.7 12.3 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
7.8 10.9 15.1 30.5 22.9 21.1 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
300 290 269 198 274 428 597 838 1024 1180 1319 1444 1559 1666 1767 1862 2280
5.63 5.01 4.38 3.07 3.94 6.53 9.89 15.21 19.96 24.32 28.38 32.23 35.91 39.44 42.86 46.17 61.55
1.06274 1.06034 1.05650 1.02402 1.00943 1.00365 1.00184 1.00093 1.00062 1.00046 1.00037 1.00031 1.00027 1.00023 1.00021 1.00019 1.00012
169 177 236
6.7 8.5 16.6
6.0 7.9 11.0
7.3 9.3 14.5
586 576 546
24.27 18.16 9.31
1.08262 1.08122 1.07432
H J/mol
S J/mol K
6-17
D
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
37.092 19.192 10.525 5.605 3.829 2.908 2.344 1.963 1.689 1.481 1.320 1.189 0.797
154 572 1231 2500 3755 5006 6256 7505 8754 10003 11252 12500 18742
H J/mol
S J/mol K
423 1093 2181 4284 6367 8445 10522 12599 14676 16753 18830 20907 31294
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
η µPa s
12.6 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
20.7 22.4 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
498 541 674 889 1063 1212 1346 1467 1580 1685 1784 1877 2289
6.99 8.07 10.93 15.82 20.25 24.54 28.56 32.38 36.04 39.56 42.96 46.26 61.62
29.5 49.9 65.0 79.6 88.0 94.0 98.6 102.4 105.6 108.4 110.9 113.0 121.5
D 1.05854 1.03003 1.01640 1.00871 1.00595 1.00452 1.00364 1.00305 1.00262 1.00230 1.00205 1.00185 1.00124
Argon (Ar) T K
ρ mol/L
vs m/s
λ mW/m K
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 85 35.243 90 0.138 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032
–4811 1077 1211 1471 1727 1980 2232 2483 2734 2984 3234 3484 3734 3984 4234 4484 4734
–4808 1802 2024 2456 2881 3302 3722 4141 4559 4976 5394 5811 6227 6644 7060 7477 7893
53.6 129.4 131.8 135.7 139.0 141.8 144.3 146.5 148.5 150.3 152.0 153.5 155.0 156.3 157.6 158.7 159.9
23.1 13.1 12.9 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
44.7 22.5 21.9 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
820 174 184 203 220 235 250 263 276 289 300 312 323 333 344 354 363
278.8 7.5 8.2 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.5 18.9 20.3 21.6 22.9 24.2 25.4 26.6 27.8
132.4 6.0 6.6 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.8 16.9 17.9 18.9 19.9 20.8 21.7
P = 1 MPa 85 35.307 90 34.542 100 32.909 120 1.181 140 0.945 160 0.799 180 0.697 200 0.619 220 0.559 240 0.509 260 0.468 280 0.433 300 0.403 320 0.377 340 0.355 360 0.335 380 0.317
–4820 –4598 –4145 1210 1544 1838 2116 2384 2648 2908 3167 3423 3679 3934 4188 4441 4694
–4792 –4569 –4115 2057 2603 3089 3551 3999 4438 4873 5304 5732 6159 6583 7007 7429 7851
53.5 56.1 60.9 114.3 118.5 121.8 124.5 126.9 128.9 130.8 132.6 134.2 135.6 137.0 138.3 139.5 140.6
23.1 21.6 19.9 14.7 13.5 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
44.6 44.7 46.2 30.1 25.4 23.6 22.7 22.2 21.8 21.6 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.1 21.1
823 808 753 189 212 231 247 262 275 288 301 312 324 334 345 355 365
281.3 242.7 185.0 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.8 16.3 17.7 19.1 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.3 25.5 26.7 27.9
133.0 124.2 109.2 9.3 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.2 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.2 20.2 21.1 22.0
P = 10 MPa 90 35.208
–4694
–4410
55.0
21.9
43.2
846
265.2
129.5
6-18
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
E J/mol
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
33.744 30.525 26.609 20.816 12.296 8.442 6.776 5.787 5.105 4.596 4.195 3.869 3.596 3.364 3.164
–4271 –3396 –2447 –1279 228 1118 1661 2087 2458 2798 3119 3427 3726 4017 4303
–3974 –3069 –2072 –799 1042 2302 3137 3815 4416 4974 5503 6012 6506 6989 7464
59.6 67.8 75.5 83.9 94.8 101.4 105.4 108.4 110.8 112.9 114.7 116.3 117.8 119.2 120.5
20.4 18.8 17.6 17.4 17.3 15.3 14.2 13.7 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9
Cp J/mol K 44.0 46.9 54.1 78.6 83.6 48.6 36.8 31.6 28.8 27.1 25.9 25.0 24.4 23.9 23.5
vs m/s 800 672 526 357 257 268 284 300 314 327 339 350 361 372 381
η µPa s 205.0 131.2 85.9 51.3 27.8 23.3 22.8 23.2 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7
λ mW/m K 115.1 92.1 71.7 52.8 32.0 23.6 21.6 21.3 21.4 21.8 22.3 22.9 23.5 24.2 24.9
Methane (CH4) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 100 27.370 125 0.099 150 0.081 175 0.069 200 0.061 225 0.054 250 0.048 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.034 375 0.032 400 0.030 425 0.028 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020
–5258 3026 3667 4301 4935 5571 6216 6875 7552 8252 8979 9737 10528 11354 12215 14047 18111
–5254 4039 4896 5743 6587 7434 8288 9156 10042 10951 11887 12853 13852 14886 15956 18204 23101
73.0 156.5 162.7 168.0 172.5 176.5 180.1 183.4 186.4 189.4 192.1 194.8 197.4 199.9 202.3 207.1 216.0
33.4 25.4 25.2 25.2 25.3 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.5 28.5 29.7 30.9 32.3 33.7 35.2 38.0 42.9
54.1 34.6 34.0 33.8 33.8 34.0 34.4 35.0 35.9 36.9 38.0 39.3 40.7 42.1 43.5 46.4 51.3
156.3 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.7 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.7 17.0 19.4
208.1 13.4 16.2 19.1 21.9 24.8 27.8 30.9 34.1 37.6 41.2 45.1 49.1 53.3 57.6 66.5 84.1
1.65504 1.00193 1.00159 1.00136 1.00119 1.00105 1.00095 1.00086 1.00079 1.00073 1.00068 1.00063 1.00059 1.00056 1.00053 1.00047 1.00039
P = 1 MPa 100 27.413 125 25.137 150 0.969 175 0.765 200 0.644 225 0.560 250 0.497 275 0.448 300 0.408 325 0.375 350 0.347 375 0.323 400 0.302 425 0.284 450 0.268 500 0.241 600 0.200
–5268 –3882 3282 4041 4736 5410 6081 6758 7449 8160 8897 9662 10460 11291 12157 13997 18073
–5231 –3842 4315 5348 6289 7197 8093 8991 9901 10829 11781 12760 13770 14814 15892 18153 23070
72.9 85.3 140.9 147.3 152.3 156.6 160.4 163.8 167.0 169.9 172.8 175.5 178.1 180.6 183.1 187.8 196.8
33.4 32.4 27.9 26.4 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.8 27.6 28.6 29.7 31.0 32.4 33.8 35.2 38.1 43.0
54.0 57.4 45.2 38.9 36.8 36.0 35.8 36.1 36.7 37.6 38.6 39.8 41.1 42.4 43.8 46.6 51.4
158.1 89.2 6.2 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.4 12.1 12.9 13.6 14.4 15.1 15.7 17.0 19.5
208.9 168.2 18.4 20.6 23.1 25.8 28.7 31.7 34.9 38.3 41.9 45.7 49.6 53.8 58.1 66.9 84.5
1.65617 1.59261 1.01911 1.01507 1.01268 1.01102 1.00979 1.00882 1.00803 1.00738 1.00683 1.00636 1.00595 1.00559 1.00527 1.00474 1.00394
6-19
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) ρ mol/L
E J/mol
P = 10 MPa 100 27.815 125 25.754 150 23.441 175 20.613 200 16.602 225 10.547 250 7.013 275 5.530 300 4.685 325 4.115 350 3.695 375 3.366 400 3.101 425 2.880 450 2.692 500 2.389 600 1.963
–5362 –4036 –2655 –1175 542 2680 4289 5387 6320 7192 8047 8903 9774 10666 11584 13507 17700
T K
H J/mol –5003 –3648 –2229 –689 1144 3628 5714 7195 8454 9622 10753 11874 12999 14138 15298 17692 22795
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
72.0 84.1 94.4 103.9 113.6 125.3 134.1 139.8 144.2 147.9 151.3 154.4 157.3 160.0 162.7 167.7 177.0
33.8 32.7 31.4 30.3 30.1 30.8 29.3 28.7 28.9 29.6 30.5 31.7 32.9 34.3 35.7 38.5 43.3
53.2 55.3 58.6 65.5 84.7 102.2 67.4 53.4 48.0 45.8 44.9 44.8 45.2 46.0 46.9 48.9 52.9
175.4 100.4 65.7 44.9 29.4 17.6 14.3 13.8 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.8 16.3 16.9 18.0 20.2
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
λ mW/m K 217 178.8 144.6 113.4 85.8 61.0 47.6 44.1 44.6 46.6 49.2 52.3 55.7 59.4 63.3 71.6 88.3
D
1.66668 1.60895 1.54553 1.47021 1.36789 1.22352 1.14481 1.11297 1.09513 1.08322 1.07450 1.06773 1.06227 1.05775 1.05392 1.04775 1.03911
Ethane (C2H6) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
vs m/s
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 95 21.50 100 21.32 125 20.41 150 19.47 175 18.49 200 0.062 225 0.054 250 0.049 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020
–14555 –14210 –12468 –10717 –8938 5503 6401 7349 8360 9439 10592 11823 13133 14525 17548 20883 28429
–14550 –14205 –12463 –10712 -8933 7123 8238 9401 10624 11914 13278 14719 16240 17841 21282 25035 33415
80.2 83.8 99.3 112.1 123.1 210.1 215.4 220.3 224.9 229.4 233.8 238.1 242.3 246.4 254.5 262.4 277.6
47.2 47.1 45.0 43.4 42.7 34.5 36.5 38.9 41.6 44.5 47.6 50.7 54.0 57.2 63.6 69.7 80.9
68.7 69.3 69.8 70.4 72.1 43.8 45.5 47.7 50.2 53.1 56.1 59.2 62.4 65.6 72.0 78.1 89.3
1970 1943 1775 1587 1396 258 273 287 300 312 324 335 345 355 375 393 428
1.93480 1.92500 1.87634 1.82726 1.77671 1.00208 1.00183 1.00164 1.00148 1.00136 1.00125 1.00116 1.00108 1.00101 1.00090 1.00081 1.00067
P = 1 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
–14562 –14217 –12478 –10731 –8957 –7127 –5199 6762 7902 9063 10273 11546 12889 14306
–14515 –14170 –12429 –10679 –8903 –7070 –5137 8534 9949 11363 12815 14321 15893 17534
80.2 83.7 99.2 112.0 123.0 132.7 141.8 198.7 204.1 209.0 213.7 218.1 222.5 226.7
47.3 47.2 45.0 43.4 42.7 42.9 43.8 41.6 43.2 45.5 48.3 51.3 54.4 57.5
68.7 69.3 69.8 70.3 72.0 74.9 80.2 57.5 56.2 57.2 59.1 61.5 64.2 67.1
1972 1946 1778 1592 1402 1209 1008 260 280 297 311 325 337 349
1.93537 1.92560 1.87709 1.82823 1.77800 1.72513 1.66733 1.01909 1.01650 1.01467 1.01327 1.01214 1.01121 1.01043
21.514 21.334 20.427 19.494 18.515 17.464 16.288 0.564 0.489 0.435 0.393 0.360 0.333 0.310
6-20
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
450 500 600
0.272 0.244 0.201
17367 20730 28313
21038 24836 33278
234.9 242.9 258.3
21.624 21.448 20.570 19.678 18.758 17.793 16.760 15.620 14.301 12.666 10.398 7.292 5.182 4.182 3.204 2.677 2.076
–14626 –14286 –12572 –10858 –9130 –7363 –5535 –3609 –1539 757 3443 6643 9419 11577 15379 19135 27160
–14163 –13819 –12086 –10350 –8596 –6801 –4938 –2969 –839 1547 4404 8015 11349 13968 18500 22870 31978
79.5 83.0 98.5 111.1 121.9 131.5 140.3 148.6 156.7 165.0 174.1 184.8 194.1 200.8 211.5 220.7 237.3
P = 10 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
63.8 69.9 81.0
73.0 78.9 89.8
370 390 427
1.00917 1.00819 1.00677
47.4 47.4 45.5 43.9 43.3 43.5 44.3 45.8 47.9 50.8 54.7 58.8 60.0 61.4 65.8 71.2 81.8
68.5 69.1 69.3 69.6 70.8 73.0 76.4 81.5 89.4 102.7 129.1 150.1 115.7 96.9 87.5 88.0 94.7
2000 1974 1814 1637 1459 1284 1110 935 758 577 399 290 289 310 347 378 427
1.94104 1.93146 1.88436 1.83753 1.79010 1.74134 1.69017 1.63488 1.57249 1.49740 1.39745 1.26832 1.18570 1.14797 1.11193 1.09288 1.07142
Propane (C3H8) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 90 16.526 100 16.295 125 15.726 150 15.156 175 14.577 200 13.982 225 13.339 250 0.050 275 0.045 300 0.041 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020
–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9395 9194 10691 12297 14019 15862 17827 19912 24441 29428 40677
–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9387 11213 12930 14752 16689 18744 20921 23217 28166 33573 45658
87.3 96.2 115.4 131.3 145.0 157.3 168.5 257.6 264.1 270.5 276.7 282.8 288.8 294.7 306.4 317.7 339.7
59.2 59.6 59.2 58.9 59.5 61.0 63.4 57.2 61.6 66.2 71.1 76.0 80.9 85.7 95.2 104.1 120.4
84.5 85.2 86.5 88.0 90.3 93.5 97.9 66.8 70.7 75.1 79.8 84.6 89.5 94.3 103.6 112.6 128.8
2126 2041 1856 1685 1521 1359 1197 228 239 249 259 269 278 286 303 318 347
2.07988 2.05806 2.00674 1.95796 1.91036 1.86300 1.81487 1.00238 1.00215 1.00195 1.00179 1.00166 1.00154 1.00144 1.00128 1.00115 1.00095
P = 1 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9424 –6919 –4252 –1360 13278
–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9349 –6840 –4169 –1270 15614
87.2 96.2 115.3 131.2 144.9 157.2 168.4 179.0 189.1 199.2 255.2
59.3 59.7 59.2 59.0 59.6 61.1 63.4 66.4 70.0 74.1 74.1
84.5 85.2 86.4 88.0 90.2 93.4 97.7 103.3 110.8 121.9 89.6
2128 2043 1859 1690 1526 1365 1205 1045 881 708 233
2.08034 2.05856 2.00736 1.95873 1.91132 1.86421 1.81642 1.76672 1.71316 1.65216 1.02067
16.526 16.295 15.726 15.156 14.577 13.982 13.361 12.696 11.962 11.102 0.428
6-21
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 350 375 400 450 500 600 P = 10 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
0.383 0.349 0.322 0.279 0.248 0.203
15259 17318 19472 24092 29137 40455
17869 20183 22582 27672 33172 45374
261.9 268.3 274.4 286.4 298.0 320.2
78.0 82.2 86.7 95.7 104.4 120.5
91.2 94.2 97.8 105.9 114.1 129.7
248 261 272 293 312 344
1.01846 1.01678 1.01544 1.01337 1.01184 1.00968
16.590 16.364 15.810 15.259 14.705 14.141 13.562 12.960 12.322 11.631 10.860 9.973 8.905 7.561 4.614 3.241 2.242
–21553 –20714 –18595 –16448 –14261 –12016 –9692 –7268 –4721 –2027 843 3924 7270 10957 18845 25567 38131
–20951 –20103 –17962 –15793 –13581 –11309 –8955 –6496 –3909 –1167 1764 4927 8393 12279 21013 28652 42591
86.5 95.4 114.5 130.3 144.0 156.1 167.2 177.5 187.4 196.9 206.3 215.7 225.2 235.3 255.8 272.0 297.4
59.9 60.1 59.6 59.3 59.9 61.4 63.7 66.7 70.2 74.1 78.4 82.9 87.7 93.0 101.8 107.8 121.7
84.4 85.1 86.1 87.5 89.5 92.4 96.1 100.7 106.4 113.2 121.5 132.0 146.1 165.7 167.8 142.7 140.5
2146 2068 1895 1733 1577 1425 1277 1133 991 851 715 582 455 339 249 276 332
2.08489 2.06350 2.01342 1.96617 1.92048 1.87557 1.83076 1.78529 1.73826 1.68849 1.63437 1.57361 1.50271 1.41671 1.24060 1.16439 1.11122
6-22
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES Henry V. Kehiaian This table gives second virial coefficients of about 110 inorganic and organic gases as a function of temperature. Selected data from the literature have been fitted by least squares to the equation n
[
]
B/ cm 3 mol –1 = ∑ a(i ) (To / T ) – 1 i =1
i–1
where To = 298.15 K. The table gives the coefficients a(i) and values of B at fixed temperature increments, as calculated from this smoothing equation. The equation may be used with the tabulated coefficients for interpolation within the indicated temperature range. It should not be used for extrapolation beyond this range. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction), with carboncontaining compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. A useful compilation of virial coefficient data from the literature may be found in: J. H. Dymond and E. B. Smith, The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures, A Critical Compilation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.
Compounds Not Containing Carbon Mol. form. Ar
Name
T/K
Argon
a(1) = –16 a(2) = –60 a(3) = –10
BF3
Boron trifluoride
a(1) = –106 a(2) = –330 a(3) = –251 a(4) = –80 ClH
Hydrogen chloride
a(1) = –144 a(2) = –325 a(3) = –277 a(4) = –170
Cl2
Chlorine
6-23
B/cm3 mol–1
100 120 140 160 80 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
–184 –131 –98 –76 –60 –48 –16 –1 7 12 15 18 20 22
200 240 280 320 360 400 440
–338 –202 –129 –85 –56 –37 –23
190 230 270 310 350 390 430 470
–451 –269 –181 –132 –102 –81 –66 –54
210 220
–508 –483
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
T/K
a(1) = –303 a(2) = –555 a(3) = 9 a(4) = 329 a(5) = 68
F2
Fluorine
a(1) = –25 a(2) = 21 a(3) = –185 a(4) = 113 F4Si
Silicon tetrafluoride
a(1) = –138 a(2) = –312
F5I
Iodine pentafluoride
a(1) = –3077 a(2) = –8474 a(3) = –9116
F5P
Phosphorus pentafluoride
a(1) = –186 a(2) = –345
F6Mo
Molybdenum hexafluoride
6-24
B/cm3 mol–1
230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900
–457 –432 –407 –383 –360 –339 –318 –299 –221 –166 –126 –97 –59 –36 –22 –12
80 110 140 170 200 230 260
–386 –171 –113 –73 –47 –32 –25
210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450
–268 –213 –170 –136 –108 –84 –64 –47 –32
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–2540 –2344 –2172 –2021 –1890 –1775 –1674 –1587 –1510 –1443
320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
–162 –143 –127 –112 –98 –86 –75 –64
300 310 320
–896 –810 –737
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
F6S
Name
T/K
a(1) = –914 a(2) = –2922 a(3) = –4778
330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–677 –627 –586 –553 –527 –506 –491
Sulfur hexafluoride
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
–685 –416 –275 –190 –135 –96 –68
320 340 360 380 400 420 440
–1030 –905 –805 –724 –658 –604 –560
320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
–641 –578 –523 –473 –428 –387 –350 –317
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400
–230 –151 –108 –82 –64 –52 –42 –35 –24 –16 –11 –7 –3 11 15 18
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440
–1126 –850 –660 –526 –428 –356 –301 –258
a(1) = –279 a(2) = –647 a(3) = –335 a(4) = –72 F6U
Uranium hexafluoride
a(1) = –1204 a(2) = –2690 a(3) = –2144
F6W
Tungsten hexafluoride
a(1) = –719 a(2) = –1143
H2
Hydrogen
a(1) = 15.4 a(2) = –9.0 a(3) = –0.2
H2O
B/cm3 mol–1
Water
a(1) = –1158 a(2) = –5157 a(3) = –10301 a(4) =–10597 a(5) = –4415
6-25
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
H3N
Name
T/K
Ammonia
a(1) = –271 a(2) = –1022 a(3) = –2715 a(4) = –4189
H3P
Phosphine
a(1) = –146 a(2) = –733 a(3) = 1022 a(4) = –1220
He
Helium
a(1) = 12 a(2) = –1
Kr
Krypton
a(1) = –51 a(2) = –118
6-26
B/cm3 mol–1
460 480 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
–224 –197 –175 –104 –67 –44 –30 –20 –14 –11
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420
–302 –265 –236 –213 –194 –179 –166 –154 –144 –135 –118 –101
190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
–457 –404 –364 –332 –305 –281 –258 –235 –213 –190 –166
2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 50 70 90 110 150 250 650 700
–172 –48 –24 –13 –7 –3 –1 1 6 8 10 10 11 12 13 13
110 120 130 140 150
–363 –307 –263 –229 –201
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
NO
Name
T/K
a(3) = –29 a(4) = –5
160 170 180 190 200 250 300 400 500 600 700
–178 –159 –143 –129 –117 –75 –51 –23 –8 2 8
Nitric oxide
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 230 250 270
–232 –176 –138 –113 –96 –83 –73 –65 –58 –52 –42 –32 –24
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 400 500 600 700
–274 –161 –104 –71 –49 –34 –24 –15 –4 9 16 21 24
240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
–219 –181 –151 –128 –110 –96 –85 –76 –68
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
–25 –13 –6 –1 2 4 6 7
a(1) = –12 a(2) = –119 a(3) = 89 a(4) = –73
N2
Nitrogen
a(1) = –4 a(2) = –56 a(3) = –12
N2O
Nitrous oxide
a(1) = –130 a(2) = –307 a(3) = –248
Ne
B/cm3 mol–1
Neon
a(1) = 10.8 a(2) = –7.5 a(3) = 0.4
6-27
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
O2
Name
Oxygen
a(1) = –16 a(2) = –62 a(3) = –8 a(4) = –3
O2S
Sulfur dioxide
a(1) = –430 a(2) = –1193 a(3) = –1029
Xe
B/cm3 mol–1
T/K
Xenon
a(1) = –130 a(2) = –262 a(3) = –87
300 400 500 600
11 13 14 15
90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 400
–241 –161 –117 –88 –69 –55 –44 –36 –29 –23 –18 –14 –10 –7 –1
290 320 350 380 410 440 470
–465 –354 –276 –221 –181 –153 –132
160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 300 350 400 500 600 650
–421 –377 –340 –307 –280 –255 –234 –215 –199 –184 –129 –93 –69 –39 –21 –14
Compounds Containing Carbon Mol. form. CClF3
Name Chlorotrifluoromethane
a(1) = –223 a(2) = –504 a(3) = –340 a(4) = –291
6-28
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
240 290 340 390 440 490 540
–369 –237 –165 –119 –86 –60 –39
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. CCl2F2
Name Dichlorodifluoromethane
a(1) = –486 a(2) = –1217 a(3) = –1188 a(4) = –698
CCl3F
Trichlorofluoromethane
a(1) = –786 a(2) = –1428 a(3) = –142
CCl4
Tetrachloromethane
a(1) = –1600 a(2) = –4059 a(3) = –4653 CF4
Tetrafluoromethane
a(1) = –88 a(2) = –238 a(3) = –70
CHClF2
Chlorodifluoromethane
a(1) = –347 a(2) = –575 a(3) = 187 CHCl2F
Dichlorofluoromethane
a(1) = –562 a(2) = –862
CHCl3
Trichloromethane
a(1) = –1193 a(2) = –2936 a(3) = –1751
6-29
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460
–769 –570 –441 –353 –289 –241 –204 –174
240 280 320 360 400 440 480
–1140 –879 –689 –545 –431 –340 –265
320 340 360 380 400 420
–1345 –1171 –1040 –942 –868 –814
250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800
–137 –87 –55 –32 –16 –4 14 25 33
300 325 350 375 400 425
–343 –298 –257 –221 –188 –158
250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450
–728 –634 –557 –491 –434 –385 –343 –305 –271
320 330 340 350 360 370 380
–1001 –926 –858 –797 –740 –689 –642
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
CHF3
Name
Trifluoromethane
a(1) = –177 a(2) = –399 a(3) = –250
CH2Cl2
Dichloromethane
a(1) = –913 a(2) = –3371 a(3) = –5013
CH2F2
Difluoromethane
a(1) = –321 a(2) = –754 a(3) = –1300
CH3Br
Bromomethane
a(1) = –559 a(2) = –1324
CH3Cl
Chloromethane
a(1) = –407 a(2) = –887 a(3) = –385
CH3F
Fluoromethane
6-30
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
390 400
–599 –559
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
–433 –350 –288 –241 –204 –174 –151 –132 –116 –103 –91
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420
–706 –634 –574 –524 –482 –447 –420 –380 –357
280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350
–375 –343 –316 –294 –275 –260 –248 –238
280 290 300 310 320 340 360 380
–645 –596 –551 –509 –469 –396 –332 –274
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 600
–466 –402 –348 –304 –266 –234 –206 –182 –161 –142 –126 –112 –58
280
–244
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
a(1) = –209 a(2) = –525 a(3) = –365
CH3I
Iodomethane
a(1) = –844 a(2) = –3353 a(3) = –6590
CH4
Methane
a(1) = –43 a(2) = –114 a(3) = –19 a(4) = –7
CH4O
Methanol
a(1) = –1752 a(2) = –4694
CH5N
Methylamine
a(1) = –459 a(2) = –1191 a(3) = –995
CO
Carbon monoxide
a(1) = –9
6-31
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
300 320 340 360 380 400 420
–205 –174 –150 –129 –112 –99 –87
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
–725 –646 –582 –531 –492 –462 –441 –427
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 300 350 400 500 600
–328 –276 –237 –206 –181 –160 –143 –128 –116 –105 –66 –43 –27 –16 0 10
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1431 –1299 –1174 –1056 –945 –840 –741 –646 –557
300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 550
–451 –367 –304 –257 –220 –192 –170 –140 –122
210 240 270 300
–36 –24 –15 –8
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name a(2) = –58 a(3) = –18
CO2
Carbon dioxide
a(1) = –127 a(2) = –288 a(3) = –118
CS2
Carbon disulfide
a(1) = –807 a(2) = –1829 a(3) = –1371 C2Cl2F4
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
a(1) = –812 a(2) = –1773 a(3) = –963
C2Cl3F3
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
a(1) = –999 a(2) = –1479
C2H2
Ethyne
a(1) = –216 a(2) = –375 a(3) = –716
6-32
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
330 360 420 480
–3 1 7 11
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
–244 –204 –172 –146 –126 –108 –94 –81 –71 –62 –30 –13 –1 7 12 16 19
280 310 340 370 400 430
–932 –740 –603 –504 –431 –375
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
–801 –695 –608 –536 –475 –423 –379 –341 –307 –279 –253
290 310 330 350 370 390 410 430 450
–1041 –943 –856 –780 –712 –651 –596 –546 –500
200 210 220 230 240 250
–573 –500 –440 –390 –349 –315
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C2H3N
Name
Ethanenitrile
a(1) = –5840 a(2) = –29175 a(3) = –47611
C2H4
Ethene
a(1) = –140 a(2) = –296 a(3) = –101
C2H4Cl2
1,2-Dichloroethane
a(1) = –1362 a(2) = –3240 a(3) = –2100
C2H4O
Ethanal
a(1) = –1217 a(2) = –4647 a(3) = –5725
C2H4O2
Methyl methanoate
a(1) = –1035 a(2) = –3425 a(3) = –4203
C2H5Cl
Chloroethane
a(1) = –777 a(2) = –2205 a(3) = –1764
6-33
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
260 270
–287 –263
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–3468 –2971 –2563 –2233 –1970 –1765 –1610 –1499 –1425
240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450
–218 –172 –139 –113 –92 –76 –63 –52
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 570
–812 –716 –635 –566 –508 –458 –416 –379 –347 –319 –295
290 320 350 380 410 440 470
–1352 –927 –654 –482 –375 –314 –283
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–821 –744 –677 –620 –571 –528 –492 –461 –435
320 360 400 440 480 520
–634 –450 –330 –249 –195 –157
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C2H6
Name
Ethane
a(1) = –184 a(2) = –376 a(3) = –143 a(4) = –54
C2H6O
Ethanol
a(1) = –4475 a(2) = –29719 a(3) = –56716
C2H6O
Dimethyl ether
a(1) = –455 a(2) = –965
C2H7N
Dimethylamine
a(1) = –662 a(2) = –1504 a(3) = –667
C2H7N
Ethylamine
a(1) = –785 a(2) = –2012 a(3) = –1397
C3H6
Cyclopropane
6-34
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
560 600
–131 –114
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600
–409 –337 –284 –242 –209 –181 –159 –140 –123 –109 –96 –52 –24
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–2710 –2135 –1676 –1317 –1043 –843 –705 –622
275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310
–536 –517 –499 –482 –465 –449 –433 –418
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–606 –563 –523 –487 –454 –423 –395 –369 –345 –322
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–773 –710 –654 –604 –558 –517 –480 –447 –416 –389 –363
300
–383
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
a(1) = –388 a(2) = –861 a(3) = –538
C3H6
Propene
a(1) = –347 a(2) = –727 a(3) = –325
C3H6O
2-Propanone
a(1) = –2051 a(2) = –8903 a(3) = –18056 a(4) = –16448
C3H6O
Ethyl methanoate
a(1) = –1371 a(2) = –4231 a(3) = –4312
C3H6O
Methyl ethanoate
a(1) = –1709 a(2) = –6348 a(3) = –9650
C3H7Cl
1-Chloropropane
a(1) = –1121 a(2) = –3271 a(3) = –3786 a(4) = –1974
6-35
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–356 –332 –310 –290 –272 –256 –241 –227 –215 –204
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
–395 –342 –299 –262 –232 –205 –183 –163 –146 –131 –118 –106
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480
–1996 –1522 –1198 –971 –806 –683 –586 –506 –437 –375
330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–1003 –916 –839 –771 –712 –660 –614
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–1320 –1186 –1074 –980 –903 –840 –789 –749
310 340 370 400 430 460 490
–1001 –772 –614 –501 –417 –352 –302
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C3H8
Name
Propane
a(1) = –386 a(2) = –844 a(3) = –720 a(4) = –574
C3H8O
1-Propanol
a(1) = –2690 a(2) = –12040 a(3) = –16738
C3H8O
2-Propanol
a(1) = –3165 a(2) = –16092 a(3) = –24197
C3H9N
Trimethylamine
a(1) = –737 a(2) = –1669 a(3) = –986
C4H8
1-Butene
a(1) = –633 a(2) = –1442 a(3) = –932
C4H8O
2-Butanone
a(1) = –2282
6-36
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
520 550 580
–261 –227 –198
240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 440 480 520 560
–641 –527 –444 –381 –331 –292 –259 –232 –208 –169 –138 –112 –90
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
–873 –826 –783 –744 –709 –679 –651 –627 –606
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
–821 –766 –717 –674 –636 –604 –576 –552 –533
310 320 330 340 350 360 370
–675 –628 –585 –547 –512 –480 –450
300 320 340 360 380 400 420
–624 –539 –470 –413 –366 –327 –294
310 320 330 340
–2056 –1878 –1712 –1555
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C4H8O2
Name
T/K
a(2) = –5907
350 360 370
–1407 –1267 –1135
Propyl methanoate
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1496 –1354 –1231 –1126 –1035 –957 –890 –834
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1543 –1385 –1254 –1144 –1055 –982 –923 –878
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1588 –1444 –1319 –1211 –1117 –1037 –968 –908
330 370 410 450 490 530 570
–1224 –898 –691 –551 –449 –371 –309
250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460 490 520 550
–1170 –863 –668 –536 –442 –371 –315 –270 –232 –199 –171
270 300 330 360 390 420 450
–900 –697 –553 –450 –374 –317 –273
a(1) = –2118 a(2) = –7299 a(3) = –8851
C4H8O2
Ethyl ethanoate
a(1) = –2272 a(2) = –8818 a(3) = –13130
C4H8O2
Methyl propanoate
a(1) = –2216 a(2) = –7339 a(3) = –8658
C4H9Cl
1-Chlorobutane
a(1) = –1643 a(2) = –4897 a(3) = –6178 a(4) = –3718 C4H10
Butane
a(1) = –735 a(2) = –1835 a(3) = –1922 a(4) = –1330
C4H10
B/cm3 mol–1
2-Methylpropane
a(1) = –707 a(2) = –1719 a(3) = –1282
6-37
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C4H10O
Name
1-Butanol
a(1) = –2629 a(2) = –6315
C4H10O
2-Methyl-1-propanol
a(1) = –2269 a(2) = –5065
C4H10O
2-Butanol
a(1) = –2232 a(2) = –5209 C4H10O
2-Methyl-2-propanol
a(1) = –1952 a(2) = –4775 C4H10O
Diethyl ether
a(1) = –1226 a(2) = –4458 a(3) = –7746 a(4) = –10005
C4H11N
Diethylamine
a(1) = –1522 a(2) = –5204 a(3) = –15047 a(4) = –28835
C5H5N
Pyridine
a(1) = –1765 a(2) = –3431
6-38
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
480 510
–240 –215
350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440
–1693 –1544 –1402 –1268 –1141 –1021 –796 –593
390 400 410 420 430 440
–1076 –979 –887 –800 –716 –636
380 390 400 410 420
–1110 –1005 –906 –811 –721
380 390 400 410 420
–924 –827 –736 –649 –567
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420
–1550 –1199 –954 –776 –638 –525 –428 –340
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1228 –1134 –1056 –988 –926 –868 –812 –755 –697
350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440
–1257 –1176 –1099 –1026 –957 –892 –770 –659
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. C5H10
T/K
Cyclopentane
300 305 310 315 320
–1049 –1015 –981 –949 –918
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–966 –898 –836 –780 –729 –681 –638 –598 –561 –527 –495
330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–2850 –2420 –2076 –1804 –1595 –1440 –1332
300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550
–1234 –1130 –1038 –957 –884 –818 –579 –436 –348 –294
280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450
–1263 –1166 –1079 –1001 –931 –867 –810 –757 –557 –424
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–916 –843 –780 –724 –674 –629 –590 –554 –521 –492
a(1) = –1062 a(2) = –2116 C5H10
1-Pentene
a(1) = –1055 a(2) = –2377 a(3) = –1189
C5H10O
2-Pentanone
a(1) = –4962 a(2) = –26372 a(3) = –46537
C5H12
Pentane
a(1) = –1254 a(2) = –3345 a(3) = –2726
C5H12
2-Methylbutane
a(1) = –1095 a(2) = –2503 a(3) = –1534
C5H12
B/cm3 mol–1
Name
2,2-Dimethylpropane
a(1) = –931 a(2) = –2387 a(3) = –2641 a(4) = –1810
6-39
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C6H6
Name
Benzene
a(1) = –1477 a(2) = –3851 a(3) = –3683 a(4) = –1423
C6H7N
2-Methylpyridine
a(1) = –2940 a(2) = –8813 a(3) = –7809
C6H7N
3-Methylpyridine
a(1) = –6304 a(2) = –30415 a(3) = –44549 C6H7N
4-Methylpyridine
a(1) = –6553 a(2) = –32873 a(3) = –49874 C6H12
Cyclohexane
a(1) = –1733 a(2) = –5618 a(3) = –9486 a(4) = –7936
C6H12
Methylcyclopentane
6-40
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
400 450 500 550
–464 –357 –279 –218
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550 600
–1588 –1454 –1335 –1231 –1139 –1056 –983 –712 –542 –429 –349 –291
360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430
–1656 –1523 –1404 –1297 –1202 –1117 –1040 –972
380 390 400 410 420 430
–1819 –1612 –1448 –1322 –1230 –1166
380 390 400 410 420 430
–1787 –1578 –1417 –1297 –1214 –1163
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
–1698 –1391 –1170 –1007 –883 –786 –707 –641 –584 –534 –488 –446 –406 –368
305 315
–1447 –1357
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
T/K
a(1) = –1512 a(2) = –2910 C6H14
Hexane
a(1) = –1961 a(2) = –6691 a(3) = –13167 a(4) = –15273
C6H15N
Triethylamine
a(1) = –2061 a(2) = –5735 a(3) = –5899
C7H8
Toluene
a(1) = –2620 a(2) = –7548 a(3) = –6349
C7H14
1-Heptene
a(1) = –2491 a(2) = –6230 a(3) = –3780
C7H16
Heptane
a(1) = –2834 a(2) = –8523 a(3) = –10068 a(4) = –5051
6-41
B/cm3 mol–1
325 335 345
–1272 –1192 –1117
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 430 450
–1920 –1724 –1561 –1424 –1309 –1209 –1123 –1046 –978 –916 –859 –806 –707 –616
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1562 –1444 –1340 –1249 –1169 –1099 –1037 –983
350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430
–1641 –1511 –1394 –1289 –1195 –1110 –1034 –965 –903
340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–1781 –1651 –1532 –1424 –1324 –1233 –1150 –1073
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
–2782 –2297 –1928 –1641 –1415 –1233 –1085 –963 –862 –775 –702
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C8H10
Name
1,2-Dimethylbenzene
a(1) = –5632 a(2) = –22873 a(3) = –28900
C8H10
1,3-Dimethylbenzene
a(1) = –5808 a(2) = –23244 a(3) = –27607
C8H10
1,4-Dimethylbenzene
a(1) = –4921 a(2) = –16843 a(3) = –16159
C8H16
1-Octene
a(1) = –3273 a(2) = –6557
C8H18
Octane
a(1) = –4123 a(2) = –13120 a(3) = –16408 a(4) = –8580
6-42
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
540 580 620 660 700
–583 –490 –416 –355 –304
380 390 400 410 420 430 440
–2046 –1848 –1681 –1543 –1428 –1335 –1261
380 390 400 410 420 430 440
–2082 –1865 –1679 –1521 –1388 –1276 –1184
380 390 400 410 420 430 440
–2043 –1851 –1680 –1529 –1395 –1276 –1171
360 370 380 390 400 410
–2147 –2000 –1861 –1729 –1604 –1485
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
–4042 –2511 –1704 –1234 –936 –732 –583 –468 –375
VAN DER WAALS CONSTANTS FOR GASES The van der Waals equation of state for a real gas is (P + n2a/V2)(V - nb) = nRT where P is the pressure, V the volume, T the temperature, n the amount of substance (in moles), and R the gas constant. The van der Waals constants a and b are characteristic of the substance and are independent of temperature. They are related to the critical temperature and pressure, Tc and Pc, by a = 27R2Tc2/64Pc
b = RTc /8Pc
This table gives values of a and b for some common gases. Most of the values have been calculated from the critical temperature and pressure values given in the table “Critical Constants” in this section. Van der Waals constants for other gases may easily be calculated from the data in that table. To convert the van der Waals constants to SI units, note that 1 bar L2/mol2 = 0.1 Pa m6/mol2 and 1 L/mol = 0.001 m3/mol. REFERENCE Reid, R.C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.
Substance Acetic acid Acetone Acetylene Ammonia Aniline Argon Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol 2-Butanone Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloromethane Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Decane 1-Decanol Diethyl ether Dimethyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Fluorine Furan Helium Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide
a bar L2/mol2 17.71 16.02 4.516 4.225 29.14 1.355 18.82 9.75 13.89 20.94 19.97 3.658 11.25 1.472 6.343 25.80 11.66 7.566 21.92 8.34 52.74 59.51 17.46 8.690 69.38 75.70 5.580 12.56 4.612 1.171 12.74 0.0346 31.06 38.17 24.84 31.79 8.46 0.2452 4.500 3.700 11.29 9.565 6.309
b L/mol
Substance
0.1065 0.1124 0.0522 0.0371 0.1486 0.0320 0.1193 0.0591 0.1164 0.1326 0.1326 0.0429 0.0726 0.0395 0.0542 0.1454 0.0903 0.0648 0.1411 0.0747 0.3043 0.3086 0.1333 0.0774 0.3758 0.3750 0.0651 0.0871 0.0582 0.0290 0.0926 0.0238 0.2049 0.2150 0.1744 0.1856 0.0462 0.0265 0.0442 0.0406 0.0881 0.0739 0.0530
Hydrogen sulfide Isobutane Krypton Methane Methanol Methylamine Neon Neopentane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrous oxide Octane 1-Octanol Oxygen Ozone Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene Pyridine Pyrrole Silane Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Tetrachloromethane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoromethane Tetrafluorosilane Tetrahydrofuran Thiophene Toluene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Trimethylamine Water Xenon
6-43
a bar L2/mol2 4.544 13.32 5.193 2.303 9.476 7.106 0.208 17.17 1.46 1.370 5.36 3.58 3.852 37.88 44.71 1.382 3.570 19.09 25.88 22.93 9.39 16.26 15.82 8.442 19.77 18.82 4.38 6.865 7.857 20.01 20.96 6.954 4.040 5.259 16.39 17.21 24.86 20.15 15.34 5.378 13.37 5.537 4.192
b L/mol 0.0434 0.1164 0.0106 0.0431 0.0659 0.0588 0.0167 0.1411 0.0289 0.0387 0.0443 0.0545 0.0444 0.2374 0.2442 0.0319 0.0487 0.1449 0.1568 0.1177 0.0905 0.1079 0.1109 0.0824 0.1137 0.1049 0.0579 0.0568 0.0879 0.1281 0.1470 0.0809 0.0633 0.0724 0.1082 0.1058 0.1497 0.1317 0.1019 0.0640 0.1101 0.0305 0.0516
MEAN FREE PATH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF GASES In the simplest version of the kinetic theory of gases, molecules are treated as hard spheres of diameter d which make binary collisions only. In this approximation the mean distance traveled by a molecule between successive collisions, the mean free path l , is related to the collision diameter by: l=
kT π 2 Pd 2
where P is the pressure, T the absolute temperature, and k the Boltzmann constant. At standard conditions (P = 100 000 Pa and T = 298.15 K) this relation becomes: l=
9.27 ⋅ 10 –27 d2
where l and d are in meters. Using the same model and the same standard pressure, the collision diameter can be calculated from the viscosity η by the kinetic theory relation:
2.67 ⋅ 10 –20 ( MT ) d2 where η is in units of µPa s and M is the molar mass in g/mol. Kinetic theory also gives a relation for the mean velocity v of molecules of mass m: 1/ 2
η=
v=
8kT πm
1/ 2
= 145.5(T / M )
1/ 2
m/s
Finally, the mean time τ between collisions can be calculated from the relation τv = l. The table below gives values of l , v, and τ for some common gases at 25°C and atmospheric pressure, as well as the value of d, all calculated from measured gas viscosities (see References 2 and 3 and the table “Viscosity of Gases” in this section). It is seen from the above equations that the mean free path varies directly with T and inversely with P, while the mean velocity varies as the square root of T and, in this approximation, is independent of P. A more accurate model, in which molecular interactions are described by a Lennard-Jones potential, gives mean free path values about 5% lower than this table (see Reference 4). REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Vargaftik, N.B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 1975. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986. Gas
d
Air Ar CO2 H2 He Kr N2 NH3 Ne O2 Xe
3.66⋅10-10 m 3.58 4.53 2.71 2.15 4.08 3.70 4.32 2.54 3.55 4.78
l 6.91⋅10-8 m 7.22 4.51 12.6 20.0 5.58 6.76 4.97 14.3 7.36 4.05
6-44
v
τ
467 m/s 397 379 1769 1256 274 475 609 559 444 219
148 ps 182 119 71 159 203 142 82 256 166 185
INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON FREEZING POINTS This table illustrates the variation of the freezing point of representative types of liquids with pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order. Note that 1 MPa = 0.01 kbar = 9.87 atm. REFERENCES 1. Isaacs, N.S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. 2. Merrill, L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 1205, 1977; 11, 1005, 1982. Substance
Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl alcohol Bromobenzene Bromoethane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopropane p-Bromotoluene Butanoic acid 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene p-Chlorotoluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol 1,2-Dibromoethane p-Dichlorobenzene Dichloromethane N,N-Dimethylaniline 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Formamide Formic acid Furan Hexamethyldisiloxane Menthol Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Naphthalene Nitrobenzene m-Nitrotoluene Pentachloroethane Potassium Potassium chloride Propanoic acid Silver chloride Sodium Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
Molecular formula
0.1 MPa
C2H4O2 C8H8O C6H7N C6H6 C7H5N C7H8O C6H5Br C2H5Br C10H7Br C3H7Br C7H7Br C4H8O2 C4H10O CS2 C6H5Cl C7H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C6H12 C6H12O C2H4Br2 C6H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C8H11N C4H8O2 C2H6O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C6H18OSi2 C10H20O C8H8O2 C5H12O C4H10O C10H8 C6H5NO2 C7H7NO2 C2HCl5 K ClK C3H6O2 AgCl Na ClNa FNa CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
16.6 20.0 –6.0 5.5 –12.8 –15.2 –30.6 –118.6 –1.8 –110 28.0 –5.7 –89.8 –111.5 –45.2 6.9 29.8 11.8 35.8 6.6 25.5 9.9 52.7 –95.1 2.5 11 –114.1 –15.5 8.3 –85.6 –66 42 –15 –8.8 25.4 78.2 5.7 15.5 –29.0 63.7 771 –20.7 455 97.8 800.7 996 –23.0 8.1 –63.6 0.0 –25.2 –47.8 13.2
6-45
Freezing point in °C at: 100 MPa 37 41.2 13.5 33.4 7.6 0.2 –12 –108 6.1 –98 56.7 13.8 –77.2 –98 –28 33.1 47.7 25.6 56.2 32.5 62.3 34.0 79.1 –83 26.3 23 –108 10.8 20.6 –73 –37 60 31.8 13.4 58.1 115.7 13.5 40.6 –6.3 78
1000 MPa
140
108
84
170 945
–1.2 106
14.2 31.5 –45.2 –9.0 –3.5 –25.2 46.0
545 167 997 1115
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
This table gives the liquid–gas critical constants and normal boiling points of about 750 inorganic and organic substances. The properties tabulated are: Tb: Normal boiling point in K at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere); an “s” following the value indicates a sublimation point (temperature at which the solid is in equilibrium with the gas at a pressure of 101.325 kPa) Tc: Critical temperature in K Pc: Critical pressure in MPa Vc: Critical molar volume in cm3/mol The number of digits given for Tb, Tc, and Pc indicates the estimated accuracy of these quantities; however, values of Tc greater than 750 K may be in error by 10 K or more. Although most Vc values are given to three figures, they cannot be assumed accurate to better than a few percent. Many of the critical constants in this table are taken from reviews produced by the IUPAC Commission on Thermodynamics (References 2-6) and from the publications of the Design Institute for Physical Property Data (References 8-9). Compounds are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. * An asterisk following an entry indicates the value was obtained by extrapolation. REFERENCES 1. Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids”, in Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 2. Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 531, 1995. 3. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 547, 1995. 4. Gude, M., and Teja, A. S., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 1025, 1995. 5. Daubert, T. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 365, 1966. 6. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 645, 1996. 7. Das, A., Frenkel, M., Gadalla, N. A. M., Kudchadker, S., Marsh, K. N., Rodgers, A. S., and Wilhoit, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 659, 1993. 8. Wilson, L. C., Wilson, H. L., Wilding, W. V., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 1252, 1997. 9. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1996 (core with 6 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 10. Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B. E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. 11. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996. 12. Morton, D. W., Lui, M. P. W., Tran, C. A., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 437, 2000. 13. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, L. C., Giles, N. F., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 154, 2000. 14. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 157, 2000.
Molecular Formula AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 Ar As AsCl3 AsH3 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 B2 H 6 BiBr3 BiCl3 BrH BrI Br2
Name Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsine Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Diborane Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Hydrogen bromide Iodine bromide Bromine
Tb/K
Tc/K
528 453 s 655 87.30 876 s 403 210.7 364 285.80 172 482.7 180.8 726 720 206.77 389 332.0
763 620 983 150.87 1673 654 373.1 581 455 260.8 773 289.8 1220 1179 363.2 719 588
6-48
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
2.89 2.63
310 257 408 75 35 252
4.898
3.87 4.98
272 239 115 356
4.05 12.0 8.55 10.34
301 261 139 127
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula Br2Hg Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Hf Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Br5Ta ClFO3 ClF2N ClF2P ClF2PS ClF3Si ClF5 ClF5S ClH ClH4N ClH4P ClNO ClOV Cl2 Cl2FP Cl2F2Si Cl2Hg Cl2OSe Cl3FSi Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4ORe Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Ti Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cs FH FNO2 F2 F2HN F2N2 F2N2 F2O F2Xe
Name Mercury(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Nitrogen chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorine pentafluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride Phosphonium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Vanadyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Dichlorodifluorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Selenium oxychloride Trichlorofluorosilane Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Titanium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Cesium Hydrogen fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Xenon difluoride
Tb/K
Tc/K
595 552 382 446.4 553 459.50 596 s 427 478 503 633 s 622 226.40 206 225.9 279.5 203.2 260.1 254.10 188 611 s 246 267.7 400 239.11 287.00 241 577 450 285.40 474 306 349.3 493.5 359.70 590 s 496 500.70 330.80 387.30 660 409.60 604 s 541 527.2 433 s 512.50 619.90 944 293 200.8 85.03 250 167.40 161.70 128.40 387.50 s
1012 806.7 610.0 711 904 718 746 663 744 795.7 805 974 368.4 337.5 362.4 439.2 307.7 416 390.9 324.7 1155 322.3 440 636 416.9 463.0 369.0 973 730 438.6 694 479 563 794 553.2 725.7 781 782 508.1 591.9 1002 638 778 850 803.5 646 767 923 1938 461 349.5 144.13 403 272 260 215 631
6-49
Pc/MPa
5.37 5.15 4.52 4.14 3.46 5.27 8.31 163.5 7.37
7.991 4.96 3.5 7.09 3.58
Vc/cm3 mol-1
303 305 300 300 392 415 382 417 391 424 461 161
233 81
171 123
174 235
4.88
263 268 264 272 330 314 362 338 326 351 310 339 319 369 397
9.4 6.48
402 422 341 69
5.172
66
3.861 5.42
3.593 3.75 8.56 4.66 5.77
7.09 5.57 9.32
148
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula F3N F3NO F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5Nb F6Mo F6S F6Se F6Te F6U F6W GaI3 GeH4 GeI4 HI H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2Se H3N H3P H4N2 He HfI4 Hg HgI2 I2 I3Sb I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4Zr K Kr Li NO N2 N2O N2O4 Na Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S O4Os O7Re2 P Rb Rn S Se Xe
Name Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Gallium(III) iodide Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Helium Hafnium iodide Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Iodine Antimony(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Potassium Krypton Lithium Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Sodium Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Phosphorus Rubidium Radon Sulfur Selenium Xenon
Tb/K
Tc/K
144.40 185.7 171.4 220.90 199 232.70 187 388.90 s 502 307.2 209.35 s 226.55 s 234.25 s 329.65 s 290.3 613 185.1 650 237.60 20.28 373.2 423.4 213.60 231.90 239.82 185.40 386.70 4.22 667 s 629.88 627 457.6 674 560.50 637.50 650 704 s 1032 119.93 1615 121.41 77.36 184.67 294.30 1156 27.07 90.20 263.10 161.80 318 408 633 553.7 961 211.5 717.75 958 165.03
234.0 303 271.2 346.0 309 364 259.0 612 737 473 318.69 345.5 356 505.8 444 951 312.2 973 424.0 32.97 647.14 728* 373.2 411 405.5 324.5 653 5.19 916 1750 1072 819 1102 944 968 1040 960 2223* 209.41 3223* 180 126.21 309.57 431 2573* 44.4 154.59 430.8 261.1 491.0 678 942 994 2093* 377 1314 1766 289.77
6-50
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
4.46 6.43 4.33 3.82 3.75
126 147
3.72 7.04 6.28 4.75 3.77
4.66 4.34 4.95 8.31 1.293 22.06 22* 8.94 8.92 11.35 6.54 14.7 0.227 172.00
188 155 226 199
250 233 395 147 500 65 56 99 72
57 528 43 155
16* 5.50 67* 6.48 3.39 7.255 10.1 35* 2.76 5.043 7.884 5.57 8.2
558 531 505 530 209* 91 66* 58 90 97 167 116* 42 73 122 89 127 334
16* 6.28 20.7 27.2 5.841
247*
118
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula CBrClF2 CBrF3 CBr2F2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF3I CF4 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2O2 CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6N2 CH6Si CO COS CO2 CS2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HClF2 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2HF5O C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2
Name Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Formic acid Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane Methane Methanol Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether Acetylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
Tb/K 269.5 215.4 298 191.8 243.4 281 296.9 350.0 250.7 145.2 232.5 282.1 334.32 191.1 299 313 221.6 374 249.06 338.8 194.8 315.58 374.34 111.67 337.8 279.1 280 266.83 360.7 215.7 81.7 223 194.65 s 319 366 320.50 245.4 235.20 277 277.0 320.9 394.5 366.0 204.4 197.3 195.1 254.7 263 261 301 300.97 360.36 346 224.7 237 188.45 s 333.3 321.9
6-51
Tc/K 426.88 340.2 471.3 302 384.95 455 471.1 556.6 396.44 227.6 369.5 451.58 536.4 299.3 456.7 510 351.6 588 416.25 517 317.8 528 588 190.56 512.5 470.0 517.8 430.7 567 352.5 132.91 375 304.13 552 560.7 487.8 379 353.2 418.6 418.78 487.3 620.2 551 311.11 306.5 293 400.6 399.9 395.4 461.6 456.83 544.2 491.3 339.41 354.49 308.3 544.2 516.5
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
4.254 3.97
246 196
3.870 4.136 5.67 4.47 4.516 3.953 3.74 5.035 5.18 5.47 4.858 5.39 6.10 5.830
180 217 190 247 276 140 164 196 239 133 139 121
6.679 3.28 5.88
139 348 113
5.87 4.599 8.084 7.23
173 98.60 117 145
7.614 8.24
271
3.499 5.88 7.375 7.90 3.61 3.393 4.05 3.229 3.30 3.252 3.42
93 137 94 173 368 341 212 252 294 297 325
3.618 3.94
202 172 222 197 244
4.46 3.72 3.66 3.661 5.02 3.258 3.639 3.33 6.138 5.51
278 278 204 209.7 112.2
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H3ClF2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2H3N C2 H 4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5F C2 H 6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C2 N 2 C3ClF5O C3F6O C3F6O C3F8 C3F8O2 C3HF7O C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C3H3F3 C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C3H3N C3H3NO C3 H 4 C3 H 4 C3H5Cl C3H5F3O C3H5N C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O
Name 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether Acetonitrile Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone Perfluoroacetone Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropropane Perfluorodimethoxymethane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane Perfluoroethyl methyl ether Acrylonitrile Isoxazole Allene Propyne 3-Chloropropene 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol
Tb/K 419.7 187.5 247.07 253.3 263.5 305.2 347.24 201 225.90 249 354.80 354.80 169.38 404.8 330.5 356.7 248.20 293.3 283.8 391.1 304.9 311.7 285.5 235.5 184.6 343.5 351.44 248.4 470.5 308.3 310.48 289.7 280.03 390 252.1 281 245.8 244 236.6 263 270 279.3 296.50 256 255.8 278.74 350.5 368 238.8 250.0 318.3 304.77 370.29 225.46 240.34 369.6 394.1 370.2
6-52
Tc/K 661.15 302.9 374.18 391.8 410.34 477.5 545 327.9 345.86 378.0 545.5 545.6 282.34 583.0 523 561 386.7 466 469 592.71 487.2 503.9 460.4 375.31 305.32 520.4 514.0 400.0 719 499 503.0 456 437.22 613.1 400 410.6 357.14 361.8 345.1 372.3 387.7 412.38 428.95 376.2 380.11 406.80 540 552.0 394 402.4 514 448.98 561.3 364.9 398.0 578.5 614.6 545.1
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
4.46 4.065
154 198 191 225 255
4.048 4.194 4.30 5.24 3.764 3.680 4.85 4.884 5.041 7.2 5.07 5.4 4.50 7.19 5.786 5.998 6.23 5.3 5.028 4.872 3.49 6.137 5.37 8.2 5.49 5.53 5.62 5.340 6.707 5.98 2.878 2.84 3.094 2.680 2.333 2.640 3.412 3.050 3.80 3.137 2.887 4.660
144 194 228 173 173 131.1 236 225 181 154 140 171 172 215
145.5 350 168 190 207 201 182
329 272 299 363 337 269 315 211 273 301
5.25 5.63
163.5
3.513 4.26 4.60 5.54
277 229 184.6 162
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula
Name
C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4Br2F8 C4F8 C4F10 C4F10 C4H2F8O C4H3F7O C4H3F7O C4H4O C4H4S C4H5F5O C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Cl
Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane N,N-Dimethylformamide Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Furan Thiophene Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Chlorobutane
Tb/K 321 329.20 308 414.30 327.6 330.02 319.7 308.9 426 231.1 370.4 355.5 280.6 460.8 487.6 397.3 341.0 339.9 340.7 333 320.37 304.91 276.02 370 267.3 271.3 273 301.04 307.38 302.56 304.7 357.2 301.26 402.94 268.74 281.23 300.1 477 412.7 390.8 266.89 276.86 274.03 266.3 285.8 308.7 348.0 352.74 338 389.6 436.90 427.60 354.1 350.26 353.0 374.7 394.2 351.6
6-53
Tc/K 504.4 508.1 482.2 604 508.5 506.55 503 484 649.6 369.83 536.8 508.3 437.8 676.4 722 597.6 536.6 533 501.7 497.8 497.0 471.8 432.79 532.5 388.46 386.4 395.4 421.68 437.70 433.30 490.2 579.4 431.23 639.7 425 440 488.7 731.0 606 585.4 419.5 435.5 428.6 417.9 460.0 475 537.2 536.78 540.1 590.55 624 605 538.0 523.3 530.6 587 632.0 539.2
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
5.27 4.700 4.92 4.53 4.74 4.75 4.58
204 209 186 222 229 228
4.248 5.169 4.764 4.40 5.941 6.3 5.285
262 200 218 222 221
263 286
4.26 3.59 3.20 4.72 4.54 4.087 2.39 2.784 2.323
324 378
2.330 2.481 2.553 5.50 5.69 2.533 6.34 4.32 4.60
409 377 369 218 219 366 200 221 208
5.131 4.0 3.88 4.02 4.21 4.10 4.000 4.98 4.07 4.32 4.207 5.19 4.075 4.03 3.7 4.06 3.882 4.004 5.21
366 221 254
240.8 233.8 237.7 238.8 210 258 267 224 319 290 292 285 286 282 238
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5F12 C5H2F6O2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2
Name 2-Chlorobutane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Bis(2-amimoethyl)amine Perfluoropentane Hexafluoroacetylacetone Furfural Pyridine 2-Methylpyrazine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Pentanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid
Tb/K 341.4 324.1 359.71 272.7 261.42 390.88 372.66 381.04 355.6 307.7 312.3 303.92 463.7 480.7 508 358 392 371.7 365.3 350.15 335.88 317.19 340.90 328.7 299.8 351 480 302.4 327.30 434.9 388.38 410 337.9 385.96 420.8 416.1 313.3 317.4 403.72 359 414.5 475 303.11 310.08 309.49 304.4 293.3 311.71 322.5 413.57 340.8 376 375.41 374.9 367.48 361 351 459.3
6-54
Tc/K 518.6 500 568 425.12 407.8 563.0 536.2 547.8 506.2 466.74 476.25 464.48 680 676 727 536 579.8 570.1 557.8 531.9 514.3 483.9 519 499.99 448.64 521.8 709 420.59 485.1 670 620.0 634.3 527 596.0 654 647 493.5 506.5 624.5 561.7 610.3 721.8 464.8 475 471 470 452.7 470 511.7 619.5 518 566.1 561.08 561.46 553.4 572.2 537 643
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
6.00 3.796 3.640 4.414 4.202 4.295 3.972 3.638 3.801 3.762 5.21 4.02 6.22 3.87 4.113
238 255 259 274 269 274 275 280
3.897 4.25 4.20 3.84 4.07 3.758 2.821 2.981 4.3 2.045 2.767 5.89 5.67 5.01 4.72 4.86 5.08 5.08 4.80 4.60 4.56 3.58 3.56 3.69 3.52 3.8 3.53 3.42 4.51 4.9 3.97 3.694 3.729 3.85 4.77 3.76 3.58
303 305 271 324 318 277 278 292 278 362
473
243 283 247 271 266 266 245 268 311 298.4
304.9 259
313 301 336 310 263 267 340
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula
Name
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl2F4 C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6HF11 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4Cl2
3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol Undecafluorocyclohexane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene
Tb/K 449.7 371.4 374.69 361.8 372.3 376.0 365.7 381.6 358.8 379.37 309.21 301.03 282.63 411.13 392.5 389.40 400.7 404.3 375.6 386.1 343.31 328.4 336.36 423.0 466 393 410 391.11 430.9 471.6 353.41 325.2 330.2 325.95 s 329.8 330.8 331.6 333.0 358.89 418.8 335.2 367.5 357.6 363.4 400 401 400 391.7 363 348.7 427 423 424.7 410.8 400.8 403 446
6-55
Tc/K 629 551 549.7 531 546.0 554.4 540.8 571.2 509.1 594 469.7 460.4 433.8 588.1 560.3 559.6 575.4 577.2 543.7 556.1 512.78 497.1 500.23 614.6 672 604 601 570.81 626 684.8 516.73 461.8 454.4 457.2 448.77 455.3 450 463 530.97 609 477.7 550.83 535.25 543.35 609.6 612.5 609.2 592.0 560.3 551.1 530.9 669.6 652.0 654.8 633.8 615.9 620.1 685.7
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
3.40 3.88 3.36
352 345
3.362 3.47 3.43
345 340 339
4.94 3.370 3.38 3.196 3.897 3.675
288 311 306 307 326 329 325
3.94 3.93 3.71 3.87 3.371 3.430 3.370
329 339 364
3.67 3.0 3.238 5.32 3.27 3.273
2.43 1.868 1.923 1.69 1.87 3.531 4.0 3.791 3.747 3.801
376 448 335
606 532 525 324 348 313
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6 H 6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O
Name o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1,5-Hexadiene Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Diallyl sulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde 1-Chlorohexane 3-Chloro-3-methylpentane Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Methyl pentyl ether
Tb/K 367 355.8 362 429.21 404.87 357.88 461.6 353.24 455.02 457.32 402.53 417.29 418.51 332.6 356.13 428.58 411 411.8 415 436.80 336.63 353.88 345.0 404 400.8 396.7 389.7 433.99 478.4 403.6 396.7 399.3 389.7 395.7 394.7 383.3 400.6 429.6 397.5 408.3 389 341.88 333.41 336.42 322.88 331.08 430.8 413 408 422 425.1 394.3 404.8 399.7 395.6 363.23 341.66 372
6-56
Tc/K 566.0 548.4 556.9 670 633.4 560.09 721 562.05 694.2 699 621.0 645.0 645.7 508 560.4 653.0 599 653 586 633.8 504.0 553.8 532.7 591 587.0 582.82 571 647.1 662 576 578 579 561 578 566 553 567 611 563 599 528 507.6 497.7 504.6 489.0 500.0 610.3 585.9 582.4 604.4 603.5 559.5 574.4 576.0 575.6 530.6 500.32 546.53
Pc/MPa
4.40 4.52 4.52 4.551 4.52 4.895 6.13 4.89 4.60 4.65 4.70
Vc/cm3 mol-1
324 308 269 351 256 287 292 288 292
4.0
3.30 3.21 4.08 3.79 3.46 3.32 3.320 3.27 4.401 3.20 3.46
355.1 308 318
3.16 3.06 3.07 3.19 3.18
421 421
3.025 3.04 3.12 3.10 3.15 3.417 3.31 3.36 3.45
368 368 368 358 361 387 384 383
3.46 3.52 3.028 2.832 3.042
441
386 391
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7F8 C7F14 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3F5 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H5N C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6O C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2
Name 1-Propoxy-2-propanol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Perfluorotoluene Perfluoro-1-heptene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile 2,4-Difluorotoluene 2,5-Difluorotoluene 2,6-Difluorotoluene 3,4-Difluorotoluene Benzaldehyde 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Ethyl pentanoate
Tb/K 423 441.6 375.40 469 382.5 357.1 362 377.7 354.2 349.5 355.7 369.2 390.7 440.7 424.7 433 464.3 390 391 385 385 452.0 388 388 389.8 383.78 464.19 475.42 475.13 478.46 426.9 473.5 476.5 473.6 469.4 434.27 431.53 430.13 417.16 452.25 444.99 366.79 391.6 374.08 376.7 360.7 372.7 365.1 364.0 364.9 424.20 495.4 422.4 415.7 410 416.2 408.6 419.3
6-57
Tc/K 605.1 633.9 527 670 555.8 523.1 535.6 534.47 478.2 485.91 474.8 495.8 566.52 656.5 627.1 629.8 699.4 581.4 587.8 581.8 598.5 695 591.2 591.8 592.1 591.80 697.6 705.8 704.6 715 646.1 707 707 706 701 655.4 647 645 624 684 668 537.3 604.2 572.1 569.5 547 565 553 551 553 611.5 679 600 599 592 600 589 570
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
3.051 424 3.167 3.63 3.02 3.032 2.705
389 428
2.019 1.62
570 664
3.126
384
4.21
4.65
4.110 5.01 4.56 5.15 4.3 4.222 4.37 4.28 4.58 5.20 4.10 3.95 3.85 3.85 4.20 4.05 2.92 3.82 3.48 3.40 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.436 2.90 2.68
316 309
341
356 361 361 361 355 361 409 353 369 375
470
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C7H14O2 C7H15Cl C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2 C8F16O C8F18 C8H7N C8H7N C8 H 8 C8H8O C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl
Name Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 1-Chloroheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 1-Butoxy-2-propanol Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluorooctane 4-Methylbenzonitrile Indole Styrene Acetophenone Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol 1-Phenylethanol Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Diethyl succinate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Isopentyl propanoate Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane
Tb/K 408.2 433.6 371.6 363.19 365 366.7 352.4 362.93 353.64 359.21 354.01 449.60 432 430 429 444.7 375.8 379.1 490.2 526.8 418 475 496.1 409.34 417.7 412.27 411.52 477.7 491.6 491.1 490.1 484.13 484.3 474.22 500 494.89 478 442.96 476.2 467.30 490.9 478.40 394.44 422 405.1 403.0 396.7 393.3 397.7 392.6 512 501 433.4 430.1 421.8 429.1 491.7 456.7
6-58
Tc/K 588 614 540.2 530.4 535.2 540.6 520.5 537.3 519.8 536.4 531.1 632.6 608.3 605.4 602.6 624.9 500.2 502 723 794 635.2 713 709 617.15 630.3 617.0 616.2 703.0 718.8 716.4 722.8 707.6 706.9 701.0 729.8 715.6 699 647 698 687 663 674.4 567.0 647.2 609 606 596 591 598 587.7 695 674.6 611 611 602 609 663 643
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
2.74 2.74 2.81 2.89 2.77 2.91 2.74 2.95 2.95 3.058 3.021
428 421 404 416 416 393 418 414 398 435 442 434 432
2.739 1.607 1.66
588
4.8 3.87 4.40
356
3.609 3.732 3.541 3.511
374 370 375 378
380
3.77 3.42 3.63 2.85 2.68 3.56 3.04 2.95 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.64 2.778
2.73
468 410
528
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9F20 C9H7N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H13N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20
Name Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indan Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 1-Nonene Cyclononane 1α,3α,5β-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Nonanoic acid Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Nonane 2-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane
Tb/K 398.82 390.81 392.1 390.87 391.8 380.01 388.77 382.7 382.27 385.12 390.88 388.81 391.42 383 372.37 388.0 386.7 379.60 468.31 452.5 444 449.5 443 445 457.8 413.43 380.38 432.8 412.8 427.9 398.5 510.31 516.37 451.12 432.39 425.56 438.4 434.5 435 449.27 442.53 437.89 467.3 420.1 451.6 413.7 468.5 461.60 527.7 452 441.7 423.97 416.4 405.9 397.24 413.4 406.2 395.44
6-59
Tc/K 568.7 559.7 563.6 561.7 565.5 549.8 563.5 553.5 550.0 562.0 568.8 567.1 576.5 563.5 543.8 573.5 566.4 567.8 652.5 629.6 628.5 625.1 623.5 621.2 640.6 584.1 550 607.5 584.4 603.7 524 782 803 684.9 638.35 631.0 651 637 640.2 664.5 649.1 637.3 668 594.0 682 602.2 651.9 640 711 619 621 594.6 582.8 576.7 569.8 607.5 592.6 574.6
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
2.49 2.50 2.55 2.54 2.61 2.53 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.65 2.69 2.70 2.81 2.73 2.57 2.82 2.73 2.87 2.777 2.754
492 488 464 476 455 478 468 472 482 443 466 442 455 436 468 455 460 461 497 519 515 515
2.8 3.01 3.11 3.20 2.602 1.56 4.86 5.10 3.95 3.200 3.209 3.38 3.25 3.23 3.454 3.232 3.127 3.12
371 374 440
526 3.34 2.482 2.40
2.29 2.31 2.35 2.74 2.60 2.49
555
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C10F8 C10F18 C10F22 C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22S C11H10 C11H10 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10O C12H12 C12H18 C12H24 C12H26 C12H26O C13H9N C13H9N C13H11N C13H12
Name 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Naphthalene 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol d-Limonene α-Pinene 3-Carene 1,3-Decadiene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Decanal Menthol Decanoic acid Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Decane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol Diisopentyl sulfide 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl nonanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Acenaphthylene Carbazole Biphenyl Diphenyl ether 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Hexamethylbenzene 1-Dodecene Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Methylcarbazole Diphenylmethane
Tb/K 414.7 486.52 466.7 468 465.7 482 415 417.4 491.1 573.9 579.4 480.8 456.46 445.94 450.3 456.9 470.0 505.7 451 429.4 444 442 469.0 460.5 443.7 481.7 489 541.9 481.7 518 447.30 428.9 433.5 410.6 504.3 484 486 483.7 474 484 517.9 514.3 500.2 469.1 518 553 627.84 529.3 531.2 538 536.6 487.0 489.47 533 618.01 622.1 616.79 538.2
6-60
Tc/K 607.5 670.7 649.6 648.0 645.1 673.1 566 542 748.4 850 850 720 660.5 650 652 657.9 676 698 653 644 658 615 702.3 687.1 617 674.2 694 726 659 681 617.7 609.5 623.0 581.4 687.3 668.6 666.1 663.7 663.2 664 772 761 674 639 703.6 792 901.8 773 766.8 775 758 658 658 719.4 891.1 895 890 760
Pc/MPa 2.72 2.528 2.53
1.52 1.45 4.05 5.0 4.9 3.65 2.89 3.05 2.8 2.803 2.9
Vc/cm3 mol-1
572 575 577 575
407 438 438 408 497
470 454 487 3.20 2.22
584
2.23 3.15 2.11 2.32 2.51 2.19 2.315
624
649 646 643 643 646
3.60
1.98 2.147 3.20 3.13 3.38
689 718
3.23
601
1.93 1.82 1.994 3.21 3.6 3.38 2.71
454 497
754 548 548 572 563
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Formula C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H34 C16H34 C16H34O C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H38 C18H38O C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50 C30H50
Name Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Hexadecane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 1-Hexadecanol Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Heneicosane Docosane Tricosane Tetracosane Squalene
Tb/K 540 508.62 547 613.1 613 526.73 560 543.8 560.01 519.5 585 575.2 597 605 636 649 589.5 608 603.1 616 629 629.7 641.8 653 664.5 694.5
6-61
Tc/K 712 675 734 869.3 869 693 747 708 723 692 770 736 780 857 883 908 747 790 755 768 809 778 786 790 800 795.9
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
1.68 1.935
823 554
1.57 1.81 1.48 1.40 1.61 1.34 1.50 2.99 2.48 2.99 1.29 1.44 1.16 1.07 1.30 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.59
894 966 1034
1103 731 724 729 1189
SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS This table gives the sublimation (vapor) pressure of some representative solids as a function of temperature. Entries include simple inorganic and organic substances in their solid phase below room temperature, as well as polycyclic organic compounds which show measurable sublimation pressure only at elevated temperatures. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. Values marked by * represent the solid-liquid-gas triple point. Note that some pressure values are in pascals (Pa) and others are in kilopascals (kPa). For conversion, 1 kPa = 7.506 mmHg = 0.0098692 atm.
REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R. and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 3. Oja, V. and Suuberg, E.M., J. Chem. Eng. Data,43, 486, 1998. Ar Argon
T/K p/kPa
55 0.2
60 0.8
65 2.8
70 7.7
75 18.7
80 40.7
BrH Hydrogen bromide
T/K p/kPa
135 0.1
140 0.3
150 1.1
160 3.3
170 8.7
180 20.1
185.1* 27.4*
Br2 Bromine
T/K p/Pa
170 0.069
180 0.416
190 2.04
200 8.45
210 30.3
220 96.0
230 273
240* 710*
ClH Hydrogen chloride
T/K p/kPa
120 0.1
130 0.5
140 1.9
150 5.8
155 9.5
159.0* 13.5*
Cl2 Chlorine
T/K p/Pa
120 0.144
130 1.52
140 11.2
150 63.1
160 283
F4Si Tetrafluorosilane
T/K p/kPa
130 0.2
140 0.9
150 3.9
160 14.0
170 43.8
175 74.2
180 122.4
186.3* 220.8*
F6S Sulfur hexafluoride
T/K p/kPa
150 0.4
165 2.6
180 11.3
190 25.9
200 54.5
210 106.1
220 195.1
223.1* 232.7*
HI Hydrogen iodide
T/K p/kPa
160 0.2
170 0.8
180 2.2
190 5.3
200 11.7
210 23.6
220 44.1
222.4* 49.3*
H2O Water
T/K p/Pa
190 0.032
210 0.702
225 4.942
240 27.28
250 76.04
260 195.8
270 470.1
273.16* 611.66*
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
T/K p/kPa
140 0.2
150 0.6
160 1.9
165 3.2
170 5.2
175 8.3
180 12.7
187.6* 22.7*
H3N Ammonia
T/K p/kPa
160 0.1
170 0.4
180 1.2
190 3.5
195 5.8
195.4* 6.12*
I2 Iodine
T/K p/Pa
240 0.081
250 0.297
260 0.971
270 2.89
280 7.92
290 20.1
300 47.9
310* 107*
Kr Krypton
T/K p/kPa
80 0.4
90 2.7
95 6.0
100 12.1
105 22.8
110 40.4
115.8* 73.1*
NO Nitric oxide
T/K p/kPa
85 0.1
90 0.4
95 1.3
100 3.8
105 10.0
109.5* 21.9*
Xe Xenon
T/K p/kPa
110 0.3
120 1.5
130 4.9
140 14.0
150 34.2
155 51.1
160 74.2
161.4* 81.7*
CHN Hydrogen cyanide
T/K p/kPa
200 0.2
210 0.4
220 1.0
230 2.2
240 4.8
250 9.7
255 13.6
259.83* 18.62*
CH4 Methane
T/K p/kPa
65 0.1
70 0.3
75 0.8
80 2.1
85 4.9
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
83.81* 68.8*
170* 1054*
90.69* 11.70*
SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued)
CO Carbon monoxide
T/K p/kPa
50 0.1
55 0.6
60 2.6
65 8.2
CO2 Carbon dioxide
T/K p/kPa
130 0.032
140 0.187
155 1.674
170 9.987
185 44.02
194.7 101.3
205 227.1
216.58* 518.0*
C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane
T/K p/Pa
275 0.004
300 0.056
325 0.383
350 1.62
375 5.30
400 14.8
425 36.4
459.9* 107.4*
C2H2 Acetylene
T/K p/kPa
130 0.2
140 0.7
150 2.6
160 7.8
170 20.6
180 49.0
190 106.3
192.4* 126.0*
C2H4O2 Acetic acid
T/K p/kPa
250 0.092
260 0.199
270 0.406
280 0.79
289.7* 1.29*
C5H12 Neopentane
T/K p/kPa
200 0.7
210 1.6
220 3.6
230 7.3
240 13.9
250 24.8
255 32.4
256.58* 35.8*
C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane)
T/K p/Pa
300 0.01
320 0.13
330 0.39
340 1.04
350 2.66
360 6.42
370 14.8
380 32.7
C6H6O2 Resorcinol
T/K p/Pa
330 1.03
340 2.78
350 7.09
360 17.2
370 39.6
380 87.6
C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone
T/K p/Pa
350 1.20
360 3.18
370 7.96
380 19.0
390 43.4
400 95.1
C10H8 Naphthalene
T/K p/Pa
250 0.036
270 0.514
280 1.662
290 4.918
300 13.43
310 34.15
330 182.9
353.43* 999.6*
C12H8N2 Phenazine
T/K p/Pa
290 0.0013
300 0.0046
310 0.0150
320 0.0448
C12H8O Dibenzofuran
T/K p/Pa
300 0.408
310 1.21
320 3.35
330 8.71
340 21.4
350 50.0
C12H9N Carbazole
T/K p/Pa
350 0.086
355 0.140
360 0.245
C13H7NO2 Benz[g]isoquinoline5,10-dione
T/K p/Pa
330 0.006
340 0.018
350 0.053
360 0.148
370 0.394
380 0.994
C13H8O 1H-Phenalen-1-one
T/K p/Pa
330 0.040
340 0.113
350 0.302
C13H8O2 3-Hydroxy-1Hphenalen-1-one
T/K p/Pa
400 0.006
410 0.018
420 0.053
430 0.144
C13H9N Acridine
T/K p/Pa
290 0.0024
300 0.0085
310 0.0278
320 0.0845
C13H9N Phenanthridine
T/K p/Pa
310 0.020
320 0.066
330 0.206
340 0.603
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
68.13* 15.4*
SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued)
C14H10 Anthracene
T/K p/Pa
320 0.014
330 0.043
340 0.125
350 0.342
360 1.01
370 2.38
380 5.35
C14H10 Phenanthrene
T/K p/Pa
300 0.025
310 0.085
320 0.270
330 0.796
340 2.02
350 4.89
360 11.2
C16H10 Pyrene
T/K p/Pa
320 0.008
330 0.024
340 0.073
350 0.208
360 0.556
370 1.32
380 2.86
C16H10O 1-Pyrenol
T/K p/Pa
360 0.005
370 0.016
380 0.047
390 0.135
400 0.364
C16H12S Benzo[b]naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene
T/K p/Pa
330 0.001
340 0.004
350 0.012
360 0.036
370 0.098
380 0.255
390 0.631
C17H12 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene
T/K p/Pa
340 0.003
350 0.009
360 0.029
370 0.085
380 0.235
390 0.619
400 1.55
C18H10O4 6,11-Dihydroxy-5,12naphthacenedione
T/K p/Pa
420 0.008
430 0.022
440 0.055
450 0.131
C18H12 Chrysene
T/K p/Pa
390 0.087
400 0.221
410 0.539
420 1.26
C18H12 Naphthacene
T/K p/Pa
390 0.005
400 0.014
410 0.035
420 0.084
430 0.194
440 0.432
450 0.928
460 1.929
C20H12 Perylene
T/K p/Pa
390 0.006
400 0.015
410 0.040
420 0.102
430 0.246
C22H14 Pentacene
T/K p/Pa
450 0.002
460 0.006
470 0.013
480 0.031
490 0.069
C24H12 Coronene
T/K p/Pa
430 0.004
440 0.010
450 0.021
460 0.046
470 0.097
480 0.197
490 0.389
500 0.747
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
390 11.5
390 6.30
VAPOR PRESSURE This table gives vapor pressure data for about 1800 inorganic and organic substances. In order to accommodate elements and compounds ranging from refractory to highly volatile in a single table, the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches specified pressure values is listed. The pressure values run in decade steps from 1 Pa (about 7.5 µm Hg) to 100 kPa (about 750 mm Hg). All temperatures are given in °C. The data used in preparing the table came from a large number of sources; the main references used for each substance are indicated in the last column. Since the data were refit in most cases, values appearing in this table may not be identical with values in the source cited. The temperature entry in the 100 kPa column is close to, but not identical with, the normal boiling point (which is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches 101.325 kPa). Although some temperatures are quoted to 0.1°C, uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. Values followed by an “e” were obtained by extrapolating (usually with an Antoine equation) beyond the region for which experimental measurements were available and are thus subject to even greater uncertainty. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. The indexes to Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Section 4 can be used in a similar way. More extensive and detailed vapor pressure data on selected important substances appear in other tables in this section of the Handbook. These substances are flagged by a symbol following the name as follows: * See Vapor Pressure of Fluids below 300 K ** See IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration *** See Vapor Pressure of Ice and Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C The following notations appear after individual temperature entries: s — Indicates the substance is a solid at this temperature. e — Indicates an extrapolation beyond the region where experimental measurements exist. i — Indicates the value was calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions, such as those in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables (see Reference 8). REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3. Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. 4. Stull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517, 1947. 5. TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 6. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 7. Ohe, S., Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressure, Data Book Publishing Co., Tokyo, 1976. 8. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 9. Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993. 10. Jacobsen, R.T., et. al, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 10. Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 11. Wakeham, W.A., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 12. Methanol, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 12. Janz, G.J., Molten Salts Handbook, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 13. Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994. 14. Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 15. Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973. 16. Ruzicka, K., and Majer, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 17. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 657, 1994. 18. Younglove, B.A., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 731, 1994. 19. Outcalt, S.L., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 605, 1996. 20. Weber, L.A., and Defibaugh, D.R., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 382, 1996. 21. Rodrigues, M.F., and Bernardo-Gil, M.G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 581, 1996. 22. Piacente, V., Gigli, G., Scardala, P., and Giustini, A., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9815, 1996. 23. Barton, J.L., and Bloom, H., J. Phys. Chem., 60, 1413, 1956. 24. Sense, K.A., Alexander, C.A., Bowman, R.E., and Filbert, R.B., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 337, 1957. 25. Ewing, C.T., and Stern, K.H., J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1998, 1974. 26. Cady, G.H., and Hargreaves, G.B., J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1568. 27. Skudlarski, K., Dudek, J., and Kapala, J., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 19, 857, 1987. 28. Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
6-60
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) 29. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 30. Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. 31. Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 32. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994. 33. Bah, A., and Dupont-Pavlovsky, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 869, 1995. 34. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 4, 175, 1972. 35. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 5, 173, 1973. 36. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 37. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515. 1994. 38. Behrens, R.G., Lemons, R.S., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 6, 457, 1974. 39. Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances, Second Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 40. Goodwin, R.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 41. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.
Mol. Form.
Name
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
100 kPa
1010 569 i 670 594 1209
1140 656 i 769 686 1359
1302 765 i 873 803 1544
58.4 s 744 s
76.5 s 819 s
97.1 s 906 s
280 s
-226.4 s 323 s
2122 -220.3 s 373 s -8 e
1509 905 i 1052 959 1781 -46.8 120.7 s 1008 s 218 2351 -212.4 s 433 s 21.3
133.7 s 88 s 1373 2075
163.0 s 119 s 1541 2289
-173.9 s
-166.0 s
196.8 s 156 s 1748 2549 -45 e -94.0 -156.0 s
187 236.2 s 202 s 2008 2868 -15 e -70.5 -143.0 s
1782 1093 i 1264 1177 2091 -9.4 148.2 s 1130 s 285 2629 -201.7 s 508 s 63.1 8.1 261 283.0 258 s 2347 3272 27.5 -37.4 -125.9
-147.0 -34.8 1115 1750 335 s 339 s 869 333 s 1052 273 i 248.9 834 i -123.8 s -81.0 246 s
-125.8 3.8 1413 2054 397 s 402 s 999 402 s 1265 348 i 328.6 1019 i -101.5 s -47.3 310.4 s
334 2805 3799 90.4 12.3 -101.1 -34 -92.6 57.6 1897 2469 473 s 487 1172 e 487 1562 455 i 438.7 1293 e -67.0 2.2 395.1 s
868 931 903 509 -29.3 s
1049 1120 1087 635 2.5
1308 1389 1350 817 58.4
174 s 27.8
227 s 72.9
318 139.6
Ref.
Substances not containing carbon: Ag AgBr AgCl AgI Al AlB3H12 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 Ar As AsCl3 AsF3 AsI3 As2O3 At Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2F4 B2H6 B5H9 Ba Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BrCs BrH BrH3Si BrH4N BrK BrLi BrNa BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Cd Br2Hg Br2OS
Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum triiodide Aluminum oxide Argon* Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) Astatine Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride* Boron trifluoride* Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Pentaborane(9) Barium Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Cesium bromide Hydrogen bromide* Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine* Cadmium bromide Mercury(II) bromide Thionyl bromide
-162 e 638 s 1189 s 203 s 196 s
765 1335 240 s 237 s 686 e 229 s 768
912 1518 283 s 284 s 767 e 276 s 892 217 s
531 s
601 s -153.3 s
701 i -140.4 s
121 s 597 s
154 s 674 s 630
195 s 773 733 791 766
-71.8 s 435 s 98 s -29 e
-52.7 s 509 s 132 s -5 e
188 s 668
-87.7 s 373 s 71 s -49 e
6-61
2160 1359 i 1561 1503 2517 45.5 180.5 s 1276 s 385 2975 -186.0 601 s 129.4 56.0 367 e
2 9 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 4 1,5,31 3 1 4 7 34 2 2 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 9 2 4 4 7 4 2 4,9 1,4 9 5 4 5 25 4 4 4 4 1 27 4 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. Br2Pb Br2S2 Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Sn Br4Zr Br5P Ca Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO Ce ClCs ClCu ClF ClF2P ClF3 ClF5 ClH ClHO3S ClH4N ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2FP Cl2F3P Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Zn Cl3Fe Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Po Cl4Se Cl4Si Cl4Te Cl4Zr Cl5P Co Cr Cs
Name Lead(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Indium(III) bromide Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Calcium Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cerium Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride* Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride* Chlorosulfonic acid Ammonium chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine dioxide* Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine* Cobalt(II) chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Zinc chloride Iron(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Polonium(IV) chloride Selenium tetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane* Tellurium tetrachloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Cobalt Chromium Cesium
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
374 -7 e
431 15 e
502 42 e 304.6 s
-23 e
5e
591 s 257 s 412 s
167 s -19 s 683 s 310 s 471 s
203 s 4s 798 s 381 541 s
296 s 770 s 1719
344 s 866 s 1921
406 983 s 2169 730 543
136 s
459
-40 e 91 s 625 s
-121 e 653 s
-20 e 121 s 704 s 649 i -116 s -113 e 733 s
5e 159 s 804 761 i -100 s -102 e 835 777
-145 s
-133.7 s
-120.2 s
726 128.1 364.8 s 115.5 94.6 196.9 105 122 295 s 65.5 s 1170 594 768 1461 622 1314 s 2886 1043 914 -122.6
191.4 172.6 286.5 188 204 356 s 110.1 1482 767 959 1742 795 1558 s 3432 1297 1477 -90.2
4 5 1 5 5 1 4 4 4 5 2 2 23, 27 4 4,27 4 14 4 4 5
-119.5 -63.7 -88 e -138.2 s 38.7 204.7 s 945 905 i -78.7 s -86.1 987
-91.1 -33.0 -59 -118.0 85.0 263.1 s 1137 1101 i -50.2 -60.9 1182 -34.3 1105 626 -76.1 818
-47.6 11.4 -14 -85.2 153.6 339.5 s 1411 1381 i -5.7 -15.7 1461 10.5 1379 806 -34.2 1048
5 5 7 1,5 5 5 23,25 8 5 5 23,25 5 4 4 1 4
-71.1
-37.4
13.5
5
-77.1 685 174.5 s 908 760 747 s -27.1 -27 e 637 -16.7 21.0 381 497 i 229 s -56 e -25 e
-44.3 821 228.5 s 1111 933 852 s 14.6 11.8 765 15.3 67.2 479 596 i 268 s -21 e 13.2 39.9 14.5 300.6 141.4 s 0e 299.4 272 s 111.4 s 2482 2257 477.1
3e 1025 304.0 1414 1189 985 s 75.2 69.0 949 58.7 137.1 622 726 i 319 31.6 70.6 105.0 75.7 389.4 191.1 s 57.3 387.8 336 s 158.9 s 2925 2669 667.0
7 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 23 5 5 4 4,9,12 4 7 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 9 5 2 2 13,30
916 504 -103.6 s
-101 e
64.4 s
94.7 s
130.8 s 762
534 s -99 e
592 s -81 e
662 s -58 e
-76 e -55 e 305 i 118 s
-61 e -36 e 253 356 i 153 s
541 e -41 e -12 e 308 419 i 190 s -81 e
-93 e
-77 e
-55 e
-26.0
23 s
45 s
71 s
117 s -2 s 1517 1383 s 144.5
146 s 19 s 1687 1534 s 195.6
181 s 44 s 1892 1718 s 260.9
102 s -39 e 237 e 222 s 74 s 2150 1950 350.0
914 200.9
Ref.
597 78.4 328.7 s 64 e 42.3 136.5 51 67 245 s 31 s 954 472 634 1257 498 1128 s 2481 864 675 -144.4
-120 e
6-62
100 kPa
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. CsF CsI Cu CuI Dy Er Eu FH FHO3S FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNO3 FNa FRb F2 F2O F2OS F2O2Re F2Pb F2Xe F2Zn F3N F3OP F3P F4MoO F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Si F5Mo F5Nb F5ORe F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6Se F6Te F6W F10S2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge HI HKO HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2I2Si H2O H2O2 H2O4S H2S H2S2 H2Se
Name Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Copper Copper(I) iodide Dysprosium Erbium Europium Hydrogen fluoride* Fluorosulfonic acid Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine nitrate Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Fluorine* Fluorine monoxide* Thionyl fluoride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Lead(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Zinc fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride* Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride* Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane* Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride* Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Sulfur decafluoride Iron Francium Gallium Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide* Potassium hydroxide Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen* Diiodosilane Water*** Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide* Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
Ref.
999 1029 2131 864 2031 i 2279 i 1179 -33.7 101.3 1216 1395 -94.3 -106.0 -87.4 1426 1145 -204.3 -168.2 -81.5 131.9 1054 67.9 s 1237 i -155.5 -64.1 s -132.6
1249 1278 2563 1331 2558 i 2859 i 1523 19.2 162.2 1499 1672 -60.1 -72.6 -45.0 1702 1409 -188.3 -144.9 -44.1 185 e 1292 114 s 1503 i -129.2 -39.7 s -101.4
4 4,25 2 4 3 3 14 1,5 5 4 4,12,25 5 5 5 4,12,24 4,12 1,5 5 5 26 4 1,5 9 5 5 5
117.3 117.1 126.7 -82.1 51.6 -115.7 s 140.3 140 13.7 s 162.3 -108.6 s 152 e 119 3.8 s -13.4 s -1.7 s -11.9 s -94.4 s -77.8 s -71.8 s -24.8 s -22.0 2406 465 e 1852 2703 i 2360 -75.9 s 1035 28.4 -18.0 1080 -258.6 70.5 45.8 89.0 248 -95.9 s 12.2 -78.9 s
184.1 171.2 185.4 -40.3 104.7 -94.9 s 213 e 224 72.8 226 e -84.8 221 e 229 53.1 33.5 47.4 33.4 -64.1 s -46.5 s -39.1 s 16.9 28.5 2859 673 e 2245 3262 i 2831 -35.9 1325 82.2 35.7 1377 -252.8 149.4 99.6 149.8 330 -60.5 70.7 -41.5
26 26 26 5 5 4,7 26 4 26 26 5 26 4 26 26 26 26 5 5 5 26 5 2 2 2 3 2 5 4 5 5 4 1 4 36,37 5 4 1,5 5 5
523 s 1236
595 s 1388
692 1577
1105 s 1231 s 590 s
1250 s 1390 s 684 s
1431 i 1612 i 799 s
-14 e
4e
801 s
896
-160 e
-156 e -149 e 920 s
-235 s -211.7
-229.5 s -204.7
28 e 869 1024 -131 e -144 e -135 e 1058 910 -222.9 s -195.9 -124 e
731 s -201 e -124 s
813 s -194 e -113 s
2.9 s 911 i -185 e -100 s
-21 s 5s 2s
3s 26 s 25 s
33 s 50.7 s 52.1 s
-166 s
-157 s
-145.6 s
-103 s
-84 s
-157 s
-148 s
-59 s 74.1 -137 s 58.8
69.3 s 80.1 s 84.3 s -110.0 13.6 -132.3 s 86.6 80 -28 s 113.2 -124.5 s 99.5
-88 s -98 s -89 s -97 s -158 s -143 s -142 s -107 s
-71 s -82 s -73 s -82 s -147 s -132 s -130 s -92 s
-51 s -64 s -54 s -63 s -133.6 s -118 s -115 s -74 s
-27 s -41.2 s -30.6 s -40.2 s -116.6 s -100.7 s -96 s -52.1 s
1455 s 131 e 1037 1563 i 1371 -146 s 520 e
1617 181 e 1175 1755 i 1541 -135.2 s 601 e
513
605
1818 246 e 1347 1994 i 1750 -120.8 s 704 -37 e -79 e 722
2073 335 e 1565 2300 i 2014 -101.9 s 842 -9 e -54 e 874
-60.7 s
-42.2 s
72
103 -149 s
-20.3 s 13 e 140 -136 s
-145 s
-134 s
-120 s
6-63
100 kPa
825 854 1816 636 1681 i 1890 i 961 -71.1 59.1 1017 1188 -116.1 -128.1 -115.1 1218 1001 -214.8 -184.2 -106.5 89.2 865 31.8 s 1048 i -172.8 -83.7 s -152 e
11.8 7.0 45 e 187 -118.9 s -27 e -102.8 s
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. H2Te H3ISi H3N H3NO H3P H4IN H4N2 H4Si He Hf Hg HgI2 Ho IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Pb I2Zn I3Sb I4Sn I4Zr In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni OPb OSr O2 O2S O2Se O2Si O3 O3P2 O3S O3Sb2 O5P2 O7Re2 Os P P Pb PbS Pd Po Pr Pt
Name Hydrogen telluride Iodosilane Ammonia* Hydroxylamine Phosphine* Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Silane* Helium* Hafnium Mercury** Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Lead(II) iodide Zinc iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tin(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Krypton* Lanthanum Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide* Nitrogen* Nitrous oxide* Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Niobium Neodymium Neon* Nickel Lead(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen* Sulfur dioxide* Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide Ozone* Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) Phosphorus(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-139 s
-127 s
-112 s
-182 s 125 s
-173 s 159 s
-161 s 201 s -181
2416 42.0 85.1 s 1159 s
2681 76.6 115.6 s 1311 s
545
619
-12.8 s
9.3 s
301 s
351 s
35.9 s 470 409 s
187 s 923 2440 s 200.2 -214.0 s 1732 i 524.3 1633 s 428 s 955 s 2469 s
220 s 1052 2684 256.5 -208.0 s 1935 i 612.3 1829.8 500 s 1074 s 2721
259 s 1212 2979 328 -199.4 s 2185 i 722.1 2072.8 588 s 1220 s 3039
-201 s -236 s -167 s -92 s -71 s 280.6 2669 1322.3 -261 s 1510 724 1789 s
-195 s -232 s -157 s -78 s -56 s 344.2 2934 1501.2 -260 s 1677 816 1903 s
-188 s -226.8 s -145.4 s -61 s -40 s 424.3 3251 1725.3 -258 s 1881 928 2047 s
124.5 s 1966 i -189 e
153.9 s 2149 i -182 e
-98 s 188 s 2368 i -172 e
426.1 s 285 s 147 s 2887 s 6s 182 s 705 656 s 1448 s
478 s 328 s 176 s 3150 34 s 216 s 815 741 s 1624
539 s 377.5 s 208 s 3478 69 256 s 956 838 s 1844
1497.7 2057
1699.4 2277 e
1954 i 2542
6-64
3004 120.0 152.4 s 1502 i 731 710 753 733
100 kPa
Ref.
3406 175.6 197.8 s 1767 i 866 824 883 866 520 68.7 s 558 488 i 214.9 167.1 305 s 1417 3341 424 -188.9 s 2499 i 871.2 2380 i 698 1418 3434 801 -179.3 s -220.2 s -131.1 s -41.1 s -19.9 s 529 3637 2023 i -255 s 2137 1065 2235 s -211.9 -80 s 228 s
-46.6 -10.1 -71.3 73.3 -122.7 318.4 s 55.6 -143.7 -270.6 3921 250.3 255.1 s 2137 i 1052 972 1058 1045 644 108 s 682 598 i 292.0 242.7 361 s 1689 3796 559 -174.6 s 2905 i 1064.3 2799 i 859 1682 3939 935 -168.1 s -211.1 s -112.9 s -16.6 s 3.9 s 673 4120 2442 i -252 s 2468 1241 2488 s -200.5 -52.2 275 s
-2.3 45.2 -33.6 109.8 -88.0 405.2 s 113 e -111.8 -268.9 4603 355.9 353.6 2691 i 1322 1170 1301 1302 821 184.0 869 750 i 401.2 347.7 430 s 2067 4386 756.2 -153.6 3453 i 1337.1 3390 i 1088 2060 4606 1151 -151.9 -195.9 -88.7 28.7 33.2 880.2 4740 3063 i -246.1 2911 1471
-158 e 47.3 -20 s
-139.7 100.3 6.6 s
-111.5 172.8 44.5
5 4 1,5,6 4 5 5 5 4 2 9 29,30 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 1,2 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 13,30 5 3 13,30 3 2 2 2 4 5 1,5 5 5 5 13,30 2 3 2 2 4 4 1,28 1,5 38 8 5 4 5
610 s 434.4 s 244 s 3875 115 303 s 1139 953 s 2122 573 e 2298 i 2870
907 500.5 s 284 s 4365 180 362 s 1387 1088 s 2480 730.2 2781 i 3283
1420 591 362 4983 276 431 s 1754 1280 2961 963.3 3506 i 3821
4,35 4 4 2 3,9 2,3 2 4 2 5 3 2
-47.7 -94.5 s 43.7 -145 s 253 s 14.7 -165.4
-183.1 -10.3 315 s
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
Name Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon* Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon* Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium
1 Pa
10 Pa
1483 546 s 160.4 3030 s 2015 -163 s 2315 s 102 s 534 s 1372 s 227 1635 728 s 1224 523 s 3024 1516.1 2454 e
1680 633 s 212.5 3341 2223 -152 s 2538 135 603 s 1531 s 279 1829 833 s 1384 609 s 3324 1706.1 2725 e
2360 1709 609 844 s 2052 1828 s 3204 s -190 s 1610.1 463 s 337 s 2366
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
100 kPa
Ref.
2634 1898 704 962 s 2291 2016 3500 -181 s 1802.3 540 s 397 s 2618
1925 764 278.9 3736 2476 -139 s 2814 176 738 1733 i 344 2066 967 s 1582 717 s 3684 1928 i 3051 e 502 e 2975 2130 e 824 1108 s 2586 2250 3864 -170 s 2047 i 637 s 477 2924
2238 936 368 4227 2790 -121.4 s 3151 235 946 1993 i 431 2363 1148 i 1834 866 4122 2232 i 3453 e 615 e 3410 2419 979 1297 s 2961 2541 4306 -155.8 s 2354 i 774 s 579 3302
2653 1173 496.1 4854 3132 -97.6 s 3572 318 1218 2340 i 540 2748 1402 i 2165 1072 4666 2640 i 3961 e 768.8 3986 2791 1188 1548 i 3454 2914 4854 -136.6 s 2763 i 993 i 717 3780
3226 1526 685.3 5681 3724 -62.3 4115 444 1585 2828 i 685 3264 1788 i 2620 1373 5361 3218 i 4621 e 992.4 4782 3285 1485 1944 i 4129 3406 5550 -108.4 3334 i 1192 i 912 e 4405
2 2 13,30 2 2 5 2 3 2,3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5,32 3 3 2 2
2566 s
2775 s
3016 s
3299 s
3635 s
15
-136 e
-123 e
-106 e
-168 e
-156 e
-142 e
-110 e
-91 e 25.6 s -155 e -78.1 s -122 e -96 e -89 e -30 e -53.5 s -121.2 s -183.9 s -111.4 s
-83.4 -6 e -122.8 -13 s -66 e 65.8 s -139 e -57 s -101.8 -73 e -63 e 4.4 -24.4 s -104.1 s -171.6 -89.7 s 30.5 -107.1 -49 e -34 e -136 e
-51.8 38.9 -96.6 17.7 s -30 e 111.6 -116 e -29 s -73.1 -40.6 -28.5 47.8 15.8 -82.8 s -153.9 -59.7 s 78.3 -80.5 -28.7 4.3 -114.4
-52.6 s -56.8 -25 e -7 e -86.2 -48 e -113.6 55 e -91 e
-22.7 s -23.9 11.4 35.2 -55.7 -12.5 -88.6 106.1 -61.7
-4.3 104.4 -58.1 61.0 22.5 188.9 -81.7 13.0 -30.0 7.2 23.3 112.0 76.2 -46.2 -128.3 -16 s 148.8 -41.1 8.6 60.8 -82.3 218.0 25.4 23 e 67.7 96.5 -9.4 39.3 -51.9 181.6 -19.3
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 1 1 1 5 1,5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 1
Substances containing carbon: C CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBrN CBr2F2 CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CFN CF4 CHBrF2 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O
Carbon (graphite) Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane* Cyanogen bromide Dibromodifluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane* Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane* Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane* Cyanogen fluoride Tetrafluoromethane* Bromodifluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane* Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane* Trifluoromethane* Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide* Cyanic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane* Difluoromethane* Diiodomethane Formaldehyde*
-176 e -150 e -127 e
-79.4 s -199.9 s
-167 e -94.6 s -138 e -113 e -107 e -59 e -70.8 s -135 s -193 s -128 s
-152 e -76 e
-141 e -70 e
51.1 s
82.7 s
-83 e
-69 e
-156.7
-124 e -92 e -145.8
6-65
-126 e -61 e -61 e -152 e 121 e -77 s -81.1 -50 e -37 e -108 e -73 e -131.9 17 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. CH2O2 CH3AsF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6N2 CH6OSi CH6Si CIN CNNa CN4O8 CO COS COSe CO2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F4N2O4 C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HBr3O C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2HF5O C2H2
Name Formic acid Methyldifluoroarsine Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane* Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane* Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane* Dichloromethylsilane Methanol* Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Cyanogen iodide Sodium cyanide Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide* Carbon oxysulfide* Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide* Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro1,2-dinitroethane Hexafluoroethane** 2-Bromo-2-chloro1,1,1-trifluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether Acetylene*
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-56 s
-40.4 s
-22.3 s
-140.2 s
-128.6 s -83 e
-114.7 s -61 e
22 e
53 e
-75 e -214.2 s
-55 e -206.8 s -77 e -47.5 -97 e -97.9
-220 s -87 e -129 e
37.0 22.1 -99 -44.3 -67.1 7e -111 e -12.4 145.0 40 e 9.8 -183.6 s -14 e 15.2 -41.7 -41.5 -48.1 32.9 -61.8 -97.5
-223 s -136 e -120 -136.7 s -76 e -24 e
961 18.0 -216.5 s -117 e -98 -121.6 s -49 e 9.4
1182 61.8 -207.2 s -90.0 -67 -103.1 s -10.9 56.2
-75 e -31.7 s -119 e
-46 e -3.5 s -99 e
-76.8
-7.2 32.2 s -71 e -80.3 -45.4 -44.9 -8.2 25.3 54.4
92.3 47.1 226.0 -28.4 -39.4 2.7 3.2 45.6 47.3 85.1 120.7
5 5 5 1 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1
-16 e 10 e -7 e
31.0
91.1
5
7e 67.7 s -126.1 -132.3
32.3 51.7 116.9 s -102.5 -109.7
92.5 117.8 184.2 s -67.8 -75.8
1 1,5 5 1 1
-155.2 s
-30 e -137.5 s
6.4 -113.4 s
59.5 -78.4 s
5 1,5
15.0
-41.4 52.7
-4.8 103.0
49.8 173.5
1 5
-110 e
-87.6
-57.0
-12.1
5
-101.0 -59 e
-82.2 -39 e -41.6
-23 e
3e
-57.4 -12 e -9.8 83.8 37.4
-23.3 26.7 33.8 130.0 86.0 16.8
26.7 86.8 97.4 197.2 159.4 71.4
18 1 5 1,5 1 1,5
-136 e
-121 e -146.6 s
-102 e -130.7 s
-75.0 -110.6 s
-35.4 -84.8 s
20 5
-144 e 672 e
-146 e
-148.9 s -96 e
-97 e -54.5 s -134 e
798
-22 e
-7.6 s
-74 e
-147 e
Ref. 1,5 5 4 1 1,33 1 1 1 5 1 5 5,41 1 11 1 5 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 40 1 4 5 1 1
-31 e
-159.1 s
100 kPa 100.2 76.1 -64 3.3 -24.4 65.7 -78.6 42.1 218 e 100.8 63 e -161.7 40.5 64.2 5.7 8.3 -6.6 91 e -18 e -57.5 153.8 1497 124 e -191.7 -50.4 -22 -78.6 s 45.9 127 e
-69 e -115 e -115 e
-0.8 s -15 e -124 -77 e -96 e -33 e -130 e -49 e 93 e -2 e -27 e -197 s -51 e -20.4 -74 e -74.4 -76.7 -4.7 -90.2 -124.6
9.9 s
6-66
-25 e 33.6 s
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2O C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H5AsF2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3OSi C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5FO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si
Name cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Ketene Bromoethylene Acetyl bromide 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethylene Acetyl iodide Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Methyl thiocyanate Ethylene* 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Ethyldifluoroarsine Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloromethyl methyl ether Trichloroethoxysilane Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane 2-Fluoroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethyl nitrate Ethane* Dichlorodimethylsilane
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-45 e
-21 e
10 e -4 e
14 e -116 e
-11 e 38 e -101 e
22 e 69 e -82 e -62 e
-101 e
-87 e
-58 e
-40 e -22 e
-68 e -23.7 -15 e 1e
-151 e -110 e -65 e 4e -127 e -123 e -85 e
-135 e -92 e -49 e 32 e -110 e -107 e -66 e
-101 e
-83 e -50 e
64.1 109 e -57 e -34 e -44 e -42.2 5.6 17 e 32.4 -94.3 -96.0 -115 e -68 e -25 e 68 e -89 e -85.3 -40 e 78.4 -57.9 -23.8 -25.3 7e -135.2
-124 e -78 e -18 e -139 e -100 e
-23 e -153.3
-33 e
-18.4
4e
-42.8 s
-49 e
-26 e
-84 e
-64 e
25.6 -105 e -111 e -26.7 s -95 e
-115.2 51.0 -87 e -93 e -8 s -76 e
-111 e -126 e -61 e -96 e -78 e -79 e
-96 e -112 e -39 e -80 e -60 e -61 e -142 e
-94 e
-78 e -74 e 39.1 s 13 e -44 e -63 e -173.2
16.7 s -61 e -81 e -183.3 s
6-67
-36 e -77 e -94 e -12 e -59 e -36.0 -38 e -127 e -22 e -56 e -55 e 65.2 s 41 e -21 e -41 e -161.3
-113 e -8 e -41 e -0.6 -20 e -43.5 16.2 -155.6 -0.4 5e 18 e -69.9 -36.7 -16.4 -94.6 81 e -62.8 -70 e 14.2 s -51.8 14.4 -6.0 -51.3 -70 e 23 e -32 e -4.6 -8 e -106.3 8.3 -27.9 -30 e 102.8 78 e 8.3 -12 e -145.3
52.2 42.2 103.6 119 e 163.7 -21.4 3.8 -7.5 -6.8 46.1 62.2 76.9 -66.8 -66.9 -88.2 -34.5 13.9 117.1 -59.0 -55.4 -3.6 123.9 -22.7 14.1 14.2 49.9 -109.9 -64.1 -86.6 26.0 -3 e 47 e 21.4 -10.2 63.5 -135.1 41.7 46.4 62.2 -36.1 1.0 23.7 -66.1 117 e -29.4 -37.0 55.9 -18.1 55.3 35.0 -15.5 -37.0 67.1 6e 38.7 34.9 -78.7 47.5 11.9 4.1 150.8 127.9 50.1 28.2 -122.8 11.1
100 kPa 114.8 107.4 177.8 193 e 242.9 31.2 60.3 47.3 46.3 105.6 129.7 144.7 -26.4 -23.3 -50.0 15.4 84 e 188.4 -14.1 -10.5 50.4 188.9 31.4 73.4 73.7 113.4 -72.2 17.0 -47.8 74 e 55.6 107.0 81.2 38.8 132.5 -104.0 105.7 107.6 130.9 15.8 56.9 83.1 -24.3 162 e 20.0 10.2 117.5 31.4 109.7 99.9 93.1 38.0 12.0 127.3 61 e 102.0 98.7 -37.9 99 e 71.9 55 e 218.2 199.1 113.5 87 e -88.8 70.1
Ref. 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 17 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 5 1,10 6 5 1 5 1 1 19 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 41 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7BO2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3ClF5O C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H4 C3H4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2
Name Dimethyl mercury N-Nitrosodimethylamine Ethanol Dimethyl ether* Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethyl hydroperoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethoxyborane Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro2-propanol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Thiazole Allene* Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1trifluoropropane 1,1-Dichloroacetone Methyl dichloroacetate 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro1-propanol Acrolein Propenoic acid Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 1,1,3-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Ethyl thiocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene* Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane
1 Pa
10 Pa
-73 e
-56 e -135 e
2e -70 e
24 e -49 e
-112 e
-97 e -96 e -53 e -101.9
-71 e -116 e
11 e
-127 s -122 e -12 e -150 e
-49 e -114.1 s -109 e 11 e -138 e -139 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-34 e -118 e 27.4 51.1 -25 e -78 e -77 e -29 e -83.5 -71 e -88 e 35 e -52 e -33 e -98.5 s -93 e 40 e -122 e -113 e -124 e -58.7 s
-13.5 30.7 -7 e -96.8 65.0 86.1 6.8 109 e -53 e -51.2 1.7 -59.2 -53 e -66.9 66.2 17.0 -25.6 -9 e -79.2 s -71 e 79 e -101 e -94 e -105 e -35.6 s
100 kPa
Ref.
29.0 80.5 29.2 -67.6 115.9 132.5 47.0 166.8 -18 e -16.0 45.0 -25.4 -27 e -37.2 109.0 57.5 10.5 26.4 -54.9 s -39.4 132.8 -72 e -67.8 -77.5 -7 s
92.1 149.8 78.0 -25.1 188.6 196.9 101 e 248.9 34.7 37.0 109.3 25 e 16.4 6.6 170.6 116.6 63 e 88 e -21.4 7.4 213.6 -30.6 -27.6 -37.0 42.0
5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5
57.1 -17.9 77.0 117.8 -34.7 -23.2
5 5 1 5 5 1
-72 e
-50 e
-22 e
-129 e
-118 e
-101.4 -94 e
12.7 -60 e 17.7 54.4 -76.7 -65.3
-102 e
-87 e
-68 e
-44 e -48 e
-25 e -28 e
0e -2 e
-43 e 1e 33 e 32 e
-8 e 47.8 77.7 79.1
45.3 118.0 142.3 149.5
5 5 5 5
-87 e
-10 e -67 e -58 e 8e
17 e -40 e 35 e -34 e 45.5
53.9 -3.0 78.0 -1.6 93.8
-64 e -75 e -58 e -81 e -77 e -87 e -72.4 -21 e -5 e -5 e 2e
-37 e -47 e -28 e -55 e -52 e -63 e -46.3 11 e 25 e 28 e 37 e
-39 e -36.0 109.6 53 e 4e
-8 e -7.9 161 e 96.1 35 e 17.4 191 e -114.9 -104 e 28 e 31 e
1.0 -9 e 12 e -20.1 -16.2 -28.7 -9.8 53.8 66.9 75.3 84.9 53.0 36 e 35.2
107.2 52.8 140.7 46.2 159.3 247 57.4 48.0 69.6 32.4 37.0 22.3 44.6 115.5 129.1 145.1 156.3 116.5 101.5 97.4
150.3 79.1 66 e 353 e -88.2 -75.7 74.1 75.3
220.8 143.4 136 e 1007 e -47.9 -33.1 142.9 139.5
5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5
-120 e -107 e
-21 e 37 e -84 e -95 e -80 e -100 e -97 e -106 e -92 e
-51 e
-28 e -31 e
-80 e -69.4
-62 e -55.3
-11 e -39 e
18 e -20 e
48.6 -160.6
75.7 -149.0
-51 e -46 e
-31 e -26 e
12.7 s -100 e -112 e -98 e -114 e
6-68
118 e -134.3 -124 e -6 e -2 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9As C3H9BO3 C3H9BS C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H9Sb C3H10N2 C3N2O C4Cl6 C4F6O3 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2Cl2S
Name 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,1-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thiacyclobutane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane* 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethylarsine Trimethyl borate Methyl dimethylthioborane Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1-Amino-2-propanol Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylphosphine Trimethylstibine 1,2-Propanediamine Carbonyl dicyanide Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride 2,5-Dichlorothiophene
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-30 e
-9 e
17 e
-78 e -65 e
-61 e -46 e
-38.1 -22 e
-9 e -63 e
12 e -48 e
-95 -109 e
-81.8 -95 e
-95 e
-80 e -79 e -72 e
21.8 39 e -21.9 -114 e -69 e -62.8 -76 e 0e -61 e -59 e -50 e
-62 e -78 e -84 e -90 e -91 e
-40 e -57 e -65 e -71 e -74 e
-120 e -60 e -71 e -88 e -20 e 13 s -37 e -48 e
-103 e -37 e -47 e -65 e 5e 43 e -13 e -22 e -23.9 -130.9 -16 e -28 e -77 e 42 e 62 e
-95 e -106 e
-133 e -78 e -89 e -39 e -13.3 s -56 e
-156.9 -54 e -65 e -98 e -11 e 4e
-145.6 -38 e -49 e -89 e 13 e 30 e
-57 e -93 e 96 e -94 e -102 e -94 e -53 e
-37 e -81 e 113 e -78 e -87 e -78 e -28 e
-12 e -64 e 136 e -57 e -67 e -57 e 3e -74 e
-9 e -28 e -39.6 -44.5 -51.1 23 e -80.7 -6 e -16.3 -37 e 38.0 83.8 20 e 10.7 6.1 -111.4 10 e -1.3 -60 e 78 e 101 e
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 1 1 1 1 5 1 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 1,41 1,5 1,5 5 5 5
63.8 -9.3 213.4 9.6 -3 e 8.8 97 e -5.4 15.6 11.4 0.4 -4.1 -17.6 -43.8 98.2 116.0 -15.0 19 e 61 e 15.3 137.0
124.3 41.7 287 e 67.4 52.2 66.3 172.4 52.0 67.9 70.7 57.3 46.9 31.5 2.6 157.9 192.0 37.1 80 e 119 e 65.2 209.7
1 5 1 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5
-35.4 22 e
50 e -63 e
-39 e
-7.1
-105 e
-82 e
-49.8
38.8 -6.2 -2.5
8.0 -20 e
45.6 22 e
94.3 81.4
159.8 171 e
-7 e
-122 e
6-69
Ref.
166.8 87.7 95.9 119.9 68.9 173.9 187 e 96.2 4.6 47.7 55.7 33.9 140.8 54.0 56.6 75.3 113.7 94.5 70.6 59.1 46.2 35.4 125.7 -2.8 102.0 89.2 52 e 152.6 206.3 130.8 119.8 111 e -42.3 96.9 82.0 7.0 187.2 214.0
-63 e -74 e -97 e 18 e 23.6 -81 e -56 e -12.0
-81 e -91 e -114 e
-1 e
100 kPa
98.7 27.0 33.7 54.0 10.8 107.6 120 e 44.5 -52.7 -6 e 1.3 -17.2 79.9 1e 3.3 17.0 53 e 32.5 11.6 -1.7 -8.1 -17.8 63.8 -49.4 36.9 26.5 0.4 83.9 136.1 64.8 55.6 48.1 -83.8 47 e 33.6 -34.8 125.0 149.9
21 e -42 e 168 e -29.1 -41 e -29.7 43 e -45 e -14 e -30.4 -37.8 -38.3 -50.4 -75.0 53.2 62.8 -53 e -23.8 18.8 -21.7 86.7
-62 e
-31 e
52 e -14 e -8.1 10 e -28 e 59.0 73.2 6.8 -89 e -42 e -35.6 -51.5 35.1 -35 e -33 e -22 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H2O3 C4H3ClS C4H3IS C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5ClO C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O
Name Maleic anhydride 2-Chlorothiophene 2-Iodothiophene 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride Ethyl trichloroacetate 3-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Methyl cyanoacetate Allyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene* 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Dimethyl oxalate trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,2,4-Tribromobutane 3-Chloro-1-butene cis-2-Chloro-2-butene trans-2-Chloro-2-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,2-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane
1 Pa
10 Pa -62 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -35 e -25 e -96.1
123.9 s
150 s
180 s
-113 e
-95 e
-71 e
-57 e
-54 e 19.3 121 e
-20 e 63.3 180.8
201.7 123 e 181.0 4.9 266.0 31.0 126 e 260.8
-17 e -41 e
23.7 0.3
83.7 59.0
5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5
36.4 100.1 53.7 29.0 66.7 134.0 89 e -38.9 -51.9 -39.4 -23.9 89.1 -22.1 39.7 21 e 37.1 106.7 120.8 105.6 99.9 16.2 22 e 30.7 130.2 75.1 220 e 98.1 31.9 20.7 23.5 31.0 143.7 139.4 4e 6e 3e 13.8 79.1 52.3 -53.7 -44.8 -47.6 -54.5 -38.1 -44.2 92.1 124.0 49.3 53.1 82.4 37.8 106.9 -16.5 -5.5
98.2 166.6 118.4 89.8 129.4 204.6 198 e 67.0 10.5 -4.7 7.8 26.6 156.3 28.0 102.4 81.0 97 e 168.9 184.9 168.6 161.5 72.2 79.9 84.8 203 e 139.7 410 e 163.0 94.4 80.6 85.2 93.5 219.5 214.5 63.6 66.4 62.2 71.5 143.8 117.2 -6.6 3.4 0.6 -7.3 12.1 4.2 166.1 196.5 113.4 123.1 153.4 102.1 177.9 34.7 62.1
5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-67 e
-48 e
-35 e 15.3 -23.1
-3 e -45 e
19 e -27 e
-8 e 48 e -3 e
-5 e 51.9 9.3 -12 e 24 e 84 e 32.1
-132 e
-117 e
-125 e
-111 e -89.2 s
-98 e -106 e -94 e -73.8 s 2.6 -80 e -33 e
-72.8 -83 e -71.2 -53.5 s 40.1 -56 e -3 e
-34 e 30 e
-4 e 63 e 74 e 61 e 56 e -22 e -18 e
-74 e
-99 e -56 e
-19 e
2e
-88 e
-71 e -71 e
27 e 22 e -50 e -48 e
-44 e -40 e
-17 e -25 e -5 e
24 e -1 e 43 e
-87 e -87 e -90 e -86 e 0e -3 e
-68 e -70 e -72 e -67 e 23 e 20 e
-100 e -102 e
-83 e -86 e -75 e
-67 e -139.0 -131.2
-48 e -125.2 -117.4
-139.1
-125.5
-43.3 -48 e -49.0 -43.4 53 e 49 e -64 e -62 e -65 e -54 e -2.6 -24 e -107.8 -99.8 -102 e -108.2
-130 e -54 e -13 e
-116 e -30 e 9e
-32 e
-26 e -58 e -9 e -102 e -114 e
-135 e
6-70
-99.3 0.4 37 e -25 e -28.4 0e -35 e 19.8 -81 e -87 e
Ref.
127.9 51.8 94.9 -41.8
24.8 s -78 e
100 kPa
73.7 2e 23 e -73.4
72 e 31 e 112 e 50.5 -11.4 -20 e -18.5 -12.0 91 e 87 e -36 e -34 e -37 e -25 e 32.6 8e -85.3 -76.7 -80 e -85.5 -71.8 -76.3 39.6 74 e 6e 5.8 35 e -5 e 56.9 -53.1 -53 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9F C4H9F C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2
Name Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane 1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine Isobutyl nitrate Butane* Isobutane* 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal Diethylperoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide
1 Pa
10 Pa
-88 e
-72 e
-85 e -94 e
-68 e -78 e
-30.1 -78 e -80 e -83 e -80 e 17 e
-8.2 -62 e -65 e -66 e -64 e 44 e
-66 e -68.4 -86 e -85 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -50 e -56 e -46 e -57.3 12.9 18.1 -42 e -47 e -45 e -43 e 77 e -37 e
-22 e -29 e -18.1 -29.8 52.2 50.5 -15.1 -22.2 -18 e -15.8 117.4 -3 e
49 e -47 e -53.9 -68 e -68 e
87 e -23 e -34.1 -46 e -46 e
135 e 9.4 -5.4 -16 e -16 e
-87 e -96 e -94 e
-71 e -80 e -78 e
-49 e -59 e -56.6
-21 e -31.0 -28.7
-114 e -117 e -62 e -70 e
-99 e -103 e -43 e -51 e -47 e -58.8 s -59 e
-80 e -85 e -19 e -27 e -21.4 -39.5 s -38 e
-8 e
8e -18 e
28.0 7e
-134.3 -37 e -50 e -39 e
-121.0 -129.0 -20 e -34 e -24 e
-18 e -103.9 -113.0 0e -14 e -5 e
-55 e -60.7 14 e 5e 12.0 -5.2 -10 e 81.1 56.4 38.9 21 e 15.1 -81.1 -90.9 28 e 12.6 20.9
-111 e
-96 e
-77 e
-4 e
23 e 45 e 15 e
-49 e
100 kPa
Ref.
74.5 63.8 79.2 65.6 163.3 154.0 80.4 67.7 76.8 79.0 234.9 106.0 101.0 283.5 120.5 101.1 90.7 91.1 72.4 78.1 67.9 68.5 50.3 148.4 32.1 24.7 130.0 119.5 120.0 100.0 86.2
55 e 77 e 43 e
-52.6 -40 e -56 e 94 e 116 e 77 e
16.6 8e 21.2 9e 101.4 92.9 23.0 13.2 20.4 22.2 168.5 43.4 39.6 198.0 54.1 37.6 26.6 26.8 11.7 18.4 8.5 10.2 -4.2 77.2 -20.0 -26.7 60.5 50 e 56.8 41 e 28.5 105 e 98.2 81.9 64.5 59.2 -49.1 -59.4 64 e 48.2 56.0 34.4 -17.8 -11.3 -21.2 142.9 164.7 121.2
165.7 142.9 128.5 123.0 -0.8 -12.0 117.4 99.2 107.6 82.1 34.1 38.7 30.4 206.1 227.6 180.3
1,5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1,41 1,41 1 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5
-29 e
-3 e
30 e
73.6
135.3
1
-89 e
-74 e
-44 e -55 e
-15 e -29 e -39 e
25.2 7.7 3.6
85.2 64.1 65.0
1 5 5
35 e
58 e 3e -59 e -69 e -66 e
31 e 86 e 36 e -37 e -47 e -44 e
114.2 123 e 79 e -6 e -17 e -15 e
-62 e -61 e -68 e 5e -26 e
-40 e -38 e -46 e 32 e 0e
-10.8 -8 e -17 e 69.1 35 e
173.6 134 e 35.4 23.4 26.5 5.8 30.3 33.1 23.4 119.9 82.4
282.0 245.2 208.3 98.0 84.5 88.1 63.8 91.7 95.1 84.3 195.1 153.5
5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5
-75.1 s
-77 e -86 e
-80 e -78 e -85 e -17 e -46 e
6-71
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12BN C4H12Cl2OSi2 C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4NiO4 C5F12 C5FeO5 C5H4ClN C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10
Name Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Nickel carbonyl Perfluoropentane Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Chloropyridine Furfural Pyridine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Pentanedinitrile 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 1-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne 3-Methyl-1-butyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 4-Pentenoic acid Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Tetrahydro-2H-pyran2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Isopropyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
100 kPa
Ref.
-85 e
-70 e
-52 e 53 e
-31 e 77 e
-46 e -55 e -67 e -50 e -46 e -6 e 107 e
-81 e
-60.1
-31.9
7.0
64.2
5
-33 e
-9 e
13 e
-83 e -55.0 43 e
23.8 14.4 -59 e -25.6 80 e
69.1 59.3 -25 e 16.6 129.6 -12 -20.9 44 97.3 92.4 51.0 -14 e 178 e 6e 109.3 47.9 50.6 49.9 146.7 -9.7 -10.5 -13 e -26.2 -6.3 -13.1 -19.7 -13.5 -0.5 -23.1 -11.1 -15 e 36.0
136.5 119.7 26.7 77.7 198 e 42 28.6 105 169.9 161.4 114.9 39.8 245 e 64.5 169.7 112.2 115.1 112.3 205.6 44.5 43.7 42 e 25.6 47.9 40.4 33.7 39.9 55.7 28.6 43.8 38.6 97.3
5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5
49 e 64 e 22.0 122.0 31.2 38.5 39.7 67.8
112 e 130.3 84.9 187.5 94 e 99.2 100.0 137.4
5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1
128.3 101.1 240.3 114.7 82.5 83.3 72.2 41.1 147.2 -23.3 -16.8 -17.5 -21.9 -32.1 -15.8
207.0 171.3 302.5 180.2 146.0 148.1 140.9 104.8 229 e 29.6 36.6 36.0 30.8 19.7 38.2
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
-10 e
-26 e
-8 e
24.1
52 e
-30 e
-5 e -58 e -53 e
16 e -109 e -109 e
39 e -93 e -93 e
-120 e -106 e -111 e -115 e
-105 e -90 e -95 e -100 e
-100 e
-85 e
-109 e -110 e
-94 e -95 e
7.4 16 e -23 e -77 e 85 e -66 e 25 e -32 e -28 e 67.0 -73 e -73 e -75 e -86 e -70 e -75 e -81 e -75 e -65 e -82 e -74 e -76 e -35 e
-18.1 -29.1 -42.4 -24.5 -26 e 27 e 146 e
20.0 7.5 -8.1 12.0 5e 70.9 197.3
75.9 62.3 43.7 67.3 55.2 133 e 268 e
5 5 5 5 1 5 5
-54.7 0 45.8 47 e 8e -51 e 126 e -35 e 62.6 2e 6e 8e 102.1 -46.1 -47.0 -49.0 -60.9 -42.9 -49.2 -55.4 -49.1 -37.9 -57.5 -48 e -51 e -5 e
-57 e -39 e
-31 e -14 e
19 e
44 e
3e 19 e -22 e 77 e
-55 e
-32.7 -31 e -5 e
-2.8 -1 e 24.7
5e
35.1
-22 e
121 e 1e
-54 e
-34 e
153.2 30.0 1.4 -2 e -8 e
74.4 50.1 191.9 66.7 36.4 35.0 26 e
1e -118.9 -113.8 -114.5 -117.7 -125.0 -113.4
24 e -103.4 -98.1 -98.9 -102.2 -110.1 -97.6
53.1 -84.0 -78.4 -79.1 -82.7 -91.2 -77.7
92.3 -58.8 -52.7 -53.3 -57.2 -66.7 -51.6
0e
6-72
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO3 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O
Name Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 2-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 3-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 3-Methylbutyl nitrate Pentane** Isopentane Neopentane* Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
100 kPa
Ref.
-118 e
-102 e
-77.0 -83 e
-45.4 -57 e
-7.1 -20 e
48.8 35.5
5 5
-118 e
-103 e
-83 e
-57 e
-20 e
36.6
5
-122 e 1e
-108 e 25 e
-89 e 54 e
-31 e
-10 e
17 e
-63 e 93 e 30 e 54 e
-27 e 145.6 77.4 104.1
27.8 221.8 147.8 178.9
5 5 5 5
-13 e
51.1 42.2 -28.7 -1 e -1 e -1 e -6.9 -15 e -20 e 76.3 69 e 64.7 2e -3 e 0e -11 e -1 e 0.9 -11 e 55 e 17 e
101.8 82.5 9.8 40.8 40.3 40 e 32.2 26.0 19.7 122.1 112.8 110.6 44.4 37.4 40.9 29.8 38.9 41.7 31 e 106 e 61.6
171.4 140.0 67.2 102.6 101.9 101.6 94.0 88 e 79.8 185.7 175.2 176.1 105.7 97.6 101.2 88.2 98.7 102.3 92.1 176.8 125.9
5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5
34 e 24 e 18 e 16 e 5e 6e 8e -1 e -9 e -7 e -21 e
79.4 71.1 64 e 61.5 49.7 50.8 52.4 42.5 33.2 34.9 21.8
144.1 141.2 131.7 129.1 116.9 118.1 119.9 107.9 96.1 97.3 85.2
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
23.5 5.7 83.0 77.3 45.8 43.3 18.5 81.7 -18.1 -26 e -38.5 s 106.7 79.8 64.9 61.1 73.4 75.7 50.6 58.2 59.2 12 e -2 e 6.7
83.9 62.4 156.5 147.8 108 e 105.8 78 e 147.0 35.7 27.5 9.2 179.5 137.4 118.7 114.9 128.3 130.1 101.7 111.1 112.7 69.8 54.8 63.4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1,5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1,5 5 5 1 1 1,5
-71 e
-53 e
11.5 -56 e -31 e
-69 e
-54 e
-31 e -34 e
-7.4 -10 e -15.8
15.3 10 e 4e
-69 e -69 e
-53 e -51 e -61 e -52 e -50 e -65 e -16 e -42 e
42.7 36 e 30.0 -29 e -31 e -29 e -40 e -30 e -28 e -41 e 15 e -17 e
-47 e
-26 e
0e
-60 e -69 e -68 e -67 e -73 e -80 e -77 e
-41 e -51 e -50 e -49 e -55 e -62 e -60 e
-16 e -27 e -26 e -25 e -32 e -39 e -37 e -52 e
-97 e -47 e
-80 e -27 e -34 e -48 e
-60 e -1 e -6.6 -26 e
-115.5 -119 e
-26 e -99.8 -105 e -107.5 s
-27 e -35 e -41 e -27 e -22 e
-10 e -19 e -25 e -11 e -7 e
1.0 -80.0 -86 e -90.8 s 20.7 12 e 1e -4 e 9e 13 e -5 e -3 e
-17 e -32 e 34 e 28.8 4e 2e -23 e 35.5 -54.0 -61 e -68.8 s 58.0 41 e 28.0 24 e 36.2 39.1 17.7 22.7
-54 e -66 e -57 e
-27 e -39 e -30.5
-69 e -68 e -83 e -40 e
-66 e
-92 e
-77 e
6-73
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3O C6H3F3 C6H4Br2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5AsCl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O3 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2
Name 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 2-Pentanethiol 3-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene m-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Dichlorophenylarsine Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene p-Nitrophenol 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene** o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Adiponitrile
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
25 e
52 e
85 e
125 e
175.1
238.9
5
-65 e
-43 e
40 e -14 e
85.6 27.3
149.3 87.7
5 5
12 e -41 e -52 e -51 e
40 e -17 e -28 e -28 e
-43 e
-19 e
-46 e -54 e -52 e -44 e
-23 e -31 e -29 e -10 e -21 e
76 e 15 e 3e 4e 8.0 7.8 -8.0 13 e -7.8 9e 0e 1e 23 e 11 e
124.2 60 e 46.6 47.7 52.3 51.9 34.6 57 e 34.7 52.7 42.7 42.8 68 e 53.8
193.7 126.2 111.9 113.4 118.5 117.9 98.7 123.0 98.4 118.0 106.9 104.0 136.0 117.6
1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1
4e -56.9 s
32 e -36 s
-75 e
-57 e
-80 e
-60 e
70 e -11.5 s -46.2 s -32 e -33 e -34 e
121.7 22.6 -7.6 s 2.8 2.9 2.8 4.3 27 e 82 e 33.8 25.5 30.7 169.5 18.2 137.0 156.0 104.6 97.8 99.0 111.6 s 170 e 83.1 62.9 97.9 135.1 142.0 122.6 24.2 110.6 132 e
197.9 79.9 48.9 s 56.8 57.1 57.9 59.3 85.3 145.2 94.0 84.1 89.9 245.7 75.0 218.2 238 e 180.0 172.5 173.6 245 e 155.4 131.3 173.9 213.4 219.9 201 e 84.4 187.8 210.3
23.7 20.0 131.4 162 e 252.6 113.7 222.8 96.0 112.5 62.9 75.2 76.1 21 e 19 e 27.3 211.8
83.6 79.7 208.3 1069 e 331.2 181.4 308.3 168.6 183.5 129.0 143.7 144.9 78 e 79.9 85.0 297 e
1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5
-60 e -70 e -70 e
-64 e -72 e
-19 e
-95 e
-41 e
-7 e 15.4 s
-45.5 s -4.1 s 6.9
16 e 35.8 s -13 e -22 e -21.8 s 17.8 s 35.2 -25 e -43 e
-36 e -43 e
-13 e 39 e -7 e -14 e
71.8
114.0
44 e
83 e 97 e 53.9 46.7 46.7 s 74.3 s 113 e 34.9 16.8 45.8 80.2 86.5 70.2 -16.9 58.5 78 e
16.3 8.0 8s 43.5 s 70 e 1e -17 e 39.7 45.0 33 e
-30 e 72.6 s -82 e
-7 e 10 e 97.4 s -66 e
20.9 40 e
-5 e 87.8 s -9.7 s
10 e 19.7
-44.3 -40 s 39.0 49.4
9.6 s
34.1 s
-56.5
-15 e -2.5 -37.8
-58.2 s
-43.1 s
12 e 26.7 -13.9 -5 e -3.9 s
-88 e
-71 e
-50 e
30 e
61 e
100 e
6-74
-16.0 -15.1 s 75.2 94.2 192.0 68.9 162.0 47 e 63.5 18.3 28.8 29.6 -21 e -15 e 148.6
100 kPa
Ref.
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H8S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O
Name m-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Dimethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethylthiophene trans-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene trans-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 3-Hexyne 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne Cyclohexene 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl methacrylate Allyl glycidyl ether Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Diallylsulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane Isopropylcyclopropane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dichlorohexane 2,2′-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-86 e -98 e -99 e
38 e 5e -43 e -70 e -81 e -84 e
94.5 69 e 36 e -16 e -51 e -60 e -64 e
140.2 109 e 76 e 20 e -24 e -33 e -37 e
-89 e
-73 e
-52 e
-92 e
-75 e
-91 e -84 e -86 e -97 e -91 e -87 e -39 e
-75 e -67 e -69 e -81 e -74 e -70 e -19 e
-59 e
-41 e -25 e -37 e
-54 e -59 e -54 e -46 e -48 e -61 e -54 e -49 e 8e 27 e -17 e 1e -13 e
-23 e -23 e -26 e -30 e -26 e -17 e -19.1 -34 e -26 e -19 e 43 e 69 e 14 e 36 e 19 e
-56 e
-25 e -32 e -5 e
-3 e -15 e 18 e
-17 e -58 e
6e -38 e -35 e -19 e -50 e 58.9 s -82.8 -80 e -78 e -79 e -79 e -82 e -88 e -89 e -78 e -79 e -77 e -86 e -84 e -81 e -87 e -95 e -75 e -68.9 s -80 e -82 e -88 e -89 e -94 e
25.7 6e 44.9 30 e 35.0 -12.4 -9 e 8e -20 e 86.6 s -61.4 -58 e -57 e -59 e -58 e -62 e -68 e -69 e -58 e -58 e -55 e -66 e -64 e -60 e -67 e -76 e -54 e -47.6 s -58 e -61 e -68 e -69 e -73 e
-1 e -67 e -68 e -37 e -21 e -40 e
27.3 -42 e -44 e -13 e 4.2 -16 e
-40 e 36.8 s -99.8 -97 e -94 e -96 e -95 e -98 e -104 e -105 e -95 e -95 e -93 e -102 e -100 e -98 e -103 e -110 e -85.6 s -97 e -99 e -104 e -105 e -109 e
-87 e -87 e -56 e -43 e
6-75
8e 40.1 62.3 36 e 79.4 70.4 71.9 21.7 25 e 43 e 20 e
200.8 163.9 127.3 67.5 14 e 7e 0.9 18 e 18 e 18 e 14 e 9.7 12.8 23.6 21.0 4.1 13.8 21 e 93.5 125.7 57.0 84 e 63.5 53 e 53.2 85.7 111.3 77.6 124.3 123.3 121.1 68.8 71.6 91.5 75.2
-33.7 -30 e -30 e -30.8 -30.0 -34.2 -41.5 -41.6 -30 e -30 e -27.4 -38.7 -36.8 -32 e -39.9 -50.8 -25 e -19.8 s -28.8 -32 e -40 e -41 e -46 e 49 e 63.4 -9.3 -13 e 19 e 34.5 15 e 8.5
5.2 9.9 9.3 7.9 8.8 4.1 -3.6 -3.6 9.0 8.9 11.7 -0.9 1.2 6.6 -1.9 -14.5 14 e 19.3 11.6 9e -1 e -3 e -7 e 98.1 112.3 33.6 26.5 62.6 61.9 58.5 52.7
100 kPa 285.0 242.5 197 e 134.8 72 e 65 e 59.2 79.6 79.6 79.6 75.6 68.1 71.0 84.1 81.0 60.7 72.7 82.6 170.5 206.2 121.0 155.2 129.3 114.5 116.8 152.8 180.2 142.9 185.2 195.4 190.0 138.1 142.1 163.2 155.2 270 63.1 68.5 67.5 66.0 66.7 61.7 53.8 53.5 66.9 67.3 70.0 56.0 58.2 64.3 55.2 40.8 72.9 80.4 71.4 70.2 57.9 56.3 52.0 171.7 182.1 93.2 80.7 127.8 127.2 123.1 117.0
Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13F C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S
Name 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl isopentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol cis-Tetrahydro-2,5dimethylthiophene Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2Hthiopyran 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Fluorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Dipropylene glycol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Hexanethiol Dipropyl sulfide
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-61 e
-43 e
-21 e
9e
36 e -9 e -60 e -63 e -63 e -62 e -49 e -65 e
33 e 49 e 16 e -41 e -43 e -45 e -42 e -34 e -47 e
-30 e 34 e 59 e 67.1 46 e -17 e -19 e -21 e -18 e -14 e -24.6
0e 61 e 93 e 92.9 83 e 15 e 14 e 10 e 14 e 14.3 5.4 19.2
-41 e
-17 e
13 e
50.1
-25 e
-8 e
14 e
-53 e
-34 e
-48 e -45 e -55 e -80 e -33 e
-27 e -25 e -36 e -62 e -11 e
-96.4 s -100 e -99 e
-28 e -43 e
-79.2 -84 e -83 e -90 e -87 e 5e -10 e -23 e
-29 e
100 kPa
Ref.
51.5 50.2 42.5 99.2 139.3 133.6 130.7 59.1 61.0 53.4 58.3 55.2 47.3 63.7 53.3 98.5
116.1 113.0 105.7 160.7 204.5 206.8 192.5 124 e 125.6 116 e 122.0 121.1 109.8 127.4 116.3 164 e
5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
44.6 17 e
88.0 62.2 84.8
155.6 124 e 158.3
5 5 5
-8 e
25 e
72.0
142.1
5
-15 e
0e 2e -11 e -40 e 16 e -9 e -57.6 -64 e -62 e -71.5 -66 e 28 e 12 e 1e 14 e 24 e 3e
-43 e
-24 e
0e
-37 e
-23 e -5 e -16 e -63 e -76 e -61 e -74 e 17 e
-4 e 17 e 9e -5 e -41 e -55 e -39 e -53 e 48 e
35 e 36 e 21 e -11 e 53 e 22 e -29.3 -36 e -34.3 -45.5 -39.0 56.8 41.4 33 e 45.9 53 e 27.1 36.5 30 e 29.8 22.9 46 e 42 e 23 e -12 e -28 e -10 e -24.6 86 e
84.1 83.7 66.7 30.4 104.0 66.6 9.8 2e 4.6 -7.7 -0.4 97.3 81.5 75.4 88.3 92.4 63.0 76.1 71.9 68.8 61.1 85.7 84.3 61.3 28.8 11 e 31.0 14.4 134.4
157.5 154.8 134.6 91.1 180.8 133.5 68.3 59.9 62.9 49.4 57.6 157.1 139.6 135.1 147.6 151.4 120.9 133.8 131.3 126.0 121.1 146.1 142.5 118.2 89.7 68.1 91.9 72.6 197.5
5 5 5 5 5 1 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5
-8 e -49 e -59 e 114.8
20 e -26 e -35.3 146.0
55 e 3.7 -2.8 191 e 110 e
103.2 44.2 44.4
170.2 101.9 118.8
162.6
231.4
5 5 5 5 5
40 e
80.3
132.4
201.4
5
8.3 128 e 109.0 1e -8 e -6 e
44.3 167.8 152.6 35 e 25 e 28 e
92.3 220.5 207.2 81.7 69.9 73.6
159.4 295 e 277.9 152.2 138.4 142.4
5 5 5 5 5 5
-103 e
-80 e -78 e -90 e -8 e -31 e -68 e 92 e
-42 e 73 e 44 e -45 e -50 e -50 e
-20 e 98 e 74 e -25 e -32 e -30 e
6-76
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C6H16O2Si C6H18Cl2O2Si3 C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H3F5 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4F3NO2 C7H4F4 C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NS C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8Cl2Si C7H8O C7H8O
Name Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylenediamine Diethoxydimethylsilane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isothiocyanate 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5diene Dichloromethylphenylsilane o-Cresol m-Cresol
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-65 e
-47 e
-23 e
-49 e
-30 e
-5 e -10 e
-48 e
-25 e -47 e -29 e
9e 18.5 29 e 22 e 6.1 6e -17.5 -5 e
100 kPa
Ref.
196 e 76 76.0 9.1
53.1 63.8 74.8 66.0 47.7 47.5 23.5 29.9 97 e 256.7 132 128.2 51.0
119.6 131.6 143.8 130.6 107.0 108.8 84.0 88.5 160.6 334 e 211 199.0 113.0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 4 5 5
59.7 -5 e 73.1 s -21 e -14 e -7 e
110.5 37.1 109.9 s 18 e 24.7 35.9
183.4 100.1 155.4 s 75.9 82.1 96.0
5 5 5 1 1 5
-58 e
-45 e
75 e
108 e
148 e 34
-62 e
-44 e
-21.2
-29 e
-7 e -56 e 17.4 s
22.2 -34 e 42.8 s
-62 e
-41 e
26 e
55 e -20 e
92.8 11 e
145.2 53.6
222.0 117.0
5 5
1e
34.5
81.8
151.8
5
-9 e
24.2
69.8
137.2
5
-9 e
24.2 93 e 87.8
70.4 149 e 147 e
138.1 237.0 225.0
5 5 5
39 e
76.2
127.3
202.2
5
9e
-38 e 42.6 27.5 40.6
-6 e
23.9
-13 e
6e 9e
-34 e
-9 e -1 e -10 e -11 e
33 e 38 e 31 19 e 29 e 17 e 19.4
-41 e
-24 e -21 e
25.4 3e 6e
-34 e
-11 e
17.7
-6 e 83.9 67.0 81.5 -3 e 63.1 79.4 68.3 76 e 72 54.6 68 e 54 e 58.1 57 e 66.8 38 e 41 e 40 e 55.4
38.6 139.5 120.4 136.2 39 e 115.7 105 e 119.5 129.3 130 104.6 120.7 104.8 109.9 107.8 121.7 86.3 89 e 88.9 106.3
102.3 218.0 196.7 213.0 101.6 190.0 117 e 199.1 208.4 213 178.3 196.2 181.1 183.1 183.8 198.3 158.7 161.8 161.5 178.9
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 5
-22 e
23 e
2e -50 e -48 e -48 e 40 e
15 e -78.1
45 e -57.1
33 e -26 e -25 e -24 e 62 e 45 e 82 e -31.3
72 e 5e 7e 7e 94 e 89.7 129 e 1.5
125.2 49.0 51.0 51 e 141.9 148.7 189.4 45.2
201 e 113.9 116.1 116.2 221.9 231.3 271.8 110.1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
12.8 s 33.6
32.4 40.2 52.4
-15 e 71.8 72.3 82.6
27.4 126.0 120.3 130.6
91 e 205.0 190.5 201.8
5 5 1,5 1,5
3e
-53 e
-34 e
11 e
-15 e
-67 e
-6.4 s 20.8
11 e
6-77
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10N2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O3 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
Name p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 3-Methylbenzenethiol Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 3-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Toluene-2,4-diamine 1-Heptyne 2-Heptyne 3-Heptyne 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyne 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Cycloheptene 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexene 4-Methylcyclohexene 1-Ethylcyclopentene 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene Cycloheptanone Butyl acrylate Propyl methacrylate Ethyl levulinate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate Heptanoyl chloride 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 2-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-0.2 s 8e
20.7 s 28 e -21 e 0e
1.0 3.8
18.8 22.0
52.7 54 e 4e 29 e 25.6 42.6 46.2
-16 e -46 e -38 e -35 e
6e -26 e -17 e -15 e
34 e -1 e 9e 11 e
-25 e
3.7 4e -3 e 19 e 11 e 100.4 -35 e -27 e -31 e -40 e -34 e -39 e -52 e -48 e
83.1 88 e 38 e 66 e 62.6 76.1 80.1 77.1 70.3 33 e 44 e 46 e 42 e 40.0 39 e 29.9 55 e 48 e 145.3 -5 e 4e 0e -11 e -4 e -9 e -24 e -19 e
-30.0
3.4 -5 e 1e -5 e -3 e -3 e -5.5 53.7 30.4 26 e 82.6 76.4 87.7 59.7 -10.7 -8 e -8 e -10 e -10 e -12 e -16 e -10 e -9 e -15 e -15 e -16 e -17 e -17 e -21 e -21 e -28 e -9 e -18 e -14 e -13 e -22 e -23 e -24.2 6e
-9 e
-75 e -71 e -80 e -75 e -78 e
-57 e -51 e -53 e -62 e -57 e -61 e -73 e -70 e
-76 e -72 e -76 e -75 e -75 e -77 e
-58 e -53 e -59 e -57 e -57 e -59 e
-52 e
-31 e
-35 e -30 e -36 e -34 e -34 e -36 e 18 e -4.5
-23 e -11 e -17 e -82.1 -79 e -79 e -80 e -80 e -81 e -84 e -80 e -79 e -83 e -83 e -84 e -85 e -85 e -88 e -87 e -94 e -79 e -84 e -83 e -82 e -90 e -90 e -91 e
17 e 4e 15 e 4e -63.8 -61 e -61 e -62 e -62 e -64 e -67 e -63 e -62 e -66 e -66 e -67 e -68 e -68 e -71 e -71 e -78 e -62 e -68 e -65 e -64 e -73 e -73 e -75 e
45.3 36.0 47 e 29.4 -40.6 -38 e -39 e -40 e -40 e -42 e -45 e -40 e -39 e -44 e -44 e -45 e -46 e -46 e -50 e -50 e -57 e -39 e -46 e -43 e -42 e -51 e -52 e -53 e
6-78
130.7 134.7 84 e 117.9 112.7 125.6 128.8 126.2 121.1 79.3 92.7 94.4 89.9 87.5 86.2 75.8 104.8 98 e 202.9 37.1 46.9 42.7 30.1 38.6 32.6 15.9 21.4 49.9 47.5 29.8 38 e 45 e 37.9 40.7 40.2 37.3 104.0 78.0 73.8 133.2 128.5 139.8 96.9 31.1 34.3 34.0 32.3 32.2 29.3 25.3 32.0 33.4 25.9 26.3 24.6 23.2 23.4 20.0 18.1 11.5 33.5 22.6 27.2 29.0 18.6 16.6 16.3 51.1
100 kPa 201.5 204.9 153.2 194.6 183.9 199.9 202.9 199.9 195.8 149.0 166.5 168.6 160.6 157.9 156.6 143.6 178.6 171.5 279.5 99.5 111.5 106.4 91.4 102.0 94.8 75.6 82.6 116.3 108 e 92.6 103.0 109.8 102.3 105.8 105.3 101.5 178.7 146.9 139.7 205.7 198.3 209.5 144.0 93.2 98.0 97.5 95.3 95.2 91.6 86.3 95.0 96.8 87.1 87.7 85.5 83.7 83.8 81.2 77.1 72.1 96.9 82.9 88.8 91.1 80.0 76.3 77.5 118.4
Ref. 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15F C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16S C7H17N C7H18N2 C8F18 C8H4O3 C8H6O C8H7Cl C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
Name Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Isopropyl isobutanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Fluoroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Perfluorooctane Phthalic anhydride Benzofuran o-Chlorostyrene 2-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene Acetophenone Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-79 e -76 e
-62 e -59 e -69 e
-83 e -84 e -84 e -41 e
-57 e -47 e
-66 e -66 e -67 e -21 e -22 e -28 e -6 e -27 e -42 e 46 e -39 e -30 e -19 e -19 e -28 e -44 e -36 e -26 e
-39 e -35 e -47 e -38 e -43 e -44 e -44 e 4e 3e 0e 18.8 -2 e -18 e 72 e -14 e -4 e 2e 3e -5.7 -19.7 -10 e 2e
-30 e -39 e -64 e -19 e -78.6 -82 e -81 e -81 e -90 e -87 e -89 e -88 e
-9 e -19 e -45 e 3e -60.2 -65 e -64 e -63 e -73 e -68.4 -72 e -71 e
18 e 7e -22 e 32 e -37.0 -43 e -42 e -41 e -52 e -45.3 -50 e -49 e
-9 e -8 e -16 e
17 e 7e 7e 1e
-30 e
-9 e
40 e 27 e 27 e 22 e 9e 18 e 5e
48.2 s
72.4 s -16 e -10 e 1e
-27 e -61 e 24 e -58 e -51 e -35 e -35 e
-33 e
-3 e 20.6 s 17 e
9e -1 e -30 e -27 e 10 e -56.2
23 e 44.5 s 49 e -31 e
3e -1 e 35 e 22 e -9 e -6 e 36 e -36.8 -35 e
6-79
12 e 20 e 32.1 40.1 55.3
47.9 58 e 72.2 78.7 97.4
35.5 38.4 24.8 34.9 28.4 28.2 27.4 83.7 82.2 83.2 90.3 76.6 58.5 154.6 70.1 76.2 72.0 74.9 67.5 56.0 69.5 83.3 89.8 104.4 88.6 53.3 123.8 35.4 27.8 29.2 30.5 17.6 26.8 19.2 22.9 18.1 112.5 95.2 93.9 91.9 73.1 102.7 86.7 99.9 45.0 192.7 97.7 110.8 126.6 134.3 153.7
89 e -5 e
140 e 28.6 24.3 73 e 72.2 68 e 110.8 88.8 54 e 58 e 111.6 21.1 27 e 23.4 22.4
208 e 75.4 71.0 125.3 123.9 121.2 167.9 141.8 103.7 108.7 168 e 67.1 74.2 69.8 68.9
36 e 33.1 29 e 68.1 51 e 18 e 22 e 69 e -12.0 -7 e -10 e
-7.9 -5 e -17 e -8 e -13 e -14 e -14 e 37 e 36 e 36 e 50.2 31.0 14 e 107 e 20 e 30.3 31 e 32.0 24.5 12.2 23.9 36.6 43 e 54 e 41 e 10 e 71 e -6.6 -13 e -12 e -11 e -22.9 -14.9 -21.3 -18.8 -23.2 70.1 55.0 54.5 51 e 35 e 53 e 39 e 50.1 5e
100 kPa 100.5 103.0 87.4 99.0 91.4 91.1 90.3 152.3 150.6 147.0 143.4 144.4 124.8 222.6 149 e 141.4 136.1 142.8 133.3 120.1 134.4 149 e 160 e 178.4 159.9 117.4 203.4 98.0 89.7 91.5 93.1 78.8 89.3 80.1 85.6 80.4 176 e 158.7 156.3 154.6 135.5 176.4 156.4 167.7 105.6 284.2 170.7 188 e 204.7 221.3 233.1 254.0 302 e 144.7 140.1 201.5 195.5 198.9 248.5 219.9 177.9 183.9 245 e 135.7 143.9 138.7 137.9
Ref. 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15Br C8H15ClO C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
Name o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Phenetole 2-Phenoxyethanol 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline o-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Ethylcyclohexene Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride Ethyl succinate Dipropyl oxalate Dimethyl adipate (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane Octanoyl chloride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 2-Methyl-1-heptene 2,2-Dimethyl-cis-3-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
5.6
16.9 29.2
14.3 s
34.3 s
13.4 s -3.1 s 19.7 s 16.5 s 2e 21 e 18 e -2 e -15 e
33.2 s 16.7 s 40.2 s 37.2 s 25 e -9 e 46 e 34 e 21 e 8e
-2 e
21 e
-33 e 0e
-9.3 27 e -37 e -43 e 20 e -26 e -40 e -33 e -35 e -36 e -35 e
44.5 57.5 60 e 57.2 s 50.2 55.9 s 39.6 s 63.7 s 61.1 s 54 e 17 e 75.9 56 e 49 e 38 e 28 e 51 e 37 e 20 e 60 e -8 e -19 e 52.2 -10 e -16 e -8 e -11 e -12 e -11 e
-79 e -68 e -73 e
-2 e 20 e 20 e 28 e 8e 22 e 8e -46.1 -41 e -41 e -46 e -43 e -44 e -46 e -48 e -56 e -47 e -53 e -61 e -49 e -56 e
30 e 51.0 49.9 61 e 36.9 46 e 37 e -21.4 -17 e -17 e -22 e -19 e -20 e -22 e -24 e -33 e -23 e -30 e -38 e -26 e -33 e
-61 e
-42 e
-68 e -68 e -62 e -66 e
-44 e -49 e -48 e -45 e -47 e
-60 e -65 e -67 e -63 e
-41 e -46 e -49 e -44 e
-17 e -27 e -20 e -25 e -23 e -23 e -23 e -27 e -16 e -21 e -24 e -19 e
-77 e
-59 e
-36 e
-62 e -6 e -38 e -59 e -52 e -55 e -56 e -55 e
-28 e -6 e -4 e -14 e 1e -15 e -65.7 -59 e -59 e -65 e -61 e -63 e -65 e -66 e -74 e -65 e
6-80
81.1 91.9 95.5 91.4 85.5 87.4 75.3 102.1 98.0 92 e 51 e 115.4 86.7 87 e 76.4 66 e 88 e 80 e
130.9 144.8 144.6 141.7 137.2 137.0 125.9 152.3 147.9 143.6 99 e 168.7 135.5 139.4 128.8 118.1 139.1 137.7
102.2 30 e 14.1 93.5 14 e 16 e 25 e 22 e 21 e 22 e
156.0 80.2 59.9 148.4 50.8 60.3 70.6 66.8 65.6 68 e 103.1 93.3 123.8 143.7 140.4 156.1 129.7 109 e 127.7 54.9 59 e 59 e 55.1 57 e 56 e 54.6 52.3 40.1 54.3 43.8 36.2 50.0 40.4 78 e 61.9 50.6 59.7 53.9 55.6 51.5 55.3 50.6 62.1 57.3 53.2 59.1 46.2 38.7
47 e 71 e 91.1 88.6 103 e 75.3 74.7 75 e 10.5 15 e 14 e 10 e 13 e 11 e 10 e 8e -3 e 10 e 1e -7 e 6e -2 e 30 e 15.8 5e 14 e 8e 10 e 8e 10 e 5e 16.5 12 e 8e 13.3 2e -5 e
100 kPa 204.0 217.9 217.5 216.4 210.5 210.6 200.6 226.4 221.3 217.7 169.3 244.8 223 e 216.7 204.2 193.6 210.9 217.7 178.0 228.1 150 e 129 e 224.8 115.1 125.8 137.8 132.8 131.4 136.5 172.9 159.0 196.5 216.1 213.0 227.3 212.5 150 e 204.4 120.9 125.2 124.5 122.4 122.8 122.1 121.8 118.7 105.0 121.3 107.9 101.0 115.8 104.5 150.7 131.3 119.1 129.2 122.9 123.1 120.9 123.8 118.9 130.5 125.9 121.0 127.6 113.2 104.4
Ref. 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S
Name 1′,2′,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1′,2a,4′-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1-Propylcyclopentanol Octanal 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isopentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethyl-2-hexanol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-70 e
-52 e
-28 e
4e
48.9
116.2
5
-74 e 9e
-56 e 24 e
-33 e 43 e 6e 23 e 8e 11.3 85 e
-1 e 69.0 45.7 57 e 47.7 42.1 120 e 108 e 52.8 40.7 34.8 38.9 53.9 54.2
42.8 108.4 97.8 103.8 97 e 81.7 165.5 159.6 100.4 90.6 81.1 87.9 100.7 102.4
108.8 173.5 170.2 172.1 161 e 134.6 238.4 226.6 164 e 159.8 147.0 155.6 166.2 172 e
5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
86.2 72 e 59 e
141.3 123.8 108.8 100.3 74.6 142.5 58.9 51.6 52.7 51.6 52.1 41.6 49.2 43.9 43.8 45.4 50.9 48.9 50.2 43.1 34.0 46.9 46.7 48.8 s 128.2 112.5 102.8 107.3 87.6 84.8 97.2 118.3 96.3 79.8 82.6 73.0 55.4 41.7
216.6 200.3 182.9 172.4 141.8 224.5 125.3 117.2 118.5 117.2 118.1 106.4 115.1 109.0 108.6 111.5 117.3 115.2 117.8 109.4 98.8 114.3 113.1 105.8 194.8 179.4 174.1 176.0 155.0 153.0 160.7 184.2 160.3 146.1 150.4 141.2 120.6 106.8
5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,39 1,39 1 1,39 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1
-3 e
100 kPa
Ref.
37 e
58 e
-37 e
-13 e
-47 e
-26 e
-31 e -30 e
-9 e -9 e
16 e 3.1 0.4 1.8 18.7 19 e
-16 e -17 e -25 e
10.6 6e -4 e
43.9 34 e 23 e
-6 e -69 e -67 e -65 e
18 e -42.6 -49.1 -48.1 -47 e
48 e -17.9 -24.5 -23.6 -24 e
-73 e
-55 e
-32 e
-71 e -72 e
-53 e -54 e
-30 e -30 e
-69 e -70 e -74 e -81.9 -72 e -74 e -62.5 s 12 e
-50 e -51 e -56 e -63.4 -54 e -54.5 -44 s 30 e
12 e
24 e
-52 e -35 e -17 e
-28 e -16 e 1e
-13 e -2 e -55 e
4e -7 e 9e -35 e
-27 e -27 e -32 e -39.8 -30 e -30.0 -20.9 s 53 e 40 e 40 e 40 e 1e 8e 24 e 45 e 26 e 13 e 24 e -8 e -19 e -33 e
29 e 87 e 14.4 7.6 8.5 7.8 8e -1.5 5e 0.6 0.7 1.4 7e 5e 5e -0.8 -8.9 2.1 2.2 8.9 s 84 e 69.9 64 e 66.9 39 e 40 e 55 e 75 e 55 e 40 e 47 e 26 e 12.1 -2 e
-13 e
14 e
46 e -44.2 -26 e
86 e -2.0 4.3
137.7 63.6 46.6
206.9 179.2 110.5
5 5 5
14 e
37 e
66.8
104.9
153 e
230.4
5
-32 e 89 e -15 e -22 e
-7 e 117 e 6e 0e
25 e 151.1 34 e 27 e
64.9 192.2 71 e 63 e
117.1 242.9 122.1 113.5
189 e 307.3 198.5 188.4
5 5 5 5
6-81
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C9F20 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11Br C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2
Name Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene cis-1-Propenylbenzene trans-1-Propenylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene Indan 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzyl ethyl ether Phenyl propyl ether Phenyl isopropyl ether 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Amphetamine Isophorone Triacetin Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 2-Methyl-1-octene Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1′,2a,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane 1′,3′,5′-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclopentane cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane Nonanal 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Heptyl acetate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl hexanoate Methyl octanoate
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-37 e -57 e -77 e
-16 e -36 e -52 e
10 e -9.0 -21 e -6.5
44 e 25.5 21.6 30.5
-1.3
39 e 23.7 30.2
72 e 55.4 60.7 12 e 13.3 13.3 3.2 16 e 54 e 39 e 46.6 45 e 27 e 31 e 4e -1 e 8e 5e 6e 15 e 11 e 9e 20.4 21 e 23 e 66 e 24.4 33 e 33.1 90 e 60.2 50.9 -3.3 -9 e 1e 0e -2 e
100 kPa
Ref.
113.9 96.8 101.3 53.0 51.4 51.6 41.5 52 e 93.2 80.1 86.9 84 e 64 e 69 e 38 e 33 e 43 e 40.4 41 e 52 e 47 e 43.7 59.3 61 e 56 e 104.1 60.6 70.1 75.1 124 e 103.3 90.7 30.4 25 e 36 e 35.1 33 e
90.8 72.2 80.5 80.6 40 e 169.7 153.4 157.9 106.8 103.7 103.7 92.8 102.3 144.6 135.1 139.5 138.1 114.6 120.5 86.7 80.9 92.1 88.9 89.2 101.5 95.9 92.4 111.3 113.9 103.7 154.9 110.7 118 e 132.4 165 e 159.6 145.4 77.1 72 e 84 e 83.6 81.3
159.1 139.0 164.1 152.6 114.7 247 e 236.5 242.7 181.0 178.4 178.4 164.9 177.5 214.5 212.8 211 e 218.5 190.5 197.8 158.8 152.0 164.7 160.8 161.5 175.6 168.9 164.3 184.5 189.3 176.9 226 e 184.5 202.0 215.1 214 e 236.5 225.1 146.4 144.1 156.1 156.2 154.0
5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5
25 e 23 e 18 e
71.8 71.5 65.2
141.5 145.5 136.1
5 5 5
-38 e
-15.4 -16 e
-33 e -3 e -18 e -11 e -8 e -23 e
-20 e 12 e -25 e
-12 e 23 e 8e 15 e 15 e -1 e 3e -23 e -26 e -19 e -21 e -21 e -12 e -16 e -18 e -10 e -10 e -1 e 36 e -3 e
37.6 -1 e -3 e -50.1 -53 e -45 e -46 e -48 e
1e 62 e 26 e 21 e -29.4 -34 e -24 e -26 e -28 e
-53 e
-33 e
-60 e
-41 e
-8 e -12 e -16 e
-71 e
-50 e
-22 e
15 e
65.7
140.7
5
-72 e -105 e
-50 e -88 e
-22 e -64 e
14 e -28 e
65.1 31 e
140.0 147.0
5 5
-52 e
-33 e
-7 e
28 e
77 e
152.0
5
-56 e
-36 e
-11 e
23 e
72 e
145.8
5
-72 e
-54 e -3 e 8e
-32 e 48 e -16 e
-12 e 69 e 6e
-30 e 27.4 35 e -1 e 14 e 97 e 34 e
-26 e -26 e
-2 e -9 e
11.3 28 e 13 e
2e 65.5 71 e 39.1 48 e 133 e 70 e 55 e 48.3 65.1 40 e
47 e 115.6 121.0 94 e 96.2 182.7 119.9 105.6 97.9 113.4 76 e
117.4 184.6 194.0 188 e 167.7 255.1 191.9 178.4 168.3 178 e 127.9
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-43 e -46 e -40 e -42 e -41 e -37 e -39 e
6-82
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C9H19Cl C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20S C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21N C10F8 C10F22 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14
Name 1-Chlorononane Nonane 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,3-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 1-Nonanethiol Triisopropyl borate Nonylamine Tripropylamine Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene** Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline m-Divinylbenzene Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Estragole 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Isoeugenol Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene o-Cymene m-Cymene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-11 e -46.8 -49 e -49 e -50 e -58 e -53 e -55 e
11 e -26.0 -30 e -29 e -30 e -39 e -33 e -36 e
-66.1 -65.1 -58 e -60 e -62 e -53 e
-46.4 -45.8 -38 e -41 e -43 e -33 e
-58 e
-38 e
-61 e -57 e
-42 e -49 e -37 e 40 e 24 e
13 e
31 e
-17 e -25 e -12 e 64 e 47 e 45 e 54 e
-2 e
21 e
49 e
-39 e 5.2 s
9e -18 e 25.1 s
37 e 8e 48.1 s
17 e 14 e 3.2 s 24.1 s
45 e 39 e 24.1 s 46 s
80.3 70.5 49.3 s 71.5 s
36.3 s 5.3 29 e 27 e 15 e -29 e 27 e
62 e 65.9 s 31.9 54 e 51 e 40 e -4 e 56 e
56.6 s -21 e -31 e -28 e -31 e
79.4 s 3e -8 e -5.3 -8.2
9e -4 e -8 e -9 e
37 e 22 e 18 e 19 e
99.0 103 s 63.8 85 e 81 e 70 e 27.1 92.7 85 e 106.1 s 33.2 21 e 24.1 21.3 48.5 54.1 72 e 54 e 50.2 52 e
-28 e -35 e -37 e -36 e -39 e -34 e -33 e -28 e
-7 e -14 e -16 e -15 e -16 e -13 e -12 e -6 e
21 e 13 e 10 e 12 e 13 e 14 e 16 e 21 e
6-83
39 e 0.0 -5 e -5 e -6 e -15 e -9 e -12 e -9 e -21.3 -21.2 -13 e -16 e -18 e -7 e -9 e -13 e
76 e 34.0 28 e 29 e 27 e 18 e 25 e 21 e 24 e 11.8 11.2 20 e 17 e 15 e 28 e 26 e 20 e 21 e 16 e 8e 22 e 96.9 78 e 76.4 84.5 58 87 e
100 kPa
75 e 42 e
127.8 80.8 73.9 74.7 73.2 63.6 70.8 66.4 70.6 57.7 56.2 66.7 62.3 61.0 76.3 73.7 66.7 68.5 62.5 53.2 69.7 141.0 123.0 121.3 128.1 100 140.4 73.1 126.2 88.2
204.7 150.3 142.8 143.7 141.9 132.3 140.0 134.7 139.9 126.0 123.7 137.2 130.9 130.2 148.9 145.7 136.2 139.8 132.6 121.8 141.1 213.0 194.2 192.0 194.7 167 219.2 139.0 202.1 156.0
126.7 112.8 80.7 103.3 137.2 140.7 146.9 150.9 102.9 127 e 122 e 111 e 67.6 137.8 129.5 137.9 s 74.1 60 e 62.6 60.5 88.0 96.0 115.9 96 e 92.3 95 e 125 e 56.9 48 e 46 e 47.9 51 e 50 e 52 e 58 e
52 e 189.8 171.6 135.6 162.6 196.7 200.5 210.7 215.1 165.8 183.0 179.2 166.1 122.1 195.8 189.2 197.9 127.4 111.7 116 e 115 e 140.7 152.2 173.8 152.3 149.2 150.2 185.3 107.6 98.3 94.9 97.8 103.1 99.9 102.2 107.9
132.9 280.5 258.6 217.5 244.0 281.8 286.8 300.1 305.5 247.2 265.1 264.5 247.3 199 e 272.7 273 e 282 e 207.8 187 e 193 e 196 e 214.6 231.5 252.9 232.0 230.5 225 e 267.1 182.8 172.8 168.6 172.3 177.8 174.6 176.6 182.9
Ref. 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 5,39 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21F C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22
Name m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2-Butylphenol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline Dipentene d-Limonene l-Limonene β-Myrcene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphene Terpinolene β-Phellandrene (+)-Camphor Pulegone 1-Decyne cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene α-Terpineol Eucalyptol trans-Geraniol Sebacic acid Dipropyl succinate Diethyl adipate Decanenitrile 1-Decene Cyclodecane Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane 1-Fluorodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-28 e -28 e -22 e -24 e
-19 e
-7 e -6 e 0e -2 e -2 e -5 e -4 e -6 e -6 e -8 e -7 e 7e 3e
20 e 21 e 28 e 26 e 26 e 23 e 24 e 21 e 22 e 20 e 20 e 36 e 32 e
56 e 57 e 66 e 63 e 63 e 60 e 61 e 58 e 58.2 56.1 56.6 74 e 69 e
7e -16 e 18.9 s 19 e 11 e -11 e -42 e -45 e -33 e
31 e 8e 37.9 s 43 e 35 e 14 e -19 e -21 e -12 e
-48 e -43 e
-27 e -22 e
61 e 38 e 59.5 72 e 66 e 44.3 10.6 9.1 16 e 9.4 -1 e 5.0
101 e 77 e 101.2 107.4 106 e 84.2 48.7 48.0 52.0 47.3 33.6 40.6
26.5 16 e 41.5 s 66.4 14 e 24 e 18 e 48 10.6 63.2
-27 e -25 e -28 e -27 e -29 e -29 e
-15.8 s 37 e -34 e -26 e
10 s 49.1 -13 e -4 e -10 e
4e 125.9 s 11 e 4e 13 e -35.5
31 e
58 e -26 e -11 e
-9 e -16 e -18 e 16 e 80 e -3 e 5e
-17 e
9e
72.1 72 e 66 e 13.7 29 e 18 e 10 e 9e 47.2 108 e 27 e 26 e 22 e 41 e
6e 9e 2e -22 e -34 e -34 e -36 e -36 e
34 e 33 e 25 e 0e -10.6 -14 e -14 e -16 e -16 e
69 e 63 e 54 e 27 e 16.7 12 e 12 e 10 e 10 e
-39 e -46 e
-19 e -27 e
-46 e
-25 e
7e -2 e 0e 1e
-31 e -37 e -39 e
38 e 35 e 36 e -13.7
6-84
100 kPa
Ref.
64.9 53.2 80.8 s 92.2 51 e 62.4 55.3 89 48.5 104.3
106.2 108.1 117.2 113.6 113.7 110.6 112.2 108.3 108.9 106.5 107.4 126.6 120.9 119.9 155.2 131.3 155.0 150 e 160.9 138.4 100.2 100.4 102.3 98.3 82.2 90.5 90.7 115.4 104 e 131.4 s 135.1 100.3 115.5 107.9 142 100.3 157.7
180.6 183.3 193.4 189.2 189.5 186.4 187.9 183.2 184.3 181.3 182.8 204.5 197.5 196.3 234.4 209.7 230.4 204 e 241.0 216.3 173.9 174.5 177.0 171.0 155.1 165.5 160.1 184.6 171.0 207.6 220.2 173.5 195.3 186.8 217 175.4 229.6
115.4 116.6 105.8 49.0 68 e 54 e 46 e 45 e 86.3 145 e 66.3 57.6 62.8 81.4
172.3 171.2 160.6 97.9 121.3 104.7 95.9 95.3 137.7 195.2 120.0 107.1 116.9 133.2
250.4 239.5 241.6 170.1 201.8 180.4 170.8 171.1 208.0 269.5 198.2 197.2 193.6 203 e
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 5 21 21 4 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
112.6 104 e 92 e 64 e 52.3 47 e 47 e 45 e 45 e 38 e 41 e 32 e 35 e 36 e
169.2 159.2 145.7 113.3 101.1 94.8 95.1 93.1 92.6 84.9 88.4 78.5 82.7 85.6
245.4 240.0 225.3 185.7 173.7 166.5 167.3 165.2 164.6 155.4 159.4 148.4 155.2 159.8
5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H20 C11H20O2 C11H20O4 C11H21N C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C11H24S C12F27N C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O
Name 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane 1-Decanol 4-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Decanethiol Diisopentylsulfide Dipentylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Myristicin 4-Isopropylstyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5methylnaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene Butyl benzoate Pentylbenzene p-tert-Butyltoluene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-Undecyne 10-Undecenoic acid Ethyl diethylmalonate Undecanenitrile 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene Pentylcyclohexane Hexylcyclopentane 2-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecanoic acid Heptyl butanoate Propyl octanoate Methyl decanoate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 1-Undecanol 1-Undecanethiol Trinonafluorobutylamine Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether
1 Pa -46 e
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -10 e 0e 3e -3 e 75 e 61 e 22 e 14.0 44 e
100 kPa
Ref.
22 e 35 e 39 e 33 e 109 e 93 e 60 e 51.5 78.4
68.3 83.2 89.1 82.8 157.3 139 e 111.6 101.8 127.1
137.0 156.5 165.5 158.7 230.6 210 e 186.2 172.8 202.9
5 5 5 5 1,39 5 5 5 5
200.9 157.5 118 e 127.7 118.8 132.9 239.3 246.0 159.1 156.0 187 196.0 124.5
275.3 238.6 139 e 202.0 193.9 210.4 299.6 308.1 244.1 240.5 271 279.4 202.1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5
30 e 18 e -31 e
-26 e -24 e -29 e 50 e 37 e -8 e
0e
20 e
11 e
34 e
64 e 7e
-31 e -2 e
-6 e 19 e
26 e 46 e
5e
29 e
23 e -25 e
53 e -1 e
60 e 57 e 79 88.9 30.2
138 e 103 e 82 e 77 e 66.8 82 e 191.9 197.9 102 e 99 e 125 135.2 70.3
9e
31 e
60 e
99 e
153.1
233.8
5
17 e 6e -14 e -24 e -26 e
36 e 34 e 8e -2 e -1 e 6e 11 e 0e 6e 67 e
1.2 7e 7e 3e 4e 2e 3e 6e 7e 37 e 28 e 90 e 29 e 23 e 33 e 4.3 1e -10 e -12 e
62 e 67.9 37 e 27 e 29.5 36 e 40 e 29 e 35 e 105 e 74 e 78.6 29.7 34 e 33 e 30 e 31 e 30 e 31 e 34 e 36 e 64.3 57 e 118 e 62 e 55 e 62 e 32.6 28 e 22 e 20 e
80.0 47 e 3e 49.8 s
82 e 77 e 29.0 80.6 s
97 e 110.3 74 e 64.1 69.5 75.7 79.4 67 e 74 e 150.0 105 e 120.3 66.4 70.2 69.3 66.6 67.1 66.2 67.0 72 e 73 e 103.0 95 e 156 e 102.6 94.0 100.9 69.5 64 e 61.9 60.8 43 e 118 e 118 e 63.3
147.8 165 e 126.7 115.5 123.5 129.6 132.1 118.5 127.4 205.4 149.4 177.3 117.1 120.6 119.6 117.1 117.4 116.7 117.4 124.2 125.0 153.6 148.4 207.2 155.1 145.2 154.0 120.2 114.0 115.6 113.9 94 e 167.6 173.6 109.9
228.5 237 e 204.9 190.8 200.2 207.6 207.7 194.5 205.4 274.5 219 e 259.9 192.2 196 e 195 e 192 e 193 e 191 e 192 e 202.7 202.5 232.6 226.9 283.6 224.7 215 e 232 e 195.4 188.7 190.4 186.4 170.4 244.1 256.8 176.8
126.2 111.1 144.8 116 e
254.7 187 e 169.5 206.7 173 e
354.0 276 e 254.7 292.7 257.4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5
-13 e -22 e -17 e 35 e
-21.6 -14 e -14 e -19 e -17 e -19 e -18 e -17 e -15 e 17 e 68 e 2e -2 e 10 e -18.4 -20 e -35 e -38 e 52.2 23 e 24 s
44 e
6-85
69.0 98.1 75 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C12H10O C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16 C12H16O2 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H20O4 C12H22 C12H22 C12H22O2 C12H22O4 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24 C12H24 C12H24O C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H36O6Si6 C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H12 C13H13N C13H14 C13H20 C13H24O2 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H15N C14H16
Name 1-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene Cyclohexylbenzene 3-Methylbutyl benzoate Hexylbenzene 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Geranyl acetate Dibutyl maleate 1-Dodecyne Cyclohexylcyclohexane Methyl 10-undecenoate Dimethyl sebacate Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene Hexylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane Dodecanal Dodecanoic acid Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Triisobutylamine Tributyl phosphate Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Acridine Phenanthridine Fluorene Phenyl benzoate Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane Methyldiphenylamine 1-Isopropylnaphthalene Heptylbenzene Ethyl 10-undecenoate 1-Tridecene Heptylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane Tridecanoic acid Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene Benzoin 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzylamine 1-Butylnaphthalene
1 Pa
10 Pa
37 e 48.3 s 20 e 48 s 16 e 14 e 26 e 31.5 s 12 e -11 e
69 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-2 e -14 e -14 e -6 e 46.3 s -14 e
22 e 9e 8e 18 e 72.5 s 11 e
12.3 -11 e
36 e -8.3 -3 e -1 e
50.4 13 e 20 e 38 e 53 e 60 e 15.2 20 e 22 e
78 e 12 e 8e 31 e 27 e -5.4
100 e 40 e 35 e 57 e 51 e 18.2
107.0 118.7 88.7 102.8 72 e 71 e 82 e 78.8 s 96 e 46 e 58 e 66 e 51 e 37 e 36 e 49 e 81.7 s 44 e 67.7 94.0 43 e 53.1 73 e 97 92 e 44.8 50 e 51 e 70 e 128 e 74 e 69 e 90 e 81 e 47.6
5e -26 e
34.4 1e 1e
70.2 35 e 28.9
154.6 163.0 137.5 150.5 114 e 113 e 123 e 115.9 150.5 87 e 98 e 115.0 90 e 74 e 74 e 90 e 121.8 s 87 e 110.8 144.2 82 e 96.0 116 e 150 133 e 82.9 89 e 90 e 116.2 166 e 115.1 111.8 132 e 122 e 85.8 133 e 115.3 77.7 64.9
18 e
41 e
69 e 124.4
108 e 176.2
215.2 221.1 202.2 213.7 171.8 171.2 180.5 175 e 215.9 142.4 154.7 177.7 144.5 125.9 125.5 148.8 178.3 145.0 166.9 203 e 135.8 154.1 172.2 214 190.5 135.4 143.1 143.5 175.9 219.1 168.1 166.1 190.8 178.7 138.2 185.0 174.1 134.5 112.5 205 e 162.2 246.0
137.4 151.4 166.0 119.3 143.1 123.2 107 e 125.2 98.3 105 e 106 e 176 e 130 e 101.1 140 e 165 s 170.4 175 130.4 155.6 181 125.3 158.9 135 e
205.4 217.9 224.8 177.7 201.6 180.8 162.7 179.5 152.5 160.9 160.9 230.3 184.9 155.1 192.3 238.8 238.4 246 183 e 218.1 248 181 e 218.5 186.7
10 e
51 e 41 e 39 e 51 e 53.1 s 51 e 15 e 28 e
79 s 48.4 s 102.3
35 e 27 e 12 e 32 e 4.1 11 e 13 e 87 e 38 e 7.2 71.6 89.2 s 53 s
45 e 63 e 51 e 36 e 55 e 28.5 34 e 36 e 109 e 61 e 31.5 101.0 125.9 s 83 s
26 e
54 e
77 e 98.4 82 e 66 e 86 e 59.0 65 e 66 e 138 e 90 e 61.8 103 e 151.5 s 120.8 123 88 e
19 e 48 e 67 e
47 e 77 e 82 e
82.0 113.1 103 e
6-86
100 kPa 294.9 300.3 291.8 301.4 257.7 257.3 265.7 260 e 296.2 221 e 239.5 261.4 225.5 203.2 202.6 238 e 263.7 229.8 242.9 272 e 214.4 237.2 247.1 293 275.5 212.8 224.2 223.5 256.6 298.1 238 e 238 e 275.3 262.6 215.8 264.1 253.8 213.4 178.5 288.3 244.7 345.4 295 e 313.3 312.4 263.6 281.6 267.3 246.2 258.4 232.3 244.3 243.1 311.5 269 e 234.9 273.1 340.2 337.7 346 253 e 305.8 342 254 e 299.4 288.6
Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 1,5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C14H16 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H27N C14H28 C14H28 C14H28 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C14H42O5Si6 C15H18 C15H24 C15H30 C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H10O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H36O C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H36O2 C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H44 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C23H48 C24H38O4 C24H38O4 C24H50 C25H52 C26H54 C27H56 C28H58 C29H60 C30H62 C70
Name 2-Butylnaphthalene Octylbenzene Diethyl sebacate Tetradecanenitrile 1-Tetradecene Octylcyclohexane Nonylcyclopentane Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane Decylcyclopentane Methyl tetradecanoate Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Benzanthrone Methyl hexadecanoate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Hexaethylbenzene Oleic acid Elaidic acid Stearaldehyde Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane Methyl oleate Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Heneicosane Brassidic acid Erucic acid Butyl oleate Behenic acid Butyl stearate Docosane Tricosane Dioctyl phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Tetracosane Pentacosane Hexacosane Heptacosane Octacosane Nonacosane Squalane Carbon (fullerene-C70)
1 Pa
10 Pa
44 e 20.1
67 e 46.2 83 e 79 e 41.3 44.3 49 e 118 e 44.1 110.5
52 e 16.1 16.9 25 e 96 e 19.1 80.0 6e 34 e 33.0 35 e 37 e 30.5 38.4 41.1 99.5 63 e 65 e 51.5 94 e 66 e 87 e 127.1 s 94 e
36 e 62 e 58.9 60 e 61 e 75 e 56.1 104.0 65.0 136 e 67.4 130.6 91 e 184 e 93 78.5 117 e 94 e 118 e 154.7 s 126 e 124 e 153 e 89.0 130 e
61.5 106 e 81 s 85 e 71.1 80.4 119 e
114 e 99.1 108.9 143 e
119.0 147.8 140.6 82.3 134 e 126 e 95.5 145.4 99.6 83.5 102.9 130 e 122.0 115.0 119.7 125.1 136.7 136.5 148.2 66 e 598 s
156.1 177.3 174 e 113.5 166 e 160 e 124.2 176.5 128 e 115.0 135.1 163.7 153.2 148.1 152.7 158.8 168.8 169.8 182.8 84 e 662 s
6-87
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 98 e 79.1 120 114.0 72.7 77.8 80 e 147 e 75.3 149.6 104 e 72 e 96 e 92.0 92 e 93 e 110 88.1 142.7 98.1 165 e 100.3 171.9 126 e 229.3 129 112.0 146 e 129 e 156 e
165.5 166 142 e 183 e 123.1 160 e 112 e 149.7 133.8 144.2 173 e 141 e 201.0 211.4 214 e 152.2 203.6 199.4 158 e 213.7 162 e 154.0 174.8 203.8 189.2 188.5 193.2 200.1 206.5 210.9 221.2 105.8
139 e 121.9 166 159.0 113.2 120.0 120 e 186 e 115.7 152 e 147 e 117 e 141.3 135.4 134 e 134 e 155 129.6 191.5 140.5 205 e 142.7 175 e 171 e 290.3 177 155.3 185 e 176 e 206.6 217.2 144.1 214.5 216 186 e 223 e 167.3 200.5 175 e 195.6 178.8 189.8 213 e 183.1 256.3 251.3 262 e 201.6 249.8 247.4 198 e 259.3 201 e 203.6 221 e 252 e 231.3 239.1 244.4 252.1 255.8 263.1 271.5 131.9
100 kPa
197.5 178.1 225 219.7 168.7 177.6 177.2 241.3 171.1 205.3 206.1 176.0 202.2 193.7 193.4 192.5 214 186.3 254.5 198.8 261.9 200.7 229.0 232.6 377.2
287.4 263.8 305 306.3 250.6 263.2 261.5 325.6 253.0 286.7 290.9 259.1 289 e 281.4 280.9 278.8 295 270.1 339.4 284.3 350.2 286.3 311.7 320.5 511 e
214.5 240.1 241.3 275.3 284.0 206.8 277.0 280 246.9 281.6 227.6 257.3 254.6 256 e 240.1 252.1 270.0 236.7 326.3 298 e 320 e 263.8 307.6 306.5 245 e 316.2 249 e 274.8 285.3 311 e 281.1 295.4 305.0 314.3 323.3 332.0 340.2 163.7
302 e 323.3 336.3 374.6 383.0 297.5 359.7 361 336.7 374.5 316 e 343.0 360.0 340 e 330 e 344 e 355.1 307.1 418 e 355 e 392 e 355.9 382.0 381.1 304 e 390 e 307 e 368.0 379.5 385 e 341.1 390.6 401.1 411.3 421.2 430.6 439.7 203.2
Ref. 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 16 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 4 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 16 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 22
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K This table gives vapor pressures of 67 important fluids in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Helium (4He), hydrogen (H2), and neon (Ne) are covered on this page. The remaining fluids are listed on subsequent pages by molecular formula in the Hill order (see Introduction). The data have been taken from evaluated sources; references are listed at the end of the table. Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa). Note that: 1 kPa = 7.50062 Torr 100 kPa = 1 bar 101.325 kPa = 1 atmos s following an entry indicates that the compound is solid at that temperature. Helium
Hydrogen
Neon
T/K
P/kPa
T/K
P/kPa
T/K
P/kPa
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1
5.3 6.7 8.3 10.2 12.4 14.8 17.5 20.6 24.0 27.8 32.0 36.5 41.5 47.0 52.9 59.3 66.1 73.5 81.5 90.0 99.0 108.7 119.0 129.9 141.6 153.9 167.0 180.8 195.4 210.9
14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5
7.90 10.38 13.43 17.12 21.53 26.74 32.84 39.92 48.08 57.39 67.96 79.89 93.26 108.2 124.7 143.1 163.2 185.3 209.4 235.7 264.2 295.1 328.5 364.3 402.9 444.3 488.5 535.7 586.1 639.7 696.7 757.3 821.4 889.5 961.5 1038.0 1119.0 1204.0
25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0
51.3 71.8 98.5 132.1 173.5 223.8 284.0 355.2 438.6 535.2 646.2 772.8 916.4 1078 1260 1462 1688 1939 2216 2522
Ref.
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17,18
1
13
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K
BCl3 Boron trichloride
Ar Argon
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
0.1 0.2 0.8 2.8 7.7 18.7 40.7 79.0 134 213 324 473 666 910 1214 1584 2027 2553 3170 3892 4736
Ref.
8,15
BF3 Boron trifluoride
BrH Hydrogen bromide
Br2 Bromine
ClF Chlorine fluoride
ClH Hydrogen chloride
s s s s s s s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.8 5.2 7.2 9.7 12.9 17.0 22.0 28.1 35.6 44.5 55.1 67.6 82.2 99.1 119 141 166
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12
7.7 13.4 22.3 35.2 53.7 79.1 113 157 214 285 372 479 608 762 944 1160 1413 1709 2056 2460 2913 3481 4123 4874
12
0.1 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.3 5.4 8.7 13.4 20.1 29.5 37.9 51.8 69.5 91.8 119 153 194 242 299 366 443 532 633 748 878 1023 1185 1364 1562 1780 2018 2278 2561 12
s s s s s s s s s s s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.8 5.5 7.3 9.5 12.3 15.6 19.7 24.6 30.5 12
s s s s s s s s s s
0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 6.0 9.5 14.6 21.8 31.7 44.8 62.0 84.2 112 147 190 242 304 378 464 564 680 812 961 1130 1319 1529 1762 2019 2301 2608 2941 3303 3693 4111 4560 5039
0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.4 5.8 9.5 14.7 22.0 31.9 45.1 62.5 84.7 113 148 190 242 304 377 463 563 678 811 961 1132 1325 1542 1784 2054 2354 2686 3053 3457 3901 4388 4921
12
12
s s s s s s s s
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K
ClO2 Chlorine dioxide
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
Cl2 Chlorine
Cl4Si Silicon tetrachloride
FH Hydrogen fluoride
F2 Fluorine
0.4 1.5 4.8 12.3 27.6 55.3 101 172 276 420 615 870 1196 1605 2108 2721 3458 4339
1.8 2.8 4.2 6.1 8.7 12.3 16.9 22.9 30.5 40.1 51.9 66.4 84.0 105 130 160 194 234 280 332 392 459 535 619 714 818
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.5 5.3 7.6 10.8 14.9 20.1 26.6 34.6 44.4 56.1 69.9 86.2 105 127 151 179 12
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5
0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.3 3.2 4.4 5.9 7.9 10.3 13.4 17.2 21.8 27.4 34.2 42.2 51.8 63.1 76.3 91.7 110 130
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0 6.6 8.6 11.1 14.2 17.9 22.3 27.7 34.0 12
12
12
F2 O Difluorine oxide
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.2 2.6 5.3 10.1 18.0 30.5 49.3 76.7 115 168 237 328 444 588 766 981 1238 1541 1895 2303 2771 3302 3899 4567 5308
12
F3N Nitrogen trifluoride
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.0 4.0 7.3 12.8 21.1 33.5 51.1 75.4 108 150 205 273 357 459 581 726 896 1092 1319 1578 1871 2203 2577 2995 3464 3991
1
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
F3P Phosphorous trifluoride
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.5 5.9 9.5 14.9 22.5 33.1 47.3 66.0 90.1 121 159 206 262 330 410 503 611 736 877 1037 1217 1418 1640 1885 2154 2448 2767 3112
12
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F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.9 3.8 7.5 14.0 25.2 43.8 74.2 122 197 280 376 488 618 766 932 1117 1324 1555 1816 2111 2449 2841 3301
12
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
F6S Sulfur hexafluoride
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.6 4.4 7.1 11.3 17.3 25.9 38.0 54.4 76.6 106 145 195 249 305 371 448 536 636 750 878 1021 1181 1358 1554 1768 2003 2258 2534 12,15
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
HI Hydrogen iodide
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.3 8.0 11.7 16.8 23.6 32.5 44.0 56.2 71.4 89.7 112 137 168 203 244 290 343 404 472 548 633 727 831 12
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.2 5.2 8.3 12.7 18.9 26.6 36.7 49.8 66.4 87.1 113 144 182 227 281 344 416 500 597 706 830 969 1124 1297 1488 1698 1929 2181 12,15
s s s s s s s s s s s
H3N Ammonia
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.5 5.8 8.7 12.6 17.9 24.9 34.1 45.9 60.8 79.6 103 131 165 207 256 313 381 460 552 655 774 909 1062 11
s s s s s s s s
H3P Phosphine
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.3 3.9 6.2 9.6 14.5 21.1 30.0 41.6 56.6 75.6 99.2 128 163 205 254 312 379 456 544 644 756 881 1019 1172 1341 1525 1725 1942 2176 2428 2699 2987 3295 3621 12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
H4Si Silane
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.9 3.5 6.1 10.0 15.8 24.1 35.3 50.3 69.8 94.6 126 164 210 265 331 408 498 602 722 859 1017 1196 1398 1628 1888 2180 2509 2880 3296 3763 4288
12
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Kr Krypton
0.1 0.4 1.1 2.7 6.0 12.1 22.8 40.4 68.0 103 150 211 290 388 509 655 830 1037 1278 1557 1877 2241 2655 3120 3641 4223 4870
13, 15
s s s s s s s s s
NO Nitric oxide
0.1 0.4 1.3 3.8 10.0 23.5 46.8 86.5 151 248 391 592 867 1231 1703 2302 3050 3971 5089 6433
12, 15
N2 Nitrogen
s s s s s
0.4 1.8 6.3 17.4 38.6 76.1 137 229 361 541 779 1084 1467 1939 2513 3209
1
N2O Nitrous oxide
s s s
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.4 17.6 26.4 38.5 54.7 75.9 103 138 181 234 298 374 465 571 694 835 996 1179 1385 1615 1870 2152 2462 2802 3172 3573 4006 4473 4973 5508 12
O2 Oxygen
O2S Sulfur dioxide
0.2 0.7 2.3 6.3 14.5 30.1 56.8 99.3 163 254 379 543 756 1022 1351 1749 2225 2788 3448 4219
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.3 9.0 12.6 17.3 23.3 31.1 40.9 53.2 68.3 86.7 109 136 168 205 249 300 359 426 3
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
O3 Ozone
Rn Radon
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.0 3.8 6.8 11.5 18.7 29.1 43.7 63.6 89.9 124 168 222 289 367 468 584 721 881 1068 1285 1536 1824 2155 2534 2968 3464 4031 4678 5417
12
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0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.4 3.8 5.8 8.6 12.5 17.7 24.5 33.2 44.4 58.2 75.3 96 121 151 185
15
CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane
Xe Xenon
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.5 2.7 4.9 8.5 14.0 22.2 34.2 51.1 74.2 101 134 173 222 280 348 428 521 628 750 889 1045 1220 1416 1633 1872 2136 2425 2742 3087 3462 3869 4310 4786 5299
12,13
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane
CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.5 3.9 5.9 8.8 12.8 18.1 25.1 34.1 45.6 60.0 77.8 99.5 126 157 194 237 287 344 410 485 570 665 771 889 1021 1166 1325 1501 1692
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 2.0 3.3 5.3 8.3 12.6 18.6 26.8 37.6 51.7 69.7 92.3 120 155 196 246 304 372 451 542 646 763 896 1044 1210 1394 1598 1823 2071 2343 2641 2968 3325 3716
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.1 3.2 4.8 6.9 9.9 13.7 18.8 25.2 33.3 43.3 55.5 70.4 88.1 109 134 163 196 234 278 327 383 445 515 593 679
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.9 4.1 5.6 7.6 10.1 13.3 17.2 22.1 28.0 35.1 43.7 53.8 65.7 79.6 95.6 114.1
12
12
12
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K
CCl4 Tetrachloromethane
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
1.5 2.1 2.8 3.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 10.5 13.2 16.5
Ref.
12
CF4 Tetrafluoromethane
0.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.4 6.5 11.5 19.3 30.8 47.4 70.2 101 141 191 254 332 425 537 669 824 1005 1216 1460 1743 2073 2457 2907 3438
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12
CO Carbon monoxide 0.1 0.6 2.6 8.2 21.0 44.4 83.7 147 239 371 545 771 1067 1428 1877 2400 3064
9
COS Carbon oxysulfide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.2 7.8 11.3 15.9 22.1 30.0 40.1 52.7 68.2 87.2 110 137 169 207 250 301 358 423 497 580 673 777 892 1019 1159 1313
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.7 3.1 5.7 9.9 16.8 27.6 44.0 68.4 104 155 227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710
12
6
CHClF2 Chlorodifluomethane
CHCl3 Trichloromethane
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.5 8.1 11.8 16.7 23.1 31.5 42.1 55.3 71.7 91.6 116 144 178 218 264 317 377 446 525 613 711 821 944 1080
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.7 3.7 5.0 6.6 8.7 11.3 14.4 18.3 22.9 28.5
12
12
s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
CHF3 Trifluoromethane
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.4 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 17.0 25.3 36.5 51.4 70.9 95.8 127 166 214 271 340 421 516 626 754 900 1067 1257 1472 1713 1984 2287 2624 3000 3418 3881 4393
12
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CHN Hydrogen cyanide
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.7 6.8 9.7 13.6 18.8 24.1 30.5 38.3 47.7 58.8 72.1 87.6 105.9 12,16
s s s s s s s s s s s s
CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane
CH2F2 Difluoro methane
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.3 7.1 9.5 12.4 16.1 20.7 26.3 33.0 41.1 50.8 62.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.8 4.4 6.8 10.2 14.8 21.2 29.5 40.5 54.5 72.1 94.1 121 154 193 240 295 360 434 521 620 732 860 1004 1165 1346 1547 1770
12
12
CH2O Formaldehyde
1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.4 9.1 12.7 17.4 23.4 31.0 40.6 52.5 67.0 84.6 106 131 161 196 236 283 337 399 470 549 12
CH3Cl Chloromethane
CH3F Fluoromethane
2.1 3.1 4.6 6.7 9.5 13.1 17.9 24.0 31.8 41.4 53.3 67.7 85.1 106 131 159 193 232 277 327 385 450 524 606
0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 5.9 9.3 14.1 20.9 29.9 42.0 57.6 77.4 102 133 171 216 270 333 408 495 595 711 843 993 1163 1355 1571 1813 2084 2387 2724 3099 3516 3978
12
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
CH4 Methane
CH4O Methanol
0.1 0.3 0.8 2.1 4.9 10.6 20.0 34.5 57.0 88.4 133 192 269 368 491 642 824 1041 1297 1594 1937 2331 2779 3288 3865 4520
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 4.5 6.2 8.3 11 14.4 18.7 2,16
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12
C2H2 Acetylene
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.6 4.6 7.8 12.8 20.6 32.2 49.0 72.9 106 146 190 244 309 385 475 579 699 837 993 1170 1370 1593 1843 2121 2429 2771 3150 3567 4028 4535 5093 12,16
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
C2H4 Ethylene
0.3 0.8 1.4 2.7 4.5 7.7 11.9 18.3 27.5 39.9 56.4 77.9 105 140 182 234 296 369 456 557 673 806 958 1128 1321 1535 1774 2039 2331 2652 3005 3391 3813 4275
4
C2H6 Ethane
C2H6O Dimethyl ether
C3H4 Propadiene
0.1 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.2 3.8 6.0 9.7 15.0 21.5 31.0 42.9 59.0 78.7 104 135 172 217 271 334 407 492 590 700 826 967 1125 1301 1496 1712 1949 2210 2495 2806 3146 3515 3917 4355
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.1 3.2 4.7 6.8 9.6 13.3 18.1 24.3 32.1 41.9 53.9 68.6 86.3 108 133 162 197 237 283 335 395 463 538 623
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.7 4.1 6.1 8.9 12.5 17.4 23.7 31.6 41.4 53.5 68.2 85.8 107 131 160 193 230 273 322 376 438 506 582 666 759
2
12
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) C3H6 Propylene
C3H8 Propane
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.7 7.0 10.1 14.2 19.7 26.9 35.9 47.3 61.3 78.5 99.2 124 153 188 228 274 327 387 456 533 619 715 822 940 1069 1212
0.8 1.4 2.2 3.3 5.0 7.3 10.5 15.0 20.1 27.0 36.0 47.0 60.0 77.0 97.0 120 148 180 218 261 311 367 431 502 582 671 769 878 998
Ref.
7
2
T/K
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C4H6 Buta-1,3-diene
C4H10 n-Butane
C4H10 Isobutane
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.8 4.0 5.7 7.8 10.6 14.1 18.5 24.1 30.9 39.1 49.1 61.0 75.0 91.5 111 133 159 188 221 258
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.3 7.4 10.2 13.8 18.3 24.0 31.1 39.8 50.3 62.9 77.8 95.4 116 140 167 198 234 274 319 370
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.4 4.8 6.7 9.2 12.5 16.7 21.9 28.4 36.3 46.0 57.6 71.3 87.6 107 129 154 184 217 255 297 12
2
2
C5H12 n-Pentane
1.0 1.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 5.7 7.6 10.0 13.0 16.6 21.1 26.6 33.1 40.8 50.0 60.7 73.2 14
C5H12 Neopentane
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.4 3.6 5.2 7.3 10.2 13.9 18.7 24.8 32.4 41.6 51.4 63.0 76.6 92.3 111 131 155 182 12,16
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) REFERENCES 1. B. A. Younglove, Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supp. 1, 1982. 2. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. W. Wagner, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. R. T. Jacobsen, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 5. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Chlorine, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. 7. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Propylene, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. 8. R. B. Stewart and R. T. Jacobsen, Thermophysical properties of argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 9. R. D. Goodwin, Carbon monoxide thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 10. R. D. Goodwin, Methanol thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 799, 1987. 11. L. Haar, Thermodynamic properties of ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 635, 1978. 12. DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987. 13. V. A. Rabinovich, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. 14. K. N. Marsh, Recommended Reference Methods for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 15. TRC Thermodynamic Tables: Non-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 1985. 16. R. M. Stevenson and S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 17. S. Angus and K. M. de Reuck, International Tables of the Fluid State: Helium-4, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. 18. R. D. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973.
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IUPAC RECOMMENDED DATA FOR VAPOR PRESSURE CALIBRATION Vapor pressures are given in kPa (1 kPa = 0.0098692 atmos = 7.5006 Torr). Reprinted with permission if IUPAC. REFERENCE Marsh, K.N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford (1987).
T/K 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
CO2(s) 27.62 68.44 155.11 327.17
H2O(s)
0.0002 0.0007 0.0026 0.0089 0.0273 0.0760 0.1958 0.4701
C10H8(s)
0.0001 0.0005 0.0017 0.0049 0.0134 0.0341 0.0814 0.1829 0.3899 0.7920
n-C5H12
7.60 12.98 21.15 33.11 50.01 73.17 104.07 144.3 195.7 260.1 339.4 435.9 551.5 688.8 850.2 1038 1256 1507 1793 2120 2490 2910
6-99
C6H6
5.148 8.606 13.816 21.389 32.054 46.656 66.152 91.609 124.192 165.2 215.9 277.7 353.2 441.0 545.5 667.6 808.8 971.1 1156 1366 1602 1868 2164 2494 2861 3267 3717 4216 4770
C6F6
4.322 7.463 12.328 19.576 30.009 44.578 64.380 90.664 124.816 168.4 223.0 290.4 372.6 471.5 589.3 728.3 890.9 1080 1297 1547 1833 2159 2530 2954
H2 O
0.485 0.991 1.919 3.535 6.228 10.540 17.202 27.167 41.647 62.139 90.453 128.74 179.48 245.54 330.15 436.89 569.73 732.99 931.36 1169.9 1453.9 1789.0 2181.4 2637.3 3163.3 3766.4 4453.9 5233.5 6113.4 7102.0 8208.6 9443.0 10816 12339
Hg
0.138 0.215 0.329 0.493 0.724 1.045 1.485 2.078 2.866 3.899 5.239 6.955 9.131 11.861 15.256 19.438 25.547 30.74 38.19 47.09 57.64
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION The molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆vapH, which is defined as the enthalpy change in the conversion of one mole of liquid to gas at constant temperature, is tabulated here for approximately 850 inorganic and organic compounds. Values are given, when available, both at the normal boiling point tb, referred to a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg), and at 25°C. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). The values in this table were measured either by calorimetric techniques or by application of the Claperyon equation to the variation of vapor pressure with temperature. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the accuracy of different experimental techniques and for methods of estimating enthalpy of vaporization at other temperatures.
REFERENCES 1. Majer, V. and Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 4. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 5. Ruzicka, K. and Majer, V., “Simultaneous Treatment of Vapor Pressures and Related Thermal Data Between the Triple and Normal Boiling Temperatures for n-Alkanes C5 - C20”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 6. Verevkin, S. P., “Thermochemistry of Amines: Experimental Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Some Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines”, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 29, 891, 1997. 7. Cady, G. H. and Hargreaves, G. B., “The Vapor Pressure of Some Heavy Transition Metal Hexafluorides”, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1578. 8. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Knipmeyer, S. E., and Nguyen, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 1255, 1996.
Mol. Form. AgBr AgCl AgI Al AlB3H12 AlBr3 AlI3 Ar AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5 AsH3 AsI3 Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 B2F4 B2H6 B4H10 B5H11 Ba BeCl2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BrF BrF3
Name Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum tribromide Aluminum triiodide Argon Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(V) fluoride Arsine Arsenic(III) iodide Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Tetraborane Pentaborane(11) Barium Beryllium chloride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride
6-100
tb/°C
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
1502 1547 1506 2519 44.5 255 382 -185.85 221 130 57.8 -52.8 -62.5 424 2856 4000 91 12.65 -101 210 -34 -92.4 18 63 1897 482 487 1564 453 447 20 125.8
198 199 143.9 294 30 23.5 32.2 6.43 41.8 35.01 29.7 20.8 16.69 59.3 324 480 30.5 23.77 19.33 40.5 28 14.28 27.1 31.8 140 105 70.5 151 75.4 72.61 25.1 47.57
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
23.1
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued)
Mol. Form. BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrIn BrTl Br2 Br2Cd Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Pb Br2Sn Br2Zn Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3OP Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Ti Br5Ta Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 ClF ClFO3 ClF2P ClF3 ClF3Si ClH ClH3Si ClNO ClNO2 ClO2 ClTl Cl2 Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2FP Cl2F2Si Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2Sn Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl3Ti
tb/°C
Name Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Indium(I) bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Cadmium bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Zinc bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Hydrogen chloride Chlorosilane Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Chlorine dioxide Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromium(II) chloride Chromyl chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Dichlorodifluorosilane Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine monoxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride Titanium(II) chloride Zinc chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Titanium(III) chloride
40.76 -66.38 1.9 656 819 58.8 844 66 322 892 639 697 279 109 191.7 172.95 280 186.35 154 205 230 349 767 960 1748 742 -101.1 -46.75 -47.25 11.75 -70.0 -85 -30.4 -5.5 -15 11 720 -34.04 1300 117 14 -32 8.3 304 2.2 75.6 69.4 951 623 1500 732 201 33 105.5 127 75.95 220.3 960
6-101
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
30.6 12.69 24.4 92 99.56 29.96 115 31 58.89 133 102 118 38.9 34.8 38 38.8 59 41.4 37.9 43.5 44.37 62.3 99.87 124.3 214 115 24 19.33 17.6 27.53 18.7 16.15 21 25.78 25.7 30 102.2 20.41 197 35.1 24.9 21.2 25 58.9 25.9 31.7 31.4 127 86.8 232 126 23.9 34.35 36.78 30.5 45.19 124
30.91
9.08
17.65
24.2
31 30.1
25.7 38.6 32.1
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. Cl4Ge Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl6W FH3Si FLi FNO FNO2 FNS F2 F2H2Si F2O F2OS F2O2 F2Pb F2Zn F3HSi F3N F3O2Re F3P F3PS F4MoO F4N2 F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Th F5I F5Mo F5Nb F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F5V F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6W Ga GaI3 Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 HI HLiO
Name Germanium(IV) chloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Fluorosilane Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine Difluorosilane Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Lead(II) fluoride Zinc fluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Thorium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Germanium Germane Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydroxide
tb/°C
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
86.55 227.55 57.65 114.15 387 921 136.45 148 268 254.0 239.35 346.75 -98.6 1673 -59.9 -72.4 4.8 -188.12 -77.8 -144.75 -43.8 -57 1293 1500 -95 -128.75 185.4 -101.5 -52.25 186.0 -74 171.7 185.9 -40.45 106 1680 100.5 213.6 229 225.9 -84.6 221.3 229.2 48.3 53.6 34.0 47.5 33.8
27.9 67.8 28.7 34.9 77 146.4 36.2 41.4 62.8 52.7 54.8 52.7 18.8 147 19.28 18.05 22.2 6.62 16.3 11.09 21.8 19.1 160.4 190.1 16.2 11.56 65.7 16.5 19.6 50.6 13.27 61.0 59.5 26.44 47.2 258 41.3 51.8 52.3 65.6 17.2 58.1 56.9 44.52 30.9 29.0 28.1 28.7
17.1 2204 340 2833 -88.1 30.8 110.5 -35.55 1626
26.5 254 56.5 334 14.06 25.1 32.2 19.76 188
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
29.7
42.5
8.99
6-102
17.36
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form.
HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Te H3N H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He Hg HgI2 IIn ITl I2 I2Pb I2Sn I3P I3Sb I4Si I4Sn I4Ti Kr MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3S P Pb S STl2 Se Te Xe CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CH2BrCl
tb/°C
Name
Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Indium(I) iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Krypton Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Lead Sulfur Thallium(I) sulfide Selenium Tellurium Xenon Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane
83 35.7 1388 -252.87 100.0 150.2 -59.55 70.7 -41.25 -2 -33.33 -87.75 -17 113.55 63.5 -111.9 -51.8 -14.3 52.9 -268.93 356.73 354 712 824 184.4 872 714 227 401 287.35 364.35 377 -153.22 1155 -151.74 -195.79 -88.48 21.15 -246.08 -182.95 -10.05 45 280.5 1749 444.60 1367 685 988 -108.11 -81.4 -29.8 23.7 76.8 149.1 -40.7 8.9 61.17 68.0
6-103
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
39.1 30.5 175 0.90 40.65 18.67 19.7 19.2 23.33 14.6 21.3 41.8 28.8 12.1 19.05 21.2 28.5 0.08 59.11 59.2 90.8 104.7 41.57 104 105 43.9 68.6 50.2 56.9 58.4 9.08 138 13.83 5.57 16.53 38.12 1.71 6.82 24.94 40.69 12.4 179.5 45 154 95.48 114.1 12.57 15.8 20.1 25.1 29.82 39.66 20.2 25.2 29.24 30.0
43.98 51.6 14.08 33.78
19.86
44.7
22.92 43.14 14.2
32.43 46.05
31.28
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O CH5N CH6N2 CN4O8 CO CS2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O
tb/°C
Name Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Methanol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexafluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether
97 40 182 101 3.5 -24.09 42.55 220 101.19 -161.48 64.6 -6.32 87.5 126.1 -191.5 46 93 47.35 -37.95 3.8 46.1 47.7 121.3 -78.1 50.2 87.21 159.8 73 243.5 31.6 60.1 48.7 146.5 15.8 -13.3 32.0 74.09 113.8 -47.25 81.65 -103.77 131.6 57.4 83.5 -24.95 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 38.5 12.3 128.6 72.5 199.51 114.0 -88.6 78.29 -24.8
6-104
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.92 28.06 42.5 22.69 23.91 21.40 27.34 33.99 8.19 35.21 25.60 36.12 40.74 6.04 26.74 31.17 27.03 19.41 23.3 26.85 27.04 34.68 16.15 28.08 31.40 36.9 33.3 48.7 26.14 30.2 28.9 37.64 23.4 20.8 26.06 29.86 34.82 18.99 29.75 13.53 34.77 28.85 31.98 21.56 25.76 25.54 23.70 27.92 27.04 24.65 41.4 29.44 38.0 14.69 38.56 21.51
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 36.97 28.82 20.10 22.81 18.92 27.97 60.15 38.27 37.43 23.37 40.37 49.93 27.51 35.04 28.39
28.08 28.40 39.68 29.61 34.54
26.48
45.71
26.48 32.50 40.24 32.94 41.73 30.62 35.16 19.08 25.47 24.75 23.36 28.35 28.03
31.93 56.19 5.16 42.32 18.51
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3Cl2F6 C3H3Cl3O2 C3H3N C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9N
tb/°C
Name Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 1,2-Dichlorohexafluoropropane Methyl trichloroacetate Acrylonitrile Methyl dichloroacetate Acrolein 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Thiacyclobutane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Propylamine
189 197.3 35.1 37.33 146.1 109.8 6.88 171 117 63.9 -21.1 34.1 153.8 77.3 142.9 52.6 162 70.1 45.1 129.5 157 97.14 -47.69 -32.81 141.9 167.3 120.9 97.0 48 56.05 35 47.6 141.15 54.4 56.87 95 71.1 59.5 46.5 35.7 102.6 89.5 198 153 131.1 120.2 -42.1 97.2 82.3 187.6 214.4 124.1 290 67.8 52.6 66.7 172.9 47.22
6-105
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 43.1 50.5 26.79 27.0 37.93 33.78 26.40 49.83 37.98 32.55 23.33 26.28 32.6 39.28 28.3 30.24 29.0 39.23 37.1 31.81 18.42 20.05 35.61 35.18 40.0 28.31 29.10 27.35 28.67 29.91 30.32 32.32 29.84 28.33 27.18 26.30 32.08 30.68
38.5 36.8 19.04 41.44 39.85 52.4 57.9 37.54 61.0 29.54 27.91 29.53 29.55
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
27.30 27.65 44.68 37.86 25.05 44.98 35.0 19.75 26.93 48.33 47.72 47.03 32.73 46.73 36.03 14.24 16.93 41.67 47.45 40.75 29.62 30.99 27.89 29.85 32.14 31.96 32.29 35.97 32.01 30.17 28.35 26.90 36.25 34.06 58.44 46.89
14.79 47.45 45.39
45.17 31.89 29.45 31.85 49.66 31.27
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued)
Mol. Form. C3H9N C3H9N C3H10N2 C4F8 C4F10 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl
tb/°C
Name Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1,3-Propanediamine Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene Ethyl trichloroacetate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Methyl cyanoacetate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane
31.76 2.87 139.8 -5.9 -1.9 266 123.8 208 31.5 126.1 84.0 167.5 90.3 129.79 135.1 200.5 133.3 10.9 -4.41 8.08 155 72.5 80.7 204 139.5 112.1 122.4 144.3 117.6 103.9 -6.26 3.71 0.88 12.6 197 124.1 161 178.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 79.59 65 163.75 154.45 80.9 77.11 79.8 106.1 101.5 121.0 101.6 91.3 91.1 73.3 78.6 68.2 68.5
6-106
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 27.83 22.94 40.85 23.2 22.9 48.5 43.09 27.10 36.80 31.48 31.8 38.75 35.55 48.2 37.58 24.02 22.47 24.52 34.6 33.1 52.2 38.2 33.24 34.83 40.43 33.68 32.39 22.07 23.34 22.72 24.19 33.90 45.2 26.2 30.3 31.5 31.30 29.81
33.61 31.94 32.24 34.37 34.16 34.66 32.51 30.77 31.33 29.23 30.39 29.17 29.22
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 28.36 21.66 50.16
49.79 53.47 27.45 42.89 34.70 50.97 45.09 41.94 43.85 23.21 20.86 23.35 50.60
37.74 39.95 49.47 39.33 37.13 20.22 22.16 21.40 23.51 53.09 39.58 46.36
34.79 31.99 40.45 35.30 37.53 35.60 35.85 39.09 38.60 39.43 36.64 34.41 34.82 31.81 33.51 31.53 31.67
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C5H2F6O2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N
tb/°C
Name 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Isopropylmethylamine 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Hexafluoroacetylacetone Furfural Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Allyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile 3-Methylbutanenitrile
50.9 130.6 120.1 121.1 100.1 86.56 205 165 128 -0.5 -11.73 117.73 99.51 107.89 82.4 34.5 39.1 30.77 190.5 207.5 135 85 245.8 98.5 85 88.5 64.3 92.1 95.6 84.8 195.5 154.1 77.00 62.73 44.04 67.75 55.5 50.4 165.5 268.8 54.15 161.7 115.23 171 112.6 115.5 142.6 149.6 39 111.3 130.57 114.9 103.5 99.4 100.5 138 141.3 127.5
6-107
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 27.55 34.66 33.27 33.54 31.43 33.01
37.1 22.44 21.30 43.29 40.75 41.82 39.07 26.52 26.75 26.05 52.84 54.31 39.22 32.42 52.3 32.23 30.59 31.01 28.45 31.77 32.08 30.71 37.58 31.81 29.92 28.27 30.61 29.06 28.71 50.6 65.2 27.05 43.2 35.09 53.6 33.90 34.24 37.09 36.88 26.76 34.07 36.35 35.25 36.3 34.7 36.0 34.30 36.09 35.10
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 28.98 40.63 38.46 38.83 35.41 37.52 64.89 50.24 21.02 19.23 52.35 49.72 50.82 46.69 27.10 27.60 26.41 71.55 74.46 48.21 36.39 36.63 33.99 34.63 30.78 35.80 36.24 34.15 55.10 45.18 35.72 32.85 29.64 33.85 31.31 30.69
30.58 40.21 38.87 39.43 44.77 44.34 27.49 39.41 42.72 41.27
41.77 43.60 41.64
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11I C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S
tb/°C
Name 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether sec-Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Isobutyl methyl ether Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl isopropyl ether 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol
106.1 29.96 36.93 36.34 31.2 20.1 38.56 49.3 148.3 179 140.42 102.26 101.96 94.33 80.6 88 186.1 177 106.1 98.2 101.54 88.6 99.1 102.8 92.5 178 126 143 141.8 132.1 129.8 107.8 97.0 98.9 155 106.22 36.06 27.88 9.48 137.98 119.3 116.25 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 70.16 59.1 55.2 58.6 63.21 54.1 102.1 239 149.8 88 193 126.6
6-108
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.40 25.20
25.50 26.31 27.30 36.45
33.44 33.45 32.35 30.85 31.17 44.1 36.58 33.6 33.92 32.93 33.88 33.79 32.61 45.2
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 37.35 25.47 26.86 26.76 25.92 23.77 27.06 28.52 43.89 50.71 57.05 38.40 38.52 36.78 33.94 34.58 46.91 41.11 39.72 37.20 39.21 39.28 37.32 43.60
43.9 35.96 35.32 35.01 33.15 31.79 32.02
25.79 24.69 22.74 44.36 41.40
44.07 39.04 29.55 28.09 27.94 28.02 28.94 28.21 34.33 60.7 41.40 31.33 46.6 34.88
42.58 41.42 41.28 38.24 36.03 36.24 45.27 39.29 26.43 24.85 21.84 57.02 54.21 54.0 55.16 55.61 50.10 53.0 32.37 30.23 29.82 30.13 31.43 30.08 39.83 52.12 35.65 41.24
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6ClF5 C6F6 C6HF5 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12
tb/°C
Name 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Ethylisopropylamine Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Triacetamide Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene
119.1 99.1 123.5 99 118.6 107.5 104.3 69.6 117.96 80.26 85.74 180 173 174 94 82.6 89 156.06 131.72 84.73 188.4 210.8 80.09 208.8 181.87 169.1 184.17 129.38 144.14 145.36
82.98 155.43 130 135.5 170 185.7 190 163.65 63.48 68.8 67.9 66.4 67.1 62.1 54.2 53.9 67.3 67.7 70.4 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 41.2 73.3
6-109
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.79 31.37 34.47 31.47 34.24 32.74 34.01 29.94 34.76 31.66 32.15 39.66 38.62 38.79 32.21 31.10 31.77 35.19 31.19 39.5 30.72 44.4 45.69 39.93 42.44 36.17 37.35 37.51
30.46 36.1 37.13 41.7 42.0
29.64
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 39.45 35.67 40.46 35.84 39.97 37.78 40.08 33.13 41.07 35.71 36.27 50.21 48.58 49.0 36.18 34.59 35.54 44.54 40.97 34.58 55.01 33.83 57.82 47.56 55.83 42.48 44.44 44.56 44.98 43.43 60.41 33.47 45.06 44.72
61.44 47.91 30.61 32.19 31.60 31.23 31.55 30.48 28.62 28.71 31.60 32.09 31.35 29.48 29.97 31.13 29.18 26.61 32.51
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N
tb/°C
Name Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorohexane Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine
80.73 71.8 70.8 173 94 127.6 123.5 117.5 116.5 113.5 106.1 160.84 126.1 95.1 116.5 122.5 121.5 110.1 127.4 101.1 156.4 158.9 155.3 135 181 134 68.73 60.26 63.27 49.73 57.93 114 157.6 140 149 151.9 121.1 131.6 147 90.08 68.51 92.3 99 197.1 168.4 102.25 119.4 140.6 196 162 285 142.9 120.1 132.1 144.3 145.1 132.8 107.5
6-110
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 29.97 29.08 28.67 31.58 36.35 35.36 34.16 34.49 33.84 33.39 36.28 33.07 35.9 35.54 35.47 33.67 35.36 33.42 40.76 37.06 35.67 36.14 28.85 27.79 28.06 26.31 27.38 44.50 41.01 50.2 44.46 39.59 44.2 43.2 31.31 29.10 31.63 32.02 57.3 36.28 36.28 36.17 47.5 36.17 71.4 36.60 33.80 35.11 37.01 37.41 36.54 33.97
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 33.01 31.64 31.24 48.16 36.17 43.14 42.47 40.53 40.61 39.79 37.91 62.01 43.86 38.03 43.45 42.68 39.83 43.10 38.76 52.61 44.57 45.89 42.83 49.75 43.67 31.56 29.89 30.28 27.68 29.12 39.88 61.61 58.46 60.47 54.77
35.69 32.12 36.32 36.85 56.59 43.20 43.20 44.69 44.69 44.21 39.60 41.78 44.51 45.24 45.10 40.15
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6MoO6 C7H3F5 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H11N C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O
tb/°C
Name Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Isopropylpropylamine Triethylamine Molybdenum hexacarbonyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene o-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone Cyclohexanecarbonitrile 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol
109.3 83.9 96.9 89 701 117.5 102.1 191.1 179.0 197 159.0 162.4 115 116.6 110.63 191.04 202.27 201.98 205.31 153.7 185 200.3 203.3 200.4
6-111
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.47 30.40 32.14 31.01 72.51 34.75 32.63 45.9 42.5 38.2 37.5 38.7 35.4 34.08 33.18 45.19 47.40 47.45 50.48 38.97
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 40.04 34.61 37.23 34.84 41.12 37.60
39.42 38.01 61.71
46.90 60.16
44.6 44.9 44.3
161.12 158.38 156.98 144.01 179.10 171.84 161
39.08 38.53 38.68 37.46 39.99 39.46
93.1 200 93.64 98.4 98 95.8 95.7 95.4 93.5 81.6 72.5 83.4 80.4 76.7 89 77.9 100.93 103.5 90.8 151.05 125.6 125.4 155 165 167.5
31.07 54.8
31.27 31.96 30.40 36.09 34.64 79.0 48.5 53.0
53.55 47.82 47.49 47.04 45.34 50.50 49.33 53.70 51.92 34.77 35.49 36.26 36.27 35.81 35.84 36.31 35.70 33.03 31.13 34.19 32.56 32.81 34.35 32.09 35.36 36.40 34.20 47.24 42.34 41.51
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8F18 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O3 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
tb/°C
Name Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Hexyl methyl ether 1-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Butyl propyl ether Ethyl pentyl ether Heptylamine Perfluorooctane Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne Butanoic anhydride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
149.2 142.5 146.1 135.0 118.4 149.5 179 159 98.5 90.04 92 93.5 79.2 89.78 80.49 86.06 80.86 126.1 176.45 157 118.1 117.6 156 105.9 145 202 199 222.9 136.19 144.5 139.12 138.37 210.98 211.1 201.07 227 221.74 169.81 203.0 194.15 214 214 171.6 170.6 126.3 137.6 133.1 131.6 200 205.25 121.29 105.5 100.8 109.5 101.4 104.9 131.9 119.6
6-112
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 38.42 37.5 36.96 37.0 34.51 38.55
31.77 30.62 30.9 31.12 29.23 30.46 29.55 29.62 28.90 34.93 42.5 33.72 34.41 33.38 38.7 43.98 46.7 35.57 36.24 35.66 35.67
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.56 47.01 41.25 48.04 50.60 47.66 36.57 34.87 35.22 32.42 34.26 32.88 33.03 32.05 42.07 66.81 40.22 41.01 49.96 41.13 55.40 55.57 42.24 43.43 42.65 42.40 64.96
46.9
39.95 39.87 35.83 37.26 36.94 36.0 50.0 34.07
34.04 32.51
75.31 85.03 82.01 51.04 58.3 52.83 61.3 61.7 50.61 50.33 42.30 44.49 43.92 42.73 56.80 40.34 36.86 37.03 37.27 35.59 37.23 40.56 37.92
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12
tb/°C
Name cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Benzyl acetate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
129.8 123.5 120.1 124.5 124.4 119.4 131 126.5 121.6 135.1 239 228 148.6 167 174 200 181.5 142.4 125.67 117.66 118.9 117.72 118.6 106.86 115.62 109.5 109.12 111.97 117.73 115.66 118.27 110 99.22 114.8 113.5 106.45 195.16 180 184.6 140.28 121.1 107.23 188 185 149.1 171 159.6 169.2 237.16 243.22 173.6 177.97 213 159.24 152.41 176.12
6-113
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.47 32.96 32.91 33.39 33.28 32.56 34.70 33.56 33.20 35.64 58.5
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 39.70 38.36 38.26 39.16 39.02 37.90 41.08 39.44 38.85 43.30 75.60
38.2
40.43 34.41 33.26 33.66 33.35 33.59 32.07 33.17 32.51 32.54 32.31 33.24 32.93 32.78 31.94 30.79 32.12 32.36
44.4 54.2 36.49 34.06 32.15
33.26 38.44 40.0 49.7 49.0 39.63 49.4
51.72 51.62 55.77 52.42 49.65 41.49 39.67 39.83 39.69 39.64 37.28 38.78 37.76 37.85 37.53 38.97 38.52 37.99 36.91 35.14 37.27 37.75 42.90 49.31 70.98
44.97 40.84 37.61 50.62 58.40 52.96 43.76 48.71 49.45 59.30 60.26 50.22 48.79 46.22 45.13 49.05
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C9H12 C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22S C11H10 C11H21N C11H22 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C12F27N C12H10O C12H16 C12H22 C12H23N C12H24
tb/°C
Name 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Triacetin Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Methyl octanoate Nonane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (+)-Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanenitrile 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 1-Decanol Diisopentyl ether 1-Decanethiol 1-Methylnaphthalene Undecanenitrile Pentylcyclohexane Undecane 2-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Diphenyl ether Cyclohexylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene
169.38 164.74 259 156.6 156.7 154.8 195.3 188.45 169.4 192.9 150.82 124.09 131.4 146.3 122.29 213.37 281 259 217.9 246.5 262 258.6 247.5 207.6 183.31 173.3 169.1 172.79 177.1 207.4 195.8 187.3 243 170.5 180.9 199 190.4 174.15 167.1 167.9 165.1 156 231.1 172.5 240.6 244.7 253 203.7 195.9 189.3 187 168.1 178 258.0 240.1 238 277 213.8
6-114
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
36.16
37.18 33.65 34.43 34.61 32.51
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 47.93 47.50 85.74 45.89 45.08 44.02 56.44 53.30 50.92 56.41 46.55 40.16 41.41 42.0 38.49 76.86
39.3 52.1 43.2 66.1 67.6 67.7 65.7 43.9 38.87
51.36 47.98 47.71 47.86
38.2 59.5 41.0 40.2 66.84 50.43 49.36 43.5 45.9 39.58 38.23 38.26 38.14 36.47
51.42 49.63 49.71 49.34 47.13 81.50
35.1 65.48 45.5
41.91 40.25 40.70 38.22 46.4 48.2
71.14 53.88 56.58 54.28 53.76 49.91
59.94 57.98 76.12 60.78
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C12H26 C12H26 C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C13H13N C13H26O2 C13H28 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H27N C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H34O2 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42
tb/°C
Name 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tributyl borate Tributylamine N-Benzylaniline Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Tetradecanenitrile Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecane Heptadecane Oleic acid Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane
177.8 216.32 259 234 216.5 306.5 267 235.47 340 323.5 253.58 289 270.6 340 284.9 286.86 302.0 360 316.3 329.9 343
6-115
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
44.09
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.97 61.52 91.96
56.1 46.9
46.20
79.6 77.17 66.68 75.50
53.6 48.16 50.08 79.2 51.84 53.58 67.4 55.23 56.93 58.49
85.29 71.73 102.20 76.77 80.25 81.35 86.47 91.44 96.4 101.81
ENTHALPY OF FUSION This table lists the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion, ∆fusH, of over 800 inorganic and organic compounds. All values refer to the enthalpy change at equilibrium between the liquid phase and the most stable solid phase at the transition temperature. Most values of ∆fusH are given at the normal melting point tm. However, a “t” following the entry in the melting point column indicate a triple-point temperature, where the solid, liquid, and gas phases are in equilibrium. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order, with substances containing carbon (except graphite) following those that do not contain carbon. All temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. A * following an entry indicates that the value includes the enthalpy of transition between crystalline phases whose transformation occurs within 1˚C of the melting point. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition; Vol. 2, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1991; Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/8A, Enthalpies of Fusion and Transition of Organic Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions for Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. 2, Part 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. Janz, G. J., et al., Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage. II. Molten Salts, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 61, Part 2, 1979. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
Molecular formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2S Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 Au B BCl3 BF3 BHO2 BH3O3 BN
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Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfide Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum fluoride Aluminum iodide Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfide Americium Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gold Boron Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Metaboric acid (
form) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron nitride
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
961.78 432 455 558 212 825 660.32 97.5 192.6 2250 t 188.28 2053 1100 1176 -189.36 t 817 t 31.1 -16 -5.9 1064.18 2075 -107 -126.8 236 170.9 2966
11.28 9.12 13.2 9.41 11.5 14.1 10.789 11.25 35.4 98 15.9 111.4 55 14.39 1.18 24.44 11.7 10.1 10.4 12.72 50.2 2.10 4.20 14.3 22.3 81
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula BNaO2 B2O3 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S Bi BiCl3 BrF5 BrH BrIn BrK BrLi BrNa BrNaO3 BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Fe Br2Hg Br2Mg Br2Pb Br2Sr Br2Zn Br3Ga Br3In Br3Pu Br3U Br4Sn Br4Th Br4Ti Br4U Br5Ta C Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaI2 CaO CaO4S CaS Cd
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Name Sodium metaborate Boron oxide Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Iron(II) bromide Mercury(II) bromide Magnesium bromide Lead(II) bromide Strontium bromide Zinc bromide Gallium(III) bromide Indium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) bromide Uranium(III) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Thorium(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Carbon (graphite) Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Cadmium
tm/˚C 966 450 727 857 962 1368 1200 408 711 1972 1580 2229 1287 508 415 552 470 2577 1127 271.40 230 -60.5 -86.80 290 734 552 747 381 682 460 -7.2 742 568 691 236 711 371 657 394 121.5 420 681 727 29.1 679 39 519 265 4489 t 842 775 1418 1000 783 2898 1460 2524 321.07
∆fusH/kJ mol-1 36.2 24.56 7.12 32.2 15.85 17.8 25 16 26.5 46 40 63 7.895 18 8.66 4.77 18 86 6 11.145 10.9 5.67 2.41 15 25.5 17.6 26.11 28.11 15.5 16.4 10.57 29.1 20.9 50.2 17.9 39.3 16.44 10.1 16.7 12.1 26 55.2 43.9 12.2 66.9 12.9 55.2 45.6 117 8.54 28.05 30 6.7 41.8 80 28 70 6.21
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 ClCs ClCu ClH ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClLiO4 ClNa ClNaO3 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2Pb Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3In Cl3La Cl3OP Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl6W Co CoF2 Cr Cr2O3 Cs CsF CsHO Cs2O4S Cu CuF2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Name Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Hydrogen chloride Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Lithium perchlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chlorate Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Lead(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride Strontium chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Indium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Chromium Chromium(III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydroxide Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(II) fluoride
tm/˚C 564 1110 387 798 817 645 430 -114.17 27.39 211 771 610 236 800.7 248 715 430 -101.5 740 814 630 677 276 714 650 1009 501 247.1 874 304 77.9 583 859 1.18 -112 73.4 211 -68.74 -34.07 770 -24.12 590 -25.7 437 t 194 204.7 216 275 1495 1127 1907 2329 28.5 703 342.3 1005 1084.62 836
∆fusH/kJ mol-1 48.58 22.6 15.3 5.46 54.4 15.9 10.2 2.00 11.6 21.3 26.53 19.9 29 28.16 22.1 18.4 15.56 6.40 45 32.2 20.4 43.01 19.41 43.1 30.7 71.2 21.75 14.52 17.5 43.1 11.13 27 43.1 13.1 7.10 12.7 45 7.60 9.20 40.2 9.97 45 2.30 50 19 38.3 41.6 6.60 16.06 59 21.0 130 2.09 21.7 7.78 35.7 12.93 55
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula CuO Dy Er Eu FH FK FLi FNa FRb FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2Mg F2Pb F2Sr F3In F3Pu F4Pu F4Th F4U F4Zr F5Nb F5V F6Ir F6Mo F6Pu F6S F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeO FeS Fe3O4 Ga GaI3 GaSb Ga2O3 Gd Ge HI HKO HLi HLiO HNO3 HNaO HORb H2 H2Mg H2O H2O2 H2O2Sr H2O4S H2S H2Sr H3N H3O2P
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Name Copper(II) oxide Dysprosium Erbium Europium Hydrogen fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Strontium fluoride Indium(III) fluoride Plutonium(III) fluoride Plutonium(IV) fluoride Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Plutonium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfide Iron(II,III) oxide Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gallium antimonide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Hydrogen Magnesium hydride Water Hydrogen peroxide Strontium hydroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide Strontium hydride Ammonia Hypophosphorous acid
tm/˚C 1446 1412 1529 822 -83.35 858 848.2 996 833 326 -219.66 1100 238.9 1263 830 1477 1170 1396 1027 1110 1036 932 t 80 19.5 44 17.5 52 -50.7 t 64.0 t 2.3 1538 587 1377 1188 1597 29.76 212 712 1806 1313 938.25 -50.76 406 688.7 471.1 -41.6 323 382 -259.34 327 0.00 -0.43 535 10.31 -85.5 1050 -77.73 26.5
∆fusH/kJ mol-1 11.8 11.06 19.9 9.21 4.58 27.2 27.09 33.35 17.3 13.87 0.51 52 6.62 58.5 14.7 28.5 64 59.8 65.3 44.0 42.7 64.2 12.2 49.96 8.40 4.33 17.6 5.02 19.1 4.10 13.81 45 24 31.5 138 5.576 12.9 25.1 100 10.0 36.94 2.87 7.9 22.59 20.88 10.5 6.60 8.0 0.12 14 6.01 12.50 23 10.71 2.38 23 5.66 9.7
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula H3O3P H3O4P H4IN H4N2 H4N2O3 Hf Hg HgI2 Hg2I2 Ho IIn IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Pb I2Sr I3In I4Si I4Th I4Ti I4U In InSb In2O3 Ir K KNO3 K2O4S K2S Kr La Li LiNO3 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Lu Mg MgO MgO4S MgS Mg2O4Si Mn MnO Mo MoO3 NNaO3 NO NO3Rb NO3Tl N2 N2O N2O4 Na Na2O
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Name Phosphorous acid Phosphoric acid Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Ammonium nitrate Hafnium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(I) iodide Holmium Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Magnesium iodide Lead(II) iodide Strontium iodide Indium(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Thorium(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) iodide Indium Indium antimonide Indium(III) oxide Iridium Potassium Potassium nitrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium nitrate Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) oxide Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Rubidium nitrate Thallium(I) nitrate Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Sodium Sodium oxide
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
74.4 42.4 551 1.4 210 2233 -38.83 259 290 1474 364.4 681 469 660 642 441.7 113.7 634 410 538 207 120.5 570 150 506 156.60 525 1912 2446 63.5 337 1069 948 -157.38 t 918 180.50 253 1201 859 1663 650 2825 1127 2226 1897 1246 1839 2623 801 307 -163.6 305 206 -210.0 -90.8 -9.3 97.80 1132
12.8 13.4 21 12.6 6.40 27.2 2.29 18.9 27 17.0 17.26 24 14.6 23.6 12.5 14.73 15.52 26 23.4 19.7 18.48 19.7 61.4 19.8 70.7 3.281 25.5 105 41.12 2.33 10.1 36.4 16.15 1.64 6.20 3.00 24.9 28 7.50 22 8.48 77 14.6 63 71 12.91 54.4 37.48 48 15 2.30 5.60 9.6 0.71 6.54 14.65 2.60 48
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Ne Ni NiS Np OSr OTl2 OV OZn O2 O2Si O2Zr O3S O3Tl2 O3W O3Y2 O4Os O4SSr O4STl2 O5P2 O5Ta2 O5V2 O7Re2 Os P Pa Pb PbS Pd Pr Pt Pu Rb Re Rh Ru S SSr STl2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th
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Name Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfide Neptunium Strontium oxide Thallium(I) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Zirconium(IV) oxide Sulfur trioxide Thallium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Phosphorus(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur (monoclinic) Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Antimony Scandium Selenium (gray) Silicon Samarium Tin (white) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
1089 884 1172 2477 1936 1901 1512 1021 -248.61 t 1455 976 644 2531 579 1789 1974 -218.79 1722 2709 16.8 834 1472 2438 41 1606 632 562 1784 670 297 3033 44.15 1572 327.46 1113 1554.9 931 1768.4 640 39.3 3186 1964 2334 115.21 2226 448 630.63 1541 220.5 1414 1074 231.93 777 3017 1356 2157 449.51 1750
52 23.6 19 30 85 92 104.3 7.14 0.328 17.04 30.1 3.20 81 30.3 63 52.3 0.44 9.6 87 8.60 53 73 105 9.8 36 23 27.2 120 64.5 64.2 57.85 0.66 12.34 4.782 49.4 16.74 6.89 22.17 2.82 2.19 60.43 26.59 38.59 1.72 63 12 19.79 14.1 6.69 50.21 8.62 7.173 7.43 36.57 10.15 33.29 17.49 13.81
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr CBaO3 CBrCl3 CBr4 CCaO3 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNaO2 CHO2Tl CH2Cl2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4
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Name Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium Barium carbonate Bromotrichloromethane Tetrabromomethane Calcium carbonate (calcite) Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Sodium formate Thallium(I) formate Dichloromethane Cyanamide Tetrazole Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
1668 304 1545 1135 1910 3422 -111.79 t 1522 819 419.53 1855 1555 -5.65 92.3 1330 -127.78 -110.44 -22.62 -183.60 8.69 -157.42 -63.41 -155.2 121.2 -13.29 257.3 101 -97.2 45.56 157.3 8.3 -93.68 -97.7 2.49 -28.38 -83.0 -182.47 133.3 178 -97.53 -123 -93.5 -52.36 898 723 990 858.1 -205.02 -138.8 -56.56 t 1494 272 -112.1 -43.7 -110.32 -158.2 -99.4 -92.53
14.15 4.14 16.84 9.14 21.5 52.31 2.27 11.4 7.66 7.068 21.00 40 2.53 3.76 36 5.74 6.89 2.56 0.704 11.05 4.12 9.5 4.06 16.44 8.41 17.7 10.9 4.60 7.27 18.2 12.68 5.98 6.43 8.44 9.70 8.24 0.94 13.9 14.0 3.215 5.91 6.13 10.42 27.6 41 59 29.7 0.833 4.73 9.02 40 18.4 4.39 6.36 7.04 5.55 1.86 1.51
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F4 C2F6 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3F6O C3F8 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H3N3 C3H4 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O2 C3H5N
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Name 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoethene Chloroethene Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Sodium acetate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethane N-Methylurea Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl zinc Dimethylamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Acrylonitrile Thiazole 1,3,5-Triazine Allene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Acrylic acid Propanenitrile
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-36.22 -22.3 24.8 186.8 t -131.15 -100.05 -84.7 59.2 -28.78 -122.56 -80.0 -42.4 -139.54 -153.84 63 -30.01 -36.3 -111.3 309 -43.82 328.2 -169.15 9.84 -96.9 -35.7 -123.37 -112.5 16.64 -118.6 -138.4 80.16 -89.5 -182.79 104.9 -114.14 -141.5 17.89 -12.69 108.9 -147.88 -98.24 -84.67 -43.0 -92.18 11.14 -57.20 -8.9 -27.83 -125.45 -147.70 -83.48 -33.62 80.3 -136.6 70.7 89.5 12.5 -92.78
2.47 10.88 3.67 9.75 7.72 2.69 8.45 5.90 11.3 6.51 7.2 9.17 5.12 4.92 12.28 2.35 11.46 6.19 7.65 8.16 17.9 3.35 10.89 7.87 8.84 2.31 5.17 11.73 7.47 4.45 15.59 9.85 2.72* 14.0 4.931 4.94 14.37 9.96 18.30 4.98 7.99 9.19 6.83 5.94 22.58 10.07 13.64 8.11 8.38 0.477 6.23 9.57 14.56 4.40 14.0 12.82 9.51 5.03
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7N C3H7NO C3H8 C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4F8 C4F10 C4H2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H8 C4H8
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Name Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) 2,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thiacyclobutane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propane N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,3-Propylene glycol Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Maleic anhydride Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Succinic anhydride Thiophene Pyrrole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Divinyl ether cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate 1-Butene cis-2-Butene
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
13.5 -185.24 -127.58 -55.49 -34.5 -100.53 -33.9 -94.7 -111.9 -97 -20.5 -98.25 -97.22 60.29 -73.24 -110.3 -89.0 -122.9 -117.18 -35.39 -60.48 -187.63 182.1 106.6 -124.39 -87.9 -27.7 -105.1 18.1 -113.13 -130.5 -105.93 -84.75 -95.13 -117.1 12.4 -40.19 -129.1 52.56 57.98 51.0 -85.61 119 -38.21 -23.39 -136.2 -108.91 -125.7 -32.2 -100.6 15 71.5 -43.61 -74.1 187.9 54.8 -185.34 -138.88
21.87 3.003 5.44 8.94 14.6 6.40 2.30 5.77 6.53 6.5 10.66 7.49 6.57 15.11 8.25 6.44 6.53 5.54 7.39 13.18 7.90 3.50 23.0 13.0 5.37 5.41 7.1 8.33 18.3 5.48 5.74 9.76 10.97 7.33 7 19.7 2.77 7.66 13.60 3.70 12.9 3.80 20.4 5.07 7.91 6.96 7.98 6.03 9.23 7.9 12.6 13.0 9.57 10.5 32.4 21.1 3.96 7.31
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2
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Name trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Ethyl acetate 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±) 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide tert-Butylamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Furfural Pyridine 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Spiropentane Methyl methacrylate 4-Oxopentanoic acid Glutaric acid Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-105.52 -140.7 -90.7 -177.6 -96.86 -86.64 -108.44 -5.1 -83.8 11.85 -96.2 -112.6 -112.65 -25.60 -57.79 -4.8 -138.3 -159.4 -88.6 -88.5 -101.9 25.69 -116.2 20.4 -69.20 -115.7 -103.91 -66.94 -30.2 -99.06 -55.1 -38.1 -41.70 -91.3 -14.6 -140.8 -87.4 -148.2 -145.9 -135.0 -107.0 -47.55 33 97.8 -96.2 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21 -137.53 -168.43 -133.72 -93.4 -17.5 -76.8 -39 -93.1 -49.1 -33.6
9.76 5.92 1.09 2.8 10.77 8.39 8.54 11.59 10.48 12.84 7.35 9.23 6.89 2.07 8.58 14.5 4.66 4.54 9.37 5.97 6.32 6.70 7.19 18.70 12.6 10.46 10.90 0.882 10.80 6.87 9.30 14.37 8.28 8.55 13.13 5.64 7.14 6.12 4.93 3.36 6.43 14.4 9.22 20.3 9 5.94 7.11 8.35 7.91 5.36 7.60 0.61 1.535 10.63 11.59 9.34 1.8 14.16
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C5H11Br C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O4 C5H12S C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O6 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N
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Name 1-Bromopentane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentaerythritol 1-Pentanethiol Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrosobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-88.0 -82.7 -11.02 -129.67 -159.77 -16.4 -77.6 -9.1 -115.7 -108.6 258 -75.65 228.83 5.03 -88.2 -47.4 37.5 -46.25 3.88 51.3 16.92 62.8 122.9 32.1 44.4 82 -17.0 -24.8 53.09 -47.1 -69.12 115 -30.72 -45.31 9.4 32.6 42.8 -42.18 -31.3 67 5.7 44.8 96.8 113.6 5.49 -1.9 -10.28 70.5 71.0 113.4 147.5 40.89 172.4 104.6 109.4 -14.93 -6.02 -66.68
14.37 8.31 14.85 8.40 5.15 3.10 10.50 4.46 10.85 7.60 4.8 17.53 25.2 11.59 6.84 10.87 16.41 6.36 15.05 17.9 16.4 18.1 15.4 17.9 19.4 14.1 12.4 12.6 18.19 11.05 8.58 18.5 10.70 9.6 13.0 14.9 14.1 11.31 9.75 31.0 12.12 17.7 20.6 18.8 9.87 11.9 10.15 20.0 16.1 23.6 21.2 11.51 26.8 22.8 20.4 11.48 10.54 9.72
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O3 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C7F8 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5N C7H5N3O6 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O
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Name 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone 2-Oxepanone Adipic acid Chlorocyclohexane 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Cyclohexanol Paraldehyde 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1,6-Hexanediol Perfluorotoluene Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride o-Chlorobenzoic acid Benzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Benzoic acid o-Hydroxybenzoic acid o-Chlorotoluene Benzamide p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptanal Cycloheptanol
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-18.14 3.67 102.1 66.0 141.1 20.6 -103.5 -27.9 -1.0 152.5 -43.81 -139.76 -141.11 -74.19 6.59 -142.42 -56 -55.5 -55.4 25.93 12.6 -83.7 -17.8 -95.35 -153.6 -162.90 -98.8 -128.10 -47.4 -114.8 -85.4 41.5 -65.49 -51.2 -29.78 -0.4 140.2 -13.99 80.5 122.35 159.0 -35.8 127.3 51.63 -94.95 31.03 12.24 34.77 -15.4 -37.13 -14.41 -31.3 43.6 -118.9 -8.46 -126.6 -43.4 7.2
14.18 12.58 23.1 15.57 23.8 14.05 3.29 1.328 13.83 36.3 2.043 9.35 8.88 6.45 2.68 6.93 13.3 14.9 13.49 1.78 13.5 18.1 17.5 13.08 6.27 5.30 0.58 0.79 15.38 10.8 12.04 22.2 11.54 6.95 13.1 19.2 25.6 9.1 22.9 18.02 14.2 9.6 19.5 16.81 6.64 15.82 10.71 12.71 8.97 12.9 11.66 7.9 18.9 12.41 1.88 6.75 23.2 1.60
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C8H8 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O
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Name Heptanoic acid 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol Styrene o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene Indan Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Propylcyclohexane Nonanal 5-Nonanone
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-7.17 -56.1 -90.55 -118.2 -118.55 -123.7 -119.2 -134.4 -24.6 -33.2 -30.65 103.5 109.9 179.6 76.5 -12.4 -94.96 -25.2 -47.8 13.25 72.5 74.8 45.8 65.1 63.4 -101.7 14.59 -111.3 -33.3 -49.8 -88.15 -75.53 -90.07 -87.39 -36.93 16.5 -55.0 -56.82 -109.02 -120.48 -121.0 -107.3 -14.8 -14.78 26.47 -1.5 -51.38 -99.6 -96.02 -79.83 -95.6 -62.35 -25.4 -43.77 -44.72 -94.9 -19.3 -3.8
15.13 21.8 14.03 9.19 9.55 5.82 6.85 6.85 2.26 18.17 10.9 19.5 15.7 22.7 16.3 9.74 9.18 13.6 11.6 17.12 21.0 23.4 18.9 18.1 17.4 15.31 2.41 8.33 2.07 1.64 10.49 10.82 9.87 9.31 12.33 21.35 24.7 20.73 11.92 11.69 10.8 9.20 23.7 10.66 13.54 10.20 8.60 9.27 7.33 9.96 7.6 12.7 8.18 13.19 9.51 10.37 30.5 24.93
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C10H7Br C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H10 C11H10 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H11N C12H16 C12H18 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H10 C16H10
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Name Nonanoic acid Nonane 3,3-Diethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Bromonaphthalene 2-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Butylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Undecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine Cyclohexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil trans-Stilbene α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Fluoranthene Pyrene
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
12.4 -53.46 -33.1 -9.75 -66.54 6.1 55.9 -2.5 58.0 80.26 95.0 121.5 -87.85 -67.94 79.3 49.5 -42.9 -30.4 130.9 -66.3 -74.73 -4.0 31.4 -29.6 6.9 -30.43 34.6 -25.5 91.8 246.3 93.4 68.93 67.88 34.6 26.87 53.2 7.07 165.5 -35.2 43.8 -9.57 23.9 114.77 47.9 25.4 -5.4 31.7 215.76 99.24 94.87 124.2 147.29 54.2 5.82 38.2 9.95 110.19 150.62
19.82 15.47 10.09 2.33 9.74 15.2 14.4 12.9 14.0 19.01 23.1 18.1 11.22 9.66 21 21.3 9.49 14.41 40.8 13.81 14.16 34.5 27.8 28.72 43 6.95 12.13 22.2 6.9 24.1 21.49 18.57 22.52 17.9 17.22 18.5 15.6 20.6 19.9 36.3 36.8 40.2 19.58 18.19 18.6 28.50 41.4 29.4 16.46 23.5 27.7 31.3 45.1 45.07 25.1* 34.6 18.69 17.36
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula
Name
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C17H36 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15N C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H40 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H14 C20H42 C20H42O C24H12
Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Heptadecane Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[c]phenanthrene Chrysene Triphenylene o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenylamine Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Nonadecane Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene 2,2'-Binaphthalene Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Coronene
62.5 18.12 49.2 22.0 160.5 68 255.5 197.8 56.20 213.9 126.5 69.3 28.2 57.9 32.0 277.76 181.1 181.4 187.9 36.6 65.4 437.4
53.7 53.36 33.6 40.16 21.4 16.3 26.2 24.74 17.19 35.3 24.9 61.2 61.7 45 45.8 31.9 17.3 16.6 38.9 69.9 42 19.2
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PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY This table gives data on the variation of the density of some common liquids with pressure and temperature. The pressure dependence is described to first order by the isothermal compressibility coefficient κ defined as κ = -(1/V) (∂V/∂P)T where V is the volume, and the temperature dependence by the cubic expansion coefficient α, α = (1/V) (∂V/∂T)P Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. More precise data on the variation of density with temperature over a wide temperature range can be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Le Neindre, B., Effets des Hautes et Très Hautes Pressions, in Techniques de l’Ingénieur, Paris, 1991. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/4, High-pressure Properties of Matter, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980. 4. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 5. Isaacs, N. S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. Molecular formula
Name
Cl3P H2O
Phosphorus trichloride Water
Hg CCl4
Mercury Tetrachloromethane
CHBr3 CHCl3
Tribromomethane Trichloromethane
CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH3I CH4O
Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Iodomethane Methanol
CS2
Carbon disulfide
C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2
Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid
C2H5Br C2H5I C2H6O
Bromoethane Iodoethane Ethanol
C2H6O2 C3H6O
Ethylene glycol Acetone
C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2
1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol
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Isothermal Compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1
Cubic Thermal Expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1
20 20 25 30 20 20 40 70 50 20 50 27 25 27 20 40 20 40 25 25 25 20 30 20 80 20 20 20 70 20 20 40 0 0 0 0 40 0
20 20 25 30 20 20 40 70 25 20 50
1.9 0.206 0.256 0.302 1.811 1.14 1.21 1.33 0.91 1.21 1.33
25 25 20 40 20 35 25 25 25 25 20 20 80 20 25 20 70 20 20 40 25 20 25 0 40 20
1.39 1.26 1.49 1.59 1.12 1.16 1.02 1.17 1.36 0.93 1.14 1.08 1.38 1.31 1.17 1.40 1.67 0.626 1.46 1.57 1.2 1.4 1.09 1.22 1.55 0.695
9.45 4.591 4.524 4.475 0.401 10.50 12.20 15.6 8.76 9.96 12.9 6.85 10.3 10.3 12.14 13.83 9.38 10.6 7.56 8.57 11.2 7.97 8.46 9.08 13.7 11.53 9.82 11.19 15.93 3.64 12.62 15.6 10.22 12.09 10.22 8.43 13.32 4.45
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY (continued) Molecular formula
Name
C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H8O2
1,3-Propanediol Glycerol Ethyl acetate
C4H9Br C4H9I C4H10O C4H10O
1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane 1-Butanol Diethyl ether
C4H10O3 C5H10 C5H11Br C5H11I C5H12 C5H12O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5NO2 C6H6
Diethylene glycol Cyclopentane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Pentane 1-Pentanol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene
C6H6O C6H7N
Phenol Aniline
C6H12
Cyclohexane
C6H14
Hexane
C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15NO3 C7H8
2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Triethanolamine Toluene
C7H8O C7H14 C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16 C8H18
Anisole Cycloheptane Heptane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Cyclooctane Octane
C8H18O C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H34
1-Octanol Mesitylene Triacetin Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Butyl phthalate Hexadecane
C19H36O2
Methyl oleate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Isothermal Compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 0 0 20 60 25 0 0 20 30 0 20 0 0 25 0 20 20 20 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 0 0 20 25 0 20 50 20 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 45 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 45 0
4.09 2.54 11.32 16.2 10.26 7.73 8.10 18.65 20.85 3.34 13.31 8.42 7.56 21.80 7.71 6.46 7.45 4.93 9.66 11.28 6.05 4.53 6.32 11.30 15.2 16.69 20.27 13.97 14.57 17.97 8.24 3.61 8.96 11.0 6.60 9.22 14.38 8.10 8.46 8.59 8.03 12.82 15.06 7.64 8.14 4.49 11.75 10.94 10.31 9.88 9.48 9.10 8.82 5.0 8.57 9.78 6.18
Cubic Thermal Expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1 20 20 20 60 20 25 0 20 30 20 20 25
0.61 0.520 1.35 1.54 1.13 1.02 1.12 1.65 1.72 0.635 1.35 1.04
25 0 20 20 25 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 25 25 25 25 55 20 50 20
1.64 1.02 0.86 0.94 0.833 1.14 1.21 0.82 0.81 0.91 1.15 1.29 1.41 1.52 1.43 1.40 1.39 1.03 0.53 1.05 1.13 0.951
25 25 20 25
1.26 0.96 0.99 1.00
25 45 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
1.16 1.23 0.827 0.94 0.94 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87
25
0.86
60
0.85
PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS This table gives physical and thermodynamic properties of eight cryogenic fluids. The properties are: M Tt Pt ρt (1) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb
Molar mass in grams per mole Triple point temperature in kelvins Triple point pressure in kilopascals Liquid density at the triple point in grams per milliliter Enthalpy of fusion at the triple point in joules per gram Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101325 pascals (760 mmHg) Enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point in joules per gram Liquid density at the normal boiling point in grams per milliliter
ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc
Vapor density at the normal boiling point in grams per liter Liquid heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Vapor heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Critical temperature in kelvins Critical pressure in megapascals Critical density in grams per milliliter
In the case of air, the value given for the triple point temperature is the incipient solidification temperature, and the normal boiling point value is the incipient boiling (bubble) point. See Reference 3 for more details. REFERENCES
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1. Younglove, B. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Sytchev, V. V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1987. 4. Jacobsen, R. T., Stewart, R. B., and Jahangiri, M., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 735, 1986. [Nitrogen] 5. Stewart, R. B., Jacobsen, R. T., and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 917, 1991. [Oxygen] 6. McCarty, R. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. [Helium] Also, Donnelly, R. J., private communication. 7. Stewart, R. B. and Jacobsen, R. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. [Argon] 8. Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1061, 1991. [Methane] 9. Vargaftik, N. B., Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975. Property M Tt Pt ρt (l) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc
Units g/mol K kPa g/mL J/g K J/g g/mL g/L J/g K J/g K K MPa g/mL
Air
N2
O2
H2
He
Ne
Ar
28.96 59.75
28.014 63.15 12.463 0.870 25.3 77.35 198.8 0.807 4.622 2.042 1.341 126.20 3.390 0.313
31.999 54.3584 0.14633 1.306 13.7 90.188 213.1 1.141 4.467 1.699 0.980 154.581 5.043 0.436
2.0159 13.8 7.042 0.0770 59.5 20.28 445 0.0708 1.3390 9.668 12.24 32.98 1.293 0.031
4.0026
20.180 24.5561 50 1.251 16.8 27.07 84.8 1.204 9.51 1.877
39.948 83.8058 68.95 1.417 28.0 87.293 161.0 1.396 5.79 1.078 0.570 150.663 4.860 0.531
0.959 78.67 198.7 0.8754 3.199 1.865 132.5 3.766 0.316
4.2221 20.7 0.124901 16.89 4.545 9.78 5.1953 0.227460 0.06964
44.40 2.760 0.484
Kr 83.800 115.8 72.92 2.449 16.3 119.92 108.4 2.418 8.94 0.533 0.248 209.40 5.500 0.919
Xe 131.290 161.4 81.59 2.978 13.8 165.10 96.1 2.953 0.340 0.158 289.73 5.840 1.110
CH4 16.043 90.694 11.696 0.4515 58.41 111.668 510.83 0.4224 1.816 3.481 2.218 190.56 4.592 0.1627
HALOCARBON REFRIGERANTS Halogen derivatives of the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons, especially fluorocarbons and chlorocarbons, are widely used as refrigerants, solvents, and cleaning agents. This table lists the most important halocarbons in current use or being considered as possible substitutes for those compounds that are potential environmental hazards. The code number for each compound appears in the first column; this number is frequently used in expressions like R 11 or CFC 11 or HFC 134. In addition to name, molecular formula, CAS Registry Number, and molecular weight, the table lists the following properties: tm: tb: tc: TLV:
normal melting point normal boiling point (at 101.324 kPa) critical temperature Threshold Limit Value, which is the maximum safe concentration in air in the workplace, expressed as the time-weighted average (TWA) in parts per million by volume over an 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek (see Reference 3). An * following the TLV indicates that the substance in a confirmed or suspected human carcinogen. REFERENCES
1. 1989 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 1989. 2. Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Mauer,G.,Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, Springer, Berlin, 1990. 3. 1991-1992 Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indexes, American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 1991. Code no.
6-130
10 11 12 12B1 13 13B1 14 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 40 41 110 111 112 112a 113 113a 114 114a
Name
Molecular formula
CAS reg. no.
Molecular weight
Tetrachloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Bromochlorodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane Trichloromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Dichloromethane Chlorofluoromethane Difluoromethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Hexachloroethane Pentachlorofluoroethane Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
CCl4 CCl3F CCl2F2 CBrClF2 CClF3 CBrF3 CF4 CHCl3 CHCl2F CHClF2 CHF3 CH2Cl2 CH2ClF CH2F2 CH3Cl CH3F C2Cl6 C2Cl5F C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4
56-23-5 75-69-4 75-71-8 353-59-3 75-72-9 75-63-8 75-73-0 67-66-3 75-43-4 75-45-6 75-46-7 75-09-2 593-70-4 75-10-5 74-87-3 593-53-3 67-72-1 354-56-3 76-12-0 76-11-9 76-13-1 354-58-5 76-14-2 374-07-2
153.822 137.368 120.913 165.365 104.459 148.910 88.005 119.377 102.923 86.468 70.014 84.932 68.478 52.024 50.488 34.033 236.738 220.284 203.830 203.830 187.375 187.375 170.921 170.921
tm/°C
tb/°C
-23 -111.11 -158 -159.5 -181 -172 -183.59 -63.6 -135 -157.42 -155.18 -95.14 -133 -136 -97.7 -141.8 187
76.8 23.75 -29.8 -3.72 -81.4 -57.89 -128.02 61.17 8.95 -40.75 -82.1 40 -9.1 -51.69 -24.09 -78.41 187
26 40.6 -35 14.2 -94 -56.6
93 91.5 47.7 46.1 3.8 4
tc/°C 283.5 198.1 111.80 153.73 29 67.1 -45.5 263.3 178.43 96.2 26.2 237 78.5 143.10 44.7
TLV ppm 5* 1000 1000
10* 10 1000 50*
50* 1*
278
500
214.2
1000
145.63 145.5
1000
HALOCARBON REFRIGERANTS (continued) Code no.
6-131
114B2 115 116 120 121 121a 122 122a 122b 123 123a 124 124a 125 130 131 132 132b 133 133a 133b 134 134a 140 140a 141 141b 142 142b 143 143a 150 150a 151 151a 152 152a 160 161 218 1112a 1113
Name 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane Pentachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane Perfluoropropane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene
Molecular formula C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2F6 C2HCl5 C2HCl4F C2HCl4F C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HF5 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClF C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H5Cl C2H5F C3F8 C2Cl2F2 C2ClF3
CAS reg. no. 124-73-2 76-15-3 76-16-4 76-01-7 354-14-3 354-11-0 354-21-2 354-15-4 354-12-1 306-83-2 354-23-4 2837-89-0 354-25-6 354-33-6 79-34-5 359-28-4 431-06-1 1649-08-7 431-07-2 75-88-7 421-04-5 359-35-3 811-97-2 79-00-5 71-55-6 430-57-9 1717-00-6 338-65-8 75-68-3 430-66-0 420-46-2 107-06-2 75-34-3 762-50-5 1615-75-4 624-72-6 75-37-6 75-00-3 353-36-6 76-19-7 79-35-6 79-38-9
Molecular weight 259.824 154.467 138.012 202.293 185.839 185.840 169.385 169.385 169.385 152.931 152.931 136.476 136.476 120.022 167.849 151.394 134.940 134.940 118.486 118.486 118.486 102.032 102.032 133.404 133.404 116.950 116.950 100.495 100.495 84.041 84.041 98.959 98.959 82.505 82.505 66.051 66.051 64.514 48.060 188.020 132.924 116.470
tm/°C
tb/°C
tc/°C
TLV ppm
-110.4 -99.44 -100.7 -29 -82.6 -95.35 -140
47.35 -37.95 -78.1 159.88 116.6 116.5 71.9 72.5 73 27.1 28.2 -12 -10.2 -48.5 146.5 102.5 59
214.7 80.1 20
1000
-107
-117 -103 -43.8 -155
126.8 388.00
-117 -138.7 -143.2 -147.69
17 6.1 12 -19.9 -26.5 113.8 74.09 75.7 32.11 35.1 -9.75 5 -47.55 83.5 57.4 53.2 16.1 30.7 -24.95 13.1 -37.65 -36.65
113.6 187.3 102.16 72.0
-158
-27.85
106
-105.5 -89 -101 -36.6 -30.4 -103.5 -130.8 -84 -111.3 -35.5 -96.96
1*
119 101.2 272
10 350
137.14 73.2 288 250
10* 100
1000
HALOCARBON REFRIGERANTS (continued) Code no. 1114 1120 1130 1130 1132a 1140 1141 C316 C317 C318
Name Tetrafluoroethylene Trichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Difluoroethylene Chloroethylene Fluoroethylene 1,2-Dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane Chloroheptafluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclobutane
* Confirmed or suspected human carcinogen.
Molecular formula
CAS reg. no.
Molecular weight
C2F4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Cl C2H3F C4Cl2F6 C4ClF7 C4F8
116-14-3 79-01-6 156-59-2 156-60-5 75-38-7 75-01-4 75-02-5 356-18-3 377-41-3 115-25-3
100.016 131.388 96.943 96.943 64.035 62.499 46.044 232.940 216.486 200.031
tm/°C
tb/°C
tc/°C
-142.5 -84.75 -80 -49.8 -144 -153.79 -160.5
-75.95 87.21 60.19 48.73 -85.7 -13.37 -72
33.4 271.1 271.1 243.4 29.8
-40.19
-5.99
115.31
TLV ppm
50* 200 200 5*
54.8
6-132
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF MERCURY The data in this table have been adjusted to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in density values is 0.0003 g/mL between –20 and –10°C; 0.0001 or less between –10 and 200°C; and 0.0002 between 200 and 300°C. REFERENCE Ambrose, D., Metrologia, 27, 245, 1990.
t/°C
ρ/(g/mL)
v/(mL/kg)
–20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
13.64461 13.64212 13.63964 13.63716 13.63468 13.63220 13.62972 13.62724 13.62476 13.62228 13.61981 13.61733 13.61485 13.61238 13.60991 13.60743 13.60496 13.60249 13.60002 13.59755 13.59508 13.59261 13.59014 13.58768 13.58521 13.58275 13.58028 13.57782 13.57535 13.57289 13.57043 13.56797 13.56551 13.56305 13.56059 13.55813 13.55567 13.55322 13.55076 13.54831 13.54585 13.54340 13.54094 13.53849 13.53604 13.53359 13.53114
73.2890 73.3024 73.3157 73.3291 73.3424 73.3558 73.3691 73.3824 73.3958 73.4091 73.4225 73.4358 73.4492 73.4625 73.4759 73.4892 73.5026 73.5160 73.5293 73.5427 73.5560 73.5694 73.5827 73.5961 73.6095 73.6228 73.6362 73.6495 73.6629 73.6763 73.6896 73.7030 73.7164 73.7297 73.7431 73.7565 73.7698 73.7832 73.7966 73.8100 73.8233 73.8367 73.8501 73.8635 73.8769 73.8902 73.9036
t/°C
ρ/(g/mL)
v/(mL/kg)
t/°C
ρ/(g/mL)
v/(mL/kg)
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
13.52869 13.52624 13.52379 13.52134 13.51889 13.51645 13.51400 13.51156 13.50911 13.50667 13.50422 13.50178 13.49934 13.49690 13.49446 13.49202 13.48958 13.48714 13.48470 13.48226 13.47982 13.47739 13.47495 13.47251 13.47008 13.46765 13.46521 13.46278 13.46035 13.45791 13.45548 13.45305 13.45062 13.44819 13.44576 13.44333 13.44090 13.43848 13.43605 13.43362 13.43120 13.42877 13.42635 13.42392 13.42150 13.41908 13.41665
73.9170 73.9304 73.9438 73.9572 73.9705 73.9839 73.9973 74.0107 74.0241 74.0375 74.0509 74.0643 74.0777 74.0911 74.1045 74.1179 74.1313 74.1447 74.1581 74.1715 74.1850 74.1984 74.2118 74.2252 74.2386 74.2520 74.2655 74.2789 74.2923 74.3057 74.3192 74.3326 74.3460 74.3594 74.3729 74.3863 74.3998 74.4132 74.4266 74.4401 74.4535 74.4670 74.4804 74.4939 74.5073 74.5208 74.5342
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
13.41423 13.41181 13.40939 13.40697 13.40455 13.40213 13.39971 13.39729 13.39487 13.39245 13.39003 13.38762 13.38520 13.38278 13.38037 13.37795 13.37554 13.37313 13.37071 13.36830 13.36589 13.36347 13.36106 13.35865 13.35624 13.35383 13.35142 13.3273 13.3033 13.2793 13.2553 13.2314 13.2075 13.1836 13.1597 13.1359 13.1120 13.0882 13.0644 13.0406 13.0167 12.9929 12.9691 12.9453 12.9214 12.8975 12.8736
74.5477 74.5612 74.5746 74.5881 74.6016 74.6150 74.6285 74.6420 74.6554 74.6689 74.6824 74.6959 74.7094 74.7229 74.7364 74.7498 74.7633 74.7768 74.7903 74.8038 74.8173 74.8308 74.8443 74.8579 74.8714 74.8849 74.8984 75.0337 75.1693 75.3052 75.4413 75.5778 75.7147 75.8519 75.9895 76.1274 76.2659 76.4047 76.5440 76.6838 76.8241 76.9650 77.1064 77.2484 77.3909 77.5341 77.6779
6-133
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MERCURY Lev R. Fokin The first of these tables gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of liquid and gaseous mercury as a function of temperature. To convert to specific heat in units of J/g K, divide these values by 200.59, the atomic weight of mercury. REFERENCE Douglas, T. B., Ball, A. T., and Ginnings, D. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stands., 46, 334, 1951. Cp/(J/mol K) t/°C
Liquid
Gas
–38.84 –20 0 20 25 40 60 80 100 120
28.2746 28.1466 28.0190 27.9002 27.8717 27.7897 27.6880 27.5952 27.5106 27.4349
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786
Cp/(J/mol K) Liquid Gas
t/°C 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
27.3675 27.3090 27.2588 27.2169 27.1834 27.1583 27.1412 27.1320 27.1303 27.1366
t/°C
20.786 20.786 20.790 20.790 20.794 20.794 20.799 20.807 20.815 20.824
340 356.73 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Cp/(J/mol K) Liquid Gas 27.1500 27.1677 27.1709 27.1981 27.2324 27.2738 27.3207 27.3742 27.4332 27.4985
20.836 20.849 20.853 20.870 20.891 20.916 20.941 20.974 21.008 21.046
The second table gives the molar heat capacity of solid mercury in its rhombohedral (α-mercury) form. REFERENCES 1. Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 806, 1953. 2. Amitin, Lebedeva, and Paukov, Rus. J. Phys. Chem., 2666, 1979. t/°C
Cp/J mol-1
–268.99 –268.99 –268.15 –263.15 –258.15 –253.15 * **
0.99* 0.97** 1.6 4.6 7.6 10.33
t/°C
t/°C
Cp/J mol-1
–248.15 –243.15 –233.15 –223.15 –213.15 –203.15
12.74 14.78 17.90 19.94 21.40 22.42
Cp/J mol-1
–193.15 –183.15 –173.15 –153.15 –133.15
23.16 23.76 24.24 25.00 25.61
t/°C
Cp/J mol-1
–113.15 –93.15 –73.15 –53.15 –38.87
26.15 26.69 27.28 27.96 28.5
Superconducting state Normal state
The final table gives the cubic thermal expansion coefficient α, the isothermal compressibility coefficient κT, and the speed of sound U for liquid mercury as a function of temperature. These properties are defined as follows: α=
1 ∂v v ∂T p
1 ∂v κT = – v ∂P T
∂P U2 = ∂ρ S
ρ = v –1
where v is the specific volume (given in the table on the preceding page). REFERENCE Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971. t/°C –20 0 20 40 60 80 100
α×
104/K-1
1.818 1.8144 1.8110 1.8083 1.8064 1.8053 1.8051
κT × 106/bar-1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 3.83 3.918 4.013 4.109 4.207 4.308 4.410
3.78 3.87 3.96 4.14
s-1
t/°C
1470 1460.8 1451.4 1442.0 1432.7 1423.4 1414.1
120 140 160 180 200 250 300
U/m
6-134
α×
104/K-1
1.8058 1.8074 1.8100 1.8136 1.818 1.834 1.856
κT × 106/bar-1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 4.513 4.622 4.731 4.844 4.96 5.26 5.59
4.33 4.53
U/m s-1 1404.7 1395.4 1386.1 1376.7 1367 1344 1321
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS The surface tension γ of about 200 liquids is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Values of γ are given in units of millinewtons per meter (mN/m), which is equivalent to dyn/cm in cgs units. The values refer to a nominal pressure of one atmosphere (about 100 kPa) except in cases where the indicated temperature is above the normal boiling point of the substance; in those cases, the applicable pressure is the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature in question. The uncertainty of the values is 0.1 to 0.2 mN/m or less in most cases. Values at temperatures between the points tabulated can be obtained by linear interpolation to a good approximation. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon appearing before those that do contain carbon. A more extensive compilation of surface tension may be found in the Reference. REFERENCE Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 841, 1972.
Mol. form. Br2 Cl2O2S Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Si H2O H4N2 Hg CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5I C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N
Name Bromine Sulfuryl chloride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphorus trichloride Silicon tetrachloride Water Hydrazine Mercury Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Iodoethane Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethylamine
10°C
25°C
43.68
40.95 28.78 32.03 27.98 18.29 71.99 66.39 485.48 26.43 31.58 44.87 26.67 39.05 27.20 37.13 30.34 57.03 36.53 22.07 19.15 34.15 13.53 35.58 25.18 34.02 28.66 39.55 24.07 31.86 20.50 27.10 24.36 23.62 28.46 32.13 21.97 42.92 47.99 24.06 23.08 33.39 26.34 19.20
19.78 74.23 488.55 33.81
32.19 39.04 23.23
22.54 26.72 25.36 30.38 34.02 23.22
25.27
6-135
γ in mN/m 50°C
75°C
100°C
36.40 28.85 24.81 15.80 67.94
25.66
63.57
58.91
480.36 23.37 27.87 41.60 23.44 35.33
475.23 20.31
470.11 17.25
34.38
31.64
54.92 32.33 20.14
52.82
31.20 11.42 32.41 22.07 30.65 25.51 36.25
28.26
28.29 17.10 24.61 20.43
24.72 22.13 16.50
12.57
25.24 29.00 19.89 40.06 45.76
43.54
41.31
30.04
38.33 20.20 31.61
50.71
29.24
26.07
27.27
23.89
32.95
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)
Mol. form. C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H8 C5H8O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O
Name Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile 1,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Allyl alcohol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Methoxyethanol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Trimethylamine Pyridazine Pyrimidine Thiophene Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate Butanoic acid 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 2-Ethoxyethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone
10°C
38.40
26.63 25.16 26.66 27.08 25.03 23.16 20.49 31.02 24.48 22.11 32.32
49.51
38.71 34.08
25.13 26.32 27.58 24.85 29.79 30.58 26.28 23.74
26.22
45.08 24.45 34.45 17.10 18.61 24.07
6-136
25°C 48.32 26.31 23.14 36.36 26.75 28.32 23.46 25.28 23.18 24.73 26.20 25.26 23.25 21.30 19.16 29.29 23.32 20.93 30.84 24.20 21.33 21.75 13.41 47.96 30.33 30.68 37.06 31.93 26.92 23.97 32.75 23.39 24.44 26.05 25.90 23.18 28.24 29.23 24.93 22.54 19.96 16.65 28.35 44.77 24.57 23.44 21.75 16.87 19.85 43.09 36.56 22.20 32.80 15.45 17.15 21.88 23.25
γ in mN/m 50°C
75°C
45.53 23.17
42.73
32.96 23.87 25.22 20.66 23.02
29.56
21.51 23.72 22.21 20.30
26.39 21.38 18.96 28.38 21.02 18.39
100°C
26.16
22.12 20.77
21.23
19.43 16.98 25.92
23.46
42.78 25.28
40.19 22.75
24.75 21.73
21.16
25.80 17.58
22.32 14.68
21.45 20.27
17.45
23.09
20.51
20.44 18.57
18.20 16.58
26.11 42.57 21.80 20.63 19.02
23.86 40.37
21.62 38.17
39.78 33.29
36.46 30.03
33.14
30.05
27.30
24.55
45.37 27.80 27.36 34.31 28.34 24.33 21.16 29.28 20.49 21.29 23.75 23.08 20.39 25.67 26.98 22.69 20.56 17.71
18.22 21.62
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)
Mol. form. C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O
Name 3-Pentanone Pentanal Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Chloropentane Piperidine Pentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine Adiponitrile Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Paraldehyde 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Diisopropyl ether 1-Hexanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane 2-Butoxyethanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol
10°C 26.95 26.05 25.48 23.37 25.55 26.34 26.01 30.64 17.15 26.67 24.96 24.94 37.15 36.98 34.78
28.47 40.40
25°C 24.74 25.44 24.52 23.80 21.76 23.80 24.62 24.40 28.91 15.49 25.36 23.45 23.71 24.69 35.43 35.24 32.99 39.70 41.18 26.66 38.71 28.22
28.01 36.43 26.43 23.47 19.44
26.48 24.58 25.51 27.22 27.28 19.42 18.37 19.20
27.36
39.63 29.71
6-137
42.12 33.00 45.45 26.17 34.57 27.37 24.65 21.72 17.90 32.92 25.45 24.88 23.06 23.94 25.63 25.73 31.22 17.89 16.88 17.61 17.27 25.81 20.89 26.14 20.22 22.31 19.14 38.79 38.00 27.93 36.90 35.69
γ in mN/m 50°C 22.13 22.91 21.95 21.00 19.08 20.88 21.76 21.71 26.03 23.17 20.94 21.66 22.14 32.57 32.34 30.02 36.89 38.66 23.65 35.91 40.56 25.00 38.20 39.41 29.90 43.02 23.12 31.46 25.11 21.68 18.82 15.33 30.50 22.72 22.21 20.53 21.33 22.97 23.13 28.25 15.33 14.39 14.96 14.65 23.81 18.31 24.10 17.74 19.75 16.45 35.90 35.27 24.96 34.38 33.38
75°C
100°C
19.39 18.20 16.40 17.96 18.89 19.02 23.14
16.82 15.40
20.99 18.43 19.61 19.58 29.70 29.44 27.04 34.09 36.13 20.64 33.10 37.66 21.77 35.53 36.69 26.79 40.58
16.03 16.33 20.26 18.80 15.92 17.56 26.83 26.54 24.06 31.28 33.61 30.29 34.77 32.86
28.36 22.84
25.25
28.09
25.67
19.54 17.99 18.71 20.32 20.54 25.28
16.87 15.46 16.10 17.66 17.94
21.80 15.74 22.06
19.80 20.02
17.20 33.00 32.55 21.98 31.85 31.07 27.89
29.82 19.01 29.32 28.76 24.44
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)
Mol. form. C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C10H12 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H27N C13H28 C14H12O2 C14H30 C16H34 C18H38
Name Anisole N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Pentyl acetate Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline Ethylcyclohexane Octane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Cumene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene 5-Nonanone Nonane 1-Nonanol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Tributylamine Tridecane Benzyl benzoate Tetradecane Hexadecane Octadecane
10°C
24.98 21.29 26.67 21.12 20.76
40.98 30.39 31.41 30.13
26.73 22.57 20.77 28.30
44.19 29.27 30.74 28.89 23.79 29.03 24.75 29.61 25.56
26.86 44.47 27.43
6-138
25°C 35.10 36.90 32.71 39.30 23.29 19.80 26.12 25.17 27.76 19.65 19.31 39.04 37.17 39.22 28.75 29.76 28.47 28.01 32.41 35.52 36.33 25.15 21.14 19.40 27.10 24.12 21.72 42.59 27.69 29.20 27.55 26.28 22.38 27.89 33.17 23.37 28.51 24.21 26.75 24.39 25.55 42.82 26.13 27.05 27.87
γ in mN/m 50°C 32.09 34.47 30.04 36.27 20.46 17.33 23.48 22.69 25.64 17.20 16.88 36.15 34.25 36.28 26.01 27.01 25.71 25.32 29.65 32.90 33.65 22.51 18.77 17.12 25.12 21.74 19.44 39.94 25.05 26.64 25.31 23.85 20.05 26.00 30.78 21.07 26.68 21.96 24.80 22.32 23.37 40.06 23.96 24.91 25.77
75°C
100°C
29.08 32.05 27.36 33.23 14.85 20.20 14.75 14.46 33.27 31.32 33.35 23.28 24.25 22.95 22.64 26.89 30.27 30.98
17.72
30.41 20.54 21.50 20.19 19.95
16.39 14.84
14.01 12.56
19.36 17.16 37.28 22.42 24.07 23.07
34.62 19.78 21.51 20.82
17.71 24.10 28.40 18.77 24.85 19.70 20.24 21.19 37.31 21.78 22.78 23.66
15.37 22.20 16.47 23.02 17.45
19.01 34.55 19.61 20.64 21.55
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS Christian Wohlfarth The permittivity of a substance (often called the dielectric constant) is the ratio of the electric displacement D to the electric field strength E when an external field is applied to the substance. The quantity tabulated here is the relative permittivity, which is the ratio of the actual permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum; it is a dimensionless number. The table gives the static relative permittivity εr, i.e., the relative permittivity measured in static fields or at low frequencies where no relaxation effects occur. The fourth column of the table lists the value of εr at the temperature specified in the third column, usually 293.15 or 298.15 K. Otherwise, the temperature closest to 293.15 K was chosen, or (as it is the case for many of the substances included here) εr is given at the only temperature for which data are available. The static permittivity refers to nominal atmospheric pressure as long as the corresponding temperature is below the normal boiling point. Otherwise, at temperatures above the normal boiling point, the pressure is understood to be the saturated vapor pressure of the substance considered. For substances where information on the temperature dependence of the permittivity is available, the table gives the coefficients of a simple polynomial fitting of permittivity to temperature with an equation of the form εr(T) = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 where T is the absolute temperature in K. Since the parameter d was used in only a few cases where the quadratic fit was not satisfactory, only a, b, and c are listed as columns in the table, while the d values are given at the end of this introduction. For all other substances, d = 0. The temperature range of the fit is given in the last column. The coefficients of the fitting equation can be used to calculate dielectric constants within the fitted temperature range but should not be used for extrapolation outside this range. The user who needs dielectric constant data with more accuracy than can be provided by this equation is referred to Reference 1, which gives the original data together with their literature source. Substances are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. * Indicates that the isomer was not specified in the original reference. ** Indicates a compound for which the cubic term is needed: Ethanol N-Methylacetamide 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol N-Butylacetamide
d = -0.15512E-05 d = -0.12998E-04 d = -0.32544E-05 d = -0.48841E-06 d = -0.89512E-06 d = -0.45229E-06 d = -0.25968E-05 d = -0.48716E-05
REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, Ch., “Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures”, Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Editor in Chief, O. Madelung, Group IV, Macroscopic and Technical Properties of Matter, Volume 6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991. 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Mol. Form. AlBr3 Ar AsH3 BBr3 B2H6 B5H9 BrF3 BrF5 BrH BrNO Br2 Br2OS Br3OV Br4Ge Br4Sn ClFO3 ClF3
Name Aluminum tribromide Argon Arsine Boron tribromide Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Nitrosyl bromide Bromine Thionyl bromide Vanadyl tribromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride
T/K 373.2 140.00 200.9 273.2 180.66 298.2 298.2 297.7 186.8 288.4 297.9 293.2 298.2 299.9 303.45 150.2 293.2
ε 3.38 1.3247 2.40 2.58 1.8725 21.1 106.8 7.91 8.23 13.4 3.1484 9.06 3.6 2.955 3.169 2.194 4.394
6-139
a
b
c
Range/K
0.12408E+01 0.37674E+01
0.68755E-02 -0.97454E-02
-0.45344E-04 0.14537E-04
87-149 157-201
0.23848E+01 0.40952E+03
-0.29501E-02 -0.24414E+01
0.64189E-06 0.38225E-02
108-181 226-298
0.11428E+02
-0.11822E-01
262-298
0.32701E+01
-0.12535E-03
273-327
0.61112E+01 0.34450E+01 0.50001E+01 0.23808E+01 0.96716E+01
-0.84211E-02 -0.16083E-02 -0.60383E-02 -0.38629E-03 -0.18000E-01
203-298 300-316 304-316 125-150 273-313
-0.57143E-05
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. ClF5 ClH ClNO Cl2 Cl2F3P Cl2OS Cl2OSe Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl3F2P Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl4FP Cl4Ge Cl4Pb Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5P Cl5Sb FH F2 F5I F6S F6Xe F7I F10S2 HI H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H4N2 He I2 Kr Mn2O7 NO N2 N2O3 N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S P S Se Xe CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2Cl2
Name Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Nitrosyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Thionyl chloride Selenium oxychloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Germanium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Hydrogen fluoride Fluorine Iodine pentafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Sulfur decafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Helium Iodine Krypton Manganese(VII) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium Xenon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane
T/K 193.2 158.9 285.2 208.0 228.63 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 268.0 293.2 298.2 290.2 298.2 272.64 273.2 293.2 273.2 273.2 257.4 298.2 433.2 293.0 273.2 53.48 293.2 223.2 398.2 298.2 293.2 220.2 13.52 293.2 290.2 283.2 293.2 298.2 2.055 391.25 119.80 293.2 1.997 63.15 203.2 293.2 26.11 54.478 298.2 90.2 291.2 307.2 407.2 510.65 161.35 123.2 293.2 123.2 298.2
ε 4.28 14.3 18.2 2.147 2.8129 8.675 46.2 9.1 2.915 4.79 2.3752 14.1 3.4 3.498 4.94 2.6499 2.463 2.78 2.248 3.014 2.843 3.05 2.85 3.222 83.6 1.4913 37.13 1.81 4.10 1.75 2.0202 3.87 1.2792 80.100 74.6 5.93 16.61 51.7 1.0555 11.08 1.664 3.28 1.4680 31.13 2.44 1.1907 1.5684 16.3 4.75 3.11 4.096 3.4991 5.44 1.880 3.920 2.405 3.730 2.542
6-140
a
b
c
Range/K
0.78192E+01 0.47316E+02
-0.20860E-01 -0.28455E+00
0.13132E-04 0.48650E-03
193-256 159-258
0.29440E+01 0.46501E+01
-0.44649E-02 -0.80358E-02
0.30388E-05
208-240 172-229
0.28905E+01
-0.19228E-02
215-268
0.59098E+01
-0.83322E-02
290-333
0.33503E+01 -0.55078E+01
-0.29651E-02 0.64881E-01
0.58041E+01 0.43951E+01 0.33668E+01
-0.27129E-01 -0.48805E-02 -0.19675E-02
0.45413E+01 0.50352E+03 0.14144E+01 0.95184E+02
-0.45078E-02 -0.19297E+01 0.26387E-02 -0.19800E+00
0.51557E+03 0.13327E+01 0.24921E+03 0.48511E+03 0.14736E+02 0.66756E+02 0.22061E+03 0.10640E+01 0.64730E+02
-0.44552E+01 -0.51946E-02 -0.79069E+00 -0.23145E+01 -0.33675E-01 -0.24696E+00 -0.89633E+00 -0.35584E-02 -0.29266E+00
0.37655E+01
-0.16463E-02
0.12550E+01 0.92287E+02 0.28212E+01 0.12667E+01 0.15434E+01 0.52045E+02 0.86344E+01
0.67949E-02 -0.43306E+00 -0.13000E-02 -0.29064E-02 0.14615E-02 -0.16125E+00 -0.54807E-01
0.79018E+00 0.51651E+01 0.67569E+01
0.23911E-01 -0.77381E-02 -0.25829E-02
0.52442E+01 0.29249E+01 0.54154E+01 0.32330E+01
-0.11000E-01 -0.17650E-02 -0.13680E-01 -0.23162E-02
-0.13091E-03 0.51678E-04
0.14372E-02 -0.28356E-04
0.96795E-02 0.72997E-03 0.31020E-02 0.96740E-05 0.25913E-03 0.11066E-02 0.39759E-03
244-273 246-273 207-273 234-273 237-257
276-320 200-273 54-144 273-313
220-236 14-19 273-372 233-303 212-363 238-323 278-323 2-4 391-441 283-312
-0.56704E-04 0.65000E-03
-0.21964E-04 0.11042E-03 0.12596E-03 -0.42826E-04 0.89120E-05
63-126 203-243 253-293 26-29 55-154 213-449 90-185 307-358 407-479 511-575 123-223 273-333 123-173 298-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. CBr2F2 CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr3NO2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3D CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3ClO2S CH3DO CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4O CH5N CN4O8 COS COSe CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2HBr3O C2HCl3 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2
Name Dibromodifluoromethane Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tribromonitromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethane-d Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methanesulfonyl chloride Methan-d1-ol Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Methanol Methylamine Tetranitromethane Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde Trichloroethylene 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
T/K 273.2 333.2 293.2 298.2 123.2 123.2 295.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 126.3 283.2 293.2 294.0 293.2 283.2 298.0 152.2 298.2 298.2 275.7 295.2 293.2 297.5 131.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 200.0 293.2 91.0 293.2 215.2 293.2 185.0 283.2 295.0 293.2 298.2 273.2 294.35 292.2 303.2 308.2 293.2 301.5 303.2 298.2 333.2 298.2 293.2 195.0 298.2 298.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2
ε 2.939 2.601 3.00 9.034 3.010 3.500 4.30 4.67 3.00 7.319 2.2379 1.685 4.404 4.8069 5.2 114.9 7.77 8.93 53.74 5.32 51.1 9.71 10.0 34.0 31.68 51.0 6.97 111.0 37.27 20.77 23.9 1.6761 33.0 16.7 2.317 4.47 3.47 1.4492 2.6320 2.34 2.4842 3.470 7.85 2.268 2.52 7.6 3.390 4.01 6.8 4.34 3.716 8.42 2.4841 7.08 2.88 6.72 4.60 9.20 2.14
6-141
a
b
c
Range/K
0.67296E+01
-0.22133E-01
0.30213E-04
139-273
0.53203E+01 0.16079E+02 0.43677E+01 0.46984E+01
-0.11061E-01 -0.23630E-01 -0.11020E-01 -0.97600E-02
0.10688E-04
206-323 298-328 123-173 123-223
0.53203E+01 0.14403E+02 0.28280E+01 0.20350E+01 0.71707E+01 0.15115E+02 0.11442E+03 0.37331E+04 0.18060E+02 0.40452E+02 0.19428E+03
-0.11061E-01 -0.24178E-01 -0.20339E-02 -0.27616E-02 -0.98000E-02 -0.51830E-01 -0.75600E+00 -0.23180E+02 -0.36333E-01 -0.17748E+00 -0.12939E+01
0.10688E-04
0.23942E-03 0.24280E-02
206-323 276-333 283-333 126-142 283-343 218-323 130-263 258-299 283-313 184-306 152-224
0.14040E+03 0.40580E+02 0.42775E+02 0.10384E+03 0.20839E+03 0.11338E+03 0.24264E+02 0.26076E+03 0.11227E+03 0.11071E+03
-0.24673E+00 -0.18418E+00 -0.16175E+00 -0.33838E+00 -0.10318E+01 -0.63979E+00 -0.93914E-01 -0.61145E+00 -0.35591E+00 -0.73428E+00
-0.17151E-03 0.26219E-03 0.17108E-03 0.34156E-03 0.14740E-02 0.96983E-03 0.11926E-03 0.34296E-03 0.34206E-03 0.14054E-02
287-358 195-276 190-392 293-373 176-298 150-299 223-303 278-333 288-343 110-260
0.15996E+01 0.19341E+03 0.34398E+02
0.27434E-02 -0.92211E+00 -0.73630E-01
-0.22086E-04 0.12839E-02 -0.41279E-04
91-184 177-293 198-258
0.84702E+01 0.48740E+01 0.79062E+00 0.45024E+01
-0.21488E-01 -0.49425E-02 0.10639E-01 -0.12054E-01
-0.28510E-04 0.19147E-04
143-185 219-283 220-300 154-319
0.36663E+01
-0.42271E-02
-0.36255E-06
193-273
0.58319E+01 0.75423E+01
-0.80828E-02 -0.11667E-01
0.13412E+01 0.65972E+01 0.21652E+02
0.90000E-02 -0.96800E-02 -0.68146E-01
0.16246E+02
-0.31500E-01
0.71795E-07
0.56803E-04 0.13562E-02 0.36963E-01
302-338 303-333 -0.24130E-14 0.78571E-04
333-393 298-338 263-323
303-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2I2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2O C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3S C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3Cl6O C3F6O C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3ClO3 C3H3N C3H3NO2 C3H4 C3H4
Name Dichloroacetic acid 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Bis(chloromethyl) ether Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethylene glycol sulfite Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Acetaldoxime Nitroethane Methyl carbamate Ethyl nitrate Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Hexachloroacetone Perfluoroacetone Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Acrylonitrile Cyanoacetic acid Allene Propyne
T/K 293.2 207.2 293.2 345.65 295.2 338.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.7 270.0 283.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 363.7 293.2 298.2 288.2 328.2 293.2 95.0 293.2 258.0 293.2 293.2 383.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 291.9 202.2 291.9 293.2 313.2 293.2 277.2 269.0 246.0
ε 8.33 9.22 8.50 4.46 15.8 12.35 16.3 7.243 7.1937 27.68 36.64 21.75 1.4833 7.41 4.9612 10.10 10.42 3.51 28.26 21.0 12.42 14.30 6.20 9.20 39.6 9.01 9.45 25.80 7.82 18.3 67.6 189.0 4.70 29.11 18.48 19.7 1.9356 25.3 6.18 47.24 41.4 47.39 55.0 6.667 6.70 7.26 9.6 8.7 31.94 13.82 3.925 2.104 72.3 16.70 62.0 33.0 33.4 2.025 3.218
6-142
a
b
c
Range/K
0.49242E-05
284-363 207-233
0.11014E+02 0.19606E+02
-0.10859E-01 -0.49847E-01
0.17310E+02 0.37576E+02 0.27705E+02 0.17147E+02 0.90593E+02 0.29724E+03
-0.14674E-01 -0.70400E-01 -0.10621E+00 -0.33371E-01 -0.21421E+00 -0.15508E+01
0.13546E+01 0.19493E+02 0.67142E+01 0.24429E+02 0.24404E+02
0.62614E-02 -0.59054E-01 -0.59800E-02 -0.48000E-01 -0.47892E-01
-0.21374E-04 0.58036E-04
200-270 263-363 293-313 288-318 293-343
0.52661E+02
-0.21337E+00
0.25947E-03
293-243
-0.15731E+02 0.19699E+02 0.85483E+02 0.28473E+02 0.60693E+02 0.11155E+03 0.25598E+02 0.61405E+02 -0.20055E+03 0.10383E+04
0.12662E+00 -0.36429E-01 -0.15400E+00 -0.85495E-01 -0.31290E+00 -0.30149E+00 -0.94367E-01 -0.14474E+00 0.15515E+01 -0.43165E+01
-0.17738E-03
293-363 288-302 298-328 243-308 237-293 140-175 183-343 273-298 364-448 276-353
0.57406E+02 0.36773E+02
-0.97657E-01 -0.55700E-01
0.20185E+01 0.15145E+03 0.22389E+02 0.38478E+02 0.14355E+03 0.10830E+03
-0.51493E-03 -0.87020E+00 -0.86524E-01 0.16939E+00 -0.48573E+00 -0.15900E+00
0.11228E+02 0.19109E+02 0.30163E+02 0.14890E+03 0.48922E+02 0.76423E+01 0.34809E+01 0.91803E+03
-0.13500E-01 -0.32000E-01 -0.79000E-01 -0.62491E+00 -0.17021E+00 -0.15838E-01 -0.92883E-02 -0.49149E+01
0.77143E-03 0.17262E-03 0.10618E-04 0.12282E-04 0.69104E-02
293-333 298-323 233-273 253-293 273-333 269-303 151-238 281-314
0.11109E+03
-0.36806E+00
0.34879E-03
233-413
0.26049E+01 0.60871E+01
-0.44147E-03 -0.11730E-01
-0.63420E-05
156-269 185-246
0.12424E-03
0.22591E-02
0.67971E-04 0.47154E-03 0.11424E-03 -0.22392E-02 0.48398E-02
338-393 303-333 258-318 288-318 293-318 288-333
276-333 328-368 -0.48148E-05 0.19570E-02 0.91291E-04 -0.47423E-03 0.46703E-03
95-295 163-523 155-258 288-343 293-423 383-398
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H4ClF3 C3H4ClNO C3H4Cl2O C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5BrO2 C3H5Br3 C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClN2O6 C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO2 C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2
Name 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 1,1-Dichloroacetone 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol Propargyl alcohol Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropanoic acid 1,2,3-Tribromopropane 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Epichlorohydrin Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Ethyl isocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrite Isopropyl nitrite Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol
T/K 295.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 294.2 303.2 299.25 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.7 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 220.0 283.2 293.2 250.4 293.2 303.2 293.2 325.1 293.2 290.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 288.2 296.2 298.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 215.2 153.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 288.2 250.0 260.0 328.2 293.19 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2
ε 7.32 29.1 14.6 21.03 20.8 89.78 7.0 11.0 6.00 8.92 8.2 17.50 22.6 9.736 12.0 7.5 6.1 29.7 19.7 19.6 19.25 2.1365 4.60 9.482 31.90 8.37 10.27 11.37 42.4 19.7 18.5 21.01 3.44 8.57 7.07 30.0 3.087 15.55 8.09 9.46 8.588 36.0 59.0 31.0 7.07 8.19 102.7 38.25 179.0 24.70 26.74 12.35 13.92 14.14 1.6678 20.8 20.18 27.5 35.1
6-143
a
b
c
Range/K
0.22361E+02 0.64311E+02
-0.68840E-01 -0.12217E+00
0.60594E-04
275-313 288-403
0.99895E+02 0.20746E+03
-0.38911E+00 -0.37610E+00
0.40776E-03
213-293 313-343
0.11024E+02
-0.16596E-01
303-358
0.15356E+02
-0.18250E-01
309-349
0.82222E+02
-0.22937E+00
0.29623E+01 0.54973E+01 0.29193E+02
-0.37564E-02 -0.31695E-02 -0.94450E-01
0.18915E+02 0.21609E+02 0.32421E+02
-0.35907E-01 -0.37333E-01 -0.72188E-01
0.62714E+02
-0.14771E+00
0.37879E-05
213-303
0.88157E+02 0.18793E+01 0.15884E+02 0.13190E+02
-0.34300E+00 0.46841E-02 -0.25333E-01 -0.21226E-01
0.38925E-03 0.19983E-05
273-323 289-408 288-318 276-318
0.17769E+02 0.26195E+02 0.21214E+02 0.12436E+03 -0.19169E+02
-0.32599E-01 -0.72995E-01 -0.43130E-01 -0.60841E+00 0.13605E+01
0.13744E+02
-0.22745E-01
0.64764E+03 0.15364E+03 0.15975E+04 0.94999E+02 0.60138E+02 0.70552E+02 0.74578E+02 0.32431E+02 0.22883E+01 0.98045E+02 0.10416E+03 0.24546E+03 0.11365E+03
-0.28499E+01 -0.60367E+00 -0.90451E+01 -0.38358E+00 -0.11566E+00 -0.40362E+00 -0.38283E+00 -0.65097E-01 -0.23276E-02 -0.36860E+00 -0.41011E+00 -0.15738E+01 -0.36680E+00
0.17424E-03
213-473
0.92800E-04
220-250 283-333 293-368 281-323 303-333 245-293
0.55454E-04 0.92060E-03 -0.55567E-02
274-328 186-328 273-313 145-215 153-177 293-323
0.34286E-02 0.71505E-03 0.18345E-01 0.48480E-03 0.66687E-03 0.57071E-03 0.28571E-04 0.84710E-06 0.36422E-03 0.42049E-03 0.38068E-02 0.33766E-03
298-338 213-353 303-473 276-333 276-303 110-310 150-300 328-368 90-300 193-493 193-493 193-403 288-328
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H8S2 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4Cl6 C4Cl6O3 C4F6O3 C4H2Cl4O3 C4H2O3 C4H3F7O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO 298-338 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O
Name
T/K
ε
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol 1,2-Propanedithiol 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trichloroacetic anhydride Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Dichloroacetic anhydride Maleic anhydride 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Ethyl trichloroacetate Pyrrole Allyl isocynate 1,3-Butadiene Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene Cyclobutanone Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 2-Bromobutanoic acid Ethyl bromoacetate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Methyl 2-chloropropanoate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone
298.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 296.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 326.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 277.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 288.2 265.0 288.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2
17.2 2.644 46.53 5.937 5.952 7.24 8.11 2.2762 10.21 5.08 5.6268 2.440 20.6 2.55 5.0 2.7 15.8 52.75 14.4 62.6 2.80 2.88 2.739 4.914 8.428 8.00 15.15 2.050 3.94 8.05 14.27 7.03 4.04 39.0 22.45 66.14 5.38 6.76 7.2 9.75 5.81 11.2 11.45 24.83 24.42 28.18
1-Butene cis-2-Butene Isobutene 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Butanal
220.0 296.0 288.7 293.2 293.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 296.0 293.2 298.2
2.2195 1.960 2.1225 4.74 9.14 8.68 6.245 4.1 7.74 9.30 7.15 21.20 13.45
6-144
a
b
c
Range/K
0.11803E+03 0.25877E+01 0.77503E+02 0.11602E+02
-0.58000E+00 -0.93019E-03 -0.37984E-01 -0.19580E-01
0.81001E-03 0.38472E-05 -0.23107E-03
254-318 171-293 288-343 273-318
0.14667E+02 0.66607E+01
-0.32660E-01 0.31310E-01
0.25000E-04 -0.87500E-04
293-333 303-343
-0.19492E+02 0.17719E+02 0.40429E+02 0.39745E+01
0.29806E+00 -0.59022E-01 -0.21441E+00 -0.51331E-02
-0.69284E-03 0.54780E-04 0.32634E-03
223-273 204-296 213-298 273-298
0.17724E+03
-0.54654E+00
0.54046E-03
236-351
0.13636E+01 0.32941E+01
0.12864E-01 -0.19019E-02
-0.22701E-04
188-277 253-293
0.12672E+02 0.34299E+02 0.27674E+01
-0.14075E-01 -0.66444E-01 -0.26738E-02
-0.62671E-05
293-357 288-333 185-265
0.43974E+02 0.11968E+02 0.46907E+01
-0.15712E+00 -0.16500E-01 -0.22302E-02
0.19264E-03
220-317 303-333 278-348
0.15940E+03
-0.39530E+00
0.26284E-03
273-333
0.15627E+02 0.36001E+01
-0.19600E-01 0.72500E-02
303-333 303-343
0.22449E+02 0.53884E+02 0.52554E+02 0.11054E+03
-0.36250E-01 -0.99257E-01 -0.96000E-01 -0.47945E+00
303-343 293-333 293-313
0.29354E+01 0.28802E+01 0.33701E+01 0.11199E+03 0.34031E+02 0.20944E+02 0.23849E+02
-0.32580E-02 -0.31064E-02 -0.43295E-02 -0.63334E+00 -0.13254E+00 -0.55620E-01 -0.96300E-01
0.91250E-03 0.16250E-03 0.50000E-04 0.12500E-03
220-250 197-296 220-289 293-333 293-333 303-333 293-333
0.31925E+02 0.59766E+01 0.39429E+02
-0.13232E+00 0.49300E-01 -0.20028E+00
0.17007E-03 -0.12500E-03 0.30917E-03
293-356 308-338 165-296
0.68182E-03
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2
Name 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethyl methyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine tert-Butyl nitrite Propyl carbamate Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine
T/K 293.2 295.2 287.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 296.2 293.2 303.2 283.2 298.2 273.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 283.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 338.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 295.0 295.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 296.7 293.2 293.2 293.2 393.2 293.2 288.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 18.56 7.52 2.98 2.58 6.92 6.0814 6.200 2.2189 37.7 31.5 2.985 12.95 7.315 8.64 7.70 10.98 7.276 8.564 7.027 9.663 6.27 7.873 6.65 8.30 170.0 135.0 38.85 3.4 7.42 11.47 12.06 21.10 96.6 13.10 1.7697 1.7518 17.84 17.26 17.93 12.47 4.2666 22.4 28.8 31.9 13.38 7.30 28.61 31.82 15.6 28.2 29.2 5.204 5.645 4.961 5.475 5.723 4.71 3.680 25.75
6-145
a
b
c
Range/K
0.15457E+02 0.30739E+02 0.15010E+01
0.90152E-01 -0.12946E+00 0.50046E-02
-0.27100E-03 0.17195E-03
293-333 224-295 287-403
0.15646E+02 0.12798E+02 0.27299E+01
-0.44066E-01 -0.22540E-01 -0.17440E-02
0.39137E-04
293-433 293-333 293-313
0.22542E+02 0.18461E+02 0.37558E+02 0.35085E+02 0.13565E+02 0.30376E+02 0.14945E+02 0.35077E+02 0.16493E+02 0.10883E+02 0.76780E+01 0.38191E+02
-0.79306E-01 -0.32933E-01 -0.20571E+00 -0.14075E+00 -0.10161E-01 -0.11377E+00 -0.33747E-01 -0.12867E+00 -0.50262E-01 -0.14680E-02 0.69900E-02 -0.15462E+00
0.89867E-04 0.35496E-03 0.19960E-03 -0.38750E-04 0.13429E-03 0.23036E-04 0.14304E-03 0.52485E-04 -0.30000E-04 -0.37500E-04 0.17941E-03
183-363 274-328 112-273 258-293 273-323 273-323 273-323 273-323 293-323 293-323 283-323 274-333
0.74494E+03 0.15420E+03
-0.31400E+01 -0.57506E+00
0.36131E-02 0.61911E-03
213-353 294-433
0.24356E+02 0.11477E+03 0.37016E+03
-0.36400E-01 -0.47568E+00 -0.13113E+01
0.54127E-03 0.13214E-02
338-378 298-373 298-348
0.22379E+01 0.23295E+01 0.10578E+03 0.13850E+03 0.10762E+03 0.22541E+03 0.79725E+01 0.63702E+02 0.72883E+02 0.13079E+03
-0.13884E-02 -0.19953E-02 -0.50587E+00 -0.75146E+00 -0.51398E+00 -0.14990E+01 -0.12519E-01 -0.13807E+00 -0.14770E+00 -0.46985E+00
-0.66711E-06 0.14197E-06 0.84733E-03 0.14086E-02 0.83702E-03 0.34050E-02
0.46320E-03
135-303 115-303 193-553 172-533 173-533 298-503 283-301 278-323 278-323 288-328
0.48832E+02 0.13128E+03 0.13973E+03
-0.24218E+00 -0.52719E+00 -0.54725E+00
0.34413E-03 0.60465E-03 0.61149E-03
256-318 253-333 288-343
0.11201E+02 0.10866E+02
-0.20767E-01 -0.17993E-01
273-318 273-318
0.10597E+02
-0.17500E-01
283-313
0.13322E+02 0.26462E+02 0.73435E+02
-0.44176E-01 -0.13750E+00 -0.21377E+00
0.50250E-04 0.20373E-03 0.17500E-03
223-333 243-323 273-323
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H12O2Si C4H12O3Si C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Si C4H13N3 C5FeO5 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4F8O C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7Cl3O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H9BrO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
Name Dimethoxydimethylsilane Trimethoxymethylsilane Tetramethyl silicate Diethylsilane Tetramethylsilane Diethylenetriamine Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol Furfural Pyridine Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol Propyl trichloroacetate Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,3-Pentadiene* 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate Isobutyl chlorocarbonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile Isobutyl isocyanate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate
T/K 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 343.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 263.2 298.2 294.0 293.2 295.0 298.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 294.4 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 3.663 4.9 6.0 2.544 1.921 12.62 2.602 23.18 27.32 15.30 42.1 13.260 35.94 2.76 16.85 8.32 31.62 2.319 2.054 2.098 2.083 13.58 6.05 6.6645 6.32 26.524 9.82 9.4 9.1 11.95 10.19 9.51 20.04 21.1 11.638 32.55 2.011 2.180 1.979 1.9687 1.933 4.39 9.05 9.14 6.89 9.92 18.5 10.00 9.051 15.45 17.00 10.37 5.66 6.97 2.661 6.10 6.41 5.62 5.76
6-146
a
b
c
Range/K
0.57840E+02
-0.23873E+00
0.28841E-03
213-333
0.73391E+02 0.98702E+02
-0.23678E+00 -0.34237E+00
0.22930E-03 0.34502E-03
298-398 298-398
0.43991E+02 0.20878E+02
-0.15150E+00 0.16450E+00
0.15925E-03 -0.35269E-03
293-323 343-398
0.29994E+01 0.28170E+01 0.28177E+01 0.24083E+02 0.47827E+02
-0.34578E-02 -0.23147E-02 -0.27597E-02 -0.30286E-01 -0.24394E+00
0.85300E-06 -0.43975E-06 0.89346E-06 -0.16802E-04 0.35000E-03
178-294 198-293 171-319 219-298 303-343
0.32098E+02
-0.14568E+00
0.20000E-03
303-343
0.26470E+02
-0.76656E-01
0.67888E-04
293-433
0.25965E+02 0.21951E+02 0.17127E+02 0.55793E+02 0.58418E+02 0.38026E+02
-0.46250E-01 -0.38750E-01 -0.25000E-01 -0.15750E+00 -0.16884E+00 -0.12714E+00
0.12432E-03 0.14131E-03 0.12679E-03
303-343 303-343 303-343 183-333 293-453 293-353
-0.11438E+01
0.25420E-01
-0.50000E-04
273-293
0.26064E+01 0.24287E+01
-0.19578E-02 -0.15304E-02
-0.53908E-06 -0.13095E-06
225-296 278-313
0.26443E+02 0.38192E+02 0.19016E+02
-0.88640E-01 -0.15648E+00 -0.57954E-01
0.10000E-03 0.20000E-03 0.56801E-04
293-333 303-333 293-356
0.10565E+03
-0.44244E+00
0.48657E-03
258-323
0.18645E+02 0.40893E+02 0.12690E+02 0.30695E+02 0.19793E+02
-0.32395E-01 -0.10423E+00 0.95177E-01 -0.10962E+00 -0.76071E-01
-0.16157E-05 0.60557E-04 -0.27321E-03 0.13810E-03 0.94852E-04
280-333 204-353 233-353 293-328 234-333
0.33491E+01 0.21532E+02
-0.75156E-02 -0.84106E-01
0.17820E-04 0.10952E-03
250-344 288-323
0.17677E+02
-0.61404E-01
0.69196E-04
253-353
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2S C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O4 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S4 C5H13N C5H13N3 C5H14OSi C6F6 C6F14 C6H3N3O7 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrNO2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2
Methyl butanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 3-Methyl sulfolane Diethyl carbonate Ethyl lactate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 3-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Diethylformamide 2-Pentanone oxime Pentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 1,2-Pentanediol 1,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2,3-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanediol Diethoxymethane Tetramethoxymethane Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Tetrakis(methylthio)methane Pentylamine 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine Ethoxytrimethylsilane Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene
301.2 303.2 298.2 297.2 303.2 242.2 298.2 299.2 298.2 291.5 293.2 292.0 222.75 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 296.8 295.7 293.2 296.9 294.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 328.2 293.2 293.2
ε 5.48 13.48 29.4 2.820 15.4 38.57 9.21 6.31 8.37 6.33 6.654 6.10 12.31 3.931 5.78 7.432 5.6 8.192 4.33 32.2 20.13 29.6 3.3 7.21 1.8371 1.845 1.769 23.10 15.13 13.71 13.35 15.63 15.63 5.78 12.1 8.35 17.31 26.74 26.2 17.37 24.69 2.527 2.40 40.0 4.847 5.087 2.818 4.27 11.5 3.013 2.029 1.76 4.0 4.72 4.85 2.60 20.2 7.86 4.81
6-147
a
b
c
Range/K
0.38604E+02
-0.19171E+00
0.27128E-03
301-343
0.53158E+02
-0.93730E-01
0.47275E-04
298-398
0.31225E+02 0.10653E+03
-0.43531E-01 -0.26439E+00
-0.28571E-04 -0.62371E-04
273-373 215-242
0.20954E+02
-0.78743E-01
0.98908E-04
183-328
0.27743E+02 0.18626E+02 0.22228E+02 0.55104E+02
-0.13927E+00 -0.54719E-01 -0.93189E-01 -0.29866E+00
0.22627E-03 0.47143E-04 0.12991E-03 0.47840E-03
123-292 273-323 171-297 201-223
0.15753E+02
-0.50543E-01
0.56401E-04
293-323
0.82317E+01
-0.11229E-01
-0.71429E-05
293-333
0.10400E+03
-0.46017E+00
0.60000E-03
298-328
0.22384E+01 0.10949E+02
-0.12985E-02 -0.63057E-01
-0.16182E-06 0.10835E-03
143-293 251-296
0.73397E+02 0.16437E+03 0.12838E+03 0.14020E+02 0.79733E+02 0.11662E+03
-0.28165E+00 -0.86506E+00 -0.60980E+00 0.13948E+00 -0.31272E+00 -0.69756E+00
0.28427E-03 0.11955E-02 0.75000E-03 -0.45000E-03 0.32014E-03 0.10920E-02
213-513 273-323 288-318 288-318 173-513 268-318
0.92350E+02 0.18436E+03 0.13568E+03 0.11858E+03 0.95876E+02 0.11914E+03 0.25294E+01
-0.41870E+00 -0.10682E+01 -0.59198E+00 -0.45920E+00 -0.46463E+00 -0.52569E+00 0.73988E-04
0.50000E-03 0.17037E-02 0.75398E-03 0.49341E-03 0.67434E-03 0.69607E-03 -0.28331E-06
333-373 197-297 193-318 243-343 238-297 224-294 227-293
0.71131E+01 0.15116E+02
-0.30228E-02 -0.50700E-01
-0.16414E-04 0.56250E-04
273-333 273-333
0.11274E+02
-0.34965E-01
0.37706E-04
223-353
0.24041E+01
-0.83086E-03
-0.14286E-05
298-338
0.81413E+02 -0.81849E-02 0.93214E+01
-0.27645E+00 0.62671E-01 -0.20273E-01
0.27367E-03 -0.12222E-03 0.16667E-04
328-413 293-353 293-353
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H4Br2 C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FI C6H4FI C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2O4 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO2S C6H5ClS C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NOS C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H9Cl3O2
Name p-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 1,3-Dinitrobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Benzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzenethiol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene N-Sulfinylaniline Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene m-Bromoaniline o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine 1,4-Cyclohexanedione Butyl trichloroacetate
T/K 368.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 298.2 298.2 301.2 301.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 303.2 323.2 353.2 365.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 314.2 323.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 323.2 373.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.0 398.0 428.0 303.2 388.2 393.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.0 293.0 323.2 318.2 184.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 308.2 351.2 293.2
ε 2.57 6.10 4.96 3.34 37.7 20.9 8.09 10.12 5.02 2.3943 8.22 3.12 13.38 5.01 5.41 4.11 2.88 93.77 20.54 5.23 22.9 5.45 5.6895 7.40 6.255 11.18 28.90 3.59 5.465 4.59 6.97 35.6 16.50 35.45 42.20 2.2825 13.0 13.40 13.3 47.3 35.6 78.5 12.40 17.57 13.55 4.26 7.06 10.18 11.10 12.2 36.4 28.26 2.68 2.211 7.15 2.436 2.653 4.40 7.480
6-148
a
b
c
Range/K
0.16800E+03 0.77193E+02
-0.59708E+00 -0.25118E+00
0.59957E-03 0.23798E-03
323-436 323-433
0.13629E+02 0.77565E+01 0.26999E+01
0.10622E-02 -0.93333E-02 -0.35325E-03
-0.44444E-04 -0.26880E-14 -0.17619E-05
293-353 293-353 328-363
0.59107E+02 0.14448E+02 0.31150E+02
-0.23611E+00 -0.46982E-01 -0.14428E+00
0.27987E-03 0.51948E-04 0.20000E-03
273-323 273-323 323-353
0.45596E+03 0.60484E+02 0.12533E+02 0.10406E+03 0.94100E+01 0.19471E+02 0.29755E+02
-0.17746E+01 -0.17280E+00 -0.30115E-01 -0.34133E+00 -0.12537E-01 -0.70786E-01 -0.11256E+00
0.19105E-02 0.15218E-03 0.26674E-04 0.32609E-03 -0.31127E-05 0.82466E-04 0.12390E-03
303-398 323-398 353-398 365-413 234-333 293-430 296-448
0.31997E+02 0.83886E+02
-0.94241E-01 -0.23405E+00
0.88392E-04 0.19713E-03
314-453 323-473
0.89442E+01
-0.20008E-01
0.17641E-04
243-323
0.11212E+03 0.33827E+02 0.18967E+03 0.22901E+03 0.26706E+01
-0.35211E+00 -0.62123E-01 -0.66144E+00 -0.74264E+00 -0.91648E-03
0.31128E-03 0.26774E-04 0.66532E-03 0.68006E-03 -0.14257E-05
279-533 323-453 373-458 393-463 293-513
0.18900E+03 0.20352E+03 0.48673E+03 0.63391E+02 0.74930E+02 0.30252E+02 0.57155E+01 0.89534E+01 0.34560E+02 0.19643E+03 0.33765E+02 0.11705E+03 0.59851E+02
-0.56977E+00 -0.66582E+00 -0.15040E+01 -0.24988E+00 -0.22142E+00 -0.56443E-01 -0.70336E-02 0.38990E-02 -0.11980E+00 -0.11167E+01 -0.10113E+00 -0.35301E+00 -0.12682E+00
0.47484E-03 0.61310E-03 0.12857E-02 0.26930E-03 0.18919E-03 0.35578E-04 0.73617E-05 -0.36310E-04 0.12500E-03 0.16667E-02 0.93860E-04 0.32000E-03 0.86622E-04
353-468 398-468 428-468 303-433 388-463 393-463 303-358 293-413 293-333 303-333 274-333 323-398 318-398
0.27459E+01
-0.16975E-02
-0.36461E-06
232-356
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Br C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3
Name Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene* 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Butoxyacetylene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Monomethyl glutarate Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Bromocyclohexane Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Cyclohexanone oxime 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,6-Dibromohexane 3,4-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dichlorohexane 1-Methylcyclopentanol Isobutyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Ethylbutanoic acid tert-Butylacetic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
T/K 293.2 293.2 294.0 297.0 297.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 293.0 273.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 290.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 298.2 295.2 362.2 294.0 295.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 310.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 296.2 296.2 292.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 298.2 303.2
ε 7.667 22.68 2.125 2.163 2.123 2.422 2.426 2.599 2.102 2.621 2.2176 6.62 16.1 15.6 5.4 5.68 14.0 18.30 8.37 8.266 7.19 7.7 8.0026 8.57 8.55 7.9505 17.26 17.5 3.04 2.077 1.978 2.069 1.954 2.0243 1.9853 1.965 8.52 6.732 8.60 7.11 3.34 14.56 13.11 12.73 16.40 2.600 2.72 2.85 5.7 5.44 5.07 5.135 5.672 5.068 5.249 5.18 4.992 18.2 7.567
6-149
a
b
c
Range/K
0.69830E+02 0.30014E+01 0.27284E+01 0.26774E+01
-0.25303E+00 -0.28668E-02 -0.17178E-02 -0.16977E-02
0.31491E-03 -0.31026E-06 -0.62926E-06 -0.55637E-06
201-293 151-294 234-351 232-353
0.51328E+01 0.26258E+01 0.58591E+01 0.30598E+01
-0.12774E-01 -0.17990E-02 -0.17099E-01 -0.39841E-02
0.14215E-04 0.12035E-06 0.20856E-04 0.37554E-05
198-323 223-323 184-296 141-313
0.41577E+02
-0.11463E+00
0.92454E-04
253-423
0.40962E+02
-0.20520E+00
0.29286E-03
303-343
0.16779E+02 0.21938E+02 0.13551E+02 0.25093E+02
-0.39839E-01 -0.66226E-01 -0.23109E-01 -0.95171E-01
0.38095E-04 0.66800E-04 0.55440E-05 0.12224E-03
293-363 293-368 293-433 223-290
0.49005E+02 0.77044E+02
-0.23193E+00 -0.40784E+00
0.32500E-03 0.60000E-03
303-333 303-333
0.31476E+01 0.24338E+01 0.30691E+01
-0.50003E-02 -0.11323E-02 -0.45458E-02
0.46673E-05 -0.13720E-05 0.39898E-05
149-294 157-295 155-296
0.24293E+01 0.21587E+01
-0.12095E-02 -0.22450E-03
-0.58741E-06 -0.12500E-05
283-333 293-323
-0.55185E+01
0.11746E+00
-0.23658E-03
274-328
0.11277E+02 0.75444E+02 0.48060E+01 0.70378E+02 0.36341E+02 0.66857E+02 0.10173E+03 0.21730E+01
0.67200E-02 -0.36617E+00 -0.50000E-02 -0.29385E+00 -0.97119E-01 -0.28552E+00 -0.43072E+00 0.14840E-02
-0.50000E-04 0.47021E-03 -0.41495E-14 0.35289E-03 0.61896E-04 0.34422E-03 0.47926E-03 -0.16526E-06
308-338 310-333 293-323 243-293 204-373 243-293 293-423 298-433
0.29257E+02 0.13825E+02 0.12427E+02 0.55435E+02 0.14323E+02
-0.14028E+00 -0.43994E-01 -0.32035E-01 -0.30494E+00 -0.46048E-01
0.20000E-03 0.48214E-04 0.24286E-04 0.46107E-03 0.49286E-04
288-323 253-353 273-323 273-323 273-323
0.48698E+02
-0.25660E+00
0.37237E-03
301-343
0.23290E+02
-0.71566E-01
0.65000E-04
303-323
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13ClO C6H13I C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2S C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15OP C6H15O4P C6H15PS C6H16O2Si C6H16Si C6H18N3OP C6H18N4 C6H18OSi2 C6H18O3Si3 C6H19NSi2 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3Cl5 C7H4ClNO C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5FO C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H6ClNO2
Name Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Propylpropanamide N-Butylacetamide N,N-Diethylacetamide Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Dipropyl sulfone 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol D-Glucitol D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol Triethylborane Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylphosphine oxide Triethyl phosphate Triethylphosphine sulfide Diethoxydimethylsilane Triethylsilane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane Hexamethyldisilazane Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl fluoride (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isocyanate 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene
T/K
ε
298.2 298.2 293.2 242.2 293.3 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 362.2 293.2 297.0 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 285.3 298.2 293.2 353.2 443.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 371.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
5.420 5.82 6.104 21.6 5.35 4.547 118.1 104.0 32.1 1.8865 1.886 1.886 1.869 1.889 13.03 11.06 9.66 15.2 4.322 6.19 10.5 3.38 3.805 30.37 25.86 3.90 32.62 31.5 7.23 23.69 35.5 24.6 4.436 1.974 4.08 2.923 2.418 35.5 13.20 39.0 3.216 2.323 31.3 10.76
293.2 343.2 294.2 298.2 289.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 301.2
2.179 2.139 2.273 1.82 1.847 4.8 3.177 21.33 23.0 22.7 9.22 25.9 8.940 28.07
6-150
a
b
c
Range/K
0.15233E+02 0.15994E+02 -0.73364E+01 0.16685E+02
-0.44385E-01 -0.43647E-01 0.46377E+00 -0.61309E-01
0.43039E-04 0.33393E-04 -0.14202E-02 0.77262E-04
274-328 273-323 195-242 293-323
0.58846E+03 0.70739E+03
-0.22012E+01 -0.37369E+01
0.20870E-02 0.71585E-02
298-328 253-493
0.19768E+01 0.20745E+01 0.24739E+01 0.22740E+01 0.24305E+01 0.62744E+02
0.70933E-03 0.50871E-03 -0.23190E-02 -0.96229E-03 -0.20081E-02 -0.24214E+00
-0.34470E-05 -0.39286E-05 0.10714E-05 -0.14286E-05 0.53571E-06 0.24704E-03
293-473 273-323 273-323 273-313 273-323 233-513
0.14054E+03 0.14600E+02
-0.72925E+00 -0.72670E-01
0.97821E-03 0.11742E-03
243-393 161-297
0.84868E+02 0.14531E+03 0.99099E+01 0.70195E+02 0.26127E+03 0.28291E+02 0.91845E+02
-0.23486E+00 -0.65285E+00 -0.33403E-01 -0.15008E+00 -0.14552E+01 -0.11236E+00 -0.33827E+00
0.18198E-03 0.83503E-03 0.44048E-04 0.86506E-04 0.22765E-02 0.14000E-03 0.36062E-03
303-373 203-333 223-303 303-398 261-285 298-333 253-333
0.11774E+02
-0.37298E-01
0.41875E-04
273-333
0.80244E+01 0.11376E+02 0.29205E+01
-0.16627E-01 -0.49796E-01 -0.14007E-02
0.10874E-04 0.71792E-04 -0.13469E-05
253-373 243-323 233-323
0.61230E+02
-0.26047E+00
0.33333E-03
298-333
0.95666E+02 0.50699E+02
-0.29769E+00 -0.21730E+00
0.26407E-03 0.27582E-03
283-363 213-333
0.34537E+01
-0.61530E-02
0.61544E-05
213-313
0.23358E+01
0.16127E-02
-0.62078E-05
294-333
0.40896E+01 0.84231E+02
-0.31667E-02 -0.31089E+00
0.32857E-03
288-348 283-313
0.57605E+02 0.17541E+02
-0.13354E+00 -0.29790E-01
0.87767E-04 0.15476E-05
273-453 293-353
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO2S C7H7ClO3S C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7I C7H7N C7H7N C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2S C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8O2S C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO
Name 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Bromoanisole p-Bromoanisole o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Chloroanisole p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene p-Iodotoluene 2-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine Benzyl nitrite o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrothioanisole 2-Nitroanisole 3-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Methyl phenyl sulfone Benzenemethanethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol (Methylthio)benzene Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide o-Methoxyaniline m-Methoxyaniline
T/K 301.2 301.2 301.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 314.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 303.2 331.2 346.0 293.2 318.2 338.2 296.35 298.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 333.7 293.2 373.2 298.2 323.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2
ε 5.68 3.36 9.39 6.9 17.85 18.35 4.641 5.566 5.503 6.658 8.96 7.40 4.721 5.763 6.25 6.854 7.84 22.6 27.2 4.23 5.41 5.88 4.4 9.126 10.50 7.78 26.26 24.95 22.2 21.7 45.75 25.7 26.95 2.379 6.76 12.44 13.05 11.916 4.30 11.95 11.59 11.05 6.18 37.9 4.705 4.74 4.88 5.18 6.138 5.816 5.058 5.96 8.33 10.98 9.60 7.33 46.11 5.230 8.76
6-151
a
b
c
Range/K
0.35046E+02 0.51315E+02 0.10229E+02 0.11522E+02 0.10014E+02 0.18482E+02 0.12023E+02 0.74367E+01 0.11507E+02 0.13921E+02 0.20265E+01 0.17108E+02 0.64019E+01
-0.61271E-01 -0.15379E+00 -0.25050E-01 -0.24946E-01 -0.13918E-01 -0.57207E-01 -0.59116E-02 0.12648E-01 -0.31148E-01 -0.37186E-01 0.40060E-01 -0.45285E-01 0.30560E-01
0.16222E-04 0.14111E-03 0.20357E-04 0.15714E-04 -0.50000E-05 0.57321E-04 -0.13787E-04 -0.42128E-04 0.27143E-04 0.31786E-04 -0.87500E-04 0.35000E-04 -0.87500E-04
301-346 289-453 273-323 273-323 273-293 273-323 303-358 303-358 273-323 273-323 293-333 273-323 293-333
0.10420E+03 0.62492E+02
-0.41726E+00 -0.16235E+00
0.51607E-03 0.12844E-03
273-323 303-403
0.16684E+03 0.65402E+02 0.59811E+02 0.32584E+01 0.21633E+02 0.81716E+02 0.70253E+02 0.13661E+03 0.10887E+02 0.31751E+02 0.37279E+02 0.39483E+02
-0.58196E+00 -0.16460E+00 -0.10955E+00 -0.34410E-02 -0.71069E-01 -0.35039E+00 -0.28870E+00 -0.72127E+00 -0.32372E-01 -0.88173E-01 -0.12113E+00 -0.12142E+00
0.57382E-03 0.12560E-03 0.36042E-04 0.15937E-05 0.70590E-04 0.39878E-03 0.31979E-03 0.10225E-02 0.33629E-04 0.72953E-04 0.11698E-03 0.10841E-03
293-423 318-443 338-443 207-316 298-453 274-463 298-453 303-333 294-413 291-448 298-433 334-453
0.16628E+02 0.87052E+01 0.21841E+02
-0.68276E-01 -0.15347E-01 -0.97630E-01
0.94636E-04 0.95238E-05 0.13750E-03
298-358 323-358 303-343
0.10988E+02 0.13477E+02 0.78897E+01
-0.18976E-01 -0.35551E-01 -0.10196E-01
0.91958E-05 0.33135E-04 0.51190E-05
298-398 298-398 333-403
0.36397E+02 -0.73831E+01 0.25895E+02 0.17714E+02 0.22765E+03 0.79911E+01 0.28179E+02
-0.15070E+00 0.14326E+00 -0.73900E-01 -0.39080E-01 -0.90760E+00 -0.92183E-02 -0.97840E-01
0.18750E-03 -0.27500E-03 0.62500E-04 0.12500E-04 0.10011E-02 0.37879E-06 0.11027E-03
293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 298-398 303-393 289-393
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O5 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Cl2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16
Name p-Methoxyaniline 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine Isopentyl trichloroacetate 1,6-Heptadiene Cycloheptene Cycloheptanone 2-Methylcyclohexanone 3-Methylcyclohexanone 4-Methylcyclohexanone Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Cyclohexyl formate Butyl acrylate Monomethyl adipate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 1-Heptene 2-Methyl-2-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-pentene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dichloroheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Cyclohexanemethanol 2-Methylcyclohexanol* 3-Methylcyclohexanol* 4-Methylcyclohexanol* Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 4-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 2-Chloroheptane 3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane 3-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane
T/K 333.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 295.0 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 295.2 295.2 293.2 295.2 295.2 295.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.3
ε 7.85 7.3 7.287 2.161 2.265 13.16 14.0 12.4 12.35 2.67 6.47 5.25 6.69 7.550 7.87 9.80 2.092 2.962 2.051 2.0784 2.024 3.77 5.08 4.70 8.34 9.07 11.95 12.7 12.60 13.53 9.70 9.375 13.79 13.45 3.04 4.79 4.72 4.838 4.3 4.71 4.71 4.615 5.255 6.46 6.81 5.521 6.52 6.70 6.54 4.92 6.39 1.9209 1.9221 1.920 1.942 1.915 1.929 1.902 1.9419
6-152
a
b
c
Range/K
0.30149E+02
-0.10523E+00
0.11467E-03
333-453
0.30815E+01 0.32309E+01 0.17511E+03
-0.36095E-02 -0.42373E-02 -0.11221E+01
0.16354E-05 0.32572E-05 0.19417E-02
184-293 227-363 258-298
0.38296E+02 0.11962E+02 0.14809E+02 0.20697E+02 0.28321E+02 0.21755E+01
-0.19109E+00 -0.23973E-01 -0.31207E-01 -0.57794E-01 -0.89073E-01 0.13896E-02
0.27006E-03 0.20608E-04 0.24066E-04 0.48405E-04 0.86891E-04 -0.57049E-05
301-343 293-433 304-393 293-433 258-374 273-323
0.25136E+01
-0.15089E-02
0.84915E-07
278-333
0.38348E+02
-0.12531E+00
0.12005E-03
253-413
0.41520E+02 0.52353E+02 0.10164E+03 0.17315E+03 0.65896E+02 0.65021E+02 0.36423E+01 0.12091E+02
-0.13839E+00 -0.17695E+00 -0.45839E+00 -0.98794E+00 -0.21954E+00 -0.22896E+00 -0.31996E-02 -0.36536E-01
0.13497E-03 0.15195E-03 0.54762E-03 0.14634E-02 0.14107E-03 0.17946E-03 0.39362E-05 0.39732E-04
253-393 293-333 333-368 273-323 273-323 273-323 288-423 253-353
0.15289E+02
-0.50621E-01
0.57753E-04
203-343
0.14279E+02
-0.39431E-01
0.32321E-04
273-323
0.11856E+02
-0.33493E-01
0.34368E-04
294-323
0.24740E+01 0.24759E+01 0.27089E+01 0.23771E+01 0.23414E+01 0.25637E+01 0.23979E+01 0.24007E+01
-0.22577E-02 -0.22535E-02 -0.37908E-02 -0.15140E-02 -0.14362E-02 -0.26328E-02 -0.17436E-02 -0.16802E-02
0.12428E-05 0.12500E-05 0.37500E-05 0.10093E-06 -0.51322E-07 0.16071E-05 0.17857E-06 0.36069E-06
273-373 293-323 273-323 163-363 153-353 273-323 273-323 291-322
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O3 C7H16S C7H17N C7H18O3Si C8H4F6 C8H6 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C8H6O C8H7N C8H7NO2 C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9BrO C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O
Name 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl isopentyl ether Triethoxymethane 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine Triethoxymethylsilane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Phenylacetylene 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene Phenoxyacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Benzyl formate Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol 1-Phenylethanol Phenetole
T/K
ε
293.2 293.2 293.7 296.1 296.2 297.0 297.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 293.2
1.930 11.75 9.72 7.07 6.18 3.257 4.990 3.248 3.158 6.020 3.6 3.955 4.779 4.194 3.81 3.845 5.98 2.98 2.58 8.0
293.2
5.4
298.2 299.2 333.2 300.1 293.2 298.2 353.2 303.2 298.2 302.7 298.2 303.2 314.4 298.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 273.4 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 303.2 338.2 313.2 333.2 323.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
4.76 17.87 10.26 27.76 2.4737 17.44 3.47 6.34 5.403 6.642 21.33 22.0 8.80 5.55 5.56 5.42 7.04 4.36 5.18 5.16 21.9 21.9 8.95 2.4463 2.562 2.359 2.2735 4.81 5.060 5.36 4.90 9.02 9.06 12.31 8.77 4.216
6-153
a
b
c
Range/K
0.60662E+02 0.10050E+03 0.19586E+03 0.28995E+03
-0.24049E+00 -0.49793E+00 -0.11465E+01 -0.18499E+01
0.25155E-03 0.64504E-03 0.17175E-02 0.30109E-02
239-513 207-365 248-349 270-301
0.59724E+02
-0.32417E+00
0.47058E-03
244-372
0.37318E+02
-0.17095E+00
0.22022E-03
283-393
0.66541E+01
-0.55450E-02
-0.12500E-04
293-323
0.71333E+01 0.87794E+01
-0.97320E-02 -0.24363E-01
-0.12500E-05 0.25325E-04
273-333 253-373
0.82175E+02 0.20780E+02
-0.37416E+00 -0.31571E-01
0.53220E-03
299-343 333-403
0.44473E+01 0.26099E+02 0.24104E+01 0.26162E+02 0.11327E+02 0.17486E+02 0.42286E+02
-0.11422E-01 0.64048E-02 0.30000E-02 -0.11026E+00 -0.26707E-01 -0.51027E-01 -0.69215E-01
0.16000E-04 -0.11905E-03 0.14787E-03 0.22938E-04 0.50222E-04 -0.35714E-05
293-313 298-333 353-393 303-358 298-404 303-393 298-368
0.20501E+02
-0.39045E-01
0.68298E-05
223-398
0.23146E+02
-0.75753E-01
0.77778E-04
313-358
0.35969E+01 0.36163E+01 0.28421E+01 0.23140E+01 0.14399E+02 0.22125E+02 0.18049E+02 0.12284E+02 0.54423E+02 0.54251E+02 0.12170E+03 0.32971E+02 -0.15043E+02
-0.53169E-02 -0.40177E-02 -0.10191E-02 0.97221E-03 -0.41438E-01 -0.85543E-01 -0.54991E-01 -0.32996E-01 -0.21153E+00 -0.21647E+00 -0.63124E+00 -0.12042E+00 0.13752E+00
0.47500E-05 0.14286E-05 -0.21429E-05 -0.37500E-05 0.39244E-04 0.96548E-04 0.51656E-04 0.29867E-04 0.22508E-03 0.23542E-03 0.87776E-03 0.12809E-03 -0.24500E-03
293-323 273-323 273-323 293-363 343-433 303-363 338-455 313-453 333-453 323-453 278-333 293-423 293-313
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2S C8H10S C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12N2O2 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16Br2 C8H16Cl2 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H17Br C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H17NO2 C8H18
2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene Ethyl phenyl sulfone (Ethylthio)benzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 4-Ethoxyaniline Hexamethylene diisocyanate Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate 1,7-Octadiene cis-Cyclooctene 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Cyclohexyl acetate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Diisopropyl oxalate Diethyl succinate Dimethyl adipate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 3-Methyl-2-heptene* 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene Cyclooctane 1,8-Dibromooctane 1,8-Dichlorooctane 2-Octanone 3-Octanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isopentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Propyl pentanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Isopentyl lactate 1-Bromooctane 2-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 2-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane 1-Nitrooctane Octane
293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 333.7 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 288.2 298.2 296.2 293.0 296.0 296.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 295.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 298.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 3.502 3.967 3.914 4.45 5.363 5.60 39.0 4.95 4.84 5.87 4.90 7.807 7.43 14.41 7.560 6.56 2.186 2.306 2.144 2.182 4.87 5.08 12.8 13.6 6.403 6.098 6.84 13.90 2.113 2.062 2.002 2.053 2.004 2.436 2.431 2.0908 2.116 7.43 7.64 9.51 10.50 2.85 2.64 4.42 4.552 5.21 4.39 4.0 4.45 4.355 11.2 5.0957 5.44 5.05 5.42 3.89 4.67 11.46 1.948
6-154
a
b
c
Range/K
0.50825E+01 0.12830E+02 0.86608E+01 0.74604E+01 0.11911E+02 0.11289E+02
-0.62297E-02 -0.49701E-01 -0.23510E-01 -0.13445E-01 -0.30804E-01 -0.20765E-01
0.28571E-05 0.66429E-04 0.25000E-04 0.10737E-04 0.29643E-04 0.11987E-04
293-333 293-333 293-333 293-443 298-358 334-463
0.84052E+01 0.20990E+02
-0.13549E-01 -0.57419E-01
0.62835E-05 0.44286E-04
289-453 298-358
0.26715E+02 0.13953E+02
-0.42696E-01 -0.21969E-01
0.17817E-05
288-403 298-343
0.28376E+01 0.31115E+01 0.26443E+01 0.29951E+01
-0.17442E-02 -0.32058E-02 -0.17973E-02 -0.34615E-02
-0.16141E-05 0.16713E-05 0.35815E-06 0.24026E-05
214-293 269-406 211-374 213-373
0.10709E+02 0.80213E+01 0.11739E+02
-0.16328E-01 0.11810E-02 -0.17281E-01
0.56000E-05 -0.26400E-04 0.11447E-05
293-368 293-343 293-433
0.24348E+01
0.34200E-03
-0.50000E-05
273-323
0.25036E+01 0.94117E+00
-0.12460E-02 0.61520E-01
-0.23175E-06 -0.13333E-03
295-411 298-328
-0.16219E+02
0.18799E+00
-0.34156E-03
293-333
0.29391E+01
-0.38721E-03
0.17665E+02 0.79684E+01
-0.71718E-01 -0.12000E-01
0.95635E-04 0.15266E-13
273-373 298-318
0.11007E+02
-0.32800E-01
0.35714E-04
253-353
0.48649E+02 0.12404E+02
-0.21253E+00 -0.35050E-01
0.27619E-03 0.34542E-04
273-373 283-353
0.11346E+02
-0.25120E-01
0.13450E-04
274-328
0.12452E+02
-0.41229E-01
0.50108E-04
233-313
0.22590E+01
-0.84212E-03
-0.75758E-06
233-393
288-423
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18OS C8H18O2 C8H18O2S C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C8H20Sn C8H23N5 C8H24O4Si4 C9H6N2O2 C9H6O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8O C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10
Name 2-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 2-Methyl-1-heptanol 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 4-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfoxide 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Dibutyl sulfone Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tetraethylenepentamine Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one Quinoline Isoquinoline Cinnamaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 1-Propenylbenzene Allylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene
T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.95 293.2 292.1 291.49 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.1 290.3 290.6 290.4 290.3 292.2 289.6 290.0 278.5 290.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.3 290.0 296.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 305.8 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 1.9519 1.9617 1.9498 1.9619 1.9645 1.9814 1.9869 1.960 1.943 1.9780 1.9738 10.30 8.13 5.55 4.48 5.16 2.884 4.63 7.68 10.54 3.43 7.47 3.59 7.5 6.41 3.260 3.013 3.312 3.832 4.992 3.338 7.46 2.902 7.58 4.50 3.0830 24.73 18.73 25.72 7.62 20.44 3.949 4.29 3.58 2.765 2.50 2.090 2.241 9.40 2.390 8.433 34.04 9.16 11.0 17.72 6.55 2.73 2.63 2.28
6-155
a
b
c
Range/K
0.25821E+01
-0.26804E-02
0.19404E-05
294-324
0.26849E+01 0.25983E+01
-0.33712E-02 -0.28027E-02
0.32949E-05 0.24195E-05
292-324 292-324
0.23677E+01
-0.14768E-02
0.94261E-07
173-373
0.51647E+02 0.63760E+02 0.12505E+03 0.51049E+02 0.61698E+02 0.84687E+01 0.48612E+02 0.54581E+02 0.57997E+02
-0.20371E+00 -0.27643E+00 -0.70646E+00 -0.26664E+00 -0.33647E+00 -0.33712E-01 -0.26773E+00 -0.24772E+00 -0.23517E+00
0.21320E-03 0.31075E-03 0.10245E-02 0.37280E-03 0.49066E-03 0.49793E-04 0.39972E-03 0.29734E-03 0.24663E-03
258-513 213-513 223-383 243-403 236-328 241-316 237-332 235-328 265-328
0.39178E+02 0.39715E+02 0.68568E+02 0.77520E+02 -0.59739E+01 -0.38440E+01 -0.48003E+01 0.61967E+01 0.23037E+02 0.42102E+00 0.33354E+02
-0.17976E+00 -0.23115E+00 -0.40706E+00 -0.41724E+00 0.56700E-01 0.42327E-01 0.50740E-01 -0.63750E-02 -0.98029E-01 0.10427E-01 -0.14077E+00
0.24218E-03 0.36771E-03 0.67433E-03 0.59448E-03 -0.83125E-04 -0.61250E-04 -0.75000E-04 0.12479E-03 -0.20438E-05 0.17750E-03
229-329 240-333 230-279 239-329 343-403 343-403 343-403 343-383 283-383 230-333 230-330
0.86074E+02 0.91244E+01 0.65383E+01 0.67156E+02 0.57919E+02 0.66248E+02
-0.42636E+00 -0.21785E-01 -0.16172E-01 -0.16448E+00 -0.17128E+00 -0.16417E+00
0.55078E-03 0.21018E-04 0.14969E-04 0.92275E-04 0.12949E-03 0.12001E-03
208-318 283-393 293-314 313-393 233-333 323-398
0.83547E+02 0.63667E+01
-0.31691E+00 -0.87920E-02
0.34689E-03 0.18750E-05
253-333 273-333
0.77931E+01 0.52504E+01
-0.20015E-01 -0.10538E-01
0.19347E-04 0.71485E-05
273-373 243-323
0.40553E+02 0.36286E+01 0.22174E+02 0.11311E+03 0.33432E+02 0.14412E+03 0.41837E+02 0.69994E+01
-0.16681E+00 -0.56885E-02 -0.66982E-01 -0.33804E+00 -0.13497E+00 -0.79935E+00 -0.11060E+00 -0.14553E-02
0.20659E-03 0.50874E-05 0.68571E-04 0.31324E-03 0.17788E-03 0.11839E-02 0.10401E-03
213-333 296-333 293-353 343-423 258-323 298-323 306-354 333-416
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H10OS C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H11Br C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O2S C9H12S C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14OSi C9H14O6 C9H14Si C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18Br2 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19Br C9H19Cl C9H19NO C9H20
Name 4-Acetylthioanisole Ethyl benzoate Methyl 4-methylbenzoate Benzyl acetate Phenyl propanoate 4-Acetylanisole Ethyl salicylate Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate (3-Bromopropyl)benzene N-Ethylbenzamide N,N-Dimethylbenzamide Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzenepropanol α-Ethylbenzenemethanol α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenyl-2-propanol Benzyl ethyl ether 2,6-Dimethylanisole 3,5-Dimethylanisole Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Benzenepropanethiol Benzylethylamine N-Propylaniline 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Trimethylphenoxysilane Triacetin Trimethylphenylsilane 2-Nonenoic acid Cyclohexyl propanoate Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 1,9-Dibromononane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Di-tert-butyl ketone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Ethylheptanoic acid Heptyl acetate Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate 1-Bromononane 1-Chlorononane N,N-Dibutylformamide Nonane
T/K 355.2 293.2 306.2 303.2 293.2 313.2 308.2 294.2 302.2 352.7 318.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.6 298.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 295.2 293.2 287.65 293.2 294.9 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 11.34 6.20 4.3 5.34 4.77 17.3 8.48 7.7 5.41 42.6 20.77 4.14 2.370 2.381 2.595 2.365 2.265 2.656 2.377 2.279 11.97 6.68 5.61 9.35 3.90 3.780 3.711 6.40 4.36 4.3 5.48 3.4 3.9 3.3953 7.11 2.3533 2.5 4.82 4.64 6.659 12.08 2.180 7.153 9.14 10.6 10.0 9.91 2.475 2.39 1.98 4.2 4.08 4.0 3.8 4.101 4.74 4.803 18.4 1.9722
6-156
a
b
c
Range/K
0.18216E+02
-0.62361E-01
0.72884E-04
288-343
0.11727E+02
-0.30869E-01
0.32340E-04
303-358
0.18910E+02
-0.35623E-01
0.46529E-05
225-321
0.11360E+02 -0.20109E+03 0.76725E+02
-0.27471E-01 0.17866E+01 -0.26908E+00
0.25775E-04 -0.31065E-02 0.29409E-03
302-358 353-389 318-443
0.26933E+01 0.31149E+01
0.21679E-03 -0.30801E-02
-0.44643E-05 0.19643E-05
273-323 273-323
0.76006E+01 0.31517E+01 0.38998E+01 0.94482E+02 0.44520E+02 0.57072E+01 0.10762E+03
-0.29118E-01 -0.30634E-02 -0.88072E-02 -0.45540E+00 -0.21505E+00 0.86568E-02 -0.56026E+00
0.41786E-04 0.14286E-05 0.11149E-04 0.59307E-03 0.29443E-03 -0.29580E-04 0.76915E-03
273-323 273-323 288-358 213-303 233-373 303-373 233-373
0.76700E+01 0.54981E+01
-0.18298E-01 -0.56651E-02
0.17143E-04 -0.14286E-05
293-333 293-333
0.82411E+01
-0.15034E-01
0.73617E-05
303-358
0.17819E+02 0.21463E+01
-0.53656E-01 0.32711E-02
0.57759E-04 -0.86264E-05
219-304 288-323
0.22710E+01 0.18931E+02
0.15797E-02 -0.57764E-01
-0.64286E-05 0.60000E-04
273-323 293-343
0.33178E+02 0.25039E+01
-0.11290E+00 0.67274E-03
0.11454E-03 -0.24180E-05
273-393 295-365
0.59029E+01
-0.49905E-02
-0.34292E-05
301-343
0.79870E+01 0.95528E+01
-0.10488E-01 -0.16200E-01
-0.13450E-05 -0.16365E-13
274-328 293-323
0.23894E+01
-0.14830E-02
0.14881E-06
253-393
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H21B C9H21N C9H21N C9H21O4P C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14N2 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16
Name
T/K
2-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,4-Dimethylheptane 2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Tripropylborane Nonylamine Tripropylamine Tripropyl phosphate 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 4-Ethylstyrene Dicyclopentadiene Tetrahydro-2-naphthol* 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Benzyl propanoate Phenyl butanoate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene L-Nicotine 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol N,N-Diethylaniline γ-Terpinene d-Limonene l-Limonene
293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.8 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 363.2 373.0 413.0 333.2 393.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 328.9 293.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 297.2 303.0 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 356.0 293.2 298.2 293.2 333.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 298.2
ε 1.967 1.967 1.89 1.89 1.987 14.29 8.83 6.66 4.49 3.69 3.54 2.026 3.42 2.380 10.93 4.768 5.04 19.68 2.54 5.03 4.95 5.20 5.26 7.24 9.31 8.48 6.58 5.31 8.66 2.771 3.350 2.43 11.70 10.68 9.55 4.93 5.11 4.48 5.78 5.320 2.359 2.357 2.359 2.318 2.2322 2.594 2.369 2.259 2.275 2.538 2.223 8.937 5.71 3.734 4.259 5.15 2.2738 2.3746 2.3738
6-157
a
b
c
Range/K
0.52820E+02 0.97467E+02 0.10136E+03 0.55214E+02 0.27954E+01 -0.25463E+01
-0.18790E+00 -0.51103E+00 -0.55612E+00 -0.31920E+00 0.30000E-02 0.35320E-01
0.19580E-03 0.71429E-03 0.80000E-03 0.50000E-03 -0.52375E-13 -0.50000E-04
205-411 288-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308
0.53575E+01 0.33380E+01 0.33166E+02 0.10561E+02 0.84861E+01 0.36267E+02
-0.71982E-02 -0.86332E-02 -0.10514E+00 -0.27671E-01 -0.12357E-01 -0.41283E-01
0.19481E-05 0.18322E-04 0.10000E-03 0.27655E-04 0.26899E-05 -0.25595E-04
293-373 243-293 293-373 293-323 274-328 333-403
0.16489E+02 0.92865E+01 0.10577E+02 0.19722E+02 0.11688E+02 0.17788E+02 0.21696E+02 0.19356E+02 0.19579E+02
-0.46700E-01 -0.10500E-01 -0.22114E-01 -0.60679E-01 -0.78400E-02 -0.32580E-01 -0.63400E-01 -0.61900E-01 -0.69970E-01
0.42857E-04 0.42501E-15 0.17857E-04 0.60714E-04 -0.25000E-04 0.12500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.80889E-04
373-453 413-453 333-453 393-473 293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 329-371
0.29172E+01
0.12832E-02
-0.59453E-05
298-343
0.30564E+01 0.98978E+02
-0.20000E-02 -0.48267E+00
0.82443E-15 0.63008E-03
313-373 293-363
0.52377E+02
-0.24380E+00
0.33333E-03
273-323
0.42301E+01
0.13962E-01
-0.36426E-04
303-358
0.10927E+02
-0.20535E-01
0.11745E-04
303-358
0.28348E+01 0.27924E+01 0.28055E+01 0.25266E+01
-0.68586E-03 -0.38350E-03 -0.92614E-03 -0.25121E-03
-0.32143E-05 -0.37500E-05 -0.25000E-05 -0.24867E-05
273-323 273-323 273-323 277-333
0.33822E+01 0.26834E+01 0.21347E+02 0.21922E+02
-0.33630E-02 -0.10327E-02 -0.57177E-01 -0.84231E-01
0.17475E-05 -0.73533E-06 0.50655E-04 0.99475E-04
273-412 356-430 293-363 298-423
0.50773E+01
0.15399E-01
-0.50000E-04
303-328
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H17Cl C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20Br2 C10H20Cl2 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21NO C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22OS C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H10 C11H10 C11H10O C11H10O C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2
Name Terpinolene α-Pinene β-Pinene α-Terpinene β-Myrcene Carvenone d-Fenchone 2-Chlorobornane Pinane cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Eucalyptol Cyclohexyl butanoate Diethyl adipate 1-Decene cis-5-Decene trans-5-Decene 5-Methyl-4-nonene 2,4,6-Trimethyl-3-heptene 1,10-Dibromodecane 1,10-Dichlorodecane 2-Decanone Menthol 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Methylheptyl acetate Pentyl pentanoate Isopentyl pentanoate Isopentyl isopentanoate Methyl nonanoate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane N,N-Dibutylacetamide Decane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 4-Propylheptane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Dipentyl sulfoxide Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 1-Methoxynaphthalene 2-Methoxynaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate Benzyl butanoate Phenyl pentanoate Butyl benzoate
T/K 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 294.2 368.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 308.2 287.2 309.3 296.2 288.2 288.2 305.6 292.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 353.2 293.2 303.2 301.2 293.2 303.2
ε 2.2918 2.1787 2.4970 2.4526 2.3 18.8 12.8 5.21 2.1456 2.219 2.184 4.57 4.58 6.109 2.136 2.071 2.030 2.175 2.293 6.56 6.68 8.3 3.90 2.8 4.18 4.27 4.076 3.6 4.39 3.943 4.44 4.581 19.1 1.9853 1.98 1.9955 7.93 5.82 4.05 3.42 3.24 7.86 2.798 2.817 18.8 7.68 3.826 3.31 2.370 2.50 2.915 2.747 4.020 3.563 5.63 13.50 4.55 4.30 5.52
6-158
a
b
c
Range/K
0.25410E+01 0.26615E+01
-0.11420E-02 -0.21241E-02
0.15092E-06 0.16864E-05
293-373 293-373
0.14824E+02 0.19091E+01
-0.40749E-01 0.33442E-02
0.37600E-04 -0.87500E-05
293-343 273-323
0.17350E+02 -0.57423E+01
-0.50328E-01 0.94220E-01
0.48633E-04 -0.17500E-03
303-368 308-338
0.68202E+01
-0.15894E-01
0.20837E-04
309-358
-0.34691E+01 0.23285E+02 0.77641E+01
0.58106E-01 -0.11538E+00 -0.14335E-01
-0.10952E-03 0.17143E-03 0.73740E-05
288-323 288-323 306-393
0.14698E+02
-0.57726E-01
0.76190E-04
288-323
0.11202E+02 0.68741E+01
-0.33491E-01 -0.12210E-02
0.36314E-04 -0.22500E-04
274-328 293-323
0.24054E+01
-0.15445E-02
0.44643E-06
253-393
0.47195E+02 0.13621E+03 0.52090E+02 -0.11260E+02 -0.25832E+01 0.69536E+02
-0.20740E+00 -0.81000E+00 -0.31020E+00 0.93960E-01 0.31456E-01 -0.34596E+00
0.24942E-03 0.12500E-02 0.50000E-03 -0.15000E-03 -0.40000E-04 0.46250E-03
293-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308 293-333
0.44690E+01
-0.63710E-02
0.25000E-05
293-323
0.61497E+01
-0.12801E-01
0.10606E-04
293-373
0.45126E+01
-0.76480E-02
0.75000E-05
293-333
0.71885E+01 0.56702E+01
-0.14838E-01 -0.69754E-02
0.13750E-04 0.28571E-05
293-333 353-373
0.93644E+01
0.74280E-01
-0.20000E-03
303-323
0.77854E+01
-0.34972E-02
-0.13149E-04
303-358
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H23Br C11H24 C11H24O C11H25N C12F27N C12H8O C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10OS C12H10O2S C12H10S C12H11N C12H11NO C12H12 C12H12O C12H14O2 C12H14O4 C12H16O C12H16O C12H16O2 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H22O C12H22O C12H22O6 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H25I C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H28O4Si C12H28Sn C12H30OSi2 C13H10O C13H10O3 C13H12
Isobutyl benzoate 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 1-Undecene 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Pentyl hexanoate 1-Bromoundecane Undecane 1-Undecanol Undecylamine Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Dibenzofuran Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfoxide Diphenyl sulfone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine N-1-Naphthylenylacetamide 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1-Ethoxynaphthalene Propyl cinnamate Diethyl phthalate 2-Cyclohexylphenol 4-Cyclohexylphenol Pentyl benzoate Pentyl salicylate Isopentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide Hexylbenzene 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene l-Bornyl acetate Dicyclohexyl ether Cyclododecanone Dibutyl tartrate 1-Dodecene Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate Methyl undecanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane 1-Iodododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 2-Butyl-1-octanol Tributyl borate Dodecylamine Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylstannane Hexaethyldisiloxane Benzophenone Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane
291.2 293.2 334.0 293.2 285.3 293.2 288.2 272.6 293.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 373.2 348.2 311.2 283.2 333.2 344.7 406.2 298.2 323.2 433.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 404.2 293.2 301.2 293.12 298.2 293.2 293.2 449.0 303.2 293.2 303.2 314.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 363.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 300.2 290.2 303.2
ε 5.39 2.264 2.358 2.137 8.3 3.87 4.22 4.61 1.9972 5.98 3.25 2.15 3.00 2.53 5.2 3.726 13.03 16.6 21.1 5.43 3.73 24.3 2.7250 3.3 5.45 7.86 3.97 4.42 5.07 6.25 7.26 11.66 2.3 2.256 2.172 4.46 3.45 11.4 9.4 2.152 3.75 3.75 3.671 4.07 4.17 3.91 2.0120 5.82 3.28 2.23 3.07 2.340 8.34 3.21 2.267 2.259 12.62 6.92 2.540
6-159
a
b
c
Range/K
0.30196E+01 0.22132E+01
-0.22619E-02 0.13121E-02
0.83831E-06 -0.53571E-05
334-413 273-323
0.83503E+01
-0.18449E-01
0.14286E-04
288-323
0.23637E+01
-0.12500E-02
-0.85869E-16
283-363
0.54945E+01
-0.96161E-02
0.66017E-05
293-373
0.26869E+01
0.63072E-03
-0.30995E-05
348-428
0.14538E+03
-0.73040E+00
0.10000E-02
333-363
0.84739E+02
-0.12391E+00
-0.35714E-04
433-533
0.13129E+02
-0.19190E-01
-0.36060E-05
225-397
0.35710E+01 0.60791E+01 0.95324E+01 0.39327E+02
-0.46912E-02 0.98200E-02 -0.31740E-01 -0.13248E+00
0.35088E-05 -0.50000E-04 0.37500E-04 0.13298E-03
449-489 303-323 293-333 303-423
0.22581E+01
0.11106E-02
-0.50000E-05
273-323
0.70969E+01
-0.15080E-01
0.12500E-04
293-353
0.86103E+01 0.10002E+02 0.34641E+01 0.23697E+01 0.18518E+02
-0.20891E-01 -0.27798E-01 0.97404E-02 -0.12200E-02 -0.44859E-01
0.18994E-04 0.27559E-04 -0.27602E-04 -0.36375E-16 0.99900E-05
274-328 274-328 293-323 283-363 303-358
0.27999E+01 0.19846E+01 0.26304E+02
0.44810E-02 0.28108E-02 -0.88480E-01
-0.11905E-04 -0.54545E-05 0.92857E-04
303-373 233-293 293-373
0.36559E+01 0.34130E+02 0.26545E+02 0.30638E+01
-0.72406E-02 -0.10249E+00 -0.11180E+00 -0.17286E-02
0.85714E-05 0.10268E-03 0.15220E-03
298-333 300-420 290-358 303-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C13H12O C13H18O2 C13H20 C13H20O C13H20O C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H27Br C13H28 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H15N C14H16O2Si C14H18O2 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H26O4 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H29Br C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C15H12O4 C15H26O6 C15H30O2 C15H31Br C15H32 C15H32O C15H33N C15H33N C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br C16H33I C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C16H36Sn C17H12O3 C17H34O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H26O4 C18H28O2
Benzyl phenyl ether Hexyl benzoate Heptylbenzene α-Ionone* β-Ionone* Diethyl nonanedioate 1-Tridecene 7-Tridecanone Ethyl undecanoate Methyl dodecanoate 1-Bromotridecane Tridecane 5-Butylnonane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Dibenzylamine Dimethyldiphenoxysilane Pentyl cinnamate Octylbenzene Diisobutyl adipate Diethyl sebacate Dodecyl acetate Ethyl laurate Methyl tridecanoate 1-Bromotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Tributyrin Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Bromopentadecane Pentadecane 1-Pentadecanol Pentadecylamine Triisopentylamine Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid Ethyl myristate Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane 1-Iodohexadecane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Tetrabutylstannane 2-Naphthyl salicylate 9-Heptadecanone Methyl palmitate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol Dipentyl phthalate Phenyl laurate
313.2 293.2 293.2 292.4 297.65 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 281.15 293.2 293.2 333.2 502.0 383.2 368.2 303.2 301.2 331.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 318.2 312.55 384.2 282.8 293.2 293.35 293.2 333.2 313.25 294.2 293.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 328.35 293.2 293.0 328.2 313.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2
ε 3.748 4.80 2.26 10.78 11.66 5.133 2.139 7.6 3.55 3.539 4.19 2.0213 2.0319 4.02 2.649 2.72 13.04 5.26 4.12 2.47 3.821 3.446 3.500 4.89 2.26 5.19 4.995 3.6 3.94 3.442 3.84 2.0343 4.42 2.90 4.33 5.72 3.352 3.88 2.0391 3.70 2.85 2.29 6.58 2.417 3.50 3.296 3.68 3.57 2.0460 3.69 2.71 9.74 6.30 5.43 3.124 2.0578 3.41 6.00 3.28
6-160
a
b
c
Range/K
0.14154E+01
0.66514E-02
-0.14286E-04
273-323
0.23731E+01
-0.12000E-02
-0.21841E-15
283-363
0.20571E+02
-0.69169E-01
0.66667E-04
502-516
-0.23599E+02 0.76856E+01
0.22715E+00 -0.80000E-02
-0.34667E-03 -0.80361E-15
368-393 303-358
0.31178E+01 0.80154E+01
-0.21572E-02 -0.20536E-01
0.59800E-06 0.21250E-04
331-451 293-333
0.51669E+01
-0.77001E-02
0.70156E-05
283-353
0.39143E+02
-0.20965E+00
0.32000E-03
303-313
0.10058E+02 0.23832E+01 0.12272E+02
-0.33905E-01 -0.11900E-02 -0.24667E-01
0.43528E-04 -0.51229E-16 -0.13168E-13
274-328 283-363 318-358
0.13152E+02
-0.36684E-01
0.36795E-04
199-283
0.23792E+01
-0.11600E-02
-0.71069E-16
283-363
0.12444E+02
-0.20000E-01
0.52642E+01
-0.60000E-02
-0.47358E-15
293-353
0.58668E+01 0.79531E+01 0.23861E+01 0.85935E+01
-0.73333E-02 -0.22859E-01 -0.11600E-02 -0.14714E-01
-0.52666E-14 0.26955E-04 0.25555E-15 -0.45533E-13
298-328 293-323 293-363 333-363
0.56115E+02 0.11229E+02 0.44176E+02
-0.24812E+00 -0.18857E-01 -0.21183E+00
0.30682E-03 0.70332E-05 0.28571E-03
293-313 293-353 328-363
0.23627E+01
-0.10400E-02
-0.10397E-12
293-308
293-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C18H30O2 C18H30O4 C18H32O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H37Br C18H38O C18H39BO3 C18H39N C19H16 C19H18O3Si C19H32O2 C19H34O2 C19H36O2 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H30O4 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H42O C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H38O6 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C22H46O C24H20O4Si C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C27H50O6 C30H58O4 C30H62 C30H62 C34H66O4 C34H68O2 C38H74O4 C39H74O6 C51H98O6 C57H104O6 C57H104O6 C57H110O6
Name Linolenic acid Dicyclohexyl adipate Linoleic acid Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Hexadecyl acetate Ethyl palmitate Methyl heptadecanoate 1-Bromooctadecane 1-Octadecanol Trihexyl borate Octadecylamine Triphenylmethane Methyltriphenoxysilane Methyl linolenate Methyl linoleate Methyl oleate 10-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Dihexyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Octadecyl acetate Ethyl stearate Methyl nonadecanoate 1-Eicosanol Didecyl ether Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tricresyl phosphate* 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Docosane 1-Docosanol Tetraphenoxysilane Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate Triacontane 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane Ethylene glycol dipalmitate Hexadecyl stearate Ethylene glycol distearate Glycerol trilaurate Glycerol tripalmitate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol tristearate
T/K
ε
293.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 303.2 313.2 303.35 333.2 293.2 326.35 367.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 308.2 313.2 313.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 333.2 293.2 299.2 293.2 343.2 373.2 373.2
2.825 4.84 2.754 2.336 4.54 2.314 3.19 3.07 3.07 3.53 3.38 2.22 2.67 2.46 3.628 3.355 3.466 3.211 5.37 3.021 2.0706 5.62 3.17 3.07 2.958 2.982 3.13 2.644 2.645 6.7 4.476 4.00 3.120 2.0840 2.94 3.4915 5.22 4.01 3.931 2.98 1.9112 1.9106
348.2 333.2 353.2 313.2 328.2 293.2 313.2 353.2
2.89 2.61 2.79 3.287 2.901 3.109 2.980 2.740
6-161
a
b
c
Range/K
0.33867E+01
-0.19181E-02
274-368
0.32073E+01 0.25385E+01
-0.15477E-02 -0.69448E-03
275-368 275-368
0.27159E+01 0.47310E+01 0.57938E+01
-0.13300E-02 -0.50000E-02 -0.12294E-01
0.41338E-14 0.10919E-04
293-373 308-348 303-455
0.46790E+01 0.73784E+01
-0.30355E-02 -0.12000E-01
-0.24798E-05 -0.22871E-13
303-332 333-363
0.40201E+01
-0.66507E-02
0.65329E-05
367-448
0.57033E+01 0.44569E+01 0.70930E+01
-0.11223E-01 -0.45000E-02 -0.19081E-01
0.93447E-05 0.33923E-14 0.19555E-04
301-423 308-348 331-440
0.21700E+01 0.41465E+01 0.57840E+01
0.12497E-01 -0.62240E-02 -0.16568E-01
-0.28571E-04 0.37500E-05 0.20000E-04
338-363 293-333 293-323
0.73894E+02
-0.46261E+00
0.75500E-03
298-343
0.82062E+01
-0.25069E-01
0.28571E-04
348-373
-0.29131E+01
0.32206E-01
-0.44154E-04
328-393
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES This table gives the relative permittivity ε (often called the dielectric constant) of some common gases at a temperature of 20°C and pressure of one atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Values of the permanent dipole moment µ in Debye Units (1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m) are also included. The density dependence of the permittivity is given by the equation 4π N α 4π N µ 2 ε –1 = ρm + ε+2 9 k T 3
where ρm is the molar density, N is Avogadro’s number, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and α is the molecular polarizability. Therefore, in regions where the gas can be considered ideal, ε – 1 is approximately proportional to the pressure at constant temperature. For nonpolar gases (µ = 0), ε –1 is inversely proportional to temperature at constant pressure. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values given. The values of ε for air, Ar, H2, He, N2, O2, and CO2 are recommended as reference values; these are accurate to 1 ppm or better. The second part of the table gives the permittivity of water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water as a function of temperature (derived from Reference 4). REFERENCE 1. A. A. Maryott and F. Buckley, Table of Dielectric Constants and Electric Dipole Moments of Substances in the Gaseous State, National Bureau of Standards Circular 537, 1953. 2. B. A. Younglove, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982; 16, 577, 1987 (for data on N2, H2, O2, and hydrocarbons over a range of pressure and temperature). 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group IV, Vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980 (for data at high pressures). 4. G. Birnbaum and S. K. Chatterjee, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 220, 1952 (for data on water vapor).
Mol. form.
ε
Name
µ/D
Compounds not containing carbon
Ar BF3 BrH ClH F3N F6S HI H2 H 2S H 3N He Kr NO N2 N 2O Ne O2 O 2S O3 Xe
Air (dry,CO2 free) Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen trifluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium Krypton Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Xenon
1.0005364 1.0005172 1.0011 1.00279 1.00390 1.0013 1.00200 1.00214 1.0002538 1.00344 1.00622 1.0000650 1.00078 1.00060 1.0005480 1.00104 1.00013 1.0004947 1.00825 1.0017 1.00126
0 0 0.827 1.109 0.235 0 0.448 0 0.97 1.471 0 0 0.159 0 0.161 0 0 1.633 0.534 0
1.00121 1.00065 1.000922
0 0.110 0
Compounds containing carbon CF4 CO CO2
Tetrafluoromethane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide
6-174
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
ε
µ/D
CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH4 C2H2 C2H3Cl C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H6 C2H6O C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10
Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Methane Acetylene Chloroethylene Ethylene Chloroethane Ethane Dimethyl ether Propene Cyclopropane Propane Butane Isobutane
1.01028 1.01080 1.00973 1.00914 1.00081 1.00124 1.0075 1.00134 1.01325 1.00140 1.0062 1.00228 1.00178 1.00200 1.00258 1.00260
1.822 1.892 1.858 1.62 0 0 1.45 0 2.05 0 1.30 0.366 0 0.084 0 0.132
PERMITTIVITY OF SATURATED WATER VAPOR t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50
t/°C
ε 1.00007 1.00012 1.00022 1.00037 1.00060 1.00095
60 70 80 90 100
6-175
ε 1.00144 1.00213 1.00305 1.00428 1.00587
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES Liquid mixtures having an extremum (maximum or minimum) vapor pressure at constant temperature, as a function of composition, are called azeotropic mixtures, or simply azeotropes. Mixtures that do not show a maximum or minimum are called zeotropic. Azeotropes in which the pressure is a maximum are often called positive azeotropes, while pressure-minimum azeotropes are called negative azeotropes. The coordinates of an azeotropic point are the azeotropic temperature taz, pressure Paz , and liquid-phase composition, usually expressed as mole fractions. At the azeotropic point, the vapor-phase composition is the same as the liquid-phase composition. This table gives azeotropic data for a number of binary mixtures at normal atmospheric pressure (Paz =101.3 kPa). Component 1 of each mixture is given in bold face. The temperature taz and mole fraction x1 of component 1 are listed for each choice of component 2. The components are arranged in a modified Hill order, with substances that do not contain carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Horsley, L.H., Azeotropic Data, III, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1973.
Molecular formula
CHCl3 CH2O2 CH3NO2 CS2 C2H3N C2H5NO2 C2H6O C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H5N C5H11N C5H12 C6H5Cl C6H6 C6H6O C6H10 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C8H18O C9H20 C12H27N CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH4O C2H3N C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H10O CS2 CS2 C3H6O
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Name Water H2O Trichloromethane Formic acid Nitromethane Carbon disulfide Acetonitrile Nitroethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate 1-Butanol 2-Butanol Pyridine Piperidine Pentane Chlorobenzene Benzene Phenol Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Hexane Toluene Heptane 1,3-Dimethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Octane Dibutyl ether Nonane Tributylamine Tetrachloromethane CCl4 Formic acid Nitromethane Methanol Acetonitrile Ethanol Acetone 1-Propanol 1-Butanol Formic acid CH2O2 Carbon disulfide Nitromethane CH3NO2 Carbon disulfide Methanol CH4O Acetone
taz/°C
x1
56.1 107.2 83.6 42.6 76.5 87.2 78.2 70.4 92.7 87 93.6 92.8 34.6 90.2 69.3 99.5 70.8 69.5 61.6 84.1 79.2 92 92 89.6 92.9 94.8 99.7
0.160 0.427 0.511 0.109 0.307 0.624 0.096 0.312 0.753 0.601 0.755 0.718 0.054 0.712 0.295 0.981 0.308 0.300 0.221 0.444 0.452 0.767 0.744 0.673 0.781 0.970 0.976
66.7 71.3 55.7 65.1 65.0 56.1 73.4 76.6
0.569 0.660 0.445 0.566 0.615 0.047 0.820 0.951
42.6
0.253
41.2
0.845
55.5
0.198
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular formula C3H6O2 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12O C6H6 C6H12 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H8O2 C2H6O C7H8 C4H8O2 C5H5N C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C6H15N C7H8 C7H16 C8H10 C8H18 C9H20 C6H14 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C8H18 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18O C10H22 C5H12 C7H8 C6H14 C3H6O2 C5H10 C6H12 C5H12 C6H12
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Name Methyl acetate Cyclopentane Pentane tert-Butyl methyl ether Benzene Cyclohexane Toluene Heptane Octane Nonane Carbon disulfide CS2 Ethanol Acetone 1-Propanol Ethyl acetate Acetonitrile C2H3N Ethanol Toluene Acetic acid C2H4O2 1,4-Dioxane Pyridine Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Triethylamine Toluene Heptane Ethylbenzene Octane Nonane Iodoethane C2H5I Hexane Ethanol C2H6O Cyclopentane Pentane Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Toluene Octane Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 Toluene Heptane Dibutyl ether Decane Dimethyl sulfide C2H6S Pentane 1,2-Ethanediamine C2H8N2 Toluene Propanenitrile C3H5N Hexane Acetone C3H6O Methyl acetate Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Ethyl formate C3H6O2 Pentane Methyl acetate C3H6O2 Cyclohexane
taz/°C
x1
53.5 38.8 30.9 51.3 57.5 53.9 63.5 59.1 62.8 64.1
0.352 0.263 0.145 0.315 0.610 0.601 0.883 0.769 0.881 0.953
42.6 39.3 45.7 46.1
0.860 0.608 0.931 0.974
72.5 81.4
0.469 0.900
119.5 138.1 80.1 78.8 68.3 163 100.7 91.7 114.7 105.7 112.9
0.831 0.579 0.026 0.130 0.084 0.774 0.375 0.451 0.774 0.688 0.826
64.7
0.420
44.7 34.3 67.9 64.8 58.7 76.7 77
0.110 0.076 0.440 0.430 0.332 0.810 0.898
110.1 97.9 139.5 161
0.034 0.048 0.125 0.406
31.8
0.503
104
0.406
63.5
0.134
55.8 41 53
0.544 0.404 0.751
32.5
0.294
55.5
0.801
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular formula C6H14 C5H5N C7H16 C9H12 C3H8O C7H16 C4H8O2 C6H6 C6H12 C7H16 C4H11N C5H12 C6H12 C7H8 C6H12 C7H16 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H12 C6H14 C6H14 C4H9Cl C4H11N C6H6 C6H12 C7H16 C5H5N C6H5Cl C8H10 C4H9Br C6H14 C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H6 C6H12 C5H5N C6H5Cl C6H10 C7H8 C7H16 C8H10 C8H18O
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Name Hexane Propanoic acid C3H6O2 Pyridine Heptane Propylbenzene 1-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 1-Propanol Heptane 1-Propanol C3H8O 1,4-Dioxane Benzene Cyclohexane Heptane 2-Propanol C3H8O Butylamine Pentane Cyclohexane Toluene Ethyl methyl sulfide C3H8S Methylcyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 1-Propanethiol C3H8S Cyclohexane Hexane Diisopropyl ether Thiophene C4H4S Cyclohexane Hexane Butanal C4H8O Hexane 2-Butanone C4H8O 1-Chlorobutane Butylamine Benzene Cyclohexane Heptane Butanoic acid C4H8O2 Pyridine Chlorobenzene 1,2-Dimethylbenzene 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 1-Bromobutane Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 Hexane Methyl propanoate C4H8O2 1-Chlorobutane Propyl formate C4H8O2 1-Chlorobutane Benzene Cyclohexane 1-Butanol C4H10O Pyridine Chlorobenzene Cyclohexene Toluene Heptane 1,2-Dimethylbenzene Dibutyl ether
taz/°C
x1
51.8
0.642
148.6 97.8 139.5
0.686 0.027 0.830
97.0 96.6
0.061 0.149
95.3 77.1 74.7 84.6
0.642 0.209 0.241 0.470
74.7 35.5 69.4 80.6
0.646 0.071 0.397 0.773
65.6 66.4
0.664 0.908
67.8 64.4 65.9
0.978 0.557 0.714
77.9 68.5
0.412 0.114
60
0.296
77 74 78.3 71.8 77
0.440 0.353 0.460 0.438 0.764
163.2 131.8 143
0.912 0.035 0.118
98
0.580
65.2
0.394
76.8
0.392
76.1 78.5 75
0.392 0.440 0.469
118.6 115.3 82 105.5 93.9 116.8 117.7
0.704 0.659 0.055 0.324 0.229 0.811 0.892
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular formula C6H6 C7H16 C5H12 C6H6 C7H16 C5H12 C7H16 C9H12 C7H16 C9H12 C7H8 C6H10 C6H12 C6H7N C7H9N C9H12 C10H22 C9H12 C10H22O C12H26 C8H18 C8H10
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Name 2-Butanol C4H10O Benzene Heptane Diethyl ether C4H10O Pentane tert-Butyl alcohol C4H10O Benzene Heptane Methyl propyl ether C4H10O Pentane 2-Ethoxyethanol C4H10O2 Heptane Propylbenzene 2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 Heptane Propylbenzene Pyridine C5H5N Toluene Benzene C6H6 Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Phenol C6H6O 2-Methylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Decane Aniline C6H7N 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Dipentyl ether Dodecane 2-Methylpyridine C6H7N Octane Cyclohexanol C6H12O 1,2-Dimethylbenzene
taz/°C
x1
78.5 88.1
0.161 0.439
33.7
0.553
74.0 78
0.378 0.688
35.6
0.215
96.5 134.6
0.153 0.842
98.3 151.4
0.055 0.475
110.1
0.249
78.9 77.6
0.635 0.538
185.5 193.4 163.5 168
0.752 0.601 0.253 0.449
164.4 177.5 180.4
0.150 0.675 0.821
121.1
0.470
143
0.147
VISCOSITY OF GASES The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The notation P=0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. The difference between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is generally less than 1%. Viscosity is given in units of µPa s; note that 1 µPa s = 10–5 poise. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction).
Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 D2 H2O D2O He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14
Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P=0) Hydrogen (P=0) Deuterium (P=0) Water Deuterium oxide Helium (P=0) Krypton (P=0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen (P=0) Nitrous oxide Neon (P=0) Oxygen (P=0) Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P=0) Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chloroform Methane Methanol Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Propane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane
100 K
200 K
7.1 8.0
13.3 15.9 12.3
4.2 5.9
6.8 9.6
9.7 8.8
15.3 17.1 13.8 12.9 10.0 24.3 14.6 8.6 15.4 12.9 10.0
14.4 7.5 8.3 6.7
Viscosity in micropascal seconds (µPa s) 300 K 400 K 500 K
600 K
Ref.
18.6 22.9 17.1 14.6
23.1 28.8 21.7 19.7
27.1 34.2 26.1 24.3
30.8 39.0 30.2
1 2,8 13 13
7.0 6.4
10.4 10.4 9.5
19.8 10.9 15.4 13.3 13.7 24.4 33.1 23.8 22.2 19.4 38.9 26.1 17.5 30.7 22.1 19.7 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.5 13.6 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 9.2 8.6
23.9 12.7 17.9 17.3 17.7 28.4 39.8 28.0 26.1 23.6 45.0 30.8 21.7 37.6 25.8 24.0 16.9 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.5 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.3 12.3 12.4 11.4 10.8
27.7 14.4 20.3 21.4 22.0 32.3 45.9 31.9 29.6 27.4 50.8 35.1
7.7
15.3 9.0 12.6 10.0 11.1 20.0 25.6 19.2 17.9 15.0 32.1 20.8 12.9 23.2 17.8 15.0 10.2 11.2
10 4 11 6 7 8 8 13 12 13 8 12 13 8 13 9,10 13 10 13 13 3 5 13 5 5 5 13 13 13
8.3 7.5 7.6 7.6 6.7
44.0 29.1 28.0 20.1 19.4 19.6 19.1 17.3 17.0 15.8 14.6 14.6 13.4 12.8
REFERENCES 1. K. Kadoya, N. Matsunaga, and A. Nagashima, Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. B. A. Younglove and H. J. M. Hanley, The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. P. M. Holland, B. E. Eaton, and H. J. M. Hanley, A Correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983. 4. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
VISCOSITY OF GASES (continued) 6. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. N. Matsunaga and A. Nagashima, Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. J. Kestin, et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 299, 1984. 9. V. Vescovic, et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. R. D. Trengove and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 175, 1987. 11. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of normal deuterium in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 189, 1987. 12. W. A. Cole and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of nitrogen, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 209, 1985. 13. C. Y. Ho, Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Vol. V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS The absolute viscosity of some common liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100°C is given in this table. Values were derived by fitting experimental data to suitable expressions for the temperature dependence. The substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). All values are given in units of millipascal seconds (mPa s); this unit is identical to centipoise (cp). Viscosity values correspond to a nominal pressure of 1 atmosphere. If a value is given at a temperature above the normal boiling point, the applicable pressure is understood to be the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature. A few values are given at a temperature slightly below the normal freezing point; these refer to the supercooled liquid. The accuracy ranges from 1% in the best cases to 5 to 10% in the worst cases. Additional significant figures are included in the table to facilitate interpolation. REFERENCES 1. Viswanath, D. S. and Natarajan, G., Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Ho, C. Y., Ed., CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties, Vol. V-1, Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 4. Stephan, K. and Lucas, K., Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum Press, New York, 1979. 5. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975.
Molecular formula
Name
–25°C
0°C
Viscosity in mPa s 25°C
50°C
75°C
100°C
0.439 96.2 0.547 0.628 1.402
0.378 0.480 1.312
0.282 0.384 1.245
0.656
0.494
1.367 0.427
1.029
0.779
0.652
1.030
0.724
0.545
1.833 0.481
0.383
0.317
0.535 0.376 1.061
0.442
0.741
0.570
Compounds not containing carbon Br2 Cl3HSi Cl3P Cl4Si H2O H4N2 Hg NO2
Bromine Trichlorosilane Phosphorous trichloride Tetrachlorosilane Water Hydrazine Mercury Nitrogen dioxide
0.870
1.252 0.415 0.662 1.793
0.532
0.944 0.326 0.529 99.4 0.890 0.876 1.526 0.402
0.746
Compounds containing carbon CCl3F CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClF2
Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
0.740
0.988
0.539 1.321 0.429
1.948 0.727
0.706 0.235 1.320 0.533
1.311 1.258 0.319
0.594 7.114 0.875 0.793 0.231
1.465
0.945 1.114 0.703 3.761
0.786 0.522 3.660
0.575 0.398 2.200
0.477
0.376
6-170
0.421 0.908 0.352 1.857 0.537 0.183 0.980 0.413 1.607 0.469 3.343 0.630 0.544
0.656 0.844 0.545 2.254 0.808 0.445 0.317 1.437
0.481 0.663 0.444 1.491 0.571 0.261 1.006
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H7N C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2
Name Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile Acetone Allyl alcohol Propanal Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Furan Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Propyl formate Butanoic acid
–25°C
0°C
1.847
1.161 0.400
1.125
1.354 3.262
0.424 0.477 0.319 0.723 2.549 0.940 1.786
0.300
0.356 0.364 0.232
2.492
0.620 0.408 1.570
0.540
0.395
0.635 0.416
1.851 8.645
0.506 0.477 1.499 0.645 0.612 0.436 0.401 0.970 0.883 1.176 1.160 3.815 4.619 248 0.503 0.477
0.661
0.720 0.849
0.454 0.475 2.085 1.241 0.533 0.605 0.578 0.581 0.669 2.215
6-171
Viscosity in mPa s 25°C
50°C
75°C
100°C
0.428 0.234 0.837
0.661
0.447 0.599
0.464
0.368 0.793 0.369 1.595 0.464 0.779 1.056 0.325 0.374
0.294 0.578 0.284 1.116 0.362 0.576 0.786
0.556 1.678 0.688 1.074 1.987 16.1 0.284 0.287
0.444 1.155 0.526 0.694 1.290 6.554
0.365 0.824 0.415 0.476
0.606 0.337
3.340
1.975
21.1 0.471 0.314 1.073 0.294 0.306 1.218 0.321 0.380 0.364 1.030 0.489 0.458 0.334 0.303 0.703 0.653 0.794 0.798 1.945 2.038 40.4 934 0.385 0.357 0.376 0.325 0.361 1.225 0.843 0.553 0.405 0.456 1.177 0.423 0.431 0.485 1.426
8.560 0.373
3.935
1.998
0.781 0.240 0.247 0.759 0.249 0.300 0.284 0.749 0.387 0.359
0.597 0.202
0.474
0.569
0.449
0.541 0.506 0.624 0.589 1.107 1.028 11.3 152
0.436 0.407
0.363
0.460 0.685 0.576 4.770 39.8
0.374
0.505
2.750 14.8
0.280
0.828 0.614 0.418 0.315 0.359 0.787 0.325 0.333 0.370 0.982
0.612 0.472 0.330 0.249 0.569 0.259 0.266 0.293 0.714
0.377 0.268
0.542
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6F6 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O
Name 2-Methylpropanoic acid Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Furfural Pyridine 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Mesityl oxide 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Butyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine Hexafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone
–25°C
0°C 1.857
1.914
12.19
0.815 0.556 1.071
5.185
0.283 0.558 0.830 0.770
0.313
1.291
0.351 0.376 25.4
2.501 1.361 0.241 0.255 0.555 0.838 0.641 0.592 0.937 0.768 0.691 0.759 0.672 0.274 0.277 8.512
8.627 1.030
1.703
1.958 1.492 1.560 1.058
0.749 2.354 3.036
0.882
6-172
Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 1.226 0.973 0.606 0.422 0.704 1.956 2.021 2.544 3.096 4.312 0.224 30.200 0.422 0.574 0.571 0.319 1.587 0.879 0.195 0.203 0.413 0.602 0.470 0.444 0.644 0.544 0.501 0.541 0.488 1.573 0.224 0.214 3.619 3.470 4.149 4.453 3.692 0.702 2.789 1.324 1.044 1.074 0.753 3.589 0.550 1.554 1.863 0.604 3.316 3.847 13.0 0.625 2.017
50°C 0.863 6.280 0.912 0.471 0.329 0.512 1.279 1.247 1.394 1.332 1.421
75°C
100°C
0.639 3.818
0.492 2.559
0.379 0.261 0.896 0.850 0.833 0.698 0.678
0.661 0.627 0.533 0.419
11.130 0.331 0.409 0.367 0.239 109.5 1.143 0.637
4.917 0.267 0.298
2.505
28.7 0.906 0.497
9.100 0.772 0.409
0.321 0.465 0.362 0.345 0.472 0.406 0.380 0.406 0.373 0.958
0.381 0.289 0.276 0.362 0.316 0.299 0.318 0.296 0.649
0.326 0.238 0.227 0.289 0.255 0.242 0.257
1.820 1.447 1.473 1.963 1.842 0.493 1.730 0.962 0.787 0.798 0.575 1.835 4.041 0.423 1.117 1.262 0.436 1.913 3.437 2.029 4.553 0.467 1.321
1.035 0.761 0.727 1.031 1.031 0.356 1.151 0.739 0.628 0.627 0.456 1.131 0.338 0.854 0.918 0.335 1.248 1.784 1.247 1.850 0.364 0.919
0.474
0.646 0.465 0.436 0.612 0.631
0.593 0.525 0.512 0.369 0.786
0.683 0.704 0.887 1.099 0.850 0.848 0.671
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H5N C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N
Name Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Dipropyl ether 1-Hexanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethanolamine Benzonitrile o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole N-Methylaniline o-Methyl aniline m-Methyl aniline Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline
–25°C
0°C
0.927 0.441
0.653 0.326
1.300
0.840 1.002
28.7
6.621
0.405 0.372 0.395 0.542 0.455 0.751
1.390 1.165 1.165
0.778
4.120 10.3 8.180 0.991 0.441
0.757
0.523
1.050
0.872 1.084 0.795
1.996 3.981
6-173
Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 0.912 0.894 0.479 0.252 57.5 0.583 0.545 0.685 0.676 0.639 2.798 1.079 1.944 0.300 0.286 0.306 0.396 4.578 0.347 0.517 0.393 609 1.267 0.964 0.823 0.837 0.560 12.9 5.474 1.056 2.042 3.823 3.306 1.624 0.679 0.340 0.714 3.840 0.387 0.350 5.810 3.955 4.207 1.314 0.695 1.681 1.857 0.631 0.760 0.581 0.603 1.197 1.300 2.047
50°C
75°C
100°C
0.650 0.615 0.364 0.202 12.3 0.429 0.406 0.500 0.493 0.453 1.829 0.692 1.169 0.240 0.226
0.488 0.447
0.382
4.274 0.329
1.982 0.262
0.383 0.370
0.305 0.286
1.648 0.485 0.782
0.362 0.565
0.304 2.271 0.273 0.377 0.300 114 0.883 0.710 0.616 0.621 0.424 3.035 4.417 2.760 0.747 1.222 1.936 1.679 1.080 0.501 0.273 0.407 2.282 0.301
0.242 1.270 0.221 0.288 0.237 31.5 0.662 0.547 0.482 0.483 0.333 1.562 2.093 1.618 0.554 0.825 1.198 1.014 0.769 0.390 0.226 0.297 1.488 0.243
2.603 1.799 1.957 1.695 0.865 0.507
1.389 0.987 0.976 0.882 0.600 0.390
0.849 0.615 0.584 0.539 0.434 0.310 0.634
0.482 0.561 0.445 0.457 0.817 0.911 1.231
1.102 0.380 0.432 0.353 0.359 0.594 0.675 0.825
0.815 0.304 0.345 0.289 0.290 0.453 0.523 0.596
0.781 0.228 11.7 0.524 0.437 0.391 0.390 0.270 0.961 1.207 1.055 0.427 0.606 0.839 0.699 0.577 0.316
1.041
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12 C9H14O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20O C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H26 C13H12 C13H28 C14H30 C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38
Name Ethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid Octane 1-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Indane Cumene Isophorone 5-Nonanone Nonanoic acid Nonane 1-Nonanol Dimethyl phthalate Butylbenzene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Dodecane Diphenylmethane Tridecane Tetradecane Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane
–25°C
0°C 1.139 0.700
1.417
1.904 2.052 20.7 0.918 1.509 1.115 2.230 1.075 4.201
0.964 63.2 12.8 6.192
5.645 3.243
2.188
1.277
483
Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 0.784 5.020 0.508 7.288 1.085 1.178 6.271 0.637 0.918 0.723 3.337 1.357 0.737 2.329 1.199 7.011 0.665 9.123 14.4 0.950 3.042 1.948
1.707
0.838 10.9 1.098
2.277
1.383
2.909
1.724 2.128 16.6 3.032
66.4
6-174
50°C 0.579 2.656 0.385 3.232 0.702 0.762 2.631 0.466 0.619 0.511 1.892 0.931 0.547 1.415 0.834 3.712 0.488 4.032 5.309 0.683 1.875 1.289 4.327 0.598 4.590 0.763 2.130 0.930 1.129 1.376 6.470 1.879 2.487
75°C
100°C
1.654 0.302 1.681 0.497 0.536 1.360 0.356 0.449 0.384 1.201 0.692
1.147 0.243 0.991 0.375 0.401 0.810 0.281 0.345 0.303 0.833 0.545
0.923 0.619 2.234 0.375
0.638 0.484 1.475 0.300
2.824 0.515 1.271 0.917 2.651 0.453
1.980
0.359
0.562 1.407 0.673 1.265 0.796 0.953 3.495 1.260 1.609
0.433 1.023 0.514 0.929 0.594 0.697 2.425 0.899 1.132
0.924 0.689
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES This table gives the thermal conductivity of several gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) or to the saturation vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa. The notation P = 0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. In general, the P = 0 and P = 100 kPa values differ by less than 1%. Units are milliwatts per meter kelvin. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order.
MF
Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 H2O H2S H3N He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CCl2F2 CF4 CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8 C4F8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14
Name
100 K
200 K
Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0) Hydrogen (P = 0) Water Deuterium oxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium (P = 0) Krypton (P = 0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon (P = 0) Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P = 0) Dichlorodifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane (P = 0) Carbon monoxide (P = 0) Carbon dioxide Trichloromethane Methane Methanol 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Acetone Propane Perfluorocyclobutane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane
9.4 6.2
18.4 12.4 9.2
68.6
75.5 3.3
131.7
22.3 9.3
119.3 6.4 17.8 18.7 9.8 37.6 18.4
2.0
3.6
9.8
9.6 22.5
Thermal conductivity in mW/m K 300 K 400 K 500 K 26.2 17.9 19.0 14.5 13.0 186.9 18.7
Ref.
39.7 26.8
45.7 30.6
1 2,8 11 11 16 4 6 7 11 11 8 8 11 12 11 8 10 11 8 13 16 14 9 11 5,15 11
33.3 22.6 24.6 19.5 20.6 230.4 27.1 27.0 20.5 37.4 190.6 12.3 33.1 32.3 26.0 60.3 33.7 14.3 7.3 15.0 24.1 32.3 25.1 11.1 49.1 26.2
24.0 27.5
28.1 33.8
35.7 36.5 26.4 51.6 222.3 14.8 39.6 38.3 34.1 69.9 41.0 20.0 8.9 20.1 32.2 39.2 33.5 15.1 66.5 38.6
47.1 47.6 32.4 66.8 252.4 17.1 46.2 44.0 41.8 78.7 48.1 25.6 10.4 25.2 39.9 45.7 41.6
10.25
15.7
21.1
9.0 21.4 20.5 21.3 14.4 11.5 18.0 12.5 16.4 16.1 15.1 14.4
13.6 33.3 34.6 35.4 25.8 20.2 30.6 19.5 28.4 27.9 25.0 24.9 23.4
18.3 45.4 49.9 52.2 38.4 30.6 45.5
14.6 24.4 156.7 9.5 25.9 26.0 17.4 49.8 26.3 9.6 5.5 9.9 16.0 25.0 16.8 7.5 34.1
11.1 11.0
600 K
43.0 42.1 37.1 37.8 35.4
84.1 53.0
13
56.8 68.6 70.5 53.2 42.7 61.9 59.1 57.6 52.7 48.7
13 11 3 5 11 11 5 13 5 5 11 11 11
REFERENCES 1. Kadoya, K. Matsunaga, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. Holland, P. M., Eaton, B. E., and Hanley, H. J. M., A correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983.
6-175
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES (continued) 4. Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. Younglove, B. A. and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 6. Sengers, J. V. and Watson, J. T. R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984. 9. Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Argon, ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 11. Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Volume V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 12. Stephen, K., Krauss, R., and Laesecke, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nitrogen for a wide range of fluid states, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 993, 1987. 13. Krauss, R. and Stephan, K., Thermal conductivity of refrigerants in a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 43, 1989. 14. Millat, J. and Wakeham, W. A., The thermal conductivity of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 565, 1989. 15. Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., Thermophysical properties of methane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 583, 1989. 16. Uribe, F. J., Mason, E. A., and Kestin, J., Thermal conductivity of nine polyatomic gases at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1123, 1990.
6-176
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS This table gives the thermal conductivity of some common liquids at temperatures between -25 and 100°C. All values are given in units of watts per meter kelvin (W/m K). Values refer to nominal atmospheric pressure (about 100 kPa); when an entry is given at a temperature above the normal boiling point of the substance, the pressure is understood to be the saturation vapor pressure at that temperature. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. The values for water, benzene, toluene, heptane, and dimethyl phthalate are particularly well determined and can be used for calibration purposes. REFERENCES 1. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Molecular formula Cl4Si H2O Hg CCl4 CS2 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH4O C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4O2 C2H5Cl C2H5NO C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H7NO C3H5ClO C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H7NO C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9N C4H4O C4H4S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H5N C5H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12O C6H5Cl
Name Silicon tetrachloride Water Mercury Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Methanol Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile Acetic acid Chloroethane N-Methylformamide Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ethanolamine Epichlorohydrin Acetone Methyl acetate N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol Glycerol Trimethylamine Furan Thiophene 2-Butyne 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate 1-Butanol Diethyl ether Pyridine Cyclopentene 1-Pentene Cyclopentane Pentane 1-Pentanol Chlorobenzene
–25°C
0°C
0.208
0.5610 7.77 0.104 0.154 0.122 0.114 0.207 0.117 0.124 0.106 0.198
0.145
0.132
7.25
0.127 0.120 0.214 0.133
0.176 0.256 0.142 0.174
0.137 0.169 0.164
0.162 0.146
0.158 0.141 0.202
0.143 0.142
0.133 0.134
0.137 0.158 0.132
0.129 0.151 0.126
0.162
0.153 0.158 0.140 0.169 0.136 0.124 0.133 0.122 0.157 0.131
0.150 0.143 0.131 0.140 0.132 0.136
6-177
Thermal conductivity in W/m K 25°C 50°C 0.099 0.6071 8.25 0.099 0.149 0.117 0.108 0.200 0.110 0.116 0.101 0.188 0.158 0.119 0.203 0.169 0.256 0.299 0.131 0.161 0.153 0.184 0.154 0.135 0.200 0.292 0.126 0.199 0.121 0.145 0.120 0.159 0.144 0.154 0.130 0.165 0.129 0.116 0.126 0.113 0.153 0.127
0.096 0.6435 8.68 0.093
75°C
100°C
0.6668 9.07 0.088
0.6791 9.43
0.107 0.097
0.102
0.097 0.100
0.091
0.112 0.103 0.193 0.104 0.108 0.096 0.178 0.153 0.106 0.201 0.162 0.256 0.286 0.125
0.256 0.274 0.119
0.256 0.261 0.114
0.143 0.178 0.149 0.129 0.199 0.295
0.133 0.171 0.145 0.124 0.198 0.297
0.122 0.165 0.141 0.118 0.197 0.300
0.195
0.191
0.186
0.139 0.114 0.147 0.135 0.149 0.120 0.161
0.133
0.103 0.149 0.122
0.168 0.149 0.093 0.199
0.144 0.196
0.135 0.126
0.123
0.110 0.158
0.100
0.095 0.145 0.117
0.087 0.112
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C6H6 C6H6O C6H10 C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H14 C6H14O C7H6O C7H8 C7H8O C7H16 C7H16O C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C8H18O C9H12 C9H12 C9H20 C9H20O C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H26 C12H26O C13H28 C14H30 C14H30O C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38
Name Benzene Phenol Cyclohexene Mesityl oxide Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone Hexane 1-Hexanol Benzaldehyde Toluene Anisole Heptane 1-Heptanol Styrene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Octane 1-Octanol Cumene Mesitylene Nonane 1-Nonanol Dimethyl phthalate p-Cymene Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tridecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane
–25°C
0°C
Thermal conductivity in W/m K 25°C 50°C 0.1411
0.142 0.170
0.136 0.163
0.137
0.129
0.151 0.137 0.159
0.145 0.128 0.154
0.1461 0.170 0.1378
0.1386 0.163 0.1303 0.166 0.142
0.148
0.143
0.135 0.168
0.147 0.144
0.141 0.138 0.166 0.1501 0.127 0.138
0.132 0.144
0.144
0.130 0.156 0.123 0.121 0.134 0.139 0.120 0.150 0.151 0.1311 0.156 0.1228 0.159 0.137 0.130 0.131 0.130 0.130 0.128 0.161 0.128 0.136 0.131 0.161 0.1473 0.122 0.132 0.162 0.140
0.157
0.152 0.146 0.137 0.136
0.140
0.136 0.140
6-178
0.1329 0.156 0.124 0.149 0.117 0.113 0.131 0.133 0.111 0.145 0.141 0.1236 0.150 0.1152 0.153 0.131 0.124 0.126 0.124 0.124 0.120 0.154 0.120 0.130 0.124 0.155 0.1443 0.117 0.126 0.156 0.135 0.139 0.146 0.142 0.132 0.131 0.167 0.133 0.135 0.146
75°C 0.1247 0.153 0.118 0.142 0.111
0.127 0.102 0.141 0.131 0.1161 0.143 0.1077 0.147 0.126 0.118 0.120 0.118 0.118 0.113 0.147 0.112 0.124 0.118 0.149 0.1409 0.112 0.119 0.150 0.129 0.135 0.140 0.139 0.127 0.126 0.162 0.129 0.130 0.142
100°C
0.151 0.134
0.121 0.093 0.137 0.121 0.136 0.141 0.120 0.112 0.114 0.113 0.112 0.106 0.141 0.107 0.118 0.111 0.143 0.1373 0.107 0.113 0.145 0.123 0.131 0.135 0.135 0.122 0.121 0.157 0.125 0.125 0.137
DIFFUSION IN GASES This table gives binary diffusion coefficients D12 for a number of common gases as a function of temperature. Values refer to atmospheric pressure. The diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to pressure as long as the gas is in a regime where binary collisions dominate. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the dependence of D12 on temperature and composition. The first part of the table gives data for several gases in the presence of a large excess of air. The remainder applies to equimolar mixtures of gases. Each gas pair is ordered alphabetically according to the most common way of writing the formula. The listing of pairs then follows alphabetical order by the first constituent. REFERENCES 1. Marrero, T. R., and Mason, E. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1, 1972. 2. Kestin, J., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984.
D12/cm2 s–1 for p = 101.325 kPa and the Specified T/K System
200
273.15
293.15
373.15
473.15
573.15
0.167
0.617
0.148 0.106 0.208 0.160 0.627 0.242 0.580
0.168 0.129 0.698 0.645 0.117 0.168 0.277 0.166
0.187 0.078 0.794 0.726 0.134 0.190 0.313 0.189
0.052
0.095
0.108 0.782 0.723 0.220 0.210
0.408 0.365 0.133
0.686 0.619 0.131 0.208
0.315
0.552
0.300
0.513
0.055 0.131
0.099 0.227
673.15
0.289 0.321 0.315 0.252 1.153 0.399 1.057 0.150
0.437 0.485 0.475 0.390 1.747 0.638 1.594 0.233
0.612 0.678 0.662 0.549 2.444 0.873 2.221 0.329
0.810 0.899 0.875 0.728 3.238 1.135 2.933 0.438
0.306 0.290 0.235 1.228 1.088 0.210 0.290 0.475 0.285 0.128 0.171 1.084 0.992 0.317 0.341 0.167 0.250 1.162 1.052 0.227 0.336 0.307 0.144 0.133 0.964 0.292 0.878 0.253 0.177 0.395
0.467 0.439 0.365 1.876 1.617 0.323 0.439 0.710 0.430 0.202 0.264 1.648 1.502 0.480 0.523 0.257 0.384 1.743 1.577 0.346 0.491 0.462 0.226 0.209 1.470 0.496 1.321 0.392 0.276 0.603
0.657 0.615 0.517 2.634 2.226 0.456 0.615 0.979 0.600 0.290 0.374 2.311 2.101 0.671 0.736 0.363
0.876 0.815 0.689 3.496 2.911 0.605 0.815 1.283 0.793 0.389 0.498 3.070 2.784 0.890 0.978 0.482
2.423 2.188 0.485 0.673 0.643 0.323
3.196 2.882 0.645 0.878 0.849 0.432
2.066 0.741
2.745 1.021
0.553
0.733
Large Excess of Air Ar-air CH4-air CO-air CO2-air H2-air H2O-air He-air SF6-air
0.668
Equimolar Mixture Ar-CH4 Ar-CO Ar-CO2 Ar-H2 Ar-He Ar-Kr Ar-N2 Ar-Ne Ar-O2 Ar-SF6 Ar-Xe CH4-H2 CH4-He CH4-N2 CH4-O2 CH4-SF6 CO-CO2 CO-H2 CO-He CO-Kr CO-N2 CO-O2 CO-SF6 CO2-C3H8 CO2-H2 CO2-H2O CO2-He CO2-N2 CO2-N2O CO2-Ne
0.381 0.064 0.160
0.162 0.772 0.698 0.581 0.231 0.202 0.084 0.412 0.162 0.400 0.160 0.113 0.199
6-179
0.847
DIFFUSION IN GASES (continued) System CO2-O2 CO2-SF6 D2-H2 H2-He H2-Kr H2-N2 H2-Ne H2-O2 H2-SF6 H2-Xe H2O-N2 H2O-O2 He-Kr He-N2 He-Ne He-O2 He-SF6 He-Xe Kr-N2 Kr-Ne Kr-Xe N2-Ne N2-O2 N2-SF6 N2-Xe Ne-Xe O2-SF6
200
0.631 0.775 0.340 0.408 0.572
273.15
1.079 1.320 0.601 0.686 0.982 0.692 0.513
0.330 0.365 0.563
0.559 0.619 0.948 0.641
0.282 0.131 0.035
0.478 0.131 0.228 0.064
0.111
0.107 0.193
293.15
373.15
0.159
0.248 0.099 1.846 2.255 1.053 1.162 1.684 1.188 0.649 0.890 0.399 0.403 0.942 1.052 1.592 1.092 0.592 0.807 0.227 0.392 0.116 0.483 0.307 0.148 0.188 0.332 0.154
1.219 1.490 0.682 0.772 0.317 0.756 0.208 0.122 0.242 0.244 0.629 0.698 1.066 0.697 1.109 0.538 0.149 0.258 0.073 0.258 0.202 0.123 0.219 0.097
6-180
473.15
573.15
673.15
0.380 0.155 2.778 3.394 1.607 1.743 2.541 1.792 0.998 1.349
0.535
0.710
3.866 4.726 2.258 2.423 3.541 2.497 1.400 1.885
5.103 6.242 2.999 3.196 4.677 3.299 1.851 2.493
0.645 1.404 1.577 2.362 1.640 0.871 1.201 0.346 0.587 0.181 0.731 0.462 0.231 0.287 0.498 0.238
0.882 1.942 2.188 3.254 2.276 1.190 1.655 0.485 0.812 0.257 1.021 0.643 0.328 0.404 0.688 0.334
1.147 2.550 2.882 4.262 2.996 1.545 2.168 0.645 1.063 0.344 1.351 0.849 0.436 0.539 0.901 0.441
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN LIQUIDS AT INFINITE DILUTION This table lists diffusion coefficients DAB at infinite dilution for some binary liquid mixtures. Although values are given to two decimal places, measurements in the literature are often in poor agreement. Therefore most values in the table cannot be relied upon to better than 10%. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order, as are the solutes within each solvent group. REFERENCE Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. II/5a, 1969.
Solute Acetic acid Benzoic acid Formic acid Nitrobenzene Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane Water Acetic acid Aniline Benzoic acid Bromobenzene 2-Butanone Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Ethanol Formic acid Heptane Methanol Toluene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Trichloromethane Adipic acid Benzene Biphenyl Butyric acid p-Dichlorobenzene Methanol Oleic acid Propane Water Benzene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Allyl alcohol Benzene Iodine Iodobenzene 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pyridine Tetrachloromethane Water Acetic acid Acetone 2-Butanone Ethyl benzoate Nitrobenzene Water Benzene Toluene Bromobenzene 2-Butanone Dodecane Iodine Methane Propane Tetrachloromethane Toluene
Solvent Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Heptane Heptane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane
t/°C
DAB 10–5 cm2 s–1
25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 8 30 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 8 25 30 25 25 30 25 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 20 20 25 25 25 8 30 25 25 25 25 25 25
3.31 2.62 3.77 2.94 3.29 3.64 4.56 2.09 1.96 1.38 1.45 2.09 1.77 2.25 3.02 2.28 1.78 3.80 1.85 1.34 2.26 0.40 1.00 0.63 0.51 0.82 0.59 0.25 1.57 0.56 1.41 1.49 1.57 0.98 1.81 1.32 1.00 0.81 1.10 1.50 1.24 2.18 3.18 2.93 1.85 2.25 3.20 3.91 3.72 2.60 3.74 2.73 4.45 0.09 4.87 3.70 4.21
Solute Acetone Benzene Cyclohexane Ethanol Iodine Trichloromethane Acetic acid Benzene Benzoic acid Cyclohexane Formic acid Water Acetone Benzene 2-Butanone Butyl acetate Diethyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Alanine Allyl alcohol Aniline Arabinose Benzene 1-Butanol Caprolactam Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Diethylamine Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethylene glycol Glucose Glycerol Glycine Lactose Maltose Mannitol Methane Methanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Methylcyclopentane Phenol 1-Propanol Propene Pyridine Raffinose Sucrose Toluene Urea Urethane
6-181
Solvent Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water
t/°C
DAB 10–5 cm2 s–1
25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 15 25 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 25 15 10 20 20 15 25 25 15 25 20 25 15
1.75 1.42 1.30 1.90 1.63 1.66 2.26 2.54 1.49 2.42 2.65 6.19 2.55 2.89 2.13 1.71 2.15 2.20 2.02 1.29 1.28 1.26 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.69 1.02 0.56 0.87 1.34 0.84 0.97 1.24 1.08 1.00 0.81 1.16 0.67 1.06 1.05 0.38 0.38 0.50 1.49 1.28 0.69 0.85 0.89 0.87 1.44 0.58 0.33 0.52 0.85 1.38 0.80
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SATURATED SALT SOLUTIONS This table gives the vapor pressure of water above saturated solutions of some common salts at ambient temperatures. Data on pure water are given on the last line for comparison. The references provide additional information on water activity, osmotic coefficient, and enthalpy of vaporization.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998. Vapor Pressure in kPa Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4 Water
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
Ref.
0.971 0.701 1.113 0.978 0.953 1.100 0.541 0.128 0.726 0.697 0.971 0.853 0.901 0.722 0.921 0.703 0.884 0.862 0.945 1.228
1.443 1.015 1.574 1.516 1.338 1.564 0.802 0.193 0.999 1.064 1.328 1.152 1.319 1.004 1.285 0.994 1.244 1.215 1.401 1.706
2.073 1.381 2.189 2.208 1.853 2.177 1.134 0.279 1.339 1.515 1.836 1.524 1.871 1.376 1.768 1.381 1.719 1.684 1.986 2.339
2.887 1.772 2.996 3.035 2.533 2.970 1.536 0.384 1.749 2.020 2.481 1.972 2.573 1.858 2.401 1.888 2.335 2.298 2.698 3.169
3.903 2.154 4.037 3.950 3.419 3.979 1.997
5.133 2.487 5.363 4.884 4.563 5.236 2.499
6.576
2.231 2.535
2.782 3.002
3.397
3.439 2.475 3.218 2.540 3.121 3.088 3.523 4.246
4.474 3.255 4.262 3.368 4.109 4.089 4.431 5.627
1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1
6.778 3.016
4.229 5.581 4.403 5.333 5.343 5.382 7.381
DIFFUSION OF GASES IN WATER This table gives values of the diffusion coefficient, D, for diffusion of several common gases in water at various temperatures. For simple one-dimensional transport, the diffusion coefficient describes the time-rate of change of concentration, dc/dt, through the equation dc/dt = D d2c/dx2 where x is, for example, the perpendicular distance from a gas-liquid interface. The values below have been selected from the references indicated; in some cases data have been refitted to permit interpolation in temperature. Gas-liquid diffusion coefficients are difficult to measure, and large differences are found between values obtained by different authors and through different experimental methods. See References 1 and 2 for a discussion of measurement techniques. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Jähne, B., Heinz, G., and Dietrich, W., J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10767, 1987. Himmelblau, D. M., Chem. Rev. 64, 527, 1964. Boerboom, A. J. H., and Kleyn, G., J. Chem. Phys., 50, 1086, 1969. O’Brien, R. N., and Hyslop, W. F., Can. J. Chem., 55, 1415, 1977. Maharajh, D. M., and Walkley, J., Can. J. Chem., 51, 944, 1973. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1969. D/10-5 cm2 s-1 10˚C
Ar CHCl2F CH3Br CH3Cl CH4 CO2 C2 H 2 Cl2 HBr HCl H2 H2S He Kr NH3 NO2 N2 N2O Ne O2 Rn SO2 Xe
15˚C
20˚C
1.24 1.26 1.43
1.43 1.45 1.59 1.13
1.62 1.67 1.78 1.5
3.62
4.08
4.58
5.67 1.20
6.18 1.39 1.3
6.71 1.60 1.5 1.23
0.81
1.62 3.27 1.67 0.96
0.93
1.08
2.93
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
2.11 3.64 2.01 1.13 1.62 1.27
25˚C 2.5 1.80 1.35 1.40 1.84 1.91 1.99 1.89 3.15 3.07 5.11 1.36 7.28 1.84 1.4 2.0 2.57 4.03 2.42 1.33 1.83 1.47
30˚C
35˚C
2.08 2.17 2.23
2.35 2.47
5.69
6.31
7.87 2.11
8.48 2.40
1.59
4.45
4.89
1.55 2.07 1.70
1.80 2.32 1.95
Ref. 3,4 5 5 5 1 1 2 2,6 6 6 1 2,6 1,3 1,3 2 2,6 2 2,6 1,3 2,6 1 2 1,3
PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER The common form of ice at ambient temperature and pressure is hexagonal ice, designated as ice Ih (see phase diagram on p. 12-174). The data given here refer to that form. Data have been taken from the references indicated; values have been interpolated and smoothed in some cases. All properties are sensitive to the method of preparation of the sample, since air or other gases are sometimes occluded. For this reason there is often disagreement among values found in the literature. Density values (except at 0˚C) and the thermal expansion coefficient were calculated from the temperature variation in the crystal lattice constants of ice (see Ref. 1). The thermal expansion coefficient appears to become negative around -200˚C, but there is considerable scatter in the data. Density of ice Ih and supercooled water in g cm-3 t/˚C
ρ (ice)
ρ (supercooled water)
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 Ref.
0.9167 0.9187 0.9203 0.9216 0.9228 0.9240 0.9252 0.9274 0.9292 0.9305 0.9314 0.9331 0.9340 1
0.9998 0.9982 0.9935 0.9839
8
Phase transition properties: ∆fusH(0˚C) = 333.6 J/g (Ref. 2) ∆subH(0˚C) = 2838 J/g (Ref. 2)
Other properties of ice Ih : αV: cubic thermal expansion coefficient, αV = −(1/V)(∂V/∂t)p κ : adiabatic compressibility, κ = –(1/V)( ∂V/∂p)S .ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant)
k : thermal conductivity cp: specific heat capacity at constant pressure
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
t/˚C
αV/10−6 ˚C-1
κ/10−5 MPa-1
ε
k/W cm-1 ˚C-1
cp/J g-1 ˚C-1
0 −10 −20 −30 −40 −50 −60 −80 −100 −120 −140 −160 −180 −200 −220 −240 −250 Ref.
159 155 149 143 137 130 122 105 85 77 60 45 30
13.0 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.9 1,5
91.6 94.4 97.5 99.7 101.9 106.9 119.5
0.0214 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.037 0.042 0.049 0.057 0.070 0.087 0.118 0.20 0.32 7
2.11 2.03 1.96 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.50 1.36 1.23 1.10 0.97 0.83 0.67 0.50 0.29 0.17 1
1,2,3,5
6
REFERENCES 1. Eisenberg, D., and Kauzmann, W., The Structure and Properties of Water, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, V/ 1b, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 3. LaPlaca, S., and Post, B., Acta Cryst., 13, 503, 1960. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 4. Brill, R., and Tippe, A., Acta Cryst., 23, 343, 1967. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 5. Leadbetter, A. J., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 287, 403, 1965. [Compressibility and thermal expansion] 6. Auty, R. P., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1309, 1952. [Dielectric constant] 7. Slack, G. A., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 3065, 1980. [Thermal conductivity] 8. Hare, D. E., and Sorensen, C. M., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4840, 1987. [Supercooled water] 9. Hobbs, P. V., Ice Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HELIUM The following data were obtained by a critical evaluation of all existing experimental measurements on liquid helium, using a fitting procedure described in the reference. All values refer to liquid helium at saturated vapor pressure; temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. Several properties show a singularity at the lambda point (2.1768 K). σ : surface tension α : coefficient of linear expansion η : viscosity λ : thermal conductivity
p : vapor pressure ρ : density Cs : molar heat capacity ∆vapH : molar enthalpy of vaporization ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant)
REFERENCE Donnelly, R. J., and Barenghi, C. F., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data 27, 1217, 1998.
T/K 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
p/kPa
0.01558 0.4715 3.130 10.23 24.05 47.05 81.62 130.3 196.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
ρ/g cm-3 0.1451397 0.1451377 0.1451183 0.1451646 0.1456217 0.1448402 0.1412269 0.1360736 0.1289745 0.1188552
Cs /J mol-1K-1 0 0.010 0.415 4.468 21.28 9.083 9.944 12.37 15.96 21.8 44.7
∆vapH/J mol-1 59.83 70.24 80.33 89.35 93.07 92.50 94.11 92.84 87.00 75.86 47.67
ε 1.057255 1.057254 1.057246 1.057265 1.057449 1.057135 1.055683 1.053615 1.050770 1.046725
σ /mΝ m−1
0.3530 0.3471 0.3322 0.3021 0.2623 0.2161 0.1626 0.1095 0.0609 0.0157
103α/K-1 0.000 0.107 0.309 -2.36 -12.2 39.4 61.5 88.7 129 211
η/µPa s
λ /W cm-1K-1
3.873 1.346 1.468 3.259 3.517 3.509 3.319
0.1497 0.1717 0.1868 0.1965
SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES The composition dependence of the surface tension of binary mixtures of several compounds with water is given in this table. The data are tabulated as a function of the mass percent of the non-aqueous component. Data for methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol are taken from Reference 1, which also gives values at other temperatures. REFERENCES 1. Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., and Navaza, J. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 611, 1995. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/16, Surface Tension, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1997. Surface Tension in mN/m2 for the Specified Mass % Compound
t/°C
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Butanoic acid 2-Butanone γ-Butyrolactone Chloroacetic acid Diethanolamine N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethylene glycol Formic acid Glycerol Methanol Morpholine Nitric acid Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Pyridine Sulfolane Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid
30 25 20 25 30 30 30 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 25 25 30 30 25 20 50 25 25
71.2 72.0 72.8 72.0 71.2 71.2 71.2 72.8 71.2 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 71.2 72.01 72.01 71.2 71.2 72.0 72.8 67.9 72.0 72.0
51.4 44.9 48.5 66.1 58.1 61.2 42.4 41.6 64 59.8 66.8 72.0 65.4
43.3 40.5 40.2 60.4 51.6 56.9 37.5 32.2 58 53.6 63.2 72.0 59.2
41.2 36.7 34.1 55.1 48.7 54.2 35.5
38.2 33.0 31.6 50.1 45.8 52.0 34.8
37.4 30.1 30.6 45.6 43.9 50.7 32.2
33.5 29.4 29.6 41.9 41.2 47.9 29.2
31.5 27.6 29.1 40.8 40.0 46.6 27.4
30.2 24.5 28.7 39.2 39.0 45.2 26.3
53 51.3 60.7 72.4 53.8
50 49.7 58.8 73.5 49.6
44
42.8
37.97 64.9 60 69.5 47.21 60.7 70.7 42.2 27.84 30.57 54.9 58.8 51.2
32.98 61.9 55.7 68.5 41.09 58.9 68.9 37.7 25.98 26.82 50.7 55.7 48.0
30.16
45 46.1 54.3 73.0 44.9 37.9 25.01
26.3 23.1 28.4 35.8 37.0 43.8 25.5 24.6 42.7
47.53 68.5 66 70.5 56.18 65.1 71.9 46.6 34.32 40.42 60.5 62.6 52.8
52.7 65.7 42.3 36.2 23.82
50.6 54.7 38.4 34.5 22.72
73.5 56.7 55.8
75.1 51.0 46.5
73.6 46.7 42.8
71.2 44.1 41.6
48 48.3 57.2 74.9 47.3 41.2 27.96 57.0 50.3 67.4 32.86 53.0 63.8 33.1 24.80 24.26 44.5 52.8 46.6 62.5 68.0 43.0 40.6
36.1 29.4 30.0 43.3 42.4 49.5 30.8 25.2 46 47.5 55.7 75.4 46.9 39.6 26.23 48.8 66.9 29.83 49.6 60.6 31.7 24.49 23.51 41.5 51.7 45.8 61.6 64.1 42.5 39.4
47.1 66.5 27.48 47.0 56.8 30.2 24.08 22.68 38.6 50.8 45.0 59.6 60.0 41.5 38.3
44.7 65.7 25.54 43.7 52.6 28.2 23.86 22.14 37.6 49.6 43.6 57.1 56.4 38.9 37.4
40.9 64.5 23.93 41.8 47.9 27.4 23.59 21.69 36.3 48.2 40.9 54.9 53.6 34.7 36.5
6-150
52.2 67.9 36.51 56.7 66.6 35.6 25.26 25.27 47.2 53.8 46.8
47.2 36.4 35.2 33.7 21.82 48.2 38.0 62.5 22.51 38.7 42.6 25.8 23.28 21.22 35.5 47.0 37.0 50.9 51.7 29.4
VISCOSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE SATURATION LINE The table below gives the viscosity of gas and liquid CO2 along the liquid-vapor saturation line. REFERENCES 1. Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 31, 1998. 2. Angus, S., et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976.
T/K
P/kPa
Gas η/µPa s
Liquid η/µPa s
205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 302
227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710 6997
10.33 10.60 10.87 11.13 11.41 11.69 11.98 12.27 12.58 12.90 13.24 13.61 14.02 14.47 14.99 15.61 16.37 17.36 18.79 21.29 23.52
241.68 221.72 203.75 187.48 172.67 159.13 146.69 135.20 124.30 114.63 105.21 96.44 87.89 79.64 71.47 63.01 53.33 48.30
6-187
PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS This table gives selected properties of some important amino acids and closely related compounds. The first part of the table lists the 20 “standard” amino acids that are the basic constituents of proteins (structures of these amino acids may be found in the following table). The second part includes other amino acids and related compounds of biochemical importance. Within each part of the table the compounds are listed by name in alphabetical order. Symbol — Three-letter symbol for the standard amino acids Mr — Molecular weight tm — Melting point pKa , pKb , pKc , pKd — Negative of the logarithm of the acid dissociation constants for the COOH and NH2 groups (and, in some cases, other groups) in the molecule (at 25oC) pI — pH at the isoelectric point S — Solubility in water at 25oC in units of grams of compound per kilogram of water; when quantitative data are not available, the notations sl.s. (for slightly soluble) and v.s. (for very soluble) are used. Data on the enthalpy of formation of many of these compounds are included in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in Section 5 of this Handbook. Absorption spectra and optical rotation data can be found in Reference 3. Partial molar volume and other thermodynamic properties, including solubility as a function of temperature, are given in References 3 and 5. Most of the pK values come from Reference 7.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. Sober, H. A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry. Selected Data for Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. Hinz, H. J., Ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Smith, R. M., and Martell, A. E., NIST Standard Reference Database 46: Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database, Version 3.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1997. 8. Jin, Z. and Chao, K. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 199, 1992. The standard amino acids: Symbol Ala Arg Asn Asp Cys Glu Gln Gly His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val
Name
Mol. form.
Mr
tm/°C
pKa
pKb
Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
C3H7NO2 C6H14N4O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H7NO4 C3H7NO2S C5H9NO4 C5H10N2O3 C2H5NO2 C6H9N3O2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14N2O2 C5H11NO2S C9H11NO2 C5H9NO2 C3H7NO3 C4H9NO3 C11H12N2O2 C9H11NO3 C5H11NO2
89.09 174.20 132.12 133.10 121.16 147.13 146.15 75.07 155.16 131.17 131.17 146.19 149.21 165.19 115.13 105.09 119.12 204.23 181.19 117.15
297 244 235 270 240 160 185 290 287 284 293 224 281 283 221 228 256 289 343 315
2.33 2.03 2.16 1.95 1.91 2.16 2.18 2.34 1.70 2.26 2.32 2.15 2.16 2.18 1.95 2.13 2.20 2.38 2.24 2.27
9.71 9.00 8.73 9.66 10.28 9.58 9.00 9.58 9.09 9.60 9.58 9.16 9.08 9.09 10.47 9.05 8.96 9.34 9.04 9.52
7-1
pKc 12.10 3.71 8.14 4.15
6.04
10.67
10.10
pI
S/g kg-1
6.00 10.76 5.41 2.77 5.07 3.22 5.65 5.97 7.59 6.02 5.98 9.74 5.74 5.48 6.30 5.68 5.60 5.89 5.66 5.96
165.0 182.6 25.1 4.95 v.s. 8.61 42 250.9 43.5 34.2 22.0 5.8 56 27.9 1623 50.2 98.1 13.2 0.46 88.5
PROPERTIES OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES This table lists some of the important purine and pyrimidine bases that occur in nucleic acids. The pKa values (negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant) are given for each ionization stage. The last column gives the aqueous solubility S at the indicated temperature in units of grams per 100 grams of solution. The numbering system in the rings is:
Purine
Pyrimidine
REFERENCES 1. R. M. C. Dawson, et al., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. S. Budavari, Ed., The Merck Index, 11th Ed., Merk and Co., Rahway, NJ., 1989.
Common name
Systematic name
Mol form.
Mol. wt.
pKa values
S/mass % (temp.)
Pyrimidines Cytosine 5-Methylcytosine 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Uracil Thymine Orotic acid
4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5methylpyrimidine
C4H5N3O
111.10
4.5
12.2
0.76 (25°C)
C5H7N3O
125.13
4.6
12.4
0.45 (25°C)
4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine 5-Methyluracil Uracil-6-carboxylic acid
C5H7N3O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H6N2O2 C5H4N2O4
141.13 112.09 126.11 156.10
4.3 0.5 9.9 2.4
13 9.5 >13 9.5
C5H5N5 C5H5N5O
135.14 151.13
<1 3.3
4.1 9.2
C6H7N5O C5H5N5O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3
165.16 151.13 152.11 136.11 168.11
3.5 4.5 0.8 2.0 5.4
9.9 9.0 7.4 8.9 11.3
>13 >13
0.36 (25°C) 0.4 (25°C) 0.18 (18°C)
Purines Adenine Guanine 7-Methylguanine Isoguanine Xanthine Hypoxanthine Uric acid
6-Aminopurine 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine 7-Methyl-2-amino-6hydroxypurine 6-Amino-2-hydroxypurine 2,6-Dioxopurine 6-Hydroxypurine 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine
7-4
9.8 12.3
0.09 (25°C) 0.004 (40°C)
11.1 12.1
0.006 (25°C) 0.05 (20°C) 0.07 (19°C) 0.002 (20°C)
THE GENETIC CODE This table gives the correspondence between a messenger RNA codon and the amino acid which it specifies. The symbols for bases in the codon are: U: uracil C: cytosine A: adenine G: guanine The amino acid symbols are given in the table entitled “Structures of Common Amino Acids”. A chain-initiating codon is indicated by init and a chain-terminating codon by term. Example: UCA codes for Ser, UAC codes for Tyr, etc.
First position U
C
A
G
U Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Met (init) Val Val Val Val (init)
Second position C A Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala
Tyr Tyr term term His His Gln Gln Asn Asn Lys Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu
7-5
G Cys Cys term Trp Arg Arg Arg Arg Ser Ser Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly Gly
Third position U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G
PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS This table gives the systematic names and selected properties of some of the more important fatty acids of five or more carbon atoms. Compounds are listed first by degree of saturation and, secondly, by number of carbon atoms. The following data are included: Mr: Molecular weight tm: Melting point in °C
S: Aqueous solubility at 20°C in units of grams of solute per 100 grams of water
REFERENCES 1. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
Common name
Systematic name
Mol. form.
Mr
tm/°C
S
102.13 102.13 116.16 130.19 144.21 158.24 172.27 200.32 214.35 228.38 242.40 256.43 270.46 284.48 312.54 312.54 340.59 368.64 396.70 424.75
-34 -29.3 -3 -7.5 16.3 12.3 31.9 43.2 41.5 53.9 52.3 63.1 61.3 69.6 76.5 -65 81.5 87.5 88.5 90.9
2.5 4.3 0.967 0.24 0.080 0.0284 0.015 0.0055 0.0033 0.0020 0.0012 0.00072 0.00042 0.00029
170.25 254.41 282.47 282.47 282.47 338.57 338.57 366.63
26.5 -0.1 13.4 45 44 34.7 61.9 43
Saturated Valeric acid Isovaleric acid Caproic acid Enanthic acid Caprylic acid Pelargonic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Tridecylic acid Myristic acid Pentadecylic acid Palmitic acid Margaric acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Phytanic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Cerotic acid Montanic acid
Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Hexanoic acid Heptanoic acid Octanoic acid Nonanoic acid Decanoic acid Dodecanoic acid Tridecanoic acid Tetradecanoic acid Pentadecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid Heptadecanoic acid Octadecanoic acid Eicosanoic acid 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid Docosanoic acid Tetracosanoic acid Hexacosanoic acid Octacosanoic acid
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C7H14O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 C12H24O2 C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C17H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C22H44O2 C24H48O2 C26H52O2 C28H56O2
Monounsaturated Caproleic acid Palmitoleic acid Oleic acid Elaidic acid Vaccenic acid Erucic acid Brassidic acid Nervonic acid
9-Decenoic acid cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid trans-9-Octadecenoic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic acid cis-13-Docosenoic acid trans-13-Docosenoic acid cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid
C10H18O2 C16H30O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C24H46O2 Diunsaturated C18H32O2
Linoleic acid
cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
cis-Eleostearic acid trans-Eleostearic acid
trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid trans,trans,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid
280.45
-12
Triunsaturated
Linolenic acid
C18H30O2 C18H30O2
278.44 278.44
49 71.5
C18H30O2
278.44
-11
304.47
-49.5
Tetraunsaturated Arachidonic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all-trans)
C20H32O2
7-6
CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS The following table lists the systematic names and symbols for selected carbohydrates and some of their derivatives. The symbols for monosaccharide residues and derivatives are recommended by IUPAC for use in describing the structures of oligosaccharide chains. A more complete list can be found in the reference.
REFERENCE McNaught, A. D.,Pure Appl. Chem., 68, 1919-2008, 1996. Common Name
Symbol
Abequose N-Acetyl-2-deoxyneur-2-enaminic acid N-Acetylgalactosamine N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylneuraminic acid Allose Altrose Apiose Arabinitol Arabinose Arcanose Ascarylose Boivinose Chalcose Cladinose Colitose Cymarose 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid 2-Deoxyribose 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose Diginose Digitalose Digitoxose 3,4-Di-O-methylrhamnose Ethyl glucopyranuronate Evalose Fructose Fucitol Fucose β-D-Galactopyranose 4-sulfate Galactosamine Galactose Glucitol Glucosamine Glucose Glucuronic acid N-Glycoloylneuraminic acid Gulose Hamamelose Idose Iduronic acid Lactose Lyxose Maltose Mannose 2-C-Methylxylose Muramic acid Mycarose Mycinose Neuraminic acid
Abe Neu2en5Ac GalNAc GlcNAc Neu5Ac All Alt Api Ara-ol Ara
Kdo dRib GlcN3N
Systematic Name 3,6-Dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose
allo-Hexose altro-Hexose 3-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-glycero-tetrose Arabinitol arabino-Pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-xylo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-gulose 4,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose 2-Deoxy-erythro-pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-lyxo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-D-galactose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose
Rha3,4Me2 GlcpA6Et Fru Fuc-ol Fuc β-D-Galp4S GalN Gal Glc-ol GlcN Glc GlcA Neu5Gc Gul Ido IdoA Lac Lyx Man Xyl2CMe Mur
Neu
6-Deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-mannose arabino-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxy-D-galactitol 6-Deoxygalactose 2-Amino-2-deoxygalactose galacto-Hexose 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose gluco-Hexose
gulo-Hexose 2-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose ido-Hexose β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose lyxo-Pentose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose manno-Hexose 2-Amino-3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 6-Deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-D-allose 5-Amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid
7-7
CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS (continued) Common Name Panose Paratose Primeverose Psicose Quinovose Raffinose Rhamnose Rhodinose Ribose Ribose 5-phosphate Ribulose Rutinose Sarmentose Sedoheptulose Sorbose Streptose Sucrose Tagatose Talose Turanose Tyvelose Xylose Xylulose
Symbol
Psi Qui Rha Rib Rib5P Ribulo (Rul)
Sor
Tag Tal Tyv Xyl Xylulo (Xul)
Systematic Name α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-D-glucose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose ribo-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxyglucose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranoside 6-Deoxymannose 2,3,6-Trideoxy-L-threo-hexose ribo-Pentose erythro-Pent-2-ulose α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose D-altro-Hept-2-ulose xylo-Hex-2-ulose 5-Deoxy-3-C-formyl-L-lyxose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside lyxo-Hex-2-ulose talo-Hexose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-fructose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose xylo-Pentose threo-Pent-2-ulose
7-8
BIOLOGICAL BUFFERS This table of frequently used buffers gives the pKa value at 25°C and the useful pH range of each buffer. The buffers are listed in order of increasing pH. The table is reprinted with permission of Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.
Acronym MES BIS TRIS ADA ACES PIPES MOPSO BIS TRIS PROPANE BES MOPS HEPES TES DIPSO TAPSO TRIZMA HEPPSO POPSO EPPS TEA TRICINE BICINE TAPS AMPSO CHES CAPSO AMP CAPS a
Name 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid 2-[(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 1,3-Bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-[N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(3-propanesulfonic acid) Triethanolamine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid 3-[(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 2-(N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid
pKa = 9.0 for the second dissociation stage.
7-9
Mol. wt.
pKa
Useful pH range
195.2 209.2 190.2 182.2 302.4 225.3 282.3 213.2 209.3 238.3 229.2 243.3
6.1 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8a 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6
5.5—6.7 5.8—7.2 6.0—7.2 6.1—7.5 6.1—7.5 6.2—7.6 6.3—9.5 6.4—7.8 6.5—7.9 6.8—8.2 6.8—8.2 7.0—8.2
259.3 121.1 268.3 362.4 252.3 149.2 179.2 163.2 243.3
7.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4
7.0—8.2 7.0—9.1 7.1—8.5 7.2—8.5 7.3—8.7 7.3—8.3 7.4—8.8 7.6—9.0 7.7—9.1
227.3 207.3 237.3 89.1 221.3
9.0 9.3 9.6 9.7 10.4
8.3—9.7 8.6—10.0 8.9—10.3 9.0—10.5 9.7—11.1
TYPICAL pH VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND FOODS This table gives typical pH ranges for various biological fluids and common foods. All values refer to 25°C. Grapes Hominy (lye) Jams, fruit Jellies, fruit Lemons Limes Maple syrup Milk, cows Olives Oranges Oysters Peaches Pears Peas Pickles, dill Pickles, sour Pimento Plums Potatoes Pumpkin Raspberries Rhubarb Salmon Sauerkraut Shrimp Soft drinks Spinach Squash Strawberries Sweet potatoes Tomatoes Tuna Turnips Vinegar Water, drinking Wines
Biological Materials Blood, human Blood, dog Spinal fluid, human Saliva, human Gastric contents, human Duodenal contents, human Feces, human Urine, human Milk, human Bile, human
7.35-7.45 6.9-7.2 7.3-7.5 6.5-7.5 1.0-3.0 4.8-8.2 4.6-8.4 4.8-8.4 6.6-7.6 6.8-7.0
Foods Apples Apricots Asparagus Bananas Beans Beers Beets Blackberries Bread, white Butter Cabbage Carrots Cheese Cherries Cider Corn Crackers Dates Eggs, fresh white Flour, wheat Gooseberries Grapefruit
2.9-3.3 3.6-4.0 5.4-5.8 4.5-4.7 5.0-6.0 4.0-5.0 4.9-5.5 3.2-3.6 5.0-6.0 6.1-6.4 5.2-5.4 4.9-5.3 4.8-6.4 3.2-4.0 2.9-3.3 6.0-6.5 6.5-8.5 6.2-6.4 7.6-8.0 5.5-6.5 2.8-3.0 3.0-3.3
7-10
3.5-4.5 6.8-8.0 3.5-4.0 2.8-3.4 2.2-2.4 1.8-2.0 6.5-7.0 6.3-6.6 3.6-3.8 3.0-4.0 6.1-6.6 3.4-3.6 3.6-4.0 5.8-6.4 3.2-3.6 3.0-3.4 4.6-5.2 2.8-3.0 5.6-6.0 4.8-5.2 3.2-3.6 3.1-3.2 6.1-6.3 3.4-3.6 6.8-7.0 2.0-4.0 5.1-5.7 5.0-5.4 3.0-3.5 5.3-5.6 4.0-4.4 5.9-6.1 5.2-5.6 2.4-3.4 6.5-8.0 2.8-3.8
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY The elemental composition of the “standard man” of mass 70 kg is given below. REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W.S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.
Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium
Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 <0.048 0.022 <0.017 0.012 0.013 0.010 <0.010 <0.0093 <0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.00009 0.000036 3.1⋅10-11
7-11
Percent of total body mass 61 23 10 2.6 1.4 1.1 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.027 0.026 0.006 0.0037 0.0033 0.00046 0.00046 0.00029 0.00017 0.00010 0.00009 0.00007 0.00007 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.000003 0.000002 0.000002 0.0000001
STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES Petr Van´ysek This table lists transformed values of the standard Gibbs energy of formation for several molecules and ions of biochemical importance. Values of ∆fG‘o are given at pH 7, 298.15 K, and 100 kPa for infinite dilution and for two finite ionic strengths, I = 0.1 mol/L and I = 0.25 mol/L. The charge of the species (zi) is also given. The table can be used for calculating practical (pH 7) reduction potentials for important biological processes. Such listing is more compact than offering reduction potentials, which would require tabulating a large number of reactant-product combinations. To calculate the standard apparent reduction potential E’o for reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol at infinite dilution, for example, write first the reaction: CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2 e- 1 CH3CH2OH The change in hydrogen count can be accomplished by adding H+ , which in turn has to be compensated by adding the appropriate number of electrons (reduction). The correct count of electrons is needed in the subsequent equation for the reduction potential: E’o = [- 1/nF] · [∆fG‘o (product) - ∆fG‘o(reactant)] where n is the number of electrons to be added and F is the Faraday constant. Specifically, for the above reaction: E’o = [-1/(2·9.6485·104 C mol-1)] · [58.1·103 J mol-1 - 20.83·103 J mol-1] = -0.193 V. REFERENCE Alberty, R. A., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 353, 116-130, 1998; 358, 25-39, 1998.
∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound Acetaldehyde Acetate Acetone cis-Aconitate Adenine Adenosine Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Alanine Ammonium Arabinose L-Asparagine Aspartate 1-Butanol Butyrate Carbonate iso-Citrate Citrate CO(aq) CO(g) CO2(g) Creatine Creatinine L-Cysteine L-Cystine Cytochrome c [oxidized] Cytochrome c [reduced] Ethanol
I=0
I = 0.1 mol/L
20.83 -249.44 80.03 -797.26 512.07 519.43 -1234.36 -367.5 -2098 -91.31 80.52 -342.67 -206.28 -456.15 227.72 -72.94 -547.33 -956.82 -963.46 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 100.41 256.55 -59.23 -187.03 0 -24.54 58.1
23.27 -248.22 83.71 -800.94 515.13 527.39 -1230.97 -361.99 -2097.55 -87.02 82.35 -336.55 -201.38 -453.09 233.84 -69.26 -547.15 -958.84 -965.49 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 105.92 260.84 -55.01 -179.69 -5.51 -26.96 61.77
7-9
I = 0.25 mol/L 24.06 -247.82 84.89 -802.12 516.12 529.96 -1230.12 -360.29 -2097.89 -85.64 82.94 -334.57 -199.8 -452.1 235.82 -68.08 -547.1 -959.58 -966.23 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 107.69 262.22 -53.65 -177.32 -7.29 -27.75 62.96
zi 0 -1 0 -3 0 0 -3 -2 -4 0 1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0
STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound Ethyl acetate Ferredoxin [oxidized] Ferredoxin [reduced] Flavin adenine dinucleotide [oxidized] Flavin adenine dinucleotide [reduced] Flavin mononucleotide [oxidized] Flavin mononucleotide [reduced] Formate Fructose Fructose-6-phosphate Fumarate Galactose Galactose-1-phosphate Glucose Glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glutamate Glutamine Glutathione [oxidized] Glutathione [reduced] Glycerol Glycerol-3-phosphate Glycine Glycolate Glycylglycine Glyoxylate H2(aq) H2(g) H 2O β-Hydroxypropionate Hydrogen peroxide Hypoxanthine Indole L-Isoleucine Lactate Lactose L-Leucine Lyxose Malate Maltose D-Mannitol Mannose Methane Methanol L-Methionine Methylamine N2(aq) N2(g) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [reduced] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [oxidized] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [reduced] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [oxidized]
I=0
I = 0.1 mol/L
I = 0.25 mol/L
zi
-18 0 38.07 1238.65 1279.68 759.17 800.2 -311.04 -436.03 -1321.71 -521.96 -429.45 -1317.5 -436.42 -1318.03 -1325 -377.82 -128.46 1198.69 625.56 -177.83 -1080.22 -180.13 -411.08 -200.55 -428.64 97.51 79.91 -157.28 -318.62 -54.12 249.33 503.49 175.53 -316.94 -688.29 -167.18 -349.58 -682.83 -695.65 -383.22 -431.51 109.11 -15.45 -63.4 199.88 18.07 0
-13.1 -0.61 38.07 1255.17 1297.43 768.35 810.61 -311.04 -428.69 -1317.16 -523.18 -422.11 -1313.01 -429.08 -1313.34 -1320.37 -373.54 -122.34 1214.6 633.52 -172.93 -1077.83 -177.07 -409.86 -195.65 -428.64 98.74 81.17 -156.05 -316.17 -52.89 251.77 507.78 183.49 -314.49 -674.82 -175.14 -343.46 -682.83 -682.19 -374.65 -424.17 111.55 -13.04 -56.67 202.94 18.07 0
-11.52 -0.81 38.07 1260.51 1303.16 771.32 813.97 -311.04 -426.32 -1315.74 -523.58 -419.74 -1311.6 -426.71 -1311.89 -1318.92 -372.16 -120.36 1219.74 636.09 -171.35 -1077.14 -176.08 -409.46 -194.07 -428.64 99.13 81.53 -155.66 -315.38 -52.5 252.56 509.16 186.06 -313.7 -670.48 -177.71 -341.48 -682.83 -677.84 -371.89 -421.8 112.34 -12.25 -54.49 203.93 18.07 0
0 1 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -2 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1101.47
1115.55
1120.09
-2
1038.86
1054.17
1059.11
-1
1064.85
1070.97
1072.95
-4
998.91
1008.7
1011.86
-3
7-10
STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound O2(aq) O2(g) Oxalate Oxaloacetate Oxalosuccinate 2-Oxoglutarate Palmitate L-Phenylalanine Phosphate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyrophosphate Pyruvate Retinal Retinol Ribose Ribose-1-phosphate Ribose-5-phosphate Ribulose L-Serine D-Sorbose Succinate Sucrose Thioredoxin [oxidized] Thioredoxin [reduced] L-Tryptophane L-Tyrosine Ubiquinone [oxidized] Ubiquinone [reduced] Urate Urea L-Valine Xylose D-Xylulose
I=0
I = 0.1 mol/L
16.4 0 -673.9 -713.37 -979.06 -633.59 979.25 232.42 -1058.56 143.84 134.43 -1937.66 -352.4 1118.78 1170.77 -339.23 -1215.87 -1223.95 -336.38 -231.18 -432.47 -530.62 -685.66 0 54.03 366.88 68.82 3596.07 3586.16 -206.1 -42.92 -80.87 -350.93 -346.59
16.4 0 -676.35 -714.6 -979.06 -633.59 997.6 239.15 -1059.17 148.74 139.32 -1941.82 -351.18 1135.91 1189.13 -333.11 -1212.24 -1220.32 -330.26 -226.89 -425.13 -530.62 -672.2 0 55.26 374.22 75.55 3651.15 3642.47 -204.85 -40.53 -87.6 -344.81 -340.47
7-11
I = 0.25 mol/L 16.4 0 -677.14 -714.99 -979.06 -633.59 1003.54 241.33 -1059.49 150.32 140.9 -1943.35 -350.78 1141.45 1195.06 -331.13 -1211.14 -1219.22 -328.28 225.81 -422.76 -530.62 -667.85 0 55.65 376.59 77.73 3668.94 3660.65 204.45 -39.73 -89.78 -342.83 -338.49
zi 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 -2 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -2 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of the salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuS04 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is equivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent. See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C12H8(NH3)2⋅2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2.4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodide-mercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). One mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100°C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal. Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red. Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash the precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue for 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4⋅5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution becomes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric acid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl2⋅2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen, to a solution of HCl, made by diluting 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use.
8-1
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator. Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime, 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide. Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound. Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator. Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent. See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol. Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent. See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of. To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic extract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filter. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagent, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid Magnesium uranyl acetate. Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2⋅4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent. See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagent. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified. Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified. Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent. See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1-naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform. Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then add 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid.
8-2
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol. Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent. Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution. To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator. Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100°C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10 % HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent. Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture. Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid. 2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool quickly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline. 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator). Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent. See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent. See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent. See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solution. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved.
8-3
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of Na2S⋅9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent. Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL. Titration mixture. (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution. See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and digest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent. See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried and washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reserved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T (N,N-dichloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4⋅4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2⋅H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter.
8-4
STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.
Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium Barium carbonate Barium chloride hydrate Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Bromine Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium chloride hydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chlorine Citric acid Cobalt Copper Copper oxide (cupric) Copper sulfate hydrate Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Iodine Lactic acid Malic acid Magnesium Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hydrate Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganese sulfate Mercuric chloride Nickel Nitric acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxalic acid anhydride Phosphoric acid Potassium Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride
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Formula HC2H3O2 NH3 NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS Ba BaCO3 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 BaO Br Ca CaCO3 CaCl2 CaCl2 · 6H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO Cl C6H8O7 · H2O Co Cu CuO CuSO4 · 5H2O HCl HCN I C3H6O3 C4H6O5 Mg MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2 · 6H2O MgO Mn MnSO4 HgCl2 Ni HNO3 H2C2O4 H2C2O4 · 2H2O C2O3 H3PO4 K KHCO3 K2CO3 KCl
Atomic or molecular weight
Equivalence factor
60.0530 17.0306 18.0386 53.4916 132.1388 76.1204 137.34 197.3494 244.2767 171.3547 153.3394 79.909 40.08 100.0894 110.9860 219.0150 74.0947 56.0794 35.453 210.1418 58.9332 63.54 79.5394 249.6783 36.4610 27.0258 126.9044 90.0795 134.0894 24.312 84.3214 95.2180 203.2370 40.3114 54.938 150.9996 271.4960 58.71 63.0129 90.0358 126.0665 72.0205 97.9953 39.102 100.1193 138.2134 74.5550
1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1 1 1/2 1
Mass in grams 6.0053 1.7031 1.8039 5.3492 6.6069 7.6120 6.867 9.8675 12.2138 8.5677 7.6670 7.9909 2.004 5.0045 5.5493 10.9508 3.7047 2.8040 3.5453 7.0047 2.9466 3.177 3.9770 12.4839 3.6461 2.7026 12.6904 9.0080 6.7045 1.2156 4.2161 4.7609 10.1623 2.0156 2.7469 7.5500 13.5748 2.9356 6.3013 4.5018 6.3033 3.6010 3.2665 3.9102 10.0119 6.9106 7.4555
STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued)
Name Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide Potassium oxide Potassium tartrate Silver Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide Sodium sulfide Succinic acid Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Zinc Zinc sulfate hydrate
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Formula
Atomic or molecular weight
Equivalence factor
KCN KOH K2O K2H4C4O6 Ag AgNO3 Na NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaOH Na2O Na2S H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 C4H6O6 Zn ZnSO4 · 7H2O
65.1199 56.1094 94.2034 226.2769 107.87 169.8749 22.9898 84.0071 105.9890 58.4428 39.9972 61.9790 78.0436 118.0900 98.0775 150.0888 65.37 287.5390
1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
Mass in grams 6.5120 5.6109 4.7102 11.3139 10.787 16.9875 2.2990 8.4007 5.2995 5.8443 3.9997 3.0990 3.9022 5.9045 4.9039 7.5044 3.269 14.3769
STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the most common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.
Name Antimony Arsenic Arsenic trisulfide Arsenous oxide Barium peroxide Barium peroxide hydrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium oxide Chlorine Chromium trioxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Hydroferrocyanic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iron Iron oxide (ferrous) Iron oxide (ferric) Lead peroxide Manganese dioxide Nitric acid Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxygen Potassium dichromate Potassium chlorate Potassium chromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Stannous chloride Stannous oxide Sulfur dioxide Tin
Atomic or molecular weight
Formula Sb As As2S3 As2O3 BaO2 BaO2 · 8H2O Ca CaCO3 Ca(OCl)2 CaO Cl CrO3 FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O H4Fe(CN)6 H2O2 H2S I Fe FeO Fe2O3 PbO2 MnO2 HNO3 N2O3 N2O5 C2H2O4 C2H2O4 · 2H2O O K2Cr2O7 KClO3 K2CrO4 K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O KI KNO3 KClO4 KMnO4 NaClO3 NaNO3 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O SnCl2 SnO SO2 Sn
8-7
121.75 74.9216 246.0352 197.8414 169.3388 313.4615 40.08 100.0894 142.9848 56.0794 35.453 99.9942 392.0764 215.9860 34.0147 34.0799 126.9044 55.847 71.8464 159.6922 239.1888 86.9368 63.0129 76.0116 108.0104 90.0358 126.0665 15.9994 294.1918 122.5532 194.1076 368.3621 422.4081 166.0064 101.1069 138.5526 158.0376 106.4410 84.9947 248.1825 189.5960 134.6894 64.0628 118.69
Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1 1/3 1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/3 1 1 1 1/3 1/8 1/5 1/6 1/3 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
Mass in grams 6.0875 3.7461 6.1509 4.9460 8.4669 15.6730 2.004 5.0045 3.5746 2.8040 3.5453 3.3331 39.2076 21.5986 1.7007 1.7040 12.6904 5.5847 7.1846 7.9846 11.9594 4.3468 2.1004 1.9002 1.8001 4.5018 6.3033 0.8000 4.9032 2.0425 6.4733 36.8362 42.2408 16.6006 3.3702 1.7319 3.1608 1.7740 2.8332 24.8183 9.4798 6.7345 3.2031 5.935
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Aluminium
Reagents
Ref.
Alizarin Red S Aluminon Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Ammonia
Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite
Antimony
Brilliant Green Bromopyrogallol Red Rhodamine B
Arsenic
Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Silver diethyldithiocarbamate
Barium
Sulfonazo III
Beryllium
Beryllon II Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R
Bismuth
Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone Pyrocatechol Violet Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Thiourea Xylenol Orange
Boron
Azomethine H Carminic acid
Curcumin
8-8
Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Marczenko, p 133 (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Analyst, 107, 428, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 19 (2), Onishi, Part IIa p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), Analyst, 107, 1431, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 22 (2), Marczenko, p 131 (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622 (7) Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413 (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 604 (9) Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Talanta, 13, 507, (1966). Fries/Getrost, p 32, (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 673. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta, 31, 249, (1984). Zh, Anal. Khim., 33, 1298, (1978). Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 303. (7) Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 186, 418, (1962). Zh. Anal. Khim., 38, 216, (1983). Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 323, 266, (1986).
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Methylene Blue
Bromide
Fluorescein Phenol Red
Cadmium
Calcium
2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Cadion Dithizone
4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Chlorophosphonazo III Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Murexide
Cerium
Phthalein Purple N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Chlorine
N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
Chromium
1,5-Diphenylcarbazide
Cobalt
4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Nitroso-R salt 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol
Copper
4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Bathocuproine Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Dithizone Neocuproine Cuprizone
Cyanide
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid
8-9
Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), Talanta, 31, 547, (1984). Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Marczenko, p 197. (3) Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 310, 51, (1982). Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Anal. Chim. Acta, 34, 71 (1966). Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969). Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90, 187, (1965). Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) West, p 17. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 297, (1973). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 382, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) Zh. Anal. Khim., 35, 1306, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Anal. Chim. Acta, 99, 197, (1978).
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Fluoride
Reagents
Ref.
Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion
Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Gallium
Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B Xylenol Orange
Germanium
Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Brilliant Green + Molybdate Phenylfluorone
Gold
5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Rhodamine B
Hafnium
Arsenazo III
Indium
Bromopyrogallol Red Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
Iodide Iodine
Neocuproine + Copper(II) Starch
Iridium
Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Bathophenanthroline
Iron
Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid 2,2′-Bipyridyl Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 1,10-Phenanthroline
1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Ferrozine Lanthanum
Arsenazo III
8-10
Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 75, (1971). Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta, 19, 807, (1972). Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Marczenko, p 323. (3) Anal. Chem., 27, 1776, (1955). Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 45, 2656, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1348, (1970). Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Lead
Reagents
Ref.
Dithizone
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Lithium
Thoron
Magnesium
Eriochrome Black T
8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Titan Yellow Xylidyl Blue Manganese
Formaldoxime
Mercury
Dithizone
Michler’s thioketone
Molybdenum
Xylenol Orange Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride Phenylfluorone Toluene-3,4-dithiol
Nickel
2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dimethylglyoxime
Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant 2,2′-Furildioxime 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Niobium
N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2′Bipyridyl or 1-(2-thenoyl)-3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone Bromopyrogallol red Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
8-11
Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), Talanta, 30, 587, (1983). Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) West, p 58. (10) Snell, Metals II, p 1311., Microchem. J., 31, 56, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28, 189, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1427. (8) Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Talanta, 32, 189, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Sulfochlorophenol S
Nitrate
Xylenol Orange Brucine Chromotropic acid
Nitrite
Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine
Osmium Palladium
1,5-Diphenylcarbazide 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dithizone 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
Phosphate
Rhodamine B + Molybdate Malachite Green + Molybdate
Platinum
Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Dithizone 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Rare Earths
Arsenazo I Arsenazo III
Xylenol Orange Rhenium
2,2′-Furildioxime
Rhodium
1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
Ruthenium
1,10-Phenanthroline Thiourea 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide
Scandium
Alizarin red S Arsenazo III
8-12
Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320, 490, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 585. (8), Analyst, 109, 1281, (1984). Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Marczenko, p 428. (3) Talanta, 33, 939, (1986). Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Snell, Nonmetals, p 103. (9) Snell, Nonmetals, p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta, 34, 87, (1987). Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Chrome Azurol S Xylenol Orange Selenium
3,3′-Diaminobenzidine
Silver
2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Dithizone
Sulfate Sulfide
Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
Sulfite
Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde
Tantalum
Methyl Violet 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Phenylfluorone
Tellurium
Diethyldithiocarbamate
Bismuthiol II Thallium
Brilliant green
Dithizone Rhodamine B
Thorium
Arsenazo III
Thoron
Tin
Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) Gallein Phenylfluorone
Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant Titanium
Chromotropic acid
8-13
Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 309, (1984). Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 422. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Diantipyrinylmethane Tiron Tungsten
Pyrocatechol Violet Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Toluene-3,5-dithiol
Uranium
Arsenazo III 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Chlorophosphonazo III 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
Vanadium
N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol
Yttrium
Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Xylenol Orange
Zinc
Dithizone
1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Xylenol Orange
Zircon
Zirconium
Alizarin Red S
Arsenazo III Pyrocatechol Violet Morin Xylenol Orange
8-14
Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 110, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 404. (23), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals I I, p 1149. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) REVIEWS Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979. MONOGRAPHS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. Williams, W. J.,, Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Mavenzenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.
8-15
ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant pK, when available. The color code is: C = colorless P = purple
A = amber O = orange
B/G = blue-green
Pk = pink
Y = yellow
V = violet
R = red
REFERENCE Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators, Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Indicator
pH Range
Indicator
Alizarin Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R Benzopurpurine 4B 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Brilliant Yellow Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple Bromophenol Blue Bromothymol Blue Chlorophenol Red Clayton Yellow Congo Red o-Cresolphthalein Cresol Red Crystal Violet Curcumin (Turmaric) p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine N,N-Dimethyl-p(m-tolylazo)aniline 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6,8-Dinitro-2,4(1H)quinazolinedione
5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 4.6-6.0 10.1-12.0 2.2-4.2
Erythrosin, disodium salt 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-mphenylene-diamine monohydrochloride Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl) ethanoate Ethyl Orange Ethyl Red Ethyl Violet 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt Malachite Green Metacresol Purple Metanil Yellow Methyl Green Methyl Orange Methyl Red Methyl Violet p-Naphtholbenzein Neutral Red p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Orange IV Paramethyl Red Phenolphthalein Phenol Red 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Propyl Red Quinaldine Red Resazurin Resorcin Blue Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Thymol Blue Thymolphthalein 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Turmaric
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3.0-4.0
8.0-9.0 6.6-7.8 3.8-5.4 5.2-6.8 3.0-4.6 6.0-7.6 5.2-6.8 12.2-13.2 3.0-5.0 8.2-9.8 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 0.0-1.8 7.4-8.6
11.4-12.6 2.8-4.4
3.5-4.8 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 2.6-4.8 2.0-4.7
6.0-7.0 6.4-8.0
pH Range 2.2-3.6
4.4-5.8 8.4-9.6 3.4-4.8 4.0-5.8 0.0-2.4 11.4-13.0 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 1.2-2.4 0.2-1.8 3.2-4.4 4.8-6.0 0.0-1.6 8.2-10.0 6.8-8.0 5.4-6.6 6.8-8.6 1.4-2.8 1.0-3.0 8.2-10.0 6.6-8.0 1.2-2.6 4.0-5.6 4.8-6.6 1.4-3.2 3.8-6.4 4.4-6.2 3.0-4.2 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 9.4-10.6 1.4-2.8 12.0-14.0 11.5-13.0 7.4-8.6
B = blue
ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued)
pH range
Color change
0.0-1.0 0.0-1.6 0.0-1.8 0.0-2.4 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 1.0-3.0 1.2-2.4 1.2-2.6 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.2-3.6 2.2-4.2 2.6-4.8 2.8-4.4 3.0-4.0
R-Y Y-B Y-B Y-B Y-B/G Y-B Y-R R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y O-Y C-R C-Y O-R V-R R-Y R-Y P-R
3.0-4.2
Y-B
3.0-4.6 3.0-5.0 3.2-4.4 3.4-4.8 3.5-4.8
Y-B B-R R-Y R-Y V-Y
3.8-5.4 3.8-6.4 4.0-5.6 4.0-5.8 4.4-5.6 4.4-5.8
Y-B O-V R-Y C-R R-Y O-Y
4.4-6.2 4.6-6.0 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.4-6.6 5.6-7.2 6.0-7.0
R-B Y-R R-Y R-Y Y-P Y-R C-Y Y-R Y-B
6.0-7.6 6.4-8.0 6.6-7.8 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 6.8-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.4-8.6 7.4-9.0
Y-B C-Y Y-R Y-R R-A C-Y Y-R Y-R Y-P
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Indicator Cresol Red Methyl Violet Crystal Violet Ethyl Violet Malachite Green Methyl Green 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine Paramethyl Red Metanil Yellow 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine Thymol Blue Metacresol Purple Orange IV 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Quinaldine Red 2,4-Dinitrophenol Erythrosin, disodium salt Benzopurpurine 4B N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Methyl Orange Ethyl Orange 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Bromocresol Green Resazurin 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Ethyl Red 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride Resorcin Blue Alizarin Red S Methyl Red Propyl Red Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt Bromothymol Blue 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Brilliant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red m-Nitrophenol Cresol Red Turmaric (Curcumin) Metacresol Purple
pK
1.3
1.65 1.51
2.63 3.96
Preparation 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01-0.05% in water 0.02% in water 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water water 0.1% in water 0.1% in ethanol ethanol 0.01% in water 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01% in water water 1% in ethanol sat. solution in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1% in ethanol
4.10 3.46 4.34
4.90
5.42
5.00 5.48 6.40 6.25 7.15
7.30
8.00 8.28 8.46 8.3
0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in water 0.2% in ethanol water 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water ethanol 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100°C 1% in water 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.3% in water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water ethanol 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water
ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued)
pH range
Color change
8.0-9.0
B-R
8.0-9.6 8.2-10.0 8.2-10.0 8.2-9.8 8.4-9.6 9.4-10.6 10.1-12.0 11.0-12.4 11.4-12.6
Y-B O-B C-Pk C-R C-B C-B Y-R R-P Y-O
11.4-13.0 11.5-13.0 12.0-14.0 12.2-13.2
B-Y C-O C-O Y-A
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Indicator 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Thymol Blue p-Naphtholbenzein Phenolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Thymolphthalein Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Clayton Yellow
pK
Preparation 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water
9.20 9.5
0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1% in dil. alkali 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.04% in ethanol sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.01% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water water 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1% in water
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vany´sek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25°C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2′-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.
REFERENCES 1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.
TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Ag+ + e 1 Ag Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– AgF + e 1 Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– AgI + e 1 Ag + I– AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN– Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH–
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E°/V –2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31
Reaction Al(OH)4– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e 1 Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Au+ + e 1 Au Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au Au2+ + e –1 Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH–
E°/V –2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3 –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone Bi+ + e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br– Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Ca+ + e 1 Ca Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658 –0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628
Reaction HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3– + 2 OH– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Cu+ + e 1 Cu Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH– Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu
E°/V 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92 0.108 –0.73 0.17 –0.913 –0.407 –0.744 1.232 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Fr+ + e 1 Fr Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga Ga+ + e 1 Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V –0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1 –1.89 –2.30 –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55 –1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1
Reaction Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e 1 In In2+ + e 1 In+ In3+ + e 1 In2+ In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ In3+ + 3 e 1 In In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– K+ + e 1 K La3+ + 3 e 1 La La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Li+ + e 1 Li Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Mg+ + e 1 Mg Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Mn3+ + 3e 1 Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e 1 MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+
E°/V –2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007 –1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379 –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction N2O + 2 + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e 1 Na Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– No3+ + e 1 No2+ No3+ + 3 e 1 No No2+ + 2 e 1 No Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O OH + e 1 OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– H+
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71 –1.099 –0.646 –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695 1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87
Reaction +e 1 P+2 H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Rb+ + e 1 Rb Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re H2P2–
OH–
E°/V –1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455 –0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353 –3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e 1 Rh Rh+ + 2e1 Rh Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42– RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e –1 [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Se + 2 e 1 Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8
Reaction SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O Sr+ + e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Te + 2 e 1 Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O Tl+ + e 1 Tl Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm
E°/V 0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502 –1.37 –0.055 –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction U3+ + 3 e 1 U U4+ + e 1 U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e 1 UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e 1 V V3+ + e 1 V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O
E°/V –1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036
Reaction 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e 1 Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 ⋅ 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr
E°/V –0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45
TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)
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E°/V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142
Reaction Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
E°/V 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 I– + OH– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN– [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e 1 Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e 1 Cu I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e 1 MnO2– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42–
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E°/V 0.2513 0.26 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354 0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472 0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59
Reaction [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e 1 Rh Rh+ + e 1 Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e1 ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ AgF + e 1 Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Ag+ + e 1 Ag [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ 2 Hg+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+
E°/V 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695 0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996 0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2Br– Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O
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E°/V 0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034 1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.232 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350
Reaction Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2Cl– ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e 1 No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au– + 3 H2O 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e 1 Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Au2+ + e–1 Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O Co3+ + e 1 Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– OH + e 1 OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O
E°/V 1.35827 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498 1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O Am4+ + e 1 Am3+
E°/V 2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60
Reaction H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ XeF + e 1 Xe + F–
E°/V 2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e 1 Sn In+ + e 1 In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e 1 Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo Ga+ + e 1 Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O
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E°/V 0.00000 –0.013 –0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118 –0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22
Reaction Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O V3+ + e 1 V2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e 1 Tl In3+ + 3 e 1 In TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH– Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) In2+ + e 1 In+ Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + H2O + 2 e 1 HS– + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O
E°/V –0.222 –0.242 –0.246 –0.254 –0.255 –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365 –0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction In3+ + e 1 In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta U4+ + e 1 U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Se + 2 e 1 Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V –0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608 –0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68 –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993 –0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93
Reaction SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb Fm3+ + e 1 Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e 1 Te2– V2+ + 2 e 1 V Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e 1 No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e 1 U H2PO–2 + e 1 P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th
E°/V –0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24 –1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45 –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V –1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2 –2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295 –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353
Reaction ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y La3+ + 3 e 1 La Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e 1 No Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH– Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Mg+ + e 1 Mg Na+ + e 1 Na Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Fr+ + e 1 Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba K+ + e 1 K Rb+ + e 1 Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Li+ + e 1 Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Ca+ + e 1 Ca Sr+ + e 1 Sr
E°/V –2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8 –2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.89 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS ´ Petr Vanysek There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e– 1 A–⋅. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A 1 A+⋅ + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential (E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential (Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs. normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,N-Dimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.
Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals)
Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene
9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol
Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –2.84 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –0.91 E1/2 = –0.96 E1/2 = –1.00 E1/2 = –0.94 E1/2 = –0.83 E1/2 = –0.75 E1/2 = –0.76 E1/2 = –1.00 Ep = –2.00 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –2.07 E1/2 = –1.92 Ep = –2.08 Ep = –2.10 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.878 E1/2 = –1.875 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –1.863 E1/2 = –1.88 E1/2 = –1.846 E1/2 = –1.786 E1/2 = –1.90 E1/2 = –1.83 E1/2 = –1.835 E1/2 = –1.85 E1/2 = –1.81 E1/2 = –1.94 E1/2 = –2.11 E1/2 = –2.40a E1/2 = –1.10c E1/2 = –1.23 E1/2 = –1.67 E1/2 = –1.04
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) (continued)
Substance Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene
1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+
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Conditions/electrode/technique
Potential V (vs. SCE)
-/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol
E1/2 = –1.80 E° = –1.72 E1/2 = –2.73a Ep = –1.76 E1/2 = –2.79 E1/2 = –1.71 E1/2 = –0.039 E1/2 = –1.53 Ep = –2.55 E1/2 = –2.56 E1/2 = –2.63 E1/2 = –2.50 E1/2 = –2.36 E1/2 = –2.25 E1/2 = –2.82 E1/2 = –2.47 E1/2 = –2.88a E1/2 = –1.40 E1/2 = –1.73 E1/2 = –1.42 E1/2 = –1.80 Ep = –2.14 E1/2 = –2.49a E1/2 = –2.16 E1/2 = –2.87a E1/2 = –1.01 Ep = –0.54 E1/2 = –1.55 Ep = –1.48 E1/2 = –1.410 E1/2 = –2.13 E1/2 = –2.29 Ep = –1.05e Ep = –0.01b Ep = –1.87 E1/2 = 0.27 Ep = –0.58b E1/2 = 0.19 E1/2 = 0.13 E1/2 = 0.07 E1/2 = 0.05 E1/2 = 0.01 E1/2 = –0.17 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.57 E1/2 = –1.60 E1/2 = –1.87 E1/2 = –1.96 E1/2 = –2.05
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)
Substance
Conditions/electrode/technique
Potential V (vs. SCE)
Anthracene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9,10-Dipropylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene
CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV
Ep = +0.73d Ep = +1.0 Ep = +1.08 E1/2 = +1.34 E1/2 = +1.30 Ep = +1.22 Ep = +1.34 Ep = +1.25 Ep = +1.10 Ep = +0.35d E1/2 = +0.69 E1/2 = +0.80 E1/2 = +1.28
a b c d e
vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 vs Hg pool vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+
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pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A. K. Covington The pH value is the negative decadic logarithm of the (relative) ion activity of the hydrogen ion in the solution. pH = –log aH
(1)
This is only a notional definition since Equation 1 involves a single ion activity, which is immeasurable, and has to be attained through a nonthermodynamic assumption such as that described in Equation 5 below. In terms of substance concentration, molarity, Equation 1 may be rewritten pH = –log (cHyH/co)
(2)
where co is an arbitrary constant representing the standard state condition and equal to 1 mol dm–3, cH is the concentration of hydrogen ion and yH is the single ion activity of the hydrogen ion. In terms of molality, Equation 1 may be rewritten pH = –log (mHγH/mo)
(3)
where mo is an arbitrary constant representing the standard state condition and equal to 1 mol kg–1, mH is the concentration of hydrogen ion and γH is the single ion activity of the hydrogen ion. For most purposes the difference between these two scales can be ignored for dilute aqueous solutions; the difference is 0.001 at 25° C and 0.02 at 100° C. Arising from the nonexperimental determinability of single ion activities, the definition and determination of pH have an operational basis, and depend on the assignment of pH values to a standard solution (or solutions) together with the determination of pH difference by a cell with liquid junction called the operational cell. The Operational Definition of pH Difference1,2 The electromotive force, EMF, E(X) of the cell with liquid junction: Reference electrode KCl (aq., concentrated) || Solution X H2 Pt
(I)
is measured, and likewise that, E(S), of the cell: Reference electrode KCl (aq., concentrated) || Solution S H2 Pt
(II)
The temperature of both cells (I and II) must be equal and uniform throughout, and the hydrogen gas pressures identical. The two bridge solutions may be any molality of KCl not less than 3.5 mol kg–1 provided they are the same. The pH of the solution X, pH(X), is then related to the assigned pH of the solution S, pH(S) by the definition: pH(X) = pH(S) + [E(S) – E(X)]/[(RT/F) 1n 10
(4)
where R is the gas constant, T the thermodynamic temperature, F the Faraday constant. The quantity k = (RT/F) 1n 10 is called the slope factor whose values are given as a function of temperature in Table 1. As a consequence of this definition any difference in liquid junction potential between cells I and II is subsumed into the value of pH(X). The pH Scale The pH scale at a particular temperature is defined by Equation 4 as a straight line, on the plot of pH against E(X), having a slope of k drawn through the pH value assigned to the Reference Value Standard (RVS) solution (as given in Table 2) and the value of E(S) for cell II when it contains the Reference Value Standard solution. The solution chosen for the RVS is 0.05 mol kg–1 aqueous potassium hydrogen phthalate. The procedure by which pH(RVS) values have been assigned to the Reference Value Standard (RVS) is the cell III without transference:1,3 Pt(Pd) H2 (g, p=1 atm = 101 325 Pa) RVS, Cl–AgCl Ag
(III)
The palladised-platinum hydrogen electrode is used to reduce the catalytised chemical reduction of the phthalate by hydrogen gas. The calculation involves a non-thermodynamic assumption, the Bates-Guggenheim Convention, for the single ion activity of the chloride ion1,2 as log (γCl)o = –A(I/mo)1/2/[1 + 1.5 (I/mo)1/2]
(5)
where I is the ionic strength = (1/2)Σmizi2 = 0.0534 mol kg–1 for the RVS solution and A is a known function of temperature (Table 1). To prepare the RVS solution, dry the sample at 110° C for 2 h before use. The water should have a conductivity of less than 0.1 mS m–1. The required solution contains 10.211 g kg–1 water. It can be prepared on a volume basis by dissolving 10.138 g potassium hydrogen phthalate in water and making up to 1 L at 20° C. This solution is 0.04964 mol/L with a density of 1.00300 g/L at 20° C.
8-35
pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) Primary Standards2 pH values may be assigned by the cell without transference method (cell III) to six other buffer solutions which meet certain criteria of reproducibility of preparation and properties. These solutions are called primary pH standards (PS), and details and the pH(PS) values assigned to them are given in Table 3. When these PS solutions are used in the operational cell I, the experimental value of the slope will not be in accord with the slope factor values of Table 1, and, moreover, the experimental value could change if additional primary solutions were to be defined. Hence the pH value determined for an unknown solution can be slightly dependent (±0.02) on the choice of primary standard.2,4,5 Some useful data for standard buffers are given in Table 5. Operational Standards2,6 Operational standards (OS) are also defined which are traceable to the Reference Value Standard (RVS). Values are assigned by means of the operational cells I and II where the liquid junctions are the free diffusion type reproducibly formed in 1 mm vertical capillary tubes. These operational standards are not restricted in number provided certain preparation criteria are met, and pH(OS) values for 16 solutions are given in Table 4.2 These OS represent an alternative procedure and are in no way to be regarded as inferior to the primary standards. As a consequence of their definition, all pH(OS) values fall on the line with slope given by the slope factor value for the appropriate temperature in Table 1. Any difference in liquid junction potential between the solutions of cells I and II and KCl is subsumed into the assigned value of pH(OS). Measurement of pH. Choice of Standard Reference Solution 1a. If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any standard reference solution may be selected. 1b. If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard reference solution, pH(PS) or pH(OS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2. Alternatively, a bracketting procedure may be adopted whereby two standard reference solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [E(X) – E(S1)]/ %k where %k = 100[E(S2) – E(S1)]/[pH(S2) – pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketting procedure is to compensate for deficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system. Information to be Given about the Measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows, 1.System calibrated with pH(RVS) = .... at ...K. 2.System calibrated with two primary standards pH(PS1) = .... and pH(PS2) = .... at ... K. 3.System calibrated with two operational standards pH(OS1) =..... and pH(OS2) = .... at .... K. Interpretation of pH(X) in Terms of Hydrogen Ion Concentration The operationally defined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coefficient of a typical 1:1 electrolyte can be substituted into equation 2 or 3 to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration corresponding to 0.02 in pH. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
R. G. Bates, Measurement of pH. Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons,, New York, 1973. A. K. Covington, R. G. Bates, and R. A. Durst, Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 531, 1985. H. P. Butikofer and A. K. Covington, Anal. Chim. Acta, 108, 179, 1979. R. G. Bates, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 10, 247, 1981. A. K. Covington, Anal. Chim. Acta, 127, 1, 1981. A. K. Covington and M. J. Rebelo, Anal. Chim. Acta., 200, 245, 1987. V. E. Bower and R. G. Bates, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 39, 263, 1954.
8-36
pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) TABLE 1 Standard EMF, Slope Factor and Debye-Huckel Constant A (Unit Weight of Solvent) as Functions of Temperature Temperature/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 95
E°/mV7
A1
Slope Factor k/mV
236.55 234.13 231.42 228.57 225.57 222.34 219.04 215.65 212.08 208.35 204.49 200.56 196.49 187.82 178.73 169.52 165.11
54.199 55.191 56.183 57.175 58.167 59.159 60.152 61.144 62.136 63.128 64.120 65.112 66.104 68.088 70.073 72.057 73.049
0.4918 0.4952 0.4988 0.5026 0.5066 0.5108 0.5150 0.5196 0.5242 0.5291 0.5341 0.5393 0.5448 0.5562 0.5685 0.5817 0.5886
TABLE 2 Values of pH(RVS) for the Reference Value Standard of 0.05 mol kg-1 Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate at Various Temperatures t/°C
pH(RVS)
t/°C
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
4.000 3.998 3.997 3.998 4.001 4.005 4.011
35 37 40 45 50 55 60
pH(RVS) 4.018 4.022 4.027 4.038 4.050 4.064 4.080
8-37
t/°C
pH(RVS)
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
4.097 4.116 4.137 4.159 4.183 4.21 4.24
PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples (I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free diffusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes calibrated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8, 8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. However, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potential as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater (S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem: (i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pHT, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where TC H
= [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF]. So, pHT = - log TCH
Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+] Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be made by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowledge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the electrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ∆pH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ∆pH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measurement errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ∆pH: pHT = pH(X) - ∆pH or pHF = pH(X) - ∆pH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedures for freshwaters should be adopted. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Davison, W. and Harbinson,T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry, Whitfield, M. and Jagner,D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 839, 1986. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS, 91, 33, 1986.
8-41
PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS (continued) Table 1 pH of Dilute Solutions at 25°C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Ionic strength mmol kg-1 Potassium hydrogen phthalate xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O HCl SRM2694-Ia SRM2694-IIa
Concentration(x) mmol kg-1
10.7 1.1 9.9 10 10 0.1 — —
10 1 2.5 0.87 5 0.1 — —
pH pCO2 = 0 4.12 4.33 7.07 7.61 9.20 4.03 4.30 3.59
pH pCO 2 = air 4.12 4.33 7.05 7.58 — 4.03 — —
Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30°C. a
Simulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
Table 2 Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25°C (Reference 3) Solute NaCl Na2SO4 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 Tris Tris ⋅ HCl
mol dm-3
mol kg-1
g kg-1
g dm-3
0.3666 0.02926 0.01058 0.01077 0.05518 0.06 0.06
0.3493 0.02788 0.01008 0.01026 0.05258 0.05717 0.05717
20.416 3.96 0.752 1.139 5.006 6.926 9.010
20.946 4.063 0.772 1.169 5.139 7.106 9.244
Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35.
Table 3 Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) Temp (°C)
pHT S = 20‰
pHT S = 35‰
pHF S = 20‰
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
8.683 8.513 8.351 8.195 8.045 7.901 7.762
8.718 8.542 8.374 8.212 8.057 7.908 7.764
8.759 8.597 8.442 8.292 8.149 8.011 7.879
8-42
pHF S = 35‰ 8.81 8.647 8.491 8.341 8.197 8.059 7.926
BUFFER SOLUTIONS GIVING ROUND VALUES OF pH AT 25°C A
B
D
E
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20
67.0 52.8 42.5 33.6 26.6 20.7 16.2 13.0 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.10 3.9
2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00
49.5 45.8 42.2 38.8 35.4 32.1 28.9 25.7 22.3 18.8 15.7 12.9 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.1
4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90
1.3 3.0 4.7 6.6 8.7 11.1 13.6 16.5 19.4 22.6 25.5 28.8 31.6 34.1 36.6 38.8 40.6 42.3 43.7
5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00
3.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.6 13.9 16.4 19.3 22.4 25.9 29.1 32.1 34.7 37.0 39.1 40.9 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.3 46.1
7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00
46.6 45.7 44.7 43.4 42.0 40.3 38.5 36.6 34.5 32.0 29.2 26.2 22.9 19.9 17.2 14.7 12.2 10.3 8.5 7.0 5.7
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10
20.5 19.7 18.8 17.7 16.6 15.2 13.5 11.6 9.6 7.1 4.6 2.0
9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80
0.9 3.6 6.2 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.3 19.5 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.25
9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80 10.90 11.00
5.0 6.2 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.2 22.0 22.7
10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 12.00
3.3 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.1 11.1 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.0 26.9
F
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.
C
pH
G
H
I
25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH.
Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml. REFERENCES 1. Bower, V.E., and Bates, R.G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R.G., and Bower, V.E., Anal. Chem., 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J).
8-43
J
12.00 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.90 13.00
x 6.0 8.0 10.2 12.8 16.2 20.4 25.6 32.2 41.2 53.0 66.0
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction BH 1 B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from
[H ] [B ] +
Ka =
–
[BH]
In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system NH3 + H2O 1 NH4+ + OH– can be calculated from the equation
[OH ] [NH ] –
K b = K water / K a =
[NH 3 ]
4
+
where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound name. REFERENCE 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982. Name
Formula
Aluminum(III) ion Ammonia Arsenic acid
Al+3 NH3 H3AsO4
Arsenious acid Barium(II) ion Boric acid
H2AsO3 Ba+2 H3BO3
Calcium(II) ion Carbonic acid
Ca+2 H2CO3
Chlorous acid Chromic acid
HClO2 H2CrO4
Cyanic acid Germanic acid
HCNO H2GeO3
Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide
N2H4 HN3 HCN HF H2O2 H2Se
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
Hydrogen telluride
H2Te
Hydroxylamine Hypobromous acid
NH2OH HBrO
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Step
1 2 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25
pKa 5.0 9.25 2.26 6.76 11.29 9.29 13.4 9.27 >14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Name
Formula
Hypochlorous acid Hypoiodous acid Iodic acid Lithium ion Magnesium(II) ion Nitrous acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Phosphoric acid
HClO HIO HIO3 Li+ Mg+2 HNO2 HClO4 HIO4 H3PO4
Phosphorous acid
H3PO3
Pyrophosphoric acid
H4P2O7
Selenic acid Selenious acid
H2SeO4 H2SeO3
Silicic acid
H4SiO4
Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid
Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3
Telluric acid
H2TeO4
Tellurous acid
H2TeO3
Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water
HBF4 HSCN H2O
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Step
1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
t/°C
pKa
25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25
7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 -1.8 13.995
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA 1 H+ + Ai.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] - log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+ 1 H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O 1 BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.
REFERENCES 1. Perrin, D.D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E.P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A.R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D.D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E.P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996. Mol. Form.
Name
CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4
Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid
C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3
Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole
Step
1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27
C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2
Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine
C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2
Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid
C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S C2H7NS
Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Cysteamine
C2H7N5
Biguanide
C2H8N2
1,2-Ethanediamine
25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20
Name
Step
t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
25 25
pKa 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H8O7P2
C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3
Name 1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane
2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid
C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4
1H-Pyrazole Imidazole 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid
C3H4O5
C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2
Hydroxypropanedioic acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine
C3H7NO2
β-Alanine
C3H7NO2
Sarcosine
C3H7NO2S
L-Cysteine
C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6
C3H7NO3
L-Serine
C3H7NO5S
DL-Cysteic acid
C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2
Glycocyamine Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine
C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N
Step
t/°C
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20
9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6
C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2
2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)
C3H10N2
1,3-Propanediamine
C3H10N2O
1,3-Diamino-2-propanol
C3H11N3
1,2,3-Triaminopropane
C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5 C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4
Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid
C4H4O4
Fumaric acid
25 25 25 20 25
C4H4O5
Oxaloacetic acid
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8
C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O
Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine
C4H5N3O2
25 25 25 25
14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80
6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid 1 2 Methylmalonic acid 1 2 Malic acid 1 2 DL-Tartaric acid 1 2 meso-Tartaric acid 1 2 L-Tartaric acid 1 2 Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid
1 2 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
pKa
1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00
25 33 25 25 25
1 2 1 2
t/°C
Mol. Form.
1 2 3 4
25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25
C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2
Name
Step
pKa
1 2 1 2 1 2 3
20 20 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20
1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4
4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid
C4H7NO4
L-Aspartic acid
Step
1 2 1 2 3 1 2
C4H7N3O
Creatinine
C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3
2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine
C4H8N2O3
N-Glycylglycine
C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO2
Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine Morpholine 2-Methylalanine 1 2 N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 1 2 4-Aminobutanoic acid 1 2 DL-Homocysteine 1 2 3 L-Threonine 1 2 L-Homoserine 1 2 Creatine 1 2 Piperazine 1 2 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid 1 2 3 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine 1 2 3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine 1 2
C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2S
C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10N2 C4H10N2O2
C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3 C4H12N2 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4
1 2 1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25 25
C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S
25 25 25 25 20
2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20
10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96
25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3 C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3
Name
Step
Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid 1,7-Dihydro-6H1 purine-6-thione 2 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol 1 2 3-Pyridinol 1 2 4-Pyridinol 1 2 2(1H)-Pyridinone 1 2 Pyridine-1-oxide 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine 1 2 Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine 1,1-Cyclopropanedi1 carboxylic acid 2 trans-1-Propene-1,21 dicarboxylic acid 2 1-Propene-2,31 dicarboxylic acid 2 2-Oxoglutaric acid 1 2 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid 1 2 Methylsuccinic acid 1 2 L-Proline 1 2 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic 1 acid 2 trans-4-Hydroxyproline 1
t/°C
pKa
25
25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20
8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45
20
5.00
40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37
0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13
12
25 20 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
Step
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
2 1 2 3 1 2
25 25 25
9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6
C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2
C5H9NO4
L-Glutamic acid
C5H9N3
Histamine
C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3
Glycylalanine L-Glutamine
C5H10N2O4
Glycylserine
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2
Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine 1 2 DL-Norvaline 1 2 L-Norvaline 1 2 N-Propylglycine 1 2 5-Aminopentanoic acid 1 2 Betaine L-Methionine 1 2 Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine 1 2 3 Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine 1 2 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline
C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2
C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2 C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N
1 2 1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25
25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25
C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O C6H5N5O2 C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2
24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25
0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34
C6H6O2 C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4 C6H6O4S
Name
Step
2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole 2-Amino-41 hydroxypteridine 2 Xanthopterin 2 3 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 2-Pyridinecarbox1 aldehyde oxime 2 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone 1 2 Pyrocatechol 1 2 Resorcinol 1 2 Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid
t/°C
pKa
25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25
8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9
25
9.07
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H6O4S
Name
C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO
4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
3-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
4-Aminophenol
C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S
C6H8N2 C6H8N2
2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine
C6H8N2
m-Phenylenediamine
C6H8N2
p-Phenylenediamine
C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4
Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid
C6H6O6 C6H6O6
C6H7NO3S C6H7NO3S
C6H8O6 C6H8O7
C6H8O7
C6H9NO6
C6H9NO6
C6H9N3 C6H9N3O2
Step
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 Citric acid 1 2 3 Isocitric acid 1 2 3 Nitrilotriacetic acid 1 2 3 L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid 1 2 3 4 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidinamine L-Histidine 1 2 3
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25
9.11
C6H10O2
25
1.95
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25
2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46
C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4
25
3.74
25
3.23
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25
9.65 4.57 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1
25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20
4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82
25 25 25
1.80 6.04 9.33
C6H11NO2 C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4
C6H11N3O4 C6H11N3O4 C6H12N2 C6H12N2O4S2
C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO4 C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2
C6H14N4O2
C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N
Name Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid
Step
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine 1 2 Glycylasparagine 1 2 Triethylenediamine 1 2 L-Cystine 1 2 3 4 Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine L-Leucine 1 2 L-Isoleucine 1 2 L-Norleucine 1 2 6-Aminohexanoic acid 1 2 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy2 ethyl)glycine Citrulline 1 2 cis-1,2-Cyclohexane1 diamine 2 trans-1,2-Cyclohexane1 diamine 2 cis-2,5-Dimethyl1 piperazine 2 L-Lysine 1 2 3 L-Arginine 1 2 3 D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine
t/°C
pKa
25
4.99
25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18
25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20
10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35
25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25
2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H15NO3 C6H16N2 C6H16N2
Name Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl1,2-ethanediamine C6H19NSi2 Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile C7H3N3O8 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid C7H4Cl3NO3 Triclopyr C7H4N2O6 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 3-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 4-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 2-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 3-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 4-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 2-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 3-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 4-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5F3O 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5F3O 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5IO2 2-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 3-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 4-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5NO 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO3S Saccharin C7H5NO4 2-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 3-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 4-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid C7H5NO4 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic C7H5NO4 acid C7H5NO4 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid C7H6ClN3O4S2 Chlorothiazide C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H6O3 C7H6O3
Step
t/°C
pKa
1 2 1 2
25 0 0 25 25
7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06
25
25
1 2 1
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25
0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43 2.43 4.78 2.15
1 2 1
25 25 25
2.16 4.76 2.80
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25
6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57
1 2
3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1
Mol. Form.
Name
Step
2 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3 C7H6O4 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 C7H6O4 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3 C7H6O4 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic C7H6O5 acid C7H6O5 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide C7H7NO C7H7NO2 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid 1 2 Aniline-3-carboxylic acid 1 C7H7NO2 2 C7H7NO2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 1 2 C7H7NO3 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 1 C7H8ClN3O4S2 Hydrochlorothiazide 2 C7H8N4O2 Theobromine C7H8N4O2 Theophylline 1 C7H8O o-Cresol C7H8O m-Cresol C7H8O p-Cresol C7H8OS 4-(Methylthio)phenol C7H8O2 2-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 3-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 4-Methoxyphenol C7H8S Benzenemethanethiol C7H9N Benzylamine C7H9N 2-Methylaniline C7H9N 3-Methylaniline C7H9N 4-Methylaniline C7H9N N-Methylaniline C7H9N 2-Ethylpyridine C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9NO 2-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 3-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 4-Methoxyaniline C7H9NS 2-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9NS 4-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9N5 2-Dimethylaminopurine 1 2 C7H11N3O2 L-1-Methylhistidine 1 2 3 C7H11N3O2 L-3-Methylhistidine 1 2 3 C7H6O4
t/°C
pKa
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68
25
4.41
25 25 25 25 25 25 25
˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25
18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25
7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H12O2 C7H12O4
Name
Step
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid 1 2 C7H12O4 Butylpropanedioic acid 1 C7H13NO4 α-Ethylglutamic acid 1 2 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid C7H14O6 α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine C7H15N C7H15N 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) C7H15NO3 Carnitine Heptylamine C7H17N C7H17N 2-Heptanamine C8H5NO2 3-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H5NO2 4-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H6N2 Cinnoline C8H6N2 Quinazoline C8H6N2 Quinoxaline C8H6N2 Phthalazine C8H6N4O5 Nitrofurantoin C8H6O3 3-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O3 4-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 1 2 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid 1 2 Terephthalic acid 1 C8H6O4 2 C8H7ClO2 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO3 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7ClO3 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7NO4 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H7NO4 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H7NO4 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H8F3N3O4S2 Hydroflumethiazide 1 2 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole C8H8N2 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid C8H8O2 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O3 2-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 3-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 4-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 Phenoxyacetic acid C8H8O3 Mandelic acid C8H8O4 2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H9NO Acetanilide C8H9NO2 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid C8H9NO2 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20
C8H9NO2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40
25 25
0.5 5.34
25
5.10
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO2 C8H11NO3 C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5 C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2 C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O4S2
C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2 C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2
Name 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,Ndimethylaniline 3-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-3nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol
Step
1 2
1 2
2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine 1 2 Norepinephrine 1 2 6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide 1 2 Barbital 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid 1 Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine 1 2 Homocystine 1 2 3 4 Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine trans-6-Propyl-3piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine 1 2 3-Bromoquinoline trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid
t/°C
pKa
25
5.04
25 25
1.83 4.39 4.23
20
3.83
20
4.39
25
2.62
25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25
5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15
25 25 25 25
25 25
25 15 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
30
25 17 21 20 20 25 25
6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3 10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C9H7ClO2
Name
Step
C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO
trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
3-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
4-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
6-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
8-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
7-Isoquinolinol
C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2
2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid α-Methylenebenezeneacetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine 1 2 3 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine 1 2 3 N-Benzoylglycine 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine 1 2 3 2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenezeneacetic acid
C9H7ClO2
C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3
C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3
C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3
C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3
t/°C 25
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
pKa 4.29
25
4.41
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25
4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35
20 20 20 20 20 25 25
25
25
3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58
25
4.59
25
4.61
25 25 25 25 25
2.12 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50
25
4.47
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47
Mol. Form.
Name
C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 Methylclothiazide C9H11N N-Allylaniline C9H11N 1-Indanamine 4-(Dimethylamino)C9H11NO2 benzoic acid C9H11NO2 Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2
Step
25 22 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
C9H11NO3
L-Tyrosine
C9H11NO4
Levodopa
C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3
Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine
C9H13N2O9P
5'-Uridylic acid
C9H13N3O5
Cytidine
C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P
Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride Metharbital 3'-Cytidylic acid
C9H14N4O3
Carnosine
C9H15NO3S
Captopril
C9H15N5O C9H16O4
Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid
C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N
Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1 2
C9H21N C10H7NO2 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O
t/°C
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
20 20 20
25 25 25 23 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25
pKa 9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44 8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07 10.64 1.82 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O
Name
C10H13N5O4
Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Adenosine
C10H14N2
L-Nicotine
C10H14N5O7P
5'-Adenylic acid
C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S
2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione
C10H18N4O5
L-Argininosuccinic acid
C10H12O2 C10H12O5
C10H18O4
Sebacic acid
C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N
Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan
C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2
C11H12N4O3S Sulfamethoxypyridazine C11H13F3N2O3S Mefluidide C11H13NO3 Hydrastinine C11H13N3O3S Sulfisoxazole C11H14N2O Cytisine C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2
2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine
C11H16N4O4 C11H17N
Pentostatin N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline
Step
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25
4.62 9.12 10.48
C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS
25
4.76 8.11
25 25
25 25 25 30
3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25
25 20 25
10.64 6.35 3.69
25
4.16
27
3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24
25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
25 25
1 2
1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25
C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2 C12H12N2O3 C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N C12H13N C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4 C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3
Name
Step
Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]ethyl],O-ethylester Bithionol 1 2 1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine 1 2 Phenobarbital 1 2 Iocetamic acid N,N-Dimethyl-1naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2naphthylamine Sulfamethazine 1 2 Sulfacytine Agaritine 1 2 Aspergillic acid Nizatidine 1 2 Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole 1 2 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr 1 2
t/°C
25 25 25
25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20
25 25
25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20
25 25
pKa 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9
4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
Step
Ketamine 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid C13H21N 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine C13H29N (Tridecyl)amine C14H12F3NO4S2 Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid C14H12O2 C14H12O3 α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenezeneacetic acid C14H18N4O3 Trimethoprim C14H19NO2 Methylphenidate C14H21N3O3S Tolazamide Atenolol C14H22N2O3 C14H31N Tetradecylamine C15H10ClN3O3 Clonazepam 1 2 1 C15H11I4NO4 L-Thyroxine 2 3 C15H14O3 Fenoprofen C15H15NO2 Mefenamic acid C15H15N3O2 Methyl Red 1 2 C15H17ClN4 NeutralRed C15H19NO2 Tropacocaine C15H19N3O3 Imazethapyr 1 2 C15H21N3O2 Physostigmine 1 2 C15H26N2 Sparteine 1 2 Pentadecylamine C15H33N C16H13ClN2O Valium C16H14ClN3O Chlorodiazepoxide C16H16N2O2 Lysergic acid 1 2 C16H17N3O4S Cephalexin 1 2 C16H19N3O4S Cephradine 1 2 C16H22N2 Lycodine 1 2 C16H35N Hexadecylamine C17H17NO2 Apomorphine 1 2 C17H19NO3 Piperine C17H19NO3 Morphine 1 2 C17H20N4O6 Riboflavin 1 2 C17H20O6 Mycophenolic acid C17H23NO3 Hyoscyamine C17H27NO4 Nadolol C18H19ClN4 Clozapine 1 2 C18H21NO3 Codeine C18H21N3O Dibenzepin C18H32O2 Linoleic acid
t/°C
C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S
pKa 7.5 5.8
25 25 25
25 25
25 25 25
15
20 20 25
25
18 25 20 25 21
3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 7.3 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 7.6
Mol. Form.
Name
C18H33ClN2O5S Clindamycin C18H39N Octadecylamine C19H10Br4O5S Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 Indomethacin C19H17N3O4S2 Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone C19H20N2O2 C19H21N Protriptyline C19H21NO3 Thebaine Cinchonine C19H22N2O C19H22N2O
Cinchonidine
C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7
Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid
C20H24N2O2
Quinine
C20H24N2O2
Quinidine
C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2 C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7
Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril
C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O
o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon
C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4
Atisine Brucine
C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4
Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine
Step
t/°C
25
15 1 2 1 2
25
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
25 25 20 20
25
1 2 3 4
20 1 2 1 2
25
1 2
pKa 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 6.58 6.4 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11
Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin
C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11
Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine
Step
1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
21
4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88
C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12
Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin
C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9
Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine
Name
Step
t/°C
1 2 15 1 2
pKa 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20°C. The properties are: Mass %: m c ρ n ∆ η
Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). Density of solution in g/cm3. Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20°C is 1.3330. Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20°C is 1.002 mPa s.
Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order: Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose
Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol
2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate
REFERENCES 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH
Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
m/mol kg-1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414
0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250
1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472
0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81
1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431
8-57
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
4.697 5.259 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987
3.764 4.116 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447
1.0275 1.0299 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477
1.3485 1.3498 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716
7.57 8.36 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38
1.478 1.525 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223
Acetone (CH3)2CO
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913
0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696
0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849
1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402
0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29
1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244
Ammonia NH3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164
0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713
0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920
1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502
0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06
1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.094 0.189 0.382
0.093 0.187 0.376
0.9998 1.0014 1.0045
1.3340 1.3349 1.3369
0.32 0.64 1.27
0.999 0.996 0.992
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
8-58
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903
0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789
1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674
1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782
1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60
0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045
0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716
1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277
1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938
0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69
1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530
Barium chloride BaCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915
0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889
1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564
1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591
0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69
1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234
8-59
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687
1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597
1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793
1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781
Calcium chloride CaCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.045 0.091 0.184 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007
0.045 0.091 0.183 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030
1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957
1.3342 1.3354 1.3378 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420
0.22 0.44 0.88 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70
1.015 1.028 1.050 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997
Cesium chloride CsCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0
0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341
0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921
1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661
1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691
0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49
1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926
8-60
1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0
3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560
3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163
1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842
1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167
Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.026 0.053 0.106 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231
0.026 0.052 0.105 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772
1.0002 1.0022 1.0063 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346
1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744
0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25
1.013 1.024 1.048 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549
Copper sulfate CuSO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375
0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360
1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059
1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689
0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75
1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140
0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137
1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223
1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409
0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58
1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142
Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8
8-61
0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
0.157 0.173 0.190
0.152 0.168 0.184
1.0250 1.0277 1.0305
1.3418 1.3427 1.3436
0.65 0.71 0.77
1.160 1.178 1.197
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946
0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133
0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893
1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614
0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93
1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197
0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959
0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134
1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444
0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16
1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
5.0 5.5 6.0
8-62
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0
2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166
2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406
1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765
1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931
5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23
1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026
Ferric chloride FeCl3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0
0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110
0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496
1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176
1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730
0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16
1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674
Formic acid HCOOH
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0
0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535
0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633
0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183
1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581
0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69
1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340
8-63
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
60.0 68.0
32.587 46.166
14.813 17.054
1.1364 1.1544
1.3612 1.3641
38.26
1.410 1.490
D-Fructose C6H12O6
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0
0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124
0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247
1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141
0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20
1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060
D-Glucose C6H12O6
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0
0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859
0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158
1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876
0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79
1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704
8-64
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
Hydrochloric acid HCl
∆/°C
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0
3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326
2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261
1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793
1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0
0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615
0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694
0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611
1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735
0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50
1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444
0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403
1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228
1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445
0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98
1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075
8-65
η/mPa s 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH
Lactose C12H22O11
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284
1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140
1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977
1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250
7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51
1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0
0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405
0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522
0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848
1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173
0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44
1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122
0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119
1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143
1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390
0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23
1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120
8-66
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641
0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565
1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746
1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619
0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50
1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869
Lithium chloride LiCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109
0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344
1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791
1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983
0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04
1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785
Magnesium chloride MgCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.053 0.106 0.214 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501
0.053 0.106 0.213 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022
1.0022 1.0062 1.0144 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763
1.3343 1.3356 1.3381 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148
0.26 0.52 1.06 1.65 2.30 3.01
1.024 1.046 1.091 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.042 0.084 0.170
0.042 0.084 0.169
1.0033 1.0084 1.0186
1.3340 1.3350 1.3371
0.10 0.19 0.36
1.027 1.054 1.112
8-67
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919
0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800
1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961
1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858
0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67
1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066
Maltose C12H22O11
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0
0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382
0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253
1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855
1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440
0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41
1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298
Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903
0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893
1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236
1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551
0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80
1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779
8-68
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH
Methanol CH3OH
Nitric acid HNO3
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656
1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616
1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203
1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708
2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80
2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969
0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867
1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529
1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552
0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84
1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899
0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710
0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917
1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290
0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50
1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.080 0.160 0.324
0.079 0.159 0.320
1.0009 1.0037 1.0091
1.3336 1.3343 1.3356
0.28 0.56 1.12
1.004 1.005 1.007
8-69
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580
0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913
1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466
1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867
1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16
1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561
Oxalic acid (COOH)2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966
0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920
1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355
1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418
0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09
1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585
0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059
1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528
1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582
0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12
1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198
8-70
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803
3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117
1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536
1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735
11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58
2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856
Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154
0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801
1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685
1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595
0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41
1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497
Potassium bromide KBr
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329 4.727 5.150 5.602
0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724 4.012 4.311 4.620
1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746
1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914
0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98
1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968 0.979 0.993 1.010
Potassium carbonate K2CO3
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.036 0.073 0.148
0.036 0.073 0.147
1.0027 1.0072 1.0163
1.3339 1.3347 1.3365
0.18 0.34 0.66
1.013 1.025 1.048
8-71
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0
0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236
0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573
1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404
1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168
0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55
1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369
Potassium chloride KCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236
0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742
1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623
1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665
0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88
1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040
Potassium hydroxide KOH
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913 4.456 5.027 5.629
0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730 4.213 4.711 5.223
1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210
1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781
0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92
1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521 1.619 1.732 1.861
8-72
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824
5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389
1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024
1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247
Potassium iodide KI
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016
0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364
1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959
1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027
0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97
0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897
Potassium nitrate KNO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123
0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759
1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623
1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561
0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75
0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0
0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196
0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193
1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186
0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43
1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995
Potassium permanganate KMnO4
8-73
2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued) ∆/°C
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
0.264 0.333 0.404
0.260 0.327 0.394
1.0254 1.0322 1.0390
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499
0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491
1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680
1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453
0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95
1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816
0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786
1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703
1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445
0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23
1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245
Potassium sulfate K2SO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638
0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620
1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806
1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452
0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17
1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132
1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652
0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911
0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719
1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494
0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67
1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
4.0 5.0 6.0 Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4
Solute
8-74
n
η/mPa s 0.992 0.989 0.985
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3
Silver nitrate AgNO3
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359 11.093 24.958 66.556
3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368
0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034
1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852
7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66
2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556
0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058
0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848
1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3765 1.3742
0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52
1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925
0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472
1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743
1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911
0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86
1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366
8-75
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
Sodium acetate CH3COONa
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224
0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243
1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748
0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98 4.57
1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760
0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743
1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408
1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409
0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26
1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574
0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069
1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862
0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74
1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465
Sodium bromide NaBr
8-76
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479
4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496
1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138
1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665
0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638
1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574
1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652
0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13
1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551
Sodium chloride NaCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012
0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326
1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972
1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795
0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18
1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990
Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969
0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891
1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492
1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693
0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39
1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596
8-77
1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0
1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180
1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792
1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843
1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668
0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300
1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299
1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215
0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42 16.76
1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312
Sodium nitrate NaNO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844
0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200
1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175
1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802
0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81
1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189
0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189
1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335
1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406
0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79
1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198
Sodium phosphate Na3PO4
8-78
3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4
Sodium sulfate Na2SO4
∆/°C
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530
0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535
1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961
1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371 0.410
0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369 0.408
1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478 1.0528
1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424 1.3433
0.17 0.32 0.46
1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254 1.286
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557
0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499
1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493
1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869
0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10
1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.035 0.071 0.144
0.035 0.071 0.143
1.0027 1.0071 1.0161
1.3338 1.3345 1.3360
0.17 0.32 0.61
1.013 1.026 1.058
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
8-79
η/mPa s 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0
0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986
0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875
1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106
1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643
0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56
1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481
Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216
0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498
1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827
1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229
0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37
1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758
Strontium chloride SrCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968
0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730
1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523
1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013
0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99
1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527
8-80
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Sucrose C12H22O11
Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
34.0 36.0
3.250 3.548
2.962 3.205
1.3811 1.4114
1.4067 1.4124
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0
0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686 0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965
0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299 0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435
1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117 1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031
1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906 1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677
8-81
∆/°C
η/mPa s 2.846 3.206
0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93
1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561
0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65
1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH
Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592
3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663
1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305
1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077
36.21 44.76 55.28
2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0
0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650
0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726
1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682
1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977
0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82
1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527
0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502
0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128
1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418
0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97
1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182
8-82
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503
0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657
1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076
1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970
1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85
1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208
Urea (NH2)2CO
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0
0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100 12.057 13.082 14.183
0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397 7.812 8.234 8.665
0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056
0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99 16.83 17.62
1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565 1.629 1.700 1.780
Zinc sulfate ZnSO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180
0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170
1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806
1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630
0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31
1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152
8-83
ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars)
0
25
Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91
13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21
Pressure (bars)
350
400
450
500
12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46
— 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25
— 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09
— 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96
Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62
Temperature (°C) 100 150
75 12.712 12.63 12.55 12.48 12.41 12.29 12.18 12.07 11.98 11.90 11.82 11.66 11.53 11.41 11.30 11.20 11.11
12.265 12.18 12.10 12.03 11.96 11.84 11.72 11.61 11.53 11.44 11.37 11.22 11.09 10.97 10.86 10.77 10.68
11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98
Temperature (°C) 600 700 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78
— 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70
200
250
300
11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45
11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04
11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71
800
900
1000
— 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68
— 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70
— 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85
Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3
E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2
Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.
8-84
IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m– and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively. REFERENCES 1. W.L. Marshall and E.U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. R.E. Mesmer and D.L. Herting, J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.
–log KW
t/°C
H2O
D2O
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265
15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099
8-85
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere). The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.
Gas
T/K
Solubility (X1)
Equation constants
Ref.
Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5
A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15
1
Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282
283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15
1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%
Averaged experimental values Temp. range = 278.15—303.15
1
Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6
A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
2
Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6
A = –52.8573 B = 61.0494 C = 18.9157 Std. dev. = ±0.47% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
2
Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5
A = –57.6661 B = 74.7627 C = 20.1398 Std. dev. = ±0.26% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
3
Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80
288.15 293.15 298.15
5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5
A = –66.9928 B = 91.0166 C = 24.2207
4
8-86
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas
T/K
Solubility (X1)
Equation constants
Ref.
303.15 308.15
4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5
Std. dev. = ±0.32% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15
Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5
A = –74.7398 B = 105.210 C = 27.4664 Std. dev. = ±0.35% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4
A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp.range = 273.15—373.15
Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5
A = –66.7354 B = 87.4755 C = 24.4526 Std. dev. = ±0.36% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
5
Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982
293.15
1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0
Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant
5
Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5
A = –67.3877 B = 86.3213 C = 24.7981 Std. dev. = ±0.72% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
6
Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4
A = –60.7467 B = 88.8280 C = 21.2531 Std. dev. = ±1.2% Temp.range = 273.15—313.15
7
Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5
A = –62.8086 B = 82.3420 C = 22.8155 Std. dev. = ±0.76% Temp.range = 273.15—358.15
7
Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5
Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15
8
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4
Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15
9
Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976
288.15 298.15 308.15
1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3
A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042
10
8-87
4
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas
T/K
Solubility (X1)
Equation constants
Ref.
Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3
A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15
10
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2
A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552 C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp.range = 278.15—328.15
11
Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054
283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15
2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%
Experimental data Temp.range = 283.15—333.15
11
Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048
273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15
5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%
Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15
11
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2
A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp.range = 283.15—333.15
11
Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5
A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.6170 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15
12
Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5
A = –90.8225 B = 126.9559 C = 34.7413 Std. dev. = ±0.13% Temp.range = 273.15—323.15
13
Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5
A = –102.044 B = 144.345 C = 39.4740 Std. dev. = ±0.012% Temp.range = 273.15—347.15
14
Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5
A = –102.029 B = 146.040 C = 38.7599 Std. dev. = ±0.026% Temp.range = 273.15—349.15
14
2-Methyl propane (Isobutane)
288.15
2.333 × 10–5
A = –129.714
14
8-88
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas (C4H10) Mr = 58.123
T/K 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
Solubility (X1) 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5
Equation constants
Ref.
B = 183.044 C = 53.4651 Std. dev. = ±0.034% Temp.range = 278.15—318.15
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.
8-89
SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%. REFERENCES 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991 1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
5
10
20
0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010
0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020
0.269 0.226 0.191 0.164 0.141 0.123 0.109 0.097 0.087 0.078 0.071 0.065 0.060 0.056 0.052 0.049 0.047 0.044 0.042 0.041 0.039
Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 30 40 0.404 0.338 0.287 0.245 0.212 0.185 0.163 0.145 0.130 0.117 0.107 0.098 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.070 0.067 0.064 0.061 0.059
8-90
0.538 0.451 0.382 0.327 0.283 0.247 0.218 0.193 0.173 0.156 0.142 0.131 0.121 0.112 0.105 0.099 0.093 0.089 0.085 0.082 0.079
50
100
0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098
1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of about 580 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. Values are given at 25°C or at the nearest temperature to this where data are available. In some cases solubility values are given at other temperatures as well. Solubility of solids is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with an asterisk. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100 w2, where the mass fraction w2 is given by w2 = m2/(m1 + m2). In these equations m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. For small values of S the amount of substance concentration c2 in moles per liter is approximately 10S/M2. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1-4). The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds. The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the concentration in the solution at equilibrium (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25°C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25°C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2 kPa m3/mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air-water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. *
Indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W.Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175, 1981. Pearlman, R.S., and Yalkowsky, S.H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 975, 1984. Shiu, W.Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S.C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 620, 1995. Miller, M.M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y.B., and Martire, D.E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. Horvath, A.L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. Howard, P.H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Howard, P.H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990. Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S.H., and Valvani, S.C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 6-3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R.J., Chem. Rev., 77, 219, 1977. Stephenson, R.M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. Stephenson, R.M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984.
8-91
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form. CBrF3 CBr3F CBr4 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CO CO2 CS2 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5F C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6
Name Bromotrifluoromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane Methane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Acetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethane
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 30 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 20 25 30 20 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 30 20 25 25
0.032* 0.040 0.024 0.009* 0.028* 0.11 0.065 0.00187* 0.30 0.30* 0.95* 0.80 0.09* 0.012 1.7 1.14 1.05* 1.73 0.124 1.80* 0.535* 0.177* 1.4 11.1 0.00227* 0.00276* 0.1501 0.210 0.006* 0.013* 0.017 0.026 0.012 0.0050 0.0158* 0.11 0.048 0.1081* 0.0651 0.040 0.35 0.63 0.11 0.30 0.27* 0.072 0.442 0.01336* 0.683 0.17 0.51 0.75 23 0.91 0.57* 0.216* 3.88 40.8 4.68 0.00568*
14 14 14 10 5 5 20 19 5 10 10 20 14 14 10 14 14 20 10 5 5 5 10 10 18 18 18 10 10 10 10 20 10 5 19 5 5 19 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 19 10 5 5 20 10 10 5 14 10 10 10 18
8-92
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
6.9 41 10.2 2.99
Ref.
13 13 13 13
0.047 3.0
13 13
0.43
13
0.18 0.086
13 13
0.30 0.032 0.63 0.98
13 13 13 13
0.54
13
67.4
5
260 127 32 1.73
13 13 13 13
0.85
13
1.03 0.25
13 13
2.62 0.46 0.96 0.24 0.026 2.68 1.76 0.092 21.7
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 5
0.066 0.63 0.14
13 13 13
1.23 1.02
13 13
0.52
13
50.6
5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6S C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F8 C3H3N C3H4 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6N6O6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O2 C4F8 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H7Cl C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2
Name Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfide Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Propyne cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 2,3-Dichloropropene Acrolein 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Propanal Methyloxirane Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane Dimethoxymethane Perfluorocyclobutane Succinonitrile Furan Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne trans-2-Butenal Methacrylic acid trans-Crotonic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Butanenitrile 1-Butene Isobutene Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether cis-Crotonyl alcohol Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone 2-Methylpropanoic acid
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
24 25 25 25 25 15 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 30 18 20 12 14 15 30 20 25 25 25 16 21 25 25 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 20
35.3* 25.3 2 0.00170 0.0194* 0.0015* 7.35 0.364* 0.27 0.28 0.215 20.8 0.33 6.58 0.19 10.3 0.0200* 0.0484* 0.143 0.247 0.0060 30.6 40.5 11.8 24.5 0.230 0.286 0.271 0.342 0.386* 0.366 0.104 0.140 1.50 1.71 0.00669* 24.4 0.014* 11.5 1 2.57 4.5 0.0735* 0.287* 15.6 8.9 9 2.0 4.94 0.916 3.3 0.0222* 0.0263* 1.03 16.6 0.9 7.1 9.1 25.9 22.8
10 10 10 14 14 14 10 5 5 5 5 10 5 10 10 10 5 19 10 10 17 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 14 14 10 10 10 10 18 10 14 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 5 5 20 10 10 10 10 20 10
8-93
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
0.077
13
1.11 0.24 0.18 0.36
5 5 5 5
1.10 0.003 0.038
5 13 13
21.3
5
0.29
13
0.0087
13
3.8 1.27 1.41
13 13 13
0.93
13
71.6
5
0.54
13
20.7 1.91
13 5
0.12
5
25.6 21.6 0.003
13 13 13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O
Propyl formate Ethyl acetate 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether 1-Butanol
C4H10O
2-Butanol
C4H10O
2-Methyl-1-propanol
C4H10S C4H11NO2 C4H12Si C5H4O2 C5H6 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8
1-Butanethiol Diethanolamine Tetramethylsilane Furfural 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O
1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol
C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O
2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
22 25 30 20 12 17 25 25 25 0 25 50 10 25 50 0 25 50 20 20 25 20 25 20 25 25 50 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 21 22 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25
2.05 8.08 0.0608 0.11 0.092 0.012 0.00724* 0.00535* 6.04 10.4 7.4 6.4 23.9 18.1 14.0 11.5 8.1 6.5 0.0597 95.4 0.00196 8.2 0.068 25.9 0.056 0.061 0.076* 0.157 0.054 1.50 1.56 16.6 0.0148 0.0203 0.013* 0.041 0.0157 5.5 4.72 13.9 2.4 4.1 1.0 2.3 2.9 1.92 0.0127 0.02 0.0041 0.00485 0.00332* 3.1 2.20 1.8 4.3 5.6 3.0 2.7 11.0 5.6
10 10 10 10 10 10 18 18 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 3 10 3 3 3 3 3 10 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 3 1 1 1 21 21 3 1 1 1
8-94
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
1.2 1.54
13 13
1.87 95.9 120 0.088
13 5 5 13
12 7.78
5 5
2.5 6.56
5 13
40.3 22.8 54.7
5 5 5
19.1
13
0.67
13
2.37 128 479 220
13 13 13 13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12O C5H12O C6Cl6 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Br4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O C6H2Cl4O2 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3O C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O2 C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2O C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H5Br
C6H5BrO C6H5Cl
C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F
Name 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 2,4-Dibromophenol 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene Bromobenzene
p-Bromophenol Chlorobenzene
o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene
t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 10 25 50 10 25 50 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 25 40 25 10 25 50 25 25 25 27
S/mass % 3.5 3.62 0.0000005 0.000055 0.0010 0.00000434 0.0000433 0.000346 0.0000606 1.8 0.071 0.0010 0.0000789 0.0007 0.00309 0.00379 0.000655 0.1 0.04 0.051 0.0124 0.0118 0.00442 0.000794 0.00748 0.0064 0.0020 0.2 0.00689 0.00674 0.00311 0.0142 0.0147 0.0212 0.0103 0.0106 0.0165 0.00512 0.00829 0.0167 0.45 0.78 1.19 0.114 0.114 0.122 0.00192 0.000185 0.000893 0.0387 0.0445 0.0516 1.86 0.0387 0.0495 0.0882 2.0 2.2 2.7 0.154
8-95
Ref. 1 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
0.070 0.131 0.085
13 11 11
0.144 0.59 0.122
11 11 11
0.242 0.277 1.1
11 11 11
0.244
11
0.376
11
0.160
11
0.21
5
0.38
11
0.70
11
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H5I
C6H5NO2 C6H6
Name Iodobenzene
Nitrobenzene Benzene
C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O
o-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Adiponitrile Dimethyl maleate 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl acetoacetate Caprolactam 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexen-3-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol Cyclohexanol
C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H14
Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Hexane
C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O
2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol
C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O
2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol Dipropyl ether 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
10 25 45 25 10 25 50 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 10 25 40 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 60 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 25 25 25
0.0193 0.0226 0.0279 0.21 0.178 0.177 0.208 0.876 8.66 3.38 0.08 0.80 8.0 0.017 0.036 0.016 8.8 2.89 12 84.0 0.0053 0.0067 0.0078 0.0048 0.046 0.0058 0.0043 2.52 3.81 4.62 3.8 3.30 0.3 1.75 1.7 0.958 0.68 0.63 0.62 0.49 0.0011 0.00136 0.00137 0.00129 0.0021 0.0021 0.79 0.60 0.51 1.4 1.6 0.49 0.81 0.76 3.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.0
2 2 2 17 3 3 3 10 10 10 3 16 10 3 3 3 20 10 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8-96
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
0.078
11
0.557
11
14 1.03
15 13
4.14 4.57
13 13
41.8
5
28.1 63.2
5 5
19.4 36.7
13 5
183
13
176 170 199 144
13 13 13 13
0.26
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H15N C6H15N C7H4Cl4O C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3O C7H5N C7H5NO C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7NO3 C7H8
2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol Diisopropyl ether 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane Dipropylamine Triethylamine 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol Benzonitrile Benzoxazole (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde p-Bromotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 2-Nitroanisole Toluene
C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1,6-Heptadiyne Benzyl alcohol o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Anisole o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Heptyne Cycloheptene 1-Methylyclohexene 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane
C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16
Ethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Heptane
C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16
2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 5 25 25 20 30 25 25 20 20 20 86 25 20 25 25 25 30 5 25 25 25 20 40 40 40 25 20 21 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 0 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25
0.8 1.2 4.2 2.4 5 2.5 5.5 0.00061 0.0053 0.0112 0.2 0.834 0.025 0.0673 0.0283 0.201 0.0827 0.3 1.68 0.011 0.0493 0.68 0.40 0.36 0.619 0.063 0.053 0.064 0.125 0.08 3.08 2.51 2.26 0.19 1.66 7.35 0.0094 0.0066 0.0052 0.032 0.015 0.0030 0.00151 0.0019 0.012 0.43 1.43 0.59 0.17 0.2 0.2 0.0003 0.00024 0.00025 0.00025 0.00026 0.00044 0.00052 0.00042 0.00059
1 10 1 1 10 10 10 2 10 2 10 6 10 2 2 6 6 10 10 2 10 2 2 2 10 3 3 3 3 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
8-97
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
0.26
13
0.680 0.47
13 13
0.025
13
4.47 4.9
13 13
40.3 42.2 9.59 43.3
13 13 13 13
209
13
346 249 318 175 323 186
5 13 5 5 13 5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C7H16O
1-Heptanol
C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8H4F6 C8H6N2 C8H6S C8H7ClO3
C8H7Cl3O C8H7N C8H8
2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Quinoxaline Benzo[b]thiophene 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Indole Styrene
C8H8N2 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H10
2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Ethylbenzene
C8H7ClO3
C8H10
o-Xylene
C8H10
m-Xylene
C8H10
C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H12 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2
p-Xylene
Phenetole 2,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol 4-Vinylcyclohexene 1-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 2-Octanone Octanoic acid
t/°C
S/mass %
10 25 50 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 40 25 50 20
0.25 0.174 0.12 0.33 0.43 0.47 1.0 0.49 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.7 0.82 1.6 0.70 2.2 0.0041 54 0.0130
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 6
25
0.093
8
25 25 20 25 50 20 25 20 30 25 25 25 25 0 25 40 25 45 0 25 40 0 25 40 25 25 29 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25
0.013 0.00050 0.187 0.025 0.046 0.145 0.55 0.21 0.74 0.247 0.89 0.52 0.34 0.020 0.0169 0.0200 0.0173 0.021 0.0203 0.016 0.022 0.0160 0.018 0.022 0.12 0.787 0.62 0.005 0.0024 0.00027 0.00079 0.00066 0.00060 0.000384 0.00020 0.00037 0.113 0.0798
8 2 6 4 4 6
8-98
Ref.
10 10 8 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
0.3 0.30
15 13
0.887
11
0.565
13
0.730
13
0.578
13
7.87 96.3 10.7 36 88.2 90.2 159
13 13 13 5 5 5 5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Cl C8H18
Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane
C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9H7N C9H7N C9H9N C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H16 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20
3-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Dibutyl ether 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Tetraethylsilane Quinoline Isoquinoline 3-Methyl-1H-indole Indan Ethyl benzoate 1,8-Nonadiyne Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Triacetin 1-Nonyne 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane Diisobutyl ketone Nonanoic acid Nonane
C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8
4-Methyloctane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene
C10H9N C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H16
3-Methylisoquinoline Dimethyl phthalate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene d-Limonene
t/°C 20 20 20 20 25 50 25 25 25 20 25 25 30 25 20 20 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 50 25 25 15 25 15 15 15 15 25 25 10 25 50 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25
S/mass % 0.02 0.13 0.5 0.01 0.000071 0.00010 0.000079 0.00022 0.00018 0.03 0.054 0.4 0.25 0.01 0.47 0.25 0.0000325 0.633 0.452 0.050 0.010 0.083 0.0125 0.0055 0.0056 0.0093 0.0094 0.0069 0.0056 0.00489 5.8 0.00072 0.000177 0.043 0.0284 0.000017 0.000022 0.0000115 0.00008 0.072 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.0026 0.0032 0.00224 0.00117 0.0019 0.0031 0.0082 0.092 0.40 0.0015 0.0014 0.0032 0.0010 0.00234 0.000348 0.00097 0.00138
8-99
Ref. 10 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 10 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 6 6 6 4 20 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 10 4 4 10 10 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 4 4 6 15 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
311
13
376 307 206 0.48
5 13 13 13
1.04 1.47 0.529 0.500 0.343 0.569 0.781
11 11 13 13 11 11 11
105
13
333
13
1000 246
5 13
0.0430
1.33 1.89 1.28 3.32 0.80 2.55
5
11 11 11 11 5 11
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form. C10H16O C10H18 C10H20 C10H20 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C12Cl10 C12HCl9 C12H2Cl8 C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H8S C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10
C12H10
C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H18 C12H26 C12H26O C12H27O4P C13H9N C13H9N C13H10
Name Camphor trans-Decahydronaphthalene Pentylcyclopentane 1-Decene Decane Diisopentyl ether 1-Decanol 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene Decachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′-Nonachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′5,5′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene 2-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene
Biphenyl
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Hexylbenzene Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tributyl phosphate Acridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene
C13H12 C13H14 C14H10
Diphenylmethane 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene Anthracene
C14H10
Phenanthrene
t/°C 20 25 25 25 0 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 0 25 50 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 0 25 10 25 50
S/mass % 0.01 0.000089 0.0000115 0.00057 0.0000015 0.02 0.0037 0.0028 0.0025 0.00105 0.00000000012 0.0000000018 0.0000003 0.0000002 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.0000008 0.000001 0.000002 0.0000016 0.000014 0.00002 0.0002 0.00014 0.000656 0.000103 0.00055 0.000120 0.00015 0.00038 0.00092 0.000272 0.00072 0.0022 0.0035 0.00180 0.00101 0.00080 0.0008 0.00114 0.00031 0.00025 0.00017 0.00021 0.00000037 0.0004 0.039 0.00466 0.0079 0.00007 0.00019 0.00063 0.000141 0.00021 0.0000022 0.0000062 0.000050 0.00011 0.00041
8-100
Ref. 10 4 4 4 4 10 1 4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 17 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 10 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
3 185
13 5
479
13
0.0450 0.051 1.69 0.0208
12 12 11 7
0.0381 0.0054 0.0119 0.818
7 7 7 7
0.0355
7
0.0243 0.0495 0.0201
7 7 7
0.011
12
0.0701
7
0.012
12
0.028
5
0.027 0.039 0.078
13 12 12
750
5
0.0079
12
0.001
12
0.0040
12
0.0032
12
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form. C14H12 C14H14 C14H14O C14H30 C14H30O C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10 C16H14 C16H22O4 C16H34O C17H12 C17H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12N2 C18H34O4 C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H13N C20H14 C20H42 C21H13N C21H16 C22H12 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H44O2 C24H12
Name
t/°C
trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 1-Methylphenanthrene 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene
25 25 35 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 25 Dibutyl phthalate 25 1-Hexadecanol 25 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 25 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene 25 Benz[a]anthracene 25 Chrysene 25 Naphthacene 25 Triphenylene 25 2,2′-Biquinoline 24 Dibutyl sebacate 20 5-Methylchrysene 27 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 27 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 25 Benzo[a]pyrene 25 Perylene 25 Benzo[e]pyrene 20 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 24 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene 25 Eicosane 25 Dibenz[a,j]acridine 25 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene 25 Benzo[ghi]perylene 25 Picene 25 Benzo[b]triphenylene 25 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 25 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene 25 Butyl stearate 25 Coronene 25
S/mass % 0.000029 0.00044 0.0040 0.000012 0.000031 0.0000030 0.000026 0.0000269 0.000010 0.000024 0.0000132 0.00009 0.0000056 0.00112 0.000003 0.0000045 0.0000002 0.0000011 0.00000019 0.00000006 0.0000041 0.000102 0.004 0.0000062 0.0000066 0.0000055 0.00000038 0.00000004 0.00000046 0.00000104 0.00000036 0.00000019 0.000016 0.00000022 0.000000026 0.00000025 0.0000027 0.00000006 0.0000012 0.2 0.000000014
8-101
Ref. 4 6 10 5 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 15 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 10 4
kH/kPa m3 mol–1
Ref.
0.040 0.017
12 12
0.0010 0.00092
12 12
0.00058 0.006 0.000004 0.00001
12 12 12 12
0.000046 0.000003 0.00002
12 12 12
0.000075
12
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of about 800 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. Values are given at 25°C or at the nearest temperature to this where data are available. In some cases solubility values are given at other temperatures as well. Solubility of a solid is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with an asterisk. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100 w2, where the mass fraction w2 is given by w2 = m2/(m1 +m2) . In these equations m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: Mole fraction: Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O:
m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} r2 = 100w2/(1-w2)
Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. For small values of S the amount of substance concentration c2 in moles per liter is approximately 10S/M2. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1, 2, 3, 4, 25). The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds. The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the solute concentration (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25°C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25°C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2 kPa m3/mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air-water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” table in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. * Indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175, 1981. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 975, 1984. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 620, 1995. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
8-91
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Edition, Section 8, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev. 77, 219, 1977. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29, 41, 2000. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 951, 1997. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 411, 2000. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 395, 1999. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, MacMillan, New York, 1963. Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 27, 1997. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 1069, 2000.
Mol. Form CBrF3 CBr3F CBr4 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CO CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4
C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F4 C2HBrClF3
Name Bromotrifluoromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane Methane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethylene 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 30 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 20 25 30 20 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 27 25 25 10 25
0.032* 0.040 0.024 0.009* 0.028* 0.11 0.065 0.00187* 0.30 0.30* 0.95* 0.80 0.09* 0.012 1.7 1.14 1.05* 1.73 0.124 1.80* 0.535* 0.177* 1.4 11.1 0.00227* 0.00276* 0.1501 0.210 0.00030 0.006* 0.013* 0.017 0.024 0.021 0.020 0.016 0.005 0.0158* 0.52 0.41
14 14 14 10 5 5 20 19 5 10 10 20 14 14 10 14 14 20 10 5 5 5 10 10 18 18 18 10 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 25 25
8-92
kH/kPa m3mol-1
6.9 41 10.2 2.99
Ref.
13 13 13 13
0.047 3.0
13 13
0.43
13
0.18 0.086
13 13
0.30 0.032 0.63 0.98
13 13 13 13
0.54
13
67.4
260 127 32
5
13 13 13
1.73
13
0.85
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3
Name
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene
C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2H2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4
Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Acetylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
C2H2Cl2
1,1-Dichloroethylene
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl4
C2H2Cl4
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
C2H2I2 C2H2I2 C2H2O4
cis-1,2-Diiodoethene trans-1,2-Diiodoethene Oxalic acid
C2H3Br2Cl C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3
1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethylene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
C2H3Cl3
C2H3KO2 C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4Cl2
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Potassium acetate Sodium acetate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
t/°C 40 25 0 25 60 25 25 25 20 0 25 50 100 5 25 50 90 10 25 40 10 25 40 24 0 25 50 5 25 50 25 25 20 80 20 20 25 25 0 25 50 0 25 50 25 25 25 30 0 25 50 75 0 25 50 0 25 50 100
8-93
S/mass %
Ref.
0.40 0.46 0.145 0.128 0.133 92.3 0.049 0.1081* 0.070 0.052 0.068 0.106 0.307 0.310 0.242 0.225 0.355 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.53 0.45 0.41 0.49 0.120 0.107 0.123 0.302 0.283 0.318 0.046 0.015 8.69 45.8 0.060 0.050 0.27* 0.042 0.134 0.129 0.138 0.425 0.459 0.536 72.9 33.5 0.01336* 0.683 0.31 0.39 0.54 0.76 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.92 0.86 1.05 2.17
25 25 25 25 25 27 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 27 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.03
13
0.25
13
2.62
13
0.46
13
0.96
13
0.24
13
0.026
13
2.68
13
1.76
13
0.092
13
21.7
5
0.066
13
0.63
13
0.14
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C2H4O2 C2H5Br
Methyl formate Bromoethane
C2H5Cl
Chloroethane
C2H5F C2H5I
Fluoroethane Iodoethane
C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2 H 6 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O4S C2H6S C2 N 2 C3Br2F6
C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F8 C3H3N C3 H 4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4N2O2 C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5Br2Cl C3H5Cl
Acetamide Nitroethane Methyl carbamate Glycine Ethane Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Cyanogen 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dichlorohexafluoropropane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3tetrafluoropropane Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 2,4-Imidazolidinedione Acrolein 3-Bromopropene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 3-Chloropropene
C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3
Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
C3H5N C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2
Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane
C3Cl2F6 C3Cl3F5 C3Cl4F4
C3H6Cl2
1,3-Dichloropropane
C3H6N6O6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Propanal Methyloxirane Ethyl formate Methyl acetate
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 0 25 0 25 25 0 25 20 25 15 25 25 24 25 18 25 25 21
23 1.05 0.90 0.45 0.67 0.216* 0.44 0.40 40.8 4.68 69 20.06 0.00568* 35.3* 25.3 2.7 2 0.8 0.0068
10 25 25 25 25 14 25 25 10 10 27 26 18 10 10 27 10 30 25
21 21
0.0096 0.0058
25 25
21
0.0052
25
20 25 15 20 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 50 20 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 40 5 25 25 25 20 25 20
0.00118 0.0194* 0.0015* 7.35 0.364* 0.133 0.27 0.28 0.215 3.93 20.8 0.38 0.123 0.40 0.13 6.58 0.14 0.20 10.3 0.0200* 0.0484* 0.223 0.143 0.169 0.270 0.274 0.297 0.218 0.280 0.0060 30.6 40.5 11.8 24.5
25 14 14 10 5 25 5 5 5 29 10 25 25 25 25 10 25 25 10 5 19 25 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 10 10 10 10
8-94
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.23
13
1.02
13
0.52
13
50.6 0.077
5 13
1.11
5
0.24 0.18 0.36
5 5 5
1.10
5
0.003
13
0.038
13
21.3
5
0.29
13
0.0087
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C3H6O3 C3H7Br
1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane
C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl
2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane
C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I
1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane
C3H7I
2-Iodopropane
C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H7N3O2 C3H8 C3H8O2 C4Cl6 C4F8 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4O C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N3O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6BaO4 C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O4
1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate Alanine β-Alanine Sarcosine [N-Methylglycine] Serine Glycocyamine Propane Dimethoxymethane Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Perfluorocyclobutane Succinonitrile Uracil Furan Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cytosine 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Barium acetate 2,5-Piperazinedione trans-2-Butenal trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Succinic acid
C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H7Br C4H7Cl C4H7N C4H7NO4 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8O
Dimethyl oxalate Malic acid 4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Butanenitrile Aspartic acid 1-Butene Isobutene 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Succinamide Asparagine N-Glycylglycine cis-Crotonyl alcohol
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 0 25 20 25 0 20 14 15 0 20 0 20 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 16 25 21 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 20 25 25 75 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25
17.4 0.298 0.234 0.32 0.250 0.44 0.30 0.386* 0.366 0.114 0.100 0.167 0.140 1.50 1.71 48 14.30 47.1 30.0 4.76 0.5 0.00669* 24.4 0.41 0.014* 11.5 0.27 1 2.57 4.5 0.73 0.0735* 0.287* 44.2 1.64 15.6 9 8.9 2.0 4.94 7.71 37.6 5.82 58 0.076 0.916 3.3 0.501 0.0222* 0.0263* 0.035 0.050 0.16 0.056 1.03 18.4 2.45 18.4 16.6
30 25 25 25 25 25 25 14 14 25 25 25 25 10 10 27 26 26 26 26 26 18 10 25 14 10 29 10 10 10 29 5 5
25 25 20 25 50 25 25 20
8-95
29 10 10 10 10 10 27 27 27 27 25 5 10 26 5 5 25 25 25 25 10 27 26 29 10
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
3.8 1.27 1.41
13 13 13
0.93
13
71.6
5
0.54
13
20.7 1.91
13 5
0.12
5
25.6 21.6
0.003
13 13
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl
Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane
C4H9Cl
2-Chlorobutane
C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O
1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate 2-Methylalanine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid Threonine L-Homoserine Creatine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol
C4H10O
2-Butanol
C4H10O
2-Methyl-1-propanol
C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O4 C4H10S C4H11NO2 C4H12Si C5Cl8 C5F12 C5H4N2O4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H5N5O C5 H 6 C5H6N2O2 C5H7NO2 C5H7N3O C5 H 8 C5 H 8
Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1-Butanethiol Diethanolamine Tetramethylsilane Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene Perfluoropentane Orotic acid Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid Furfural Adenine Guanine Isoguanine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Thymine Ethyl cyanoacetate 5-Methylcytosine 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C5 H 8
1-Pentyne
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
20 25 20 25 20 22 25
0.9 7.1 9.1 25.9 22.8 2.05 8.08 6 0.087 0.051 0.062 0.087 0.107 0.092 0.92 0.29 0.021 69 12.0 17.4 55.6 8.93 52.4 1.6 0.00724* 0.00535* 10.4 7.4 6.4 23.9 18.1 14.0 11.5 8.1 6.5 6.04 3.5 38.0 0.0597 95.4 0.00196 0.000020 0.00012 0.18 0.070 0.05 0.002 8.2 0.104 0.0068 0.006 0.068 0.35 25.9 0.45 0.056 0.061 0.076* 0.157
10 10 10 20 10 10 10 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 18 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 30 27 10 10 10 25 25 26 29 26 26 10 29 29 26 3 29 10 26 3 3 3 3
25 18 1 25 0 25 25 15 17 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 10 25 50 0 25 50 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 18 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 50 25
8-96
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.2
13
1.54
13
1.87
13
95.9 120
5 5
0.00273
28
0.088
13
12 7.78
5 5
2.5
5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl
Cyclopentene Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Proline trans-4-Hydroxyproline DL-Glutamic acid Glutamic acid 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 2,3-Dichloropentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Glutamine 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane
C5H11Cl C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O
3-Chloropentane Valine L-Norvaline Methionine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol
C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O4 C6Cl6 C6F14 C6F14 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Br4 C6H2Cl4
2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentaerythritol Hexachlorobenzene Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 20 21 22 20 20 20
0.054 1.50 1.56 16.6 61.9 26.5 2.30 0.85 0.0148 0.0203 0.013* 0.041 0.0157 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.02 4.0 5.5 4.72 8.02 13.9 2.5 4.3 1.0 2.3 2.9 1.92 1.6 0.0127 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.025 8.13 9.7 5.3 0.0041 0.00485 0.00332* 3.1 2.20 1.8 4.3 5.6 3.0 2.7 11.0 5.6 3.5 3.62 5.3 0.0000005 0.0000098 0.000017 0.000055 0.0013 0.00000434 0.0000433
3 10 10 10 26 26 29 26 3 3 3 3 3 25 25 25 25 26 20 20 10 10 26 26 10 10 10 10 30 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 3 3 3 1 1 1 21 21 3 1 1 1 1
25 16 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
8-97
30 2 25 25 2 24 2 2
kH/kPa m3mol-1 6.56
Ref. 13
40.3 22.8 54.7
5 5 5
19.1
13
0.00847
28
0.67
13
2.37
13
128 479 220
13 13 13
0.070
13
0.131
11
0.085
11
0.144
11
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O C6H2Cl4O2 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3O C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2O C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6H5Br
C6H5BrO C6H5Cl
C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I
Name 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 2,4-Dibromophenol 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene
p-Bromophenol Chlorobenzene
o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 10 25 50 10 25 50 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 10 25 40 25 10 25 50 25 25 25 27 10
0.000346 0.0000606 0.017 0.071 0.0010 0.0000789 0.0007 0.00309 0.00379 0.000655 0.1 0.050 0.051 1.43 0.0124 0.0118 0.00442 0.000794 0.00748 0.0064 0.0020 0.2 0.00689 0.00674 0.00311 0.0142 0.0147 0.0212 0.0103 0.0106 0.0165 0.00512 0.00829 0.0167 0.49 0.78 1.19 0.114 0.114 0.122 0.00192 0.000185 0.000893 0.21 2.09 1.30 1.36 0.0387 0.0445 0.0516 1.86 0.0387 0.0495 0.0882 2.0 2.2 2.7 0.154 0.0193
2 2 24 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 8 27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 27 27 27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8-98
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.59 0.122
11 11
0.242 0.277 1.1
11 11 11
0.195
28
0.376
11
0.244
28
0.250
28
0.32
28
0.70
11
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6
Name
Nitrobenzene 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol Benzene
C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6 C6H7N C6H7NO3S C6H8 C6H8ClN C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H9N3O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2O4S C6H12N2O4S2 C6H12N4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O
o-Chloroaniline 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol Aconitic acid Aniline 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Aniline hydrochloride Adiponitrile m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Dimethyl maleate Histidine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl acetoacetate Adipic acid Caprolactam 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane L-Lanthionine L-Cystine Methenamine 1-Hexen-3-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol
C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2
Hexanoic acid Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 45 25 20 20 20 10 25 50 25 30 30 30 25 25 20 20 25 20 15 25 7 25 15 20 20
0.0226 0.0279 0.21 0.21 2.14 1.32 0.178 0.178 0.208 0.876 1.47 0.121 0.073 8.66 7.42 31.1 63.7 38.5 1.12 58.5 3.38 0.59 0.08 15.1 0.80 19.2 1 8.0 4.17 0.017 0.036 0.016 8.8 2.89 12 1.42 84.0 0.0053 0.0067 0.0078 0.0048 0.046 0.0058 0.0043 0.15 0.011 44.8 2.52 3.81 0.3 1.75 1.7 4.62 3.8 3.30 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.62
2 2 17 27 27 27 3 22 3 10 27 27 27 10 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 27 3 27 16 27 30 10 26 3 3 3 20 10 10 27 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 26 26 27 1 1 10 10 10 1 1 1 26 27 10 10
25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 12 25 25 20 20 25 10 25 40 20 22 20 20
8-99
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.078
11
0.557
22
14
15
1.03
13
4.14 4.57
13 13
41.8
5
28.1 63.2
5 5
19.4 36.7
13 5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3
Name
C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde D-Galactose α-D-Glucose
C6H13Br C6H13Cl
1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane
C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14
Leucine Isoleucine L-Norleucine Ethyl N-propylcarbamate Hexane
C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O
2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Lysine Arginine 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Hexanol
C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H16ClN C7F16 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4Cl4O C7H4N2O6 C7H4O6 C7H4O7
2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane D-Mannitol Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylamine hydrochloride Perfluoroheptane 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
20 25 20
0.63 0.6 0.49 14
10 27 10 30
25 20 15 30 80 25 5 25 25 25 25 15 25 60 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
11 40.6 45.0 54.6 81.5 0.00258 0.0047 0.0064 2.15 3.31 1.5 7.70 0.0011 0.00136 0.00137 0.00129 0.0021 0.0021 0.58 15.44 1.25 0.79 0.60 0.51 1.4 1.6 0.81 0.76 3.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.0 0.8 4.2 2.4 0.49 1.2 5 17.7 2.5 5.5 57.8 0.0000013 0.047 0.96 0.00061 0.134 1.45 0.84
30 27 27 27 27 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 26 26 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 27 10 10 27 25 27 27 2 27 27 27
25 25
0.185 0.040
8-100
27 27
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
183
13
176 170 199 144
13 13 13 13
0.26 0.26
13 13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3O C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3S
4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde Saccharin
C7H5N3O6
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3
(Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O5
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H8
p-Bromotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol Benzamide 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene
C7H8 C7H8 C7H8N2S C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1,6-Heptadiyne Phenylthiourea Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide
t/°C 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 100 25 100 30 25 25 20 20 20 25 86 25 80 15 100 25 20 25 25 25 12 30 30 30 30 30 5 25 25 25 25 20 40 40 40 20 25 20 21 25 25 25
8-101
S/mass %
Ref.
0.0056 0.209 0.040 0.072 0.0053 0.0112 0.72 0.15 0.12 0.095 0.016 0.0027 0.2 0.834 0.16 0.23 0.40 4.0 0.015 0.015 0.025 0.0283 0.0673 0.201 0.0827 0.3 0.34 1.68 0.64 12.0 0.94 25.0 0.011 0.0493 0.36 0.68 0.40 0.577 0.065 0.050 0.044 0.169 0.059 0.063 0.0531 0.064 0.125 2.55 0.52 3.08 2.51 2.26 0.08 0.19 1.66 7.35 0.162 0.78 0.316
27 27 27 27 10 2 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 6 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 2 2 6 6 10 27 10 27 27 27 27 2 10 2 2 2 27 27 27 27 10 27 3 22 3 3 27 29 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 27 27 27
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.660 0.47
22 13
0.025
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O2 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
1-Heptyne Cycloheptene 1-Methylyclohexene Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane
C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H16
Ethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane
C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O
C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8F18 C8H4F6 C8H6N2 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3
2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1-Heptanol
2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Perfluorooctane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Quinoxaline Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 50 20 11 25 20 20 15 20 20 25 22 17 25 20 25 25 25 0 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 25 50 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 50 14 25 20 25
0.0094 0.0066 0.0052 0.201 0.032 0.015 0.0030 0.00151 0.0019 0.012 0.124 0.43 1.43 0.59 0.24 0.17 0.2 0.2 0.572 0.162 0.3 0.2 0.00067 0.00136 0.00035 0.0003 0.00024 0.00025 0.00025 0.00026 0.00044 0.00052 0.00042 0.00059 0.25 0.174 0.12 0.33 0.43 0.47 1.0 0.49 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.82 1.6 0.70 2.2 0.00000017 0.0041 54 0.54 0.013 0.0130 0.093
3 3 3 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 27 10 10 10 27 10 10 27 27 27 27 10 25 25 25 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 2 6 27 27 6 8
25
0.013
8-102
8
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
4.47 4.9
13 13
40.3 42.2 9.59 43.3
13 13 13 13
0.0171
28
209
13
346 249 318 175 323 186
5 13 5 5 13 5
0.00562
28
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C8H7Cl3O C8H7N C8H8
2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Indole Styrene
C8H8HgO2 C8H8N2 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9NO
Mercury(II) phenyl acetate 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Mandelic acid Methyl salicylate 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Acetanilide
C8H10
Ethylbenzene
C8H10
o-Xylene
C8H10
m-Xylene
C8H10
C8H10N4O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H12 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16N2O4S2 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18
p-Xylene
Caffeine 2,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole 2,5-Dimethylaniline 4-Vinylcyclohexene 1-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane Homocystine 2-Octanone Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 20 25 50
0.00050 0.187 0.0321 0.046 0.2 0.145 0.55 0.118 0.098 0.345 1.71 0.21 0.023 11.3 0.74 0.247 0.89 0.52 0.34 0.52 2.7 0.020 0.0161 0.0200 0.0171 0.021 0.0203 0.0161 0.022 0.0160 0.0181 0.022 2.12 0.787 0.62 0.12 0.66 0.005 0.0024 0.00027 0.00079 0.00066 0.00060 0.000384 0.00020 0.00037 0.02 0.113 0.080 0.02 0.13 0.1 0.5 0.063 0.000167 0.0345 0.01 0.000071 0.00010
2 6 22 4 30 6 28 27 27 27 27 10 27 27 10 8 2 2 2 27 27 4 22 4 22 4 4 22 4 4 22 4 29 10 10 10 27 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 26 10 26 10 10 27 10 27 25 25 10 4 4
20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 20 70 0 25 40 25 45 0 25 40 0 25 40 25 25 29 25 20 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 50
8-103
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.286 0.30
22 13
0.00108
28
0.843
22
0.551
22
0.730
22
0.690
22
7.87 96.3 10.7 36 88.2 90.2 159
311
13 13 13 5 5 5 5
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9H7BrO4 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8O2 C9H8O4 C9H9I2NO3 C9H9N C9H9NO3 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO4 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H14N4O3 C9H14O6 C9H16 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20
3-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Tetraethylsilane 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline trans-Cinnamic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine 3-Methyl-1H-indole N-Benzoylglycine Indan Ethyl benzoate DL-Phenylalanine Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine DL-Tyrosine Levodopa [3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine] 1,8-Nonadiyne Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Carnosine Triacetin 1-Nonyne 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane Diisobutyl ketone Nonanoic acid Ethyl heptanoate Nonane
C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C10F22 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8
4-Methyloctane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Perfluorodecane 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene
C10H8O C10H9N
2-Naphthol 3-Methylisoquinoline
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 25 25 25 30 25 20 20 20 25
0.000079 0.00022 0.00018 0.054 0.4 0.25 0.01 0.03 0.47 0.25 0.0000325 0.07 0.633 0.452 0.056 0.25 0.062 0.050 0.37 0.010 0.083 1.40 2.71 0.046 0.35 62.3 0.0125 0.0052 0.0050 0.0093 0.0094 0.0070 0.0057 0.0050 24.4 5.8 0.00072 0.000177 0.043 0.0284 0.029 0.000017 0.000022 0.0000115 0.00008 0.072 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.0026 0.0032 0.000031 0.00224 0.00117 0.0019 0.00316 0.0082 0.1 0.092
4 4 4 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 30 6 6 27 27 26 6 29 4 20 29 26 26 30 26 4 22 22 5 5 22 22 22 26 10 4 4 10 26 27 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 5 5 4 22 4 30 6
20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 50 25 25 15 25 15 15 15 15 20 25 25 10 25 50 20
8-104
kH/kPa m3mol-1 376 307 206
Ref. 5 13 13
0.48
13
1.041 1.466 0.529 0.500 0.343 0.569 0.781
22 22 13 13 22 22 22
105
13
333
13
1000 246
5 13
0.0363 0.0335
28 28
0.043
22
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C10H10O4 C10H12N4O5 C10H13N5O3 C10H13N5O4 C10H13N5O5 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14N2O5 C10H14O C10H14O C10H16
Dimethyl phthalate Inosine 2'-Deoxyadenosine Adenosine Guanosine Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymidine Carvone Thymol d-Limonene
C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O4 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H16 C11H22O2 C12Cl10 C12F26 C12HCl9 C12H2Cl8 C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H8S C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10
Camphor Carvenone trans-Camphoric acid trans-Decahydronaphthalene Borneol α-Terpineol 1-Decene Pentylcyclopentane Decanoic acid Ethyl octanoate Decane 1-Decanol Diisopentyl ether 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Tryptophan Pentylbenzene Ethyl nonanoate Decachlorobiphenyl Hexacosafluorododecane 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-Nonachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',4,4',6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',4,4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',6,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2',4,5,5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2',4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl Acenaphthylene 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene 2-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15
0.40 1.6 0.67 0.51 0.0500 0.00138 0.0014 0.0032 0.0010 0.0051 0.000348 5.1 0.13 0.1 0.00097 0.00138 0.01 0.22 0.8 0.000089 0.074 0.20 0.00057 0.0000115 0.015 0.007 0.0000015 0.0037 0.02 0.0058 0.00281 0.0025 1.30 0.00105 0.003 0.00000000012 0.00000096 0.0000000018 0.0000003 0.0000002 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.0000008 0.000001 0.000002 0.0000016 0.000014 0.00002 0.0016 0.0002 0.00014 0.000656 0.000103 0.00055 0.000120 0.00015 0.000380 0.00092
15 29 29 29 29 22 4 4 4 23 4 29 27 30 4 4 10 27 27 4 27 27 4 4 26 27 4 1 10 27 22 4 26 5 27 7 25 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 28 7 7 6 6 7 6 4 22 4
0 25 20 15 25 25 25 15 25 25 20 20 0 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 22 0 25 50
8-105
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.33 1.89 1.28 3.32 0.80 2.55
22 11 11 11 5 11
3
13
185
5
479
13
0.045 0.051
22 12
1.69
11
0.0208
7
0.0381 0.0054 0.0354 0.818
7 7 31 7
0.0421
31
0.0379 0.0495 0.012 0.0201
31 7 28 7
0.011
12
0.0701
7
0.01217
22
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form C12H10
Name Biphenyl
C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H18 C12H22O11
Azobenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Hexylbenzene Sucrose
C12H22O11 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C12H27O4P C13H9N C13H9N C13H10
α-Maltose Dodecanoic acid Ethyl decanoate Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tributyl phosphate Acridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene
C13H12 C13H14 C13H26O2 C14H10
Diphenylmethane 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene Tridecanoic acid Anthracene
C14H10
Phenanthrene
C14H12 C14H14 C14H14O C14H28O2 C14H29Cl C14H30 C14H30O C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C15H30O2 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10
trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Tetradecanoic acid 1-Chlorotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 1-Methylphenanthrene 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene Pentadecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene
C16H14 C16H15NO3 C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H34O C17H12 C17H12 C17H19NO3
9,10-Dimethylanthracene N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid 1-Hexadecanol 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Morphine
t/°C 0 25 50 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 50 100 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 20 0 25 10 25 50 25 25 35 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 50 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 20
8-106
S/mass %
Ref.
0.000272 0.00072 0.0022 0.03 0.0035 0.00180 0.00101 0.00080 0.0008 0.00114 0.00031 0.00025 0.00017 0.00021 67.1 72.3 83.0 51.9 0.0055 0.0015 0.00000037 0.0004 0.039 0.00466 0.0079 0.00007 0.00019 0.00063 0.000141 0.00021 0.0033 0.0000022 0.0000045 0.000050 0.00011 0.00041 0.000029 0.00044 0.0040 0.0020 0.0232 0.000012 0.000031 0.0000269 0.00003 0.000026 0.0012 0.000010 0.000026 0.000013 0.00009 0.0000056 0.085 0.00112 0.00072 0.000003 0.0000045 0.0000002 0.015
4 22 4 27 17 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 27 27 27 27 26 27 4 1 10 6 6 4 22 4 4 4 26 4 22 4 22 4 4 6 10 26 25 5 1 4 22 4 26 1 22 22 4 4 29 15 26 1 4 4 27
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.0280
22
0.027 0.039 0.078
13 12 12
0.036
28
750
5
0.00787
22
0.001
12
0.00396
22
0.00324
22
0.040 0.017
12 12
0.00096 0.00092
22 22
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
t/°C
S/mass %
Ref.
C17H21NO4 C17H34O2 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12N2 C18H21NO3 C18H32O16 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H38O C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12O5 C20H13N C20H14 C20H14O4 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H42 C21H13N C21H16
Cocaine Heptadecanoic acid Benzo[a]anthracene Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene 2,2'-Biquinoline Codeine Raffinose Dibutyl sebacate Octadecanoic acid 1-Octadecanol 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 5-Methylchrysene Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene Fluorescein 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene Phenolphthalein Quinine Quinidine Eicosane Dibenz[a,j]acridine 1,2-Dihydro-3methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene Strychnine 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione Benzo[ghi]perylene Picene Benzo[b]triphenylene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthracene Butyl stearate Brucine Narceine Coronene
25 20 25 25 25 25 24 25 20 20 20 34 27 25 27 25 25 20 20 24 25 20 25 20 25 25 25
0.17 0.00042 0.0000011 0.0000002 0.00000006 0.0000041 0.000102 0.79 12.5 0.004 0.00029 0.000011 0.0000066 0.0000055 0.0000062 0.00000004 0.0000003 0.0000005 0.005 0.00000104 0.00000036 0.018 0.057 0.020 0.00000019 0.000016 0.00000022
27 26 22 22 4 4 6 27 27 10 26 1 4 4 4 4 22 22 27 6 6 27 27 27 4 6 6
C21H22N2O2 C21H28O5 C22H12 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H44O2 C23H26N2O4 C23H27NO8 C24H12
20 25
0.013 0.028
27 30
25 25 25 25 25 25 20 13 25
0.000000026 0.00000025 0.0000027 0.00000006 0.0000012 0.2 0.012 0.078 0.000000014
4 4 4 4 4 10 27 27 4
8-107
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.00058 0.000065 0.000004 0.00001
22 22 12 12
0.000003 0.0000465 0.0000467
12 22 22
0.000075
12
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this table the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indicates that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). In such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100⋅w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolated in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data. The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “Solubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R.W., and Clynne, M.A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M.A., and Potter, R.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W.L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Macmillan, New York, 1963.
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-104
AgBrO3 AgClO2 AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlCl3 Al(ClO4)3 AlF3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 As2O3 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaF2 BaI2 Ba(IO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 BaS Ba(SCN)2 BaSO3 BeCl2 Be(ClO4)2 BeSO4 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4
0°C
10°C
20°C
0.17
0.31
0.47
81.6 0.155 55.9 0.56 30.84 54.9 0.25 37.0 27.5 1.19 47.6 0.285 37.0 23.30 30.5 16.90 67.30
83.0
84.2
62.3 0.67 30.91
67.8 0.78 31.03
0.34 38.2
0.44 39.9
1.48 48.5 0.442
1.80 49.5 0.656
24.88
26.33
21.23 70.96 0.158 64.7 0.0262 36.6 6.3
23.66 74.30
4.78
6.97
26.69 55 36.70 63.2
27.58 56 39.19 64.2
28.61 59 42.13 65.5
0.0013 64.6 0.082 38.6 50.1
66.0 0.155 39.5 53.1
0.174
0.191
67.6 0.243 44.5 56.7 0.0059 0.202
62.5 0.0182 31.1 4.7 1.67 2.79
67.3 0.0342 41.8 8.2
40.5
25°C 0.193 0.55 15 84.8 0.413 70.1 0.83 31.10 0.50 40.8 27.8 2.01 50.0 0.788 44.2 27.03 31.3 27.50 75.75 0.161 68.8 0.0396 44.3 9.3 4.68 8.21 62.6 0.0011 41.7 59.5 29.22 61 44.83* 66.3 65.3 0.0016 68.3 0.305 48.6 59.0 0.0054 0.205
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
0.64
0.82
1.02
1.22
1.44
1.66
1.32 1.88
2.11
85.3
86.3
86.9
87.5
87.9
88.3
88.6
88.8
72.3 0.88 31.18
76.1 0.97 31.37
79.2 1.05 31.60
81.7 1.13 31.87
83.8 1.20 32.17
85.4 1.26 32.51
87.8 1.39 33.32
0.56 42.0 28.2 2.27 50.4 0.935
0.68 44.5 29.2 2.86 51.4 1.30
0.81 47.3 30.7 3.43 52.5 1.74
0.96 50.4 32.6 4.11 53.5 2.27
1.11 53.8* 34.9 4.89 54.5 2.90
1.28
86.7 1.32 32.90 64.4 1.45
37.6 5.77 55.5 3.61
40.7 6.72 56.6 4.40
27.70
29.00
30.27
31.53
32.81
34.14
35.54
29.43 77.05
33.16 79.23
36.69 80.92
40.05 82.21
43.04 83.16
45.90 83.88
48.70 84.43
37.05 44.7 51.17 84.90
69.1 0.045* 46.8 10.2 8.4 9.58
69.5 0.058* 51.6 12.4 19 12.67
70.1 0.073 56.2 14.7 33 16.18
70.7 0.090 60.5 17.0 52 20.05
71.3 0.109 64.6 19.3 74 24.19
72.0 0.131 68.5 21.5 101 28.55
72.7 0.156 72.1 23.5
73.4 0.182 75.6 25.5
33.04
37.61
29.90 63 49.12* 67.2
31.51 68 52.85* 69.0
33.39 71 56.05* 71.0
35.50 73 56.73 73.2
37.78
40.21
42.72
45.28
57.44 75.5*
58.21 77.4*
59.04 77.7
59.94 78.0
69.0 0.384*
70.8 0.517*
72.4 0.590
74.0 0.652
76.0 0.811*
78.0 0.665*
79.6 0.668
81.0
60.9 0.0049 0.208
65.4 0.0041 0.210
77.8 0.0035 0.207
78.1 0.0030 0.201
78.2 0.0026 0.193
78.3 0.0023 0.184
78.4 0.0020 0.173
78.5 0.0019 0.163
1.64 61.5* 44.2 7.71 57.6 5.25
Ref. 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 10 6 1:14 7 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 10 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 7 7 10 8 1:14 7 10 7 1:14 7 6 1:26 9
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-105
CdBr2 CdC2O4 CdCl2 Cd(ClO4)2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(IO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CdSeO4 Ce(NO3)3 CoCl2 Co(ClO4)2 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO2)2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 Co(SCN)2 CrO3 CsBr CsBrO3 CsCl CsClO3 CsClO4 CsI CsIO3 CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuF2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuSeO4 Dy(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3 FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3
0°C
10°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
Ref.
53.4 0.0060 54.6 58.7 4.18 46.3 0.091 61.0 43.4 38.18 63.05 35.99 53.0 1.4 66.99 0.49 50.8 27.7 50.7 62.8 55.2 3.69 65.64 7.22 1.96 45.9 2.59 21.8
56.4
60.3*
60.3*
60.5
60.7
60.9
61.3
61.6
56.3*
57.3*
57.5
57.8
58.1
58.51
58.98
59.5 66.9
3.76 46.8
47.9
49.0
50.2
51.5
52.7
54.1
55.4
62.8 43.6 37.29 64.31* 37.10
66.5 44.1 35.35 67.0* 39.27
70.6 43.5 33.15 68.6 41.38
86.1 42.5 30.65 71.1* 43.46
86.5 41.4 27.84 74.9* 45.50
86.8 40.2 24.69 79.2 47.51
87.1 38.5 21.24 80.9 49.51
87.4 36.7 17.49 83.1 51.50
68.51
71.17
73.41
75.29
76.89
78.28
79.52
80.70
52.4 29.2
56.0 32.3
60.1 34.4
62.6 35.9
64.9 35.5
67.7 33.2
30.6
27.8
63.0
63.5
64.1
64.7
65.5
66.2
67.1
67.9
4.46 66.29 8.69 2.57 48.6 3.02 25.1 75 64.8
6.32 67.50 12.15 4.28 53.3 3.96 32.0
8.60 68.60 16.33 6.55 57.3 5.06 39.0
11.32 69.61 21.14 9.29 60.7 6.29 45.7
14.45 70.54 26.45 12.41 63.6 7.70 51.9
17.96 71.40 32.10 15.80 65.9 9.20 57.3
21.83 72.21 37.89 19.39 67.7 10.79 62.1
25.98 72.96 43.42 23.07 69.2 12.45 66.2
65.5
66.1
66.7
67.3
67.8
68.3
68.8
43.7 59.3
44.8
46.0
47.2
48.5
49.9
51.3
52.7
61.1 19.3
62.0 22.2
63.1 25.4
64.5 28.8
65.9 32.4
67.5 36.3
69.2 40.3
71.0 43.5
63.29 66.69 60.4
65.43 68.70 62.5
68.04 70.96 64.6
71.58 73.64
77.75
84.4
64.8* 48.7* 84.7
6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 5 1:13 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 6 1:30 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 1:13 1:13 1:13 7 7 6
36.0
43.0
49.9
47.2
50.1
53.2
44.1
5.82 44.9
4.65 45.8
55.4 43.1 42.04 57.99 30.30 50.0
57.1 43.1 40.59 59.80 32.60
59.6 43.2 39.02 61.89 34.87
58.00 0.076 45.5 19.9
61.78
65.35
47.0 23.0
49.4 26.1
62.2
62.3
62.6
1.16 61.83 2.40 0.79 30.9 1.08 8.46
1.93 63.48 3.87 1.01 37.2 1.58 13.0
3.01 64.96 5.94 1.51 43.2 2.21 18.6
62.6
63.4
64.1
40.8 54.3
41.7
42.6
45.2 12.4 10.6 58.79 61.58 55.2
49.8 14.4
56.3 16.7
59.99 63.15 56.7
61.49 64.84 58.5
33.2* 42.7
44.9
47.9
64.5 55.8 43.1 0.075 59.2 18.0 16.0 62.35 65.75 59.4 54.6 39.4* 47.7
51.6
74.8
76.7
84.6
84.3
84.3
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-106
Fe(ClO4)2 FeF3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 Gd(NO3)3 HIO3 H3BO3 HgBr2 Hg(CN)2 HgCl2 HgI2 Hg(SCN)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg2SO4 Ho(NO3)3 KBF4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOH KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2HAsO4 K2HPO4 K2MoO4 K2SO3
0°C
10°C
20°C
63.39 40.15 41.44 13.5 56.3 73.45 2.61 0.26 6.57 4.24
17.0 57.7 74.10 3.57 0.37 7.83 5.05
20.8 59.2 74.98 4.77 0.52 9.33 6.17 0.0041
73.8 0.038
0.043
0.048
0.28 35.0 2.97 68.40 21.74 3.03 0.70 30.90 18.62 27.1 11.74 56.0 4.53 0.16 2.74 73.7 12.0 48.7 63.8 51.3 37.1 4.30 48.5* 57.0
0.34 37.3 4.48 70.29 23.61 4.67 1.10 39.8 21.73 29.7 14.91 57.6 5.96 0.22 4.12 74.6 17.6 50.8 66.4 51.7 38.1 7.12
0.45 39.4 6.42 72.09 25.39 6.74 1.67 47.3 24.92 32.3 18.25 59.0 7.57 0.37 5.96 75.3 24.2 53.2 69.1 52.3 38.9 10.9
59.1
61.5
51.30
51.39
51.49
25°C 67.76 5.59 46.57 46.67 22.8 60.1 75.48 5.48 0.61 10.2 6.81 0.0055 0.070 0.0004 79.8* 0.051 63.8 0.55 40.4 7.55 72.92 26.22 7.93 2.04 50.41 26.6 33.6 19.97 59.7 8.44 0.51 7.06 75.7 27.7 54.7 70.4 52.7 39.4 13.1 63.6* 62.7 64.7 51.55
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
24.8 61.0 76.03 6.27 0.72 11.1 7.62 0.0072
28.8 62.9 77.20 8.10 0.96 13.1 9.53 0.0122
32.8 65.2 78.46 10.3 1.26 15.5 12.02 0.0199
35.5 67.9 79.78 12.9 1.63 18.2 15.18
33.6 71.5 81.13 15.9 2.08 21.2 19.16
30.4
27.1
24.0
82.48 19.3 2.61 24.6 24.06
83.82 23.1 3.23 28.3 29.90
85.14 27.3 3.95 32.3 36.62
0.054
0.059
0.065
0.070
0.076
0.082
0.088
85.3* 0.093
0.75 41.4 8.79 73.70 27.04 9.21 2.47 53.2 28.13 35.0 21.77 60.4 9.34 0.70 8.28 76.0 31.3 56.1 71.6 53.1 39.8 15.5
1.38 43.2 11.57 75.08 28.59 12.06 3.54
2.09 44.8 14.71 76.27 30.04 15.26 4.94
2.82 46.2 18.14 77.31 31.40 18.78 6.74
3.58 47.6 21.79 78.22 32.66 22.65 8.99
4.34 48.8 25.57 79.04 33.86 26.88 11.71 60.0
5.12 49.8 29.42 79.80 34.99 31.53 14.94
5.90 50.8 33.28 80.55 36.05 36.65 18.67
31.32 37.8 25.28 61.6 11.09 1.24 11.11 76.7 38.6 57.9 74.1 54.0 40.5 20.8
34.46 40.5 28.95 62.8 13.22 1.96 14.42 77.4 45.7 58.6 76.5 54.9 41.3 26.3
37.51 43.4 32.76 63.8 15.29 2.83 18.16 78.0 52.2 59.5 78.9 56.0 41.9 31.7
40.45 46.2 36.75 64.8 17.41 3.82
49.02 40.96 65.7 19.58 4.89
51.82 45.41 66.6 21.78 6.02
54.6 50.12 67.4 24.03 7.17
78.5 58.0 60.6 81.1 57.2 42.6 36.9
79.1 63.0 61.8 83.3 58.4 43.2 41.5
79.6 67.3 63.1 85.3 59.6 43.8 45.5
80.1 70.8 64.6 87.3 61.0 44.3 48.9 79.8*
64.1
67.7*
51.62
51.76
52.32
52.54
66.5 52.79
72.7* 51.93
52.11
53.06
Ref. 7 7 7 7 6 1:13 1:30 6 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 4 1:13 10 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 6 6 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 7 1:26
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-107
K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2S2O5 K2SeO3 K2SeO4 K3AsO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K3PO4 K4Fe(CN)6 LaCl3 La(NO3)3 LiBr LiBrO3 LiC2H3O2 LiCl LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH2PO4 LiI LiIO3 LiNO2 LiNO3 LiOH LiSCN Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 Li2HPO3 Li2SO4 Li3PO4 Lu(NO3)3 MgBr2 Mg(BrO3)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgC2O4 MgCl2 Mg(ClO3)2 Mg(ClO4)2 MgCrO4 MgCr2O7 MgF2 MgI2 Mg(IO3)2
0°C
10°C
20°C
7.11 49.0* 22.1 68.4* 52.70 51.5* 23.9 44.3 12.5 49.0 55.0 58.4 61.03 23.76 40.45 73.2 30.1 0.120 55.8 59.4
8.46
9.95
26.7
31.1
52.93
53.17
27.6
31.1
17.3 48.5 56.9 60.1 62.62 26.49 42.46* 75.6* 32.6 0.126
22.0 48.6 58.9 62.7 64.44 29.42 45.29* 80.8* 35.5 0.131
60.5
61.7
41 34.8 10.8
45 37.6 10.8
49 42.7 11.0
1.54
1.43
1.33
9.07 26.3
8.40 25.9
7.77 25.6
49.3 43.0 36.18
49.8 45.2 37.55
50.3 48.0 38.92
33.96 53.35 47.8 32.06*
34.85 54.40 48.7
35.58 56.81 49.6
54.7 3.19*
56.1 6.70*
58.2 7.92
25°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
Ref.
10.7 62.3* 33.1 68.5* 53.30 55.6* 32.8 51.4 23.9 48.9 60.0 64.4 65.44 31.02 45.81 82.1 37.0 0.134
11.4
12.9
14.2
15.5
16.7
17.7
19.3
35.2
39.0
42.6
46.0
49.1
52.0
18.6 75.7* 54.6
53.43
53.70
53.99
54.30
54.61
54.94
55.26
34.3
37.2
39.6
41.7
43.5
45.0
46.1
25.6 49.3 61.1 65.9 66.51 32.72 46.25 83.4 38.6
29.2 50.5 63.6 67.8 68.90 36.48 47.30 85.9* 41.9
32.5 52.1 66.3 68.3 71.68* 40.65 48.47 87.1* 45.5
35.5 54.0 69.9* 69.0 73.24* 45.15 49.78 88.2 49.2
38.2 56.3 74.1* 69.8 74.43 49.93 51.27 89.6 53.2
40.6 58.9
41.4 61.7
43.1
70.7 75.66 54.91 52.98 91.3 57.2
71.7 76.93 60.04 54.98* 93.4 61.3
72.8 78.32 65.26 56.34* 95.7 71.4
62.3 43.8 51 50.5 11.1 54.5 1.28 5.87 7.47 25.5 0.027 71.1 50.6 49.4 39.61 0.038 35.90 58.66 50.1 35.39* 58.9 0.013 59.4 8.52
63.0
64.3
65.8
67.3
68.8
81.3
81.7
82.6
53 57.9 11.3
56 60.1 11.7
60 62.2 12.2
63 64.0 12.7
66 65.7 13.4
68 67.2 14.2
68.5 15.1
69.7 16.1
1.24
1.15
1.07
0.99
0.92
0.85
0.78
0.72
7.18 25.3
6.64 25.0
6.16 24.8
5.71 24.5
5.30 24.3
4.91 24.0
4.53 23.8
4.16 23.6
50.9 51.0
51.5 54.3
52.1 57.9
52.8 61.6
53.5 65.3
54.2 69.0*
55.0 70.9*
55.7 71.7
36.20 60.91* 50.5
36.77 65.46* 51.3
37.34 67.33 52.1
37.97 69.27
38.71 71.01
39.62 72.44
40.75 73.48
42.15
65.1 19.6
65.2
6 7 1:26 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 1:13 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 7 6 1:30 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:31 1:13 6 1:14 7 7 8 1:14 6 7 7 7 6 1:14
68.5* 55.60 73* 47.0
67.0 60.8 9.11
63.9 10.45
65.0 11.99
65.0 13.7
65.0 15.6
65.0 17.6
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-108
Mg(NO2)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO3 MgSO4 MgS2O3 MgSeO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 Mn(IO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4SCN (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S2O5 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaBrO3 NaCHO2 NaC2H3O2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF
0°C
38.4 0.32 18.2 30.7 31.4* 56.00 38.7 0.80*
10°C
20°C
39.5 0.37 21.7
40.8 0.46 25.1
57.72 40.6
59.39 42.5
50.5 34.6 37.5 22.92 10.8 41.7 10.6 25.2 17.8 60.7
37.3 40.2 25.12 14.1 43.2 13.7 29.0 22.0 62.1
38.6 42.7 27.27 17.8 44.7 17.6 32.7 26.4 63.4
55.7 54.0
59.0 60.1
64.9 65.5
2.31 36.4 65.5 37.00 32.2 41.3 49.0
3.11 38.2 67.9 40.45 34.9 42.1 51.1
4.25 40.0 69.8 43.84 37.7 42.9 53.4
44.4 20.0 30.8 26.5 26.28 22.7
45.9 23.22 37.9 28.8 26.32
47.7 26.65 45.7 31.8 26.41
44.27 61.9 3.52
46.67 64.1 3.72
49.3 66.2 3.89
25°C 47 41.6 0.52 26.3 34.1 35.7* 60.19 43.6 1.01* 0.27 61.7 38.9 43.9 28.34 19.7 45.5 19.9 34.5 28.8 64.0 3.70 68.8 68.0 64.4 4.94 41.0 70.5 45.49 39.1 43.3 54.7 54.02 15.5 48.6 28.28 48.7 33.5 26.45 44.4 97.0* 50.1 67.2 3.97
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
42.4 0.61 28.2
44.1 0.87* 30.9
45.9 0.85* 33.4
47.9 0.76 35.6
50.0 0.69 36.9
52.2 0.64 35.9
70.6 0.62 34.7
72.0 0.60 33.3
60.96 44.7
62.41 47.0
63.75 49.4
65.01 54.1
66.19 54.7
67.32 55.2
68.42 55.7
47* 69.50 56.1 0.48
0.34 38.9 45.1 29.39 21.7 46.3 22.4 36.3 31.2 64.6 4.20
37.7 47.3 31.46 25.8 47.8 27.9 39.7 36.2 65.8 5.64
36.3 49.4 33.50 29.8 49.3 34.2 43.1 41.6 66.8 7.63
34.6 51.3 35.49 33.6 50.9 41.4 46.2 47.2 67.8
32.8 53.0 37.46 37.3 52.5 49.3 49.3 53.0 68.7
30.8 54.6 39.40 40.7 54.1 58.1 52.2 59.2 69.6
28.8 56.1 41.33 43.8
26.7 57.4 43.24 46.6
67.6 55.0 65.7 70.4
78.0
70.3
74.3
77.7
80.8
85.8
88.2
90.3
5.73 42.0 71.3 47.11 40.6 43.8 56.0
7.56 44.1 72.3 50.25 43.7 44.7 58.9
9.73 46.2 72.9 53.28 47.0 45.6 62.0
12.2 48.5 73.1 56.23 50.6 46.6 65.4
83.4 81.1 15.1 50.9
18.3 53.3
21.8 55.9
25.7 58.6
59.13 54.5 47.5 69.1
62.00 58.9 48.5
49.5
50.5
49.6 29.86 50.6 35.5 26.52
51.6 32.83 52.0 39.9 26.67
53.7 35.55 53.5 45.1 26.84
54.1 38.05 55.0 58.3 27.03
54.3 40.37
54.5 42.52
54.7
54.9
59.3 27.25
60.5 27.50
61.7 27.78
62.9 28.05
51.2 68.3 4.05
53.6 70.4 4.20
55.5 72.5 4.34
95.3* 57.0 74.1 4.46
58.5 74.7 4.57
60.5 75.4 4.66
63.3 76.1 4.75
67.1 76.7 4.82
72.4 71.1
Ref. 7 6 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 1:47 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:30 7 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 6 1:47 7 7 1:30 6 6
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-109
NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaH2PO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaOH NaSCN Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2MoO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O5 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2WO4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 NdCl3 Nd(NO3)3 NiCl2 Ni(ClO4)2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 Ni(SCN)2 NiSeO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(ClO4)2 PbF2 PbI2
0°C
10°C
20°C
6.48
7.59
8.73
36.54 61.2 2.43
41.07 62.4 4.40
46.00 63.9 7.78*
41.9 42.2 30
43.4 44.4 39 52.9 1.71 10.8 2.95 32.3 63.1
45.1 46.6 46 57.1 2.50 17.9 3.30 44.6 64.4
4.19 38.8 13.2 16.1 36.3 38.4
7.51 39.4 15.7 20.9 16.13 40.6 39.5
11.7 41.6 4.28 2.23 49.0 55.76 34.7 51.1
41.9 7.30 3.28 49.3 57.49 36.1
42.3 10.8 4.81 49.7 59.37 38.5
55.40 44.1 21.4
57.68 46.0 24.4
59.78 48.4 27.4
21.6 0.449 0.66
0.620 0.81
26.2* 0.841 0.98
0.041
0.0603 0.052
0.0649 0.067
1.23 6.44 2.62 22.6 62.1 5.6* 1.66 30.6 11.1 12.0 33.1
25°C 9.32 22.2 48.68 64.8 8.65* 12.62 45.9 47.7 50 60.2 3.07 23.5 3.48 46.7 65.2 29.3* 10.55 39.4 17.1 23.5 21.94 43.3 40.0 47.3* 36.9* 42.6 12.6 6.62 50.0 60.38 40.3 52.8 2.50 60.69 49.8 28.8 35.48
30°C
40°C
50°C
9.91
11.13
12.40
51.54 65.7 9.60
57.89* 67.7 11.67
46.8 48.8 53 62.7 3.82 28.7 3.65 46.9 66.1
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
Ref.
13.70
15.02
16.37
17.73
19.10 33.3
61.7* 69.8 13.99
62.3* 72.0 16.52
65.9 74.7 19.25*
68.7 74.8 21.1*
74.9 22.9
75.1 24.7
48.7 51.0 58 63.5 6.02 32.8 4.00 48.9 68.0
50.7 53.2 63 64.2 9.7 32.2 4.36 51.0 70.1
52.8 55.3 67 65.0 14.9 31.7 4.71 53.4 72.3
55.0 57.5 71 65.9 17.1 31.3 5.06 55.3 74.6
57.2 59.6 74 66.9 19.9 31.1 5.41 55.5 77.0
59.5 61.7 76 67.9 23.5 30.9 5.75 55.8 79.6
16.34* 39.8 18.6 26.3* 29.22* 45.9 40.6
35.17* 40.3 22.1 27.3* 32.35* 52.0 41.8
44.64* 41.0 26.7 25.9 31.55 62.3 43.0
45.20 41.7 28.1 24.8 30.90 65.7 44.2
46.81 42.6 30.2 23.7 30.39 68.8 45.5
48.78 43.5 33.0 22.8 30.02 69.4 46.8
50.52 44.5 36.4 22.1 29.79 70.1 48.1
42.9 14.1 7.00 50.4 61.43 41.7
43.6 16.6 10.10 51.2 63.69 42.1
44.4 22.9 14.38 52.2 66.27 43.2
45.3 28.4 20.07 53.3 69.47 45.0
46.2 32.4 27.31 54.5
47.3 37.6 36.03 55.8
48.4 40.4 32.37 57.1
61.8 63.8 79 69.0 28.0 30.9 6.08 56.1 80.7 67* 51.53 45.5 41.0 21.5 29.67 71.0 49.5 45* 42.1* 49.5 43.5 30.67 58.5
46.1
46.2
46.4
46.6
61.50 51.3 30.3*
62.80 54.6 32.0*
63.73 58.3 34.1
64.38 61.0 35.8
64.80 63.1 37.7
65.09 65.6 39.9
2.52 65.30 67.9 42.3
69.0 44.8
1.118 1.17
1.46 1.39
1.89 1.64
1.93
2.24
2.60
0.0693 0.086
0.112
0.144
0.187
0.243
0.315
7 10 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 6 6 1:26 8 6 1:26 7 7 6 6 6 6 1:13 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 2 2 7 2 2
45.6* 0.966 1.07 81.5 0.0670 0.076
2.99
3.42
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-110
Pb(IO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 PrCl3 Pr(NO3)3 RbBr RbBrO3 RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbIO3 RbNO3 RbOH Rb2CrO4 Rb2SO4 SbCl3 SbF3 Sc(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 SmCl3 SnCl2 SnI2 SrBr2 Sr(BrO3)2 SrCl2 Sr(ClO2)2 Sr(ClO3)2 Sr(ClO4)2 SrF2 SrI2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(OH)2 SrSO3 SrSO4 SrS2O3 Tb(NO3)3 Tl2SO4
0°C
10°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
28.46 0.0033 48.0 57.50 47.4 0.97 43.58 2.10 1
32.13 0.0038 48.1 59.20 50.1 1.55 45.65 3.38
35.67 0.0042 48.6 61.16 52.6 2.36 47.53 5.14
0.0025 37.38 0.0044 49.0 62.24 53.8 2.87 48.42 6.22 1.5
39.05 0.0047 49.5 63.40* 54.9 3.45 49.27 7.45
42.22 0.0052 50.8 65.7* 57.0 4.87 50.86 10.35
45.17 0.0058 52.3 67.8 58.8 6.64 52.34 13.85
58.6 1.53 25.0
75 53.7 61.1 2.07 34.6
63.4 2.74 44.2 63.4
65.4 3.52 53.1
30.0
32.5
34.8
59.3 56.33 48.0 64
61.6 58.08 48.2
55.8 1.09 16.4 38.27 27.3 85.7 79.4 57.0 54.83 46 46.0 18.53 31.94 13.0 63.29 70.04* 0.011 62.5 0.102 2.5
48.3 22.00 32.93 13.6 63.42
0.97 50.6 25.39 34.43 14.1 63.64
62.8 0.126
63.5 0.152
28.2 0.9
34.6
41.0
8.8
13.2
2.65
3.56
17.7 60.6 4.61
62.3 2.38 39.4 43.26 33.7 90.8 83.1 62.8 59.05 48.4
51.7 27.02 35.37 14.3 63.77 75.35* 0.021 63.9 0.165
44.5 2.2 0.0015 0.0135 20.0 61.02 5.19
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
47.90
50.42
52.72
54.82
56.75
54.1 70.2 60.6 8.78 53.67 17.93
56.1 73.4 62.1 11.29 54.92 22.53
58.3 63.5 14.15 56.08 27.57
64.8 17.32 57.16 32.96
65.9 20.76 58.15 38.60 17
67.2 4.41 60.8
68.8 5.42 67.2
70.3 6.52 72.2
71.6 7.74 76.1
72.7 9.00 79.0
73.8 10.36 81.2
36.9
38.7
40.3
41.8
43.0
44.1
44.9
63.9 60.08 48.6
66.2 62.38 49.2
68.5 65.05* 50.0
68.1*
70.8
74.2
52.9 28.59 36.43 14.5 63.93
55.2 31.55 38.93 14.9 64.29 78.44*
57.6 34.21 41.94 15.3 64.70
59.9 36.57 45.44* 15.6 65.16
62.3 38.64* 46.81* 15.9 65.65
64.6 40.2* 47.69
66.8 40.8 48.70
3.87 69.0 41.0 49.87
66.18
66.74
67.31
64.5 0.179
65.8 0.206
67.3 0.233
69.0 0.259
70.8 0.284
72.7 0.307
74.7 0.328
79.2 0.346
41.9 47.0
44.3 47.4
47.9
48.4
48.9
49.5
50.1
58.6 50.7
22.2
26.8
5.80
7.09
8.46
9.89
11.33
12.77
14.18
15.53
Ref. 7 2 2 6 1:13 6 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 7 7 6 7 7 1:13 1:13 6 7 7 6 1:14 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 7 7 6 7 1:26 7 7 1:13 6
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound Tm(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ZnBr2 ZnC2O4 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO4)2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(IO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO3 ZnSO4 ZnSeO4
0°C
10°C
20°C
49.52 55.57
51.82 56.93
54.42 58.75
79.3
80.1 0.0010 76.6
81.8 0.0019 79.0
81.1
81.2
47.8
50.8
29.1 33.06
32.0 34.98
81.3 0.58 54.4 0.1786 35.0 37.38
44.29*
25°C 67.9 55.85 59.86 70.5 83.0 0.0026 80.3 46.27* 1.53 81.4 0.64 54.6 0.1790 36.6 38.79
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
57.55 61.11*
61.59 63.3*
67.07 64.9
67.9
72.5
84.1
85.6
85.8
86.1
86.3
86.6
86.8
87.1
81.4
81.8
82.4 48.70
83.0
83.7
84.4
85.2
86.0
81.5 0.69 58.5 0.1794 38.2 40.34
81.7 0.77 79.1 0.1803 41.3
82.0 0.82 80.1 0.1812 43.0
82.3
82.6
83.0
83.3
83.7
87.5
89.9
42.1
41.0
39.9
38.8
37.6
Ref. 1:13 1:55 1:13 1:13 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5
8-111
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s) 1 mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) -∆fG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = -∆ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S-2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S-2 + H2O 1 HS– + OH– which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+ 1 mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V.B., and White, H.J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979—1992. 4. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R.J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc.,135, 2971, 1988.
Compound Aluminum phosphate Barium bromate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium nitrate Barium selenate Barium sulfate Barium sulfite Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth arsenate
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Formula AlPO4 Ba(BrO3)2 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2⋅8H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2⋅H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSeO4 BaSO4 BaSO3 Be(OH)2 BiAsO4
Ksp 9.84⋅10-21 2.43⋅10-4 2.58⋅10-9 1.17⋅10-10 1.84⋅10-7 2.55⋅10-4 4.01⋅10-9 1.67⋅10-9 3.54⋅10-8 4.64⋅10-3 3.40⋅10-8 1.08⋅10-10 5.0⋅10-10 6.92⋅10-22 4.43⋅10-10
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Bismuth iodide Cadmium arsenate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium phosphate Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodate hexahydrate Calcium molybdate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfite hemihydrate Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cobalt(II) arsenate Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) phosphate Europium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) hydroxide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) sulfate Lithium carbonate Lithium fluoride Lithium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate dihydrate
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Formula BiI3 Cd3(AsO4)2 CdCO3 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdC2O4⋅3H2O Cd3(PO4)2 CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(IO3)2⋅6H2O CaMoO4 CaC2O4⋅H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaSO4⋅2H2O CaSO3⋅0.5H2O CsClO4 CsIO4 Co3(AsO4)2 Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2⋅2H2O Co3(PO4)2 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI CuSCN Cu3(AsO4)2 Cu(IO3)2⋅H2O CuC2O4 Cu3(PO4)2 Eu(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 FeCO3 FeF2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FePO4⋅2H2O La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 PbSeO4 PbSO4 Li2CO3 LiF Li3PO4 MgCO3 MgCO3⋅3H2O MgCO3⋅5H2O MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4⋅2H2O
Ksp 7.71⋅10-19 2.2⋅10-33 1.0⋅10-12 6.44⋅10-3 7.2⋅10-15 2.5⋅10-8 1.42⋅10-8 2.53⋅10-33 3.36⋅10-9 3.45⋅10-11 5.02⋅10-6 6.47⋅10-6 7.10⋅10-7 1.46⋅10-8 2.32⋅10-9 2.07⋅10-33 4.93⋅10-5 3.14⋅10-5 3.1⋅10-7 3.95⋅10-3 5.16⋅10-6 6.80⋅10-29 5.92⋅10-15 1.21⋅10-2 2.05⋅10-35 6.27⋅10-9 1.72⋅10-7 3.47⋅10-20 1.27⋅10-12 1.77⋅10-13 7.95⋅10-36 6.94⋅10-8 4.43⋅10-10 1.40⋅10-37 9.38⋅10-27 7.28⋅10-36 3.13⋅10-11 2.36⋅10-6 4.87⋅10-17 2.79⋅10-39 9.91⋅10-16 7.50⋅10-12 6.60⋅10-6 7.40⋅10-14 1.70⋅10-5 3.3⋅10-8 1.43⋅10-20 3.69⋅10-13 9.8⋅10-9 1.37⋅10-7 2.53⋅10-8 8.15⋅10-4 1.84⋅10-3 2.37⋅10-11 6.82⋅10-6 2.38⋅10-6 3.79⋅10-6 5.16⋅10-11 5.61⋅10-12 4.83⋅10-6
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Magnesium phosphate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) iodate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) iodide Neodymium carbonate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) phosphate Palladium(II) thiocyanate Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Praseodymium hydroxide Radium iodate Radium sulfate Rubidium perchlorate Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) thiocyanate Strontium arsenate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium iodate Strontium iodate monohydrate Strontium iodate hexahydrate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Thallium(III) hydroxide Tin(II) hydroxide
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Formula
Ksp
Mg3(PO4)2 MnCO3 Mn(IO3)2 MnC2O4⋅2H2O Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 HgBr2 HgI2 Nd2(CO3)3 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(IO3)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Pd(SCN)2 K2PtCl6 KClO4 KIO4 Pr(OH)3 Ra(IO3)2 RaSO4 RbClO4 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 AgCH3COO Ag3AsO4 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgIO3 AgI Ag2C2O4 Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2SO3 AgSCN Sr3(AsO4)2 SrCO3 SrF2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(IO3)2⋅H2O Sr(IO3)2⋅6H2O SrSO4 TlBrO3 TlBr TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlIO3 TlI TlSCN Tl(OH)3 Sn(OH)2
1.04⋅10-24 2.24⋅10-11 4.37⋅10-7 1.70⋅10-7 6.40⋅10-23 3.6⋅10-17 1.43⋅10-18 3.10⋅10-6 5.2⋅10-29 1.75⋅10-13 6.5⋅10-7 3.2⋅10-20 6.2⋅10-20 2.9⋅10-29 1.08⋅10-33 1.42⋅10-7 5.48⋅10-16 4.71⋅10-5 4.74⋅10-32 4.39⋅10-23 7.48⋅10-6 1.05⋅10-2 3.71⋅10-4 3.39⋅10-24 1.16⋅10-9 3.66⋅10-11 3.00⋅10-3 5.81⋅10-24 2.22⋅10-31 1.94⋅10-3 1.03⋅10-22 5.38⋅10-5 5.35⋅10-13 8.46⋅10-12 1.77⋅10-10 1.12⋅10-12 5.97⋅10-17 3.17⋅10-8 8.52⋅10-17 5.40⋅10-12 8.89⋅10-17 1.20⋅10-5 1.50⋅10-14 1.03⋅10-12 4.29⋅10-19 5.60⋅10-10 4.33⋅10-9 1.14⋅10-7 3.77⋅10-7 4.55⋅10-7 3.44⋅10-7 1.10⋅10-4 3.71⋅10-6 1.86⋅10-4 8.67⋅10-13 3.12⋅10-6 5.54⋅10-8 1.57⋅10-4 1.68⋅10-44 5.45⋅10-27
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound
Formula
Ksp
Yttrium carbonate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodate Zinc arsenate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate monohydrate Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate dihydrate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc selenide Zinc selenite monohydrate
Y2(CO3)3 YF3 Y(OH)3 Y(IO3)3 Zn3(AsO4)2 ZnCO3 ZnCO3⋅H2O ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2⋅2H2O ZnC2O4⋅2H2O ZnSe ZnSeO3⋅H2O
1.03⋅10-31 8.62⋅10-21 1.00⋅10-22 1.12⋅10-10 2.8⋅10-28 1.46⋅10-10 5.42⋅10-11 3.04⋅10-2 3⋅10-17 4.1⋅10-6 1.38⋅10-9 3.6⋅10-26 1.59⋅10-7
Sulfides Compound Cadmium sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide Manganese(II) sulfide (green) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Silver(I) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula CdS CuS FeS PbS MnS HgS HgS Ag2S SnS ZnS ZnS
Kspa 8⋅10-7 6⋅10-16 6⋅102 3⋅10-7 3⋅107 4⋅10-33 2⋅10-32 6⋅10-30 1⋅10-5 2⋅10-4 3⋅10-2
SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt No. 1
5
Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide
6
Carbonate
7
Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride
2 3 4
8 9
8-115
10 11 12 13 14 15
Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Ferrocy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Fluoride
16
Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide
17
Iodide
18
Nitrate
19
Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide
20 21
Phosphate
22 23
Silicate, —(SiO3) Sulfate
24
Sulfide
25
Tartrate —(C4H4O6)
Al
NH4
W Al(—)3 a Al(—)
W NH4(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4AsO2 W NH4(—) W NH4Br W (NH4)2CO3 W NH4(—) W NH4Cl W (NH4)2(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4CN W (NH4)3(—) W (NH4)4(—) W NH4F W NH4(—) W NH4OH W NH4I W NH4NO3 W (NH4)2(—)
W AlBr2
W Al(—)3 W AlCl3
W Al(—)
w Al4(—)3 W AlF3 W Al(—)3 A Al(OH)3 W AlI3 W Al(NO3)3 A Al2(—)3 a Al2O3 A AlPO4 I Al2(—)3 W Al2(SO4)3 d Al2S3 w Al2(—)3
Sb
A Sb(—) A Sb(—)
d SbBr3
W SbCl3
W SbF3
d SbI3
w Sb2O3 W NH4H2PO4
W (NH4)2SO4 W (NH4)2S W (NH4)2(—)
A Sb2(SO4)3 A Sb2S3 W Sb2(—)3
Ba
Bi
Cd
Ca
Cr
Co
Cu
Au (I)
Au (II)
H
Fe (II)
Fe (III)
W Ba(—)2 w Ba3(—)2
W Bi(—)3 A Bi(—)
W Cd(—)2 A Cd3(—)2
W Cr(—)3
W C2H4O2 W H3AsO4
Fe(—)2 A Fe3(—)2
Fe2(—)6 A Fe(—)
W Cd(—)2 W CdBr2 A CdCO3 W Cd(—)2 W CdCl2 A Cd(—) A Cd3(—)2 W Cd(CN)2 A Cd3(—)2 A Cd2(—) W CdF2 W Cd(—)2 A Cd(OH)2 W CdI2 W Cd(NO3)2 w Cd(—) A CdO A Cd3(PO4)2 A Cd(—) W CdSO4 A CdS A Cd(—)
W Cu(—)2 A Cu3(—)2 A CuH(—) w Cu(—)2 W CuBr2
W
A Bi(—)3 d BiBr3
W Co(—)2 A Co3(—)2 A Co3H6(—)4 W Co(—)2 W CoBr2 A CoCO3 W Co(—)2 W CoCl2 A Co(—) w Co3(—)2 A Co(CN)2 I Co3(—)2 I Co2(—) W CoF2 W Co(—)2 A Co(OH)2 W CoI2 W Co(NO3)2 A Co(—) A CoO A Co3(PO4)2 A Co2SiO4 W CoSO4 A CoS A Co(—)
W
W Ba(—)2 W BaBr2 w BaCO3 W Ba(—)2 W BaCl2 A Ba(—) w Ba3(—)2 W Ba(CN)2 w Ba3(—)2 W Ba2(—) w BaF2 W Ba(—)2 W Ba(OH)2 W BaI2 W Ba(NO3)2 w Ba(—) W BaO A Ba3(PO4)2 W Ba(—) a BaSO4 d BaS w Ba(—)
W Ca(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(—)2 W CaBr2 w CaCO3 W Ca(—)2 W CaCl2 W Ca(—) w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(CN)2 W Ca3(—)2 W Ca2(—) w CaF2 W Ca(—)2 W Ca(OH)2 W CaI2 W Ca(NO3)2 A Ca(—) w CaO w Ca3(PO4)2 w Ca(—) w CaSO4 w CaS w Ca(—)
W Fe(—)2 W FeBr2 w FeCO3 W Fe(—)2 W FeCl2
A Fe2(—)6 W FeBr3
W Bi(—)3 d BiCl3
A Bi(—) w Bi(CN)3
W BiF3 W Bi(—)3 A Bi(OH)3 A BiI3 d Bi(NO3)3 A Bi2(—)3 A Bi2O3 A BiPO4
d Bi2(SO4)3 A Bi2S3 A Bi2(—)3
W(I)* CrBr3 W CrCO3
I CrCl3
A Cr(CN)3
W(a)* CrF3
A Cr(OH)3 W CrI3 W Cr(NO3)3 W Cr(—) a Cr2O3 w Cr2(PO4)2
W(I)* Cr2(SO4)3 d Cr2S3 d
W Cu(—)2 W CuCl2
A Cu(CN)2 I Cu3(—)2 I Cu2(—) w CuF2 W Cu(—)2 A Cu(OH)2 a CuI W Cu(NO3)2 A Cu(—) A CuO A Cu3(PO4)2 A Cu(—) W CuSO4 A CuS A Cu(—)
w AuBr
w AuCl
w AuCN
W AuBr3
W C7H6O2 W HBr
W AuCl3
W HClO3 W HCl
W Au(CN)3
W AuOH a AuI
A Au(OH)3 a AuI3
Au2O
A Au2O3 H3PO4
I Au2S I
I Au2S3 I
W C6H8O7 W HCN W H3(—) W H4(—) W HF W CH2O2
W HI W HNO3 W C2H2O4 W H2O2 W Fe3(PO4)2 I H2SiO3 W H2SO4 W H2S W C4H6O6
a Fe(CN)2 I Fe3(—)2 I Fe2(—) w FeF2 W Fe(—)2 A Fe(OH)2 W FeI2 W Fe(NO3)2 A Fe(—) A FeO A FePO4
W FeSO4 A FeS A Fe(—)
W Fe(—)3 W FeCl3 A Fe2(—)3 W Fe(—)
a Fe4(—)3 w FeF3 W Fe(—)3 A Fe(OH)3 W FeI3 W Fe(NO)3 W Fe2(—)3 A Fe2O3 w
w Fe(SO4)3 d Fe2S3 d Fe2(—)3
SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) No.
26
Al
Thiocy’te
No. 1
5
Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide
6
Carbonate
7
Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride
2 3 4
8
8-116
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —Fe(CN)6 Ferrocy’de —Fe(CN)6 Fluoride
16
Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide
17
Iodide
18
Nitrate
19 20
Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide
21
Phosphate
22
Silicate —(SiO3) Sulfate
23
NH4
Sb
Ba
W NH4CNS
Bi
Cd
Ca
W Ba(CNS)2
Cr
W Ca(CNS)
Pb
Mg
Mn
Hg (I)
Hg (II)
Ni
K
W Pb(—)2 A PbH(—)
W Mg(—)2 A Mg3(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(—)2 W MgBr2 w MgCO3 W Mg(—)2 W MgCl2 W Mg(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(CN)2 W Mg3(—)2 W Mg2(—) w MgF2 W Mg(—)2 A Mg(OH)2 W MgI2 W Mg(NO3)2 w Mg(—) A MgO w Mg3(PO4)2 A Mg(—) W MgSO4
W Mn(—)2 w MnH(—) A Mn3H6(—)4 W Mn(—)2 W MnBr2 w MnCO3 W Mn(—)2 W MnCl2
w Hg(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg2(—)2 A HgBr A Hg2CO3 W Hg(—) a HgCl w Hg2(—) w Hg3(—) A HgCN
W Hg(—)2 w Hg3(—)2 A Hg3(—) w Hg(—)2 W HgBr2
A HgI W HgNO3 a Hg2(—) A Hg2O A Hg3PO4
W Hg(CN)2 A Hg3(—)2 I Hg2(—) d HgF2 W Hg(—)2 A Hg(OH)2 w HgI2 W Hg(NO3)2 A Hg(—) w HgO A Hg3(PO4)2
W Ni(—)2 A Ni3(—)2 A Ni3H6(—)4 w Ni(—)2 W NiBr2 w NiCO3 W Ni(—)2 W NiCl2 A Ni(—) W Ni3(—)2 a Ni(CN)2 I Ni3(—)2 I Ni2(—) w NiF2 W Ni(—)2 w Ni(OH)2 W NiI2 W Ni(NO3)2 A Ni(—) A NiO A Ni3(PO4)2
w Hg2SO4
d HgSO4
W NiSO4
W K(—) W K3(—) W K3AsO3 W K(—) W KBr W K2CO3 W K(—) W KCl W K2(—) W K3(—) W KCN W K3(—) W K4(—) W KF W K(—) W KOH W KI W KNO3 W K2(—) W K2O W K3PO4 W K2(—) W K2SO4
w Pb(—)2 W PbBr2 A PbCO3 W Pb(—)2 W PbCl2 A Pb(—) W Pb3(—)2 w Pb(CN)2 w Pb3(—)2 a Pb2(—) w PbF2 W Pb(—)2 w Pb(OH)2 w PbI2 W Pb(NO3)2 A Pb(—) w PbO A Pb3(PO4)2 A Pb(—) w PbSO4
w MnH(—)
A Mn2(—) A MnF2 W Mn(—)2 A Mn(OH)2 W MnI2 W Mn(NO3)2 w Mn(—) A MnO w Mn3(PO4)2 I Mn(—) W MnSO4
d HgF w Hg(—)
W Hg(—)2 W HgCl2 w Hg(—)
Pt
w PtBr4
W PtCl4
I Pt(CN)2
W PtF4
A Pt(OH)4 I PtI2 W Pt(NO3)4
A PtO
W Pt(SO4)2
Co
Cu
W Co(CNS)2
d CuCNS
Au (I)
Au (II)
H
Fe (II)
W CNSH
Fe (III)
W W Fe(CNS)2 Fe(CNS)3
Ag
Na
Sn (IV)
Sn (II)
Sr
Zn
w Ag(—) A Ag3(—) A Ag3(—) w Ag(—) a AgBr A Ag2CO3 W Ag(—) a AgCl w Ag2(—) w Ag3(—) a AgCN I Ag3(—) I Ag4(—) W AgF W Ag(—)
W Na(—) W Na3(—) W Na2H(—) W Na(—) W NaBr W Na2CO3 W Na(—) W NaCl W Ma2(—) W Na3(—) W NaCN W Na3(—) W Na4(—) W NaF W Na(—) W NaOH W NaI W NaNO3 W Na2(—) d Na2O W Na3PO4 W Na2(—) W Na2SO4
W Sn(—)4
d Sn(—)2
W Sr(—)2 w SrH(—) w Sr3(—)2
W Zn(—)2 A Zn3(—)2
I AgI W AgNO3 a Ag2(—) w Ag2O A Ag3PO4
w Ag2SO4
A Sn3(—)2
W SnBr4
W SnBr2
W SnCl4 W Sn(—)2
W Sn(—)2 W SnCl2 A Sn(—)
W SnF4
A Sn3(—)2 a Sn2(—) W SnF2
w Sn(OH)4 d SnI4
A SnO2
W Sn(SO4)2
A Sn(OH)2 W SnI2 d Sn(NO3)2 A Sn(—) A SnO A Sn3(PO4)
W SnSO4
W SrBr2 w SrCO3 W Sr(—)2 W SrCl2 w Sr(—) A SrH(—) W Sr(CN)2 W Sr3(—)2 W Sr2(—) w SrF2 W Sr(—)2 W Sr(OH)2 W SrI2 W Sr(NO3)2 w Sr(—) W SrO A Sr3(PO4)2 A Sr(—) w SrSO4
W Zn(—)2 W ZnBr2 w ZnCO3 W Zn(—)2 W ZnCl2 w Zn(—) w Zn3(—)2 A Zn(CN)2 A Zn3(—)2 I Zn2(—) w ZnF2 W Zn(—)2 A Zn(OH)2 W ZnI2 W Zn(NO3)2 A Zn(—) w ZnO A Zn3(PO4)2 A Zn(—) W ZnSO4
SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) No.
24
Sulfide
25
Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te
26
Pb
Mg
Mn
Hg (I)
Hg (II)
Ni
K
Pt
Ag
Na
Sn (IV)
Sn (II)
Sr
Zn
A PbS A Pb(—) w Pb(CNS)2
d MgS w Mg(—) W Mg(CNS)2
A MnS w Mn(—) W Mn(CNS)2
I Hg2S I Hg2(—) A HgCNS
I HgS I
A NiS A Ni(—)
W K2 S W K2(—) W KCNS
I PtS I
A Ag2S A Ag2(—) I AgCNS
W Na2S W Na2(—) W NaCNS
A SnS2 A
A SnS A Sn(—)
W SrS W Sr(—) W Sr(CNS)2
A ZnS A Zn(—) W Zn(CNS)2
w Hg(CNS)2
8-117
REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3).
REFERENCES 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28, Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia 29, 67, 1992. Density of body (g/cm3) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 2.34 1.94 1.66 1.44 1.28 1.14 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.65
2.26 1.86 1.57 1.36 1.19 1.06 0.95 0.86 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.56
Density of body (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 22.0
1.95 1.55 1.26 1.05 0.88 0.75 0.64 0.55 0.47 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25
Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.42 0.34 0.24 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00
0.53 0.49 0.46 0.34 0.26 0.16 0.06 0.01 -0.02 -0.06 -0.08 -0.09
0.21 0.18 0.15 0.03 -0.05 -0.15 -0.25 -0.30 -0.33 -0.37 -0.39 -0.40
For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2):
P/kPa 85 90 95 100 105
Air temperature 10°C 20°C 30°C 0.001043 0.001005 0.000968 0.001105 0.001065 0.001025 0.001166 0.001124 0.001083 0.001228 0.001184 0.001140 0.001290 0.001243 0.001198
Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in the references.
8-118
VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.
REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. t/°C
Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3
t/°C
Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3
t/°C
Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1.0002980 1.0003928 1.0005007 1.0006212 1.0007542 1.0008992 1.0010561
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1.0012246 1.0014044 1.0015952 1.0017969 1.0020092 1.0022320 1.0024649
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1.0027079 1.0029607 1.0032234 1.0034956 1.0037771 1.0040679 1.0043679
PROPERTIES OF CARRIER GASES FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chromatographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr ρ25 λ η cp
: : : : :
Molecular weight (relative molar mass) Density at 25°C in g/L Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cp) Specific heat at 25°C in J/g °C
REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989
Gas
Mr
ρ 25 g L-1
Hydrogen Helium Argon Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Methane Ethane Ethylene Propane
2.016 4.003 39.95 28.01 32.00 28.01 44.01 146.05 16.04 30.07 28.05 44.10
0.0824 0.1636 1.6329 1.1449 1.3080 1.1449 1.7989 5.9696 0.6556 1.2291 1.1465 1.8025
At 25°C λ η mW/m °C µPa s 185.9 154.6 17.8 25.9 26.2 24.8 16.7 13.1 34.5 20.9 20.5 17.9
8.9 19.9 22.7 17.9 20.7 17.8 14.9 28.1 11.1 9.4 10.3 8.3
8-119
λ mW/m °C 280 230 27.7 39.6 42.6 40.7 35.5 15.3 75.0 57.7 53.8 49.2
At 250°C η µPa s 13.1 29.5 35.3 26.8 31.8 26.5 24.9 24.8 17.6 15.5 17.2 14.0
cp(25 °C) J/g °C 14.3 5.20 0.521 1.039 0.919 1.039 0.843 0.664 2.23 1.75 1.53 1.67
SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point.
REFERENCES 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.
Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290
8-120
ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720
tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3
13C
CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS
The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1989. Solvent
Formula
Chemical shift (ppm)
Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane
CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C;N C6 H 6 C6 D 6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13
20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C;N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 200 important solvents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table “Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents”. REFERENCES 1. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D.R., and Milne, G.W.A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD ROM database.)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-124
Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane) Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene (1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzene) cis-Decalin trans-Decalin
e/m (intensity) 44(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 43(100) 53(100) 41(100) 57(100) 30(100) 58(100) 125(100) 51(100) 78(100) 103(100) 91(100) 49(100) 173(100) 43(100) 31(100) 45(100) 59(100) 30(100) 58(100) 43(100) 133(100) 28(100) 55(100) 76(100) 117(100) 65(100) 112(100) 83(100) 85(100) 105(100) 56(100) 57(100) 55(100) 56(100) 42(100) 55(100)
43(92) 45(87) 15(34) 40(46) 85(31) 26(85) 68(50) 31(34) 56(80) 41(18) 127(32) 77(81) 77(20) 76(34) 126(20) 130(67) 171(50) 56(34) 56(81) 31(22) 31(33) 73(10) 41(21) 58(60) 105(38) 42(74) 113(87) 32(22) 119(98) 45(31) 77(63) 85(64) 69(61) 120(25) 84(71) 44(68) 42(85) 43(23) 70(30) 28(50)
29(77) 60(57) 58(23) 39(13) 100(20) 52(79) 54(42) 29(32) 28(76) 18(17) 160(14) 50(55) 52(19) 50(13) 65(14) 128(52) 175(49) 41(17) 41(62) 27(22) 41(22) 28(5) 42(15) 57(17) 41(23) 29(48) 30(81) 44(17) 121(31) 85(14) 114(33) 47(35) 31(38) 77(13) 41(70) 41(68) 41(34) 28(17) 55(29) 84(42)
31(76) 15(42) 27(9) 14(9) 27(12) 51(34) 40(21) 28(31) 57(33) 42(13) 89(13) 106(44) 51(17) 104(9) 92(9) 51(31) 93(22) 27(16) 43(60) 59(20) 43(18) 41(3) 18(9) 100(16) 148(18) 27(33) 56(66) 78(9) 82(24) 31(10) 51(29) 35(19) 87(32) 51(12) 27(37) 39(51) 27(33) 99(10) 41(29) 41(38)
45(74) 42(14) 14(9) 38(6) 42(10) 27(13) 55(20) 58(25) 39(21) 28(11) 162(9) 105(43) 50(15) 75(7) 39(9) 93(23) 91(22) 29(15) 27(50) 29(18) 29(13) 27(3) 30(8) 29(15) 93(16) 41(27) 84(60) 38(6) 47(23) 64(8) 50(14) 48(16) 50(17) 79(10) 55(36) 32(40) 98(31) 70(8) 39(22) 56(29)
27(52) 29(13) 42(8) 28(4) 29(10) 50(8) 27(17) 39(22) 29(20) 56(10) 63(9) 52(26) 39(12) 51(7) 63(8) 81(20) 79(18) 73(11) 42(31) 43(13) 27(11) 18(3) 15(8) 41(13) 91(14) 56(25) 85(57) 28(5) 84(16) 44(7) 75(8) 49(12) 35(8) 106(9) 39(35) 43(38) 39(27) 57(6) 27(15) 27(24)
72(48) 14(13) 26(7) 26(4) 41(7) 25(7) 39(16) 27(20) 27(18) 30(10) 126(8) 78(16) 79(6) 77(5) 128(6) 79(20) 81(17) 61(10) 29(31) 41(12) 57(10) 44(2) 39(7) 85(8) 115(13) 86(24) 42(51) 77(3) 35(14) 35(6) 113(7) 87(10) 119(6) 39(9) 42(30) 31(32) 69(26) 30(6) 40(7) 39(19)
73(23) 28(7) 29(5) 25(3) 39(7) 38(5) 28(13) 30(16) 26(13) 29(8) 62(7) 39(13) 76(5) 52(4) 45(6) 95(17) 94(13) 28(7) 28(17) 44(8) 42(4) 42(2) 57(6) 27(8) 134(11) 26(18) 41(33) 64(1) 49(8) 26(6) 78(5) 37(6) 66(4) 27(8) 69(23) 42(22) 70(20) 93(5) 29(5) 42(15)
28(17) 18(6) 28(5) 42(2) 31(5) 54(3) 52(7) 32(14) 41(8) 43(6) 105(5) 27(10) 74(4) 39(4) 89(5) 132(16) 92(13) 55(6) 39(16) 18(8) 60(3) 31(2) 28(6) 71(7) 39(11) 85(10) 28(26) 46(1) 28(8) 87(5) 76(5) 50(5) 100(3) 103(6) 28(18) 67(18) 43(14) 54(4) 28(4) 26(9)
46(15) 16(6) 39(4) 27(2) 26(5) 37(3) 42(6) 26(11) 18(8) 59(5) 39(5) 74(8) 38(4) 74(3) 125(3) 47(8) 254(11) 39(6) 55(12) 28(5) 28(3) 29(2) 59(4) 59(5) 116(10) 39(10) 43(17) 39(1) 36(6) 81(4) 28(4) 84(4) 47(3) 91(5) 43(14) 82(16) 28(14) 41(4) 43(3) 29(7)
119(100) 67(100) 41(100)
91(42) 81(87) 68(91)
134(33) 41(81) 67(88)
39(27) 138(67) 82(67)
41(20) 96(62) 27(65)
117(18) 82(62) 96(61)
65(18) 39(50) 95(55)
77(17) 55(45) 138(51)
27(16) 27(44) 81(51)
120(15) 95(42) 29(51)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-125
Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone (Isovalerone) Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin
e/m (intensity) 43(100) 27(100) 111(100) 174(100) 179(100) 86(100) 146(100)
59(41) 107(77) 113(98) 93(96) 181(97) 72(52) 148(64)
58(17) 109(72) 192(29) 95(84) 129(34) 30(48) 111(38)
101(10) 26(24) 43(16) 172(53) 131(33) 44(40) 75(23)
41(9) 28(10) 41(16) 176(50) 100(17) 29(31) 113(12)
31(9) 81(5) 190(15) 91(11) 31(13) 57(24) 74(12)
83(6) 79(5) 194(14) 81(9) 260(12) 41(21) 50(11)
56(6) 25(5) 81(9) 79(9) 50(8) 73(15) 150(10)
55(6) 95(4) 79(9) 94(5) 69(7) 28(15) 73(9)
29(6) 93(4) 122(7) 65(5) 262(6) 43(13) 147(7)
63(100)
27(71)
65(31)
26(19)
83(11)
85(7)
61(7)
35(6)
98(5)
62(5)
62(100) 61(100) 61(100) 61(100) 93(100)
27(91) 96(61) 96(73) 96(67) 63(74)
49(40) 98(38) 98(47) 98(43) 27(38)
64(32) 63(32) 63(32) 26(34) 95(32)
26(31) 26(16) 26(30) 63(32) 65(24)
63(19) 60(15) 60(21) 60(24) 31(9)
98(14) 62(7) 25(13) 25(15) 49(4)
51(13) 25(7) 35(12) 62(10) 28(4)
61(12) 100(6) 62(9) 100(7) 94(3)
100(9) 35(6) 100(8) 47(7) 62(3)
49(100) 63(100) 85(100) 30(100) 30(100) 29(100) 45(100)
84(64) 62(71) 135(52) 74(82) 58(81) 45(70) 75(23)
86(39) 27(57) 87(33) 28(77) 44(28) 31(53) 31(20)
51(31) 41(49) 137(17) 56(69) 73(18) 27(39) 44(16)
47(14) 39(32) 101(9) 18(50) 29(18) 91(24) 27(14)
48(8) 65(31) 31(9) 42(46) 28(17) 28(15) 76(12)
88(6) 76(27) 103(6) 29(36) 72(12) 63(11) 29(12)
50(3) 64(25) 100(6) 27(34) 42(11) 26(10) 43(11)
85(2) 49(13) 50(5) 45(30) 27(11) 30(6) 42(9)
83(2) 77(12) 69(4) 43(19) 59(4) 43(5) 41(4)
59(100)
58(43)
31(34)
29(32)
45(28)
28(19)
89(15)
43(9)
27(5)
60(4)
45(100)
59(56)
72(37)
73(22)
60(14)
31(13)
75(11)
44(9)
104(8)
103(7)
43(100)
29(51)
31(42)
45(40)
59(24)
72(18)
44(10)
73(9)
42(9)
30(6)
45(100) 44(100) 31(100) 57(100) 45(100) 44(100) 44(100) 94(100) 73(100) 63(100) 28(100) 73(100) 68(100) 57(100)
31(42) 73(59) 29(63) 85(82) 43(39) 87(69) 45(81) 45(63) 44(86) 78(70) 29(37) 29(56) 93(50) 27(39)
59(41) 30(35) 59(40) 41(46) 87(15) 43(46) 18(32) 79(59) 42(36) 15(40) 88(31) 44(53) 67(44) 29(32)
29(38) 19(18) 27(35) 43(39) 41(12) 45(23) 28(30) 46(38) 30(22) 45(35) 58(24) 45(28) 94(22) 49(25)
28(32) 56(16) 45(33) 58(33) 59(10) 42(19) 43(19) 47(26) 28(20) 29(16) 31(17) 28(21) 39(22) 31(22)
58(21) 28(16) 74(23) 28(30) 27(8) 72(15) 42(15) 15(18) 29(8) 61(13) 15(17) 43(20) 107(18) 62(18)
43(14) 27(16) 15(17) 26(30) 39(4) 15(11) 15(9) 48(14) 43(7) 46(12) 27(15) 27(13) 92(18) 28(16)
27(13) 42(11) 43(9) 39(22) 69(3) 30(8) 46(5) 61(12) 72(6) 31(11) 30(13) 31(7) 53(18) 92(1)
44(11) 99(8) 28(9) 42(12) 42(3) 28(5) 41(5) 64(11) 58(5) 48(10) 43(11) 74(5) 136(16)
32(10) 43(8) 26(9) 142(11) 31(3) 88(4) 27(5) 96(9) 74(4) 47(10) 26(9) 42(3) 79(16)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-126
Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide (Bromoethane) Ethyl chloride (Cloroethane) Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine (1,2-Ethanediamine) Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve) Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-Dimethylpyridine)
e/m (intensity) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 108(100) 64(100) 29(100)
18(30) 29(46) 29(24) 45(44) 28(32) 106(31) 110(97) 28(91) 44(62)
28(15) 27(33) 88(18) 46(18) 44(20) 51(14) 29(62) 29(84) 43(54)
42(7) 45(32) 28(16) 27(18) 45(19) 39(10) 27(51) 27(75) 88(40)
31(6) 61(28) 85(14) 29(15) 27(13) 77(8) 28(35) 66(32) 30(16)
17(6) 28(25) 27(12) 43(14) 15(10) 65(8) 26(14) 26(28) 28(11)
61(5) 42(18) 42(11) 30(6) 42(9) 105(7) 93(6) 49(25) 45(7)
15(5) 73(11) 60(9) 42(3) 29(8) 92(7) 32(6) 51(8) 58(6)
43(3) 88(10) 130(6) 19(3) 41(5) 78(7) 95(5) 63(6) 42(6)
29(3) 70(10) 45(6) 14(3) 40(5) 27(6) 81(5) 65(4) 73(4)
30(100) 31(100) 31(100) 45(100) 57(100)
18(13) 33(35) 59(71) 60(13) 45(38)
42(6) 29(13) 29(58) 29(13) 29(35)
43(5) 32(11) 45(43) 90(7) 41(31)
27(5) 43(6) 27(33) 58(6) 87(16)
44(4) 27(5) 74(27) 31(5) 27(12)
29(4) 28(4) 43(15) 28(5) 56(11)
17(4) 62(3) 15(14) 43(4) 31(9)
15(4) 30(3) 28(12) 59(3) 75(7)
41(3) 44(2) 44(10) 46(2) 28(7)
31(100)
29(52)
59(50)
27(27)
45(26)
72(14)
43(14)
15(14)
28(8)
26(6)
43(100) 45(100)
31(34) 31(15)
59(31) 29(14)
72(28) 28(11)
44(25) 47(9)
29(24) 76(6)
45(12) 43(6)
27(11) 58(4)
15(11) 46(4)
87(7) 27(4)
43(100) 31(100) 68(100) 39(100) 98(100) 61(100) 43(100) 41(100) 57(100) 56(100) 59(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 30(100) 43(100) 82(100) 43(100) 45(100) 129(100) 68(100)
45(48) 28(73) 39(64) 96(55) 41(65) 43(90) 41(56) 70(87) 43(78) 43(78) 43(61) 58(79) 56(26) 33(73) 28(9) 70(49) 39(20) 61(17) 43(19) 102(26) 93(50)
58(42) 27(51) 40(9) 95(52) 39(59) 31(57) 29(49) 56(86) 41(77) 31(74) 56(25) 41(56) 73(15) 31(72) 41(6) 55(38) 138(17) 41(14) 27(17) 51(20) 67(49)
29(10) 29(38) 38(9) 38(38) 81(55) 44(54) 57(47) 31(78) 29(61) 41(71) 45(17) 59(52) 41(10) 41(66) 73(5) 61(15) 54(13) 87(9) 29(12) 128(18) 41(22)
42(4) 45(34) 42(6) 29(35) 53(53) 29(38) 27(46) 43(72) 27(57) 27(64) 41(16) 71(49) 29(5) 42(60) 27(5) 42(15) 27(12) 59(8) 41(7) 50(11) 94(21)
31(4) 26(17) 29(6) 37(29) 97(51) 18(32) 71(45) 29(70) 56(45) 29(59) 57(13) 27(46) 71(3) 27(43) 39(4) 41(14) 41(10) 27(8) 31(6) 130(10) 79(21)
73(3) 74(11) 37(5) 40(11) 42(49) 27(12) 56(27) 55(67) 42(39) 55(58) 42(13) 29(36) 57(3) 29(18) 29(3) 27(12) 53(8) 42(7) 19(6) 75(10) 39(21)
27(3) 43(9) 69(4) 97(9) 69(39) 42(11) 42(26) 27(65) 39(27) 42(53) 85(11) 39(27) 39(3) 39(17) 15(3) 87(11) 83(7) 39(4) 42(5) 76(9) 136(20)
59(2) 47(8) 34(2) 50(7) 70(36) 60(10) 39(23) 42(54) 28(16) 39(37) 61(10) 57(18) 27(3) 28(8) 58(2) 29(10) 29(7) 45(3) 44(4) 103(8) 53(19)
26(2) 56(4) 67(1) 42(7) 29(28) 45(10) 70(18) 69(41) 86(14) 69(27) 31(10) 55(17) 86(2) 74(6) 56(2) 73(9) 55(6) 44(2) 59(3) 74(7) 121(16)
107(100)
39(39)
106(29)
66(22)
92(18)
65(18)
38(12)
27(11)
79(9)
63(9)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-127
Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol (1,5-Pentanediol) Pentane 1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate) 2-Picoline (2-Methylpyridine) α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine (Hexahydropyridine) Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene 1,2-Propylene glycol
e/m (intensity)
105(100) 55(100) 43(100) 45(100) 31(100) 30(100) 105(100) 83(100) 43(100) 59(100) 31(100) 142(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 45(100) 43(100) 43(100) 99(100) 57(100) 77(100) 29(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 167(100)
120(64) 83(89) 74(52) 75(61) 29(72) 31(87) 77(81) 55(82) 72(24) 30(54) 29(63) 127(38) 58(84) 58(34) 42(53) 43(47) 58(60) 41(17) 44(89) 29(100) 51(59) 30(12) 61(64) 27(93) 41(73) 57(30) 56(85) 165(91)
119(15) 43(73) 28(38) 29(59) 32(67) 28(56) 51(45) 41(60) 29(19) 28(34) 32(34) 141(14) 29(65) 27(14) 41(35) 69(30) 71(14) 86(12) 98(80) 87(69) 123(42) 28(11) 46(39) 41(90) 27(71) 85(25) 43(82) 117(90)
77(13) 29(42) 42(19) 31(13) 15(42) 29(19) 136(24) 98(44) 27(12) 29(13) 60(28) 15(13) 41(56) 41(13) 27(31) 41(27) 41(11) 42(12) 42(60) 28(69) 50(25) 26(9) 28(30) 39(34) 39(30) 41(25) 55(81) 119(89)
39(11) 98(36) 59(17) 30(6) 28(12) 32(15) 50(18) 42(35) 57(7) 58(8) 30(7) 139(5) 57(44) 15(13) 71(29) 27(19) 27(11) 27(11) 41(38) 30(38) 30(15) 27(8) 45(8) 30(25) 30(18) 71(19) 31(69) 83(58)
106(9) 39(32) 44(8) 15(6) 14(10) 15(12) 106(8) 56(30) 42(5) 15(7) 28(7) 140(4) 27(42) 57(11) 39(20) 39(13) 59(9) 39(8) 43(17) 56(33) 65(14) 43(5) 27(8) 44(20) 15(11) 29(17) 27(69) 169(54)
91(9) 27(28) 32(8) 47(5) 30(9) 27(9) 78(6) 27(29) 26(4) 60(3) 44(2) 128(3) 39(31) 39(9) 29(18) 29(12) 39(8) 71(7) 28(17) 86(28) 39(10) 41(5) 44(7) 42(20) 42(9) 56(14) 29(68) 130(43)
51(8) 53(11) 29(6) 76(2) 13(6)
27(7) 41(10) 31(4) 46(2) 12(3)
121(6) 56(5) 75(2) 44(2) 16(2)
28(6) 39(27) 28(3) 41(3) 18(2) 14(1) 85(19) 71(8) 57(11) 87(11) 29(8) 58(7) 71(13) 31(28) 93(9) 14(5) 29(7) 26(20) 28(8) 70(10) 42(62) 132(42)
39(5) 69(23) 44(2) 27(3) 61(1) 13(1) 100(14) 59(8) 15(10) 84(10) 42(5) 45(7) 39(11) 27(12) 74(7) 15(3) 60(5) 28(13) 26(8) 42(10) 70(53) 60(40)
27(5) 70(22) 39(2) 31(2) 59(1) 71(0) 42(14) 29(8) 70(7) 57(10) 114(4) 44(3) 70(10) 15(7) 78(6) 46(2) 43(4) 54(12) 38(6) 27(10) 69(48) 85(37)
31(100) 43(100) 42(100) 43(100) 93(100) 93(100) 93(100) 84(100) 28(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 45(100)
56(85) 42(55) 70(72) 70(90) 66(41) 92(30) 41(64) 85(53) 54(63) 61(19) 27(19) 28(13) 120(21) 18(46)
41(67) 41(45) 55(65) 42(52) 39(31) 39(24) 69(47) 56(46) 26(20) 31(18) 29(18) 59(8) 92(10) 29(21)
57(59) 27(42) 41(56) 28(51) 92(20) 41(23) 39(33) 57(43) 27(17) 27(15) 59(11) 27(7) 38(10) 43(19)
55(51) 29(26) 31(47) 61(50) 78(19) 77(22) 27(31) 28(41) 52(11) 42(11) 42(9) 41(5) 65(9) 31(18)
44(45) 39(19) 29(41) 55(41) 51(19) 91(21) 79(20) 29(37) 55(10) 73(9) 60(7) 42(3) 78(6) 27(17)
29(37) 57(13) 27(26) 73(21) 65(16) 27(21) 77(18) 44(34) 51(9) 41(9) 41(7) 39(3) 51(6) 28(11)
43(31) 28(9) 57(22) 41(20) 38(13) 79(18) 53(14) 42(30) 15(9) 29(9) 28(7) 29(3) 27(5) 19(8)
68(29) 15(9) 28(22) 29(14) 50(12) 121(13) 94(13) 30(30) 53(7) 59(5) 43(3) 26(3) 63(4) 44(6)
27(26) 72(8) 43(21) 69(11) 52(11) 53(10) 91(13) 43(25) 25(7) 39(5) 32(3) 18(3) 105(3) 61(5)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-128
Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol (1,3-Propanediol) Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
e/m (intensity)
105(100) 79(100) 67(100) 43(100) 85(100) 129(100) 104(100) 41(100) 121(100)
120(56) 52(62) 41(58) 28(52) 42(43) 51(28) 103(41) 28(94) 93(85)
119(17) 51(31) 39(58) 70(33) 41(36) 76(25) 78(32) 56(82) 136(43)
77(15) 50(19) 40(51) 71(26) 28(33) 128(24) 51(28) 55(72) 91(40)
39(15) 78(11) 28(42) 42(22) 30(29) 44(24) 77(23) 120(37) 77(34)
51(11) 53(7) 38(20) 41(20) 56(16) 50(20) 105(12) 27(32) 39(33)
91(10) 39(7) 37(12) 27(16) 84(14) 32(19) 50(12) 39(19) 27(33)
27(10) 80(6) 66(7) 39(15) 40(12) 75(18) 52(11) 29(17) 79(27)
106(9) 27(3) 68(5) 29(10) 27(12) 74(12) 39(11) 26(11) 41(26)
79(7) 77(2) 27(3) 30(9) 29(9) 103(11) 102(10) 48(5) 43(18)
167(100) 101(100) 131(100) 83(100) 166(100) 45(100) 42(100) 104(100) 41(100) 73(100) 91(100) 106(100) 43(100) 142(100) 97(100) 97(100) 95(100) 101(100) 101(100) 118(100) 86(100) 45(100) 99(100) 58(100)
169(96) 103(64) 133(96) 85(63) 164(82) 89(10) 41(52) 132(53) 28(64) 43(14) 92(73) 107(83) 103(44) 100(19) 99(64) 83(95) 130(90) 103(66) 151(68) 56(69) 30(68) 58(11) 81(71) 59(47)
117(85) 167(54) 117(76) 95(11) 131(71) 44(8) 27(33) 91(43) 56(57) 45(12) 39(20) 77(17) 145(34) 143(11) 61(58) 99(62) 132(85) 66(13) 103(64) 45(60) 58(37) 89(9) 155(56) 30(29)
119(82) 169(52) 119(73) 87(10) 129(71) 43(6) 72(29) 51(17) 45(57) 74(8) 65(14) 79(13) 116(17) 29(8) 26(31) 85(60) 60(65) 105(11) 85(45) 42(56) 28(24) 31(8) 82(45) 42(26)
171(31) 117(19) 95(34) 168(8) 168(45) 31(6) 71(27) 39(17) 29(51) 29(7) 63(11) 39(12) 115(13) 185(7) 27(24) 61(58) 97(64) 35(11) 31(45) 44(27) 29(23) 29(8) 45(45) 44(17)
85(29) 119(18) 135(31) 133(8) 94(38) 29(6) 39(24) 131(15) 27(49) 15(5) 51(11) 53(10) 44(10) 57(6) 117(19) 26(23) 35(40) 47(9) 153(44) 43(25) 27(19) 75(7) 109(44) 15(14)
121(26) 171(17) 121(23) 131(8) 47(31) 27(6) 43(22) 117(15) 85(47) 75(4) 50(7) 52(10) 86(9) 44(6) 63(19) 96(21) 134(27) 31(8) 35(20) 41(14) 44(18) 44(7) 127(41) 28(10)
82(14) 105(11) 97(23) 96(8) 96(24) 101(5) 29(22) 115(14) 86(42) 44(4) 27(6) 54(9) 28(8) 41(6) 119(18) 63(19) 47(26) 82(4) 66(19) 116(8) 101(17) 43(7) 43(24) 18(10)
47(14) 31(11) 61(19) 61(8) 133(20) 75(5) 40(13) 78(13) 39(28) 42(4) 93(5) 51(9) 73(7) 30(5) 35(17) 27(17) 62(21) 68(4) 47(18) 57(8) 42(16) 27(7) 125(16) 43(8)
101(13) 132(9) 60(18) 60(8) 59(17) 28(5) 15(10) 77(13) 55(23) 31(4) 90(5) 28(9) 42(7) 86(4) 62(11) 98(15) 59(13) 37(4) 87(14) 86(7) 56(8) 28(5) 111(14) 57(7)
28(100) 110(100) 138(100) 91(100) 91(100) 91(100)
58(93) 109(35) 95(65) 106(40) 106(65) 106(62)
31(76) 79(34) 77(48) 39(21) 105(29) 105(30)
57(70) 95(25) 123(44) 105(17) 39(18) 51(16)
29(40) 80(23) 52(42) 51(17) 51(15) 39(16)
27(26) 15(20) 41(33) 77(15) 77(14) 77(13)
45(24) 140(18) 65(30) 27(12) 27(10) 27(11)
43(23) 47(10) 51(29) 65(10) 92(8) 92(7)
19(18) 31(7) 39(19) 92(8) 79(8) 78(7)
30(17) 139(5) 63(17) 79(8) 78(8) 65(7)
SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998. Salt
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
Ref.
BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4
1.603 6.896 1.055 1.352 5.002 0.291 7.756 19.296 4.403 5.421 6.199 18.809 5.494 8.258 6.110 11.111 9.395 6.911 2.911
1.659 7.398 1.153 1.533 5.237 0.333 7.846 19.456 4.523 5.644 6.566 21.163 5.589 8.546 6.121 11.484 9.819 7.180 3.116
1.716 7.986 1.260 1.729 5.471 0.378 7.948 19.670 4.656 5.884 6.943 23.721 5.688 8.856 6.136 11.883 10.261 7.449 3.336
1.774 8.675 1.376 1.940 5.703 0.426 8.063 19.935 4.800 6.143 7.331 26.496 5.790 9.191 6.153 12.310 10.723 7.717 3.573
1.834 9.480 1.502 2.165 5.932 0.478 8.191
1.895 10.421 1.639 2.405 6.157 0.534 8.331
1.958
4.958 6.422
5.130 6.721
5.314
5.896 9.550 6.174 12.766 11.204 7.986 3.827
6.005 9.937 6.197 13.253 11.706 8.253 4.099
1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
0.593 8.483
10.351 6.222 13.772 12.230 8.520 4.194
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES This table is reprinted from Kagaku Benran, 3rd Edition, Vol. II, pp. 649—661 (1984), with permission of the publisher, Maruzen Company, LTD. (Copyright 1984 by the Chemical Society of Japan). Translation was carried out by Kozo Kuchitsu. Internuclear distances and bond angles are represented in units of Å (1 Å = 10–10 m) and degrees, respectively. The same but inequivalent atoms are discriminated by subscripts a, b, etc. In some molecules ax for axial and eq for equatorial are also used. All measurements were made in the gas phase. The methods used are abbreviated as follows. UV: ultraviolet (including visible) spectroscopy; IR: infrared spectroscopy; R: Raman spectroscopy; MW: microwave spectroscopy; ED: electron diffraction; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LMR: laser magnetic resonance; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; MBE: molecular beam electric resonance. If two methods were used jointly for structure determination, they are listed together, as (ED, MW). If the numerical values listed refer to the equilibrium values, they are specified by re and θe. In other cases the listed values represent various average values in vibrational states; it is frequently the case that they represent the rs structure derived from several isotopic species for MW or the rg structure (i.e., the average internuclear distances at thermal equilibrium) for ED. These internuclear distances for the same atom pair with different definitions may sometimes differ as much as 0.01 Å. Appropriate comments are made on the symmetry and conformation in the equilibrium structure. In general, the numerical values listed in the following tables contain uncertainties in the last digits. However, for certain molecules such as diatomic molecules, with experimental uncertainties of the order of 10–5 Å or smaller, numerical values are listed to four decimal places. REFERENCES 1. L. E. Sutton, ed., Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions, The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 11, 18, The Chemical Society (London) (1958, 1965). 2. K.-H. Hellwege, ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relations in Science and Technology, New Series, II/7, J. H. Callomon, E. Hirota, K. Kuchitsu, W. J. Lafferty, A. G. Maki, C. S. Pote, with assistance of I. Buck and B. Starck, Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules, Springer-Verlag (1976). 3. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London (1979). 4. B. Starck, Microwave Catalogue and Supplements. 5. B. Starck, Electron Diffraction Catalogue and Supplements.
STRUCTURES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by their Chemical Formulas (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound AgBr AgCl AgF AgH AgI AgO AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlO Al2Br6
Structure 2.3931 Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re) 2.2808 Ag—F (re) 1.9832 Ag—H (re) 1.617 Ag—I (re) 2.5446 Ag—O (re) 2.0030 Al—Br (re) 2.295 Al—Cl (re) 2.1301 1.6544 Al—F (re) Al—H (re) 1.6482 Al—I (re) 2.5371 1.6176 Al—O (re) Bra Bra Brb Al Al Brb Bra Bra
Al—Bra Al—Brb ∠BrbAlBrb ∠BraAlBra (D2h) Al—Cla Al—Clb ∠ClbAlClb ∠ClaAlCla (D2h) ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF
Al2Cl6
AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3
As—Br As—Cl As—F
Method
2.324 2.165 1.710
9-15
2.22 2.38 82 118
MW MW MW UV MW UV UV MW MW UV MW UV ED
2.04 2.24 87 122
ED
99.6 98.6 95.9
ED ED, MW ED, MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
AsF5
Fa Fb
BF3 BH BH3PH3
BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2H6
B
BaH BaO BaS BeF BeH BeO BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiH BiI BiO BrCN BrCl BrF BrF3
1.511 2.557 1.5237 1.893 1.742 1.2626 1.189 1.32 118
1.937 103.6 101.3 2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091
BrO Br2 CBr4 CCl
92.1 100.2
∠FBF O—H ∠BOH
B—H 1.212 ∠BPH 116.9 staggered form (D3h)
P—H ∠HBH
B—Ha B—Hb B⋅⋅⋅B ∠HaBHa ∠HbBHb ∠BOB≅∠OBO
Ha 1.376 B—H ∠BNB
1.26 121
2.2318 1.9397 2.5074 1.3609 1.3431 1.3308 2.6095 2.63 2.4716 2.423 2.0516 1.805 2.8005 1.934 1.157 2.1361 1.7590
Fa
118.3 0.941 114.1
1.399 114.6
1.05
∠BrBiBr
90
(C3v)
∠ClBiCl
100
(C3v)
C—Br (re)
1.790
Br—Fa 1.810 ∠FaBrFb 86.2
Br—F (average) 1.753 (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) = 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq 85.1 Br—O (re) 1.7172 Br—Br (re) 2.2811 C—Br 1.935 C—Cl 1.6512
1.19 1.33 1.77 122 97 120 N—H (C2)
Br—Fb (C2v)
MW, IR ED UV ED ED UV MW MW ED, IR UV MW
ED UV EPR UV UV IR, ED
linear
Ha
Fb BrF5
∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI
1.311 1.34 123 (D3h)
B—F B—O ∠FBO
B Hb
Br
1.656
(D3h) (D3h)
1.313 1.2325
B—O B—N 1.435 ∠NBN 118 Ba—H (re) Ba—O (re) Ba—S (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—O (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—O (re) C—N (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re)
Fa
As—Fb (D3h)
Fb
As—H (re) As—I Au—H (re) B—Br B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—F ∠FBF B—F B—H (re) B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S Ha Hb
Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3
1.711
As Fa
AsH3 AsI3 AuH BBr3 BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH
As—Fa
Fb
Method
1.721
ED ED UV MW MBE UV UV UV MW ED MW ED MW UV MW UV IR MW MW MW
ED, MW (C4v)
(Td)
9-16
MW R ED UV
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
CClF3 CCl3F
C—Cl C—Cl
CCl4 CF CF3I CF4 CH CI4 CN CO COBr2
C—Cl 1.767 C—F (re) 1.2718 C—I 2.138 C—F C—F 1.323 C—H (re) 1.1199 C—I 2.15 1.1718 C—N (re) C—O (re) 1.1283 C—O 1.178 ∠BrCBr 112.3 C—F 1.334 C—O ∠FCCl 108.8 ∠ClCO C—O 1.179 ∠ClCCl 111.8 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF 107.71 C—O (re) 1.1600 C—P (re) 1.562 C—S (re) 1.5349 C—S (re) 1.5526 C—C (re) 1.2425 C—O 1.163 linear (large-amplitude bending vibration) 2.002 Ca—H (re) Ca—O (re) 1.8221 Ca—S (re) 2.3178 Cd—H (re) 1.781 Cd—Br 2.35 Cd—Cl 2.24 Cd—I 2.56 C—Cl (re) 1.629 Cl—F (re) 1.6283 Cl—Fa Fa Cl Fa ∠FaClFb Fb 1.5696 Cl—O (re) O—Cl 1.690 O—H Cl—O 1.470 Oa—Cl 1.407 ∠OaClOa H
COClF COCl2 COF2 CO2 CP CS CS2 C2 C3O2 CaH CaO CaS CdH CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 ClCN ClF ClF3
ClO ClOH ClO2 ClO3(OH)
1.752 1.754
C—F C—F
Method ∠FCF ∠ClCCl (C3v)
1.325 1.362
108.6 111
(Td) ∠FCF
1.330
108.1
(Td) (Td)
C—Br 1.173 127.5 C—Cl C—O
C—C
linear linear linear C—N (re)
1.923 C—Cl
1.725
ED, MW MW ED EPR ED, MW ED UV ED MW MW ED, MW ED, MW
1.742
ED, MW
1.172
ED, MW
1.289
IR UV MW IR UV ED
1.160
1.698 87.5
Cl—Fb (C2v)
1.598
0.975 ∠OClO Ob—Cl 114.3
∠HOCl 117.38 1.639 ∠OaClOb
102.5
∠ClOCl
110.89
Cr—C
1.92
UV UV UV EPR ED ED ED MW MW MW
MW, UV MW, IR MW ED
104.1
Ob Cl Oa O Oa a Cl2 Cl2O CoH Cr (CO)6 CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI
Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—H (re) C—O ∠CrCO Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re)
1.9878 1.6959 1.542 1.16 180 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152
UV MW UV ED UV MW MW MW UV MW
9-17
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound CsOH CuBr CuCl CuF CuH CuI FCN FOH F2 Fe(CO)5
Structure
HBr HCN
Cs—O (re) 2.395 Cu—Br (re) 2.1734 Cu—Cl (re) 2.0512 1.7449 Cu—F (re) Cu—H (re) 1.4626 Cu—I (re) 2.3383 C—F 1.262 O—H 0.96 F—F (re) 1.4119 Fe—C (average) 1.821 (Fe—C)eq – (Fe—C)ax C—O (average) 1.153 2.3525 Ga—Br (re) Ga—Cl (re) 2.2017 Ga—F (re) 1.7744 Ga—F 1.88 Ga—I (re) 2.5747 Ga—I 2.458 Gd—I 2.841 Ge—H 1.526 ∠HGeH 106.2 Ge—Br 2.272 Ge—H 1.537 ∠HGeH 111.0 Ge—Cl 2.183 Ge—Cl 2.113 Ge—H 1.522 ∠HGeH 113.0 Ge—F (re) 1.7321 Ge—H (re) 1.5880 Ge—H 1.5251 Ge—O (re) 1.6246 Ge—S (re) 2.0121 Ge—Se (re) 2.1346 Ge—Te (re) 2.3402 Ge—H 1.541 ∠HGeH 106.4 H—Br (re) 1.4145 C—H (re) 1.0655
HCNO
H—C
HCl HF HI HNCO
H-Cl (re) H—F (re) H—I (re) N—H ∠HNC N—H ∠HNC N—H
GaBr GaCl GaF GaF3 GaI GaI3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeH4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6
HNCS HNO HNO2
HNO3
1.027
Method O—H (re)
O—F
C—N 1.442
0.97
1.159 ∠HOF
97.2
0.020 (D3h)
(D3h) (D3h) ∠IGdI Ge—Br
108 2.299
(Td) Ge—Cl
2.150
∠ClGeCl (Td) Ge—F
100.3
∠FGeF (θe)
97.17
(C3v)
ED ED MW, IR
1.732
MW UV IR, R MW MW MW MW ED
(Td)
Ge—Ge ∠GeGeH
C—N
C—N (re) linear 1.161
2.403 112.5
MW MW, IR
1.1532 N—O linear
N—C
1.209
N—C 1.216 ∠NCS 180 N—O 1.212 s-trans conformer Ob—H 0.958 1.432 N—Ob N—Oa 1.170 ∠OaNOb 110.7 ∠NObH 102.1 Oc—H 0.96 N—Oa 1.20 ∠HOcN 102.2 ∠OcNOb 115.9
9-18
MW MW MW ED MW ED ED MW, IR ED IR, MW
1.207
MW
C—O
1.166
MW MW MW MW
C—S
1.561
MW
∠HNO 108.6 s-cis conformer 0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 N—Oc 1.41 N—Ob 1.21 ∠OcNOa 113.9 planar
UV MW
1.2746 0.9169 1.6090 0.986 128.0 0.989 135.0 1.063
MW MW MW MW UV MW MW MW R ED
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
HNSO
N—H ∠HNS
H2 H2O H2O2
H—H (re) 0.7414 O—H (re) 0.9575 O—O 1.475 dihedral angle of internal rotation H—S (re) 1.3356
H2S H2SO4
H2S2 HfCl4 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 IBr ICN ICl IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InF InH InI IrF6 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI Li2 Li2Cl2
LuCl3 MgF MgH MgO MnH Mo(CO)6 MoCl4O
1.029 115.8
N—S ∠NSO planar
Method 1.512 120.4
S—O
1.451
UV MW, IR IR
∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH 119.8 ∠HSH (θe)
104.51 94.8 (C2) 92.12 O—H 0.97 S—Oa 1.574 Hb 1.422 ∠HaOaS 108.5 S—Oc Ob ∠OaSOb 101.3 ∠OcSOd 123.3 Oa Ha ∠OaSOc 108.6 ∠OaSOd 106.4 S 20.8 dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes 90.9 Od Oc dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes 88.4 S—S 2.055 S—H 1.327 ∠SSH 91.3 dihedral angle of internal rotation 90.6 (C2) Hf—Cl 2.33 (Td) Hg—Cl 2.252 linear Hg—H (re) 1.7404 Hg—I 2.553 linear I—Br (re) 2.4691 C—I 1.995 C—N 1.159 2.3210 I—Cl (re) I—F (average) 1.860 (I—F)eq – (I—F)ax 0.03 ∠FaxIFeq 82.1 (C4v) I—O (re) 1.8676 I—I (re) 2.6663 In—Br (re) 2.5432 In—Cl (re) 2.4012 In—F (re) 1.9854 In—H (re) 1.8376 In—I (re) 2.7537 Ir—F 1.830 (Oh) K—Br (re) 2.8208 K—Cl (re) 2.6667 K—F (re) 2.1716 K—H (re) 2.244 K—I (re) 3.0478 O—H 0.91 K—O 2.212 linear K—K (re) 3.9051 Kr—F 1.89 linear Li—Br (re) 2.1704 2.0207 Li—Cl (re) Li—F (re) 1.5639 Li—H (re) 1.5949 2.3919 Li—I (re) Li—Li (re) 2.6729 Li—Cl 2.23 Li Cl—Cl 3.61 Cl Cl ∠ClLiCl 108 Li Lu—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mn—H (re) Mo—C 2.063 Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl
MW
∠ClLuCl
2.417 1.7500 1.7297 1.749 1.7308 C—O
1.145
2.279 87.2
Mo—O (C4v)
9-19
112
(Oh) 1.658
(C3v)
MW, IR MW
(C2) ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW MW MW ED, MW MW R MW MW MW UV MW ED MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW MW MW MW MW UV ED
ED UV UV UV UV ED ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound MoF6 NClH2 NCl3 NF2 NH2 NH2CN
Structure Mo—F N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl N—F N—H N—H H
Na
1.820 1.017 103.7 1.759 1.3528 1.024 1.00
C Nb
Method (Oh) N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl ∠FNF ∠HNH Na—C
1.748 107 107.1 103.18 103.3 1.35 C—Nb 1.160 ∠HNH angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond
ED MW, IR ED MW UV MW 114 142
H NH2NO2
NH3 NH4Cl NF2CN
NH NH2OH
NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4
N2O N2O3
N2O4
NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI Na2 NbCl5 NbO Ni(CO)4 NiH NpF6 OCS
N—N 1.427 N—H ∠HNH 115.2 ∠ONO dihedral angle between the NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) 1.012 ∠HNH (θe) N—H 1.22 N—Cl 2.54 F2Nb—C≡Na C—Na 1.158 Nb—F 1.399 ∠NaCNb 174 ∠CNbF 105.4 ∠FNbF 102.8 N—H (re) 1.0362 N—H 1.02 N—O 1.453 ∠HNH 107 ∠HNO 103.3 The bisector of H—N—H angle is trans to the O—H bond N—O (re) 1.1506 N—Cl 1.975 N—O 1.14 O—N 1.136 N—F 1.512 N—O 1.193 ∠ONO N—Cl 1.840 N—O ∠ONO 130.6 (C2v) N—O 1.1798 N—F ∠ONO 136 (C2v) N—S (re) 1.4940 N—N (re) 1.0977 N—H 1.021 N—N ∠HNH 106.6 (assumed) ∠NNHa ∠NNHb 106 dihedral angle of internal rotation Ha: the H atom closer to the C2 axis, Hb: the H atom farther from the C2 axis N—N (re) 1.1284 N—O (re) Na—Nb 1.864 Oa Ob Nb—Ob 1.202 Na Nb ∠OaNaNb 105.05 Oc ∠NaNbOb 112.72 ∠NaNbOc 117.47 O O N—N 1.782 ∠ONO 135.4 N N O O Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cleq 2.241 Nb—O (re) Ni—C 1.838 Ni—H (re) Np—F C—O (re)
1.005 130.1 128.2 106.7 (C3v) C—Nb
MW
1.386
O—H ∠NOH
0.962 101.4
∠ONCl ∠FNO 134.1 1.202
113 110.1
1.467
N—O (D2h)
2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 3.0789
LMR MW
IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW
1.449 112 91 1.1841 Na—Oa Nb—Oc
IR ED MW
1.142 1.217
1.190
MW, IR MW
ED
MW MW MW UV MW UV Nb—Clax 2.338 (D3h)
ED
C—O
(Td)
1.691 1.141
1.476 1.981 1.1578
(Oh) C—S (re)
9-20
1.5601
UV ED UV ED MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound OCSe OF OF2 O(SiH3)2 O2 O2F2 O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl3 PCl5
Structure C—O O—F (re) O—F (re) Si—H ∠SiOSi O—O (re) O—O ∠OOF O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl Cla
Clb
1.159 1.3579 1.4053 1.486 144.1 1.2074 1.217 109.5 1.2716 1.831 1.712 2.220 2.039
Method C—Se
1.709
∠FOF (θe) Si—O
103.07 1.634
F—O dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠OOO (θe) (Oh) (Td) ∠BrPBr ∠ClPCl P—Cla 2.124
Clb P
1.575 87.5 117.47
101.0 100.27 P—Clb (D3h)
(C2v)
MW LMR MW ED MW MW
(C2) (C2v)
2.020
MW ED ED ED ED ED
Cla Clb
PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4
P4 P4O6 PbH PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrI3 PtO PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbOH ReClO3 ReF6 RuO4 SCSe SCTe SCl2 SF SF2 SF6
1.5896 P—F (re) P—F 1.570 ∠FPF 97.8 P—Fax 1.577 P—Feq 1.534 (D3h) P—H (re) 1.4223 P—H 1.418 ∠HPH 91.70 P—H 1.4200 ∠HPH 93.345 N—P (re) 1.4909 O—P (re) 1.4759 P—O 1.449 P—Cl 1.993 ∠ClPCl 103.3 P—O 1.436 P—F 1.524 ∠FPF P—P (re) 1.8931 P—F 1.587 P—P 2.281 ∠PPF 95.4 ∠FPF 99.1 The two PF2 planes are trans to each other (the gauche conformer is less than 10%) P—P 2.21 (Td) P—O 1.638 ∠POP 126.4 (Td) Pb—H (re) 1.839 Pb—O (re) 1.9218 Pb—S (re) 2.2869 Pb—Se (re) 2.4022 Pb—Te (re) 2.5950 Pr—I 2.904 ∠IPrI 113 (C3v) Pt—O (re) 1.7273 Pu—F 1.971 (Oh) 2.9447 Rb—Br (re) Rb—Cl (re) 2.7869 Rb—F (re) 2.2703 2.367 Rb—H (re) Rb—I (re) 3.1768 Rb—O 2.301 O—H 0.957 linear Re—O 1.702 Re—Cl 2.229 ∠ClReO 109.4 (C3v) Re—F 1.832 (Oh) Ru—O 1.706 (Td) C—Se 1.693 C—S 1.553 C—S 1.557 C—Te 1.904 S—Cl 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 (C2v) S—F (re) 1.6006 S—F 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 S—F 1.561 (Oh)
9-21
UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED 101.3
ED, MW UV ED
ED ED UV MW MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW UV MW MW MW ED ED MW MW ED MW MW ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound SO SOCl2 SOF2 SOF4
Structure S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠OSF Fb Fa
1.4811 1.44 97.2 1.420 106.2
Fb S
S—O S—Fb ∠OSFb ∠FbSFb
Fa
O
S2O2
S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O Si—H S—S (re) S—Br ∠SSBr S—Cl ∠SSCl S—O
S8
S
SO2 SO2Cl2 SO2F2 SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2 S2Cl2
S S
SbCl3 SbH3 SeF SeF6 SeO SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO
1.4308 1.404 100.0 1.397 97 1.4198 1.494
S S S Sb—Cl Sb—H Se—F Se—F Se—O (re) Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O Se—Se (re) Se—Se
Si—F ∠FSiBr Si—H ∠HSiBr Si—H ∠HSiCl Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH Si—F (re) Si—H (re) ∠HSiF (θe) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—H ∠HSH Si—H N—Si (re) Si—O (re)
Si—S 1.8892 2.24 105 2.057 108.2
1.458 S
S
S—Cl (C2v) S—F (C2v)
Method
S—Cl ∠OSCl S—F ∠FSF 1.403 1.552 124.9 110.2 ∠OSO (θe) 2.011
2.072 108.0 1.583 92.2 S—Fa ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb (C2v) 119.329 ∠OSO
1.530 (D3h) 2.136
S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S 2.025 S—S ∠SSS (D4d)
9-22
ED 1.575 90.7 89.6
ED
123.5
MW ED
∠OSO
123
ED
∠SiSSi
97.4
1.98 83.5 1.931 84.1 (C2) ∠OSS 112.8 planar cis form
2.07 105
2.333 ∠ClSbCl 1.704 ∠HSbH 1.742 1.69 (Oh) 1.6393 1.576 Se—F 104.82 ∠FSeF 1.6076 ∠OSeO (θe) 1.69 (D3h) 2.1660 2.34 ∠SeSeSe six-membered ring with chair conformation 1.560 Si—Br 108.5 (C3v) 1.485 Si—Br 107.8 (C3v) 1.482 Si—Cl 107.9 (C3v) 2.019 (T4) 1.6008 1.484 Si—F 110.63 (C3v) 1.590 ∠FSiF (θe) 1.4468 Si—F (re) 110.64 1.553 (Td) 1.5201 1.485 Si—I 107.8 1.4798 (Td) 1.572 1.5097
MW MW
IR ED R ED ED MW ED
97.2 91.6
1.730 92.22 113.83
ED MW MW ED MW MW
102
MW ED UV ED
2.153
MW
2.210
MW
2.048
MW
1.593
ED UV MW, IR
100.8 1.5624
MW MW
2.437
ED UV MW IR UV MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6
SnCl4 SnH SnH4 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrH SrO SrS TaCl5 TaO TeF6 Te2 ThCl4 ThF4 TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO TiS UF6 V(CO)6 VCl3O VCl4 VF5 VO W(CO)6 WClF5
Structure Si—S (re) Se—Si (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si ∠ClSiCl Si—Si ∠FSiF Si—H ∠SiSiH
1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 109.7 2.317 108.6 1.492 110.3
Sn—Cl Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—O S—Sn (re) Se—Sn (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—O (re) S—Sr (re) Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Te—F Te—Te (re) Th—Cl Th—F Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) U—F V—C
Method
Si—Cl
2.009
MW MW UV ED
Si—F
1.564
ED
Si—Si 2.331 ∠HSiH 108.6 staggered form (assumed) (Td)
ED
2.280 1.7815 1.711 (Td) 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.1455 1.9198 2.4405 2.227 Ta—Clax 2.369 (D3h) 1.6875 1.815 (Oh) 2.5574 2.58 (Td) 2.14 (Td) 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.339 (Td) 2.170 (Td) 1.620 2.0825 1.996 (Oh) 2.015 C—O 1.138 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) V—O 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ∠ClVCl 111.3 V—Cl 2.138 (Td, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) V—F (average) 1.71 V—O (re) 1.5893 W—C 2.059 C—O 1.149 (Oh) W—Cl 2.251 Cl F b W—F (average) 1.836 Fb W Fb ∠FaWFb 88.7 Fb F
ED UV R, IR MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED UV ED UV ED ED MW MW MW UV MW ED ED UV UV ED ED
W—O ∠FWF W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Zn—H (re) Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—O (re)
ED
ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW
a
WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 ZnH ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrO
1.666 86.2 1.832 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 1.5949 2.32 1.902 1.7116
W—F 1.847 (C4v) (Oh) linear (D4h) (large-amplitude bending vibration around the Oh structure) (Td) (Td) (Td)
9-23
ED IR ED ED ED UV ED ED UV
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by Chemical Name; Cross References are Given for Common Synonyms (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound
Structure
Acetaldehyde
Method
O Cb H 3
Ca H
Acetamide CH3CONH2
Ca—Cb ∠HCbH C—O C—C C—H ∠CCN
1.515 109.8 1.220 1.519 1.124 115.1
Acetic acid
Oa C
CH3
Acetone (CH3)2CO
Acetonitrile CH3CN Acetonitrile oxide CH3CNO Acetyl chloride CH3COCl Acetyl cyanide → Pyruvonitrile Acetylene HC≡CH Acrolein → Acrylaldehyde Acrylaldehyde
Ob H
C—H ∠CCOb C—C C—H ∠HCH
1.10 110.6 1.520 1.103 108.5
C—H C—N C—C N—O C—H C—C ∠HCH ∠CCCl
1.107 1.159 1.442 1.217 1.105 1.506 108.6 111.6
C—H (re)
1.060
H Cc
H
O
Cb
Ca H H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCcCb planar s-trans form
120.3 114
∠CbCcN C—H Cc—Cl H
Cl Cb
H
Cc O
9-24
∠CbCaO ∠CbCaH C—N N—H ∠NCO
124.1 115.3 1.380 1.022 122.0
C—C C—Oa C—Ob ∠CCOa
1.520 1.214 1.364 126.6
C—C (re)
Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O Ca—H Cc—H ∠CbCcO other CCH angles (average)
178 1.086 (assumed) 1.82
Ca H
1.210 1.107 1.128
C—O 1.213 ∠CCC 116.0 symmetry axis of each methyl group is tilted 2° from the C—C bond C—C 1.468 ∠CCH 109.7 C—N 1.169 (C3v) C—O 1.187 C—Cl 1.798 ∠OCCl 121.2
Acrylonitrile
Acryloyl chloride
Ca—O Cb—H Ca—H
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—N Ca—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCC Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O ∠CaCbH ∠CbCaH ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcCl ∠CbCcO
ED, MW
ED
ED
ED, MW
ED, MW MW ED, MW
1.203
IR
1.484 1.345 1.217 1.10 1.13 123.3 122
ED, MW
1.343 1.438 1.167 1.114 121.7 120 1.48 1.35 1.19 120 (assumed) 121.5 (assumed) 123 116 127
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Allene CH2=C=CH2 Allyl chloride
Aniline C6H5NH2 Azetidine
Aziridine
Azomethane CH3N=NCH3 Benzene C6H6 p-Benzoquinone
Biacetyl CH3COCOCH3
Structure C—C ∠HCH
1.3084 118.2
C—H
1.087
IR
cis conformer
C—Cl 1.811 ∠CCCl 115.2 skew conformer C—Cl 1.809 ∠CCCl 109.6 CCCCl dihedral angle of internal rotation 122.4 C—C 1.392 C—N 1.431 N—H 0.998 ∠HNH 113.9 140.6 dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond C—N 1.482 CH2 CH2 C—C 1.553 CH2 NH C—H 1.107 N—H 1.03 ∠CNC 92.2 ∠CCC 86.9 ∠CCN 85.8 dihedral angle between the CCC and CNC planes 147 N—H 1.016 Ha N—C 1.475 Hb Hb N C—C 1.481 C C C—H 1.084 Hc Hc ∠CNC 60.3 ∠HaNC 109.3 ∠HbCHc 115.7 ∠HbCC 117.8 ∠HbCN 118.3 ∠HcCC 119.3 ∠HcCN 114.3 C—N 1.482 N—N 1.247 ∠CNN 112.3 trans conformer C—C 1.399 C—H 1.101
C—O C—H ∠CCC
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane
1.215 1.108 116.2
Ha Ca
Hb Cb Hc
Ca Ha
∠CbCaHa ∠CaCaHa Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene
Hb Cb
128.4
HCb
CaH Ca H
MW
MW
ED
MW
ED ED, IR
Ca—O Cb—Cb Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb
1.225 1.344 1.481 118.1
ED
C—C (average) ∠CCO trans conformer Ca—Ca Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb, Cb—Hc ∠HbCbHc
1.524 119.5
ED
1.497 1.498 1.071 1.093 115.6
MW
Hc
H2 Cc HCb
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C7H12
Method
Cb H
130.4 ∠CaCbCa 60.0 dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb 1.535 Cb—Cb 1.343 1.573 Ca—Cc C—H 1.12 Cb H ∠CaCcCa 94
121.7
dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 115.6 (C2v) See the preceding molecule for the labels of the C atoms Ca—Cb 1.54 Cb—Cb 1.56 Ca—Cc 1.56 C—C (average) 1.549 –CaCcCa 93.1 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 113.1
9-25
ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene
H Ca
HCb HCb Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane C5H8 Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane
Biphenyl
4,4′-Bipyridyl
Bis (cyclopentadienyl) beryllium (C5H5)2Be Bis (cyclopentadienyl) iron → Ferrocene Bis (cyclopentadienyl) lead (C5H5)2Pb Bis (cyclopentadienyl) manganese (C5H5)2Mn Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel (C5H5)2Ni Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium (C5H5)2Ru Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tin (C5H5)2Sn Bis (trifluoromethyl) peroxide CF3OOCF3
Borine carbonyl BH3CO Bromobenzene
Ca H
Cb H Cb H
Method
Cb—Cb 1.345 Ca—Ca 1.574 Ca—Cb 1.524 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes
HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH Ca—Cb Cb—Cb 1.55 ∠CaCbCb C—C (average) 1.542 large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis C—C 1.557 ∠CCC
ED
117.3
1.54 109.7
ED
74.2
ED
Ca—Ca 1.536 C —C 1.565 b b Cb Ca Ca—Cb 1.528 CcH2 H2 H 1.507 Ca—Cc Dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes 112.7 C—C (intra-ring) 1.396 (inter-ring) 1.49 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings C—C, C—N (intra-ring) 1.375 C—C (inter-ring) 1.465 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) 1.470, 1.92 C—C 1.423 (C5v) (The Be atom has two equilibrium positions)
Cb H2
MW
CaH
ED
∼40 ED
∼37 ED
C—C 1.430 Pb—C 2.79 dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes 40∼50 (The two rings are not parallel.) Mn—C 2.383 C—C 1.429 (D5h)
ED
Ni—C
2.196
C—C
ED
C—C
1.439
Ru—C
C—C C—H O—O C—F ∠FCF
1.431 1.14 1.42 1.320 109.0
ED
B—H C—O ∠BCO Br
1.194 1.131 180
Sn—C 2.71 (D5h) C—O 1.399 ∠COO 107 COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation 123 B—C 1.540 ∠HBH 113.9 (C3v) C—H 1.072 Cc—Cd 1.401 Cb—Cc 1.375 C—Br 1.85 Ca—Cb 1.42 ∠CbCaCb 117.4
C—H (C3v) C—C
1.11
ED, MW
1.206
ED
Ca Cb H
HCb
CcH
HCc
1.430 (D5h) 2.196
ED
ED
ED
MW
MW
Cd H Bromoform CHBr3 Bromoiodoacetylene IC≡CBr
C—Br ∠BrCBr C—I C—Br
1.924 111.7 1.972 1.795
9-26
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,3-Butadiene
Structure
CaH2 Cb H
Cb H CaH2
1,3-Butadiyne
Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 2-Butanone → Ethyl methyl ketone Butatriene 2-Butene
3-Buten-1-yne → Vinylacetylene tert-Butyl chloride (CH3)3CCl tert-Butyl cyanide → Pivalonitrile 2-Butyne
Carbon C2 Carbon C3 Carbon suboxide → Tricarbon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 Carbon tetraiodide CI4 Carbonyl cyanide CO(CN)2 Chloroacetylene HC≡CCl Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl Chlorobromoacetylene ClC≡CBr Chlorocyanoacetylene ClC≡CCN Chloroethane → Ethyl chloride 2-Chloroethanol ClCH2CH2OH
Chloroethylene → Vinyl chloride Chloroform CHCl3
∠CbCaH HCa≡Cb—Cb≡CaH Ca—Cb C—C ∠CCC trans conformer
120.9 1.218 1.531 113.8 54%
H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 Ca—Cb 1.32 CaH3—CbH=CbH—CaH3 cis conformer Ca—Cb Cb—Cb 1.346 ∠CaCbCb 125.4
Method Cb—Cb 1.467 Ca—Cb 1.349 C—H (average) 1.108 ∠CCC 124.4 anti conformer (C2h) C—H 1.09 Cb—Cb 1.384 linear C—H 1.117 ∠CCH 111.0 dihedral angle for the gauche conformer 65 C—H Cb—Cb ED 1.506 1.347 123.8
1.08 1.28
ED
ED
ED
ED (D2h)
trans conformer 1.508
C—H C—Cl ∠CCH
1.102 1.828 110.8
C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCC
1.528 107.3 111.6
CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3 Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C
C—H 1.214 110.7 1.3119 1.277
1.116 Ca—Cb
ED 1.468
linear
UV UV
C—Br
1.935
(Td)
ED
C—Cl
1.767
(Td)
ED
C—F
1.323
(Td)
ED
C—I
2.15
(Td)
ED
C—O C—N ∠CCN C—H C—Cl C—C C—H ∠CC(H)C Cl—C C—Br C—Cl C—CN
1.209 1.153 180 1.0550 1.6368 1.400 1.083 120 1.636 1.784 1.624 1.362
C—C ∠CCC
1.466 115
ED, MW
C—C
1.2033
MW
C—Cl ∠CC(Cl)C
1.737 121.7
ED
C—C
1.206
ED
C—C C—N
1.205 1.160
ED
C—O 1.413 C—C C—Cl 1.801 C—H O—H 1.033 ∠CCCl 110.7 fraction of the gauche conformer at 37°C is 92 ∼ 94%, dihedral angle of internal rotation 62.4 C—H ∠ClCCl
1.100 111.3
9-27
C—Cl (C3v)
1.519 1.093 ∠CCO 113.8
1.758
ED, MW
ED
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Chloroiodoacetylene ClC≡CI Chloromethane → Methyl chloride 3-Chloropropene → Allyl chloride Cyanamide H2NaCNb Cyanoacetylene H—Cb≡Ca—Cc≡N Cyanocyclopropane C3H5CaN Cyanogen (CN)2 Cyclobutane (CH2)4 Cyclobutanone
Cyclobutene
Cyclohexane C6H12 Cyclohexene
Cyclooctatetraene
1,3-Cyclopentadiene
Structure C—Cl C—C
1.63 1.209 (assumed)
C—I
Na—C 1.346 C—Nb N—H 1.00 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond Cb—H 1.058 Ca—Cb Ca—Cc 1.378 Cc—N C—C (ring) 1.513 C—Ca C—H 1.107 Ca—N ∠HCH 114.6 ∠CaCH C—N 1.163 C—C
1.99
MW
1.160 114 142 1.205 1.159 1.472 1.157 119.6 1.393 linear 1.555
MW
C—H 1.113 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes 145 Cb H 2 Ca—Cb 1.527 Cb—Cc 1.556 CcH2 Ca O ∠CbCaCb 93.1 Cb H 2 ∠CaCbCc 88.0 Cb—Cb 1.342 Ca—Ca 1.566 Ca—Cb 1.517 Ca—H 1.094 Cb—H 1.083 ∠CaCbCb 94.2 ∠CbCbH 133.5 ∠CaCaH 114.5 ∠CaCaCb 85.8 ∠HCaH 109.2 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Ca—Ca bond 135.8 C—C 1.536 C—H 1.119 ∠CCC 111.3 chair form Ca—Ca 1.334 HCa CaH Ca—Cb 1.50 H2 Cb Cb H2 Cb—Cc 1.52 CcH2 CcH2 Cc—Cc 1.54 ∠CaCaCb 123.4 ∠CaCbCc 112.0 ∠CbCcCc 110.9 (C2) half-chair form Ca—Cb 1.476 C—H 1.100 Ca—Ca,Cb—Cb 1.340 ∠CbCaCa, ∠CaCbCb 126.1 dihedral angle between the CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes tub form (D2d) Ca—Cb C aH 2 Cb—Cc Cb H HCb Cc—Cc ∠CaCbCc HC C H c
∠CbCcCc
c
109.4
Cyclopentadienylindium
Cyclopentane (CH2)5
Method
∠CbCaCb In—C C—C (C5v)
MW
ED ED MW
MW
ED ED
ED
136.9 1.509 1.342 1.469 109.3 102.8 2.621 1.426
C—H 1.114 C—C 1.546 ∠CCH 111.7 (The out-of-plane vibration of the C atoms is essentially free pseudorotation; average value of the displacements of the C atoms from the molecular plane 0.43)
9-28
MW
MW
ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Cyclopentene
Structure CaH2
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc C cH C c H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc 110.0 ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between the CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C 1.512 C—H ∠HCH 114.0 H2 Cb C—H 1.086 1.575 Cb—Cb Ca O ∠CaCbCb 57.7 H C H2 Cb
Cyclopropane (CH2)3 Cyclopropanone
Method 1.546 1.519 1.342 104.0 103.0 151.2 1.083
Cb H2
Ca—Cb Ca—O
1.475 1.191
ED
R MW
2 b
∠HCbH Cyclopropene
114
CaH2 Cb H
HCb
Decalin C10H18 Dewer benzene → Bicyclo[2.2.0] hexa-2,5-diene Diacetylene → 1,3-Butadiyne 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
2,3-Diaza-1,3-butadiene → Formaldehyde azine Diazirine
Ca—H ∠HCaH C—C (average) ∠CCC (average)
1.112 118 1.530 111.4
C—H C—N N—N ∠HCH Cb—Nb Nb—Nc Ca—Na C—H Ca—Cb
N N
Diazoacetonitrile
H Cb Ca Na
Dibromomethane CH2Br2 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl
trans-1,4-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2
C—H (average)
C—N C—C ∠NCC ∠CNC large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis
CH2
Diazomethane CH2N2 1,2-Dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br
dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Cb—Cb bond 151 Cb—Cb 1.304 1.519 Ca—Cb Cb—H 1.077 ∠CbCbH 133
Nb Nc
1.113
ED
1.472 1.562 110.2 108.7
ED
1.09 1.482 1.228 117 1.280 1.132 1.165 1.082 1.424
MW
∠CaCbH 117 ∠CaCbNb 119.5 C—H 1.075 C—N 1.32 N—N 1.12 ∠HCH 126.0 linear C—C 1.506 C—Br 1.950 C—H 1.108 ∠CCBr 109.5 ∠CCH 110 fraction of the trans conformer at 25°C 95% C—H 1.08 C—Br 1.924 ∠HCBr 109 ∠BrCBr 113.2 C—C 1.398 C—C inter-ring 1.495 C—Cl 1.732 C—H 1.10 ∠CCCl 121.4 ∠CCH 126 dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings 74 (defined to be 0 for that of the cis conformer) C—H 1.102 C—Cl 1.810 C—C 1.530 ∠CCC 111.5 ∠CCCl (ee) 108.6 ∠CCCl (aa) 110.6 ∠HCCl (ee) 111.5 ∠HCCl (aa) 107.6 ee 49% aa 51% e: equatorial, a: axial
9-29
ED
MW
MW, IR ED
ED ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,1-Dichloroethane CHCl2CH3 1,2-Dichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl
1,1-Dichloroethylene CH2=CCl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 1,1-Difluoroethane CH3CHF2 1,2-Difluoroethane CH2FCH2F
1,1-Difluoroethane CH2=CF2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene CHF=CHF Difluoromethane CH2F2 Dimethoxymethane
Dimethylacetylene → 2-Butyne Dimethylamine (CH)2NH
Dimethylberyllium (CH3)2Be Dimethylcadmium (CH3)2Cd Dimethyl carbonate
Structure C—Cl 1.766 C—C 1.540 ∠ClCCl 112.0 ∠CCCl 111.0 C—C 1.531 C—Cl 1.790 C—H 1.11 ∠CCCl 109.0 ∠CCH 113 fraction of the trans conformer at room temperature 73%, that of the gauche conformer 27% C—C 1.32 (assumed) C—Cl 1.73 ∠ClCC 123 (C2v) C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ∠ClCC 123.8 C—H (re) 1.087 C—Cl (re) 1.765 ∠HCH (θe) 111.5 ∠ClCCl (θe) 112.0 C—C 1.498 C—H (average) 1.081 C—F 1.364 ∠CCH (average) 111.0 ∠CCF 110.7 dihedral angle between the two CCF planes 118.9 C—F 1.389 C—C 1.503 C—H 1.103 ∠CCF 110.3 ∠CCH 111 dihedral angle of internal rotation 109 fraction of the gauche conformer at 22°C 94% C—C 1.340 C—F 1.315 C—H 1.091 ∠CCF 124.7 ∠CCH 119.0 C—C 1.33 C—F 1.342 C—H 1.099 ∠CCF 122.0 ∠CCH 124.1 C—H 1.093 C—F 1.357 ∠HCH 113.7 ∠FCF 108.3 Ca—O 1.432 Cb—O 1.382 C—H (average) 1.108
MW ED MW, IR ED
ED
ED, MW
ED, MW
MW ED
∠OCO
114.3
C—H C—N ∠CNH ∠HCH Be—C ∠BeCH C—Cd
1.106 1.455 107 107 1.698 113.9 2.112
N—H ∠CNC ∠NCH
1.00 111.8 112
ED
C—H CBeC linear ∠HCH
1.127
ED
108.4
R
Cb—Ob Cb—Oa Ca—Oa
1.209 1.34 1.42
ED
∠CbOaCa Cb—Na ∠CaNCa
114.5 1.338 115.5
CaH3 Oa Ob
∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb Ca—Na ∠CaNCb CH3 Hb
B Ht
Dimethyl diselenide (CH3)2Se2
ED
114.6 110.3
CaH3 Oa
1,2-Dimethyldiborane
MW
∠COC ∠OCH
Cb
Dimethylcyanamide (CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb
Method
B—Ht ∠BBC C—H Se—Se ∠HCSe
107 1.161 1.463 116.0
CH3 B
Hb
108
Ht
B—B B—C B—Hb
1.799 1.580 1.358 (cis), 1.365 (trans)
1.24 122.6 (cis), 121.8 (trans) 1.13 C—Se 1.95 2.326 ∠CSeSe 98.9 dihedral angle between the CSeSe and SeSeC planes
9-30
ED
ED
ED 88
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Dimethyl disulfide (CH3)2S2 S,S′-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate
C—S C—H ∠SCH
O ∠OCS Dimethyl ether (CH3)2O Dimethylglyoxal → Biacetyl N,N′-Dimethylhydrazine CH3NH—NHCH3 Dimethylmercury (CH3)2Hg Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH Dimethyl selenide (CH3)2Se Dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2 Dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO
Dimethylzinc (CH3)2Zn 1,4-Dioxane
CH2 CH2 O
O
111.3
CaH3 SCb SCaH3
C—O ∠COC
Method
1.816 S—S 1.105 ∠SSC CSSC dihedral angle of internal rotation Cb—O Cb—S Ca—S 124.9 ∠CSC syn-syn conformer 1.416 C—H 112 ∠HCH
N—N 1.42 C—N N—H 1.03 C—H ∠NNC 112 CNNC dihedral angle of internal rotation C—Hg 2.083 C—H Hg⋅⋅⋅H 2.71 C—P 1.848 P—H ∠CPC 99.7 ∠CPH C—H 1.093 Se—C ∠CSeC 96.2 ∠SeCH ∠HCH 110.3 C—S 1.807 C—H ∠CSC 99.05 ∠HCH C—H 1.114 S—O S—C 1.771 ∠CSC ∠OSO 121 C—H 1.081 C—S S—O 1.485 ∠CSC ∠CSO 106.7 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the SCC plane and the S—O bond Zn—C 1.929 ∠HCH C—C C—H ∠CCO
1.523 1.112 109.2
C—O ∠COC chair form
2.029 103.2 85 1.206 1.777 1.802 99.3
ED
1.121 108
ED
1.46 1.12 90 1.160 (assumed)
ED
1.419 97.0 1.943 108.7
MW
ED
ED
MW
1.116 109.3 1.435 102
ED, MW
1.799 96.6 110.3 115.5 107.7
MW
1.423 112.45
ED
R ED
CH2 CH2 Ethanal → Acetaldehyde Ethane C2H6 Ethanethiol
Ethanol
C—C 1.5351 ∠CCH 111.17 CbH3—CaH2—SH Cb—H 1.093 Ca—S 1.829 109.6 ∠CbCaH ∠CbCaS 108.3 CbH3CaH2OH C—O 1.431 Ca—H 1.10 ∠CCO 107.8 ∠CbCaH 111 staggered conformation
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene CH2=CH2
∠HbCbHb ∠CbCaHa C—H ∠CCH
109.8 110.6 1.087 121.3
9-31
C—H 1.0940 staggered conformation Ca—H 1.090 Ca—Cb 1.530 S—H 1.350 ∠CaCbH 109.7 ∠CaSH 96.4 C—C 1.512 O—H 0.971 Cb—H 1.09 ∠COH 105 ∠CaCbH 110
MW MW
MW
C—C 1.528 C—Cl 1.802 C—H 1.103 Ca—Ha=Cb—Hb (assumed) ∠CCCl 110.7 ∠HaCaHa 109.2
ED, MW
C—C
MW
1.339
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylene dibromide → 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dichloride → 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethyleneimine → Aziridine Ethylene oxide CH2
O
Structure C—N C—H gauche conformer
Method
1.469 C—C 1.545 1.11 ∠CCN 110.2 dihedral angle between the NCC and CCN planes
ED 64
C—C 1.466 C—H C—O 1.431 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond
1.085 116.6 158.0
MW
C—O (average) 1.418 C—H (average) 1.118 ∠OCC 109.4 fraction of the trans conformer at 20°C O
1.520 111.9 109.0
ED
1.518 1.219 1.102 113.5 95% 1.536 97 110
ED
1.104
ED
1.332
MW
1.208
MW
CH2 Ethylene sulfide → Thiirane Ethyl methyl ether C2H5OCH3
Ethyl methyl ketone
C aH 3
Cc Cb H 2
Ethyl methyl sulfide C2H5SCH3
Ferrocene (C5H5)2Fe Fluoroform CHF3 Formaldehyde H2CO Formaldehyde azine
CdH3 ∠CbCcO, ∠CdCcO 121.9 C—S (average) 1.813 C—H 1.111 ∠SCC 114.0 fraction of the gauche conformer at 20°C C—C 1.440 Fe—C 2.064 C—H 1.098 ∠FCF 108.8 C—H 1.116 ∠HCH 116.5 H2C=N—N=CH2 N—N C—N 1.277 ∠CNN 111.4 fraction of the trans conformer at –30°C
Formaldehyde dimethylacetal → Dimethoxymethane Formaldoxime Ha
OHc C
N
C—C ∠COC ∠HCH 80% C—C (average) Cc—O C—H (average) ∠CaCbCc trans conformer C—C ∠CSC ∠HCH 75% C—H (D5h) C—F (C3v) C—O 1.418 C—H ∠HCN 91%
1.094 120.7
C—Ha C—Hb C—N
1.085 1.086 1.276
O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc C—Ha N—H C—N
0.956 110.2 102.7 1.125 1.027 1.368
∠NCO
125.0
C—Oa C—Ob
1.202 1.343
C—H ∠OaCOb planar
1.097 124.9
ED
ED
MW
Hb N—O ∠HbCN ∠HaCN
1.408 115.6 121.8
Formamide
Hc
Formic acid
Ha Hb C—O ∠CNH (average) Oa H C Ob H
O N
Ob—H ∠HCOa ∠CObH
C 1.212 119.2
0.972 124.1 106.3
9-32
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Method
Formic acid dimer
Formyl radical
C—H ∠HCO
Fulvene
Ca—Ce Ce—Ob Ce—H ∠CeCaCb
1.458 1.250 1.088 133.9
MW
∠CaCeH 116.9 ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to the Oa and Ob atoms) Cb—Cb O Ha Ha Ca—Cb Ca Ca Ca—O Ca—Ha Cb Cb Cb—Hb
121.6 1.431 1.361 1.362 1.075 1.077
∠CaOCa ∠OCaHa
106.6 115.9
Cb—Ob Ca—Oa Ca—Cb Oa—Ha Cb—Hc Ca—Hb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa ∠HbCaHb
1.209 1.437 1.499 1.051 1.102 1.093 115.3 101.6 107.6
1.13 107.7 124.7 117
Hb
∠CaCbCb ∠CbCaO ∠CbCbHb
Hc
106.1 110.7 128.0
Ob Cb
Ha H b Ca Hb Oa
Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3 2,4-Hexadiyne
Hexafluoroethane F3CCF3 Hexafluoropropene CF2=CFCF3
MW
MW
Hb
Glyoxal CHOCHO
ED
1.349 1.470 1.355 1.476 1.078 1.080 106.6 109 126.4
2-Furaldehyde
Furfural → 2-Furaldehyde Glycolaldehyde
2.703 1.220 1.323 126.2 108.5 C—O 1.1712
Ca—Cd Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc Cb—H Cc—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH
Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH ∠HCdH
Furan
Oa⋅⋅⋅Ob C—Oa C—Ob ∠OaCOb ∠COaOb 1.110 127.43
∠CaCbOb 122.7 111.5 ∠CbCaOa ∠CbCaHb 109.2 ∠HbCaOa 109.7 C—C 1.526 C—O 1.212 C—H 1.132 ∠CCO 121.2 ∠HCO 112 trans conformer (C2h (assumed)) C—C 1.56 C—Cl 1.769 ∠CCCl 110.0 CaH3—Cb≡Cc—Cc≡Cb—CaH3 1.450 Cb—Cc 1.208 Ca—Cb Cc—Cc 1.377 Ca—H 1.09 C—C 1.545 C—F 1.326 ∠CCF 109.8 staggered conformation average value of the C=C and C—F distances 1.329 C—C 1.513 ∠CCC 127.8 ∠FCC (CF2) 124 ∠FCC (CF) 120 ∠FCC (CF3) 110
9-33
MW
MW
ED, UV
ED ED
ED ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,3,5-Hexatriene
Iminocyanide radical ˙ HNCN Iodocyanoacetylene I—Ca≡Cb—Cc≡N Isobutane (CbH3)3CaH Isobutylene → 2-Methylpropene Ketene CH2=C=O Malononitrile CaH2(CbN)2
Methane CH4 Methanethiol CH3SH
Methanol CH3OH
Methyl radical ⋅CH3 N-Methylacetamide
Structure H2Ca=CbH—CcH=CcH—CbH=CaH2 Ca—Cb 1.337 Cc—Cc 1.368 124.4 ∠CbCcCc N—H 1.034 ∠HNC 116.5 I—Ca 1.985 Cb—Cc 1.370 Ca—H 1.122 Ca—Cb 1.535 ∠CaCbH 111.4
Methyl bromide CH3Br Methyl chloride CH3Cl
1.458 121.7
N⋅⋅⋅N ∠NCN Ca—Cb Cc—N Cb—H ∠CbCaCb
2.470 ∼180 1.207 1.160 1.113 110.8
UV MW ED, MW
MW MW
MW
C—H 1.09 C—S 1.819 S—H 1.34 ∠HSC 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—S bond 2.2. (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—S bond.) C—H 1.0936 C—O 1.4246 O—H 0.9451 ∠HCH 108.63 ∠COH 108.53 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—O bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—O bond.) 3.27 C—H 1.08 planar
MW
H3 Ca
ED
H Cb
Methyl azide
ED Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc
C—C 1.317 C—O 1.161 C—H 1.080 ∠HCH 123.0 C—H 1.091 C—C 1.480 C—N 1.147 ∠CCC 110.4 ∠HCH 108.4 ∠CCN 176.6 (The two N atoms are bent away from each other in the plane of Cb—Ca—Cb) C—H (re) 1.0870 (Td)
O
Methylacetylene → Propyne Methylal → Dimethoxymethane Methylamine CH3NH2
Method
Cb—N ∠CbNCc ∠NCbO ∠CaCbN
N CcH3 1.386 119.7 121.8 114.1
Ca—Cb N—Cc C—H
1.520 1.469 1.107
Cb—O
1.225
N—H 1.010 C—N C—H 1.099 ∠NHN ∠HNC 110.3 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—N bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the NH2 group with respect to the C—N bond.) C—H CH3 C—Na Na Nb Nc Na—Nb Nb—Nc 1.113 ∠CNaNb NNN linear C—H (re) 1.086 C—Br (re) ∠HCH (θe) 111.2 (C3v) C—H 1.090 C—Cl ∠HCH 110.8
9-34
1.471 107.1 108.0
2.9 1.09 1.468 1.216 116.8
MW
UV
MW
ED
1.933
MW, IR
1.785
MW, IR
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Methyldiazirine
N CH3 CH
Methylene :CH2 Methylenecyclopropane
N
C—H
1.078
Methyl fluoride CH3F Methyl formate
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc
CaH2
CcH2 Cc—H 1.09 ∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH 114.3 ∠HCcH dihedral angle between the CcH2 plane and the Cc—Cc bond Cb—Cc CcH2 Cc—O O Cb CaH2 Ca—Cb CcH2 C—H ∠HCcH C—H (re) C—F (re)
1.09 (assumed) 114 (assumed) 1.095 1.382
CaH3
Ob
Oa Cb Hb
Methylgermane CH3GeH3 Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl Methylidyne radical ˙ :CH Methylidyne phosphide HCP Methyl iodide CH3I Methyl isocyanide Methylketene
C—N 1.481 C—C 1.501 N—N 1.235 ∠NCN 49.3 dihedral angle between the CNN plane and the C—C bond 122.3 ∠HCH 130
CcH2 Cb
3-Methyleneoxetane
Method
110.45 (C3v) 1.08 1.206 1.393 1.101 (assumed)
∠COC
114
Ge—H ∠HCH
1.529 108.4
MW
O—Cl ∠HCH
1.674 109.6
MW
1.0692
C—P (re)
C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) CaH3—N≡Cb N—Cb
1.084 111.2 Ca—H 1.166
C—I (re) (C3v) 1.102 ∠NCaH O—Ca Cb—Cc Cc—H
O
MW
∠HCH (θe) Ca—H Cb—Ob C—O (average) Cb—H
H—C (re)
Ca
MW
87 120 (assumed)
127 110 1.083 1.945 109.3 1.103 1.389 112.8 1.1198
Cb
63.9 113.5 150.8 1.52 1.45 1.33
LMR
∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH
∠OaCbOb ∠OaCaH C—H C—Ge ∠HGeH C—H O—C ∠COCl C—H (re)
CcH3
1.332 1.457 1.542
MW
MW, IR ED
UV 1.5398
MW
2.132
MW, IR
Ca—N 1.424 109.12 1.171 1.518 1.10
MW MW
H
Methylmercury chloride CH3HgCl Methyl nitrate
Ca—Cb ∠OCaCb ∠CaCbH ∠HCH Hg—Cl Hg—C
1.306 180.5 113.7 109.2 2.282 1.99
H a Oa
Ha C Hb N—Oa ∠OCHa ∠CON ∠ONOb
N O
Ob 1.205 110 112.7 112.4
9-35
Cb—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CcCbH
1.083 122.6 123.7
C—H (C3v) C—Ha C—Hb C—O O—N N—Ob ∠OCHb ∠ONOa
1.15 1.10 1.09 1.437 1.402 1.208 103 118.1
MW, NMR MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Methylphosphine CH3PH2 2-Methylpropane → Isobutane 2-Methylpropene
Structure C—P
1.858
CaH3
Hc Cb
Cc
CaH3
Methylsilane CH3SiH3 Methylstannane CH3SnH3 Methyl thiocyanate
Method
Hc
∠HCaCb (average) ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaH C—H Si—H ∠HSiH C—Sn
111.4 115.6 107.9 1.093 1.485 108.3 2.143 S—Cb Cb—N
CaH3 S Cb
N
∠CaSCb
∠HCH
99.0
Naphthalene
Neopentane C(CH3)4 Nickelocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Nitromethane CH3NO2 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CH3)2NNO Nitrosomethane CH3NO Norbornane → Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Norbornadiene → Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta2,5-diene 1,2,5-Oxadiazole
C—H
1.094
ED
Ca—H Cc—Hc Ca—Cb Cb—Cc ∠HcCcHc ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcH C—Si ∠HCH (C3v) Sn—H (C3v) 1.684 1.170
1.119 1.10 1.508 1.342 118.5 122.2 121 1.867 107.7
ED, MW
1.700
MW
S—Ca C—H
110.6 Ca—Cb Cb—Cb Ca—Cc Cc—Cc C—C (average) ∠CaCcCc
∠HCS 108.3 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.40 119.4
MW
1.824 1.081
MW
ED
C—C ∠CCH
1.537 112
C—H
1.114
ED
C—H N—O ∠ONO N—O C—N ∠CNC C—N C—H ∠NCH
1.088 (assumed) 1.224 125.3 1.235 1.461 123.2 1.49 1.084 109.0
C—N ∠NCH
1.489 107
MW
N—N ∠ONN ∠CNN N—O ∠CNO
1.344 113.6 116.4 1.22 112.6
ED
O—N C—N C—C C—H ∠NCH O—C C—N N—N C—H ∠NCH
1,3,4-Oxadiazole
Oxalic acid
H Oa
Ob C
C
Oa
Ob H
9-36
1.380 1.300 1.421 1.076 120.9 1.348 1.297 1.399 1.075 128.5 C—C C—Oa C—Ob Ob—H ∠CCOa ∠OaCOb ∠CObH
∠NON ∠ONC ∠CCN ∠CCH planar ∠COC ∠OCN ∠CNN ∠OCH planar 1.544 1.205 1.336 1.05 123.1 125.0 104
MW
110.4 105.8 109.0 130.2
MW
102.0 113.4 105.6 118.1
MW
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Oxalyl dichloride
Structure C—O 1.182 C—C 1.534 C—Cl 1.744 O Cl ∠CCO 124.2 ∠CCCl 111.7 fraction of the trans conformer at 0°C 68%, that of the gauche conformer 32% C—O 1.448 C—C 1.546 C—H (average) 1.090 ∠COC 92 ∠CCC 85 ∠OCC 92 ∠HCH (average) 109.9
Cl
O
C
Oxetane
Oxirane → Ethylene oxide Phenol
Phosphirane
C—C (average) Cb—H Cc—H Cd—H Ca—O O—H ∠COH
C—P C—C ∠CPC
CH2 PH
l-Propenyl chloride Propiolaldehyde
Propylene → Propene Propylene oxide
1.867 1.502 47.4
∠HPC 95.2 ∠CCH 118 dihedral angle between the PCC plane and the PH bond C—C CH2 CH2 C—N NH NH C—H
CH2
Pivalonitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Propadiene → Allene Propane C3H8 Propenal → Acrylaldehyde Propene
ED
C
CH2
Piperazine
Method
CH2
∠CNC
109.0
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc C—C ∠CCC
∠CbCcHd CH3—CbH=CaH—Cl ∠CbCaCl HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO Ca—Cb Cc—Hc ∠CbCcO ∠CaCbCc CaH3 Cb H
1.397 1.084 1.076 1.082 1.364 0.956 109.0
P—H C—H ∠HCH
MW
MW
1.43 1.09 114.4
MW
95.7 1.540 1.467 1.110
ED
1.495 1.536
∠CCN (C2h) Ca—N ∠CcCbCc
1.159 110.5
MW
1.532 112
C—H ∠HCH
1.107 107
ED
Ca—Ha Ca—Cb Cc—Hd Cb—Cc ∠CbCaHa,b,c
1.104 1.341 1.117 1.506 121.3
ED, MW
∠CaCbCc 1.728 trans conformer Ca—Ha Cb—Cc Cc—O ∠CbCcHc planar
124.3 MW
110.7 Ca—Cl 121.9 1.211 1.130 124.2 178.6
CcH2
110.4
1.085 1.453 1.214 113.7
Ca—Cb 1.51 ∠CaCbCc 121.0 dihedral angle between the CbCcO plane and the CaCb bond 123.8
O
9-37
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Propynal → Propiolaldehyde Propyne
Structure H3Cc—Cb≡CaH Cc—Cb Ca—H
Method
1.459 1.056
Pyrazine
C—C C—H ∠CCH
Pyridazine
H H Cb Cb CaH
HCa N
N
∠NCC
123.7
Pyridine
∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCc ∠NCaHa
116.8 118.5 115.9
Pyrimidine
H N
Pyrrole
Cc—H Cb—Ca ∠HCcCb 1.339 1.115 123.9
1.105 1.206 110.2 C—N 1.403 ∠CCN 115.6
N—Ca Ca—Cb N—N Cb—Cb
1.341 1.393 1.330 1.375
∠NNC N—Ca Cb—Cc Cb—Hb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cc—Hc
119.3 1.340 1.394 1.081 1.395 1.084 1.077
∠NCaCb ∠CbCcCb ∠CcCbHb N—C 1.340 ∠NCN 127.6 (C2v assumed)
123.9 118.3 121.3 C—C 1.393 ∠CNC 115.5
N—Ca Cb—Cb Ca—Cb N—H Ca—Ha ∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH C—H C—N C—O Cb—Cc
1.370 1.417 1.382 0.996 1.076 109.8 107.4 127.1 1.12 1.17 1.208 1.477
∠HCH ∠CaCbCc
109.2 114.2
Si—C C—C CH2 SiH2 Si—H C—H 1.14 ∠CSiC ∠SiCC 84.8 ∠CCC dihedral angle between the CCC and CSiC planes Cb H2 Cb—Cb H2 Cb C a—Cb Ca C—H H2 Cb Cb H2 ∠CbCaCb
1.892 1.600 1.47 80.7 99.8 146 1.52 1.47 1.09 62
Ha
Ca
Ca H a
H b Cb Cb—Hb ∠NCaCb ∠NCaHa Pyruvonitrile
Cb H b 1.077 107.7 121.5 O
CaH3
Cb Cc
MW
ED
ED, MW
MW
ED
MW
ED, MW
N
Ruthenocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Silacyclobutane
Spiropentane
Ca—Cb ∠CaCbO ∠CCN
CH2
1.518 124.5 179
CH2
∠HCH
118
9-38
(D2d)
ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Succinonitrile
Tetrachloroethylene CCl2=CCl2 Tetracyanoethylene (CN)2C=C(CN)2 Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane
Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 Tetrahydrofuran
CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2
Structure C—C 1.561 C—C(N) 1.465 C—N 1.161 C—H 1.09 CH2 CN ∠CCC 110.4 fraction of the anti conformer at 170°C 74%, dihedral angle of CCCC for the gauche conformer 75 C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ∠ClCCl 115.7 C—N 1.162 C—C 1.435 C=C 1.357 ∠CC=C 121.1 C—S 1.785 S C—F 1.314 F2 C CF2 ∠CSC 83.2 S ∠FCS 113.7 (D2h assumed) C—C 1.31 C—F 1.319 ∠CCF 123.8 (D2h assumed) C—H 1.115 C—O 1.428 C—C 1.536 The skeletal bending vibration of the molecular plane is essentially free pseudorotation CH2 CN
Tetrahydropyran
H2 C H2 C
CH2
H2 C
CH2 O
Tetrahydrothiophene
CH2 CH2 S
Method
C—O C—C C—H ∠COC ∠OCC
1.420 1.531 1.116 111.5 111.8
∠CCC (C) chair form C—S C—C ∠SCC
108
∠CCC (O)
111
1.839 1.536 106.1
C—H ∠CSC ∠CCC
1.120 93.4 105.0
Ge—C ∠GeCH Pb—C
1.945 108 2.238
C—H 1.12 (Td excluding the H atoms) (Td excluding the H atoms)
C—H ∠HCH C—Sn C—H S N N
1.115 109.8 2.144 1.12
C—Si 1.875 (Td excluding the H atoms)
ED
ED ED ED
ED ED
ED
CH2 CH2 Tetramethylgermane (CH3)4Ge Tetramethyllead (CH3)4Pb Tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si Tetramethylstannane (CH3)4Sn 1,2,5-Thiadiazole
1,3,4-Thiadiazole
Thietane
Thiirane
(Td excluding the H atoms) S—N 1.631 ∠NSN 99.6 C—N 1.328 ∠CCN 113.8 C—C 1.420 ∠CCH 126.2 HC CH C—H 1.079 planar S—C 1.721 ∠CSC 86.4 S N—N 1.371 ∠SCN 114.6 HC CH C—N 1.302 ∠CCN 112.2 N N C—H 1.08 ∠SCH 121.9 ∠NCH 123.5 planar C—S 1.847 C—C 1.549 C—H (average) 1.100 ∠CSC 76.8 ∠HCH (average) 112 dihedral angle between the CCC and CSC planes 154 C—C 1.484 ∠HCH 116 H2 C C—H 1.083 ∠CSC 48.3 S C—S 1.815 ∠CCS 65.9 H2 C dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C—C bond 152
9-39
ED ED ED ED MW
MW
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Thioformaldehyde CH2S Thioformamide
Structure C—S ∠HCH
1.611 116.9
S
Ha C
N
Hc
Thiolane → Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene
C—S ∠HaNHb ∠HbNC ∠NCHc
∠SCaCb ∠SCaHa Toluene
1,1,1-Tribromoethane CH3CBr3 Tribromomethane → Bromoform Tri-tert-butyl methane HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3 Tricarbon dioxide OCCCO Trichloroacetonitrile CCl3CN 1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3
Trichloro(methyl)germane CH3GeCl3 Trichloro(methyl)silane CH3SiCl3 Trichloro(methyl)stannane CH3SnCl3 Triethylenediamine → 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane Trifluoroacetic acid
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CH3CF3 Trifluoromethane → Fluoroform
C—Br C—C ∠BrCBr
Hb 1.626 121.7 120.4 108
Method C—H
1.093
MW
N—Ha N—Hb C—N
1.002 1.007 1.358
MW
C—Hc ∠HaNC ∠NCS ∠SCHc
1.10 117.9 125.3 127
Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Ca—S Ca—Cb Cb—Cb ∠CaSCa 115.5 ∠CaCbCb 119.9 ∠CbCbHb C—C (ring) 1.399 C—CH3 C—H (average) 1.11 the difference between the C—H(CH3) and C—H(ring): about 0.01 1.93 1.51 (assumed) 111
1.078 1.081 1.714 1.370 1.423 92.2 112.5 124.3 1.524
MW
1.095 (assumed) 108 109.0 (assumed)
MW
1.111 113.0 1.289
ED
1.460 110.0 1.541 110.0 109.4
ED
1.89 106.4
ED, MW
2.021
MW
2.10 113.9 108
ED
C—F C—C C—Oa
1.325 1.546 1.192
ED
O—H ∠CCOb
0.96 (assumed) 111.1
C—F ∠CCF
1.340 119.2
C—H ∠CCBr ∠CCH
Ca—Cb 1.611 C—H Cb—Cc 1.548 ∠CaCbCc C—O 1.163 C—C linear (with a large-amplitude bending vibration) C—N 1.165 C—C C—Cl 1.763 ∠ClCCl C—H 1.090 C—C C—Cl 1.771 ∠HCH ∠CCH 108.9 ∠ClCCl ∠CCCl 109.6 Ge—Cl 2.132 Ge—C C—H 1.103 (assumed) ∠ClGeCl ∠GeCH 110.5 (assumed) C—Si 1.876 Si—Cl (C3v) Sn—Cl 2.304 Sn—C C—H 1.100 ∠CSnCl ∠ClSnCl 104.7 ∠SnCH
C—Ob ∠CCOa ∠CCF C—C C—H ∠CCH
1.35 126.8 109.5 1.494 1.081 112
9-40
ED
ED
MW
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethane CF3CCl3 Trimethylaluminium (CH3)3Al Trimethylamine (CH3)3N Trimethylarsine (CH3)3As Trimethylbismuth (CH3)3Bi Trimethylborane (CH3)3B Trimethyleneimine → Azetidine Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P 1,3,5-Trioxane
Structure
Method
C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—H ∠AlCH C—N ∠CNC C—As ∠AsCH Bi—C ∠CBiC C—B ∠CBC
1.54 1.77 109.6 1.113 111.7 1.458 110.9 1.979 111.4 2.263 97.1 1.578 120.0
C—F 1.33 ∠CCF 110 staggered conformation Al—C 1.957 ∠CAlC 120 C—H 1.100 ∠HCH 110 ∠CAsC 98.8
C—P ∠CPC O
1.847 98.6
H2 C
CH2
O
O
MW
ED ED ED
C—H
1.07
ED
C—H ∠BCH
1.114 112.5
ED
C—H ∠PCH C—O ∠OCO ∠COC
1.091 110.7 1.422 112.2 110.3
ED MW
C H2 Triphenylamine (C6H5)3N
Tropone
C—C 1.392 C—N 1.42 ∠CNC 116 (C3) torsional dihedral angle of the two phenyl rings 47° (defined to be 0 when the symmetry axis is contained in the phenyl planes) Ca—O 1.23 O Ca—Cb 1.45 Ca Cb—Cc 1.36 Cc—Cd 1.46 HCb Cb H Cd—Cd 1.34 CcH HCc ∠CbCaCb 122 ∠CaCbCc 133 Cd Cd H H ∠CbCcCd
Vinylacetylene
Ha
126
Hc Ca Cb
Hb
Cc Cd Hd
∠CbCcCd ∠HbCaCb ∠CcCdHd Vinyl chloride
Hc
Cl C
Hb
178 122 182
∠CCCl ∠CCHb
C Ha 122.5 120
9-41
∠CcCdCd Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—Cd Ca—Ha Cd—Hd ∠CaCbCc
130 (C2v) 1.434 1.344 1.215 1.11 1.09 123.1
∠HaCaCb ∠HcCbCa
122
C—C C—Cl C—H
1.342 1.730 1.09
∠CCHa ∠CCHc
124 121.1
ED
ED
ED, MW
119
ED, MW
DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives values of the electric dipole moment for about 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment µ is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10-30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in References 1 and 2. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].
REFERENCES 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mol. Form.
µ/D
Name
Mol. Form.
Name
µ/D
Compounds not containing carbon AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AlF AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 BClH2 BF BF2H B4H10 B5H9 B6H10 BaO BaS BrCl BrF BrF3Si BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrO2 BrRb BrTl CaCl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF3
Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum monofluoride Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Chloroborane Fluoroborane(1) Difluoroborane Tetraborane Pentaborane(9) Hexaborane Barium oxide Barium sulfide Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromotrifluorosilane Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Calcium monochloride Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
5.62 ± 0.03 6.08 ± 0.06 6.22 ± 0.30 4.55 ± 0.05 1.53 ± 0.15 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 0.75 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.971 ± 0.010 0.486 ± 0.002 2.13 ± 0.04 2.50 ± 0.05 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 1.422 ± 0.016 0.83 ± 0.01 1.51 ± 0.15 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.319 0.726 ± 0.003 10.628 ± 0.001 7.268 ± 0.001 ≈1.8 9.1183 ± 0.0006 1.76 ± 0.04 2.8 ± 0.3 ≈10.9 4.49 ± 0.05 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 0.888061 0.023 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.10
ClF3Si ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO2 ClNS ClNa ClO ClRb ClTl Cl2H2Si Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl3FSi Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P CrO CsF CsNa CuF CuO FGa FGeH3 FH FHO FH2N FH3Si FI
Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitryl chloride Thionitrosyl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine oxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Dichlorosilane Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Chromium monoxide Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper(I) fluoride Copper(II) oxide Gallium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluoramide Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride
0.636 ± 0.004 2.13 ± 0.02 1.1086 ± 0.0003 ≈1.3 1.31 ± 0.01 1.24 ± 0.02 3.79 ± 0.19 10.269 ± 0.001 7.12887 0.53 1.87 ± 0.02 9.00117 1.297 ± 0.001 10.510 ± 0.005 4.54299 1.17 ± 0.02 1.45 ± 0.03 1.81 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.01 2.54 ± 0.05 0.56 ± 0.02 3.88 ± 0.13 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 2.45 ± 0.05 2.33 ± 0.12 1.826178 2.23 ± 0.11 2.27 ± 0.18 1.2969 ± 0.0006 1.948 ± 0.020
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Name
µ/D
Indium(I) fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine azide Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Rubidium fluoride Sulfur monofluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane cis-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Sulfur difluoride Difluorosilylene Trifluorosilane 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Germylazide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) telluride Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Mercapto Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Disiloxane Potassium iodide
3.40 ± 0.07 8.585 ± 0.003 6.3274 ± 0.0002 1.730 ± 0.003 0.466 ± 0.005 1.902 ± 0.012 ≈1.3 8.156 ± 0.001 0.0043 ± 0.0004 8.5465 ± 0.0005 0.794 ± 0.02 4.2282 ± 0.0008 2.61 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.55 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.308180 1.63 ± 0.01 1.44 ± 0.07 1.12 ± 0.02 1.05 ± 0.05 1.23 ± 0.02 1.27 ± 0.03 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 0.235 ± 0.004 0.0390 ± 0.0004 1.8685 ± 0.0001 1.03 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.02 0.257 ± 0.002 0.632 ± 0.003 1.78 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.579 ± 0.003 3.2823 ± 0.0001 2.00 ± 0.06 1.65 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.07 0.448 ± 0.001 7.415 ± 0.002 5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 1.39 ± 0.07 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 2.17 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.09 1.655 ± 0.001 0.7580 ± 0.0001 1.8546 ± 0.0040 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.4718 ± 0.0002 0.59 ± 0.05 0.5740 ± 0.0003 0.12 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.09 0.24 ± 0.02 ≈10.8
Mol. Form. FIn FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FN3 FNa FO FRb FS FTl F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2S F2Si F3HSi F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Se F5I GeH3N3 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe HI HKO HLi HLiO HN HNO HNO2 HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HS H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H6OSi2 IK
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Mol. Form. ILi INa IO IRb ITl KLi KNa LaO LiNa LiO LiRb MgO NO NO2 NP NS N2O N2O3 NaRb OP OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr OTi OY OZr O2S O2Se O2Zr O3 PbS SSi SSn
Name Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Lanthanum monoxide Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Magnesium oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Rubidium sodium Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfide Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide
µ/D 7.428 ± 0.001 9.236 ± 0.003 2.45 ± 0.05 ≈11.5 4.61 ± 0.07 3.45 ± 0.20 2.693 ± 0.014 3.207 ± 0.011 0.463 ± 0.002 6.84 ± 0.03 4.0 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.6 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 2.7470 ± 0.0001 1.81 ± 0.02 0.16083 2.122 ± 0.010 3.1 ± 0.3 1.88 ± 0.07 4.64 ± 0.50 1.55 ± 0.02 1.47 ± 0.03 3.0982 4.32 ± 0.22 8.900 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.05 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 1.63305 2.62 ± 0.05 7.80 ± 0.02 0.53373 3.59 ± 0.18 1.73 ± 0.09 3.18 ± 0.16
Compounds containing carbon CBrF3 CBr2F2 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3I CH CHBrClF CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHFO CHF2N CHF3 CHN
Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Formyl fluoride Carboimidic difluoride Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide
0.65 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.01 2.8331 ± 0.0002 0.51 ± 0.05 1.17 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.02 0.645 ± 0.005 2.120 ± 0.001 0.47 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.01 1.048 ± 0.003 ≈1.46 1.5 ± 0.3 0.99 ± 0.02 1.42 ± 0.03 1.29 ± 0.03 1.04 ± 0.02 2.081 ± 0.001 1.393 ± 0.001 1.65150 2.985188
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Name
µ/D
Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Fulminic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide 1H-Tetrazole Formaldehyde Formic acid Thioformaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Dichloromethylborane Difluoromethylborane Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Methylphosphonic difluoride Methyldifluorophosphine Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methanol Methylhydroperoxide Methanethiol Fluoromethylsilane Iodomethylsilane Methylamine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Methyldiborane(6) Cyanogen iodide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoselenide Bromofluoroacetylene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroisocyanomethane Bromoacetylene Chloroacetylene Trichloroethene Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid
3.05 ± 0.15 ≈1.6 3.09934 [1.66] 1.43 ± 0.03 1.82 ± 0.04 1.60 ± 0.03 1.9785 ± 0.02 [1.08] 1.50 ± 0.01 4.28 ± 0.10 2.19 ± 0.05 2.332 ± 0.002 1.425 ± 0.002 1.6491 ± 0.0004 1.41 ± 0.01 1.419 ± 0.013 1.668 ± 0.003 1.698 ± 0.020 1.8203 ± 0.0004 1.8963 ± 0.0002 1.91 ± 0.01 1.858 ± 0.002 3.69 ± 0.26 2.056 ± 0.006 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 1.6406 ± 0.0004 3.73 ± 0.07 3.46 ± 0.02 2.17 ± 0.04 1.70 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 1.52 ± 0.08 1.700 ± 0.008 1.862 ± 0.005 1.31 ± 0.03 1.15 ± 0.02 0.73456 0.566 ± 0.006 3.67 ± 0.02 0.10980 0.715189 0.73 ± 0.02 1.958 ± 0.005 1.99 ± 0.04 0.448 ± 0.002 0.40 ± 0.10 0.52 ± 0.05 0.50
Mol. Form. CHN CHNO CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O CH2O2 CH2S CH2Se CH3BCl2 CH3BF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3F2OP CH3F2P CH3F3Si CH3F3Si CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH4O CH4O2 CH4S CH5FSi CH5ISi CH5N CH6OSi CH6Si CH8B2 CIN CO COS COSe CS CSe C2BrF C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F4 C2F3N C2F3N C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2
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≈0.5 1.262 ± 0.010 1.153 ± 0.010 0.22962 0.44408 [0.8] 0.92 ± 0.05 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.32 ± 0.03 2.28 ± 0.25
Mol. Form. C2HI C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2N2S C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3HgN C2H3I C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H3N3 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2
Name Iodoacetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Ketene Glyoxal (cis) Bromoethene Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Cyanomethylmercury Iodoethene Acetonitrile Methyl cyanate Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Glycolaldehyde Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol (average) Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide
µ/D 0.02525 [1.38] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 2.23 ± 0.11 1.32 ± 0.07 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.80 ± 0.22 1.579 ± 0.007 1.42215 4.8 ± 0.2 1.42 ± 0.03 1.45 ± 0.03 2.14 ± 0.04 2.72 ± 0.14 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] 1.468 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.03 2.3470 ± 0.005 4.7 ± 0.1 1.311 ± 0.005 3.92519 4.26 ± 0.18 ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 2.7 ± 0.1 [1.2] [1.19] 2.068 ± 0.014 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 2.750 ± 0.006 1.89 ± 0.01 1.70 ± 0.03 1.77 ± 0.04 2.73 ± 0.05 2.04 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.04] 1.937 ± 0.007 1.976 ± 0.002 1.90 ± 0.01 3.68 ± 0.03 3.83 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 1.30 ± 0.01 3.96 ± 0.04 2.36 ± 0.10 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.554 ± 0.004 2.03 ± 0.08 [1.85]
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6Si C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3HF3 C3HN C3H2F2 C3H2O C3H3Cl2F C3H3F C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4F2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2
Name Vinylsilane Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Cyanoacetylene 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 2-Propynal 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropyne 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Propyne Cyclopropene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein (trans) Acrolein (cis) Cyclopropanone Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanate 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Acetone Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Allyl alcohol (gauche) Allyl alcohol (average) Methyl vinyl ether Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average)
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µ/D 0.657 ± 0.002 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 1.01 ± 0.02 [2.27] 1.99 ± 0.10 2.317 ± 0.013 3.73172 2.98 ± 0.02 2.78 ± 0.02 2.43 ± 0.02 1.73 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 3.92 ± 0.07 1.503 ± 0.030 2.95 ± 0.04 0.784 ± 0.001 0.454 ± 0.010 0.889 ± 0.007 2.20 ± 0.01 3.8 ± 0.4 1.13 ± 0.06 3.117 ± 0.004 2.552 ± 0.003 2.67 ± 0.13 1.49 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 [4.9] [1.51] ≈1.9 1.67 ± 0.08 1.97 ± 0.10 1.647 ± 0.010 1.94 ± 0.10 [1.8] 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 4.05 ± 0.03 4.72 ± 0.09 3.17 ± 0.02 0.366 ± 0.001 [1.2] [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 2.88 ± 0.03 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 0.965 ± 0.002 2.01 ± 0.02 1.94 ± 0.01 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09
Mol. Form. C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4H4 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO C4H5NO
Name Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thietane 1,1-dioxide 1,3,5-Trioxane Thiacyclobutane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Ethyl methyl ether (trans) 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (gauche) Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 1-Buten-3-yne Methylenecyclopropene Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Isocyanocyclopropane 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole
µ/D 1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 1.72 ± 0.09 1.19 ± 0.06 4.8 ± 0.1 2.08 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.21 ± 0.11 2.02 ± 0.03 1.95 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.04 2.17 ± 0.11 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] ≈1.2 1.19 ± 0.01 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 3.82 ± 0.08 [4.3] 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 0.084 ± 0.001 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.02 [2.25] [2.55] 2.36 ± 0.05 [0.74] [2.56] 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.06 1.19 ± 0.06 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] 0.22 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.01 [3.7] 2.334 ± 0.010 4.22 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 3.53 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.01 3.69 ± 0.18 1.767 ± 0.001 4.03 ± 0.10 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl
Name 5-Methyloxazole 4-Methylisoxazole 1,2-Butadiene 1-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether 3-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal Cyclobutanone 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Isocyanopropane 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene Isobutene Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane Sulfolane 3-Methylthietane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane
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µ/D 2.16 ± 0.04 3.583 ± 0.005 0.403 ± 0.002 0.782 ± 0.004 0.132 ± 0.001 0.78 ± 0.05 0.963 ± 0.020 3.67 ± 0.07 2.68 ± 0.13 2.89 ± 0.03 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 [2.13] [1.65] [1.79] [1.77] 4.27 ± 0.03 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001 ≈2.8 [4.9] 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 3.91 ± 0.04 3.73 ± 0.06 4.29 ± 0.09 4.055 ± 0.001 [3.5] 0.438 ± 0.007 0.359 ± 0.011 0.253 ± 0.005 0.503 ± 0.010 0.139 ± 0.004 2.22 ± 0.11 [2.58] 1.96 ± 0.03 1.90 ± 0.02 1.295 ± 0.022 [1.26] 1.891 ± 0.011 2.72 ± 0.05 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 2.779 ± 0.015 1.75 ± 0.04 0.295 ± 0.003 [1.65] [1.08] [1.89] 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.48] [2.45] 2.06 ± 0.04 [4.8] 2.046 ± 0.009 [1.90] 2.14 ± 0.04 2.08 ± 0.10 2.23 ± 0.11 [2.17] 2.05 ± 0.04
Mol. Form. C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C4H13N3 C5F5N C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4 C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4O C5H4OS C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C5H4S2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2
Name
µ/D
2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether (trans-trans) Isopropyl methyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Diethylenetriamine Perfluoropyridine 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 1,3-Pentadiyne 4-Chloropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione Furfural 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Pyridine 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 3-Cyclopenten-1-one 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Ethyl cyanoacetate
2.04 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 [1.87] [1.57] 3.61 [3.7] 1.55 ± 0.03 0.132 ± 0.002 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.8] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 1.15 ± 0.02 1.107 ± 0.013 1.247 ± 0.003 [2.58] [2.08] [2.31] [1.53] 1.66 ± 0.03 1.54 ± 0.08 ≈1.0 [1.28] [1.29] [1.27] 0.92 ± 0.05 [2.8] [1.89] 0.98 ± 0.08 4.59 ± 0.02 4.13 ± 0.02 1.207 ± 0.001 0.756 ± 0.005 2.09 ± 0.26 3.132 ± 0.007 3.95 ± 0.05 [3.54] 3.79 ± 0.02 3.9 ± 0.2 2.215 ± 0.010 0.51 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 0.513 ± 0.02 0.419 ± 0.004 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 4.08 ± 0.02 [1.92] 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 4.61 ± 0.13 4.04 ± 0.04 [2.17]
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3F3
Name cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Cyclopentene 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran (chair) Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) N-Methylpyrrolidine Isopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1,5-Pentanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
µ/D
Mol. Form.
Name
0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 0.25 ± 0.01 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.20 ± 0.02 0.287 ± 0.003 2.62 ± 0.25 ≈3.3 1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 [1.96] [1.67] [2.78] 4.56 ± 0.02 4.71 ± 0.05 1.720 ± 0.003 4.12 ± 0.08 3.95 ± 0.04 1.007 ± 0.003 [4.1] ≈0.5 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 0.142 ± 0.001 2.66 ± 0.05 [2.70] [2.82] 1.58 ± 0.03 [1.61] [0.63] [2.03] [1.88] [1.78] [1.74] [2.1] 1.10 ± 0.06
C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H8Si C6H9F C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10F2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11Cl C6H11F C6H11F C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3
1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one Dimethyl maleate Phenylsilane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene (half-chair) 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3-Methylcyclopentanone Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
[2.13] [2.4] 1.781 ± 0.010 2.20 ± 0.11 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.92] 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 0.572 ± 0.003 0.13 ± 0.05 [3.5] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [1.88] [1.82] [2.5] [1.6] 2.42 ± 0.05 1.46 ± 0.06 1.402 ± 0.009
µ/D 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.87 ± 0.06 2.46 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.02 5.78 ± 0.11 3.66 ± 0.11 1.96 ± 0.03 4.23 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 2.11 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.09 3.56 ± 0.07 1.44 1.66 4.22 ± 0.08 0.4236 ± 0.013 [1.77] 1.224 ± 0.008 0.69 ± 0.07 2.38 ± 0.05 [1.23] 1.13 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 4.33 ± 0.002 [2.48] 0.845 ± 0.012 1.942 ± 0.010 0.83 ± 0.05 0.661 ± 0.004 0.332 ± 0.012 2.556 ± 0.010 3.14 ± 0.03 3.246 ± 0.006 [2.79] [2.49] [2.34] 2.44 ± 0.07 1.91 ± 0.02 2.11 ± 0.04 1.81 ± 0.04 [3.5] [3.9] [1.25] [2.66] [1.13] 1.90 ± 0.10 [1.87] [1.87] [1.86] [1.74] [3.24] [2.25]
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H18N3OP C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5N C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10 C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16O C7H16O C8H6 C8H7N
Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylphosphoric triamide (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Isocyanobenzene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene 2,5-Norbornadiene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Methylenecyclohexane Diethyl malonate 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Phenylacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
µ/D 1.43 ± 0.07 [1.26] 1.21 ± 0.06 1.13 ± 0.10 [1.24] [2.9] [2.08] [1.38] [1.6] [1.97] [1.03] [1.15] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.57] [3.12] [5.5] [2.03] 2.86 ± 0.06 4.18 ± 0.08 4.018 ± 0.003 [1.70] [2.95] [2.07] 4.1 ± 0.3 [3.0] [2.86] 1.56 ± 0.08 [1.82] 2.21 ± 0.04 [1.82] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 [5.0] 0.375 ± 0.010 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.45] [1.48] [1.48] 1.71 ± 0.09 1.38 ± 0.07 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] [2.30] [1.66] 0.740 0.62 ± 0.01 [2.54] [2.59] [2.78] [2.74] [1.91] [1.75] 1.75 ± 0.10 [1.86] 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.71] [1.71] 0.656 ± 0.005 [3.5]
Mol. Form. C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H18O C9H18O2 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H14 C10H16O C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H22O C10H22O C11H12O2 C12H10 C12H10O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C14H12O2 C16H22O4 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C22H44O2 C24H38O4
Name Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Octanone Octanoic acid sec-Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Isopropylbenzene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Azulene tert-Butylbenzene Camphor, (+) 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 1-Bromodecane Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethyl trans-cinnamate Acenaphthene Diphenyl ether Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Benzyl benzoate Dibutyl phthalate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
µ/D 0.123 ± 0.003 3.02 ± 0.06 [1.94] [2.47] 0.59 ± 0.05 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55] 1.45 ± 0.15 [1.29] 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] [2.05] [2.70] [1.15] [1.9] [1.9] [1.8] [2.00] [1.76] [1.71] [1.74] 1.17 ± 0.06 [1.61] [0.98] 2.29 ± 0.11 2.73 ± 0.14 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.22] ≈0.79 [2.66] [0.79] [1.55] [1.57] 0.80 ± 0.02 ≈0.83 [3.1] [1.8] [1.93] [1.20] [1.23] [1.84] ≈0.85 ≈1.3 [0.77] [0.78] [3.07] [2.06] [2.82] [1.18] [2.48] [2.87] [3.05] [3.18] [1.88] [2.84]
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS* J. Alistair Kerr and David W. Stocker The strength of a chemical bond, D°(R-X), often known as the bond dissociation energy, is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the reaction in which the bond is broken: RX → R + X. It is given by the thermochemical equation, D°(R-X) = ∆fH°(R) + ∆fH°(X) - ∆fH°(RX). Some authors list bond strengths at a temperature of absolute zero but here the values at 298 K are given because more thermodynamic data are available for this temperature. Bond strengths or bond dissociation energies are not equal to, and may differ considerably from, mean bond energies determined solely from thermochemical data on atoms and molecules.
Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES These have usually been measured spectroscopically or by mass spectrometric analysis of hot gases effusing a Knudsen cell. Excellent accounts of these and other methods are given in (i) Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, by A. G. Gaydon, 3rd. ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1968 and (ii) “Mass Spectrometric Determination of Bond Energies of High-Temperature Molecules”, K. A. Gingerich, Chimia, 26, 619, 1972. The errors quoted in the table are those given in the original paper or review article. The references have been chosen primarily as a key to the literature. It should not be assumed that the author referred to was responsible for the value quoted, as the reference may be to a review article. Bond strengths reported at a temperature of absolute zero, D°0, have been converted to D°298 by the use of enthalpy functions taken mainly from the JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985, wherever possible. For most bonds, however, this data is not available and the conversion has been made by the approximate relation: D°298 = D°0 + (3/2)RT The list below does not include the increasing number of bond strengths of diatomic molecules now being calculated by ab initio methods. The Table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms. Molecule Ag-Ag Ag-Al Ag-Au Ag-Bi Ag-Br Ag-Cl Ag-Cu Ag-D Ag-Dy Ag-Eu Ag-F Ag-Ga Ag-Ge Ag-H Ag-Ho Ag-I Ag-In Ag-Li Ag-Mn Ag-Na Ag-Nd Ag-O Ag-S Ag-Se Ag-Si Ag-Sn Ag-Te Al-Al Al-Ar Al-As Al-Au Al-Br
D°298/kJ mol–1 160.3 ± 3.4 183.7 ± 9.2 202.9 ± 9.2 193 ± 42 293 ± 29 314.2 174.1 ± 9.2 226.8 130 ± 19 129.7 ± 12.6 354.4 ± 16.3 180 ± 15 174.5 ± 20.9 215.1 ± 8 123.4 ± 16.7 234 ± 29 166.5 ± 4.9 173.6 ± 6.3 100 ± 21 138.1 ± 8.4 <209 220.1 ± 20.9 217.1 202.5 177.8 ± 10.0 136.0 ± 20.9 195.8 133 ± 6 5.182 ± 0.005 202.9 ± 7.1 325.9 ± 6.3 429 ± 6
Ref. 314 79 4 246 120 184 136 205 203 66 120 44 135 217 62 120 13 276,303 246 291,298 221 287 349 349 320 3 349 118 180 294,301 124 186
Molecule Al-Cl Al-Co Al-Cr Al-Cu Al-D Al-F Al-H Al-I Al-Kr Al-Li Al-N Al-Ni Al-O Al-P Al-Pd Al-S Al-Sb Al-Se Al-Si Al-Te Al-U Al-V Al-Xe Ar-Ar Ar-He Ar-Hg Ar-I Ar-K As-As As-Cl As-D As-F
D°298/kJ mol–1 511.3 ± 0.8 181.6 ± 0.2 223.6 ± 0.6 227.1 ± 1.2 290.8 663.6 ± 6.3 284.9 ± 6.3 369.9 ± 2.1 6.047 ± 0.001 76.5 297 ± 96 225 ± 5 511 ± 3 216.7 ± 12.6 254.4 ± 12.1 373.6 ± 7.9 216.3 ± 5.9 337.6 ± 10.0 229.3 ± 30.1 267.8 ± 10.0 326 ± 29 147.4 ± 1.0 7.43 ± 0.69 4.73 ± 0.04 3.89 6.15 10.0 4.2 382.0 ± 10.5 448 270.3 410
* Revised to November 1998.
9-51
Ref. 312 22 19 21 246 80 80 267 180 39 120 20 56,74 80 64 376 293 376 51 376 123 22 43 181 246 246 40 205 247 80 205 205
Molecule As-Ga As-H As-I As-In As-N As-O As-P As-S As-Sb As-Se As-Tl At-At Au-Au Au-B Au-Ba Au-Be Au-Bi Au-Ca Au-Ce Au-Cl Au-Co Au-Cr Au-Cs Au-Cu Au-D Au-Dy Au-Eu Au-Fe Au-Ga Au-Ge Au-H Au-Ho
D°298/kJ mol–1 209.6 ± 1.2 274.0 ± 2.9 296.6 ± 28.0 201 489 ± 2 481 ± 8 433.5 ± 12.6 379.5 ± 6.3 330.5 ± 5.4 96 198.3 ± 14.6 ~80 226.2 ± 0.5 367.8 ± 10.5 254.8 ± 10.0 285 ± 8 297 ± 8.4 243 339 ± 21 343 ± 9.6 222 ± 17 213 ± 17 255 ± 3.3 228.0 ± 5.0 318.4 259 ± 21 241.0 ± 10.5 187.0 ± 16.7 234 ± 38 274.1 ± 5.0 292.0 ± 8 267.4 ± 16.7
Ref. 83 29 325 297 310 262 137 262 94 288 300 89 210 145 135 120 135 135 135 120 135 135 41 34,135 205 203 66 220 135 135 217 62,250
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Au-In Au-La Au-Li Au-Lu Au-Mg Au-Mn Au-Na Au-Nd Au-Ni Au-O Au-Pb Au-Pd Au-Pr Au-Rb Au-Rh Au-S Au-Sc Au-Se Au-Si Au-Sn Au-Sr Au-Tb Au-Te Au-U Au-V Au-Y B-B B-Br B-C B-Ce B-Cl B-D B-F B-H B-I B-Ir B-La B-N B-O B-P B-Pd B-Pt B-Rh B-Ru B-S B-Sc B-Se B-Si B-Te B-Th B-Ti B-U B-Y Ba-Br Ba-Cl Ba-D Ba-F
D°298/kJ mol–1 286.0 ± 5.7 336.4 ± 20.9 284.5 ± 6.7 332.2 ± 16.7 243 ± 42 185.4 ± 12.6 215.1 ± 12.6 299.2 ± 20.9 247 ± 16 221.8 ± 20.9 130 ± 42 155 ± 21 310 ± 21 243 ± 2.9 231.0 ± 29 418 ± 25 280.3 ± 16.7 243.1 305.4 ± 5.9 254.8 ± 7.1 264 ± 42 289.5 ± 33.5 317.6 318 ± 29 240.6 ± 12.1 307.1 ± 8.4 297 ± 21 396 448 ± 29 305 ± 21 511.3 ± 4 341.0 ± 6.3 757 340 220.5 ± 0.8 514.2 ± 17.2 339 ± 63 389 ± 21 808.8 ± 20.9 346.9 ± 16.7 329.3 ± 20.9 477.8 ± 16.7 475.7 ± 20.9 446.9 ± 20.9 580.7 ± 9.2 276 ± 63 461.9 ± 14.6 317 ± 7 354.4 ± 20.1 297 276 ± 63 322 ± 33 293 ± 63 362.8 ± 8.4 436.0 ± 8.4 ≤193.7 587.0 ± 6.7
Ref.
Molecule
13 127 276 132 246 342 298 127 352 287 246 135 135 41 66 131 128 349 139 233 246 152,250 349 123 172 177 80 32 246 246 195 246 257 302 315 381 246 80 287 147 381 268 381 381 374 246 374 390 374 140 246 246 246 104,199,230 197,199 205 101,196
Ba-H Ba-I Ba-O Ba-Pd Ba-Rh Ba-S Be-Be Be-Br Be-Cl Be-D Be-F Be-H Be-O Be-S Bi-Bi Bi-Br Bi-Cl Bi-D Bi-F Bi-Ga Bi-H Bi-I Bi-In Bi-Li Bi-O Bi-P Bi-Pb Bi-S Bi-Sb Bi-Se Bi-Sn Bi-Te Bi-Tl Br-Br Br-C Br-Ca Br-Cd Br-Cl Br-Co Br-Cr Br-Cs Br-Cu Br-D Br-F Br-Fe Br-Ga Br-Ge Br-H Br-Hg Br-I Br-In Br-K Br-Li Br-Mg Br-Mn Br-N Br-Na
D°298/kJ mol–1 176 ± 14.6 320.8 ± 6.3 561.9 ± 13.4 221.8 ± 5.0 259.4 ± 25.1 400.0 ± 18.8 59 381 ± 84 388.3 ± 9.2 203.05 577 ± 42 200.0 ± 1.3 434.7 ± 13.4 372 ± 59 200.4 ± 7.5 267.4 ± 4.2 301 ± 4 283.7 367 ± 13 159 ± 17 ≤283.3 218.0 ± 4.6 153.6 ± 1.7 154.0 ± 5.0 337.2 ± 12.6 280 ± 13 141.8 ± 14.6 315.5 ± 4.6 251 ± 4 280.3 ± 5.9 210.0 ± 8.4 232.2 ± 11.3 121 ± 13 192.807 280 ± 21 310.9 ± 9.2 159 ± 96 217.53 ± 0.29 331 ± 42 328.0 ± 24.3 389.1 ± 4 331 ± 25 370.74 280 ± 12 247 ± 96 444 ± 17 255 ± 29 366.35 72.8 ± 4 179.1 ± 0.4 414 ± 21 379.9 ± 0.8 418.8 ± 4 ≤327.2 314.2 ± 9.6 276 ± 21 367.4 ± 0.8
9-52
Ref.
Molecule
120 188 287 125 125 70 35,87 246 108,191,382 205 80,108 67 287 120 307,324 76 78 266 400 296 266 77 321 277,305 287 137 324 375 244 375 135 375 84 1 120 319 120 59 246 120 285,362 120 205 211 120 80 120 205 80 120,309 80 362,378 362 205 120 120 362,378
Br-Ni Br-O Br-Pb Br-Rb Br-Sb Br-Sc Br-Se Br-Si Br-Sn Br-Sr Br-Th Br-Ti Br-Tl Br-U Br-V Br-W Br-Xe Br-Y Br-Zn C-C C-Ce C-Cl C-D C-F C-Ge C-H C-Hf C-I C-Ir C-La C-Mo C-N C-Nb C-O C-Os C-P C-Pt C-Rh C-Ru C-S C-Sc C-Se C-Si C-Tc C-Th C-Ti C-U C-V C-Y C-Zr Ca-Ca Ca-Cl Ca-D Ca-F Ca-H Ca-I Ca-Li
D°298/kJ mol–1 360 ± 13 235.5 ± 2.4 247 ± 38 380.7 ± 4 314 ± 59 444 ± 63 297 ± 84 367.8 ± 10.0 ≥552 333.0 ± 9.2 364 439 333.9 ± 1.7 377.4 ± 6.3 439 ± 42 329.3 5.94 ± 0.02 485 ± 84 142 ± 29 610 ± 2.0 444 ± 13 397 ± 29 341.4 552 460 ± 21 338.4 ± 1.2 540 ± 25 209 ± 21 632 ± 4 462 ± 20 481 ± 15.9 748.0 ± 10 569 ± 13.0 1076.5 ± 0.4 ≥594 513.4 ± 8 598 ± 5.9 580.0 ± 3.8 616.2 ± 10.5 714.1 ± 1.2 ≤444 590.4 ± 5.9 451.5 565 ± 29 453 ± 17 423 ± 29 454.8 ± 15.1 427 ± 23.8 418 ± 14 561 ± 25 ~17 409 ± 9 ≤169.9 527 ± 21 167.8 284.7 ± 8.4 84.9 ± 8.4
Ref. 120 46 120 362 120 246 246 106 286 199 187 246 28 260 246 223 58 246 246 373 236 283 205 193 120 205 357 120 171 290 167 42 167 80 126 350 171,379 332 333 71,354 148 343 91,387 322 166,357 162,357 165,169 167 338 357 153 269 205 101,190 120 188 397
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
D°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Molecule
Ca-O Ca-S Cd-Cd Cd-Cl Cd-F Cd-H Cd-I Cd-In Cd-O Cd-S Cd-Se Cd-Te Ce-Ce Ce-F Ce-Ir Ce-N Ce-O Ce-Os Ce-Pd Ce-Pt Ce-Rh Ce-Ru Ce-S Ce-Se Ce-Te Cl-Cl Cl-Co Cl-Cr Cl-Cs Cl-Cu Cl-D Cl-Eu Cl-F Cl-Fe Cl-Ga Cl-Ge Cl-H Cl-Hg Cl-I Cl-In Cl-K Cl-Li Cl-Mg Cl-Mn Cl-N Cl-Na Cl-Ni Cl-O Cl-P Cl-Pb Cl-Ra Cl-Rb Cl-S Cl-Sb Cl-Sc Cl-Se
402.1 ± 16.7 337.6 ± 18.8 7.36 208.4 305 ± 21 69.0 ± 0.4 97.23 138 235.6 ± 83.7 208.4 ± 20.9 127.6 ± 25.1 100.0 ± 15.1 245.2 582 ± 42 586 519 ± 21 795 ± 8 506 ± 33 322.2 556 548 531 ± 25 569 494.5 ± 14.6 189.4 ± 12.8 242.580 ± 0.004 337.6 ± 6.7 377.8 ± 6.7 448 ± 8 377.8 ± 7.5 436.47 ~326 256.23 329.7 ± 6.7 481 ± 13 ~431 431.62 100 ± 8 211.3 ± 0.4 439 ± 8 433.0 ± 8 469 ± 13 327.6 ± 2.1 338.5 ± 6.7 333.9 ± 9.6 412.1 ± 8 377.0 ± 6.7 268.85 ± 0.10 289 ± 42 301 ± 29 343 ± 75 427.6 ± 8 277.0 360 ± 50 331 322
287,326 70,205 251 205 31 120 215 246 158,287 158 158 158 127 246 149 146 95 126 63 149 149 126 24 271 252 205 194 194 285,363 184 205 113 205,279 194 80 205 205 120 120 80 363 80 105,197,382 194 54 363 194 2 246 120 120 363 224 120 386 246
Cl-Si Cl-Sm Cl-Sn Cl-Sr Cl-Ta Cl-Th Cl-Ti Cl-Tl Cl-U Cl-V Cl-W Cl-Xe Cl-Y Cl-Yb Cl-Zn Cm-O Co-Co Co-Cu Co-F Co-Ge Co-H Co-I Co-Nb Co-O Co-S Co-Si Co-Ti Co-Y Co-Zr Cr-Cr Cr-Cu Cr-F Cr-Ge Cr-H Cr-I Cr-N Cr-O Cr-Pb Cr-S Cr-Sn Cs-Cs Cs-F Cs-H Cs-Hg Cs-I Cs-Na Cs-O Cs-Rb Cu-Cu Cu-D Cu-Dy Cu-F Cu-Ga Cu-Ge Cu-H Cu-Ho
D°298/kJ mol–1 406 ≥423 414 ± 17 406 ± 13 544 489 405.4 ± 10.5 372.8 ± 2.1 452 ± 8 477 ± 63 423 ± 42 6.7 527 ± 84 ~322 228.9 ± 19.7 736 167 ± 25 167 ± 17 435 ± 63 234 ± 21 226 ± 42 285 ± 21 267.0 ± 0.1 384.5 ± 13.4 331 276 ± 17 235.4 ± 0.1 253.7 ± 0.1 306.4 ± 0.1 142.9 ± 5.4 155 ± 21 444.8 ± 19.7 154 ± 7 190.3 ± 7.0 287.0 ± 24.3 377.8 ± 18.8 461 ± 9 105 ± 2 331 141 ± 3 43.919 ± 0.010 519 ± 8 175.364 8 337.2 ± 2.1 63.2 ± 1.3 295.8 ± 62.8 49.57 ± 0.01 176.52 ± 2.38 270.3 142 ± 21 413.4 ± 13 215.9 ± 15.1 208.8 ± 21 277.8 142 ± 21
9-53
Ref.
Molecule
308,385 399 246 197,199 23 261 192 28 259 246 246 205 246 113 73 341 218 135 246 135 369 246 8 287 349 380 353 8 8 201 222 227 202 53 120 152,355 179 202 93 202 394 285 401 205 285,361 86 287 174 135,323 205 203 99 44 273 217,318 203
Cu-I Cu-In Cu-Li Cu-Mn Cu-Na Cu-Ni Cu-O Cu-S Cu-Se Cu-Si Cu-Sn Cu-Tb Cu-Te D-D D-F D-Ga D-Ge D-H D-Hg D-In D-Li D-Lu D-Mg D-Ni D-Pt D-S D-Si D-Sr D-Zn Dy-F Dy-O Dy-S Dy-Se Dy-Te Er-F Er-O Er-S Er-Se Er-Te Eu-Eu Eu-F Eu-Li Eu-O Eu-Rh Eu-S Eu-Se Eu-Te F-F F-Ga F-Gd F-Ge F-H F-Hf F-Hg F-Ho F-I
D°298/kJ mol–1 197 ± 21 187.4 ± 7.9 192.9 ± 8.8 158.6 ± 17 176.1 ± 16.7 202 ± 10 269.0 ± 20.9 276 251 221.3 ± 6.3 169.5 ± 6.7 193 ± 19 278.7 443.533 576.6 <272.8 ≤322 439.433 42.05 246.0 240.1892 ± 0.0046 302 135.1 ≤302.9 ≤350.2 351 302.5 ≥275.7 88.7 531 607 ± 17 414 ± 42 322 ± 42 234 ± 42 565 ± 17 615 ± 13 418 ± 42 326 ± 42 238 ± 42 33.5 ± 17 544 66.9 ± 2.9 479 ± 10 233.9 ± 33 362.3 ± 13.0 301 ± 14.6 243 ± 14.6 158.78 577 ± 14.6 590.4 ± 27.2 485 ± 21 569.87 ± 0.06 650 ± 15 ~180 540 ≤271.5
Ref. 120 13 276 222 299 117 287 349 349 320 3,237 203 1 205 205 253 205 205 205 205 207,360 308 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 406 95 246 246 246 406 95 246 246 246 66 242 275 95 66 271,347 25,178,271 25,271 205 270 405 98 402 16 205 406 7,33,60,75
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule F-In F-K F-La F-Li F-Lu F-Mg F-Mn F-Mo F-N F-Na F-Nd F-Ni F-O F-P F-Pb F-Pm F-Pr F-Pu F-Rb F-Ru F-S F-Sb F-Sc F-Se F-Si F-Sm F-Sn F-Sr F-Ta F-Tb F-Th F-Ti F-Tl F-Tm F-U F-V F-W F-Xe F-Y F-Yb F-Zn F-Zr Fe-Fe Fe-Ge Fe-H Fe-O Fe-S Fe-Si Ga-Ga Ga-H Ga-I Ga-Li Ga-O Ga-P Ga-Sb Ga-Te Gd-O
D°298/kJ mol–1 506 ± 14.6 497.5 ± 2.5 598 ± 42 577 ± 21 333.5 461.9 ± 5.0 423.4 ± 14.6 464.8 343 519 545.2 ± 12.6 430 ± 20 219.54 ± 10 439 ± 96 356 ± 8 540 ± 42 582 ± 46 538.5 ± 29 494 ± 21 402 342.7 ± 5.0 439 ± 96 589.1 ± 13 339 ± 42 552.7 ± 2.1 565 466.5 ± 13 541.8 ± 6.7 573 ± 13 561 ± 42 652 569 ± 33 445.2 ± 19.2 510 659.0 ± 10.5 590 ± 63 548 ± 63 15.77 605.0 ± 20.9 ≥521.3 368 ± 63 616 ± 15 75 ± 17 210.9 ± 29 180 ± 25 390.4 ± 17.2 322 297 ± 25 112.1 ± 7 <274.1 339 ± 9.6 133.1 ± 14.6 353.5 ± 41.8 229.7 ± 12.6 192.0 ± 12.6 251 ± 25 719 ± 10
Ref.
Molecule
D°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Molecule
270 17 246 80 208 101,196 228 198 205 205 403 85 48 120 408 246 246 229 80 185 30,200,231 120 404 246 109 242 408 101,196 256 246 263 407 28 242 157,258 246 246 317,368 404 18,113,399 246 16 330 219 369 287 93 380 337 253 120 160 287 130 295 377 95
Gd-S Gd-Se Gd-Te Ge-Ge Ge-H Ge-Ni Ge-O Ge-Pd Ge-S Ge-Sc Ge-Se Ge-Si Ge-Te Ge-Y H-H H-Hg H-I H-In H-K H-Li H-Mg H-Mn H-N H-Na H-Ni H-O H-P H-Pb H-Pd H-Pt H-Rb H-Rh H-Ru H-S H-Sc H-Se H-Si H-Sn H-Sr H-Te H-Ti H-Tl H-V H-Yb H-Zn He-He He-Hg Hf-C Hf-N Hf-O Hg-Hg Hg-I Hg-K Hg-Li Hg-Na Hg-O Hg-Rb
526.8 ± 10.5 431 ± 14.6 343 ± 14.6 263.6 ± 7.1 ≤321.7 290.3 ± 10.9 659.4 ± 12.6 254.7 ± 10.5 534 ± 3 271.0 ± 11 484.7 ± 1.7 296.4 ± 8.6 397 ± 3 279.8 ± 11.4 435.990 39.844 298.407 243.1 174.576 238.049 ± 0.004 126.4 ± 2.9 234 ± 29 ≤339 185.69 ± 0.25 252.3 ± 8 427.6 297 ≤157 234 ± 25 ≤335 167 ± 21 247 ± 21 234 ± 21 344.3 ± 12.1 ~180 314.47 ± 0.96 ≤299.2 264 ± 17 163 ± 8 268 ± 2.1 204.6 ± 8.8 188 ± 8 208.7 ± 7.0 159 ± 38 85.8 ± 2.1 3.8 6.61 548 ± 63 536 ± 29 801.7 ± 13.4 8±2 34.69 ± 0.96 8.24 ± 0.21 13.8 9.2 220.9 ± 33.1 8.4
116,345 25 25 238 243 335 226,287 334 280 234 282 391 282 235 205 205 205 205 206,401 393 14,15,100 120 205 274,316 217 205 205 205 369 205 120 369 369 212 329 122 205 120 120 119 52 120 53 120 120 205 246 246 152,245 287 204 388 246 205 205,411 158 205
Hg-S Hg-Se Hg-Te Hg-Tl Ho-Ho Ho-O Ho-S Ho-Se Ho-Te I-I I-In I-K I-Li I-Mg I-Mn I-N I-Na I-Ni I-O I-Pb I-Rb I-Si I-Sn I-Sr I-Te I-Ti I-Tl I-Zn I-Zr In-In In-Li In-O In-P In-S In-Sb In-Se In-Te Ir-La Ir-O Ir-Si Ir-Th Ir-Ti Ir-Y K-K K-Kr K-Li K-Na K-O K-Xe Kr-Kr Kr-O Kr-Xe La-La La-N La-O La-Pt La-Rh
9-54
D°298/kJ mol–1 217.1 ± 22.2 144.3 ± 30.1 ≤142 4 84 ± 17 611 ± 17 428.4 ± 14.6 335 ± 17 259 ± 17 151.088 331 325.1 ± 0.8 345.2 ± 4.2 ~285 282.8 ± 9.6 159 ± 17 304.2 ± 2.1 293 ± 21 230 193 ± 4 318.8 ± 2.1 293 234 ± 42 269.9 ± 5.9 192 ± 42 310 ± 42 272 ± 8 108.29 305 100 ± 8 92.5 ± 14.6 <320.1 197.9 ± 8.4 289 ± 17 151.9 ± 10.5 247 ± 17 218 ± 17 577 ± 13 414.6 ± 42.3 462.8 ± 20.9 573 422 ± 13 456.1 ± 16.7 54.63 ± 0.02 4.6 82.0 ± 4.2 65.994 ± 0.008 277.8 ± 20.9 5.0 5.23 <8 5.505 ± 0.002 247 ± 21 519 ± 42 799 ± 4 502 ± 21 527 ± 17
Ref. 158 158 246 183 62 95 345 25 25 205,371 384 361,378 361 26 120 246 361,378 120 47 340 361 205 246 239 246 246 26 215 241 246 160 287 291 69 81 69 69 176 287 381 133 289 177 6,265 205 103,410 36,410 287 205 50,205 246 9 386 246 95 272 65
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule La-S La-Se La-Te La-Y Li-Li Li-Mg Li-Na Li-O Li-Pb Li-S Li-Sb Li-Sm Li-Tm Li-Yb Lu-Lu Lu-O Lu-Pt Lu-S Lu-Se Lu-Te Mg-Mg Mg-O Mg-S Mn-Mn Mn-O Mn-S Mn-Se Mo-Mo Mo-Nb Mo-O N-N N-O N-P N-Pu N-S N-Sb N-Sc N-Se N-Si N-Ta N-Th N-Ti N-U N-V N-Xe N-Y N-Zr Na-Na Na-O Na-Rb Nb-Nb Nb-Ni Nb-O Nb-Ti Nd-Nd Nd-O Nd-S
D°298/kJ mol–1 573.2 ± 1.7 477 ± 17 381 ± 17 202.1 110.21 ± 4 67.4 ± 6.3 87.181 ± 0.001 333.5 ± 8.4 78.7 ± 7.9 312.5 ± 7.5 172.8 ± 10.0 49.0 ± 4.2 69.0 ± 3.3 37.2 ± 2.9 142 ± 33 678 ± 8 402 ± 33 507.1 ± 14.6 418 ± 17 326 ± 17 8.552 ± 0.004 363.2 ± 12.6 234 25.9 402.9 ± 41.8 301 ± 17 239.3 ± 9.2 406 ± 21 456 ± 25 560.2 ± 20.9 945.33 ± 0.59 630.57 ± 0.13 617.1 ± 20.9 473 ± 63 464 ± 21 301 ± 50 469 ± 84 370 ± 11 470 ± 15 611 ± 84 577.4 ± 33.1 476.1 ± 33.1 531.4 ± 2.1 477.4 ± 17.2 23.0 481 ± 63 564.8 ± 25.1 73.0813 ± 0.0001 256.1 ± 16.7 63.25 510 ± 10.0 271.9 ± 0.1 771.5 ± 25.1 302.0 ± 0.1 <163 703 ± 13 471.5
Ref. 214,359 25,271 25,154 386 383,398 396 102,111 287 277 232 278 275 275 275 246 95 141 114,345 25 25 264,397 287 70 221 225,287 395 351 168 163 287 205 205 72,151 246 246 120 246 254 311 246 144,152 152,356 142 107,152 182 246 143,152 213 287 392 164 8 287 254 246 95 25
Molecule Nd-Se Nd-Te Ne-Ne Ni-Ni Ni-O Ni-Pt Ni-S Ni-Si Ni-V Ni-Y Ni-Zr Np-O O-O O-Os O-P O-Pa O-Pb O-Pd O-Pm O-Pr O-Pt O-Pu O-Rb O-Re O-Rh O-Ru O-S O-Sb O-Sc O-Se O-Si O-Sm O-Sn O-Sr O-Ta O-Tb O-Te O-Th O-Ti O-Tm O-U O-V O-W O-Xe O-Y O-Yb O-Zn O-Zr P-P P-Pt P-Rh P-S P-Sb P-Se P-Si P-Te P-Th
D°298/kJ mol–1 385 ± 17 305 ± 17 3.93 200.7 ± 0.2 382.0 ± 16.7 273.7 ± 0.3 344.3 318 ± 17 206.3 ± 0.1 283.9 ± 0.1 279.7 ± 0.1 718.4 ± 41.8 498.36 ± 0.17 575 599.1 ± 12.6 788.3 ± 17.2 382.0 ± 12.6 380.7 ± 83.7 674 ± 63 753 ± 13 391.6 ± 41.8 715.9 ± 33.9 255 ± 84 626.8 ± 83.7 405.0 ± 41.8 528.4 ± 41.8 517.90 ± 0.05 434.3 ± 41.8 681.6 ± 11.3 464.8 ± 21.3 799.6 ± 13.4 565 ± 13 531.8 ± 12.6 426.3 ± 6.3 799.1 ± 12.6 711 ± 13 376.1 ± 20.9 878.6 ± 12.1 672.4 ± 9.2 502 ± 13 759.4 ± 13.4 626.8 ± 18.8 672.0 ± 41.8 36.4 719.6 ± 11.3 397 ± 17 159 ± 4 776.1 ± 13.4 489.5 ± 10.5 ≤416.7 353.1 ± 17 444 ± 8 356.9 363.6 ± 10.0 363.6 297.9 ± 10.0 550.2 ± 42
9-55
Ref.
Molecule
25,156,271 25 365 304 287 367 93 380 353 8 8 287 38,205 189 287 240 287 287 246 95 287 287 37 287 287 287 57 287 287 287,344 287 95 287 327 287 95 287 287 287 95 287 12,287 287 246 209,287 95 55 287 151 348 348 92 249 92 346 92 135
P-Tl P-U P-W Pb-Pb Pb-S Pb-Sb Pb-Se Pb-Te Pd-Pd Pd-Si Pd-Y Pm-S Pm-Se Pm-Te Po-Po Pr-S Pr-Se Pr-Te Pt-Pt Pt-Si Pt-Th Pt-Ti Pt-Y Rb-Rb Rh-Rh Rh-Sc Rh-Si Rh-Th Rh-Ti Rh-U Rh-V Rh-Y Ru-Si Ru-Th Ru-V S-S S-Sb S-Sc S-Se S-Si S-Sm S-Sn S-Sr S-Tb S-Te S-Ti S-Tm S-U S-V S-Y S-Yb S-Zn S-Zr Sb-Sb Sb-Te Sb-Tl Sc-Sc
D°298/kJ mol–1 209 ± 13 297 ± 21 305 ± 4 86.6 ± 0.8 346.0 ± 1.7 161.5 ± 10.5 302.9 ± 4 251 ± 13 100 ± 15 261 ± 12 238 ± 17 423 ± 63 339 ± 63 255 ± 63 187.0 492.5 ± 4.6 446.4 ± 23.0 326 ± 42 307 ± 2 501.2 ± 18.0 552 397 ± 13 474.0 ± 12.1 48.898 ± 0.005 285.3 ± 0.05 443.9 ± 10.5 395.0 ± 18.0 515 ± 21 390.8 ± 14.6 519 ± 17 364 ± 29 445.2 ± 10.5 397.1 ± 20.9 591.6 ± 42 414 ± 29 425.30 378.7 477 ± 13 371.1 ± 6.7 623 389 464 ± 3.3 339 515 ± 42 339 ± 21 418 ± 3 368 ± 42 522.6 ± 9.6 450 528.4 ± 10.5 167 205 ± 13 575.3 ± 16.7 299.2 ± 6.3 277.4 ± 3.8 126.8 ± 10.5 162.8 ± 21
Ref. 293 246 150 138,305 375 409 375 375 331 336 313 246 246 246 205 112 155,271 246 366 381 133 173 170 5 255 175 381 129 61 129 135 175 381 134 135 205 110 359,372 90 205 112 88 45 246 88 96,292 246 359 97,205 358 246 82,158 359 81,248 306,364 11,293 136
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Sc-Se Sc-Si Sc-Te Se-Se Se-Si Se-Sm Se-Sn Se-Sr Se-Tb Se-Te Se-Ti Se-Tm Se-V Se-Y
D°298/kJ mol–1 385 ± 17 228.7 ± 14 289 ± 17 332.6 ± 0.4 538 ± 13 331.0 ± 14.6 401.2 ± 5.9 ~285 423 ± 42 291.6 ± 4 381 ± 42 276 ± 42 347 ± 21 435 ± 13
Ref.
Molecule
246 234 246 90,375 370 271 68 27 246 88,90,159 246 246 246 246
Se-Zn Si-Si Si-Te Si-Y Sm-Te Sn-Sn Sn-Te Sr-Sr Tb-Tb Tb-Te Te-Te Te-Ti Te-Tm Te-Y
D°298/kJ mol–1 170.7 ± 25.9 325 ± 7 452 ± 8 258.8 ± 17.3 272.4 ± 14.6 187.1 ± 0.3 359.8 15.5 ± 0.4 131.4 ± 25.1 339 ± 42 257.6 ± 4.1 289 ± 17 276 ± 42 339 ± 13
Ref. 82,158 328 205,281 235 271 284 205 121 250 246 389 246 246 246
Molecule Te-Zn Th-Th Ti-Ti Ti-V Ti-Zr Tl-Tl U-U V-V V-Zr Xe-Xe Y-Y Yb-Yb Zn-Zn Zr-Zr
D°298/kJ mol–1 117.6 ± 18.0 ≤289 141.4 ± 21 203.2 ± 0.1 214.3 ± 0.1 64.4 ± 17 222 ± 21 269.3 ± 0.1 260.6 ± 0.3 6.138 ± 0.001 159 ± 21 20.5 ± 17 29 298.2 ± 0.1
Ref. 158 140 216 353 254 10 246 353 254 49,115 246 161 339 8
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9-56
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102.
Calculated from ∆fH°(CN) = 441.4 ± 4.6 kJ mol-1 (Table 4), but see also Costes, M., Naulin, C., and Dorthe, G., Astron. Astronphys., 232, 270, 1990. Callender, C. L., Mitchell, S. A., and Hackett, P. A., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 5252, 1989. Carbonel, M., Bergman, C., and Laffite, M., Colloq. Int. Cent. Nat. Rech. Sci., 201, 311, 1972. Cater, E. D. and Johnson, E. W., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 5353, 1967. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1069, 1996. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1297, 1996. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 551, 1996. Chashchina, G. I. and Shreider, E. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 21, 696, 1974. Chashchina, G. I. and Shreider, E. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 25, 163, 1976. Chatillon, C., Allibert, M., and Pattoret, A., C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C, 280, 1505, 1975. Chen, Y. M., Clemmer, D. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 1228, 1991. Chen, Y.-M., Clemmer, D. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 4929, 1993. Clarke, T. C. and Clyne, M. A. A., Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 877, 1970. Clemmer, D. E., Daltaska, N. F., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 7263, 1991. Clemmer, D. E., Weber, M. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 10888, 1992. Clerbaux, C. and Colin, R., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 165, 334, 1994. Clevenger, J. O. and Tellinghuisen, J., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 9611, 1995. Clyne, M. A. A. and McDermid, I. S., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 67, 316, 1979. Clyne, M. A. A. and McDermid, I. S., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 72, 2252, 1976. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1958, 1974. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 75, 3264, 1971. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 76, 2332, 1972. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Chang, C. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 72, 268, 1976. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Kordis, J., High Temp. Sci., 5, 474, 1973. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Kordis, J., High Temp. Sci., 7, 61, 1975. Colin, R. and De Greef, D., Can. J. Phys., 53, 2142, 1975. Colin, R. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 673, 1964. Colin, R. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 2611, 1968. Colin, R., Goldfinger, P., and Jeunehomme, M., Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 306, 1964. Coppens, P., Reynaert, J. C., and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 75, 292, 1979. Coquart, B. and Prudhomme, J. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 87, 75, 1981. Corbett, J. D. and Lynde, R. A., Inorg. Chem., 6, 2199, 1967. Costes, M., Naulin, C., Dorthe, G., Vaucamps, C., Nouchi, G., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 84, 75, 1987. Coxon, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 33, 136, 1975. Cubicciotti, D., Inorg. Chem., 7, 208, 1968. Cubicciotti, D., Inorg. Chem., 7, 211, 1968. Cubicciotti, D., J. Phys. Chem., 71, 3066, 1967. Cuthill, A. M., Fabian, D. J., and Shu-Shou-Shen, S., J. Phys. Chem., 77, 2008, 1973. De Maria, G., Drowart, J., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 31, 1076, 1959. De Maria, G., Goldfinger, P., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., Trans. Faraday Soc., 61, 2146, 1965. De Maria, G., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 1019, 1970. De Maria, G., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 56, 1978, 1972. Devore, T. C., McQuaid, M., and Gole, J. L., High Temp. Sci., 30, 83, 1990. Diemer, U., Weickenmeier, H., Wahl, M., and Demtroeder, W., Chem. Phys. Lett., 104, 489, 1984. Drowart, J. and Goldfinger, P., Angew. Chem., 6, 581, 1967. Drowart, J. and Goldfinger, P., Q. Rev. (London), 20, 545, 1966. Drowart, J. and Honig, R. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 980, 1957. Drowart, J. and Smoes, S., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 73, 1755, 1977. Drowart, J., De Maria, G., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 29, 1015, 1958. Drowart, J., Myers, C. E., Szwarc, R.,Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., and Uy, O. M., High Temp. Sci., 5, 482, 1973. Drowart, J., Pattoret, A., and Smoes, S., Proc. Br. Ceramic Soc., No. 8, 67, 1967. Drowart, J., Smoes, S., and Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 10, 453, 1978. Dulick, M., Murad, E., and Barrow, R. F., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 385, 1986. Edwards, J. G., Franklin, H. F., and Gilles, P. W., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 545, 1971. Edwards, J. G., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 866, 1992 Ehlert, T. C. and Margrave, J. L., J. Chem. Phys., 41, 1066, 1964. Ehlert, T. C. and Wang, J. S., J. Phys. Chem., 81, 2069, 1977. Ehlert, T. C., Hilmer, R. M., and Beauchamp, E. A., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 3112, 1968. Engelke, F., Chem. Phys., 39, 279, 1979. Engelke, F., Ennen, G., and Meiwes, K. H., Chem. Phys., 66, 391, 1982.
9-57
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162.
Engelke, F., Hage, H., and Sprick, U., Chem. Phys., 88, 443, 1984. Estler, C. and Zare, R. N., Chem. Phys., 28, 253, 1978. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., Chem. Phys. Lett., 42, 567, 1976. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., High Temp. Sci., 12, 21, 1980. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 390, 1973. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 70, 1581, 1974. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 74, 1089, 1978. Faure, F. M., Mitchell, M. J., and Bartlett, R. W., High Temp. Sci., 4, 181, 1972. Fellows, C. E., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 5855, 1991. Fenochka, B. V. and Gorkienko, S. P., Zh. Fiz. Khim, 47, 2445, 1973. Filippenko, N. V., Morozov, E. V., Giricheva, N. L., and Krasnev, K. S., Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved Khim.Technol., 15, 1416, 1972. Franzen, H. and Hariharan, A. V., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 4907, 1979. Freeman, D. E., Yoshino, K., and Tanaka, Y., J. Chem. Phys., 61, 4880, 1974. Fries, J. A. and Cater, E. D., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 3978, 1978. Fu, Z. and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 3417, 1989. Fu, Z., Lemire, G. W., Bishea, G. A., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 8420, 1990. Gal, J. F., Maria, P. C., and Decouzon, M., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 93, 87, 1989. Gaydon, A. G., Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, 3rd ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1968. Gerber, G. and Moeller, R., Contrib. Symp. At. Surf. Phys., 168, 1982. Gibson, S. T., Greene, J. P., and Berkowitz, J., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 4815, 1986. Gingerich, K. A. and Blue, G. D., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 5447, 1967. Gingerich, K. A. and Blue, G. D., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 186, 1973. Gingerich, K. A. and Choudary, U. V., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 3265, 1978. Gingerich, K. A. and Cocke, D. L., Inorg. Chim. Acta, 28, L171, 1978. Gingerich, K. A. and Finkbeiner, H. C., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2621, 1971. Gingerich, K. A. and Finkbeiner, H. C., Proc. 9th Rare Earth Res. Conf., 2, 795, 1971. Gingerich, K. A. and Gupta, S. K., J. Chem. Phys., 69, 505, 1978. Gingerich, K. A. and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2498, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Commun., 580, 1970. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 13, 262, 1972. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 23, 270, 1973. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 25, 523, 1974. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Soc. Faraday, Symp., No.14, 109, 1980. Gingerich, K. A., Chimia, 26, 619, 1972. Gingerich, K. A., Cocke, D. L., and Kordis, J., J. Phys. Chem., 78, 603, 1974. Gingerich, K. A., Cocke, D. L., and Miller, F., J. Chem. Phys., 64, 4027, 1976. Gingerich, K. A., Haque, R., and Kingcade, J. E., Thermochim. Acta, 30, 61, 1979. Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 1, 258, 1969. Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 3, 415, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 2192, 1967. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 14, 1968. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 19, 1968. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2646, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 3720, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 56, 4239, 1972. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 6407, 1981. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 70, 471, 1974. Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 68, 768, 1964. Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 73, 2734, 1969. Gingerich, K. A., NBS Spec. Publ. (U. S.), 561, 289, 1979. Gondal, M. A., Khan, M. A., and Rais, M. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 243, 94, 1995. Gordienko, S. P. and Fenochka, B. V., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 18, 1811, 1982. Gordienko, S. P., Fenochka, B. V., Viksman, G. Sh., Klockkova, L. A., and Mikhlina, T. M., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 18, 18, 1982. Gordienko, S. P., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 20, 1472, 1984. Gorokhov, L. N., Smirnov, V. K., and Khodeev, Yu. S., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 58, 1603, 1984. Grade, M. and Hirschwald, W., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 86, 899, 1982. Grade, M., Wienecke, J., Rosinger, W., and Hirschwald, W., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 87, 355, 1983. Guggi, D. J., Neubert, A., and Zmbov, K. F., Conf. Int. Thermodyn. Chim. [C. R.] 4th, 3, 124, 1975. Guido, M. and Balducci, G., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 5611, 1972. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. - High Pressures, 12, 273, 1980.
9-58
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221.
Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 69, 4318, 1978. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 5350, 1979. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 3072, 1979. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 72, 2795, 1980. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 3584, 1981. Gupta, S. K., Atkins, R. M., and Gingerich, K. A., Inorg. Chem., 17, 3211, 1978. Gupta, S. K., Kingcade, J. E., and Gingerich, K. A., Adv. Mass Spectrom., 8A, 445, 1980. Gupta, S. K., Nappi, B. M., and Gingerich, K. A., Inorg. Chem., 20, 966, 1981. Gupta, S. K., Nappi, B. M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 85, 971, 1981. Gupta, S. K., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 2044, 1979. Gupta, S. K., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 83, 2335, 1979. Gustavsson, T., Amiot, C., Verges, J., Mol. Phys., 64, 279, 1988. Haque, R. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 12, 439, 1980. Haque, R., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 2929, 1979. Haque, R., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 73, 4045, 1980. Hariharan, A. V. and Eick, H. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 6, 373, 1974. Hedgecock, I. M., Naulin, C., and Costes, M., Chem. Phys., 207, 379, 1996. Heidecke, S. A., Fu, Z., Colt, J. R., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 1692, 1992. Herman, P. R., La Rocque, P. E., and Stoicheff, B., J. Chem. Phys., 89, 4535, 1988. Herman, R. and Herman, L., J. Phys. Radium., 24, 73, 1963. Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, 2nd ed.,Van Nostrand, New York, 1950. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., High Temp. Mater. Sci., 35, 11, 1996. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 89, 5825, 1988. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 91, 4909, 1989. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 5983, 1990. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 3830, 1992. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2325, 1992. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Murad, E., J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1524, 1966. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Theard, L. P., J. Chem. Phys., 50, 5350, 1969. Hildenbrand, D. L., High Temp. Mater. Sci., 35, 151, 1996. Hildenbrand, D. L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 32, 523, 1975. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 2634, 1995. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 10507, 1996. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 48, 3657, 1968. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 5751, 1970. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 65, 614, 1976. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 66, 3526, 1977. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Phys. Chem., 77, 897, 1973. Hilpert, K. and Ruthardt, K., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 91, 724, 1987. Hilpert, K. and Ruthardt, K., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 93, 1070, 1989. Hilpert, K., Ber. Kernforschungsanlage Juelich, JUEL-1744, 272, 1981. Hilpert, K., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 1425, 1982. Huber, K. P. and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand, New York, 1979. Hussein, K., Effantin, C., D’Incan, J., Verges, J., and Barrow, R. F., Chem. Phys. Lett., 124, 105, 1986. Ihle, H. R. and Wu, C. H., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 1605, 1975. Ishwar, N. B., Varma, M. P., and Jha, B. L., Acta Phys. Pol. A, A61, 503, 1982. Ishwar, N. B., Varma, M. P., and Jha, B. L., Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 20, 992, 1982. James, A. M., Kowalczyk, P., Simard, B., Pinegar, J. C., Morse, M. D., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 168, 248, 1994. Jeyagopal, T., Rajavel, S. R. K., Ramakrishnan, M., and Rajamanickam, N., Acta Phys. Hung., 68, 145, 1990. Johns, J. W. C. and Ramsey, D. A., Can. J. Phys., 39, 210, 1961. Jones, K. M., Maleki, S., Bize, S., Lett, P. D., Williams, C. J., Richling, H., Knöckel, H., Tiemann, E., Wang, H., Gould, P. L., and Stwalley, W. C., Phys. Rev., A, 54, R1006, 1996. Jones, R. W. and Gole, J. L., Chem. Phys., 20, 311, 1977. Jordan, K. J., Lipson, R. H., McDonald, N. A., and Le Roy, R. J., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4778, 1992. Kant, A. and Lin, S.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 51, 1644, 1969. Kant, A. and Moon, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 11, 55, 1979. Kant, A. and Strauss, B. H., J. Chem. Phys., 41, 3806, 1964. Kant, A. and Strauss, B., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 3579, 1968. Kant, A., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 5144, 1968. Kant, A., Lin, S.-S, and Strauss, B., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 1983, 1968.
9-59
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281.
Kant, A., Strauss, B., and Lin, S.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 2384, 1970. Kaposi, O., Magy. Kem. Foly., 83, 356, 1977. Kaufel, R., Vahl, G., Nunkwitz, R., and Baumgaertel, H., Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 481, 207, 1981. Kazenas ,E., Tagirov, V. K., and Zviadadze, G. N., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Met., 58, 1984. Kazenas, E. K., Bol’shikh, M. A., and Petrov, A. A., Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Metally, (3), 29, 1996. Kent, R. A. and Margrave, J. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, 3582, 1965. Kent, R. A., Ehlert, T. C., and Margrave, J. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 5090, 1964. Kent, R. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 5657, 1968. Khitrov, A. N., Ryabova, V. G., and Gurvich, L. V., Teplofiz. Vys. Tempo., 11, 1126, 1973. Kiang, T. and Zare, R. N., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 4024, 1980. Kimura, H., Asano, M., and Kubo, K., J. Nucl. Mater., 97, 259, 1981. Kingcade, J. E. Jr. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 3432, 1986. Kingcade, J. E. Jr. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 85, 195, 1989. Kingcade, J. E. Jr., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 4574, 1986. Kingcade, J. E., Cocke, D. L., and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 16, 89, 1983, Kingcade, J. E., Dufner, D. C., Gupta, S. K., and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 10, 213, 1978. Kingcade, J. E., Nagarathna, H. M., Shim, I., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 90, 2830, 1986. Kleinschmidt, P. D. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 2819, 1978. Kleinschmidt, P. D. and Ward, J. W., J. Less-Common. Met., 121, 61, 1986. Kleinschmidt, P. D., Cubicciotti, D., and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 1543, 1978; Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 78, 217, 1978. Kleinschmidt, P. D., Lau, K. H., and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 653, 1981. Klynning, L. and Lindgren, B., Arkiv. Fysik., 32, 575, 1966. Kohl, F. J. and Carlson, K. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 4814, 1968. Kohl, F. J. and Stearns, C. A., J. Phys. Chem., 78, 273, 1974. Kondratiev, V. N., Bond Dissociation Energies, Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities, Mauka Publishing House, Moscow, 1974. Kordis, J. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 18, 135, 1973. Kordis, J. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 5141, 1973. Kordis, J. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 76, 2336, 1972. Kordis, J., Gingerich, K. A., and Seyse, R. J., J. Chem. Phys., 61, 5114, 1974. Kowalski, A., Czaikowski, M., and Breckenridge, W. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 119, 368, 1985. Koyama, T. and Yamawaki, M., J. Nucl. Mater., 152, 30, 1988. Kronekvist, M., Lagerqvist, A., and Neuhaus, H., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 39, 516, 1971. Langenberg, J. D. and Morse, M. D., Chem. Phys. Lett., 239, 25, 1995. Langenberg, J. D. and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 100, 2331, 1998. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 1572, 1979. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 72, 4928, 1980. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 76, 2646, 1982. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 80, 1312, 1984. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 2949, 1987. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 6124, 1990. Lau, K. H., Brittain, R. D., and Hildenbrand, D. L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 81, 227, 1981; J. Phys. Chem., 86, 4429, 1982. Lau, K. H., Brittain, R. D., and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 1158, 1989. Li, K. C. and Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 4423, 1973. Li, L., Lyyra, A. M., Luh, W. T., and Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 8452, 1990. Lindgren, B. and Nilsson, Ch., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 55, 407, 1975. Martin, E. and Barrow, R. F., Phys. Scr., 17, 501, 1978. McIntyre, N. S., Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 3006, 1968. Menendez, M., Garay, M., Verdasco, E., and Gonzalez, U. A., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 2760, 1993. Murad, E., Hildenbrand, D. L., and Main, R. P., J. Chem. Phys., 45, 263, 1966. Nagai, S., Shinmei, M., and Yokokawa, T., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 1904, 1974. Nappi, B. M. and Gingerich, K. A., Inorg. Chem., 20, 522, 1981. Neckel, A. and Sodeck, G., Monatsch. Chem., 103, 367, 1972. Nedelec, O. and Giroud, M., J. Chem. Phys., 79, 2121, 1983. Neubert, A. and Zmbov, K. F., Chem. Phys., 76, 469, 1983. Neubert, A. and Zmbov, K. F., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 70, 2219, 1974. Neubert, A., Ihle, H. R., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 73, 1406, 1980. Neubert, A., Zmbov, K. F., Gingerich, K. A., and Ihle, H. R., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 5218, 1982. Nordine, P. C., J. Chem. Phys., 61, 224, 1974. O’Hare, P. A. G. and Curtiss, L. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 27, 643, 1995. O’Hare, P. A. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 1455, 1993.
9-60
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 617. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411.
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Table 2 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF GASEOUS ATOMS FROM ELEMENTS IN THEIR STANDARD STATES For elements that are diatomic gases in their standard states these are readily obtained from the bond strength. For elements that are crystalline in their standard states they are derived from vapor pressure data. Atom
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Er F Ge H
284.9 ± 0.8 330.0 ± 4.0 302.5 ± 13 368.2 ± 2.1 565 ± 5 177.8 ± 4 324 ± 5 209.6 ± 2.1 111.87 ± 0.12 716.68 ± 0.45 177.8 ± 0.8 111.80 ± 0.20 423 ± 13 121.301 ± 0.008 428.4 ± 4 397 ± 4 76.5 ± 1.0 337.4 ± 1.2 317.1 ± 4 79.38 ± 0.30 372 ± 3 217.998 ± 0.006
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
Atom
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Atom
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Hf Hg I In Ir K Li Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb Ni O Os P Pb Pd Pt Pu Rb
619 ± 4 61.38 ± 0.04 106.76 ± 0.04 243 ± 4 669 ± 4 89.0 ± 0.8 159.3 ± 1.0 147.1 ± 0.8 283.3 ± 4 658.1 ± 2.1 472.68 ± 0.40 107.5 ± 0.7 721.3 ± 4 430.1 ± 2.1 249.18 ± 0.10 787 ± 6.3 316.5 ± 1.0 195.2 ± 0.8 376.6 ± 2.1 565.7 ± 1.3 364.4 ± 17 80.9 ± 0.8
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
Re Rh Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
774 ± 6.3 556 ± 4 650.6 ± 6.3 277.17 ± 0.15 264.4 ± 2.5 377.8 ± 4 227.2 ± 4 450 ± 8 301.2 ± 1.5 163.6 ± 2.1 782.0 ± 2.5 196.6 ± 2.1 602 ± 6 473 ± 3 182.21 ± 0.4 533 ± 8 514.2 ± 1.3 849.8 ± 4 424.7 ± 2.1 152.09 ± 0.8 130.40 ± 0.40 608.8 ± 4
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
REFERENCES 1. Brewer, L. and Rosenblatt, G. M., Adv. High Temp. Chem., 2, 1, 1969. 2. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., Eds., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1989.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES The values below refer to a temperature of 298 K and have mostly been determined by kinetic methods (see (i) S. W. Benson, J. Chem. Educ., 42, 502, 1965, (ii) J. A. Kerr, Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966 and (iii) D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982, for a full description of the methods). An increasing number of bond strengths are being determined from gas-phase acidity cycles and from photoionization mass spectrometry (see J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994). Bond strengths in polyatomic molecules are notoriously difficult to measure accurately since the mechanisms of the kinetic systems involved in many of the measurements are seldom straightforward. Thus much controversy has taken place in the literature over the past 15 years concerning C-H bond strengths in simple alkanes, for which we recommend data based largely on kinetic studies involving time-resolved flow tube experiments with mass spectrometric determination of reactant radical concentrations (see Berkowitz, J., Ellison, G. B., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994.). These alkane bond strengths and the enthalpies of formation of the corresponding radicals are significantly larger than values derived from experiments in very low pressure reactors (see Dobis, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 101, 6030, 1997; and Benson, S. W. and Dobis, O., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 5175, 1998). Other examples illustrating the difficulties involved are concerned with the C-H bond strengths in ethene and methanol or the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the vinyl and hydroxymethyl radicals and changes to the recommendations could well arise. Some of the bond strengths have been calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the species involved according to the equations: D°(R–X) = ∆fH°(R) + ∆fH°(X) – ∆fH°(RX) D°(R–R) = 2 ∆fH°(R) – ∆fH°(RR) The enthalpies of formation of the atoms and radicals are taken from Tables 2 and 4 and for the molecules from the appropriate References following Table 3. An attempt has been made to list all the important values obtained by methods that are considered to be valid. The references are intended to serve as a guide to the literature.
Bond H-CH H-CH2 H-CH3 H-CCH H-CHCH2 H-C2H5 H-Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl H-CH2CCH H-CH2CHCH2 H-Cyclopropyl H-n-C3H7 H-i-C3H7 H-CH2CCCH3 H-CH(CH3)CCH H-Cyclobutyl H-Cyclopropylmethyl H-CH(CH3)CHCH2 H-CH2CHCHCH3 H-CH2C(CH3)CH2 H-n-C4H9 H-i-C4H9 H-s-C4H9 H-t-C4H9 H-Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl H-Spiropentyl H-Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl H-CH2CHCHCHCH2 H-CH(C2H3)2 H-CH(CH3)CCCH3 H-C(CH3)2CCH H-C(CH3)2CHCH2 H-Cyclopentyl H-CH2C(CH3)3 H-C(CH3)2C2H5
D°298/kJ mol–1 424.0 ± 4.2 462.0 ± 4.0 438.9 ± 0.4 556.1 ± 2.9 465.3 ± 3.4 423.0 ± 1.6 379.1 ± 17 374.0 ± 8 361.9 ± 8.8 444.8 ± 1.3 423.3 ± 2.1 409.1 ± 2.0 364.8 ± 8 347.7 ± 9.2 403.8 ± 4 407.5 ± 6.7 345.2 ± 5.4 358.2 ± 6.3 358.2 ± 4 425.4 ± 2.1 425.2 ± 2.1 411.2 ± 2.0 404.3 ± 1.3 346.7 413.4 ± 4 344.3 ± 4 347 ± 13 319.7 365.3 ± 11.3 338.9 ± 9.6 323.0 ± 6.3 403.5 ± 2.5 418 ± 8 404.0 ± 6.3
Ref. 1 1 16 4,37 37,81 16 63 63 16,35 63 82 82 63 63 63 63 63 63 91,95 82 82 82 82 1,12 63 63 63 63,92 63 63 63 22,74 63 1,74,89
Bond H-C6H5 H-Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl H-Cyclohexa-1,4-dien-3-yl H-Cyclohexyl H-C(CH3)2CCCH3 H-CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)2 H-C(CH3)2C(CH3)CH2 H-CH2C6H5 H-Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl H-Norbornyl H-Cycloheptyl H-CH(CH3)C6H5 H-Inden-1-yl H-C(CH3)2C6H5 H-1-Naphthylmethyl H-CH(C6H5)2 H-9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl H-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 H-9-Anthracenylmethyl H-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl H-CN H-CH2CN H-CH2NC H-CH(CH3)CN H-C(CH3)2CN H-CH2NH2 H-CH2NHCH3 H-CH2N(CH3)2 H-CHO H-CHCO H-COCH3 H-COCHCH2 H-COC2H5 H-COC6H5
9-64
D°298/kJ mol–1 473.1 ± 3.0 305 ± 21 305.4 ± 8.4 399.6 ± 4 344.3 ± 11.3 326.4 ± 4.6 319.2 ± 4.6 375.7 ± 1.7 305.4 ± 8 404.6 ± 10.5 387.0 ± 4 357.3 ± 6.3 351 ± 13 353.1 ± 6.3 356.1 ± 6.3 340.6 315.1 ± 6.3 339 ± 8 342.3 ± 6.3 356.1 ± 6.3 527.6 ± 1.7 392.9 ± 8.4 380.7 ± 8.8 376.1 ± 9.6 361.9 ± 8.4 390.4 ± 8.4 364 ± 8 351 ± 8 368.5 ± 1.0 440.6 ± 8.8 373.8 ± 1.5 364.4 ± 4.2 371.3 363.6 ± 4
Ref. 46 63 45 63 63 63 63 35 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 80 63 63 63 63 16 16 16 63 63 63 63 63 23 16 67 63 1,12 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond H-COCF3 H-CH2CHO H-CH2COCH3 H-CH(CH3)COCH3 H-CH2OCH3 H-CH(CH3)OC2H5 H-Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl H-2-Furylmethyl H-CH2OH H-CH(CH3)OH H-CH(OH)CHCH2 H-C(CH3)2OH H-CH2OCOC6H5 H-COOCH3 H-CH2F H-CHF2 H-CF3 H-CHFCl H-CF2Cl H-CHFCl2 H-CH2Cl H-CHCl2 H-CH2CH2Cl H-CH(CH3)Cl H-C(CH3)Cl2 H-CCl3 H-CH2Br H-CHBr2 H-CBr3 H-CH2I H-CHI2 H-CHCF2 H-CFCHF H-CFCF2 H-CH2CF3 H-CF2CH3 H-C2F5 H-CFCFCl H-CHClCF3 H-CClCFCl H-CClCH2 H-CClCHCl H-CCl2CHCl2 H-C2Cl5 H-CClBrCF3 H-n-C3F7 H-i-C3F7 H-CHClCHCH2 H-C6F5 H-CH2Si(CH3)3 H-CSH H-CH2SH H-CH2SCH3 H-NH2 H-NHCH3 H-N(CH3)2 H-NHC6H5
D°298/kJ mol–1 380.7 ± 8 394.6 ± 9.2 411.3 ± 7.5 386.2 ± 5.9 402.2 383.7 ± 1.7 385 ± 4 361.9 ± 8 401.8 ± 1.5 401.4 341.4 ± 7.5 381 ± 4 419.2 ± 5.4 387.9 ± 4 423.8 ± 4 431.8 ± 4 449.5 421.7 ± 5.4 421.3 ± 8.3 413.8 ± 5.0 419.0 ± 2.3 402.5 ± 2.7 423.1 ± 2.4 406.6 ± 1.5 390.6 ± 1.5 392.5 ± 2.5 425.1 ± 4.2 417.2 ± 7.5 401.7 ± 6.7 431 ± 8 431 ± 8 448 ± 8 448 ± 8 452 ± 8 446.4 ± 4.6 416.3 ± 10.5 429.7 ± 2.1 444 ± 8 425.9 ± 6.3 439 ± 8 >433.5 435 ± 8 393 ± 8 393.5 ± 6.0 404.2 ± 6.3 435 ± 8 433.5 ± 2.5 370.7 ± 5.9 476.6 415.1 ± 4 399.6 ± 5.0 392.9 ± 8.4 384.9 ± 5.9 452.7 ± 1.3 418.4 ± 10.5 382.8 ± 8 368.2 ± 8
Ref. 63 16 63 63 1,12 55 63 63 50 1,12 63 63 63 63 77 77 3,61 97 64 97 84 84 85 84 84 48 97 97 63 63 63 90 90 90 63 63 63 90 63 90 81 90 63 66 63 63 38 63 63 99 16 16 49 16 63 63 63
Bond H-N(CH3)C6H5 H-NO H-NO2 H-NF2 H-NHNH2 H-NH3 H-OH H-OCH3 H-OC2H5 H-OC(CH3)3 H-OCH2C(CH3)3 H-OC6H5 H-O2H H-O2CH3 H-O2C(CH3)3 H-OCOCH3 H-OCOC2H5 H-OCO-n-C3H7 H-ONO H-ONO2 H-SiH H-SiH2 H-SiH3 H-SiH2CH3 H-SiH(CH3)2 H-Si(CH3)3 D-Si(CH3)3 H-SiH2C6H5 H-SiF3 H-SiCl3 H-Si2H5 H-Si(CH3)2Si(CH3)3 H-Si(Si(CH3)3)3 H-PH2 H-SH H-SCH3 H-SC6H5 H-SO H-GeH3 H-GeH2I H-Ge(CH3)3 H-AsH2 H-SeH H-Sn(n-C4H9)3 H-SbH2 H-TeH HC≡CH H2C=CH2 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2CCH CH3-CH2CCCH3 CH3-CH(CH3)CCH CH3-C(CH3)CCH2 CH3-CH2CHCHCH3 CH3-CH2C(CH3)CH2 CH3-CH(CH3)CCCH3 CH3-C(CH3)2CCH
9-65
D°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
366.1 ± 8 195.35 ± 0.25 327.6 ± 2.1 316.7 ± 10.5 366.1 385 ± 21 498 ± 4 436.0 ± 3.8 437.7 ± 3.4 439.7 ± 4 428.0 ± 6.3 361.9 ± 8 369.0 ± 4.2 370.3 ± 2.1 374.0 ± 0.8 442.7 ± 8 445.2 ± 8 443.1 ± 8 327.6 ± 2.1 423.4 ± 2.1 351 268 384.1 ± 2.0 374.9 374.0 377.8 389 ± 7.1 369.0 418.8 382.0 361.1 356.9 ± 8.4 330.5 ± 8.4 351.0 ± 2.1 381.6 ± 2.9 365.3 ± 2.5 348.5 ± 8 172.8 349.0 ± 8 331 ± 8 339 ± 8 319.2 ± 0.8 334.93 ± 0.75 308.4 ± 8.4 288.3 ± 2.1 277.0 ± 5.0 965 ± 8 728.3 ± 6 376.0 ± 2.1 318.0 ± 8 308.4 ± 6.3 305.4 320.1 ± 9.2 305.0 ± 3.3 301.2 ± 3.3 320.9 ± 6.3 295.8 ± 6.3
63 32 63 63 44 63 63 16 16 63 63 63 88 56 47 63 63 63 15 15 63 63 83 99 99 63,99 36 63,99 63,99 63,99 63 45 45 16 65 65 63 100 16 68 34 16 16 19 16 16 1,24,74 1,74 1,74,86 63 63 63 63 63 91 63 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond n-C3H7-CH2CCH CH3-C(CH3)2CHCH2 n-C3H7-CH2CHCH2 CH3-C(CH3)2CCCH3 CHCCH2-s-C4H9 CH3-CH2C6H5 CH3-CH(CH3)C6H5 C2H5-CH2C6H5 CH3-1-Naphthylmethyl CH3-C(CH3)2C6H5 CHCCH2-CH2C6H5 n-C3H7-CH2C6H5 CH3-9-Anthracenylmethyl CH3-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl CH3-CH(C6H5)2 CH3-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 CH3-CN C2H-CN C2H5-CH2NH2 CH3-CH2CN C2H5-CH2CN CH3-CH(CH3)CN C2H5-CH2CN CH3-C(CH3)2CN CH3-C(CH3)(CN)C6H5 C6H5CH2-CH2NH2 C6H5CH2-C5H4N CN-CN CH3-2-Furylmethyl CH3-COC6H5 C6H5CH2-COCH2C6H5 CH3CO-COCH3 C6H5CH2-COOH C6H5CO-COC6H5 (C6H5)2CH-COOH CF3-COC6H5 CF2=CF2 CH2F-CH2F CH3-CF3 CF3-CF3 C6F5-C6F5 CH3-BF2 C6H5-BCl2 CH2CHCH2-Si(CH3)3 s-C4H9-Si(CH3)3 CH3-NHC6H5 C6H5CH2-NH2 CH3-N(CH3)C6H5 C6H5CH2-NHCH3 C6H5CH2-N(CH3)2 CH2=N2 CH3-N2CH3 C2H5-N2C2H5 i-C3H7-N2i-C3H7 n-C4H9-N2n-C4H9 i-C4H9-N2i-C4H9
D°298/kJ mol–1 306.3 ± 6.3 284.9 ± 6.3 295.8 303.3 ± 6.3 300.0 ± 6.3 332.2 ± 4 312.1 ± 6.3 294.1 ± 4 305.0 ± 6.3 308.4 ± 6.3 256.9 ± 8 292.9 ± 4 282.8 ± 6.3 305.0 ± 6.3 301 ± 8 289 ± 8 509.6 ± 8 602 ± 4 332.2 ± 8 336.4 ± 4 321.7 ± 7.1 329.7 ± 8 321.7 ± 7.1 312.5 ± 6.7 250.6 284.5 ± 8 362.8 536 ± 4 314 ± 8 355.6 ± 9.2 273.6 ± 8 282.0 ± 9.6 280 277.8 248.5 ± 13 308.8 ± 8 319.2 ± 13 368 ± 8 423.4 ± 4.6 413.0 ± 10.5 487.9 ± 24.7 ~473 ~510 293 414 298.7 ± 8 297.5 ± 4 296.2 ± 8 287.4 ± 8 259.8 ± 8 <175 219.7 209.2 198.7 209.2 205.0
Ref. 63 63 96 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 70 63 93 63 63 63 63 63 63 80 30 63 102 63 63 63 63 63 63 103 51 79 63 78 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 58 13 13 13 13 13
Bond s-C4H9-N2s-C4H9 t-C4H9-N2t-C4H9 C6H5CH2-N2CH2C6H5 CF3-N2CF3 CH3-NO i-C3H7-NO t-C4H9-NO C6H5-NO NC-NO CF3-NO C6F5-NO CCl3-NO t-C4H9-NOt-C4H9 CH3-NO2 CH2C(CH3)-NO2 i-C3H7-NO2 t-C4H9-NO2 C6H5-NO2 C(NO2)3-NO2 CH3-OC(CH3)CH2 CH3-OC6H5 CH3-OCH2C6H5 C2H5-OC6H5 CH2CHCH2-OC6H5 O=CO CH3-O2 C2H5-O2 CH2CHCH2-O2 i-C3H7-O2 t-C4H9-O2 C6H5CH2-O2CCH3 C6H5CH2-O2CC6H5 CH3-O2SCH3 CH2CHCH2-O2SCH3 C6H5CH2-O2SCH3 CF3-O2CF3 CH2Cl-O2 CHCl2-O2 CCl3-O2 CH3CHCl-O2 CH3CCl2-O2 (CH3)2CCl-O2 CH3-SH t-C4H9-SH C6H5-SH CH3-SCH3 CH3-SC6H5 C6H5CH2-SCH3 S-CS F-CH3 F-CN F-COF F-CHFCl F-CF2Cl F-CFCl2 F-CF2CH3
9-66
D°298/kJ mol–1 195.4 182.0 157.3 231.0 167.4 ± 3.3 152.7 ± 13 165.3 ± 6.3 212.5 ± 4 120.5 ± 10.5 179.1 ± 8 208.4 ± 4 134 ± 13 121 254.4 245.2 246.9 244.8 298.3 ± 4 169.5 ± 4 277.4 238 ± 8 280.3 264 ± 6.3 208.4 ± 8 532.2 ± 0.4 137.0 ± 3.8 148.4 ± 8.4 76.2 ± 2.1 155.4 ± 9.6 152.8 ± 7.4 280 ± 8 289 279.5 207.5 221.3 361.5 122.4 ± 10.5 108.2 ± 8.2 92.0 ± 6.4 131.2 ± 1.8 112.2 ± 2.2 136.0 ± 3.8 312.5 ± 4.2 286.2 ± 6.3 361.9 ± 8 307.9 ± 3.3 290.4 ± 8 256.9 ± 8 430.5 ± 13 472 469.9 ± 5.0 535 ± 12 465.3 ± 9.6 490 ± 25 462.3 ± 10.0 522.2 ± 8
Ref. 13 13 13 13 63 63 63 63 43 63 63 63 21 63 63 63 63 63 63 101 73 26 63 63 29 53 53 62 53 53 63 13 63 63 63 10 53 53 53 53 53 53 65 63 63 65 63 63 63 1,61 63 18 97 41 97 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond F-C2F5 Cl-CN Cl-COC6H5 Cl-CSCl Cl-CF3 Cl-CHFCl Cl-CF2Cl Cl-CFCl2 Cl-CH2Cl Cl-CHCl2 Cl-CCl3 Cl-C2F5 Cl-CF2CF2Cl Cl-SiCl3 Br-CH3 Br-C6H5 Br-CN Br-CH2COCH3 Br-COC6H5 Br-CHF2 Br-CF3 Br-CF2CH3 Br-C2F5 Br-n-C3F7 Br-i-C3F7 Br-CH2C6F5 Br-CHClCF3 Br-CCl3 Br-CClBrCF3 Br-CH2Br Br-CHBr2 Br-CBr3 Br-NO2 Br-NF2 I-CHCH2 I-n-C4H9 I-Norbornyl I-CN I-CF3 I-CF2CH3 I-CH2CF3 I-C2F5 I-n-C3F7 I-i-C3F7 I-n-C4F9 I-C(CF3)3 I-C6H5 I-C6F5 C5H5-FeC5H5 CH3-ZnCH3 C2H5-ZnC2H5 CH3-Ga(CH3)2 C2H5-Ga(C2H5)2 CH3-Ge(CH3)3 CH3-As(CH3)2 CH3-CdCH3
D°298/kJ mol–1 530.5 ± 7.5 421.7 ± 5.0 310 ± 13 265.3 ± 2.1 360.2 ± 3.3 354.4 ± 11.7 346.0 ± 13.4 305 ± 8 350.2 ± 0.8 338.5 ± 4.2 305.9 ± 7.5 346.0 ± 7.1 326 ± 8 464 292.9 ± 5.0 336.8 ± 8 367.4 ± 5.0 261.5 268.6 289 ± 8 296.2 ± 1.3 287.0 ± 5.4 287.4 ± 6.3 278.2 ± 10.5 274.1 ± 4.6 225 ± 6 274.9 ± 6.3 231.4 ± 4 251.0 ± 6.3 296.7 ± 1.3 292.0 ± 8 235.1 ± 7.5 82.0 ± 7.1 ≤222 259.0 ± 4.2 205.0 ± 4 261.5 ± 10.5 305 ± 4 227.2 ± 1.3 218.0 ± 4.2 235.6 ± 4 218.8 ± 2.9 208.4 ± 4.2 215.1 ± 2.9 205.0 ± 4.2 206 273.6 ± 8 277.0 381 ± 13 285 ± 17 238 ± 17 264 ± 17 209 ± 17 347 ± 17 280 ± 17 251 ± 17
Ref. 63 63 63 71 27 97 97 40 97 97 63 27 63 99 39 63 63 101 13 63 3 76 63 63 63 54 63 63 63 97 97 63 57 25 20 63 69 30 3 63 63 2 63 2 72 33 63 63 59 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
Bond CH3-In(CH3)2 CH3-Sn(CH3)3 C2H5-Sn(C2H5)3 CH3-Sb(CH3)2 C2H5-Sb(C2H5)2 CH3-HgCH3 C2H5-HgC2H5 CH3-Tl(CH3)2 CH3-Pb(CH3)3 C2H5-Pb(C2H5)3 CH3-Bi(CH3)2 CO-Cr(CO)5 CO-Fe(CO)4 CO-Mo(CO)5 CO-W(CO)5 BH3-BH3 NH2-NH2 NH2-NHCH3 NH2-N(CH3)2 NH2-NHC6H5 ON-NO2 O2N-NO2 NF2-NF2 O-N2 O-NO O-NO2 HO-NO HO-NO2 HO2-NO2 CH3O-NO C2H5O-NO CH3COO2-NO2 n-C3H7O-NO i-C3H7O-NO n-C4H9O-NO i-C4H9O-NO s-C4H9O-NO t-C4H9O-NO HO-NCHCH3 Cl-NF2 I-NO I-NO2 HO-OH HO-OCH2C(CH3)3 CH3O-OCH3 C2H5O-OC2H5 n-C3H7O-On-C3H7 i-C3H7O-Oi-C3H7 s-C4H9O-Os-C4H9 t-C4H9O-Ot-C4H9 C2H5C(CH3)2O-OC(CH3)2C2H5 (CH3)3CCH2O-OCH2C(CH3)3 CF3O-OCF3 (CF3)3CO-OC(CF3)3 t-C4H9O-OSi(CH3)3 SF5O-OSF5
9-67
D°298/kJ mol–1 205 ± 17 297 ± 17 264 ± 17 255 ± 17 243 ± 17 255 ± 17 205 ± 17 167 ± 17 238 ± 17 230 ± 17 218 ± 17 155 ± 8 172 ± 8 167 ± 8 192 ± 8 146 275.3 268.2 ± 8 246.9 ± 8 218.8 ± 8 40.6 ± 2.1 56.9 88 ± 4 167 305 208.7 ± 1.1 206.3 206.7 96 ± 8 174.9 ± 3.8 175.7 ± 5.4 118.8 ± 3.0 167.8 ± 7.5 171.5 ± 5.4 177.8 ± 6.3 175.7 ± 6.3 173.6 ± 3.3 171.1 ± 3.3 207.9 ~134 77.8 ± 0.4 76.6 ± 4 213 ± 4 193.7 ± 7.9 157.3 ± 8 158.6 ± 4 155.2 ± 4 157.7 ± 4 152.3 ± 4 159.0 ± 4 164.4 ± 4 152.3 ± 4 193.3 148.5 ± 4.6 197 155.6
Ref. 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 60 60 60 60 13 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 1,14 1,14 31 63 63 63 9,11 8,11 17 11 7,11 11 11 5,11 6,11 13 1,75 42 98 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond t-C4H9O-OGe(C2H5)3 t-C4H9O-OSn(C2H5)3 FClO2-O CF3O-O2CF3 SF5O-O2SF5 CH3CO2-O2CCH3 C2H5CO2-O2CC2H5 n-C3H7CO2-O2Cn-C3H7 O-SO F-OCF3 HO-Cl O-ClO HO-Br HO-I
D°298/kJ mol–1 192 192 244.3 126.8 ± 8 126.8 127.2 ± 8 127.2 ± 8 127.2 ± 8 552 ± 8 182.0 ± 2.1 251 ± 13 247 ± 13 234 ± 13 234 ± 13
Ref. 63 63 13 63 63 63 63 63 29 28 52 29 52 52
Bond O=PF3 O=PCl3 O=PBr3 HO-Si(CH3)3 HS-SH CH3S-SCH3 F-SF5 I-SH I-SO I-SCH3 I-Si(CH3)3 H3Si-SiH3 (CH3)3Si-Si(CH3)3 (C6H5)3Si-Si(C6H5)3
D°298/kJ mol–1 544 ± 21 510 ± 21 498 ± 21 536 276 ± 8 272.8 ± 3.8 420 ± 10 206.7 ± 8 180 206.3 ± 7.1 322 310 336.8 368 ± 29
Ref. 52 52 52 63 63 65 94 63 63 87 99 63,99 63,99 63,99
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9-68
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 36. Ellul, E., Potzinger, P., Reimann, B., and Camilleri, P., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 85, 407, 1981. 37. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 1990. 38. Evans, B. S., Weeks, I., and Whittle, E., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 79, 1471, 1983. 39. Ferguson, K. C., Okafo, E. N., and Whittle, E., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 295, 1973. 40. Foon, R. and Tait, K. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 104, 1972. 41. Foon, R. and Tait, K. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 1121, 1972. 42. Forte, E., Hippler, H., and van den Bergh, H., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 13, 1227, 1981. 43. Gowenlock, B. G., Jonhson, C. A. F., Keary, C. M., and Pfaf, J., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 71, 351, 1975. 44. Grela, M. A. and Colussi, A. J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 20, 713, 1988. 45. Griller, D. and Wayner, D. D. M., Pure Appl. Chem., 61, 717, 1989. 46. Heckmann, E., Hippler, H., and Troe, J., 26th Symp. (Int.) Combust., Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp 543, 1996. 47. Heneghan, S. P. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 815, 1983. 48. Hudgens, J. W., Johnson, R. D., Timonen, R. S., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4400, 1991. 49. Jefferson, A., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7128, 1994. 50. Johnson, R. D. and Hudgens, J. W., J. Phys Chem., 100, 19874, 1996. 51. Kerr, J. A. and Timlin, D. M., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 3, 427, 1971. 52. Kerr, J. A., Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966. 53. Knyazev, V. D. and Slagle, I. R., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 1770, 1998. 54. Kominar, R. J., Krech, M. J., and Price, S. J. W., Can. J. Chem., 58, 1906, 1980. 55. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 949, 1984. 56. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 6675, 1984. 57. Kreutter, K. D., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4020, 1991. 58. Laufer, A. H. and Okabe, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 4137,1971. 59. Lewis, K. E. and Smith, G. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 4650, 1984. 60. Lewis, K. E., Golden, D. M., and Smith, G. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 3905, 1984. 61. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 62. Lightfoot, P. D., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Destriau, M., Hayman G. D., Jenkin, M. E., Mootrgat, G. K., and Zabel, F., Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1805, 1992. 63. McMillen, D. F. and Golden, D. M., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982. 64. Miyokawa, K. and Tschuikow-Roux, E., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 7328, 1992. 65. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., van Dijk, C. A., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2518, 1992. 66. Nicovich, J. M., Wang, S., McKee, M. L., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 680, 1996. 67. Niiranen, J. T., Gutman, D., and Krasnoperov, L. N., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5881, 1992. 68. Noble, P. N. and Walsh, R., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 561, 1983. 69. O’Neal, H. E., Bagg, J. W., and Richardson, W. H., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 2, 493, 1970. 70. Okabe, H. and Dibeler, V. H., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 2430, 1973. 71. Okabe, H., J. Chem. Phys., 66, 2058, 1977. 72. Okafo, E. N. and Whittle, E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 7, 287, 1975. 73. Paul, S. and Back, M. H., Can J. Chem., 53, 3330, 1975. 74. Pedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., “Sussex - N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data; Organic and Organometallic Compounds”, University of Sussex, 1977. 75. Petry, R. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 4600, 1967. 76. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 759, 1977. 77. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 569, 1983. 78. Price, S. J. W. and Sapiano, H. J., Can. J. Chem., 57, 1468, 1979. 79. Rogers, A. S. and Ford, W. G. F., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 965, 1973. 80. Rossi, M., McMillen, D. F., and Golden, D. M., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5031, 1984. 81. Russell, J. J., Senkan, S. M., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5184, 1989. 82. Seetula, J. A., and Slagle, I. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 1709, 1997. 83. Seetula, J. A., Feng, Y., Gutman, D., Seakins, P. W., and Pilling, M. J., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1658, 1991. 84. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 3069, 1996. 85. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 891, 1998. 86. Seetula, J. A., Russell, J. J., and Gutman, D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 1347, 1990. 87. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem., 15, 433, 1983. 88. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3479, 1983. 89. Stein, S. E., SRD Thermochemical Database, 25. N.I.S.T. Structures and Properties Database and Estimation Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103.
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Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS The enthalpies of formation of the free radicals are related to the corresponding bond strengths by the equations D°(R-X) = ∆fH°(R) + ∆fH°(X) – ∆fH°(RX) or D°(R-R) = 2∆fH°(R) - ∆fH°(RR) For an excellent review of the methods of determining the enthalpies of formation of free radicals the reader is referred to “Thermochemistry of Free Radicals” by H. E. O’Neal and S. W. Benson in Free Radicals, Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275 and the article by J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison, and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994. Radical CH CH2(triplet) CH2(singlet) CH3 CH≡C CH2=CH C2H5 Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl CH≡CCH2 CH2=CHCH2 CH3CH=CH Cyclopropyl n-C3H7 i-C3H7 CH3C≡CCH2 CH2=CHCHCH3 CH≡CCHCH3 Cyclobutyl Cyclopropylmethyl CH2=C(CH3)CH2 CH3CH=CHCH2 n-C4H9 i-C4H9 s-C4H9 t-C4H9 Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
596.4 ± 1.2 390.4 ± 4 428.3 ± 4 146.4 ± 0.4 566.1 ± 2.9 300.0 ± 3.4 120.9 ± 1.6 439.7 ± 17.2 340.6 ± 8.4 170.7 ± 8.8 262.7 279.9 ± 1.1 100.8 ± 2.1 86.6 ± 2.0 293.7 125.5 ± 6.3 295.0 ± 9.2 214.2 ± 4.2 213.8 ± 6.7 127.2 ± 5.4 125.5 ± 6.3 80.9 ± 2.2 72.7 ± 2.2 66.7 ± 2.1 51.8 ± 1.3 263.0
6 15,34 15 10 5,27 27,64 10 48 48 10,26 77 48 65 65 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 65 65 65 65 8
Radical Spiropentyl Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl CH2=CHCH=CHCH2 (C2H3)2CH CH3C≡CCHCH3 CH≡CC(CH3)2 CH2=CHC(CH3)2 Cyclopentyl (CH3)3CCH2 C2H5C(CH3)2 C6H5 Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl Cyclohexyl CH3C≡CC(CH3)2 (CH3)2C=C(CH3)CH2 CH2=C(CH3)C(CH3)2 C6H5CH2 Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl CH3CH2CH2C(CH3)2 Norbornyl Cycloheptyl C6H5CHCH3 C6H5C(CH3)2 1-Naphthylmethyl (C6H5)2CH 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl
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∆fH°298/kJ mol–1 380.7 ± 4 160.7 ± 4 205 ± 13 205 ± 13 272.8 ± 9.6 257.3 ± 8.4 77.4 ± 6.3 107.1 ± 2.5 36.4 ± 8 32.2 ± 6.3 338 ± 3 197 ± 21 58.2 ± 4 221.8 ± 9.6 39.8 ± 6.3 37.7 ± 6.3 208.0 ± 2.5 271.1 ± 8 3.4 ± 8.4 136.4 ± 10.5 51.1 ± 4 169.0 134.7 252.7 289 256.9 ± 6.3
Ref. 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 17 48 71 35 48 48 48 48 48 26 48 69 48 48 48 48 48 63 48
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) Radical 9-Anthracenylmethyl 9-Phenanthrenylmethyl CH2CN CH2NC CH3CHCN (CH3)2CCN C6H5C(CH3)CN CH2NH2 CH3NHCH2 (CH3)2NCH2 CN CHN2 CHO CHCO CH3CO CH2=CHCO C2H5CO C6H5CO CH2CHO CH3COCH2 CH3COCHCH3 CH3OCH2 C2H5OCHCH3 Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl CH2OH CH2CH2OH CH=CHOH CH3CHOH CH2=CHCHOH (CH3)2COH COOH COOCH3 C6H5COOCH2 CF CHF CH2F FCO CHF2 CF2 CF3 CHCl CH2Cl CFCl CHFCl CF2Cl ClCO CHCl2 CFCl2 CCl2 CCl3 CH2Br CHBr2 CBr3 CH2I CHI2 CH3CF2
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
337.6 311.3 243.1 ± 11.3 326.4 ± 11.3 209.2 ± 9.6 166.5 ± 8.4 248.5 149.4 ± 8 126 ± 8 109 ± 8 441.4 ± 4.6 494.42 43.1 175.3 ± 8.4 -10.0 ± 1.2 72.4 -32.3 123.0 ± 9.6 10.5 ± 9.2 -23.9 ± 10.9 -70.3 ± 7.1 -0.1 -84.5 -18.0 ± 6.3 -17.8 ± 1.3 -36.0 113.0 -51.6 0.0 -111.3 ± 4.6 -217 ± 10 -169.0 ± 4 -69.9 ± 8.4 261.5 ± 4.6 143.1 ± 12.6 -31.8 ± 8.4 -152.1 ± 12 -238.9 ± 4 -184.1 ± 8.4 -466.1 ± 3.8 336.4 ± 11.7 117.3 ± 3.1 31.0 ± 13.4 -60.7 ± 10.0 -279.1 ± 8.3 -21.8 89.0 ± 3.0 -89.1 ± 10.0 230.1 ± 8.4 71.1 ± 2.5 169.0 ± 4.2 188.3 ± 9.2 207.1 ± 8 230.1 ± 6.7 333.9 ± 9.2 -302.5 ± 8
48 48 10 10 48 48 48 48 48 48 10 30 9,22 10 56 48 8 78 10 48 48 8 42 48 39 31 31 8 48 48 32 48 48 3 61 59 14 59 61 3 61 67 61 73 49 55 67 73 61 37 73 73 73 48 48 48
Radical CF3CH2 C2F5 CCl=CH2 CH3CHCl CH3CCl2 CH2CH2Cl CHCl2CCl2 CF2ClCF2 C2Cl5 C6F5 (CH3)3SiCH2 CS HCS CH2SH CH3SCH2 NH NH2 HNO NF2 N2H3 N3 CH2NH CH3NH (CH3)3N C6H5NH C6H5NCH3 NCO CNO CH3N2 C2H5N2 i-C3H7N2 OH CH3O C2H5O n-C3H7O i-C3H7O n-C4H9O s-C4H9O t-C4H9O C6H5O CF3O FO ClO BrO IO HO2 CH3O2 C2H5O2 CH2=CHCH2O2 i-C3H7O2 t-C4H9O2 HOCH2O2 CF3O2 CF2ClO2 CFCl2O2 CH2ClO2
9-71
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
-517.1 ± 5.0 -892.9 ± 4 >251 76.5 ± 1.6 48.4 ± 7.6 93.0 ± 3.4 23.4 ± 8 -686 ± 17 33.5 ± 5.4 -547.7 ± 8 -34.7 278.5 ± 3.8 300.4 ± 8.4 151.9 ± 8.4 136.8 ± 5.9 352.3 ± 9.6 188.7 ± 1.3 112.9 34 ± 4 243.5 469 ± 21 104.6 ± 13 177.4 ± 8 145.2 ± 8 237.2 ± 8 233.5 ± 8 127.0 407.01 215.5 ± 7.5 187.4 ± 10.5 158.6 ± 9.2 39.3 17.2 ± 3.8 -15.5 ± 3.4 -41.4 -52.3 -62.8 -69.5 ± 3.3 -90.8 47.7 -655.6 109 ± 10 101.63 ± 0.1 125.8 ± 2.4 126 ± 18 14.6 9.0 ± 5.1 -27.4 ± 9.9 87.9 ± 5.5 -68.8 ± 11.3 -101.0 ± 9.2 -162.1 ± 2.1 -614.0 -406.5 -213.7 -5.1 ± 13.6
48 48 64 67 40,67 68 48 48 54 48 48 62 10 10 38 60 10 25 48 33 48 33 48 48 48 48 13,79 41 2 2 2 48 10 10 48 48 48 48 48 48 7 21 1 19 20 70 40 40 43 16,40 40 43 43 43 43 40
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) Radical CHCl2O2 CCl3O2 CH3CHClO2 CH3CCl2O2 CH3CO2 CH3COO2 C2H5CO2 n-C3H7CO2 FO2 ClO2 OClO NO3 sym-ClO3 SiH SiH2 SiH3 CH3Si CH3SiH CH3SiH2 (CH3)2Si (CH3)2SiH (CH3)3Si C6H5Si(CH3)2 (C6H5)2SiCH3 (C6H5)3Si SiF SiF2
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
-19.2 ± 11.2 -20.9 ± 8.9 -54.7 ± 3.4 -63.8 ± 9.8 -207.5 ± 4 -172 ± 20 -228.5 ± 4 -249.4 ± 4 26.1 97.5 95.6 73.7 ± 1.4 232.6 377 269.0 ± 1.3 200.5 ± 2.5 310 213.0 ± 14.6 152.7 109 59.8 -3.3 163 326 486.2 -19.3 -587.9
40 40 40 40 48 12 48 48 45,58 4,52 28,51 24 23 48,76 29,47 66 76 74 48,76 76 48,76 48,76 57 57 57 48,76 48,76
Radical SiF3 SiCl SiCl2 SiCl3 SiH3SiH Si2H5 PH2 HS CH3S C6H5S SO HSO HSO2 CH3SO2 HOSO2 SO3 SF4 SF5 CH3S2 C2H5S2 i-C3H7S2 t-C4H9S2 HOCS2 GeH3 AsH2 HSe SbH2 HTe
∆fH°298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
-1025 195.8 -163.6 -318 269.9 ± 14.6 223.0 138.5 ± 2.5 143.0 ± 2.8 124.6 ± 1.8 229.7 ± 8 5.0 -4 -222 -239.3 -385 -395.7 -746 ± 12 -879.9 ± 20 68.6 ± 8 43.5 ± 8 13.8 ± 8 -19.3 ± 8 110.5 222 ± 8 167.8 ± 1.3 144.8 ± 2.1 215.5 ± 2.5 158.6 ± 5.0
48,76 48,76 48,76 48,76 74 48,76 10 53 53 48 18 44 11 57 46 75 72 72 36 36 36 36 50 10 10 10 10 10
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) 25. Dixon, R. N., J. Chem. Phys., 104, 6905, 1996. 26. Ellison, G. B., Davico, G. E., Bierbaum, V. M., and DePuy, C. H., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 156, 109, 1996. 27. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 1990. 28. Flesch, R., E. Rühl, K. Hottmann, and H. Baumgartel, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 837 (1993). 29. Frey, H. M., Walsh, R., and Watts, I. M., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 1189, 1986. 30. Fulle, D. and Hippler, H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 5423, 1996. 31. Fulle, D., Hamann, H. F., Hippler, H., and Jansch, C. P., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 101, 1433, 1997. 32. Fulle, D., Hamann, H. F., Hippler, H., and Troe, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 983, 1996. 33. Grela, M. A. and Colussi, A. J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 20, 713, 1988. 34. Gurvich, l.V., Veyts, I.V., Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1991, Vol. 2. 35. Heckmann, E., Hippler, H., and Troe, J., 26th Symp. (Int.) Combust., The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp 543, 1996. 36. Howari, J. A. Griller, D., and Lossing, F. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 3273, 1986. 37. Hudgens, J. W., Johnson, R. D., Timonen, R. S., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4400, 1991. 38. Jefferson, A., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7128, 1994. 39. Johnson, R. D. and Hudgens, J. W., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 19874, 1996. 40. Knyazev, V. D., and Slagle, I. R., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 1770, 1998. 41. Koch, W. and Frenking, G., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 49, 1987. 42. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 949, 1984. 43. Lightfoot, P. D., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Destriau, M., Hayman, G.D., Jenkin, M. E., Moortgat, G. K., and Zabel, F., Atmos Environ., 26A, 1805, 1992. 44. Lovejoy, E. R., Wang, N. S., and Howard, C. J., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 5749, 1987. 45. Lyman, J. L. and Holland, R., J. Phys. Chem., 92, 7232, 1988. 46. Margitan, J. J., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 3314, 1984. 47. Martin, J. G., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 715, 1987. 48. McMillen, D. F. and Golden, D. M., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982. 49. Miyokawa, K. and Tschuikow-Roux, E., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 7328, 1992. 50. Murrells, T. P., Lovejoy, E.R., and Ravishankara, A. R., J. Phys. Chem., 80, 4065, 1984. 51. Nickolaisen, S. L., R. R. Friedl, and S. P. Sander, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 155 (1994). 52. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., Shockelford, C. J., and Wine, P. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 179, 367, 1991. 53. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., van Dijk, C. A., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2518, 1992. 54. Nicovich, J. M., Wang, S., McKee, M. L., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 680, 1996. 55. Nicovich, J.M., Kreutter, K. D., and Wine, P.H., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 3539 (1990). 56. Niiranen, J. T., Gutman, D., and Krasnoperov, L. N., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5881, 1992. 57. O’Neal, H. E. and Benson, S. W., in Free Radicals, Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275. 58. Pagsberg, P., Ratajczak, E., Sillesen, A., and Jodkowski, J. T., Chem. Phys. Lett., 141, 88, 1987. 59. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 569, 1983. 60. Piper, L. G., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 3417, 1979. 61. Poutsma, J. C., Paulino, J. A., and Squires, R. R., J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 5327, 1997. 62. Prinslow, D. A. and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 3563, 1991. 63. Rossi, M., McMillen, D. F., and Golden, D. M., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5031, 1984. 64. Russell, J. R., Senkan, S. M., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5184, 1989. 65. Seetula, J. A. and Slagle I. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 1709, 1997. 66. Seetula, J. A., Feng, Y., Gutman, D., Seakins, P. W., and Pilling, M. J., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1658, 1991. 67. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 3069, 1996. 68. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 891, 1998. 69. Seres, L., Gorgenyi, M., and Farkas, J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 1133, 1983. 70. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3479, 1983. 71. Stein, S. E., SRD Thermochemical Database, 25. N.I.S.T. Structures and Properties Database and Estimation Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992. 72. Tsang, W. and Herron, J. T., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 4272, 1992. 73. Tschuikow-Roux, E. and Paddison, S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 15, 1987. 74. Vanderwielen, A. J., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 993, 1975. 75. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1978. 76. Walsh, R., Acc. Chem. Res., 14, 246, 1981. 77. Wu, C. H. and Kern, R. D., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 6291, 1987. 78. Zhao, H.-Q., Cheung, Y.-S., Liao, C.-L., Liao, C.-X., Ng, C. Y., and Li, W.-K., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 7230, 1997. 79. Zyrianov, M., Droz-Georget, T., Sanov, A., and Reisler, H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 8111, 1996.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 5 BOND STRENGTHS OF SOME ORGANIC MOLECULES Bond strengths at 298 K expressed in kJ/mol-1 for some organic molecules of the general formula R-X are presented below. Some are experimental values taken from the preceding tables; the remainder are calculated from the enthalpies of formation of atoms (Table 2) and of radicals (Table 4), and the enthalpies of formation of the parent compounds from sources indicated by the references below. The table also includes bond strengths for the inorganic molecules, hydrogen, the hydrogen halides, water and ammonia. H H CH3 C2H5 i-C3H7 t-C4H9 C6H5 C6H5CH2 CCl3 CF3 C2F5 CH3CO CN C6F5
435.990 439 423 409 404 473 376 393 450 430 374 528 473
F 569.87 472 463d 460e — 533e — 419e 547e 531e 512e 470 487e
Cl 431.62 350e 354e 353e 355e 407e 310e 288e 362e 347e 354f 422 383e
Br
I
OH
366.35 293 295e 298e 296e 346f 256f 224e 294e 283e 292e 367 —
298.407 239e 236e 234e 231e 280e 215f 167e 227 219 223e 305 277a
498 387e 395e 399e 404e 474e 348e — — — 462e — 499e
NH2 453 358e 357e 359e 362e 439e 302e — — — 417e — —
CH3O 436 348e 355e 356e 353e 423e — — — — 421e — —
CH3 439 377e 371e 367e 366e 434e 332 362e 423 — 354e 514e 441e
CH3CO
NO
CF3
CCl3
374 354e 349e 339e 332e 415e 297e — — — 282 — —
195 167 — 153 165 213 — 134 179 — — 121 208a
450 423 — — — — — 335b 413 — — — —
393 362e — — — — — 286e 335b — — — —
REFERENCES a b c d e f
Choo, K. Y., Mendenhall, G. D., Golden, D.M., and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 6, 813, 1974. Kolesov, V. P. and Papina, T. S., Russ. Chem. Rev., 52, 425, 1983. Kudchadker, S. A. and Kudchadker, A. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1285, 1978. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988. Lide, D. R., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. Pedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., Sussex.N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, 1977.
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. REFERENCES 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1960. 2. Allen, L.C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A.L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge
X
Z
2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
9-74
X
Z
2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu
X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3
FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms ( often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond
Molecule
f/(N/cm)
H-H Be-H B-H C-H
H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2
5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88
N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C
C-F C-Cl
C-Br C-I C-O
C-S
a b c
Note
Bond
C-N
b a,b,c b a,b,c b
C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O
a,c
a,c a,c b a,c a,c
a,c
S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O
Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).
9-75
Molecule
f/(N/cm)
OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO
7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61
Note
a,c
a a
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are: sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.
symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate
In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm-1. XY2 Molecules Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Molecule CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2
Structure
Sym. str.
Bend
Antisym. str.
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
1333 658 1224
667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213
2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696 3301 1618 942 1111
1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630 3219 1318 1075 945
1225 721 595 2032 1472 855
9-76
1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745 1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345
1114 748 641 2022 1468 870
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2
Structure
Sym. str.
Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500
Bend
Antisym. str. 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576
920 159 197 120 80 165 99
XYZ Molecules Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent) Molecule HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr
Structure
XY str.
Bend
YZ str.
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270 2224 3675 3653 3583
712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081
2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921 1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000 1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009 640 414 1181 815 834 522 408
676 535 766 596 542 2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407
1372 1325
1913 1548
9-77
520 535 589
523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419 1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373 1063 366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Symmetric XY3 Molecules Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal) Molecule NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3
Structure
Sym. str.
Sym. deform.
Deg. str.
Deg. deform.
Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.
3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888
950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427
3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937
1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290
1090 830
Linear XYYX Molecules Point Group D∞h Molecule
Sym. XY str.
C2H2 C2D2 C2N2
3374 2701 2330
Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158
YY str.
Bend
Bend
1974 1762 851
612 505 507
730 537 233
Planar X2YZ Molecules Point Group C2v Molecule
Sym.XY str.
YZ str.
YX2 scis.
Antisym. XY str.
YX2 rock
2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286
1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793
1500 1106 584 285 568 370
2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685
1249 990 626 440 560 408
H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl
Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4
Sym. str. 2917 2109 909 459
Deg. deform.(e) 1534 1092 435 217
9-78
Deg. str.(f) 3019 2259 1281 776
Deg. deform.(f) 1306 996 632 314
YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
Sym. str.
CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4
267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965
Deg. deform.(e) 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333
Deg. str.(f)
Deg. deform.(f)
672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960
182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329
REFERENCES 1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.
9-79
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions: Evib /hc = ωe(v+1/2) - ωexe(v+1/2)2 + ⋅⋅⋅ Erot /hc = BvJ(J+1) - Dv[J(J+1)]2 + ⋅⋅⋅ where Bv = Be - αe(v+1/2) + ⋅⋅⋅ Dv = De + ⋅⋅⋅ Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe , Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm-1 . Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion: E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.
REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Molecule
State
107Ag79Br
1Σ+
107Ag35Cl 107Ag19F 107Ag1H 107Ag2H 107Ag127I 107Ag16O 27Al 2 27Al79Br 27Al35Cl 27Al19F 27Al1H 27Al2H 27Al127I 27Al16O 27Al32S 75As 2 75As1H 75As2H 75As14N 75As16O
1Σ+ 1Σ+
1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ +
2Π 1/2 3Σ g 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ +
1Σ + g 3Σ 3Σ -
1Σ + 2Π
1/2
ωe cm-1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 350.01 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 2.02 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12
0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.2054 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482
5.41 4.85
9-80
αe cm-1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0012 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299
De 10-6cm-1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.31 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49
re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.466 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
197Au
1Σ + g 1Σ +
2 197Au1H 197Au2H 11B 2 11B79Br 11B35Cl 11B19F 11B1H 11B2H 11B14N 11B16O 11B32S 138Ba79Br 138Ba35Cl 138Ba19F 138Ba1H 138Ba2H 138Ba127I 138Ba16O 138Ba32S 9Be19F 9Be1H 9Be2H 9Be16O 9Be32S 209Bi
2 209Bi1H 209Bi2H 79Br 2 79Br35Cl 79Br19F 79Br16O 12C 2 12C35Cl 12C19F 12C1H 12C2H 12C14N 12C16O 12C31P 12C32S 12C80Se 40Ca35Cl 40Ca19F 40Ca1H 40Ca2H 40Ca127I 40Ca16O 40Ca32S 114Cd1H 114Cd2H 35Cl
2 35Cl19F 35Cl16O 52Cr1H 52Cr2H 52Cr16O 133Cs 2
1Σ +
3Σ g 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 3Π
2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ +
1Σ + g 3Σ 3Σ -
1Σ + g 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Π
3/2 1Σ + g 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ +
ωe cm-1
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*
0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10
559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02
2.68 6.16 5.5 32
0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127
0.63 4.83 1.78
2Σ +
1Σ + g 1Σ + 2Π
3/2 6Σ + 6Σ + 5Π
1Σ + g
6.8 0.08
9-81
αe cm-1 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270
0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264
De 10-6cm-1 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464
re Å 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
133Cs79Br
1Σ +
133Cs35Cl 133Cs19F 133Cs1H 133Cs2H 133Cs127I 133Cs16O 63Cu
2 63Cu79Br 65Cu35Cl 63Cu19F 63Cu1H 63Cu2H 63Cu127I 63Cu16O 63Cu32S 19F 2 56Fe16O 69Ga81Br 69Ga35Cl 69Ga19F 69Ga1H 69Ga2H 69Ga127I 69Ga16O 74Ge79Br 74Ge35Cl 72Ge1H 72Ge2H 74Ge16O 74Ge32S 74Ge80Se 74Ge130Te 1H
2
2H
2
3H
2 1H81Br 2H81Br 1H35Cl 2H35Cl 1H19F 2H19F 1H127I 202Hg1H 202Hg2H 127I 2 127I79Br 127I35Cl 127I19F 127I16O 115In81Br 115In35Cl 115In19F 115In1H 115In2H 115In127I 39K 2 39K79Br
1Σ + 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π 2Π
3/2
3/2 1Σ + g 5∆ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+
ωe cm-1 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9
0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271
0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579
6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109
0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689
0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77
1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ
2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π
1/2 1/2 1/2
1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ + g 1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π
3/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+
216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213
0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64
0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80
9-82
αe cm-1
0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917 0.00028390 0.00456 0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897
0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481
De 10-6cm-1 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37
326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410 345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462
re Å 3.07225 2.90627 1.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744
1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
39K35Cl
1Σ+
39K19F 39K1H 39K2H 39K127I 139La16O 7Li 2 7Li79Br 7Li35Cl 7Li19F 7Li1H 7Li2H 7Li127I 7Li16O 24Mg 2 24Mg35Cl 24Mg19F 24Mg1H 24Mg2H 24Mg16O 55Mn1H 55Mn2H 14N 2 14N79Br 14N35Cl 14N19F 14N1H 14N2H 14N16O 14N32S 23Na
2 23Na79Br 23Na35Cl 23Na19F 23Na1H 23Na2H 23Na127I 23Na16O 93Nb16O 58Ni1H 58Ni2H 16O 2 16O1H 16O2H 31P 2 31P35Cl 31P19F 31P1H 31P2H 31P14N
1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π
1Σ + g 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 1Σ+ 7Σ 7Σ
1Σ + g 3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ2Π 2Π
1/2
1/2 1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π
4Σ2∆ 2∆
5/2
5/2 3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 1Σ + g 3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ-
1Σ+
31P16O
2Π
1/2
208Pb 2 208Pb79Br
2Π
1/2
208Pb35Cl 208Pb19F 208Pb1H 208Pb16O 208Pb32S
2Π 2Π 2Π
1/2 1/2
1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+
ωe cm-1
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17
1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72
0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337
0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055
0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307
0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510
1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26
9-83
αe cm-1
De 10-6cm-1 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76
re Å
436 116 1.091 1.3
2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759
0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418
2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678
1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
208Pb80Se
1Σ+
208Pb130Te 195Pt12C 195Pt1H 195Pt2H 85Rb79Br 85Rb35Cl 85Rb19F 85Rb1H 85Rb127I 85Rb16O 32S 2 32S19F 32S1H 32S2H 32S16O 121Sb35Cl 121Sb19F 121Sb1H 121Sb2H 121Sb14N 121Sb16O 45Sc19F 80Se 2 80Se1H 80Se2H 80Se16O 28Si 2 28Si35Cl 28Si19F 28Si1H 28Si2H 28Si14N 28Si16O 28Si32S 28Si80Se 120Sn79Br 120Sn35Cl 118Sn19F 120Sn1H 120Sn2H 120Sn127I 120Sn16O 120Sn32S 120Sn80Se 120Sn130Te 88Sr79Br 88Sr35Cl 88Sr19F 88Sr1H 88Sr2H 88Sr127I 88Sr16O
1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2∆ 2∆
5/2
5/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+
3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 3Σ3Σ3Σ-
1Σ+ 2Π
1/2 1Σ+
3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 3Σ3Σ g 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π
1/2 1/2 1/2
277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65
0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33
0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570
0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19
2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7 605.0
59.9 31 5.6 0.6 2.6
0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171
0.2785 0.10308 0.005737
480.6 130 1.134
2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109
0.2792 5.684 2.8782
0.0020
0.23 240 45
1.918 1.723 1.7194
0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117
0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23
0.024 330
0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767
0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842
1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832
0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950
0.0004 0.0014
0.26 207.5 53.4
2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770
0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847
0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827
0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644
2.84
942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6
5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96
4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69
1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07
0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51
797.11 895.77
4.00 2.39
1/2 1/2
1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 1Σ+
232Th16O
1Σ+
2 130Te1H
Be cm-1
3Σ-
130Te16O
130Te
ωexe cm-1
3Σ-
2∆ 3/2 3Σ g 2Π 3/2 0+
181Ta16O
ωe cm-1
9-84
αe cm-1
0.049
De 10-6cm-1
0.270
re Å
0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356
1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522
0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106
0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044
0.00237 0.001302
0.27 0.1833
2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
48Ti16O
3∆
205Tl81Br 205Tl35Cl 205Tl19F 205Tl1H 205Tl2H 205Tl127I 51V16O 89Y35Cl 89Y19F 89Y16O 174Yb1H 174Yb2H 64Zn35Cl 64Zn19F 64Zn1H 64Zn2H 64Zn127I 90Zr16O
1 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 4Σ1Σ
1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ 2Σ
2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ
1Σ+
ωe cm-1 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04
0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162
0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425
0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60
1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516
6.6794 3.350
0.2500
466 124
1.5949 1.6054
0.42263
0.0023
4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9
9-85
αe cm-1
De 10-6cm-1
0.319
re Å
1.7116
NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field Ho of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss) Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions: For constant Ho: 0.0076508(µ/µN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(µ/µN) (I + 1) µ: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton µN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn) The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 2 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykkö in providing recent data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. Raghavan, P., “Table of Nuclear Moments”, At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. 2. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 3. Pyykkö, P., Z. Naturforsch., 47a, 189, 1992.
Z
Isotope
1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19
1n 1H 2H 3H 3He 6Li 7Li 9Be 10B 11B 13C 14N 15N 17O 19F 21Ne 23Na 25Mg 27Al 29Si 31P 33S 35Cl 37Cl 37Ar 39Ar 39K 40K 41K
Abundance % * 99.985 0.015 * 0.0001 7.5 92.5 100 19.9 80.1 1.10 99.634 0.366 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.67 100 0.75 75.77 24.23 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302
I
ν/MHz for Ho = 1 T
1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2
29.1639 42.5764 6.53573 45.4137 32.4352 6.2660 16.5478 5.986 4.5751 13.6626 10.7081 3.0776 4.3172 5.7741 40.0765 3.3630 11.2686 2.6082 11.1028 8.4653 17.2510 3.2716 4.1764 3.4764 5.818 2.8 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919
Relative sensitivity Const. Ho Const. ν 0.32139 1.00000 0.00965 1.21354 0.44212 0.00850 0.29355 0.01389 0.01985 0.16522 0.01591 0.00101 0.00104 0.02910 0.83400 0.00246 0.09270 0.00268 0.20689 0.00786 0.06652 0.00227 0.00472 0.00272 0.01276 0.00617 0.00051 0.00523 0.00008
9-91
0.6850 1.0000 0.4093 1.0666 0.7618 0.3925 1.9433 0.7029 1.7193 1.6045 0.2515 0.1928 0.1014 1.5822 0.9413 0.3949 1.3233 0.7147 3.0424 0.1988 0.4052 0.3842 0.4905 0.4083 0.6833 1.3964 0.2336 1.5493 0.1282
µ/µN -1.91304275 +2.7928474 +0.8574382 +2.9789625 -2.1276248 +0.8220467 +3.256427 -1.1779 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 -0.2831888 -1.89379 +2.628868 -0.661797 +2.217522 -0.85545 +3.641507 -0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 -1.3 +0.3914662 -1.298100 +0.2148701
Q/fm2
+0.2860
-0.082 -4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.02 -2.558 +10.155 +10.89 +19.94 +14.03
-6.78 -8.165 -6.435
+6.01 -7.49 +7.33
NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued)
Z 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 58
Isotope 43Ca 45Sc 47Ti 49Ti 50V 51V 53Cr 55Mn 57Fe 59Co 61Ni 63Cu 65Cu 67Zn 69Ga 71Ga 73Ge 75As 77Se 79Br 81Br 83Kr 85Rb 87Rb 87Sr 89Y 91Zr 93Nb 95Mo 97Mo 99Tc 99Ru 101Ru 103Rh 105Pd 107Ag 109Ag 111Cd 113Cd 113In 115In 115Sn 117Sn 119Sn 121Sb 123Sb 123Te 125Te 127I 129Xe 131Xe 133Cs 135Ba 137Ba 138La 139La 137Ce
Abundance % 0.135 100 7.3 5.5 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.1 100 1.140 69.17 30.83 4.1 60.108 39.892 7.73 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.5 72.165 27.835 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.92 9.55 * 12.7 17.0 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.3 95.7 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.36 42.64 0.908 7.139 100 26.4 21.2 100 6.592 11.23 * 0.0902 99.9098 *
I
ν/MHz for Ho = 1 T
7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5 7/2 3/2
2.8688 10.3588 2.4040 2.4047 4.2504 11.2130 2.4114 10.5760 1.3815 10.077 3.8113 11.2979 12.1027 2.6693 10.2475 13.0204 1.4897 7.3148 8.1566 10.7039 11.5381 1.6442 4.1253 13.9807 1.8524 2.0949 3.9747 10.4520 2.7874 2.8462 9.63 1.9553 2.192 1.3476 1.957 1.7330 1.9924 9.0689 9.4868 9.3652 9.3854 14.0074 15.2606 15.9656 10.2549 5.5530 11.2346 13.5451 8.5776 11.8601 3.5158 5.6232 4.2581 4.7633 5.6614 6.0610 4.62
Relative sensitivity Const. Ho Const. ν 0.00642 0.30244 0.00210 0.00378 0.05571 0.38360 0.00091 0.17881 0.00003 0.27841 0.00359 0.09342 0.11484 0.00287 0.06971 0.14300 0.00141 0.02536 0.00703 0.07945 0.09951 0.00190 0.01061 0.17703 0.00272 0.00012 0.00949 0.48821 0.00327 0.00349 0.38174 0.00113 0.00159 0.00003 0.00113 0.00007 0.00010 0.00966 0.01106 0.35121 0.35348 0.03561 0.04605 0.05273 0.16302 0.04659 0.01837 0.03220 0.09540 0.02162 0.00282 0.04838 0.00500 0.00700 0.09404 0.06058 0.00641
9-92
1.4150 5.1093 0.6587 1.1861 5.5904 5.5306 0.2832 2.8980 0.0324 4.9702 0.4476 1.3268 1.4213 0.7314 1.2034 1.5291 1.1546 0.8590 0.1916 1.2570 1.3550 1.2744 1.1304 1.6418 1.4358 0.0492 1.0891 8.1011 0.7638 0.7799 7.4633 0.5358 0.6005 0.0317 0.5364 0.0407 0.0468 0.2130 0.2228 7.2588 7.2744 0.3290 0.3584 0.3750 2.8100 2.7389 0.2639 0.3181 2.3504 0.2786 0.4129 2.7735 0.5001 0.5594 5.3188 2.9895 0.5431
µ/µN -1.31726 +4.756487 -0.78848 -1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 -0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 -0.75002 +2.22329 +2.38167 +0.875479 +2.01659 +2.56227 -0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.535042 +2.106400 +2.270562 -0.970669 +1.35303 +2.75124 -1.093603 -0.1374154 -1.30362 +6.1705 -0.9142 -0.9335 +5.6847 -0.6413 -0.7188 -0.08840 -0.642 -0.1136796 -0.1306906 -0.5948861 -0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 -0.91883 -1.00104 -1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 -0.7369478 -0.8885051 +2.813273 -0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.837943 +0.937365 +3.713646 +2.7830455 0.91
Q/fm2 -4.08 -22 +29 +24 +21 -5.2 -15 +33 +42 +16.2 -22.0 -20.4 +15.0 +17.0 +10.0 -17.3 +31.4 +33.1 +27.6 +25.3 +27.4 +13.2 +33.5 -20.6 -32 -2.2 +25.5 -12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0
+79.9 +81
-36 -49
-78.9 -12.0 -0.37 +16.0 +24.5 +45 +20
NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued)
Z 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Isotope 139Ce 141Ce 141Pr 143Nd 145Nd 143Pm 147Pm 147Sm 149Sm 151Eu 153Eu 155Gd 157Gd 159Tb 161Dy 163Dy 165Ho 167Er 169Tm 171Yb 173Yb 175Lu 176Lu 177Hf 179Hf 180Ta 181Ta 183W 185Re 187Re 187Os 189Os 191Ir 193Ir 195Pt 197Au 199Hg 201Hg 203Tl 205Tl 207Pb 209Bi 209Po 211Rn 223Fr 223Ra 225Ra 227Ac 229Th 231Pa 235U 237Np 239Pu 243Am
Abundance % * * 100 12.18 8.30 * * 15.0 13.8 47.8 52.2 14.80 15.65 100 18.9 24.9 100 22.95 100 14.3 16.12 97.41 * 2.59 18.606 13.629 0.012 99.988 14.3 37.40 *62.60 1.6 16.1 37.3 62.7 33.8 100 16.87 13.18 29.524 70.476 22.1 100 * * * * * * * * * 0.7200 * * *
I
ν/MHz for Ho = 1 T
3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 9 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2
4.62 2.37 13.0355 2.319 1.429 11.6 5.7 1.7747 1.4631 10.5854 4.6744 1.317 1.727 10.23 1.4653 2.0507 9.0881 1.2281 3.531 7.5259 2.0730 4.8624 3.451 1.7281 1.0856 4.04 5.1625 1.7956 9.717 9.817 0.9856 3.3535 0.766 0.832 9.2920 0.7406 7.7121 2.8468 24.7310 24.9742 9.0338 6.9628 11.7 9.16 5.94 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.91
Relative sensitivity Const. Ho Const. ν 0.00641 0.00364 0.33483 0.00339 0.00079 0.23510 0.04940 0.00152 0.00085 0.17929 0.01544 0.00015 0.00033 0.06945 0.00048 0.00130 0.20423 0.00050 0.00057 0.00552 0.00135 0.03128 0.03975 0.00140 0.00055 0.10251 0.03744 0.00008 0.13870 0.14300 0.00001 0.00244 0.00003 0.00004 0.01039 0.00003 0.00594 0.00149 0.19598 0.20182 0.00955 0.14433 0.02096 0.00997 0.01362 0.00017 0.01814 0.01131 0.00042 0.06903 0.00015 0.13264 0.00038 0.01788
9-93
0.5431 1.1708 3.5720 1.1440 0.7047 3.1748 2.7928 0.8753 0.7216 2.9006 1.2809 0.1546 0.2028 1.2019 0.4015 0.5619 4.4825 0.6057 0.0829 0.1768 0.5680 2.3983 6.0516 0.8524 0.8414 11.3862 2.5463 0.0422 2.6627 2.6900 0.0231 0.3938 0.0899 0.0977 0.2182 0.0870 0.1811 0.3343 0.5809 0.5866 0.2122 5.3967 0.2757 0.2152 0.6982 0.1614 0.2627 0.6564 0.3843 1.1995 0.4082 2.6234 0.0727 1.3451
µ/µN 0.91 1.09 +4.2754 -1.065 -0.656 3.8 +2.6 -0.8149 -0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 -0.2591 -0.3399 +2.014 -0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 -0.5639 -0.2316 +0.49367 -0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 -0.6409 4.77 +2.3705 +0.1177847 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 -0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 -0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 -0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.61
Q/fm2
-5.9 -63 -33 +70 -26 +9.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +247 +265 +358 +357
+280 +349 +497 +336 +379 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.6
-50
+117 +119 +170 +430 -172 +493.6 +388.6 +421
13C-NMR
ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula. REFERENCES 1. Yoder, C. H. and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, Benjamin/ Cummings, Menlo Part, CA, 1987. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 3. Brown, D. W., A Short Set of 13C NMR Correlation Tables, J. Chem. Educ., 62, 209, 1985.
δ (ppm)
Group
Family
Example (δ of italicized carbon)
220-165
>C=O
Ketones
(CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H CH3CO2H HCONH2 CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCO2CH3 C6 H 6 CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 CH3-CN HCCH CH3CCH3 CH3OOCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3 CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 C6H5-S-CH3 CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters 140-120
>C=C<
Aromatic Alkenes
125-115 80-70
-CN -CC-
Nitriles Alkynes
70-45
-C-O
Esters Alcohols
40-20
-C-NH2
Amines
30-15 30-(-2.3)
-S-CH3 -C-H
Sulfides (thioethers) Alkanes, cycloalkanes
Cyclohexane
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
(206.0) (212.1) (199.7) (192.4) (169.9) (166.0) (178.1) (165.0) (172.7) (170.3) (165.5) (128.5) (123.2) (115.9, 136.2) (117.5, 133.7) (132.7) (117.7) (71.9) (73.9) (57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0) (26.9) (35.9) 15.6 (-2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)
BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal-ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are the unweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10-10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order.
REFERENCE 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1989, S1-S83.
M
M-CH3
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th
2.175 2.083(0.045) 2.066(0.045) 2.072(0.026) 2.567
M
M-NH3
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
2.168 2.095(0.030) 2.074 2.014(0.023) 2.029
M-CH2R
M-CR=CR2
2.167
2.215(0.042)
2.176(0.024) 2.091(0.030) 2.039(0.032) 1.964
2.035(0.009) 2.007 1.991(0.039) 1.934(0.019) 1.892(0.017)
M-C6R5 2.148 2.114(0.012) 2.075(0.019) 2.064(0.021) 2.031(0.062) 1.974 1.917(0.038) 2.020
M-C(=O)R
2.044 1.997(0.033) 1.990 1.850(0.059)
1.964 2.292(0.049) 2.336 2.254(0.065) 2.179(0.045) 2.092(0.027) 2.275(0.049) 2.217(0.035) 2.189(0.039) 2.173(0.051)
2.069(0.008)
1.965(0.021) 2.074(0.093) 1.987(0.017) 2.044
2.257 1.319 2.250(0.061) 2.036(0.010) 2.100 2.028 2.225(0.056) 2.175 2.290 2.221 2.062(0.031)
2.204(0.049) 2.063 2.040(0.054) 2.000(0.024) 2.205
2.066(0.052) 2.129(0.131) 1.997(0.070) 2.189(0.040) 2.085(0.066) 2.085(0.064) 2.079(0.038) 2.186(0.215) 2.090(0.061) 2.398(0.068)
2.109 2.091 1.995(0.031) 1.982(0.029)
2.199(0.073) 2.224 2.052 2.071(0.044) 2.024(0.037) 2.042
2.027 2.090(0.032) 2.070(0.038) 2.049(0.046) 2.059(0.024) 2.086(0.040)
2.190(0.027) 2.161 2.019 1.991(0.025)
M-PMe3
M-SR
M-AsR3
2.510(0.010) 2.389(0.069) 2.455(0.164) 2.246(0.042) 2.217(0.043) 2.204(0.031)
2.369 2.378(0.007) 2.362 2.366(0.054) 2.271(0.028) 2.254(0.025) 2.187(0.007)
2.125
M-OH2
2.193(0.054) 2.092(0.057) 2.011(0.026) 1.981(0.032)
2.686 2.460(0.040) 2.400(0.013) 2.352(0.043) 2.323(0.021) 2.333(0.035) 2.367(0.016)
2.295 2.692
2.217 2.126(0.024) 2.114(0.018) 2.032
2.248(0.137) 2.201(0.094) 2.074(0.051) 2.190(0.096) 2.200 2.350 2.318(0.065)
2.462(0.046) 2.307(0.050) 2.266(0.036) 2.287(0.018)
2.401(0.050)
2.444
2.741(0.008) 2.582(0.036) 2.446(0.031) 2.416(0.039) 2.386(0.052)
BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
M La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th U
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
M-NH3
M-OH2
M-PMe3
M-SR
M-AsR3
2.556(0.062) 2.565(0.063) 2.518(0.038) 2.533(0.058) 2.459(0.050) 2.441(0.055) 2.443(0.074) 2.455 2.409(0.074) 2.407(0.069) 2.404(0.083) 2.353(0.066) 2.404(0.116)
2.253 2.136 2.050(0.021)
2.115(0.065) 2.199(0.091) 2.166
2.157 2.690(0.083) 2.483(0.032) 2.455(0.047)
2.589(0.044) 2.485(0.039) 2.369(0.065) 2.328(0.029) 2.323(0.028) 2.295(0.036)
2.575(0.006) 2.461 2.320(0.015) 2.293 2.402(0.065)
2.366(0.058)
LINE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1-94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors. J. G. Conway - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss - National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan - Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley - University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite - Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis - University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman - National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly - Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf - University of Louisville W. C. Martin - National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin - Pennsylvania State University L. J. Radziemski - Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader - National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti - National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley - Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. - University of Arizona H. H. Stroke - New York University D. R. Wood - Wright State University E. F. Worden - Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne - International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas - National Bureau of Standards All wavelengths are given in Angstrom units (10-10 m). Below 2000 Å, the wavelengths are in vacuum; above 2000 Å, the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu.
All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 A given to three decimal places are for 86Kr. Also, Hg I lines given to three decimal places are for 198Hg; these are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral-Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take account of varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale. For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. The default order of the table is alphabetical by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are then listed by wavelength. The table can be sorted on wavelength to produce a finding list for identifying unknown lines. References to the sources of data for each element are given below. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., "NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database" ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html SOURCES OF DATA FOR EACH ELEMENT Numbers following the element name refer to the references below. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279
Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433 Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242 Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413,430
Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418
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NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES J.R. Fuhr and W.L. Wiese These tables substantially update and enlarge our earlier tables in this Handbook. The new tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for about 9000 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes a number of prominent lines of more highly charged ions of important elements. Many of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). Specifically, data have been taken from three recent comprehensive critical compilations on C, N and O,1 on Sc through Mn,2 and Fe through Ni.3 Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne4 and Na through Ca5 was supplemented by more recent material taken directly from the original literature. For the highly charged ions, some of the data were derived from studies of the systematic behavior of transition probabilities.6-8 Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies9,10; for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole — including intercombination — lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties of 50% or less. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkalis, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s-1 and is listed to as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. The power of 10 is indicated by the E notation (i.e., E-02 means 10-2). Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are ±25 to 50% for two-digit numbers, ±10 to 25% for three-digit numbers and ±1% or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength, λ, in angstroms; and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gk A (or gi f) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center11,12 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements”, which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers listed in the transition column; therefore, the special hydrogen table which appears below gives weighted average A-values. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electric-dipole transitions): gi f = 1.499 × 10–8 λ2 gk A = 303.8 λ–1 S where λ is in angstroms, A is in 108 s-1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188 × 10-59 m2 C2. After the special table for hydrogen, the tables for other elements appear in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Wiese, W.L., Fuhr, J.R., and Deters, T.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 2. Martin, G.A., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 3. Fuhr, J.R., Martin, G.A., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 4. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Glennon, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne—A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 5. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Miles, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca—A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 6. Wiese, W.L. and Weiss, A.W., Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 7. Smith, M.W. and Wiese,M.L., Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 8. Martin, G.A., and Wiese,W.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 9. Fuhr, J.R., Miller, B.J., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (1914 through October 1997), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, 1978; Miller, B.J., Fuhr, J.R., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (November 1977 through February 1980), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, Supplement 1, 1980. 10. Wiese, W.L., Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116—123, 1982; 19A, 122—138, 1985.; 20A, 117—123, 1988, Reidel, D., Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 11. Moore, C.E., Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306—Section 1, 1968; Sections 2—4, 1969.
10-88
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) 12. Hagan, L. and Martin, W.C., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; Hagan, L., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; Zalubas, R. and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; Musgrove, A. and Zalubas, R., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 13. Younger, S.M. and Weiss, A., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975. Transition Probabilities for Allowed Lines of Hydrogen λ Å Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40
Weights gi gk
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8
1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682
A 108 s–1
5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06
λ Å 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39
Weights gi gk 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18
1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05 1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05
8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578 75004 123680
For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold: AZ = Z4 AHydrogen; fZ = fH; SZ = Z–2SH (For wavelengths, λZ = Z–2λH) For very highly charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z>25, relativistic corrections13 must be applied.
10-89
Weights gi gk 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50 72 72
392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72 128 98
A 108 s–1 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02 1.561E-03 4.561E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) Transition Probabilities for Other Elements λ Å Aluminum Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8
6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02
Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1 6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4
1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5
3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 1 5 3 7
3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01
Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7
2 2 2 10 2
6 4 2 14 2
4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00
λ Å 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å *4761 5172 5551 5687
2 2 4 4
6 4 6 4
2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03
Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10
1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3
5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04
4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4
2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2
9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00
Al X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535
1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3
2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01
Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0 *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069
2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 2 2 2 2
6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6 6 2 4 2 4 2
1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01 9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01
10-90
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42 5459.65 5467.16
Weights gi gk 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5 7 5
5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03 3.8E-04 7.6E-04
5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73 6013.68
Weights gi gk 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5 7
10-91
3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03
6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61
Weights gi gk 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5
3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3
A 108 s–1 9.0E-03 1.47E-02 1.9E-03 5.8E-04 7.5E-04 9.0E-05 3.0E-03 5.2E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03 1.21E-02 4.7E-04 5.1E-04 1.3E-04 1.1E-03 8.6E-04 7.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.89E-04 5.0E-03 6.7E-03 6.6E-04 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 1.2E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-04 2.0E-04 9.0E-03 6.0E-03 7.6E-04 5.6E-03 4.2E-03 4.21E-03 1.16E-02 5.1E-04 1.5E-03 9.4E-04 5.4E-04 1.1E-03 2.3E-04 3.6E-04 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 5.3E-04 3.1E-04 7.8E-03 1.5E-03 2.36E-03 3.9E-04 2.5E-04 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.2E-04 1.93E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 4.0E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16
Weights gk gi 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3
3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5
A 108 s–1 1.21E-03 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 6.7E-04 2.78E-02 1.8E-03 1.3E-03 2.5E-03 1.2E-03 3.08E-02 2.2E-03 2.4E-03 6.39E-02 7.5E-03 2.67E-02 3.80E-02 2.0E-02 1.5E-03 4.5E-03 6.0E-03 6.25E-03 2.1E-02 5.8E-04 2.48E-02 6.6E-04 1.7E-03 1.1E-03 1.83E-02 1.2E-03 1.7E-02 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 9.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.47E-02 7.2E-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-04 3.1E-03 9.0E-03 2.7E-03 2.2E-04 3.4E-03 4.45E-01 4.5E-03 4.02E-01 2.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.45E-01 2.8E-03 6.3E-04 5.18E-02 1.17E-01 8.7E-04 3.50E-03 9.5E-03 1.2E-03 1.86E-01 4.90E-02
λ Å 8014.79 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2
Weights gi gk 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5
10-92
5 3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.28E-02 3.59E-03 1.12E-02 8.6E-03 1.4E-03 2.5E-01 3.31E-01 1.53E-01 2.4E-03 2.23E-01 2.15E-01 9.6E-04 1.39E-01 1.04E-02 9.2E-03 2.43E-02 9.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.89E-01 1.76E-02 5.03E-02 3.26E-02 1.06E-02 5.43E-02 1.47E-02 9.8E-03 2.44E-02 3.96E-03 8.3E-03 2.22E-02 1.39E-02 3.69E-03 1.9E-03 3.76E-02 9.52E-03 4.2E-03 3.1E-02 4.5E-02 2.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.1E-01 1.2E-03 7.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 8.9E-02 8.1E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
13622.4 13678.5 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5
3 3 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3
5 5 3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1
7.3E-02 6.2E-02 4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03
Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5
6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6
4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8
1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0
Weights gi gk 2 6 2 4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2
4 8 4 6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02
4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1
Weights gi gk 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8
10-93
6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01 1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02
6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3
4 6 4 10 2 8 4 6 2 4 6
2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 4 4 4
1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02 1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01
Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7
5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7
3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5
6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01
Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60
4 4 4
2 4 6
2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00
Ar VI 292.15 294.05
2 4
2 2
6.9E+01 1.36E+02
Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30
9 9 1 9
3 15 3 9
2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01
Ar VIII 158.92 159.18
2 2
4 2
1.1E+02 1.11E+02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24 713.81
2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2
2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2
1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01 2.4E+01
Ar IX 48.739
1
3
1.69E+03
Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10
5 9 5 1 9 9
3 3 5 3 9 15
3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01
Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35
2 2 4 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 2 2
4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01
Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3
1 1 9
3 3 9
1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01
Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514
2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4
6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6
1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02
Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2
4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4
6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4
2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2860.4 2898.7
2 4
2 2
5.5E-01 9.9E-02
Barium Ba I 2409.2 2414.1 2420.1 2427.4 2432.5 2438.8 2444.6 2452.4 2473.2 2500.2 2543.2 2596.6 2646.5 2702.6 2739.2 2785.3 3071.6 3501.1 3889.3 3909.9 3935.7 3937.9 3993.4 3995.7 4132.4 4239.6 4242.6 4264.4 4283.1 4323.0 4325.2 4332.9 4350.3 4402.5 4406.8 4431.9 4467.1 4489.0 4493.6 4505.9 4523.2 4573.9 4579.6 4591.8 4599.7 4605.0 4619.9 4628.3 4673.6 4691.6 4700.4 4726.4 5519.1 5535.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 5 7 7 1 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 7 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 7 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3
8.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 5.6E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-03 4.5E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-03 1.5E-02 4.1E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 9.1E-03 2.8E-02 4.1E-01 1.9E-01 8.8E-03 4.9E-01 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.5E-01 8.8E-02 7.1E-03 2.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.5E-01 7.1E-02 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.6E-02 4.2E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 9.6E-01 1.21E+00 7.0E-01 1.6E-02 4.07E-01 7.7E-02 9.3E-02 6.0E-02 6.5E-02 1.6E+00 2.4E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.19E+00
5777.6 5784.0 5800.2 5805.7 5826.3 5907.6 5971.7 5997.1 6019.5 6063.1 6083.4 6110.8 6129.2 6341.7 6450.9 6482.9 6498.8 6527.3 6595.3 6675.3 6693.8 6865.7 7059.9 7120.3 7195.2 7280.3 7392.4 7417.5 7488.1 7528.2 7672.1 7780.5 7905.8 7911.3 8147.7 9645.6 9704.3 9821.5 10370.3 10649.1 11075.7 11303.1 11373.8 14158.4 14723.2 14999.9 17123.7 17187.1 20563.9
5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 9 3 5 7 3 5
7 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 1 3 1 5 1 7 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 7 5 3 7 1 7
6.5E-01 2.1E-01 9.9E-02 1.1E-02 5.6E-01 1.5E-02 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.4E+00 5.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.5E-01 6.0E-02 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 4.4E-01 8.6E-01 5.9E-01 3.9E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 7.1E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 5.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.5E-02 1.0E-01 2.7E-02 3.1E-01 1.3E-01 6.3E-01 2.98E-03 6.3E-02 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-05 1.2E-03 1.3E-01 2.0E-03 8.6E-03 2.8E-03 3.3E-03 2.7E-02 2.6E-03
Ba II 1413.4 1417.1 1444.9 1461.5 1487.0 1503.9 1554.4 1572.7
6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6
8 6 6 8 6 8 6 8
1.7E-02 3.8E-02 8.1E-02 8.7E-02 1.4E-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-01
10-94
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1573.9 1630.4 1674.5 1694.4 1697.2 1761.8 1771.0 1786.9 1892.7 1904.2 1906.8 1924.7 1954.2 1955.1 1970.2 1985.6 1999.5 2009.2 2052.7 2054.6 2080.0 2153.9 2200.9 2232.8 2235.4 2286.0 2528.5 2634.8 2641.4 2647.3 2771.4 3816.7 3842.8 3891.8 4024.1 4057.5 4130.7 4166.0 4216.0 4287.8 4325.7 4329.6 4405.2 4470.7 4509.6 4524.9 4554.0 4708.9 4843.5 4847.1 4850.8 4900.0 4934.1 4997.8 5185.0 5361.4 5391.6 5413.6 5421.1
Weights gi gk 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 8 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 6
6 2 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 2 8 6 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.6E-02 1.7E-02 2.2E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-02 3.9E-03 3.4E-02 4.4E-02 9.0E-02 1.1E-02 5.1E-02 3.1E-02 1.3E-01 1.8E-02 6.7E-02 2.5E-01 1.0E-01 8.6E-02 2.0E-01 2.9E-02 1.0E-01 5.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.9E-01 4.4E-02 1.3E-01 7.1E-01 7.6E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.67E+00 5.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.80E+00 3.7E-01 5.8E-02 2.4E-02 5.9E-02 8.8E-03 3.9E-02 1.4E-02 1.2E-02 7.2E-01 1.17E+00 9.7E-02 9.3E-02 4.1E-02 1.4E-02 7.75E-01 9.55E-01 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 4.8E-02 5.2E-02 8.4E-04 1.9E-03
5428.8 5480.3 5784.2 5853.7 5981.3 5999.9 6135.8 6141.7 6363.2 6372.9 6378.9 6457.7 6496.9 7556.8 7678.2 8710.7 8737.7
6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4
4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 6
2.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.0E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-02 8.5E-02 3.7E-01 2.9E-03 6.7E-04 9.9E-02 3.0E-03 3.32E-01 1.6E-03 6.6E-04 8.0E-01 9.3E-01
1 1 1 9 9 3
3 3 3 15 9 5
1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01
Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4
2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4
9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02
Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2
4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02
Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7
2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2
3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00
Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2
4 4
6 4
1.2E+00 6.0E-02
Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4
4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6
4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4
1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03
Weights gi gk
10-95
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7 8446.6 8638.7
6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2 4 6
6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4
7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 9.7E-02
Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7
5 5 5
7 5 3
1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00
Cadmium Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5
1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3
3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5
5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01
Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6
2 2 2 4 4
4 2 2 2 6
2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02
Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2
1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3
3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5
3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01
3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7
Weights gi gk 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7
10-96
7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01 6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
6493.8 6499.7
3 5
5 5
4.4E-01 8.1E-02
Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7 2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2
4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2
1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01 8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00
Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55
1 1 1
3 3 3
8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02
Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76
5 5 3 5 3 1 3
3 3 1 5 3 3 5
2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00
Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41
5 1 3 3 5 5
5 3 5 3 7 5
1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00
Ca VIII 182.71 184.16
2 4
2 2
1.6E+02 3.2E+02
Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81
5 1 3
3 3 5
3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92
378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57
5 3 1 3 5 5
7 5 3 5 5 3
1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01
Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01
2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2
4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2
2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01
Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212
1 1 1
3 3 3
6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03
Ca XII 140.05 147.27
4 2
2 2
3.7E+02 1.6E+02
Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00
5 9 5
3 3 5
4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02
Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06
1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5
3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3
3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01
Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76
2 6 2 2
6 10 4 2
2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01
Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93
1 3 5 5 1 3
3 3 3 7 3 1
3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00
Weights gi gk 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1
10-97
3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01 2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04
4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43
3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5
3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3 3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3
8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01
C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34
4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2
6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2
2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28
Weights gk gi 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6
2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02 1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02
7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68
4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6
C III 310.170 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52
1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8
3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01
3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3
6.56E+00 3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01
5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10 9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79
3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 5
5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 7 5 3
4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02 5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03
C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01
CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12
1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3
3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1
2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02
Weights gi gk
10-98
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
8449.19
3
3
6.829E-02
Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05 1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01
Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2
4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2
6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4
2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9
6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4
4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4
1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02
3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5
6 4 6 4 4
8 6 8 6 6
1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00
Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8 4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1
5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 3 5
7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 7
1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00
Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5
4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6
4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6
4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00
Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88
9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7
9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5
1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00
10-99
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4319.66 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4429.93 4432.16
Weights gk gi 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13 7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1
7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11 9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01 3.15E-01 6.4E-01 3.07E-01 2.2E-01 4.7E-01 3.16E-01 2.4E-01 4.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.7E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01
4432.77 4443.72 4482.88 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4663.33 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02 4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 4966.80 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11 5783.89 5787.97
15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 5
Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77
4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3 5 7
4.9E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 3.9E-01 4.47E-01 2.0E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 3.14E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.31E-01 3.4E-01 3.83E-01 3.38E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 4.0E-01 2.6E-01 3.06E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.0E-01 5.09E-01 5.14E-01 5.06E-01 2.19E-01 3.88E-01 3.0E-01 6.2E-01 2.25E-01 2.1E-01 2.02E-01 2.35E-01
2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22
6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8
8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6
2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01
6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6
3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01
Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07 1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70
9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7 9 5 3 5 7
9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9 11 3 1 7 9
1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01 3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00
Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241
6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6
6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8
1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02
Weights gi gk
10-100
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345
3 5 1 3 3 1 7
Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2 125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4
227.202
4
6
6.6E+02
Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150
6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6
8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6
9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01
Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083
5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3
7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5
1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01
Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32 305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06
4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6
6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4
2.4E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 3.0E+02 2.4E+02 3.3E+02 1.4E+02 3.5E+02 2.2E+02 3.4E+02 2.0E+02 1.5E+02 3.2E+02 2.1E+02 1.4E+02 2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02
Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73
1 1 5 5
3 3 7 7
9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1 7 3 5 1 3 9
1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02
346.5
6
8
2.5E+02
6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6
2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02 5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02
Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27
1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3
1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02
Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714
4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2
6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2
1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04
Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389
5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1
3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3
9.6E+03 3.2E+04 9.7E+04 1.3E+05 5.7E+04 1.1E+04 1.8E+05 6.8E+04 4.4E+04 2.63E+04 1.5E+04 8.6E+03 1.7E+04 1.6E+04 9.2E+03
Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62 123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40
4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4
2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4
3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02 3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02
Weights gi gk
10-101
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18
3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1
7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02
Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85
2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4
4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4
1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02
Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75 13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95
3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5
1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 5 5 7 5
4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04 1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58 3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82
14.04 14.24
3 1
5 3
1.2E+05 1.41E+05
Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292
4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6
1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05
Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923
1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1
3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3
3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05
8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4
8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6 10 8 6 4 6
8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00 3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01
Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80
10-102
Weights gi gk 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 6 8
8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8 2 10 8 10
A 108 s–1 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79 Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66
Weights gi gk 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10
11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9
6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02
Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4
6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2
9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02
Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5 2769.7
5 9 7 5 3 5 7
5 7 7 5 3 5 7
1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01 6.1E-01
17 17 15 15 15 15 17
15 17 17 13 13 13 19
6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00
3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01
Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1
Weights gi gk
10-103
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4
17 17 17 13 17 17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17
17 19 15 11 17 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15
3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00 7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03
Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1
13 13 13
13 15 11
2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6
1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01
Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5 Fluorine FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7
Weights gk gi 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6
10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8
6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03
7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2
4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2
Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0 Ga II 829.60 1414.4
3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01
Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4
3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01
2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8
5 5 5 5 1 1
3 3 5 3 3 3
1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02
2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2
1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01
Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2
2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4
4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2
1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01
1 1
3 3
2.2E-01 1.88E+01
Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30
2 2 6 4
4 2 4 2
1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02
Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15
4.6224E-01 7.3174E-01 1.2582E+00 2.4356E+00 5.6634E+00 1.7989E+01 4.4174E-03 6.0234E-03 8.4996E-03 1.2508E-02 1.9389E-02 3.2006E-02 5.6361E-02 5.1015E-03 6.9627E-03 9.8432E-03 1.4537E-02 2.2691E-02 7.5971E-03 4.8362E-03 1.8107E-02
Weights gi gk
3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3
10-104
1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1
7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985
1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15
3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9
3.8022E-02 2.6062E-02 9.7444E-03 3.9528E-02 6.4351E-02 9.6470E-03 2.4465E-02 1.3386E-02 9.4746E-02 1.9371E-02 7.4475E-03 6.9507E-02 2.9612E-02 1.1281E-02 1.1600E-01 4.4529E-02 4.8812E-02 1.8298E-02 8.9889E-02 3.2689E-02 2.4578E-01 9.5209E-02 1.9863E-01 1.3372E-01 6.7712E-02 7.0703E-01 6.3705E-01 2.7853E-01 1.8299E-01 3.8126E-03 5.6868E-03 5.8286E-03 8.6511E-03 1.9945E-02 1.4471E-02 1.0216E-01 1.9801E-02 1.6083E-02 1.4253E-03 9.2496E-03 1.8457E-02 1.1168E-02 3.4781E-02 7.0932E-03 1.2754E-03 4.1339E-02 3.2475E-02 2.7317E-02 3.3615E-02 2.7292E-03
Indium In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3
2 4 2 4 2 4
4 6 4 6 2 2
4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
In II 2941.1
3
1
1.4E+00
Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4
4 4
4 6
2.71E+00 1.6E-01
Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10
10 12 10 10 8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12
2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03
Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2084.12 2102.35 2112.97 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.20 2191.84 2196.04 2200.72 2259.51 2267.08 2272.07
9 9 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 1 5 3 3 9 7 7
7 7 5 7 7 3 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 11 5 9
2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 8.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 7.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E-01 7.0E-02 7.1E-02 3.8E-02
10-105
λ Å 2276.03 2277.11 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2300.14 2301.68 2303.42 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2371.43 2373.62 2374.52 2381.83 2389.97 2462.18 2462.65 2479.78 2483.27 2488.14 2490.64 2491.15 2501.13 2510.83 2518.10 2522.85 2524.29 2527.43 2529.13 2535.61 2540.97 2545.98 2549.61 2584.54 2606.83 2618.02 2623.53 2656.15 2669.49 2679.06 2719.03 2720.90 2723.58 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2742.41 2744.07 2750.14 2756.33 2788.10 2894.50 2899.42 2920.69 2923.29 2925.36 2929.01
Weights gi gk 9 7 5 7 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 5 7 9 5 9 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 3 7 5 1 3 5 7 11 9 7 7 13 11 11 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 1 7 3 11 5 5 5 11 7 7
7 5 3 9 1 7 3 3 5 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 9 7 5 7 5 3 9 1 7 5 3 5 7 9 13 11 7 9 15 13 11 7 5 3 9 7 3 5 3 7 5 13 5 3 5 11 9 5
A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 3.7E+01 3.4E-01 4.3E-02 6.1E-01 8.0E-02 1.3E-01 9.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 5.2E-02 6.7E-02 2.9E-01 5.4E-02 5.0E-02 1.5E-01 5.8E-01 1.8E+00 4.9E+00 4.7E+00 3.8E+00 3.0E+00 6.8E-01 1.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.9E+00 3.4E+00 1.9E+00 9.8E-01 9.7E-01 9.2E-01 6.7E-01 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.1E+00 6.4E-01 8.6E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 6.3E-01 3.5E-01 3.9E-01 2.0E-01 6.3E-01 6.2E-01 5.9E-01 5.2E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01 7.3E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2936.90 2941.34 2947.88 2953.94 2954.65 2957.36 2965.25 2966.90 2969.36 2973.13 2973.24 2980.53 2981.45 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.95 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3017.63 3018.98 3021.07 3024.03 3025.84 3026.46 3031.63 3037.39 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3057.45 3059.09 3067.24 3068.17 3075.72 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19 3100.67 3119.49 3120.43 3156.27 3160.66 3161.95 3166.44 3168.85 3175.45 3176.36 3196.93 3199.53 3205.40
Weights gk gi 9 5 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 7 3 11 5 3 13 9 7 11 5 3 7 7 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 11 7 9 5 7 5 3 11 7 11 9 7 9 11 9 5 11 5 9 9 3
9 3 7 5 7 3 3 11 1 7 9 7 5 7 7 11 5 5 11 3 1 11 9 9 9 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 9 9 7 3 5 3 1 11 7 9 7 7 9 13 7 7 11 3 11 9 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.3E-01 5.6E-02 2.0E-01 1.89E-01 1.0E-01 1.77E-01 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 3.66E-02 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 2.2E-01 6.54E-02 2.80E-01 6.6E-02 3.9E-01 4.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.42E-01 1.07E+00 6.7E-02 1.7E-01 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 8.5E-02 6.82E-02 1.3E-01 4.56E-01 4.88E-02 3.48E-01 1.1E-01 1.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.9E-02 5.7E-02 2.84E-01 1.5E-01 4.4E-01 1.7E-01 3.4E-01 9.8E-02 2.9E-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 8.2E-02 8.9E-02 5.4E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E-01 1.14E-01 5.7E-02 1.3E-01 9.2E-02 9.0E-01 2.6E-01 1.2E+00
3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3246.96 3248.20 3253.60 3254.36 3257.59 3265.62 3268.23 3271.00 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.36 3307.23 3314.74 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3337.66 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.98 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3406.44 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3417.84 3418.51 3424.28 3425.01 3427.12 3428.19 3428.75 3440.99
Weights gi gk 5 11 7 11 11 9 5 9 5 7 13 9 5 7 7 11 7 7 3 5 9 3 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 13 5 9 5 11 11 5 1 9 9 11 7 7 7 5 5 13 3 7 3 9 5 3 3 7 9 7 5 7 7
5 9 9 11 13 7 3 11 5 5 15 9 3 7 9 13 5 5 3 3 11 5 5 5 9 3 5 7 5 13 7 11 5 11 9 5 3 9 9 11 7 7 7 3 5 13 5 9 5 9 7 3 1 7 7 9 5 5 5
10-106
A 108 s–1
λ Å
8.0E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 3.3E-01 8.8E-01 1.4E+00 4.5E-01 4.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.9E-01 5.4E-01 2.0E-01 9.9E-02 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 6.6E-01 5.4E-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-02 6.0E-02 6.1E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-02 4.7E-01 6.1E-01 2.0E-01 6.9E-01 6.2E-02 3.0E-01 2.7E-01 5.7E-02 4.0E-02 7.7E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.4E-01 9.3E-02 2.6E-01 9.9E-02 3.8E-01 2.8E-01 3.0E-01 5.8E-01 4.7E-01 5.5E-02 3.6E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 8.4E-02
3442.36 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3476.70 3477.85 3485.34 3495.29 3497.10 3505.07 3506.50 3508.49 3510.44 3516.56 3521.84 3523.31 3524.08 3524.24 3527.79 3529.82 3536.56 3537.73 3537.90 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3548.02 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3556.88 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.42 3568.82 3570.10 3572.00 3573.39 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3582.20 3583.33 3585.32 3585.71 3586.98 3591.48 3592.67 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.62 3603.20 3603.82 3605.45
Weights gi gk 5 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 9 1 7 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 5 3 5 11 9 3 7 7 5 5 7 9 11 5 11 1 11 13 1 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 5 11 11 3 9
5 3 7 5 3 3 1 3 7 7 3 5 11 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 3 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 3 5 5 9 11 3 9 9 7 3 9 11 11 7 9 3 13 11 3 7 9 5 3 5 9 5 3 9 11 3 9
A 108 s–1 4.55E-02 6.2E-02 2.8E-01 9.1E-02 2.0E-01 5.4E-02 4.2E-02 1.4E-01 9.46E-02 1.4E-01 9.9E-02 7.1E-02 5.7E-02 4.4E-02 3.7E-02 9.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.5E-02 4.2E-02 2.0E-01 7.6E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E-01 8.4E-02 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 4.5E-02 1.5E-01 8.1E-01 4.4E-01 1.9E-01 6.5E-02 3.8E-01 6.5E-02 5.3E-02 5.6E-02 6.77E-01 2.4E-01 7.5E-02 9.6E-02 6.3E-02 1.02E+00 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 1.3E-01 3.75E-02 1.6E-01 6.0E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-01 5.4E-02 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 6.4E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3606.68 3608.86 3610.16 3610.70 3612.07 3613.45 3615.19 3617.79 3618.77 3621.46 3622.00 3623.19 3624.06 3630.35 3631.46 3632.04 3632.55 3635.19 3637.86 3638.30 3640.39 3644.80 3645.82 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3667.25 3669.15 3669.52 3670.09 3674.77 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3678.86 3682.24 3684.11 3686.00 3686.26 3687.46 3688.48 3690.73 3694.01 3697.43 3698.60 3699.15 3701.09 3702.03 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3709.25 3711.41 3718.41 3719.93 3722.56
Weights gi gk 11 3 13 5 11 7 3 5 5 9 7 13 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 7 9 7 1 9 11 7 7 5 9 9 9 9 11 5 9 5 7 3 5 9 9 3 11 7 11 5 7 5 5 7 3 9 1 11 9 3 7 9 5
13 5 13 3 13 7 3 7 7 11 7 13 3 7 9 5 9 3 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 11 1 9 9 11 7 7 7 7 9 1 11 3 9 7 5 7 11 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
8.2E-01 8.14E-01 4.8E-01 7.1E-02 7.5E-02 6.7E-02 5.8E-02 6.5E-01 7.3E-01 5.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.4E-02 5.4E-02 7.6E-02 5.17E-01 4.8E-01 5.2E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-02 2.6E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-02 5.7E-01 2.92E-01 4.2E-01 9.9E-02 6.2E-01 1.0E-01 5.8E-02 1.4E-01 7.4E-02 3.0E-01 7.6E-02 6.7E-02 4.63E-02 3.1E-01 8.0E-01 4.1E-02 1.7E+00 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 1.2E-01 8.01E-02 6.9E-02 2.7E-01 6.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-02 4.5E-02 4.8E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 1.56E-01 7.3E-02 5.3E-02 1.62E-01 4.97E-02
3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3730.39 3730.95 3732.40 3733.32 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3744.10 3745.56 3745.90 3746.93 3748.26 3749.48 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3760.05 3760.53 3763.79 3765.54 3766.67 3767.19 3768.03 3774.82 3778.51 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.82 3791.73 3793.87 3794.34 3795.00 3799.55 3801.68 3802.00 3802.28 3804.01 3805.35 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3813.88 3815.84 3817.64 3819.50
Weights gi gk 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 3 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 5 5 1 7 3 9 7 11 5 7 13 3 5 13 5 3 3 3 7 5 11 5 5 3 9 5 3 9 5 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 13 9 11 7
7 5 7 5 11 7 5 3 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 3 7 3 7 5 9 5 11 3 7 15 5 5 15 3 3 1 3 5 7 13 5 5 5 7 3 3 11 7 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 11 7 11 5
10-107
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.3E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 2.25E-01 1.3E-01 3.8E-02 2.8E-01 6.2E-02 9.02E-01 2.4E-01 1.42E-01 3.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.0E-01 2.60E-01 3.6E-01 1.15E-01 7.33E-02 2.2E-01 9.15E-02 7.64E-01 9.3E-02 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.34E-01 4.47E-02 4.8E-02 5.44E-01 9.8E-01 9.7E-02 6.40E-01 8.4E-02 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.7E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 1.29E-01 3.9E-02 6.3E-02 7.4E-02 3.8E-02 1.15E-01 7.32E-02 6.6E-02 3.5E-02 5.0E-02 4.7E-02 9.8E-01 2.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.0E-02 3.54E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 1.3E+00 8.3E-02 4.6E-02
3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3839.61 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.17 3845.69 3846.00 3846.41 3846.80 3849.96 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.57 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3895.66 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3909.83 3914.27 3916.73 3919.07 3925.20 3931.12 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3948.77 3949.14 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60
Weights gi gk 11 11 5 9 7 9 7 5 9 3 5 5 9 3 5 9 11 7 3 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 5 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 9 5 7 3 3 3 13 9 1 5 5 3 9 11 3 7 3 11
9 13 5 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 3 3 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 1 7 7 9 7 5 5 3 3 11 9 3 7 5 5 11 9 3 5 5 11
A 108 s–1 6.68E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-02 5.98E-01 1.05E+00 4.69E-02 4.53E-01 3.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.9E-01 4.70E-01 1.3E+00 4.7E-01 6.8E-02 4.9E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-01 6.6E-01 6.06E-01 4.64E-02 8.5E-02 9.70E-02 1.55E-01 3.4E-01 6.7E-02 1.05E-01 8.0E-02 7.72E-02 6.6E-02 1.6E-01 3.5E-02 5.8E-02 5.30E-02 3.52E-02 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E-01 9.40E-02 7.5E-02 2.14E-01 9.6E-02 6.7E-02 6.7E-02 5.3E-02 6.5E-02 5.4E-02 1.2E-01 3.9E-02 5.7E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-02 9.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.2E-01 3.9E-02 5.9E-02 3.6E-01 4.1E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3953.15 3955.34 3955.96 3956.45 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.97 3997.39 3998.05 4003.76 4005.24 4006.31 4007.27 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4021.87 4024.72 4031.96 4040.64 4044.61 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4059.73 4062.44 4063.59 4065.40 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4078.35 4079.18 4079.84 4080.21 4082.44 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4088.57 4098.18 4107.49
Weights gk gi 7 3 3 13 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 9 11 3 7 11 7 3 11 9 7 7 3 5 5 9 5 9 5 3 7 3 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 1 3 3 11 3 7 7 5 7 5
9 3 3 11 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9 11 9 3 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 9 5 7 3 9 3 7 3 3 7 1 9 5 5 3 9 9 3 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 3 7 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3.7E-02 1.4E-01 5.7E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E-01 4.2E-02 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 6.3E-02 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 5.7E-02 6.6E-02 1.8E-01 7.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.6E-02 6.7E-02 5.0E-02 6.7E-02 1.5E-01 6.6E-02 7.1E-02 2.04E-01 4.7E-02 4.2E-02 5.2E-02 2.4E-01 4.5E-02 1.0E-01 8.9E-02 7.1E-02 4.4E-02 1.1E-01 8.63E-01 1.6E-01 4.9E-02 8.1E-02 2.2E-01 6.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.65E-01 1.6E-01 4.8E-02 1.9E-01 4.2E-02 5.1E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 3.9E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01
4109.07 4109.80 4112.96 4114.45 4118.54 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4137.42 4142.63 4143.87 4149.37 4150.25 4153.90 4154.80 4156.80 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.79 4191.68 4196.21 4198.30 4198.64 4199.09 4200.09 4200.92 4202.03 4203.67 4203.94 4205.54 4207.13 4210.34 4213.65 4217.55 4219.36 4220.34 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4226.42 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4240.37 4245.26 4246.08 4247.43 4248.22 4250.12
Weights gi gk 1 3 11 5 11 11 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 9 1 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 13 5 5 3 3 3 11 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 7 5 1 7 9 3 5
3 3 13 5 13 11 3 7 5 7 5 7 5 9 13 3 9 11 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 11 7 9 9 9 13 5 3 3 1 5 13 1 7 11 5 7 3 5 9 9 3 3 5 11 5 7
10-108
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.4E-01 4.7E-02 5.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 9.4E-02 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.1E-02 7.4E-02 1.5E-01 3.6E-02 7.1E-02 2.3E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 6.1E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 3.6E-01 4.9E-02 1.1E-01 2.15E-01 1.52E-01 4.8E-02 9.8E-02 8.03E-02 1.3E-01 6.1E-01 4.0E-02 4.2E-02 8.22E-02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01 3.6E-02 4.3E-02 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.77E-02 1.3E-01 7.1E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.85E-01 1.88E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-02 8.3E-02 5.7E-02 2.0E-01 3.5E-02 2.08E-01
4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4268.75 4271.15 4271.76 4282.40 4300.83 4305.45 4307.90 4315.08 4325.76 4327.09 4352.73 4369.77 4383.54 4387.89 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4430.61 4433.22 4438.34 4442.34 4443.19 4446.83 4447.72 4454.38 4455.03 4466.55 4469.37 4481.61 4484.22 4485.67 4528.61 4533.13 4547.85 4619.29 4669.17 4673.16 4678.85 4704.95 4736.77 4789.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.75 4891.49 4892.87 4903.31 4917.23 4918.01 4918.99 4920.50 4930.31
Weights gi gk 7 11 1 5 7 9 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 9 9 3 7 7 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 9 5 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 3 5 1 7 11 3
7 11 3 3 9 11 5 5 3 9 5 7 5 5 9 11 3 7 7 9 7 3 1 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 7 7 3 9 3 9 1 7 5 3 7 9 1 11 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 9 3
A 108 s–1 1.0E-01 3.2E-01 9.4E-02 4.2E-02 1.82E-01 2.28E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 6.0E-02 3.4E-01 7.7E-02 5.0E-01 7.8E-02 3.9E-02 7.2E-02 5.00E-01 3.9E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 2.75E-01 1.19E-01 8.8E-02 7.45E-02 2.3E-01 7.9E-02 3.76E-02 1.1E-01 5.3E-02 5.11E-02 3.8E-02 3.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 4.2E-02 7.0E-02 1.1E-01 5.44E-02 3.7E-02 7.6E-02 4.7E-02 4.0E-02 4.6E-02 7.4E-02 8.1E-02 4.9E-02 7.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 9.1E-02 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-02 4.7E-02 6.1E-02 4.0E-02 1.7E-01 3.5E-01 4.1E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4969.92 4973.10 4978.60 4988.95 4991.27 5001.86 5004.04 5014.94 5022.24 5074.75 5090.78 5109.65 5121.64 5125.11 5133.69 5137.38 5159.06 5162.27 5184.26 5208.59 5232.94 5263.30 5266.55 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93 5353.39 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5389.48 5398.29 5400.50 5410.91 5415.20 5424.07 5432.95 5445.04 5463.27 5466.39 5473.90 5480.87 5487.74 5554.89 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5598.30 5615.64 5624.54 5633.97 5638.27 5650.01 5655.18 5658.82
Weights gi gk 3 3 5 7 5 9 5 7 5 9 7 3 5 9 11 11 5 11 5 7 9 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 13 5 11 9 9 7 3 7 9 5 7 3 9 5 11 5 11 9 3 7 7
3 3 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 11 5 5 5 7 13 9 3 11 7 5 11 5 9 7 5 9 7 7 7 9 11 9 13 7 5 9 9 13 15 5 11 9 7 7 1 5 9 3 5 1 7 5 9 5 13 7 5 9 7
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.2E-02 3.9E-01 3.5E-02 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 1.5E-01 2.0E-01 5.4E-02 7.9E-02 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 3.5E-02 5.2E-02 1.4E-01 5.2E-02 8.6E-02 8.0E-02 6.3E-02 1.5E-01 7.0E-02 4.8E-02 5.5E-01 5.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.5E-02 5.6E-01 1.3E-01 9.8E-02 1.8E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.0E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-02 1.2E-01 8.6E-02 8.7E-02 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 5.3E-02 8.7E-02 4.0E-02 5.0E-02 5.3E-02 3.6E-02
5679.02 5686.53 5691.51 5705.99 5717.85 5753.12 5762.99 5816.36 5905.67 5927.80 5930.17 6020.17 6024.07 6055.99 6170.49 6336.84 6338.90 6400.00 6411.65 6419.98 6469.21 6495.78 6496.46 6569.23 6633.76 6733.16 6841.35 7130.94
5 9 3 7 1 3 5 9 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3
7 11 1 9 3 5 7 11 3 3 7 9 11 9 5 3 3 9 7 7 3 3 5 9 7 1 7 5
3.6E-02 4.4E-02 6.2E-02 6.7E-02 5.0E-02 7.0E-02 1.0E-01 3.7E-02 1.2E-01 5.1E-02 1.6E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 4.9E-02 4.8E-02 5.5E-02 3.5E-02 1.3E-01 9.0E-02 6.0E-02 8.5E-02 6.5E-02 3.6E-02 3.9E-02 3.6E-02 4.3E-02
Fe II 1144.94 1635.40 1641.76 1647.16 2208.41 2213.66 2218.27 2327.40 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2343.49 2343.96 2344.28 2348.11 2348.30 2351.67 2352.31 2353.68 2354.89 2360.00 2360.29 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.77 2366.59 2368.60 2369.95
10 8 6 6 10 14 8 6 10 8 4 10 8 2 10 6 6 2 8 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 10
12 6 4 6 10 14 10 4 8 6 4 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 10 8 6 6 4 12
4.8E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 5.2E-01 1.8E+00 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 5.9E-01 2.9E-01 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 2.9E-01 8.2E-01 5.1E-01 1.2E+00 1.7E+00 4.2E+00 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.3E-01 5.1E+00 6.1E-01 2.1E+00 9.9E-02 5.9E-01 5.7E+00
2370.50 2373.74 2375.19 2379.27 2380.76 2382.04 2382.90 2383.25 2384.39 2388.37 2388.63 2390.10 2390.77 2395.42 2395.62 2399.24 2400.06 2401.29 2404.43 2404.89 2406.66 2410.52 2411.07 2413.31 2416.45 2418.44 2423.21 2428.36 2432.87 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2439.30 2445.11 2445.80 2446.47 2447.20 2453.98 2455.71 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2466.52 2469.51 2472.61 2475.12 2475.54 2481.05 2484.44 2492.34 2493.26 2501.31 2503.87 2508.34 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36
10-109
Weights gi gk 4 10 4 8 6 10 12 6 4 10 8 14 6 6 8 6 12 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 8 6 4 8 14 8 8 12 12 12 4 12 6 8 8 10 6 10 6 8 2 8 8 4 6 12 8 10 14 2 10 8 12 8 6
4 10 2 8 8 12 14 6 4 12 8 16 6 4 10 6 14 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 10 8 6 10 14 6 10 12 14 12 6 14 6 10 8 12 4 12 8 10 4 6 10 6 8 12 8 12 16 2 10 10 12 8 4
A 108 s–1 1.4E-01 3.3E-01 9.8E-01 1.5E-01 3.1E-01 3.8E+00 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.5E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.5E+00 1.4E+00 5.2E+00 2.5E+00 7.1E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.5E+00 2.4E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.2E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 3.2E+00 2.8E+00 1.9E+00 1.5E+00 2.9E-01 1.2E+00 7.3E-01 1.0E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 5.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.9E+00 3.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.3E+00 1.6E-01 3.4E+00 1.4E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2535.49 2536.67 2537.14 2538.20 2538.50 2538.80 2538.91 2538.99 2540.52 2541.10 2541.84 2542.73 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2546.67 2547.34 2548.33 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.68 2551.21 2555.07 2555.45 2557.51 2559.77 2559.92 2560.28 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.91 2568.41 2569.78 2570.53 2570.85 2573.21 2574.36 2576.86 2577.92 2582.41 2582.58 2585.63 2585.88 2587.95 2588.18 2590.55 2591.54
Weights gk gi 10 12 10 14 8 12 10 14 2 8 8 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 6 4 10 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 8 4 2 2 6 8 8 6 10 2 6 4 10 10 8 2 4 6
8 12 10 12 6 10 8 12 2 6 6 2 12 4 6 10 10 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 8 8 6 8 8 8 4 2 6 4 10 6 2 4 4 8 6 10 4 12 2 8 4 10 8 10 2 6 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.4E-01 4.0E-01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E-01 8.2E-01 7.8E-01 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 7.7E-01 1.9E+00 4.4E-01 7.1E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 1.4E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.9E-01 1.7E+00 4.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 8.0E-01 2.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E-01 1.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 4.4E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 7.7E-01 3.6E-01 8.1E-01 1.4E+00 1.6E-01 9.1E-02 5.1E-01
2592.78 2593.72 2594.96 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2605.04 2605.34 2605.42 2605.90 2606.51 2607.09 2609.13 2609.87 2611.87 2613.82 2617.62 2619.07 2620.17 2620.70 2621.67 2623.11 2623.73 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2628.29 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.69 2637.50 2637.64 2639.56 2642.01 2649.47 2650.48 2654.63 2658.25 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2671.40 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2692.60 2697.33 2697.46 2699.20 2703.99 2707.13 2709.05 2711.84
Weights gi gk 14 2 8 8 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 8 4 6 10 6 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 2 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 8 2 8 6 4 2 2 8 4 8 10 4 4 4 8 4 4 12
16 4 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 10 8 8 2 6 10 6 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 4 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 2 10 8 6 4 4 10 6 10 12 4 2 4 8 6 6 14
10-110
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.1E+00 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E-01 2.1E+00 1.6E+00 2.6E-01 1.2E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 2.0E+00 4.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.3E-01 3.3E-01 4.9E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 8.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 5.3E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E-01 5.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 7.7E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 9.2E-01 4.7E-01 5.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.4E-01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01 3.7E-01 3.8E-01
2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.56 2717.87 2718.64 2719.30 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.94 2739.55 2741.40 2743.20 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2753.29 2754.91 2755.73 2761.81 2762.34 2763.66 2765.13 2767.50 2769.36 2774.69 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.04 2783.69 2785.19 2787.24 2793.89 2796.63 2799.29 2809.78 2817.09 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.65 2840.76 2844.96 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2855.69 2856.38
Weights gi gk 10 8 6 14 16 10 6 8 6 6 12 6 8 4 8 8 6 2 4 6 4 6 2 10 8 8 2 6 14 10 12 12 2 8 10 2 2 12 12 8 10 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 2 10 2 4 6 6 8 6
12 6 6 12 14 8 8 8 8 6 10 4 10 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 8 2 12 6 10 4 6 12 8 14 14 4 8 8 4 2 10 10 6 12 10 8 8 4 6 6 6 2 8 10 4 12 2 4 6 4 10 8
A 108 s–1 1.3E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 3.7E-01 1.1E-01 7.8E-01 9.7E-01 3.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.8E-02 2.5E-01 7.8E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 8.4E-01 2.1E+00 1.1E-01 3.7E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.9E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.3E-01 9.6E-02 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 2.1E-01 5.8E-01 2.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.1E-01 5.3E-01 1.1E-01 4.5E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.0E-01 2.7E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512 151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379
5 7 9 7 9 5 5 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9
7 9 11 7 9 7 5 7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7
1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02 3.9E+02 2.4E+02 8.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.2E+02 3.5E+02 8.8E+02 7.7E+02 9.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.0E+03 1.8E+03 2.3E+02 6.9E+02 2.8E+03 2.9E+03 3.6E+03 2.7E+03 2.4E+03 1.5E+03 1.7E+02 1.3E+02 2.1E+02
Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601
4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4
4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6
3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02
Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534
2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4
2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6
1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03
2856.91 2857.17 2872.39 2873.40 2875.35 2883.71 2884.77 2895.22 2897.27 2944.40 2947.66 2949.18 2959.84 2964.63 2969.93 2982.06 2984.82 2985.55 2997.30 3002.65 3036.96 3048.99 3062.23 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3135.36 3154.20 3167.86 3177.54 3179.50 5247.95 5506.20 5961.71
8 6 10 8 8 12 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 2 8 4 6 2 6 4 6 4 12 2 4 14 6 6 10 8 8 6 4 12 10
8 8 8 10 10 14 8 10 4 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 6 4 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 12 8 6 10 8 8 8 6 14 12
8.7E-01 9.5E-02 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 1.0E-01 1.4E-01 8.0E-02 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01 1.8E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 8.4E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 8.1E-02 9.9E-02 1.7E+00 1.4E+00 7.7E-01
Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50
9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13
7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13
4.8E+00 4.9E+00 5.5E+00 5.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 5.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.1E+00 5.3E+00 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.3E+00 4.9E+00 5.1E+00 4.9E+00
Weights gi gk
10-111
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
175.266
2
4
1.72E+03
Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733 92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762
5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9 9 11 9 5
7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11 11 13 11 7
2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03 3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03
Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119
4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4
4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6
2.0E+03 1.7E+03 1.6E+03 1.1E+03 1.4E+03 1.7E+03 8.7E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+03 4.5E+03 4.9E+03 5.2E+03 4.0E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 4.6E+03 1.0E+03 9.0E+02 9.1E+02 8.6E+02
Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384
1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7
3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5
2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03
Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386
2 4 4 2
4 6 6 4
2.7E+03 3.1E+03 5.6E+02 7.6E+02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 248 284.160
3 1
Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096 37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0 Fe XVII 11.023 12.123
69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216 217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45
2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6
2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4
8.9E+02 1.3E+03 8.1E+02 1.7E+03 7.9E+03 6.6E+03 7.0E+03 5.1E+02 5.6E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 3.6E+02 2.8E+02 4.0E+02 1.7E+02 4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02
Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790
1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3
3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5
1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1 3
5.4E+02 2.28E+02
2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6
4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8
5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03 1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02
12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11
5.9E+04 3.0E+03 3.5E+03 3.3E+04 3.4E+03 2.28E+05 6.0E+04 8.29E+03 9.33E+03 4.8E+03 4.0E+03 6.0E+03 1.2E+04
Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56 13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668
5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3
3 7 1 7 5 1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1
1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 2.7E+05 2.2E+04 1.0E+04 7.0E+04 1.4E+04 4.51E+04 2.0E+04 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 1.2E+04 2.5E+04 2.2E+04 1.4E+04 1.1E+04
1 1
3 3
2.1E+04 8.0E+04
Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07
6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6
6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4
1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03
Weights gi gk
10-112
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 13.14 13.41
3 1
Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922 11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325 Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298
13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23
2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2
4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2
8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03
Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03
3 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5
1 5 3 7 3 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5
1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1 3
2.0E+04 7.3E+03
4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2
6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2
5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05 5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05
11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898
3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1
5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3
1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05
5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1
7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3
3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05
Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4
2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6
1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05 6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05
Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791
1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5
2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06
Weights gi gk
10-113
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038 Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9 4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7 Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3
Weights gk gi 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3
1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5
4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4
3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3
3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3
4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04
3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03 2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01
1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0
4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6
6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6
8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02
Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0
1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5
3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3
5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01 1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03
Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8
2 2 6 6 2
6 6 10 10 6
1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01
Lutetium Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6
4 4 6 6 4
4 6 4 6 4
2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01
10-114
λ Å
Magnesium Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3
3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5
8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01
Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5 *3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3
2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 10 6 4 4 10 2 2
4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 14 4 4 2 14 4 2
1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00 8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01
Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9
4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6
2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6
1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00
Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32
10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4
6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6
3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9
3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5
3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7
9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00
Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92
6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6
10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10
4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00
Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55 1639.8 2814.2
1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3 3 1
3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5 5 3
2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00 2.1E+00 3.35E-01
Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4
4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6
2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02
Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05
Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08
6 6 6
8 6 4
3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00
λ Å 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02 3298.23 3303.28 3463.66 3470.01 3511.83 3535.30 3559.81 3577.87 3595.11 3601.27 3607.53 3608.49 3610.30 3635.70 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44
Weights gi gk 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10 6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14
8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10 4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14
10-115
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01
3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3823.89 3833.87 3834.37 3839.78 3841.07 3843.99 3889.46 3898.37 3899.34 3924.08 3926.48 3951.98 3952.84 3975.88 3982.16 3982.58 3982.90 3991.60 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4033.07 4034.49 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4061.74 4063.53 4065.08 4066.24 4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01
Weights gi gk 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4
12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8 2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2
A 108 s–1 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 1285.10 1333.87
5 7
Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79
4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79
4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8
6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6
1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01
Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13 3482.90 3488.68
7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5 5 3
7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 3
2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.0E-01 2.5E-01
Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77
9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3
9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1
3.7E+01 5.7E+01 4.4E+01 3.4E+01 2.8E+01 5.7E+01 1.5E+01 2.2E+01 7.8E+01 2.2E+01 6.0E+01 2.7E+01 1.3E+02 4.4E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01
Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7 9
1.1E+01 1.0E+01
1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3
3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1
8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01
3 7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13
5 7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11
7.34E-01 1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01
2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71
Weights gi gk
10-116
Weights gi gk 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5 3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5
9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7
A 108 s–1 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01 5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03
Weights gi gk 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3 5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1
7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1 7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00 3.85E-01 1.44E-01 6.33E-01 2.95E-01 2.80E-01 1.71E-01 1.87E-01 3.05E-01 6.89E-01 1.31E-01 1.62E-01 3.62E-01 5.42E-01 2.60E-01 1.95E-01 3.59E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01
3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3438.87 3441.87 3442.66 3445.03 3445.26 3445.80 3447.12 3447.29 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15
Weights gi gk 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9 11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5
7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9 11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5
10-117
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.49E-01 1.38E-01 5.08E-01 5.44E-01 1.74E-01 3.06E-01 1.25E-01 1.62E-01 2.82E-01 2.26E-01 1.72E-01 2.88E-01 1.64E-01 1.20E-01 6.04E-01 1.13E-01 2.72E-01 7.59E-01 1.38E-01 2.74E-01 1.39E-01 2.03E-01 1.38E-01 1.56E-01 1.88E-01 3.75E-01 4.11E-01 2.66E-01 7.32E-01 3.30E-01 1.85E-01 1.97E-01 2.08E-01 2.10E-01 1.25E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 2.45E-01 1.41E-01 1.15E-01 3.28E-01 2.52E-01 2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01
3456.52 3460.22 3460.78 3465.84 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92 3475.03 3479.42 3483.67 3483.83 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.65 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3563.75 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3584.25 3585.57 3588.95 3590.74 3595.55 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70
Weights gi gk 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5 13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7
3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5 11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5
A 108 s–1 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01 5.67E-01 2.07E-01 1.15E-01 2.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.78E-01 1.16E-01 1.96E-01 5.58E-01 5.27E-01 1.37E-01 3.51E-01 3.33E-01 1.94E-01 2.11E-01 1.15E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75
Weights gk gi 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7 13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9
3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9 11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.80E-01 2.03E-01 1.86E-01 6.70E-01 1.34E-01 1.45E-01 3.48E-01 2.30E-01 9.54E-01 1.92E-01 2.16E-01 1.95E-01 1.13E-01 5.22E-01 2.96E-01 1.68E-01 1.20E-01 2.12E-01 3.26E-01 2.07E-01 6.36E-01 3.59E-01 1.48E-01 1.28E-01 2.38E-01 1.34E-01 2.86E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01 1.55E-01 2.20E-01 1.45E-01 2.80E-01 1.66E-01 1.56E-01 3.07E-01 3.95E-01 1.41E-01 2.48E-01 1.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.16E-01 2.88E-01 2.46E-01 1.66E-01 2.87E-01 1.22E-01 1.48E-01 6.90E-01 3.16E-01 2.44E-01 1.47E-01 1.40E-01 1.94E-01 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 1.20E-01 3.05E-01 1.70E-01
3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65
Weights gi gk 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7 9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11
5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9 11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11
10-118
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.20E-01 1.26E-01 2.41E-01 1.26E-01 1.78E-01 6.24E-01 1.74E-01 2.22E-01 1.35E-01 1.67E-01 6.17E-01 1.13E-01 1.15E-01 1.40E-01 1.78E-01 2.24E-01 1.71E-01 4.39E-01 1.35E-01 2.70E-01 1.29E-01 4.38E-01 2.65E-01 1.36E-01 1.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.16E-01 1.94E-01 1.22E-01 2.02E-01 6.05E-01 1.56E-01 1.56E-01 2.17E-01 1.60E-01 3.82E-01 3.32E-01 2.70E-01 3.17E-01 1.68E-01 2.00E-01 1.76E-01 2.01E-01 1.36E-01 2.85E-01 1.35E-01 1.28E-01 1.84E-01 2.56E-01 1.23E-01 2.93E-01 3.83E-01 1.38E-01 2.63E-01 2.51E-01 1.90E-01 1.28E-01 2.10E-01 2.09E-01
4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11
13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9
15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9
5.03E-01 1.47E-01 1.32E-01 2.35E-01 1.25E-01 1.55E-01 1.72E-01 1.54E-01 3.63E-01 2.17E-01 1.23E-01 4.49E-01 3.01E-01 4.67E-01 2.16E-01 4.36E-01 2.71E-01 4.07E-01 1.24E-01 3.11E-01 1.14E-01 1.31E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.84E-01 4.11E-01 5.83E-01 1.62E-01 3.74E-01 3.89E-01 2.01E-01 1.13E-01 1.28E-01 1.21E-01 2.11E-01 6.19E-01 2.26E-01 3.46E-01 2.13E-01 3.61E-01 3.72E-01 3.30E-01 3.02E-01 1.55E-01 2.60E-01 3.12E-01 1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01
Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3
16 14 10 8 10 12 18
18 16 12 10 10 12 18
1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1
3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9
10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12
12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10
2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02
Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3
3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03
Weights gi gk 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3
10-119
5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01 6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02
6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459
5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02
Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5
6 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6
10 2 10 6 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4
3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01 2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7
Weights gk gi 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6
2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01
3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2 3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8
Weights gi gk 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 4
10-120
2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01
3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3
6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4
8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6
1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02
Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7
9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5
9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7
6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00
Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95 561.38 561.73 562.99
1 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3
3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1
1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01 7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78 4732.47
564.53
5
3
1.31E+01
Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01
Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97 2307.35 2312.34
7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3 5 7
7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3 7 7
1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01 1.6E-01 5.5E+00
Weights gi gk 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7 7
5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7 9
10-121
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 9.3E-02
4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66
3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7
3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7
2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01
Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46
10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6
10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8
2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 168 182 185.23 187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254
6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6
8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4
3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02 1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02
Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284
1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5
3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3
2.77E+03 4.75E+03 1.5E+04 6.7E+03 1.4E+04 1.6E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.0E+02 2.5E+02 4.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 2.75E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.5E+02
2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87
8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8
10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10
1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01
Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06
11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9
13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9
7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00
Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399
6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6
8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6
1.2E+03 2.4E+02 8.5E+02 9.8E+02 7.1E+02 9.4E+02 4.7E+02 1.4E+02 5.6E+02 8.9E+01 7.4E+01 1.5E+02 3.8E+01 4.6E+01 3.6E+01
Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386
5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5
7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5
6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01
Ni XVI 166
4
6
3.1E+02
Weights gi gk
10-122
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
292
5
7
2.2E+02
Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070 26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6
4 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8
8.6E+02 9.9E+02 1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03
Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9
3.1E+04 5.2E+03 1.1E+05 9.4E+04 4.7E+03 5.1E+03 4.8E+04 6.3E+03 3.66E+05 1.0E+05 1.23E+04 1.31E+04 6.4E+03 8.4E+03 9.4E+03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318 11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502
Weights gi gk
3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5
3 3 7 1 7 1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5
A 108 s–1
1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05 1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04
Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32
4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4
2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4
2.84E+02 1.2E+03 5.6E+02 4.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.4E+02 5.2E+02 2.45E+02 3.9E+02 4.83E+02 2.66E+02 2.36E+02 5.1E+02 3.7E+02 3.3E+02
Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55
3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1
2.8E+02 8.3E+02 1.77E+02 2.5E+02 7.5E+02 4.39E+02 2.1E+02 5.3E+02 2.4E+02 1.78E+02 2.94E+02 2.87E+02 3.32E+02 2.26E+02 2.19E+02 1.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.02E+02 1.86E+02 2.53E+02
Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43
6 4 2
4 4 4
1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963
1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3
2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05 8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05
Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62
6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4
6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6
7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03
103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47 137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69
4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 2 2
2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4
4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01 2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01
Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08
3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1
1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3
9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05
Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535
4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6
3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05
Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538
1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5
3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06
10-123
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56
Weights gk gi 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02 7.75E-03 1.83E-02 1.03E-02 4.67E-03 3.83E-03 9.83E-03 2.04E-02 5.95E-02 1.24E-01 1.93E-01 2.82E-01 3.28E-02 3.13E-01 8.58E-02 1.27E-01 4.95E-02 4.84E-02 2.23E-01 2.64E-01 1.36E-01 4.92E-02 2.09E-01 2.66E-01 1.05E-01 2.46E-01 1.80E-01 1.09E-01 2.10E-01 1.28E-01 6.75E-02 3.76E-02 1.04E-02 3.02E-01 2.80E-01 1.88E-02 2.60E-01 2.95E-01 2.44E-01 1.76E-02 2.70E-02 2.33E-01 2.24E-01 2.63E-01 3.98E-02 1.18E-02 1.13E-02 2.99E-02 2.75E-02
9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73
4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 8
N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99
5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6 4 6 8
5.30E-02 6.56E-03 4.95E-02 4.50E-02 9.62E-02 2.97E-02 2.93E-02 3.11E-03 7.58E-03 3.64E-02 1.08E-02 7.60E-03 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03
5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3
9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00
1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24
Weights gi gk
10-124
Weights gi gk 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3
5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5
A 108 s–1 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01 6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47
Weights gi gk 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5
7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01
5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29
7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5
N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33
2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3
2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2
9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01
2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86 5270.57 5272.68
Weights gi gk
10-125
Weights gi gk 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4
4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2
A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01 8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75 7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55
5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7
NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97
5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56
4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4
4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2
2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02 3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02
N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09
1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5
3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5
1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7
2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01 6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01
N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0
1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1
3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3
5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02
Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008
5 1 3 5 5 5
5 3 5 3 5 7
4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00
935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23
Weights gi gk
10-126
Weights gi gk 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5
5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7
A 108 s–1 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04 2.32E-03 2.41E-02 5.44E-03 2.26E-03 1.81E-03 4.04E-03 7.56E-03 7.59E-03 4.43E-03 8.44E-03 1.27E-02 7.13E-03 9.98E-03 9.48E-03 1.81E-02 2.71E-02 7.74E-03 1.29E-02 1.80E-02 2.69E-03 3.58E-03 5.83E-03 9.71E-03 6.80E-03 9.06E-03 1.05E-02 1.75E-02 3.50E-03 2.67E-02 5.08E-02 7.62E-02 3.76E-05 1.65E-02 2.75E-02 3.85E-02 1.18E-05 6.44E-06 2.65E-02 3.53E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00
7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06
3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5
3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3
2.24E-02 3.73E-02 7.45E-03 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 2.33E-04 3.09E-04 4.19E-04 1.41E-04 5.63E-04 2.89E-01 8.13E-02 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 4.86E-02 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 2.93E-01 4.46E-01 3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04
O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13
4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4
2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2
4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01
Weights gi gk 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2
6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2
10-127
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01
4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86
Weights gi gk 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2
6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4
A 108 s–1 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02 3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78
4641.81 4649.13 4650.84 4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97 4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56
4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6
6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4
5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01 8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01
O III 263.694 263.727 263.773
1 3 3
3 5 3
3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01
Weights gi gk 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5
10-128
7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01
3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90
Weights gi gk 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7
7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9
A 108 s–1 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02 4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60
Weights gi gk 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5
7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01 7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02
4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25
5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3
O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50
2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01
4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6
2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02
2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18
Weights gi gk
10-129
Weights gi gk 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4
4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01 1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76
5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5
O VI *150.10 *173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24
4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30
6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4
8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2
2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02
OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46
1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5
3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5
2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5
1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02
2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9
4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2
3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01
P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1
1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5
3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7
5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
2.62E+02 8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01
P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1
2 4 4 4 6 4
4 6 4 4 4 2
5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01
O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76
1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1
3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3
9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02
Phosphorus PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6
2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4
3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00
Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2
1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01
K II 607.93
1
3
1.3E-02
Weights gi gk
10-130
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8
6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2
4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4
2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00
K XVI 206.27
1
3
9.4E+01
K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76
2 4 4 2 4
4 6 4 2 2
4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03
15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15 15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11
15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17 13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13
1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02 2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02
8 6
6 4
4.8E-02 4.45E-02
Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0 Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91
λ Å 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44
Weights gi gk 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6 10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2
6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4 8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2
10-131
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01 9.1E-01 3.9E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 4.2E-01 5.5E-01 6.2E-02 5.8E-01 8.5E-01 6.2E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.7E-03 3.7E-02 2.5E-03 6.25E-02 1.58E-01 7.15E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 2.8E-02
4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72 5599.42 5983.60 Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4 6 10
4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4 8 10
9.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.0E-02 9.8E-02 1.73E-01 1.0E-01 3.9E-02 1.62E-01 6.5E-03 9.2E-03 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 1.64E-01 2.48E-02 4.5E-03 1.35E-02 5.5E-03 4.00E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 2.1E-02 6.4E-03 3.43E-03 5.2E-03 6.0E-03 1.6E-03 3.0E-02 9.8E-03 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 3.1E-03 4.35E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-03 5.95E-03 3.7E-03 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79
2 2 2
2 4 2
1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01
4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4
4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6
2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00 1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01
Weights gi gk 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4
4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4
10-132
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01 2.58E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 2.09E-01 2.30E-01 7.3E-02 3.6E-02 1.16E-01 2.0E-02 1.15E-01 4.1E-02 7.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.6E-01 1.69E-01 1.50E-01 8.8E-02 1.11E-01
5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43 6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42
6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8
6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8
1.06E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.8E-02 3.0E-01 5.7E-01 3.4E-01 4.2E-01 4.4E-02 2.0E-02 4.5E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 9.7E-02 3.4E-02 1.74E-01 2.15E-01 2.8E-01 1.50E-01 6.6E-02 3.2E-02 9.7E-02 9.7E-02 5.2E-01 5.2E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 3.0E-02 5.4E-01 4.9E-01 4.6E-01 4.7E-02 4.5E-01 7.5E-02 7.4E-02 6.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.2E-02 3.5E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02
Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23
5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5
3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3
5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81
Weights gi gk 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1
1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01 2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01
5526.79 5657.91 5669.06
9 5 3
7 5 1
3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01
1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 7 5
3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 7 9 5
1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02 4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03
1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8
2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01
Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1 7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6
4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4
6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01
Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9 3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4
5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3
7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5
6.3E+01 7.89E+00 1.31E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 1.6E+01 2.59E+01 4.89E+01 1.9E+01 5.42E+00 7.19E+00 5.36E+00 1.61E+01 2.13E+01 8.85E+00 2.7E+01 2.60E+01 2.1E+01 1.1E+01 4.4E+00 3.8E+00 2.3E+00 1.8E+00 3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00
Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2
Weights gi gk
10-133
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1
2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10
4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6
3.6E+00 3.6E+00 4.1E+00 8.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.45E+01 1.23E+01 2.44E+01 1.8E+00 3.91E+01 2.05E+01 4.03E+00 2.42E+01 7.73E+00 7.58E+00 5.5E+00
Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86
1 1 1
3 3 3
4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02
Si VI 246.00 249.12
4 2
2 2
1.7E+02 8.5E+01
Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45
5 5 3 5 3 1 3
3 3 1 5 3 3 5
4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01
Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83
4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6
4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01
Si IX 223.73 225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36
1 3 5 5 5 9 9
3 3 3 3 5 9 15
4.2E+01 1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01
Si X 253.77 256.57
2 2
4 2
2.9E+01 1.1E+02
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2
6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01
Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08
1 1 1
3 3 3
3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01
Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0
4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6
2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6
7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00
Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19
10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4
6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4
2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01
Na VI 313.75 361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8
5 5 9 9 5 5
3 5 9 15 5 3
1.3E+02 7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00
258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09
4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6
4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10
1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01
Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8
1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3
6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01
Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942
2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4
6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6
4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02
Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
4 2 4 2 4 6 4
3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01
Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0 4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6
2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6
2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03 1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02
10-134
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4607.3
1
Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6 Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3 1820.3 1826.2
1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5
3 5 3 5
1 5 5 7
2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00
Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83
6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4
10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6
2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00
Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3
9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1
15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3
3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01
Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4
4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6
1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02
Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3 2428.1 2569.5 2931.8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3
2.01E+00
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4
2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4
1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02
4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7
5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7
7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5
6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02
5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5 3 1
5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3
4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00 2.2E+00 7.2E-01
S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8 5606.1
2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 10
4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 8
1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.4E-01
Weights gi gk
10-135
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7 S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6
1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01
249.27 388.94 390.86 706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
2 2 2 4 6 4 4 2
3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01 4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01
S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029
1 1 1
3 3 3
9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02
S VIII 198.55 202.61
4 2
2 2
2.5E+02 1.2E+02
S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49
9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9
3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15
4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01
S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48
2 2 4 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 2 2
3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01
S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42
1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3
3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5
1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01
S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967
2 6 2 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2 4
8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02
7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3
4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4
5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5
2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01
S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7
2 4 2 2
2 2 4 2
2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00
SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85
1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9
3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9
1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01
S VI 248.99
2
4
3.1E+01
Weights gi gk
10-136
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4153 Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
4
6
5.7E-02
4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4
6 4 10 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6
5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03 5.8E-03 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 6.8E-02 1.91E-02 2.62E-02 8.5E-03 7.3E-03 4.9E-02 2.72E-02 3.3E-03 4.6E-02 1.0E-02 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 4.3E-02 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 4.0E-03 1.30E-02 2.5E-03 2.5E-02 3.98E-02 3.35E-02 1.8E-02 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 3.60E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-03 7.3E-03 6.5E-02 3.83E-02 6.8E-03 8.4E-03 2.1E-03 1.1E-02 1.82E-02 1.79E-02 2.8E-02 8.9E-03 2.08E-02 4.8E-03 1.0E-02 2.28E-02 2.53E-02 7.5E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4
Weights gi gk 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8 4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10
8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8 4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.0E-03 1.36E-02 1.56E-02 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.3E-03 2.42E-02 5.3E-03 9.5E-03 2.5E-02 1.2E-02 2.1E-03 5.3E-02 1.2E-02 2.85E-02 1.5E-02 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 4.08E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 7.5E-03 2.8E-02 2.16E-02 1.2E-02 2.63E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 1.95E-02 2.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 4.5E-02 1.0E-02 1.9E-02 4.4E-02 2.73E-02 2.92E-02 1.7E-03 1.9E-03 1.5E-02 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 4.5E-02 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 9.0E-03 6.3E-03 8.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 5.5E-03 2.2E-02 6.5E-03 2.5E-03 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 6.1E-03
5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9 Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5
4 4 4 4 2 4
4 2 6 4 2 2
7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01
Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5 2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1
8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8
10 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10
6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02
8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2 4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6
10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4
3.8E-02 6.0E-03 4.9E-03 1.43E-02 4.2E-03 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4
4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6
4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01
10-137
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2 Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6 8 6
1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02
1 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1
8 10 6
3 5 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3
3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00 6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6073.5 6171.5
3 3
1 3
6.3E-02 4.9E-02
Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1
4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2
2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 2 2
4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01 1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01
Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46
7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5
5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7
1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01
3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08
10-138
Weights gi gk 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11
9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13
A 108 s–1 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28
4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98 5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46
7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5 7 11 9 11 13 9 9
9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7 7 9 11 13 15 7 7
4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01
Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33
4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4
4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6
5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01
Weights gi gk 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10 8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4
8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10 8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4
10-139
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01
3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90 3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18
6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10 8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6
4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10 8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4
1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01
Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66
5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3
3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3
6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2862.60 3576.44
4 4
Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376
6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6
2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14 4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87
5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11
3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5 11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13
3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00
Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88
4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8
4.9E+01 5.3E+01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.9E+00 1.4E+01 1.8E+01 2.1E+01 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.9E+00 7.4E+00
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 6
4.1E+00 4.6E+00
4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6
1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01
308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453
3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5
5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7
1.3E+02 1.6E+02 1.4E+02 1.99E+02 1.8E+02 2.9E+02 3.25E+02 1.48E+02 1.37E+02 1.2E+02 1.2E+02 1.3E+02
Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701 60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5
2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4
4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2
1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02 3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02
Ti XIII 23.356
1
3
1.02E+05
Weights gi gk
Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567 439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215
5 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 5
7 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 7
5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00 7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00
Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99
4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6
6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4
2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02
Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266
1 1 5
3 3 7
5.1E+02 8.5E+02 1.8E+02
10-140
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7
Weights gi gk 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02
145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240
6 4 4 4 4 2 4
Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62 163.049 186.863 207.73
Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891
4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2
6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2
9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03
Ti XV 20.19 20.234 20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034
5 5 3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1
7 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3
6.9E+03 1.9E+04 4.9E+04 4.2E+04 6.5E+03 1.1E+04 3.4E+04 5.8E+04 7.5E+04 8.0E+04 3.8E+04 4.1E+04 1.3E+04 4.3E+04 1.1E+05 1.1E+04 2.85E+04 8.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.58E+04 1.3E+04 6.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 6.3E+03
Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459
4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4
2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4
3.36E+02 1.45E+02 7.4E+02 2.4E+02 6.1E+02 3.81E+02 2.6E+02 3.5E+02 2.8E+02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6 2 4 2 6 2 4
2.3E+02 1.32E+02 1.2E+02 1.92E+02 1.0E+02 2.45E+02 2.52E+02
3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1
4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02 6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02
16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36
3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1
3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3
4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04
Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07
2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4
4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4
7.3E+04 8.6E+04 1.4E+04 5.2E+01 3.2E+02 1.15E+02 1.97E+02 6.7E+01 1.16E+02 1.54E+02 6.3E+01 9.6E+01 6.6E+01 4.56E+01 1.2E+02
Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620 10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4
4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6
4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04 1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04
Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43
3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5
3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04
Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513
1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3
3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5
1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06
Weights gi gk
10-141
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1 3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9
2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227
5 3 3 3 1 1
3 5 1 1 3 3
1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05
Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5
1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3
3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3 9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3
2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.61E-02 3.53E-03 2.4E-02 2.68E-03 1.3E-02 8.1E-02 5.6E-02 6.6E-03 1.0E-02 6.7E-03 2.64E-03 9.7E-03 2.04E-03 5.2E-03 3.2E-02 6.7E-03 9.6E-03 1.1E-01 1.3E-02 1.20E-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 1.38E-02 1.99E-02 3.47E-02
Weights gi gk 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9
5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11
10-142
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.2E-02 9.0E-03 3.1E-02 3.83E-03 5.2E-02 2.14E-02 8.3E-03 5.6E-03 4.6E-02 3.6E-02 5.07E-03 4.1E-03 5.6E-03 1.63E-01 6.7E-03 2.0E-02 2.88E-02 1.79E-03 3.60E-02 5.6E-03 1.0E-01 4.13E-03 4.9E-02 4.8E-03 8.4E-03 8.6E-03 4.9E-03 6.1E-03 1.38E-02 3.04E-02 1.69E-03 1.2E-01 3.6E-02 5.1E-03 1.64E-03 3.48E-03 4.2E-03 1.5E-02 1.55E-03 5.6E-03 3.6E-03 3.3E-03 7.0E-03 1.42E-03 4.20E-03 3.4E-03 1.42E-02 2.9E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.22E-03 7.8E-03 5.20E-03 2.72E-03 4.1E-03 2.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.1E-03
4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4
13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9
11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7
1.75E-03 1.0E-02 1.36E-03 3.9E-03 4.17E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02 5.4E-03 5.2E-03 1.9E-02 3.4E-03 1.61E-03 4.0E-03 1.12E-03 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 3.86E-03 1.4E-03 6.9E-03 7.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.47E-03 1.43E-03 6.8E-03 2.20E-03 2.21E-03 1.47E-03 2.40E-03 1.0E-02 8.7E-03 4.7E-03 3.0E-03 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03
Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9
13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13
13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11
2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79
3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7
13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11 11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11
13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9 13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11
2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02
Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53
6 10 4 6 8 10 6
8 8 4 6 8 10 4
2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01
Weights gi gk 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10
6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4 2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10
10-143
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01
3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46 4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71
Weights gi gk 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10
2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10 8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12
A 108 s–1 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87 3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92
9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5 7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3
V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31
8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8
4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21
10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8
8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6
4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01
V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64 2892.43 2892.65
13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1 9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7
13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3 9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5
6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5
1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01
2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10
10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8
12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8
5.2E+00 2.9E+00 5.0E+00 4.3E+00 2.5E+00 3.7E+00 3.5E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00
10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10
4.6E+00 3.8E+00 3.2E+00 2.5E+00 2.2E+00 2.7E+00 3.6E+00 4.2E+00 4.2E+00
V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84
9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5
9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7 9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5
6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00
Weights gi gk
10-144
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25 Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1 1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2
Weights gi gk 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5
7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00
Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9
5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00 1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10
4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8
2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01
Ytterbium Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02
Yb II 3289.4 3694.2
2 2
4 2
1.8E+00 1.4E+00
Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36
4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6
4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8
3.5E-01 3.5E-01 4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00
10-145
λ Å 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49 4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43
Weights gi gk 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6
6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4
A 108 s–1 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3448.81 3467.88 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42
5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15
8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4
10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4
5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02
Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28
1 3 3 5 3 5 7
3 5 3 5 1 3 5
1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00
Weights gi gk 5 5 1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9
10-146
5 3 3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.1E-02 2.7E-02 3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02 9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01
5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16
5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3
1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02
Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1
6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01
Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6
2 2 4 4 4
4 4 6 4 6
3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
ELECTRON AFFINITIES Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions”, p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams”, p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical review of Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. A great many additional electron affinities have been provided here by G. B. Ellison, W. C. Lineberger, H. Hotop, D. G. Leopold, and K. H. Bowen. Electron affinities for the lanthanides and actinides have not been measured, but theoretical estimates have been made by Bratch, S. G., Chem. Phys. Lett., 98, 113, 1983, and Bratch, S. G., and Lagowski, J. J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 107, 136, 1984. The development of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. [See Arnold, S. T., Eaton, J. G., Patel-Mistra, D., Sarkas, H. W., and Bowen, K. H., in Ion and Cluster Ion Spectroscopy and Structure, Maier, J. P., Ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 1989, p. 417.] The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higherorder clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988. For the present tabulation the value e/hc = 8065.5410 ± 0.0024 cm-1 eV-1 (Cohen, E. R., and Taylor, B. N., Rev. Mod. Phys., 59, 1121, 1987) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The uncertainties in the electron affinities given in the tables do not include the 0.3 ppm uncertainty in e/hc; only in a few cases, e.g., atomic oxygen, is this additional uncertainty significant. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; e-scat = electron scattering; CT = charge transfer; and CD = collisional detachment.
Table 1 Atomic Electron Affinities
Atomic number 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Atom D H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.754593 0.754195 0.754209 not stable 0.6180 not stable 0.277 1.2629 not stable 1.4611103 3.401190 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.441 1.385 0.7465 2.077104 3.61269 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable
0.000074 0.000019 0.000003 — 0.0005 — 0.010 0.0003 — 0.0000007 0.000004 — 0.000025 — 0.010 0.005 0.0003 0.000001 0.00006 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 —
LPT LPT calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc
89 89 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 74 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1
10-147
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 1 Atomic Electron Affinities (continued)
Atomic number 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 118
Atom Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr ekaradon
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Method
0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.3 1.233 0.81 2.020670 3.363590 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.893 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302 not stable 0.3 1.112 1.046 1.9708 3.059038 not stable 0.471626 0.15 0.5 ≈0 0.322 0.815 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable 0.2 0.364 0.946 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.46 0.056
0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.15 0.003 0.03 0.000025 0.000003 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.004 0.005 0.0003 0.000010 — 0.000025 — 0.3 — 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 — 0.2 0.008 0.010 0.3 0.2 — — —
LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES PT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPES calc calc calc calc calc
10-148
Ref. 27 27 1 37 1 1 28 1 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 1 92 1 1 57 1 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 82 140
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 2 Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules
Molecule Ag2 Al2 AlO AlS As2 AsH Au2 BO BeH Bi2 Br2 BrO C2 CH CN CS CaH Cl2 ClO Co2 CoD CoH Cr2 CrD CrH CrO Cs2 CsCl CsO Cu2 CuO F2 FO Fe2 FeD FeH FeO Ge2 I2 IBr IO InP K2 KBr KCl KCs KI KRb LiCl LiD LiH MgCl
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Method
1.023 1.10 2.60 2.60 0 1.0 1.938 3.12 0.7 1.271 2.55 2.353 3.269 1.238 3.862 0.205 0.93 2.38 2.275 1.110 0.680 0.671 0.505 0.568 0.563 1.221 0.469 0.455 0.273 0.836 1.777 3.08 2.272 0.902 0.932 0.934 1.493 2.035 2.55 2.55 2.378 1.95 0.497 0.642 0.582 0.471 0.728 0.486 0.593 0.337 0.342 1.589
0.007 0.15 0.02 0.03 — 0.1 0.007 0.09 0.1 0.008 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.021 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.001 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.05 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011
LPES LPES LPES LPES PT PT LPES PT PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
Ref.
Molecule
37 68 143 129 2 2 37 6 2 119 2 88 87 2 111 2 2 2 88 27 29 29 114 29 29 5 104 30 133 37 118 2 88 27 9 9 45 123 2 2 88 137 104 30 30 104 30 104 30 102 102 31
10-149
MgH MgI MnD MnH MoO NH NO NS Na2 NaBr NaCl NaF NaI NaK Ni2 NiCu NiAg NiD NiH NiO O2 OD OH P2 PH PO Pb2 PbO Pd2 Pt2 PtN Rb2 RbCl RbCs Re2 S2 SD SF SH SO Sb2 Se2 SeH SeO Si2 SiH Sn2 SnPb Te2 TeH TeO ZnH
Electron affinity in eV 1.05 1.899 0.866 0.869 1.290 0.370 0.026 1.194 0.430 0.788 0.727 0.520 0.865 0.465 0.926 0.889 0.979 0.477 0.481 1.470 0.451 1.825534 1.8276542 0.589 1.028 1.092 1.366 0.722 1.685 1.898 1.240 0.498 0.544 0.478 1.571 1.670 2.315 2.285 2.314344 1.125 1.282 1.94 2.212520 1.456 2.201 1.277 1.962 1.569 1.92 2.102 1.697 <0.95
Uncertainty in eV 0.06 0.018 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.011 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.007 0.000037 0.0000037 0.025 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015 0.002 0.006 0.000004 0.005 0.008 0.07 0.000025 0.020 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.07 0.015 0.022 —
Method PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT
Ref. 2 31 9 9 127 32 73 2 104 30 30 30 30 104 112 128 128 29 29 146 73 142 142 42 2 2 117 105 112 112 46 104 30 104 33 53 10 93 47 84 108 38 48 41 100 2 117 117 38 39 40 2
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 3 Electron Affinities for Triatomic Molecules
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Ag3 Al3 AlO2 Al2S AsH2 Au3 BO2 BO2 Bi3 C3 CCl2 CD2 CDF CF2 CH2 CHBr CHCl CHF CHI C2H C2O COS CS2 C2Ti CoD2 CoH2 CrH2 Cr2D Cr2H CrO2 Cs3 Cu3 DCO DNO DO2 DS2 HS2 Fe3 FeCO FeD2 FeH2 FeO2
2.32 1.4 4.23 0.80 1.27 3.7 3.57 4.3 1.60 1.981 1.591 0.645 0.535 0.165 0.652 1.454 1.210 0.542 1.42 2.969 1.848 0.46 0.895 1.542 1.465 1.450 >2.5 1.464 1.474 2.413 0.864 2.11 0.301 0.330 1.089 1.912 1.907 1.47 1.157 1.038 1.049 2.358
0.05 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.03 0.3 0.13 0.2 0.03 0.020 0.010 0.006 0.005 0.010 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.17 0.006 0.027 0.20 0.020 0.020 0.013 0.014 — 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.030 0.05 0.005 0.015 0.017 0.015 0.015 0.08 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.030
Method LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
Ref.
Molecule Ge3 GeH2 HCO HCl2 HNO HO2 InP2 In2P K3 MnD2 MnH2 N3 NCN NCND NCNH NCO NCS NH2 N2O NO2 (NO)R Na3 Ni3 NiCO NiD2 NiH2 O3 O2Ar OClO OIO PH2 PO2 Pt3 Pd3 Rb3 S3 SO2 S2O Sb3 SeO2 SiH2 VO2
37 68 143 129 2 37 6 98 119 11 95 12 95 95 12 95 95 95 95 87 13 2 11 147 34 34 34 107 107 144 18 37 35 14 15 53 53 149 103 34 34 130
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
2.23 1.097 0.313 4.896 0.338 1.078 1.61 2.36 0.956 0.465 0.444 2.70 2.484 2.622 2.622 3.609 3.537 0.771 0.22 2.273 R=Ar,Kr,Xe 1.019 1.41 0.804 1.926 1.934 2.1028 0.52 2.140 2.577 1.271 3.42 1.87 <1.5 0.920 2.093 1.107 1.877 1.85 1.823 1.124 2.3
0.01 0.015 0.005 0.005 0.015 0.017 0.05 0.05 0.050 0.014 0.016 0.12 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.10 0.005 — 0.060 0.05 0.012 0.007 0.008 0.0025 0.02 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.030 0.025 0.008 0.008 0.03 0.050 0.020 0.2
Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT
Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
Agn Aln AlnOm Al3O AlnSm Ar(H2O)n
n = 1-10 n = 3-32 n=1,2 1.00 n = 1-5 n = 2,6,7
Uncertainty in eV — — m=1-5 0.15 m = 1-3 —
Method
Ref.
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
37 68 143 68 129 77
10-150
Name
Ref. 123 28 35 69 14 15 137 137 18 34 34 2 154 154 154 111 111 58 59 63 90 18 55 2 34 34 2 75 88 88 2 124 55 55 18 16 16 16 108 38 2 101
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
Aun AuF6 BD3 BH3 Bi4 Br(CO2) Cn (CO2)n (CS)n (CS2)n CF3Br CF3I CDO2 CHO2 CH2S CH3 CH3I CH3NO2 CH3Si CH3Si CD3O CH3O CD3S CH3S CD3S2 CH3S2 CH3SiH2 CFO2 CO3 CO3(H2O) C2F2 C2DO C2HO C2D2 C2HD C2HF C2H2 C2H2FO C2D2N C2D2N C2H2N C2H2N C2H3 C2D3O C2H3O C2H5N C2D5O C2H5O C2H5S C2H5S C2H7O2 C3Fe C3H C3HFe C3H2 C3H2F3O
n = 2-5 7.5 0.027 0.038 1.05 3.582 n = 2-84 n = 1,2 n=2 n = 1,2 0.91 1.57 3.510 3.498 0.465 0.08 0.2 0.48 0.852 2.010 1.552 1.570 1.856 1.861 1.748 1.757 1.19 4.277 2.69 2.1 2.255 2.350 2.350 0.492 0.489 1.718 0.490 2.22 1.538 1.070 1.543 1.059 0.667 1.81897 1.82476 0.56 1.702 1.726 1.953 0.868 2.26 1.69 1.858 1.58 1.794 2.625
— estimate 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.017 — — — — 0.2 0.2 0.015 0.015 0.023 0.03 0.1 0.10 0.010 0.010 0.022 0.022 0.006 0.004 0.022 0.022 0.04 0.030 0.14 0.2 0.006 0.020 0.020 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.09 0.012 0.024 0.014 0.024 0.024 0.00012 0.00012 0.01 0.033 0.033 0.006 0.051 0.08 0.08 0.023 0.06 0.008 0.010
LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD CD LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT PT LPES LPES LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT
37 98 62 62 119 131 70 75 75 75 2 2 109 109 53 2 2 61 97 97 2 2 2 2 53 53 65 131 2 2 106 13 13 83 83 106 83 2 21 21 21 21 90 22 22 2 23 23 2 53 50 132 11 132 153 113
10-151
Name
CH3-Si CH2 = SiH
difluorovinylidene
vinylidene-d2 vinylidene-d1 monofluorovinylidene vinylidene acetyl fluoride enolate cyanomethyl-d2 radical isocyanomethyl-d2 radical cyanomethyl radical isocyanomethyl radical vinyl acetaldehyde-d3 enolate acetaldehyde enolate ethyl nitrine ethoxide-d3 ethoxide ethyl sulfide CH3SCH2 MeOHOMe
1,1,1-trifluoroacetone enolate
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
C3H3 C3H2D C3D2H C3H3N C3D5 C3H5 C3H4D C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O2 C3H7O C3H7O C3H7S C3H7S C3O C3O2 C3Ti C4F4O3 C4Fe C4HFe C4H2O3 C4D4 C4H4 C4H4N C4H5O C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6D C4H7 C4H7O C4H5DO C4H5D2O C4H9O C4H9S C4H9S C4O C4O2 C4Ti C5 C5F5N C5F6O3 C5D5 C5H5 C5H7 C5H7O C5H9O C5H11O C5H11S C5O2 C5Ti C6 C6Br4O2 C6Cl4O2 C6F4O2 C6F5Br
0.893 0.88 0.907 1.247 0.464 0.481 0.373 1.758 1.621 1.80 1.789 1.839 2.00 2.02 1.34 0.85 1.561 0.5 ≤2.2 1.67 1.44 0.909 0.914 2.39 1.801 0.431 0.69 0.493 0.505 1.67 1.67 1.75 1.912 2.03 2.07 2.05 2.0 1.494 2.853 0.68 1.5 1.790 1.804 0.91 1.598 1.69 1.93 2.09 1.2 1.748 4.180 2.44 2.78 2.70 1.15
Uncertainty in eV 0.025 0.15 0.023 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.019 0.019 0.006 0.06 0.033 0.029 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.015 0.2 0.2 0.06 0.10 0.015 0.015 0.13 0.008 0.006 0.10 0.008 0.006 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.054 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.2 0.020 0.001 0.11 0.2 0.008 0.007 0.03 0.007 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.2 0.050 0.001 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.11
Method
Ref.
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT PT LPES LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES CT LPES LPES PT LPT LPES CT LPES LPES PT PT PT LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES LPT CT CD LPES LPES PT LPT PT LPT PT LPES LPES LPT CT CT CT CT
24 24 24 21 138 138 25 113 113 2 23 23 2 2 11 11 147 2 132 132 61 125 125 2 113 135 61 138 138 2 2 2 23 2 2 11 11 147 99 67 2 11 11 2 113 2 2 2 11 147 8 2 61 61 67
10-152
Name propargyl radical propargyl-d1 radical propargyl-d2 radical CH3CH-CN allyl-d5 allyl allyl-d1 acetone enolate propionaldehyde enolate methyl acetate enolate n-propyl oxide isopropyl oxide n-propyl sulfide isopropyl sulfide
tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride
maleic anhydride vinylvinylidene-d4 vinylvinylidene pyrrolate cyclobutanone enolate trimethylenemethane 2,3-butanedione 2-methylallyl-d7 2-methylallyl butyraldehyde enolate 2-butanone-3-d1 enolate 2-butanone-3,3-d2 enolate t-butoxyl n-butyl sulfide t-butyl sulfide
pentafluoropyridine hexafluoroglutaric anhydride cyclopentadienyl-d5 cyclopentadienyl pentadienyl cyclopentanone enolate 3-penanone enolate neopentoxyl n-pentyl sulfide
tetrabromo-BQ tetrachloro-BQ tetrafluoro-BQ pentafluorobromobenzene
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
C6F5Cl C6F5I C6F5NO2 C6F6 C6F10 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H3F2NO2 C6D4 C6H4 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClO C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6D5 C6D5N C6H5 C6H5N C6H5NO2 C6H5O C6H5S C6H5NH C6H7 C6H8Si C6H9O C6H10 C6H11O C6H11O C6N4 C7F5N C7F8 C7F14 C7HF5O C7H3N3O4 C7H4F3NO2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H6FO C7H6FO C7H6FeO3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H7
0.82 1.41 1.52 0.52 >1.4 2.48 1.17 0.551 0.560 1.16 1.32 1.29 1.14 1.28 1.26 <2.58 1.07 1.23 1.12 1.65 1.65 2.00 1.91 1.092 1.44 1.096 1.429 1.01 2.253 <2.47 1.70 <1.67 1.435 1.526 0.645 1.755 1.82 2.3 1.11 0.86 1.08 1.10 2.16 1.41 1.61 1.56 1.72 2.218 2.176 0.990 1.77 1.77 1.60 1.55 0.912
Uncertainty in eV 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.3 0.10 0.10 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.020 0.02 0.006 0.011 0.10 0.006 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.004 0.010 0.015 +0.05/-0.005 0.06 0.3 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.006
Method
Ref.
CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT CT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPT CT LPES PT PT PT LPT LPT LPES LPT PT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPT LPT CT PT PT PT PT LPES
67 67 67 51 2 61 61 36 36 61 61 61 61 61 61 2 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 26 96 26 115 61 26 2 2 2 65 113 126 113 2 2 67 67 61 67 61 61 61 61 61 2 2 120 60 60 60 60 26
10-153
Name pentafluorochlorobenzene pentafluoroiodobenzene pentafluoro-NB hexafluorobenzene perfluorocyclohexene 2,6-dichloro-BQ 2,4-difluoro-NB o-benzyne-d4 o-benzyne o-bromo-NB m-bromo-NB p-bromo-NB o-chloro-NB m-chloro-NB p-chloro-NB o-chloroperoxide o-fluoro-NB m-fluoro-NB p-fluoro-NB o-diNB m-diNB p-diNB 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) phenyl-d5 phenylnitrene-d5 phenyl phenylnitrene nitrobenzene (NB) phenoxyl thiophenoxide anilide methylchylopentadienyl C6H5SiH3 cyclohexanone enolate t-butyl vinylidene pinacolone enolate 3,3-dimethylbutananl enolate TCNE pentafluorobenzonitrile octafluorotoluene perfluoromethylcyclohexane pentafluorobenzaldehyde 3,5-(NO2)2-benzonitrile m-trifluoromethyl-NB o-cyano-NB m-cyno-NB p-cyano-NB m-fluoroacetophenone enolate p-fluoroacetophenone enolate η4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 3,4-dintrotoluene 2,3-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene benzyl
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7O C7H7O C7H7O2 C7H8FO C7H9 C7H9O C7H9Si C7H11O C7H11O C7H13O C7H13O C8F14N2 C8H3F5O C8H3F6NO2 C8H4O3 C8H6 C8H7 C8H7O C8H7O C8H8 C8H8 C8H8 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H13O C9H8FeO3 C9H9O C9H9SiN C9H11NO2 C9H15O C10H4Cl2O2 C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H6O2 C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8CrO3 C10H8FeO3 C10H17O C11H8FeO3 C12F10 C12H4N4
0.868 0.962 1.286 0.39 3.046 ≥1.140 0.92 0.99 0.95 1.04 0.91 <2.36 2.14 1.85 <3.05 1.27 1.61 1.33 1.598 1.49 1.72 1.46 1.89 0.88 1.79 1.21 1.044 1.091 2.057 2.10 0.55 0.65 0.919 1.21 2.61 0.86 1.63 0.76 2.030 1.43 0.70 1.69 2.19 1.78 1.77 1.81 1.23 1.18 0.69 0.93 0.98 1.83 1.29 0.82 2.8
Uncertainty in eV 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.04 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.007 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.008 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.3
Method
Ref.
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT PT PT CT PT PT PT LPT LPT PT PT PT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES PT LPT CT LPES LPES PT PT CT PT CT LPT PT CT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT PT CT CT CD
136 136 136 136 136 136 61 61 61 61 61 2 50 61 50 2 2 65 113 2 2 2 51 67 61 61 148 134 2 2 134 134 139 60 60 61 2 120 2 2 61 2 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 120 120 2 120 67 2
10-154
Name 1-quadricyclanide 2-quadricyclanide norbornadienide cycloheptatrienide 1-(1,6-heptadiynide) 3-(1,6-heptadiynide) o-methyl-NB m-methyl-NB p-methyl-NB m-OCH3-NB p-OCH3-NB o-methyl phenoxide benzyloxide o-CH3-BQ PhCH2OHF heptatrienyl 2-norbornanone enolate C6H5(CH3)SiH cycloheptanone enolate 2,5-dimethylcyclopentanone enolate 4-heptanone enolate di-isopropyl ketone enolate 1,4-(CN)2C6F4 pentafluoroacetophenone 3,5-(CF3)2-NB phthalic anhydride
acetophenone enolate phenylacetaldehyde enolate cycooctatetraene cycooctatetraene m-xylylene 3,5-dimethyl-NB 2,6-dimethyl-NB 2,3-dimethyl-NB cyclooctanone enolate η4-1,3-cyclohexadiene-Fe(CO)3 m-methylacetophenone enolate trimethylsilylnitrene 2,4,6-trimethyl-NB cyclononanone enolate 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone 1,3-dinitronaphthalene 1,5-dinitronaphthalene 1,4-naphthoquinone 1-nitronaphthalene 2-nitronaphthalene azulene η4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene Cr(CO)3 η4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-Fe(CO)3 cyclodecanone enolate η4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 decafluorobiphenyl TCNQ
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
C12H9 C12H15O C12H21O C13F10O C13H9FO C13H10O C14H9NO2 C14H10 C18H12 C20H12 C20H12 C22H14 CeF4 Cl(CO2) CoF4 Cr(CO)3 CrO3 Cun Fen Fe(CO)2 Fe(CO)3 Fe(CO)4 FeF3 FeF4 FenOm Gen GexAsy GeH3 H(NH3)n HNO3 (H2O)n I(CO2) InxPy IrF4 IrF6 Kn MnF4 Mo(CO)3 MoF5 MoF6 MoO3 (NH3)n NH2(NH3)n NO(H2O)n NO3 NO(N2O)n (NO)2 (N2O)n Nan (NaF)n Na(NaF)n Ni(CO)2 Ni(CO)3 NiO2 NiO2
1.07 2.032 1.90 1.52 0.64 0.62 1.43 0.57 1.04 0.79 0.97 1.35 3.8 3.907 6.4 1.349 3.6 n = 1-41 n=3-24 1.22 1.8 2.4 3.6 6.0 n=1-4 n = 3-15 n = 5-30 <1.74 n = 1,2 0.57 n = 2-19 3.225 n = 2-8 4.7 6.5 n = 2-7 5.5 1.337 3.5 3.8 2.9 n = 41-1100 n = 1,2 n = 1,2 3.937 n = 1,2 >2.1 n = 1,2 n = 2-5 n = 1-7,12 n = 5,7-12 0.643 1.077 3.05 0.82
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.10 0.010 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.4 0.010 0.3 0.006 0.2 — — 0.02 0.2 0.3 0.1 estimate m=1-6 — n=x+y 0.04 — 0.15 — 0.001 n=x+y 0.3 0.4 — 0.2 0.006 0.2 0.2 0.2 — — — 0.014 — — — — — — 0.014 0.013 0.01 0.03
PT LPT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES CT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CD LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES CT LPES CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
2 2 2 67 61 61 61 66 66 66 66 66 98 131 98 94 98 37 149 2 2 2 98 98 152 71 72 2 76 2 77 131 137 98 98 18 98 94 98 98 98 77 78 75 85 79 75 81 18 64 64 2 2 145 145
10-155
Name perinaphthenyl t-butylacetophenone enolate cyclododecanone enolate decafluorobenzophenone 4-fluorobenzophenone benzophenone 9-nitroanthracene anthracene tetracene benz[a]pyrene perylene pentacene
ONiO Ni(O2)
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron Affinity in eV
OH(H2O) OsF4 OsF6 PBr3 PBr2Cl PCl2Br PCl3 PF5 PO3 POCl2 POCl3 PtF4 PtF6 ReF6 RhF4 RuF4 RuF5 RuF6 SF4 SF6 SO3 (SO2)2 SeF6 Si4 Sin SiD3 SiF3 SiH3 TeF6 Tin UF5 UF6 UO3 Vn VF4 V4O10 W(CO)3 WF5 WF6 WO3 WO3
<2.95 3.9 6.0 1.59 1.63 1.52 0.82 0.75 4.5 3.83 1.41 5.5 7.0 4.7 5.4 4.8 5.2 7.5 1.5 1.05 >1.70 0.6 2.9 2.17 n = 3-20 1.386 <2.95 1.406 3.34 n=3-65 3.7 5.1 <2.1 n=3-65 3.5 4.2 1.859 1.25 3.36 3.33 3.9
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.15 0.3 0.3 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.5 0.25 0.20 0.3 0.4 estimate 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.10 0.15 0.2 0.2 0.01 — 0.022 0.10 0.014 0.17 — 0.2 0.2 — — 0.2 0.6 0.006 0.3 +0.04/-0.20 +0.04/-0.15 0.2
PT CT CT CD CD CD CD CT CT CD CD CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CD LPES CD LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CD LPES CT CT CT LPES CT CT LPES CD CT LPT CT
2 98 98 2 2 2 2 121 98 2 2 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 91 56 2 80 2 110 71 43 17 43 2 151 98 98 98 150 98 101 94 18 19 86 98
Name
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10-156
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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10-157
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 73. Travers, M. J., Cowles, D. C., and Ellison, G. B., Chem. Phys. Lett., 164, 449, 1989. 74. Blondel, C., Cacciani, P., Delsart, C., and Trainham, R., Phys. Rev. A, 40, 3698, 1989. 75. Bowen, K. H., and Eaton, J. G., in The Structure of Small Molecules and Ions, Naaman, R., and Vager, Z., Eds., Plenum, New York, 1988, pp. 147-169; Arnold, S. T., Eaton, J. G., Patel-Mistra, D., Sarkas, H. W., and Bowen, K. H., in Ion and Cluster Ion Spectroscopy and Structure, Maier, J. P., Ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 1989, p. 417. 76. Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc., 88, 1988. 77. Lee, G. H., Arnold, S. T., Eaton, J. G., Sarkas, H. W., Bowen, K. H., Ludewigt, C., and Haberland, H., Z. Phys. D - Atoms, Mol. and Clusters, 20, 9, 1991; Coe, J. V., Lee, G. H., Eaton, J. G., Arnold, S. T., Sarkas, H. W., Bowen, K. H., Ludewigt, C., Haberland, H., and Worsnop, D. R., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 3980, 1990. 78. Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., Freidhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., to be published, quoted in Ref. 75. 79. Coe, J. V., Snodgrass, J. T., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4302, 1987. 80. Friedhoff, C. B., Snodgrass, J. T., and Bowen, K. H., to be published, quoted in Ref. 75. 81. Coe, J. V., Snodgrass, J. T., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 124, 274, 1986. 82. Greene, C. H., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 1405, 1990. 83. Ervin, K. M., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 91, 5974, 1989. 84. Polak, M. L., Fiala, B. L., Ervin, K. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6924, 1991. 85. Weaver, A., Arnold, D. W., Bradforth, S. E., Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 1740, 1991. 86. Walter, C. W., Devynck, P., Hertzler, C. F., Bae, Y. K., Smith, G. P., and Peterson, J. R., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 35, 1163, 1990. 87. Ervin, K. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1167, 1991. 88. Gilles, M. K., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 8012, 1992. 89. Lykke, K. R., Murray, K. K., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A, 43, 6104, 1991. 90. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 1990. 91. Viggiano, A. A., Miller, T. M., Miller, A. E. S., Morris, R. A., Van Doren, J. M., and Paulson, J. F., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 109, 327, 1991. 92. Hanstorp, D., and Gustafsson, M., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 25, 1773, 1992. 93. Polak, M. L., Gilles, M. K., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 7191, 1992. 94. Bengali, A. A., Casey, S. M., Cheng, C.-L., Dick, J. P., Fenn, P. T., Villalta, P. W., and Leopold, D. G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 5257, 1992. 95. Gilles, M. K., Ervin, K. M., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 1130, 1992. 96. Travers, M. J., Cowles, D. C., Clifford, E. P., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 8699, 1992. 97. Bengali, A. A., and Leopold, D. G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 9192, 1992. 98. Rudnyi, E. B., Kaibicheva, E. A., and Sidorov, L. N., Rapid Comm. in Mass Spectrom., 6, 356, 1992; Sidorov, L. N., High Temp. Sci., 29, 153, 1990. 99. Kitsopoulos, T. N., Chick, C. J., Zhao, Y., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 5479, 1991. 100. Arnold, C. C., Kitsopoulos, T. N., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 766, 1993. 101. Rudnyi, E. B., Kaibicheva, E. A., and Sidorov, L. N., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 929, 1993. 102. Sarkas, H. W., Hendricks, J. H., Arnold, S. T., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 1884, 1994. 103. Villalta, P. W., and Leopold, D. G., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 7730, 1993. 104. Eaton, J. G., Sarkas, H. W., Arnold, S. T., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 193, 141, 1992. See also Ref. 18. 105. Polak, M. L., Gilles, M. K., Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 210, 55, 1993. 106. Gilles, M. K., Lineberger, W. C., and Ervin, K. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 1031, 1993. 107. Casey, S. M., and Leopold, D. G., Chem. Phys. Lett., 201, 205, 1993. 108. Polak, M. L., Gerber, G., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 8990, 1992. 109. Kim, E. H., Bradforth, S. E., Arnold, D. W., Metz, R. B., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 7801, 1995. 110. Arnold, C. C., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 3353, 1993. 111. Bradforth, S. E., Kim, E. H., Arnold, D. W., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 800, 1993. 112. Ho, J., Polak, M. L., Ervin, K. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 8542, 1993. 113. Brinkman, E. A., Berger, S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 7586, 1993. 114. Casey, S. M., and Leopold, D. G., J. Phys. Chem., 97, 816, 1993. 115. McDonald, R. N., and Davidson, S. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 10857, 1993. 116. Ho, J., Ervin, K. M., Polak, M. L., Gilles, M. K., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 4845, 1991. 117. Ho, J., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 144, 1992. 118. Polak, M. L., Gilles, M. K., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 3460, 1991. 119. Polak, M. L., Ho, J., Gerber, G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 3053, 1991. 120. Sharpe, P., and Kebarle, P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 782, 1993. 121. Miller, T. M., Miller, A. E. S., Viggiano, A. A., Morris, R. A., and Paulson, J. F., J. Chem. Phys., 100, 7200, 1994. 122. Berkovits, D., Boaretto, E., Gehlberg, S., Heber, O., and Paul, M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 414, 1995. 123. Arnold, C. C., Xu, C., Burton, G. R., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 6982, 1995. Burton, G. R., Xu, C., Arnold, C. C., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., in press. 124. Xu, C., de Beer, E., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 104, 2749, 1996. 125. Gunion, R. F., Koppel, H., Leach, G. W., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 1250, 1995. 126. Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 4395, 1996. 127. Gunion, R. F., Dixon-Warren, St. J., Lineberger, W. C., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., in press. 128. Dixon-Warren, St. J., Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 104, 4902, 1996. 129. Nakajima, A., Zhang, N., Kawamata, H., Hayase, T., Nakao, K., and Kaya, K., Chem. Phys. Lett., 241, 295, 1995; Nakajima, A., Taguwa, T., Nakao, K., Hoshino, K., Iwata, S., and Kaya, K., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 660, 1995. 130. Fan, J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 8714, 1995. 131. Arnold, D. W., Bradforth, S. E., Kim, E. H., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 3493, 1995; Zhao, Y., Arnold, C. C., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 89, 1449, 1992. 132. Fan, J., Lou, L., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 2701, 1995.
10-158
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 133. 134. 135. 136.
137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.
Sarkas, H. W., Hendricks, J. H., Arnold, S. T., Slager, V. L., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 100, 3358, 1994. Kato, S., Lee, H. S., Gareyev, R., Wenthold, P. G., Lineberger, W. C., DePuy, C. H., and Bierbaum, V. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 7863, 1997. Wenthold, P. G., Hu, J., Squires, R. R., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 475, 1996. Gunion, R. F., Karney, W., Wenthold, P. G., Borden, W. T., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 5074, 1996. The numbers in the abstract for 1,6-heptadiyne were misprinted. EA(cycloheptatrienide) quoted here derives from the LPES data combined with other thermochemical data in Reference 136. Xu, C., de Beer, E., Arnold, D. W., Arnold, C. C., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 101, 5406, 1996. Wenthold, P. G., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 6920, 1996. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 1354, 1997. Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Ishikawa, Y., and Pyykkoe, Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 5350, 1996. Davies, B. J., Ingram, C. W., Larson, D. J., and Ljungblad, U., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 5783, 1997. Smith, J. R., Kim, J. B., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A., 55, 2036, 1997. Schulz, P.A., Mead, R. D., Jones, P. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 1153, 1982. See also Rudmin, J. D., Ratliff, L. P., Yukich, J. N., and Larson, D. J., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 29, L881, 1996. Desai, S. R., Wu, H., Rohlfing, C. M., and Wantg, L.-S., Int. J. Chem. Phys., 106, 1309, 1997. Wenthold, P. G., Joans, K.-L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 106, 9961, 1997. Wu, H. and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 16, 1997. Moravec, V. D. and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys., in press. Wang, X.-B., Ding, C.-F., and Wang, L.-S., J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 7699, 1997. Wenthold, P. G. and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 19, 7772, 1997. Wang, L.-S., Cheng, H.-S., and Fan, J., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 9480, 1995. Wu, H., Desai, S. R., and Wang, L.-S., Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 2436, 1996. Wu, H., Desai, S. R., and Wang, L.-S., Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 212, 1996. Wang, L.-S., Wu, H., and Desai, S. R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 4853, 1996. Robinson, M. S., Polak, M. L., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 6766, 1995. Clifford, E. P., Wenthold, P. G., Lineberger, W. C., Petersson, G. A., and Ellison, G. B., J. Phys. Chem., 101, 4338, 1997. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., Jonas, K., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., in press, 1997.
10-159
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES Thomas M. Miller The polarizability of an atom or molecule describes the response of the electron cloud to an external field. The atomic or molecular energy shift ∆W due to an external electric field E is proportional to E2 for external fields which are weak compared to the internal electric fields between the nucleus and electron cloud. The electric dipole polarizability α is the constant of proportionality defined by ∆W = - α E2/2. The induced electric dipole moment is αE. Hyperpolarizabilities, coefficients of higher powers of E, are less often required. Technically, the polarizability is a tensor quantity but for spherically symmetric charge distributions reduces to a single number. In any case, an average polarizability is usually adequate in calculations. Frequency-dependent or dynamic polarizabilities are needed for electric fields which vary in time, except for frequencies which are much lower than electron orbital frequencies, where static polarizabilities suffice. Polarizabilities for atoms and molecules in excited states are found to be larger than for ground states and may be positive or negative. Molecular polarizabilities are very slightly temperature dependent since the size of the molecule depends on its rovibrational state. Only in the case of dihydrogen has this effect been studied enough to warrant consideration in Table 3. Polarizabilities are normally expressed in cgs units of cm3. Ground state polarizabilities are in the range of 10-24 cm3 = 1 Å3 and hence are often given in Å3 units. Theorists tend to use atomic units of ao3 where ao is the Bohr radius. The conversion is α(cm3) = 0.148184 × 10-24 × α (ao3). Polarizabilities are only recently encountered in SI units, C⋅m2/V = J/(V/m)2. The conversion from cgs units to SI units is α(C⋅m2/V) = 4πεo × 10-6 × α(cm3), where εo is the permittivity of free space in SI units and the factor 10-6 simply converts cm3 into m3. Thus, α(C⋅m2/V) = 1.11265 × 10-16 × α(cm3). Persons measuring excited state polarizabilities by optical methods tend to use units of MHz/(V/cm)2, where the energy shift, ∆W, is expressed in frequency units with a factor of h understood. The polarizability is -2 ∆W/E 2. The conversion into cgs units is α(cm 3) = 5.95531 × 10-16 × α[MHz/(V/cm) 2]. The polarizability appears in many formulas for low-energy processes involving the valence electrons of atoms or molecules. These formulas are given below in cgs units: the polarizability α is in cm3; masses m or µ are in grams; energies are in ergs; and electric charges are in esu, where e = 4.8032 × 10-10 esu. The symbol α(ν) denotes a frequency (ν) dependent polarizability, where α(ν) reduces to the static polarizability α for ν = 0. For further information and references, see Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 13, 1, 1977. Details on polarizabilityrelated interactions, especially in regard to hyperpolarizabilities and nonlinear optical phenomena, are given by Bogaard, M. P., and Orr, B. J., in Physical Chemistry, Series Two, Vol. 2, Molecular Structure and Properties, Buckingham, A. D., Ed., Butterworths, London, 1975, pp. 149-194. A tabulation of tensor and hyperpolarizabilities is included. The gas number density, n, in Table 1 is usually taken to be that of 1 atm at 0°C in reporting experimental data.
Table 1 Formulas Involving Polarizability Description Lorentz-Lorenz relation
Refraction by polar molecules
Formula
α( ν) =
α( ν) +
Remarks
2 3 η ( ν) – 1 2 4 πn η ( ν) + 2
2 d2 3 η ( ν) – 1 = 2 3kT 4 πn η ( ν) + 2
For a gas of atoms or nonpolar molecules; the index of refraction is η(ν)
The dipole moment is d, in esu.cm (= 10-18 D)
Dielectric constant (dimensionless)
κ( ν) = 1 + 4 πn α( ν)
From the Lorentz-Lorenz relation for the usual case of κ(υ)≈1
Index of refraction (dimensionless)
η( ν) = 1 + 2 πn α( ν)
From η2(ν) = κ(ν)
Diamagnetic susceptibility
Long-range electron- or ion-molecule interaction energy Ion mobility in a gas
χ m = e 2 ( ao Nα )
1/ 2
/ 4 me c 2
V (r ) = – e 2 α / 2 r 4
κ = 13.87 / (αµ )
1/ 2
cm 2 / V ⋅ s
10-160
From the approximation that the static polarizability is given by the variational formula α = (4/9ao)Σ(Niri2)2; N is the number of electrons, me is the electron mass; a crude approximation is χm=(Ei/4mec2)α, where Ei is the ionization energy The target molecule polarizability is α
This one formula is not in cgs units. Enter α in Å3 or 10-24 cm3 units and the reduced mass µ of the ionmolecule pair in amu. Classical limit; pure polarization potential
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 1 Formulas Involving Polarizability (continued) Description Langevin capture cross section
Formula σ( v o ) = (2 πe/vo )(α / µ )
k = 2 πe(α / µ )
Dipole-quadrupole constant between two systems A, B
van der Waals constant between an atom and a surface
Relation between α(ν) and oscillator strengths
Dynamic polarizability
Rayleigh scattering cross section
Collisional rate coefficient for an ion-molecule reaction
1/ 2
[
k d = 2 πe (α / µ )
+ cd (2 / µπkT )
1/ 2
1/ 2
σ(k ) = 4 πA 2
Modified effective range cross section for electronneutral scattering van der Waals constant between two systems A, B
+32 π µe αAk / 3h 4
2
]
The dipole moment of the neutral is d in esu.cm; the number c is a “locking factor” that depends on α and d, and is between 0 and 1 Here, k is the electron momentum divided by h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant; A is called the “scattering length”; the reduced mass is µ
2
+L 3 α Aα B E A E B 2 EA + EB
For the interaction potential term V6(r)= - C6r6; EA,B represents average dipole transition energies and αA,B the respective polarizabilities of A, B
C8 =
A B A B 15 α α q E Eq A B 4 E + Eq
+
A B A B 15 α q α Eq E A 4 Eq + E B
For the interaction potential term V8(r) = –C8r8; EqA,B represents average quadrupole transition energies and αqA,B are the respective quadrupole polarizabilities of A, B
C6 =
C3 =
α( v) =
(
8 E +E A
S
For an interaction potential V3(r) = –C3r3; EA,S are characteristic energies of the atom and surface; g = 1 for a free-electron metal and g = (ε∞ – 1)/ (ε∞ + 1) for an ionic crystal
)
fk e2h2 Σ 4 π 2 me Ek2 – (hv) 2
α( ν) =
α ( ν) =
[
αgE A E S
αE r 2
E r – (hν) 2
8π (2 πν) 4 9c 4
V ( ν) =
Here, fk is the oscillator strength from the ground state to an excited state k, with excitation energy Ek. This formula is often used to estimate static polarizabilities (ν = 0) Approximate variation of the frequency-dependent polarizability α(ν) from ν = 0 up to the first dipoleallowed electronic transition, of energy Er; the static dipole polarizability is α(0); infrared contributions ignored
2
]
× 3α 2 ( ν) + 2 γ 2 ( ν) / 3 Verdet constant
The relative velocity of approach for an ionmolecule pair is vo; the target molecular polarizability is α and the reduced mass of the ion-molecule pair is µ
1/ 2
Langevin reaction rate coefficient Rate coefficient for polar molecules
Remarks
νn dα( ν) 2 m e c 2 dν
10-161
The photon frequency is ν; the polarizability anisotropy (the difference between polarizabilities parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axis) is γ(ν) Defined from θ = V(ν)B, where θ is the angle of rotation of linearly polarized light through a medium of number density n, per unit length, for a longitudinal magnetic field strength B (Faraday effect)
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Atomic number
Atom
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
30
Zn
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
48 49
Cd In
Polarizability 0.666793 0.204956 0.2050 24.3 5.60 3.03 1.76 1.10 0.802 0.557 0.3956 24.08 10.6 6.8 5.38 3.63 2.90 2.18 1.6411 43.4 22.8 25.0 17.8 14.6 12.4 11.6 9.4 8.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 7.31 7.1 5.6 8.12 6.07 4.31 3.77 3.05 2.4844 47.3 27.6 22.7 17.9 15.7 12.8 11.4 9.6 8.6 4.8 7.2 8.56 7.2 10.2 9.1
Estimated accuracy (%)
Method
Ref.
“exact” “exact” 0.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.1 0.4 2 4.4 2 2 2 2 0.05 2 2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2 2 2 2 2 0.05 2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 12 25
calc calc index/diel beam calc calc calc calc/index calc/index calc diel interferom calc beam calc calc calc calc index/diel beam calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc diel beam beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc beam calc
MB77 MB77 NB65/OC67 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 OC67 ESCHP94 MB77 MMD90 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 NB65/OC67 MB77 MB77 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 G84 MB77 D84 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 OC67 MB77 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 G84 D84 GMBSJ84 D84
10-162
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Atomic number
Atom
50 51 52 53
Sn Sb Te I
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es
Polarizability 7.7 6.6 5.5 5.35 4.7 4.044 59.6 39.7 31.1 29.6 28.2 31.4 30.1 28.8 27.7 23.5 25.5 24.5 23.6 22.7 21.8 21.0 21.9 16.2 13.1 11.1 9.7 8.5 7.6 6.5 5.8 6.48 5.7 5.1 7.6 7.5 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.0 5.3 48.7 38.3 32.1 32.1 25.4 24.9 24.8 24.5 23.3 23.0 22.7 20.5 19.7
Estimated accuracy (%) 25 25 25 25 25 0.5 2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
10-163
Method calc calc calc index calc diel beam beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc diel beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc
Ref. D84 D84 D84 A56 D84 MB77 MB77 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 G84 D84 MB77 NYU84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 KB94 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Atomic number 100 101 102
Atom
Polarizability
Fm Md No
23.8 18.2 17.5
Estimated accuracy (%) 25 25 25
Method
Ref.
calc calc calc
D84 D84 D84
Note: calc = calculated value; beam = atomic beam deflection technique; interferom = atomic beam interference; index = determination based on the measured index of refraction; diel = determination based on the measured dielectric constant.
REFERENCES A56. D84.
ESCHP94. G84. GMBSJ84. KB94. MB77. MMD90. NB65. NYU84. OC67.
Atoji, M., J. Chem. Phys., 25, 174, 1956. Semiempirical method based on molecular polarizabilities and atomic radii. Doolen, G. D., Los Alamos National Laboratory, unpublished. A relativistic linear response method was used. The method is that described by Zangwill, A., and Soven, P., Phys. Rev. A, 21, 1561, 1980. Adjustments of less than 10% across the periodic table have been made to these results to bring them into agreement with accurate experimental values where avaialble, for the purpose of presenting “recommended” polarizabilities in Table 2. Ekstrom, C. R., Schmiedmayer, J., Chapman, M. S., Hammond, T. D., and Pritchard, D. E., Phys. Rev. Lett., in press, 1994. Gollisch, H., J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Phys., 17, 1463, 1984. Other results and useful references are contained in this paper. Guella, T. P., Miller, T. M., Bederson, B., Stockdale, J. A. D., and Jaduszliwer, B., Phys. Rev. A, 29, 2977, 1984. Kadar-Kallen, M. A., and Bonin, K. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 828, 1994. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. For simplicity, any value in Table 2 which has not changed since this 1977 review is referenced as MB77. Persons interested in original references and further details should consult MB77. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. D., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. Preliminary value from the New York University group. See GMBSJ84. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967; see also the later references from this group, given following the tables.
Table 3 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Diatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Polarizability
Ref.
Al2 BH Br2 CO Cl2 Cs2 CsK D2 (v = 0,J = 0) D2 (293 K) DCl F2 H2 (v = 0,J = 0) H2 (293 K) H2 (293 K) H2 (322 K) HBr HCl
19 3.32* 7.02 1.95 4.61 104 89 0.7921* 0.7954 2.84 1.38* 0.8023* 0.8045* 0.8042 0.8059 3.61 2.63 2.77 0.7976* 0.80
23 1 2 3 3 22 22 5 6 2 7 5 5 6 8 3 3 2 5 27
HD (v = 0,J = 0) HF
Molecule HI HgCl ICl K2 Li2 LiCl LiF LiH
N2 NO Na2 NaK NaLi O2 Rb2
10-164
Polarizability
Ref.
5.44 5.35 7.4* 12.3 77 72 34 3.46* 10.8* 3.84* 3.68* 3.88* 1.7403 1.70 40 38 51 40 1.5812 79
3 2 9 2 22 21 22 10 11 12 13 14 6,8 2 22 21 22 4 6 22
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 4 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Triatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Polarizability
Ref.
Molecule
BeH2 CO2 CS2
4.34* 2.911 8.74 8.86 1.26 1.45 3.78 3.95
14 8 3 2 2 2 3 2
HCN
D2O H2O H2S
Polarizability
Ref.
Molecule
3 2 2 2 2 8 2† 21
O3 OCS
2.59 2.46 14.5 11.6 19.1 3.03 3.02 70
HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 N 2O NO2 Na3
Polarizability
Ref.
3.21 5.71 5.2 3.72 4.28
SO2
2 2 15 3 2
Table 5 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Inorganic Polyatomic Molecules (Larger than Triatomic) (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Polarizability
Ref.
Molecule
AsCl3 AsN3 BCl3 BF3 (BN3)2 (BH2N)3 ClF3 (CsBr)2 (CsCl)2 (CsF)2 (CsI)2 GeCl4 GeH3Cl (HgCl)2 Kn (KBr)2 (KCl)2 (KF)2 (KI)2 (LiBr)2 (LiCl)2 (LiF)2 (LiI)2 ND3 NF3 NH3
14.9 5.75 9.38 3.31 5.73 8.0 6.32 54.5 42.4 28.4 51.8 15.1 6.7 14.7 n = 2,5,7-9,11,20 42.0 32.1 21.0 36.3 18.9 13.1 6.9 23.4 1.70 3.62 2.81 2.10 2.26 6.69 n = 1-40
2 2 20 2 2 2† 2 16 16 16 16 2 2† 9 21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 2 2 20 2 3 2 21
(NaBr)2 (NaCl)2 (NaF)2 (NaI)2 OsO4 PCl3 PF5 PH3 (RbBr)2 (RbCl)2 (RbF)2 (RbI)2 SF6 (SF5)2 SO3 SO2Cl2 SeF6 SiF4 SiH4 (SiH3)2 SiHCl3 SiH2Cl2 SiH3Cl SnBr4 SnCl4
(NO2)2 Nan
SnI4 TeF6 TiCl4 UF6
10-165
Polarizability 26.8 23.4 20.7 26.9 8.17 12.8 6.10 4.84 48.2 43.2 40.7 46.3 6.54 13.2 4.84 10.5 7.33 5.45 5.44 11.1 10.7 8.92 7.02 22.0 18.0 13.8 32.3 9.00 16.4 12.5
Ref. 16 16 16 16 2 2 2 2 16 16 16 16 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 2 2 2
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 6 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Hydrocarbon Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Name
CH4 C2 H 2
methane acetylene
C2 H 4 C2 H 6
ethylene ethane
C3 H 4 C3 H 6
propyne propene cyclopropane propane
C3 H 8 C4 H 6 C4 H 8
C4H10 C5 H 6 C5 H 8
C5H10
C5H12 C6 H 6
C6H10
1-butyne 1,3-butadiene 1-butene trans-2-butene 2-methylpropene n-butane isobutane 1,3-cyclopentadiene 1-pentyne trans-1,3-pentadiene isoprene cyclopentane 1-pentene 2-pentene pentane neopentane benzene
C6H12
1-hexyne 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene cyclohexene cyclohexane
C6H14 C7 H 8
1-hexene n-hexane toluene
C7H12 C7H14 C7H16 C8 H 8
1-heptyne methylcyclohexane 1-heptene n-heptane styrene
Polarizability 2.593 3.33 3.93 4.252 4.47 4.43 6.18 6.26 5.66 6.29 6.37 7.41 8.64 7.97 8.52 8.49 8.29 8.20 8.14 8.64 9.12 10.0 9.99 9.15 9.65 9.84 9.99 10.20 10.0 10.32 10.74 10.9 11.8 11.8 12.1 11.8 10.7 11.0 10.87 11.7 11.9 11.8 12.26 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.7 15.0 14.4
Ref.
Molecule
8 3 2 8 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2† 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 2 2 2 2 18 27 27 2 18 25 3 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18 15 27 2 25 15 2 2† 2 27 2 2 27
C8H10
Name ethylbenzene o-xylene p-xylene
C8H16 C8H18
C9H10 C9H12
m-xylene ethylcyclohexane n-octane 3-methylheptane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane α-methylstyrene isopropylbenzene mesitylene
C9H18 C9H20 C10H8
isopropylcyclohexane nonane napthalene
C10H14
durene t-butylbenzene
C10H20 C10H22 C11H10
t-butylcyclohexane decane α-methylnaphthalene β-methylnaphthalene α,β,β-trimethylstyrene pentamethylbenzene undecane acenaphthene α-ethylnaphthalene β-ethylnaphthalene hexamethylbenzene dodecane fluorene anthracene
C11H14 C11H16 C11H24 C12H10 C12H12 C12H18 C12H26 C13H10 C14H10
phenanthrene C14H22 C16H10 C17H12 C18H12
C18H30 C24H12
10-166
p-di-t-butylbenzene pyrene 2,3-benzfluorene napthacene 1,2-benzanthracene chrysene triphenylene 1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene coronene
Polarizability 14.2 14.9 14.1 13.7 14.2 14.9 14.2 15.9 15.9 15.4 15.4 16.05 16.0 15.5 16.1 17.2 17.4 16.5 17.5 17.3 17.2 17.8 19.8 19.1 19.35 19.52 19.64 19.1 21.0 20.6 21.19 21.36 20.9 22.8 21.7 25.4 25.9 36.8* 24.7 24.5 28.2 30.2 32.3 32.9 33.1 31.1 31.8
Ref. 2 2 15 25 15 2 15 2 2 27 27 27 2_ 25 27 2 27 17 27 25 25 2† 2 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 17 27 17 27 25 27 27 27 27 27 27 25
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Name
Polarizability
CBr2F2 CClF3
dibromodifluoromethane chlorotrifluoromethane
CCl2F2
dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl2O CCl2S CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4
phosgene thiophosgene trichlorofluoromethane trichloronitromethane carbon tetrachloride
CF4 CF2O CHBr3 CHBrF2 CHClF2
carbon tetrafluoride carbonylfluoride bromoform bromodifluoromethane chlorodifluoromethane
CHCl2F CHCl3
dichlorofluoromethane chloroform
CHF3
fluoroform
CHFO CHI3 CH2Br2
fluoroformaldehyde iodoform dibromomethane
CH2ClNO2 CH2Cl2
chloronitromethane dichloromethane
CH2I2 CH3Br
diiodomethane bromomethane
CH3Cl
chloromethane
CH3F CH3I C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3N C2F6 C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2
fluoromethane iodomethane chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane trichloroacetonitrile hexafluoroethane bromoacetylene chloroacetylene pentachloroethane 1,1-dichloroethylene trans-1,2-dichloroethylene cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane chloroacetyl chloride 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane chloroacetonitrile 1,1-difluoroethylene bromoethylene chloroethylene
C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl4 C2H2ClN C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl
10-167
9.0 5.72 5.59 7.93 7.81 7.29 10.2 9.47 10.8 11.2 10.5 3.838 1.88* 11.8 5.7 6.38 5.91 6.82 9.5 8.23 3.52 3.57 1.76* 18.0 9.32 8.62 6.9 6.48 7.93 12.90 5.87 6.03 5.55 5.35 4.72 2.97 7.97 6.3 8.5 6.10 6.82 7.39 6.07 14.0 7.83 8.15 8.03 8.4 8.92 10.2 12.1 6.10 5.01 7.59 6.41
Ref. 2† 20 2 20 2 2 2 2 2† 2 3 8 17 17 2† 20 2 2 8 27 20 8 17 17 2 27 2† 3 2 27 20 2 15 20 8 8 2 2† 2† 18 2 2 2 2 27 27 27 2† 2 2† 2† 18 20 2 2
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3I C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2
Name
Polarizability
C2H5Br
1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane acetyl chloride ethyl chloroformate 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,1,1-trifluoroethane iodoethylene 1-bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-dibromomethane 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane bromoethane
C2H5Cl
chloroethane
C2H5ClO
2-chloroethanol
C2H5F C2H5I C3H4Cl2 C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H3ClO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H7Br
chloromethyl methyl ether fluoroethane iodoethane dichloropropene chloropropene chloroacetone ethyl chloroformate 1-chloro-1-nitropropane dichloropropane 1-bromopropane
C3H7Cl C3H7ClO
C3H7I C4H5Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2
C4H8Cl2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl
C4H9ClO
C4H9I C5H9ClO2
2-bromopropane chloropropane β-chloroethyl methyl ether 2-chloro-1-propanol 3-chloro-1-propanol 1-iodopropane 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene 1-chloro-2-methylpropene 2-chlorobutyric acid 3-chlorobutyric acid 4-chlorobutyric acid 1,4-dichlorobutane bromobutane 1-chlorobutane 1-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chlorobutane β-chloroethyl ethyl ether 2-chloro-1-butanol 3-chloro-1-butanol 1-iodobutane 2-chlorobutanoate acid 3-chlorobutanoate acid
10-168
8.05 6.62 7.1 10.7 4.4 9.3 9.5 10.7 6.5 10.9 8.64 8.0 8.05 7.28 7.27 8.29 6.4 7.1 6.88 7.1 4.96 10.0 10.1 8.3 8.4 9.0 10.4 10.9 9.4 9.07 9.6 10.0 8.71 8.89 8.84 11.5 10.0 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.6 12.0 13.9 10.86 11.3 11.1 12.5 12.4 10.56 10.70 10.38 13.3 12.65 12.33 12.31
Ref. 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2 2 2† 2 27 20 2 15 2† 27 2† 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 2 27 2 2 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule
Name
Polarizability
C6H5Br
4-chlorobutanoate acid 2-chloropentanoic acid 3-chloropentanoic acid 4-chloropentanoic acid 1-bromopentane 1-chloropentane fluoropentane hexafluorobenzene pentafluorobenzene 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene p-bromofluorobenzene chloronitrobenzene o-dichlorobenzene m-dichlorobenzene p-dichlorobenzene p-fluoroiodobenzene p-fluoronitrobenzene o-difluorobenzene m-difluorobenzene p-difluorobenzene bromobenzene
C6H5Cl
chlorobenzene
C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H11ClO2
chlorophenol fluorobenzene iodobenzene 2-chlorobutanoate acid 3-chlorobutanoate acid 4-chlorobutanoate acid bromohexane fluorohexane p-bromotoluene p-chlorotoluene p-fluorotoluene p-iodotoluene 1-bromoheptane
C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11F C6F6 C6HF5 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H2F4 C6H3F3 C6H4BrF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2
C6H4FI C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2
C6H13Br C6H13F C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7I C7H15Br C7H15F C8H17Br C8H17F C9H19Br C9H19F C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H21Br C10H21F
fluoroheptane bromooctane fluorooctane bromononane fluorononane octafluoronaphthalene α-bromonaphthalene α-chloronaphthalene β-chloronaphthalene α-iodonaphthalene β-iodonaphthalene bromodecane fluorodecane
10-169
12.27 12.69 12.57 12.53 13.1 12.0 9.95 9.58 9.63 18.4 9.69 9.69 9.74 13.4 14.6 14.17 14.23 14.20 15.5 12.8 9.80 10.3 9.80 14.7 13.62 14.1 12.3 13.0 10.3 15.5 14.16 14.13 14.11 14.44 11.80 14.80 13.70 11.70 17.10 16.8 16.23 13.66 18.02 15.46 19.81 17.34 17.64 20.34 19.30 19.58 22.41 22.95 21.60 19.18
Ref. 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 2† 27 2 27 2 15 2† 2 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C11H23F C12H25Br C12H25F C12H8Br2O C12H9BrO C13H11BrO C14H9Br C14H9Cl C14H9F C14H29F C16H33Br C18H37Br
Name
Polarizability
fluoroundecane bromododecane fluorododecane 4,4′−dibromodiphenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether p-bromophenyl-p-tolyl ether 9-bromoanthracene 9-chloroanthracene fluoranthracene fluorotetradecane bromohexadecane bromooctadecane
21.00 25.18 22.83 27.8 24.2 26.6 28.32 27.35 28.34 26.57 32.34 35.92
Ref. 27 27 27 2† 2† 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27
Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Name
CN4O8 CH2O
tetranitromethane formaldehyde
CH2O2 CH3NO
formic acid formamide
CH3NO2 CH4O
nitromethane methanol
CH5N
methyl amine
C2N2 C2H2O C2H3N
cyanogen ketene acetonitrile
C2H4O
acetaldehyde
C2H4O2 C2H4O4 C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O
ethylene oxide acetic acid methyl formate formic acid dimer acetamide N-methyl formamide nitroethane ethyl nitrite ethanol methyl ether
C2H6O2
ethylene glycol
C2H6O2S
dimethyl sulfone
10-170
Polarizability
Ref.
15.3 2.8 2.45 3.4 4.2 4.08 7.37 3.29 3.23 3.32 4.7 4.01 7.99 4.4 4.40 4.48 4.6 4.59 4.43 5.1 5.05 12.7 5.67 5.91 9.63 7.0 5.41 5.11 5.29 5.84 5.16 5.7 5.61 7.3
2 2† 18 2† 2† 18 2 2 15 18 2 19 2 2† 2† 18 2† 18 18 2† 27 2 18 18 2 15 2 18 20 2 15 2† 27 2†
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C2H6S C2H7N
Name
Polarizability
C2H8N2 C3H2N2 C3H3N C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H5N
ethanethiol ethyl amine dimethyl amine ethylene diamine malononitrile acrylonitrile pyrazole propenal propionitrile
C3H6O
acetone
C3H6O2
allyl alcohol propionaldehyde propionic acid ethyl formate methyl acetate
C3H6O3 C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O
C3H8O2 C3H9N
C4H2N2 C4H4N2
C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6N2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H7N C4H8O
C4H8O2
dimethyl carbonate N-methyl acetamide N,N-dimethyl formamide nitropropane 2-propanol 1-propanol ethyl methyl ether dimethoxymethane monomethylether ethylene glycol n-propylamine isopropylamine trimethylamine fumaronitrile succinonitrile pyrimidene pyridazine diketene thiophene methacrylonitrile trans-crotononitrile N-methylpyrazole crotonaldehyde methacrylaldehyde biacetyl acetic anhydride divinyl sulfide butyronitrile isobutyronitrile butanal methyl ethyl ketone trans-2,3-epoxy butane ethyl acetate
10-171
7.41 7.10 6.37 7.2 5.79 8.05 7.23 6.38 6.70 6.24 6.33 6.4 6.39 7.65 6.50 6.9 8.01 6.88 6.94 6.81 7.7 7.82 7.81 8.5 7.61 6.97 6.74 7.93 7.7 7.44 7.70 9.20 7.77 8.15 11.8 8.1 8.53* 9.27* 8.0 9.67 8.0 8.2 8.99 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.9 10.9 8.4 8.05 8.2 8.13 8.22* 9.7 8.62
Ref. 2 2 2 2† 18 2 27 2† 2 18 15 2† 18 2 2 2† 2 27 2 27 2† 18 18 2† 2 18 2 2 2† 27 27 2 27 2 2 2† 17 17 2† 2 2† 2† 27 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18 2† 15 17 2 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule
C4H9NO2 C4H10O
C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H11N
C5H5N
Name
Polarizability
1,4-dioxane p-dioxane 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane butyric acid methyl propionate 1-nitrobutane 2-methyl-2-nitropropane ethyl ether 1-butanol 2-methylpropanol n-propyl methyl ether monoethylether ethylene glycol ethyl sulfide n-butylamine diethylamine pyridine
C5H10O3 C5H12O C5H12O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6H5NO2
4-cyano-1,2-butadiene 1,5-dimethylpyrazole acetyl acetone valeronitrile 22-DMPN diethyl ketone methyl propyl ketone ethyl propionate methyl butanoate diethyl carbonate ethyl propyl ether tetramethyl orthocarbonate p-dinitrobenzene p-benzoquinone nitrobenzene
C6H6O
phenol
C6H7N C6H8N2
aniline phenylenediamine phenylhydrazine 1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazole ethyl acetoacetate dimethylketazine cyclohexanol amyl formate paraldehyde propyl ether
C5H8N2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O C5H10O2
C6H10N2 C6H10O3 C6H12N2 C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H15N
1,1-diethoxyethane 1,2-diethoxyethane triethylamine
C7H4N2O2 C7H5N
di-n-propylamine p-cyanonitrobenzene benzonitrile
10-172
10.0 8.60 9.44 8.38 8.97 10.4 10.3 10.2 8.73 8.88 8.92 8.86 9.28 10.8 13.5 10.2 9.61 9.5 9.18 10.5 10.72 10.5 10.4 9.59 9.93 9.93 10.41 10.41 11.3 10.68 13.0 18.4 14.5 14.7 12.92 11.1 9.94* 12.1 13.8 12.91 12.50 12.9 15.6 11.56 14.2 17.9 12.8 12.5 13.2 11.3 13.1 13.38 13.29 19.0 12.5
Ref. 2 18 15 27 27 2† 2† 2 15 2 2 27 27 2 2 2 27 15 27 2† 27 2† 2 18 15 15 27 27 2 27 2† 2 2 2 15 2† 17 2† 2† 27 27 2† 2 18 2 2 2 15 2† 2† 2 27 27 2 2†
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C7H7NO3 C7H7O C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H14O C7H14O2 C8H4N2 C8H6N2 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H10O C8H11N C8H12N2 C8H12O2 C8H14O4 C8H18O C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H21N C10H9N
C10H10Fe C10H10N2 C10H14BeO4 C11H8O C14H8O2 C12H8N2 C12H9NO3 C14H14O C15H21AlO6 C15H21CrO6 C15H21FeO6 C20H28O8Th C60
Name
Polarizability
nitroanisole anisole o-anisidine 1,1-methylphenylhydrazine cyclohexyl methyl ether 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone pentyl acetate p-dicyanobenzene quinoxaline acetophenone 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone phenetole N-dimethylaniline 1,1-ethylphenylhydrazine ethyl sorbate tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione diethyl succinate n-butyl ether quinoline isoquinoline ethyl benzoate tri-n-propylamine α-naphthylamine β-naphthylamine 1-methylquinoline 1-methylisoquinoline ferrocene 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline beryllium acetylacetonate 1-naphthaldehyde 2-naphthaldehyde anthraquinone phenazine 4-nitrodiphenyl ether di-p-tolyl ether aluminum acetylacetonate chromium acetylacetonate ferric acetylacetonate thorium acetylacetonate buckminsterfullerene
15.7 13.1 14.2 14.81 13.4 13.5 14.9 19.2 15.13 15.0 18.8 14.9 16.2 16.62 17.2 18.6 16.8 17.2 15.70 16.43 16.9 18.87 19.50 19.73 18.65 18.28 17.1 18.70 34.1 19.75 20.06 24.46 23.43 24.7 24.9 51.9 53.7 58.1 79.0 ∼80
Ref. 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 15 2 2 27 2 2 2 2† 27 2† 2 2† 2 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 26 27 2 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 2 2 2 2 24
Note: All polarizabilities in the tables are experimental values except those values marked by an asterisk (*), which indicates a calculated result. The experimental polarizabilities are mostly determined by measurements of a dielectric constant or refractive index which are quite accurate (0.5% or better). However, one should treat many of the results with several percent of caution because of the age of the data and because some of the results refer to optical frequencies rather than static. Comments given with the references are intended to allow one to judge the degree of caution required. Interested persons should consult these references. In many cases, the reference given is to a theoretical paper in which the experimental results are quoted. These papers, noted in the References, contain valuable information on polarizability calculations and experimental data which often includes the tensor components of the polarizability.
10-173
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) REFERENCES 1. McCullough, E. A., Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 5050, 1975. This calculation is for the parallel component, not the average polarizability. 2. Maryott, A. A., and Buckley, F., U. S. National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 537, 1953. A tabulation of dipole moments, dielectric constants, and molar refractions measured between 1910 and 1952, and used here to determine polarizabilities if no more recent result exists. The polarizability is 3/(4πNo) times the molar polarization or molar refraction, where No is Avogadro’s number. The value 3/(4πNo) = 0.3964308 × 10-24 cm3 was used for this conversion. A dagger (†) following the reference number in the tables indicates that the polarizability was derived from the molar refraction and hence may not include some low-frequency contributions to the static polarizability; these “static” polarizabilities are therefore low by 1 to 30%. 3. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1954, p. 950. Fundamental information on molecular polarizabilities. 4. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. Review emphasizing atomic polarizabilities and measurement techniques. The data quoted in Table 3 are accurate to 8 to 12%. 5. Kolos, W., and Wolniewicz, L., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 1426, 1967. Highly accurate molecular hydrogen calculations. 6. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. C., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. Highly accurate refractive index measurements at 47.7 GHz (essentially static). 7. Jao, T. C., Beebe, N. H. F., Person, W. B., and Sabin, J. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 26, 47, 1974. Tensor polarizabilities, derivatives, and other results are reported. 8. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H2, N2); Sutter, H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 132, 1970 (CF3H, CFH3, CClF3, CClH3); Bose, T. K., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 140, 1970 (CO2), and 54, 3829, 1971 (C2H2, C2H4); Nelson, R. D., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 4033, 1971 (SF6, CClF3); Bose, T. K., Sochanski, J. S., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 3592, 1972 (CH4, CF4); Kirouac, S., and Bose, T. K., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 3043, 1973 (N2O), and 64, 1580, 1976 (He). Highly accurate dielectric constant measurements. These modern data give the most accurate polarizabilities available. A criticism of the interpretation of these data in the case of polar molecules is given in Ref. 20, p. 2905. 9. Huestis, D. L., Technical Report #MP 78-25, SRI International (project PYU 6158), Menlo Park, CA 94025. Molar refractions for mercurychlorine compounds are analyzed. 10. Bounds, D. G., Clarke, J. H. R., and Hinchliffe, A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 45, 367, 1977. Theoretical tensor polarizability for LiCl. 11. Kolker, H. J., and Karplus, M., J. Chem. Phys., 39, 2011, 1963. Theoretical. 12. Cutschick, V. P., and McKoy, V., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 2397, 1973. Theoretical tensor polarizabilities. 13. Gready, J. E., Bacskay, G. B., and Hush, N. S., Chem. Phys., 22, 141, 1977, and 23, 9, 1977. Theoretical. 14. Amos, A. T., and Yoffe, J. A., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 4723, 1975. Theoretical. 15. Stuart, H. A., Landolt-Börnstein Zahlenwerte and Funktionen, Vol. 1, Part 3, Eucken, A., and Hellwege, K. H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1951, p. 511. Tabulation of molecular polarizabilities. Two misprints in the chemical symbols have been corrected. 16. Guella, T., Miller, T. M., Stockdale, J. A. D., Bederson, B., and Vuskovic, L., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6857, 1991. Beam measurements with accuracies between 12-24%. 17. Marchese, F. T., and Jaffé, Theoret. Chim. Acta (Berlin), 45, 241, 1977. Theoretical and experimental tensor polarizabilities are tabulated in this paper. 18. Applequist, J., Carl, J. R., and Fung, K.-K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 2952, 1972. Excellent reference on the calculation of molecular polarizabilities, including extensive tables of tensor polarizabilities, both theoretical and experimental, at 589.3 nm wavelength. 19. Bridge, N. J., and Buckingham, A. D., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A295, 334, 1966. Measured tensor polarizabilities at 633 nm wavelength. 20. Barnes, A. N. M., Turner, D. J., and Sutton, L. E., Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 2902, 1971. Dielectric constants yielding polarizabilities accurate from 0.3-8%. 21. Knight, W. D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W. A., and Saunders, W. A., Phys. Rev. B, 31, 2539, 1985. These data probably correspond to a very low internal temperature. 22. Tarnovsky, V., Bunimovicz, M., Vuskovic, L., Stumpf, B., and Bederson, B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 3894, 1993. These data correspond to internal temperatures 480-948 K. 23. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Beam measurements accurate to 11%. 24. Bonin, K. D., and Kadar-Kallen, M. A., Int. J. Mod. Phys., 8, 3313, 1994. Review article. 25. Aroney, M. J., and Pratten, S. J., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 80, 1201, 1984. Uncertainties in the range 1-3%. 26. Le Fevre, R. J. W., Murthy, D. S. N., and Saxby, J. D., Aust. J. Chem., 24, 1057, 1971. Kerr effect. 27. No, K. T., Cho, K. H., Jhon, M. S., and Scheraga, H. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 2005, 1993. Theoretical; these results are quoted in numerous valuable papers on calculated polarizabilities, e.g., Miller, K. J., and Savchik, J. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 7206, 1979.
10-174
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS The ionization potentials of neutral and partially ionized atoms are listed in this table. Data were obtained from the compilations cited below, supplemented by results from the recent research literature. All values have been corrected to the currently recommended value of the conversion factor from wave number to energy, namely 1 eV = 8065.541 cm–1 (Reference 5). Values are given in eV. Following the traditional spectroscopic notation, columns are headed I, II, III, etc. up to XXX, where I indicates the neutral atom, II the singly ionized atom, III the doubly ionized atom, etc. The first section of the table includes spectra I to VIII of all the elements; subsequent sections cover higher spectra (ionization stages) for those elements for which data are available. REFERENCES 1. Moore, C. E., Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) No. 34, 1970. 2. Martin, W. C., Zalubas, R., and Hagan, L., Atomic Energy Levels — The Rare Earth Elements, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), No. 60, 1978. 3. Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Atomic Energy Levels of the Iron Period Elements: Potassium through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol.14, Suppl. 2, 1985. 4. References to papers in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in the period 1973—91 covering other elements may be found in the cumulative index to that journal. 5. Cohen, E. R. and Taylor, B. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 1795, 1988. 6. Martin, W.C., and Wiese, W.L., in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook, Drake, G.W.F., Ed., AIP Press, New York, 1996. Neutral Atoms to +7 Ions Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Element H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb
I 13.59844 24.58741 5.39172 9.3227 8.29803 11.26030 14.53414 13.61806 17.42282 21.5646 5.13908 7.64624 5.98577 8.15169 10.48669 10.36001 12.96764 15.75962 4.34066 6.11316 6.5615 6.8281 6.7463 6.7665 7.43402 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.72638 9.3942 5.99930 7.8994 9.7886 9.75238 11.81381 13.99961 4.17713 5.6949 6.2171 6.63390 6.75885
II
III
IV
54.41778 75.64018 18.21116 25.15484 24.38332 29.6013 35.11730 34.97082 40.96328 47.2864 15.03528 18.82856 16.34585 19.7694 23.3379 23.814 27.62967 31.63 11.87172 12.79967 13.5755 14.66 16.4857 15.63999 16.1878 17.083 18.16884 20.29240 17.96440 20.5142 15.93462 18.633 21.19 21.8 24.35985 27.285 11.03013 12.24 13.13 14.32
122.45429 153.89661 37.93064 47.8878 47.44924 54.9355 62.7084 63.45 71.6200 80.1437 28.44765 33.49302 30.2027 34.79 39.61 40.74 45.806 50.9131 24.75666 27.4917 29.311 30.96 33.668 30.652 33.50 35.19 36.841 39.723 30.71 34.2241 28.351 30.8204 36 36.950 40 42.89 20.52 22.99 25.04
217.71865 259.37521 64.4939 77.4735 77.41353 87.1398 97.12 98.91 109.2655 119.992 45.14181 51.4439 47.222 53.4652 59.81 60.91 67.27 73.4894 43.2672 46.709 49.16 51.2 54.8 51.3 54.9 57.38 59.4 64 45.7131 50.13 42.9450 47.3 52.5 52.6 57 60.597 34.34 38.3
10-175
V
VI
VII
340.22580 392.087 97.8902 113.8990 114.2428 126.21 138.40 141.27 153.825 166.767 65.0251 72.5945 67.8 75.02 82.66 84.50 91.65 99.30 65.2817 69.46 72.4 75.0 79.5 76.06 79.8 82.6
489.99334 552.0718 138.1197 157.1651 157.93 172.18 186.76 190.49 205.27 220.421 88.0530 97.03 91.009 99.4 108.78 110.68 119.53 128.13 90.6349 95.6 99.1 102.0 108 103 108
667.046 739.29 185.186 207.2759 208.50 225.02 241.76 246.5 263.57 280.948 114.1958 124.323 117.56 127.2 138.0 140.8 150.6 160.18 119.203 124.98 128.9 133 139 134
871.4101 953.9112 239.0989 264.25 265.96 284.66 303.54 309.60 328.75 348.28 143.460 154.88 147.24 158.1 170.4 173.4 184.7 194.5 151.06 157.8 162 166 174
127.6 81.7 88.6 78.5 84.4 90.8 93.0
155.4 103.0 111.0 99.2 106 116
192.8 125.802 136 122.3 129
102.057
125
93.5 62.63 68.3 59.7 64.7 71.0 71.6 77.0 80.348 50.55
VIII
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) Z 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Element Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
I 7.09243 7.28 7.36050 7.45890 8.3369 7.5763 8.9938 5.78636 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.45126 12.1298 3.89390 5.21170 5.5770 5.5387 5.464 5.5250 5.58 5.6436 5.6704 6.1501 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.18431 6.25416 5.4259 6.82507 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9587 9.2255 10.43750 6.1082 7.41666 7.2856 8.41671 10.74850 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.19405 6.2657 6.0262 5.9738 6.02 6.23 6.30 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65
II
III
IV
V
16.16 15.26 16.76 18.08 19.43 21.49 16.90832 18.8698 14.63225 16.53051 18.6 19.1313 21.20979 23.15745 10.00390 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9 14.9
27.13 29.54 28.47 31.06 32.93 34.83 37.48 28.03 30.50260 25.3 27.96 33 32.1230
19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594 23.3
49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25 33.33
61.6 65.55 57.53
18.563 20.5 18.756 20.428 15.0322 16.69
34.2 29.83 31.9373 25.56
42.32 45.3
68.8 56.0
10.14716 12.1 11.5
20.0
28.8
46.4
54.49
54 40.73502 44.2 37.41
72.28 56 58.75
10-176
VI
VII
VIII
68.8276
125.664
143.6
108 70.7
77.6
66.8
88.3
137
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) +8 Ions to +15 Ions Z 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 37 38 39 42
Element F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Rb Sr Y Mo
IX 1103.1176 1195.8286 299.864 328.06 330.13 351.12 372.13 379.55 400.06 422.45 175.8174 188.54 180.03 192.1 205.8 209.3 221.8 233.6 186.13 193 199 203 230.85 150 162 146.2 164.12
X
1362.1995 1465.121 367.50 398.75 401.37 424.4 447.5 455.63 478.69 503.8 211.275 225.18 215.92 230.5 244.4 248.3 262.1 275.4 224.6 232 238 268.2 277.1 177 191 186.4
XI
XII
1648.702 1761.805 442.00 476.36 479.46 504.8 529.28 538.96 564.7 591.9 249.798 265.07 255.7 270.8 286.0 290.2 305 321.0 265.3 274 308
1962.6650 2085.98 523.42 560.8 564.44 591.99 618.26 629.4 657.2 687.36 291.500 308.1 298.0 314.4 330.8 336 352 369 310.8 350
324.1 206 209.3
374.0 230.28
XIII
2304.1410 2437.63 611.74 652.2 656.71 686.10 714.6 726.6 756.7 787.84 336.277 354.8 343.6 361.0 379 384 401 419.7 391
279.1
XIV
XV
2673.182 2816.91 707.01 749.76 755.74 786.6 817.6 830.8 863.1 896.0 384.168 403.0 392.2 411 430 435 454 447
3069.842 3223.78 809.40 854.77 861.1 894.5 927.5 941.9 976 1010.6 435.163 457 444 464 484 490 492
302.60
544.0
XVI
3494.1892 3658.521 918.03 968 974 1009 1044 1060 1097 1134.7 489.256 511.96 499 520 542 541
570
+16 Ions to +23 Ions Z 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 42
Element
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Mo
3946.2960 4120.8857 1033.4 1087 1094 1131 1168 1185 1224 1266 546.58 571.08 557 579 592 636
4426.2296 4610.8 1157.8 1213 1221 1260 1299 1317 1358 1397.2 607.06 633 619 641 702
4934.046 5128.8 1287.97 1346 1355 1396 1437 1456 1504.6 1541 670.588 698 786 767
5469.864 5674.8 1425.4 1486 1496 1539 1582 1603 1648 1697 738 833 833
XXI
6033.712 6249.0 1569.6 1634 1644 1689 1735 1756 1804 1856 884 902
XXII
XXIII
6625.82 6851.3 1721.4 1788 1799 1846 1894 1916 937 968
XXIV
7246.12 7481.7 1879.9 1950 1962 2011 2060
7894.81 8140.6 2023 2119 2131 2182
998 1020
1051 1082
+24 Ions to +29 Ions Z 25 26 27 28 29 36 42
Element Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Kr Mo
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
8571.94 8828 2219.0 2295 2308 1151 1263
9277.69 9544.1 2399.2 2478 1205.3 1323
10012.12 10288.8 2587.5 2928 1387
10775.40 11062.38 3070 1449
11567.617 3227 1535
3381 1601
10-177
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES Sharon G. Lias This table presents values for the first ionization energies (IP) of approximately 1000 molecules and atoms. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see introduction). Values enclosed in parentheses are considered not to be well established. Data appearing in the 1988 reference, were updated in 1996 for inclusion in the database of ionization energies available at the Internet site of the Standard Reference Data program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://webbook.nist.gov). The list appearing here includes these updates. The list also includes values for enthalpies of formation of the ions at 298 K, ∆fHion, given according to the ion convention used by mass spectrometrists; to convert these values to the electron convention used by thermodynamicists, add 6 kJ/mol. Details on the calculation of ∆fHion as well as data for a much larger number of molecules, may be found in the reference and on the Internet site. REFERENCE Lias, S.G., Bartmess, J.E., Liebman, J.F., Holmes, J.L., Levin, R.D., and Mallard, W.G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988.
Mol. Form.
Name
IP/eV
∆f Hion kJ/mol
Substances not containing carbon Ac Ag AgCl AgF Al AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlI AlI3 Am Ar As AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF BF3 BH BH3 BI3 BO2 B2 H 6 B2 O 3 B4H10 B5 H 9 B6H10 Ba BaO Be BeO Bi BiCl3 Bk
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Actinium Silver Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Aluminum Aluminum monobromide Aluminum tribromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum triiodide Americium Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Fluoroborane Difluoroborane Boron trifluoride Boron monohydride Borane Boron triiodide Boron dioxide Diborane Boron oxide Tetraborane Pentaborane(9) Hexaborane Barium Barium oxide Beryllium Beryllium oxide Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Berkelium
5.17 7.57624 (≤ 10.08) (11.0 ± 0.3) 5.98577 (9.3) (10.4) 9.4 (12.01) 9.73 ± 0.01 ≤ 15.45 9.3 ± 0.3 (9.1) 5.9738 ± 0.0002 15.75962 9.8152 (10.55 ± 0.025) (12.84 ± 0.05) (9.89) 9.22567 8.29803 (10.51) 11.60 ± 0.02 11.12 ± 0.01 (9.4) 15.7 ± 0.3 (9.77) 12.026 ± 0.024 (9.25 ± 0.03) (13.5 ± 0.3) 11.38 ± 0.05 13.5 ± 0.15 10.76 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.04 (9.0) 5.21170 6.91 ± 0.06 9.32263 (10.1 ± 0.4) 7.2855 (10.4) 6.23
905 1016 ≤ 1065 1071 905 913 593 855 573 673 ≤ 282 965 673 860 1521 1250 754 452 1021 1254 1363 809 718 957 317 365 1385 1261 964 1001 1134 460 1105 1028 965 683 543 1224 1111 908 736 911
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Br BrCl BrF BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Hg Br2Sn Br3Ga Br3P Br4Hf Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Ca CaCl CaO Cd Ce Cf Cl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF2 ClF3 ClF5S ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2CrO2 Cl2Ge Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S
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Name Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Mercury(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Calcium Calcium monochloride Calcium oxide Cadmium Cerium Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromyl chloride Germanium(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine oxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride
IP/eV 11.81381 11.01 11.86 13.172 ± 0.002 11.66 ± 0.03 10.6 9.790 ± 0.004 7.85 ± 0.1 (8.7) 10.17 ± 0.03 8.31 ± 0.1 10.46 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.03 9.14 ± 0.02 10.516 ± 0.005 10.560 ± 0.003 9.0 10.40 9.7 (10.9) 10.6 10.3 (10.7) 6.11316 5.86 ± 0.07 6.66 ± 0.18 8.99367 5.5387 6.30 12.96764 (7.84 ± 0.05) 12.66 ± 0.01 (12.945 ± 0.005) (12.77 ± 0.05) (12.65 ± 0.05) (12.335 ± 0.005) 12.749 ± 0.009 (11.12 ± 0.01) 11.4 10.088 ± 0.01 (9.51) (8.0 ± 0.4) 9.57 10.87 ± 0.01 (11.84) 8.92 ± 0.06 10.95 10.33 ± 0.02 (8.50 ± 0.03) 9.70 ± 0.03 11.480 ± 0.005 11.6 (10.20 ± 0.05) 11.4 11.380 ± 0.003 10.94 10.96 12.05 (10.2) 9.45 ± 0.03
∆f Hion kJ/mol 1252 1079 1086 840 1087 943 986 578 685 1065 660 1135 583 844 1046 935 839 711 798 366 709 375 388 768 462 668 980 957 805 1373 510 1171 1224 1128 1057 144 1137 993 899 991 842 557 727 1099 1155 681 1159 1093 590 869 1108 580 813 765 952 1135 844 807 791 895
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Cl2Si Cl2Sn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cm Co Cr Cs CsF CsNa Cu CuF Dy Er Es Eu F FGa FH FHO FH3Si FI FIn FNO FNO2 FNS FO FO2 FS FTl F2 F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2S F2Pb F2S
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Name Dichlorosilylene Tin(II) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper Copper(I) fluoride Dysprosium Erbium Einsteinium Europium Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride Indium monofluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine monoxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Sulfur fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Sulfuryl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Sulfur difluoride
IP/eV (10.93 ± 0.10) (10.0) 11.52 (11.7) (10.12 ± 0.1) 11.36 ± 0.02 (11.6) 9.91 9.71 ± 0.03 (≤ 10.7) 11.68 ± 0.05 (11.7) 11.79 ± 0.01 11.7 ± 0.2 (11.5) (9.2) (11.2) (8.7) (10.97) (10.2) (11.08) (9.5) 6.02 7.8810 6.76664 3.89390 (8.80 ± 0.10) (4.05 ± 0.04) 7.72638 10.15 ± 0.02 5.9389 6.1078 6.42 5.6704 17.42282 (9.6 ± 0.5) 16.044 ± 0.003 12.71 ± 0.01 11.7 10.54 ± 0.01 (9.6 ± 0.5) 12.63 ± 0.03 (13.09) 11.51 ± 0.04 12.78 ± 0.03 (12.6 ± 0.2) 10.09 10.52 15.697 ± 0.003 (≤ 11.65) (11.53 ± 0.08) (12.2) (13.6 ± 0.3) 11.628 ± 0.01 (12.8) 13.11 ± 0.01 12.25 13.04 ± 0.01 (11.5) (10.08)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 887 760 664 648 1244 540 425 668 573 s719 629 246 527 656 349 361 210 392 356 608 303 348 966 1187 1050 452 489 535 1084 984 862 907 753 723 1761 700 1276 1130 752 922 740 1152 1154 1090 1342 1228 986 835 1515 551 1046 386 588 1155 1315 1290 688 501 679 676
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. F2Si F2Sn F2Xe F3HSi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F3Si F4Ge F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5I F5P F5S F6Mo F6S F6U Fe Fm Ga GaI3 Gd Ge GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeS H HI HLi HN HNO HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HO2 HS H2 H2N H2O H2O2 H2S H2Se H2Si H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He Hf
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Name Difluorosilylene Tin(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Trifluorosilyl Germanium(IV) fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Sulfur pentafluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Iron Fermium Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Germanium Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Hydroperoxy Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Silylene Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium Hafnium
IP/eV 10.78 ± 0.05 (11.1) 12.35 ± 0.01 (14.0) 13.00 ± 0.02 13.31 ± 0.06 12.76 ± 0.01 11.60 ± 0.05 ≤ 11.05 ± 0.035 (9.99) (15.5) 11.94 ± 0.03 12.0 ± 0.3 15.24 ± 0.14 12.65 ± 0.1 12.943 ± 0.005 (15.1) 9.60 ± 0.05 (14.5 ± 0.1) 15.32 ± 0.02 14.00 ± 0.10 7.9024 6.50 5.99930 9.40 6.1500 7.900 ≤ 10.53 (9.42) 11.25 ± 0.01 (9.98) 13.59844 10.386 ± 0.001 7.7 ≤ 13.49 ± 0.01 (10.1) ≤ 11.3 11.95 ± 0.01 10.72 ± 0.025 13.0170 ± 0.0002 11.35 ± 0.01 10.4219 ± 0.0004 15.42593 ± 0.00005 11.14 .01 12.6206 ± 0.0020 10.58 ± 0.04 10.457 ± 0.012 9.892 ± 0.005 8.244 ± 0.025 10.070 ± 0.020 (10.00) 9.869 ± 0.002 9.54 ± 0.03 8.1 ± 0.15 11.00 ± 0.02 (10.75) 9.74 ± 0.02 (9.2) 24.58741 6.82507 ± 0.00004
∆f Hion kJ/mol 450 586 1083 150 1125 1121 -24 161 ≤ 58 - 32 307 1119 399 -144 1016 408 -137 10 -159 258 -796 1177 627 851 765 991 1139 ≤ 1108 850 1044 1055 1530 1028 882 1678 1075 ≤ 1011 1019 1328 1294 1106 1145 1488 1264 976 885 989 984 1084 925 923 958 1067 877 1095 1200 1019 1009 2372 1278
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Hg HgI2 Ho I IK ILi INa ITl I2 I4Ti I4Zr In Ir K KLi KNa K2 Kr La Li LiNa LiO LiRb Li2 Lu Md Mg MgO Mn Mo N NO NO2 NP NS N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na NaRb Na2 Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr O2 O2S O2Th O2Ti O2U
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Name Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Iodine (atomic) Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Dipotassium Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Dilithium Lutetium Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Molybdenum Nitrogen (atomic) Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Rubidium sodium Disodium Niobium Neodymium Neon Nickel Nobelium Neptunium Oxygen (atomic) Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide
IP/eV 10.43750 9.5088 ± 0.0022 6.0216 10.45126 (7.21 ± 0.3) (7.5) 7.64 ± 0.02 8.47 ± 0.02 9.3074 ± 0.0002 (9.1) (9.3) 5.78636 9.1 4.34066 4.57 ± 0.04 4.41636 ± 0.00017 4.0637 ± 0.0002 13.99961 5.5770 5.39172 5.05 ± 0.04 (8.44) 4.3 ± 0.1 5.1127 ± 0.0003 5.42585 6.58 7.64624 (8.76 ± 0.22) 7.43402 7.09243 14.53414 9.26438 ± 0.00005 9.586 ± 0.002 11.84 ± 0.04 8.87 ± 0.01 15.5808 12.886 (10.8) (11.9) 5.13908 4.32 ± 0.04 4.894 ± 0.003 6.75885 5.5250 21.56454 7.6398 6.65 6.2657 ± 0.0003 13.61806 9.08 ± 0.10 10.294 ± 0.004 10.584 ± 0.005 11.49 ± 0.20 9.60 ± 0.02 6.6 ± 0.2 12.0697 ± 0.0002 12.349 ± 0.001 (8.7 ± 0.15) (9.54 ± 0.1) (5.4 ± 0.1)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 1069 900 882 1115 570 633 659 826 960 602 500 802 1543 508 512 561 519 1351 969 680 571 894 486 709 950 635 885 901 998 1343 1875 985 958 1247 1119 1503 1325 1050 1161 603 480 614 1384 859 2081 1167 642 1069 1563 939 998 971 1008 944 623 1165 894 342 623 57
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. O3 O3S O3U O4Os O4Ru O7Re2 Os P P2 Pa Pb PbS Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S SSn S2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
Name Ozone Sulfur trioxide Uranium(VI) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus Diphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Promethium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur Tin(II) sulfide Disulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium
IP/eV
∆f Hion kJ/mol
12.43 12.82 ± 0.03 (10.5 ± 0.5) (12.32) 12.15 ± 0.03 (12.7 ± 0.2) 8.7 10.48669 10.53 5.89 7.41666 (8.5 ± 0.5) 8.3367 5.55 5.464 9.0 6.025 5.27892 4.17713 7.88 7.45890 10.74850 7.36050 10.36001 (8.8) 9.356 ± 0.002 8.64 6.56144 9.75238 8.15169 5.6437 7.34381 5.69484 7.89 5.8639 7.28 9.0096 6.308 ± 0.003 6.8282 6.10829 6.18431 6.19405 6.746 ± 0.002 7.98 12.12987 6.217 6.25416 9.39405 6.63390
1342 841 214 850 988 125 1630 1328 1160 1133 911 954 1181 536 883 1433 926 668 484 1530 1276 1037 1355 1277 966 1031 1096 1010 1168 1238 751 1011 713 1544 955 1380 1066 1207 1127 771 827 1129 1166 1621 1170 1022 754 1037 1251
11.26030 (11.21) (10.6) (11.40) 11.03 ± 0.04 (10.31 ± 0.02) (8.9 ± 0.2) 12.6 ± 0.2
1803 642 980 451 683 1079 1244 505
Substances containing carbon C CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2F2 CBr4 CCl CClF3
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Carbon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chloromethylidyne Chlorotrifluoromethane
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
CClN CCl2 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3 CF3I CH CHBrCl2 CHBr2Cl CHBr3 CHCl CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHN CHNO CHNO CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH3O CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CH6Si CN CNO CO
Cyanogen chloride Dichloromethylene Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Tribromomethane Chloromethylene Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Fluoromethylene Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid Fulminic acid Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methoxy Methane Urea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Cyanide Cyanate Carbon monoxide
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IP/eV 12.34 ± 0.01 (9.27) 12.05 ± 0.24 (11.5) 11.77 ± 0.02 11.47 ± 0.01 9.11 ± 0.01 13.34 ± 0.02 11.44 ± 0.03 13.035 ± 0.030 8.7 ± 0.2 10.23 10.64 ± 0.01 10.6 10.59 ± 0.01 10.48 ± 0.02 9.84 (12.2) (11.5) 11.37 ± 0.02 10.06 ± 0.05 (13.86) 9.25 ± 0.02 13.60 ± 0.01 (12.5 ± 0.1) 11.595 ± 0.005 (10.83) (8.55) 10.396 ± .003 10.77 ± 0.01 (10.50 ± 0.02) 11.71 ± 0.01 11.32 ± .01 12.71 9.46 ± 0.02 8.999 ± 0.001 (10.4) 10.88 ± 0.01 11.33 ± 0.01 9.843 ± 0.002 11.14 ± 0.02 10.541 ± 0.003 11.22 ± 0.01 (11.36 ± 0.03) 12.47 ± 0.02 9.538 10.16 ± 0.06 11.08 ± 0.07 9.81 ± 0.02 (10.72) 12.61 ± 0.01 9.7 10.85 ± 0.01 9.44 ± 0.005 (8.80) 7.7 ± 0.15 (10.7) 13.5984 11.76 ± 0.01 14.014 ± 0.0003
∆f Hion kJ/mol 1329 1058 685 888 868 1010 1134 1325 899 617 379 397 1622 973 1030 1035 1247 693 829 992 1121 643 1010 1447 1407 1016 1263 826 1392 1085 1013 870 996 774 1030 1098 1137 941 715 1095 962 979 1001 548 956 936 796 994 1227 1050 1143 690 845 888 826 835 1003 1748 1290 1242
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. COS COSe CO2 CS CS2 C2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2 H C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2S2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2
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Name Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon sulfide Carbon disulfide Dicarbon 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane Dichloroacetylene 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoroethane Ethynyl Bromoacetylene 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethylene Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethylene cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene Ketene Glyoxal Thiirene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane
IP/eV 11.18 ± 0.01 10.36 ± 0.01 13.773 ± 0.002 11.33 ± 0.01 10.0685 ± 0.0020 (11.4 ± 0.3) (11.1) 9.81 ± 0.03 (12.6) 9.9 12.2 11.5 11.99 ± 0.02 9.326 ± 0.001 (11.3) (11.0) (11.1) 13.93 ± 0.07 10.12 ± 0.02 (13.6) (11.61 ± 0.07) 10.31 ± 0.02 (11.0) 10.58 ± 0.02 9.80 ± 0.04 9.46 ± 0.02 (10.9) (11.0) 11.26 10.14 11.46 11.400 ± 0.002 9.81 ± 0.04 9.66 ± 0.01 9.64 ± 0.02 (≤ 10.3) (11.1) (≤ 11.62) 10.29 ± 0.01 10.23 ± 0.02 9.617 ± 0.003 10.2 8.61 9.83 ± 0.02 9.99 ± 0.02 (11.98) 10.82 ± 0.04 (10.48) (10.7) (11.0) (11.0) 10.36 ± 0.01 (11.5) 13.3 ± 0.5 12.20 ± 0.01 (10.67) 10.5138 ± 0.0006 10.35 ± 0.04 11.04 ± 0.02 11.04 ± 0.02
∆f Hion kJ/mol 936 929 935 1361 1089 2000 280 373 99 1165 252 386 429 887 563 827 920 845 315 -30 1685 1242 363 1276 628 894 809 919 1195 489 75 1328 949 936 934 815 920 ≤ 971 650 690 880 773 892 1028 985 626 801 815 597 917 911 861 667 536 1253 900 1067 961 935 931
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2 H 6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2 N 2 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2O C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3 H 4 C3 H 4 C3 H 4 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2
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Name 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 2-Propenenitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Cyclopropanone Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 3-Fluoropropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane
IP/eV (11.87) 10.229 ± 0.0007 10.56 ± 0.01 10.65 ± 0.02 10.835 ± 0.005 10.29 ± 0.01 10.98 ± 0.02 (10.5) (11.78) 9.3492 ± 0.0006 (9.5 ± 0.3) 9.65 ± 0.03 9.83 ± 0.04 10.88 ± 0.05 11.56 ± 0.02 (10.7) 10.43 ± 0.05 10.025 ± 0.025 9.10 ± 0.03 10.16 9.31 ± 0.03 8.69 ± 0.02 (7.4 ± 0.3) 8.86 ± 0.02 8.24 ± 0.08 8.96 (8.6) 7.29 ± 0.05 13.37 ± 0.01 10.60 ± 0.03 (11.57 ± 0.13) (13.38) 11.64 ± 0.01 (10.7 ± 0.1) (10.9) 10.91 ± 0.01 (9.9) (9.93) 9.692 ± 0.004 10.37 ± 0.01 9.67 ± 0.01 (8.81) 10.49 ± 0.02 10.103 ± 0.006 (9.1 ± 0.1) 10.60 (9.70 ± 0.01) (9.96) 10.04 ± 0.01 (10.64) (10.3) (10.11) 11.84 ± 0.02 (9.5) 9.73 ± 0.02 9.86 (10.1) (≤ 10.2) 10.8 ± 0.1 10.89 ± 0.04
∆f Hion kJ/mol 643 821 966 595 690 931 947 756 873 893 1044 693 760 948 1031 576 772 783 727 593 851 801 690 808 777 664 812 787 1597 -103 -282 -491 1475 1145 437 1237 940 1038 1126 1187 1209 997 1060 900 895 701 653 1008 965 919 575 821 1194 720 959 1005 903 ≤ 919 886 892
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O
Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether Dimethoxymethane 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal
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IP/eV 9.67 ± 0.05 8.95 ± 0.01 9.96 ± 0.01 9.703 ± 0.006 (10.22) 9.65 ± 0.01 10.525 ± 0.003 10.61 ± 0.01 10.25 ± 0.02 (9.9) (10.3) 10.18 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.03 10.81 ± 0.01 10.79 ± 0.02 (11.3) (11.08) 9.25 ± 0.01 9.19 ± 0.02 (8.76) (8.8) (9.0) (9.12) (10.81) (10.71) 10.95 ± 0.05 10.18 ± 0.06 10.17 ± 0.02 9.72 ± 0.07 9.7 9.20 ± 0.01 9.145 ± 0.005 (8.55) (10.0) (10.15) (8.78) (8.72) 7.82 ± 0.06 (9.0) (10.8) 9.58 ± 0.02 (12.1 ± 0.25) 9.23 8.67 ± 0.03 8.883 ± 0.003 (9.6 ± 0.02) (10.6) (10.7) 8.86 ± 0.02 10.34 8.207 ± 0.005 (10.25) (9.03) 9.082 ± 0.004 10.19 ± 0.02 9.59 ± 0.03 9.43 ± 0.02 (8.7) 9.73 ± 0.01 (9.92)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 808 763 772 719 892 851 568 639 579 658 528 898 877 911 896 806 776 860 845 891 926 960 688 919 894 952 727 709 722 588 819 806 765 65 624 777 758 731 651 645 1230 1377 1087 1112 822 736 500 355 970 1127 900 1173 1034 986 1148 1071 1067 827 835 834
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4H8Br2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2
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Name Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Acetic anhydride Dimethyl oxalate 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dibromobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
IP/eV (9.35 (10.08) (9.9) (10.15) 9.19 ± 0.05 (9.9) (10.0) (10.0) (8.4) (11.2) (11.3) (9.2) 9.55 ± 0.06 9.11 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.239 ± 0.003 (9.82 ± 0.05) (9.46) (10.15) (8.98) (≤ 10.15) 9.84 ± 0.02 9.71 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.05 10.17 ± 0.05 10.33 ± 0.03 10.52 ± 0.02 10.01 ± 0.05 10.15 ± 0.03 9.8 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.8) 8.38 (10.12) 10.01 ± 0.02 10.09 ± 0.02 9.92 ± 0.03 10.67 ± 0.03 10.53 10.73 ± 0.07 (10.61) 9.23 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.02 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.02) (8.0) 8.81 ± 0.03 (8.2) 10.53 ± 0.10 (10.57) 9.99 ± 0.05 9.88 ± 0.03 10.02 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.02 9.51 ± 0.03 9.41 ± 0.07 9.45 ± 0.04 (9.6) (9.3)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 815 625 604 611 572 641 398 287 898 1110 1115 674 921 871 866 875 976 936 879 709 862 742 721 678 721 509 516 555 522 548 607 571 577 774 869 845 861 823 875 857 877 842 840 815 824 798 769 616 841 890 886 689 658 683 642 666 670 661 529 558
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4NiO4 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6S C5H6S C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
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Name 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Nickel carbonyl Furfural Pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate
IP/eV 9.14 ± 0.01 (9.10) (9.12) (9.03) (8.43) (8.8) (8.7) (8.27) 8.7 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.50 ± 0.1 7.85 ± 0.1 9.80 ± 0.04 8.89 ± 0.05 8.27 ± 0.04 9.22 ± 0.01 9.25 9.00 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.04 9.05 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.02 8.55 ± 0.02 8.38 ± 0.02 (8.64) (8.14) (8.40) 8.63 ± 0.03 8.59 ± 0.02 9.60 ± 0.02 8.84 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.01 (9.26) (≤ 9.46) 9.26 ± 0.01 8.35 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.3) (9.7) 8.85 ± 0.01 (≤ 9.17) 9.51 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.03 9.04 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.01 8.69 ± 0.01 (10.33 ± 0.15) 9.51 ± 0.01 (9.72) 9.74 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.01 9.31 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.53) (≤ 10.51) 10.52 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.92) 9.99 ± 0.03
∆f Hion kJ/mol 794 781 783 762 730 767 749 724 748 711 695 721 684 713 837 200 739 1031 1119 1137 1128 1152 955 729 763 867 893 914 905 1032 928 1119 905 1078 796 701 681 617 589 469 ≤ 676 896 843 841 844 891 796 918 675 695 709 646 640 635 670 ≤ 527 ≤ 499 584 501 482
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F12 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6 H 6 C6 H 6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2
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Name Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline
IP/eV (10.00) (10.07) (8.2) 10.10 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 8.03 ± 0.11 ≤ 8.41 ± 0.02 10.28 ± 0.10 10.32 ± 0.05 (≤ 10.2) (10.00) (9.78) 9.78 (9.86) (9.8) (9.88 ± 0.13) (9.4 ± 0.1) (9.24) (9.45) (8.38) (8.50) (8.35) (9.67) (9.72) (8.98) 9.89 ± 0.04 (13.2) (9.63) (9.20) (9.53) (9.53) (9.35) (9.04) 9.32 ± 0.02 (9.92 ± 0.1) (9.96 ± 0.1) 9.06 ± 0.02 9.10 ± 0.02 8.92 ± 0.02 (9.90) 9.29 ± 0.01 9.33 ± 0.01 9.1589 ± 0.0003 10.01 ± 0.06 9.00 ± 0.02 9.07 ± 0.02 8.655 ± 0.001 (≤ 8.69) 9.20 ± 0.01 8.685 9.86 ± 0.02 (9.1) (9.0) (9.1) 9.24378 ± 0.00007 (8.36) (8.50) (8.09) (≤ 8.18) (8.27)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 500 520 728 846 817 726 ≤ 809 845 843 ≤ 818 668 630 628 649 615 637 648 608 640 687 716 689 222 126 822 8 -1095 122 -71 284 263 254 880 899 995 999 907 906 885 826 602 591 577 844 971 930 680 ≤ 692 772 1003 1019 782 755 761 975 1031 883 835 ≤ 844 861
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2
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Name m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane
IP/eV (8.31) (8.34) 8.49 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.01 (8.32) 7.720 ± 0.002 (9.02) (9.04) (9.04) (7.2) (7.14) (6.87 ± 0.05) 9.27 ± 0.05 10.03 ± 0.05 9.90 ± 0.04 8.945 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 (9.8) (9.07 ± 0.02) 9.44 ± 0.04 (8.97 ± 0.01) (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.08 ± 0.01) 9.45 ± 0.01 (8.58) 8.98 ± 0.01 (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.06 ± 0.02) (9.07 ± 0.01) 8.27 ± 0.01 9.86 ± 0.03 (9.85) 9.72 ± 0.05 9.3 ± 0.1 9.12 ± 0.02 9.21 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.02 (9.75) ≤ 10.12 (9.92 ± .05) 9.90 (9.90 ± 0.04) 9.179 (8.86) 10.13 (10.12) (10.08) (10.06) (10.02) (9.89) (9.80 ± 0.03) (9.63 ± 0.03) (9.27) 9.20 ± 0.05 (9.36) (≤ 9.67) (9.2)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 865 859 723 503 915 832 970 979 976 787 777 759 978 1089 1060 859 656 694 205 629 869 818 814 817 862 761 809 804 818 812 729 828 845 691 626 600 600 609 592 589 651 ≤ 463 471 453 466 794 750 810 802 801 787 791 639 611 599 602 569 610 ≤ 657 434
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H14O3 C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7 H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H16 C7H16O
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Name Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Hexylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone 1-Heptene trans-3-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol Heptane 1-Heptanol
IP/eV ≤ 9.8 8.30 ± 0.02 (8.2 ± 0.2) (8.63 ± 0.05) (7.84 ± 0.02) (7.73 ± 0.03) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.9) (9.4) (9.53) (≤ 9.60) 9.685 ± 0.005 9.70 ± 0.01 9.49 ± 0.02 (9.3) 8.67 ± 0.02 (8.7 ± 0.1) (8.83) (8.69) 9.10 ± 0.02 8.91 ± 0.01 8.91 ± 0.01 8.79 ± 0.01 (9.25) 9.24 9.45 ± 0.1 9.46 ± 0.05 8.8276 ± 0.0006 (8.24) 8.29 ± 0.07 (8.3) (8.3) 8.22 ± 0.03 (8.64) (7.44 ± 0.02) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.24 ± 0.02) 7.34 ± 0.04 (8.85 ± 0.02) (8.85 ± 0.03) (≤ 8.80 ± 0.05) 8.86 ± 0.03 (≤ 9.15) (≤ 9.25) (9.1) 9.34 ± 0.10 (8.92) 9.97 9.64 (9.92 ± 0.05) 9.7 ± 0.2 (9.65) 9.28 ± 0.10 9.18 ± 0.08 9.10 ± 0.06 (9.28) 8.95 ± 0.01 (9.8 ± 0.2) 9.93 ± 0.10 (9.84)
∆f Hion kJ/mol ≤ 448 676 649 699 641 602 631 206 64 815 ≤ 914 335 1154 878 604 908 856 869 855 897 709 709 701 792 946 941 942 901 670 668 675 701 725 917 772 778 753 792 922 918 ≤ 916 913 ≤ 953 ≤ 965 1041 839 790 844 775 828 799 668 594 589 577 586 552 586 771 614
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N
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Name 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Ethyl pentyl ether Phthalic anhydride Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid 2-Methylbenzonitrile 3-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Indole Styrene p-Tolualdehyde Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol Phenetole 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octane 2-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine
IP/eV (9.70) (9.68) (9.61) (≤ 9.49) (10.1) (9.98) (9.86) (≤ 9.38) (≤ 9.34) 9.32 ± 0.02 7.7602 ± 0.0006 8.464 ± 0.001 (9.33) 9.29 ± 0.03 (9.1) (9.43) (9.23) (8.26) 9.32 ± 0.03 8.77 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.44 ± 0.01 (7.84) (8.26) (8.0) (8.05) (8.09) (8.13) (≤ 8.9) (≤ 7.67) 7.12 ± 0.02 (9.95 ± 0.02) 9.31 ± 0.01 9.22 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 9.43 ± 0.01 9.75 ± 0.05 (9.54) (9.42) (<9.78) 9.41 (<9.98) 9.53 (<9.93) (9.56) (9.34) (8.80) 9.80 ± 0.10 (9.84) (9.86) 9.8 (9.28) (9.11) 8.88 ± 0.07 (8.2) (8.0) (8.34) (7.69) (7.8)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 580 578 572 ≤ 602 603 268 232 1085 1085 1083 908 964 825 810 558 579 560 479 611 876 844 843 832 613 640 609 615 624 683 ≤ 880 ≤ 794 787 1040 961 952 946 829 816 748 728 772 728 778 743 782 738 753 511 737 734 713 720 s 560 511 493 624 583 625 586 574
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H20Si C9H7N C9H7N C9 H 8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H13N C9H14O C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H24 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O
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Name Tetraethylsilane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Isophorone Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane Perfluoronaphthalene 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol α-Pinene Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene p-tert-Butyltoluene Undecane 2-Methyldecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene
IP/eV (8.9) 8.62 ± 0.01 8.53 ± 0.03 8.14 ± 0.01 (8.20) (8.15) (8.1) (8.35) (8.3) (8.9) 8.713 ± 0.010 8.73 ± 0.01 8.42 ± 0.02 8.27 ± 0.01 8.41 ± 0.01 7.40 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.07) (9.95) (9.46) (9.33) (9.16) (9.07) 9.01 ± 0.06 9.71 ± 0.10 8.85 8.08 ± 0.03 (8.13) 8.1442 ± 0.0009 7.38 ± 0.05 7.76 ± 0.03 7.87 ± 0.06 (9.64 ± 0.07) 8.46 ± 0.02 8.69 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.05 8.69 ± 0.02 (8.29) (≤ 8.51) (8.49) (8.40) 8.04 ± 0.02 (7.8) (8.07) (8.76) 9.36 ± 0.04 9.34 ± 0.04 9.42 ± 0.05 (9.41) (9.65) 7.97 ± 0.03 7.91 ± 0.08 (8.12) (9.56) (9.7) (8.22) (7.57) 7.75 ± 0.07 8.23 ± 0.10 (8.1)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 595 1041 1032 949 908 899 895 956 864 537 848 847 803 784 796 814 ≤ 670 793 720 704 545 530 512 709 -368 955 906 936 1001 719 729 277 841 826 820 816 817 771 ≤ 804 798 790 730 552 808 577 734 720 786 695 682 882 877 730 650 658 1053 961 903 977 1123
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C12H10O C12H11N C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H27N C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C16H10 C16H10 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C20H12 C24H12
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Name Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine 5,7-Dodecadiyne Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Tributylamine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Perylene Coronene
IP/eV (8.09) 7.16 ± 0.04 (8.67) 7.85 ± 0.01 (9.41) (7.4) 7.91 ± 0.02 9.08 ± 0.05 (8.55) 7.439 ± 0.006 7.8914 ± 0.0006 7.94 ± 0.03 (7.80) 7.656 ± 0.001 8.9 ± 0.1 7.9 ± 0.1 7.4256 ± 0.0006 7.60 ± 0.01 (7.99) (8.01) 7.80 ± 0.03 6.960 ± 0.001 7.29 ± 0.01
∆f Hion kJ/mol 766 908 1079 670 690 492 952 926 963 948 966 1168 1005 973 1002 1052 935 1017 1056 1057 1037 981 1026
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS The energy levels in this tables are the values recommended by Bearden and Burr on the basis of a thorough review of the literature on x-ray wavelengths and related data. All values are in electron volts (eV). Values in parentheses are interpolated, and an asterisk * indicates a level which is not resolved from the level above it. See Reference 1 for uncertainties in the levels and a complete description of how the recommended values were obtained. REFERENCES 1. Bearden, J. A., and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967; also published as X-Ray Wavelengths and X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 14, 1967. 2. Gray, D. E., Editor, American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, pp. 7-158 to 7-167, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Level K LI LII,III Level K LI LII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI MII,III MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII
1H
2He
13.59811
24.58678
3Li
54.75
9F
10Ne
11Na
685.4 (31) 8.6
866.9 (45) 18.3
1072.1 63.3 31.1
18Ar
19K
3202.9 320 247.3 245.2 25.3 12.4
3607.4 377.1 296.3 293.6 33.9 17.8
26Fe
27Co
17Cl
2822.4 270.2 201.6 200.0 17.5 6.8
25Mn
6539.0 769.0 651.4 640.3 83.9 48.6 48.6* 3.3 33As
7112.0 846.1 721.1 708.1 92.9 54.0 54.0* 3.6
7708.9 925.6 793.6 778.6 100.7 59.5 59.5* 2.9
4Be
111.0
12Mg
1305.0 89.4 51.4 20Ca
4038.1 437.8 350.0 346.4 43.7 25.4
28Ni
8332.8 1008.1 871.9 854.7 111.8 68.1 68.1* 3.6
34Se
35Br
36Kr
11866.7 1526.5 1358.6 1323.1 203.5 146.4 140.5 41.2 41.2*
12657.8 1653.9 1476.2 1435.8 231.5 168.2 161.9 56.7 56.7*
14325.6 1921.0 1727.2 1674.9
2.5 2.5*
5.6 5.6*
13473.7 1782.0 1596.0 1549.9 256.5 189.3 181.5 70.1 69.0 27.3 5.2 4.6
222.7 213.8 88.9 88.9* 24.0 10.6 10.6*
10-196
5B
6C
7N
188.0
283.8
401.6
4.7
6.4
9.2
13Al
1559.6 117.7 73.1 21Sc
4492.8 500.4 406.7 402.2 53.8 32.3 6.6 29Cu
8978.9 1096.1 951.0 931.1 119.8 73.6 73.6* 1.6 37Rb
15199.7 2065.1 1863.9 1804.4 322.1 247.4 238.5 111.8 110.3 29.3 14.8 14.0
14Si
1838.9 148.7 99.2 22Ti
4966.4 563.7 461.5 455.5 60.3 34.6 3.7 30Zn
9658.6 1193.6 1042.8 1019.7 135.9 86.6 86.6* 8.1 38Sr
16104.6 2216.3 2006.8 1939.6 357.5 279.8 269.1 135.0 133.1 37.7 19.9 19.9*
8O
532.0 23.7 7.1
15P
16S
2145.5 189.3 132.2
2472.0 229.2 164.8
23V
24Cr
5465.1 628.2 520.5 512.9 66.5 37.8 2.2
5989.2 694.6 583.7 574.5 74.1 42.5 2.3
31Ga
32Ge
10367.1 1297.7 1142.3 1115.4 158.1 106.8 102.9 17.4
11103.1 1414.3 1247.8 1216.7 180.0 127.9 120.8 28.7
39Y
40Zr
17038.4 2372.5 2155.5 2080.0 393.6 312.4 300.3 159.6 157.4 45.4 25.6 25.6*
17997.6 2531.6 2306.7 2222.3 430.3 344.2 330.5 182.4 180.0 51.3 28.7 28.7*
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV OI OII OIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V NVI,VII OI OII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI
41Nb
18985.6 2697.7 2464.7 2370.5 468.4 378.4 363.0 207.4 204.6 58.1 33.9 33.9* 3.2 49In
27939.9 4237.5 3938.0 3730.1 825.6 702.2 664.3 450.8 443.1 121.9 77.4 77.4* 16.2 16.2* 0.1 0.8 0.8* 57La
38924.6 6266.3 5890.6 5482.7 1361.3 1204.4 1123.4 848.5 831.7 270.4 205.8 191.4 98.9 32.3 14.4 65Tb
51995.7 8708.0 8251.6 7514.0 1967.5
42Mo
43Tc
19999.5 2865.5 2625.1 2520.2 504.6 409.7 392.3 230.3 227.0 61.8 34.8 34.8* 1.8
21044.0 3042.5 2793.2 2676.9
50Sn
51Sb
29200.1 4464.7 4156.1 3928.8 883.8 756.4 714.4 493.3 484.8 136.5 88.6 88.6* 23.9 23.9* 0.9 1.1 1.1*
30491.2 4698.3 4380.4 4132.2 943.7 811.9 765.6 536.9 527.5 152.0 98.4 98.4* 31.4 31.4* 6.7 2.1 2.1*
58Ce
59Pr
60Nd
41990.6 6834.8 6440.4 5964.3 1511.0 1337.4 1242.2 951.1 931.0 304.5 236.3 217.6 113.2 2.0 37.4 22.3
43568.9 7126.0 6721.5 6207.9 1575.3 1402.8 1297.4 999.9 977.7 315.2 243.3 224.6 117.5 1.5 37.5 21.1
67Ho
68Er
55617.7 9394.2 8917.8 8071.1 2128.3
57485.5 9751.3 9264.3 8357.9 2206.5
40443.0 6548.8 6164.2 5723.4 1434.6 1272.8 1185.4 901.3 883.3 289.6 223.3 207.2 110.0 0.1 37.8 19.8 66Dy
53788.5 9045.8 8580.6 7790.1 2046.8
444.9 425.0 256.4 252.9 38.9 38.9*
44Ru
22117.2 3224.0 2966.9 2837.9 585.0 482.8 460.6 283.6 279.4 74.9 43.1 43.1* 2.0 52Te
31813.8 4939.2 4612.0 4341.4 1006.0 869.7 818.7 582.5 572.1 168.3 110.2 110.2* 39.8 39.8* 11.6 2.3 2.3*
10-197
45Rh
23219.9 3411.9 3146.1 3003.8 627.1 521.0 496.2 311.7 307.0 81.0 47.9 47.9* 2.5
46Pd
24350.3 3604.3 3330.3 3173.3 669.9 559.1 531.5 340.0 334.7 86.4 51.1 51.1* 1.5
53I
54Xe
33169.4 5188.1 4852.1 4557.1 1072.1 930.5 874.6 631.3 619.4 186.4 122.7 122.7* 49.6 49.6* 13.6 3.3 3.3*
34561.4 5452.8 5103.7 4782.2
61Pm
62Sm
45184.0 7427.9 7012.8 6459.3 1471.4 1356.9 1051.5 1026.9 242 242* 120.4
69Tm
59389.6 10115.7 9616.9 8648.0 2306.8
999.0 937.0 672.3 146.7 146.7*
46834.2 7736.8 7311.8 6716.2 1722.8 1540.7 1419.8 1106.0 1080.2 345.7 265.6 247.4 129.0 5.5 37.4 21.3 70Yb
61332.3 10486.4 9978.2 8943.6 2398.1
47Ag
25514.0 3805.8 3523.7 3351.1 717.5 602.4 571.4 372.8 366.7 95.2 62.6 55.9 3.3 55Cs
35984.6 5714.3 5359.4 5011.9 1217.1 1065.0 997.6 739.5 725.5 230.8 172.3 161.6 78.8 76.5 22.7 13.1 11.4 63Eu
48519.0 8052.0 7617.1 6976.9 1800.0 1613.9 1480.6 1160.6 1130.9 360.2 283.9 256.6 133.2 0.0 31.8 22.0 71Lu
63313.8 10870.4 10348.6 9244.1 2491.2
48Cd
26711.2 4018.0 3727.0 3537.5 770.2 650.7 616.5 410.5 403.7 107.6 66.9 66.9* 9.3 56Ba
37440.6 5988.8 5623.6 5247.0 1292.8 1136.7 1062.2 796.1 780.7 253.0 191.8 179.7 92.5 89.9 39.1 16.6 14.6 64Gd
50239.1 8375.6 7930.3 7242.8 1880.8 1688.3 1544.0 1217.2 1185.2 375.8 288.5 270.9 140.5 0.1 36.1 20.3 72Hf
65350.8 11270.7 10739.4 9560.7 2600.9
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI,VII OI OII OIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII
65Tb
1767.7 1611.3 1275.0 1241.2 397.9 310.2 385.0 147.0 147.0* 2.6 39.0 25.4 25.4* 73Ta
67416.4 11681.5 11136.1 9881.1 2708.0 2468.7 2194.0 1793.2 1735.1 565.5 464.8 404.5 241.3 229.3 25.0 25.0* 71.1 44.9 36.4 5.7 81Tl
85530.4 15346.7 14697.9 12657.5 3704.1 3415.7 2956.6 2485.1 2389.3 845.5 721.3 609.0 406.6 386.2 122.8 118.5 136.3 99.6 75.4
66Dy
1841.8 1675.6 1332.5 1294.9 416.3 331.8 292.9 154.2 154.2* 4.2 62.9 26.3 26.3* 74W
69525.0 12099.8 11544.0 10206.8 2819.6 2574.9 2281.0 1871.6 1809.2 595.0 491.6 425.3 258.8 245.4 36.5 33.6 77.1 46.8 35.6 6.1 82Pb
88004.5 15860.8 15200.0 13035.2 3850.7 3554.2 3066.4 2585.6 2484.0 893.6 763.9 644.5 435.2 412.9 142.9 138.1 147.3 104.8 86.0
67Ho
1922.8 1741.2 1391.5 1351.4 435.7 343.5 306.6 161.0 161.0* 3.7 51.2 20.3 20.3* 75Re
71676.4 12526.7 11958.7 10535.3 2931.7 2681.6 2367.3 1948.9 1882.9 625.0 517.9 444.4 273.7 260.2 40.6 40.6* 82.8 45.6 34.6 3.5
68Er
2005.8 1811.8 1453.3 1409.3 449.1 366.2 320.0 176.7 167.6 4.3 59.8 29.4 29.4* 76Os
73870.8 12968.0 12385.0 10870.9 3048.5 2792.2 2457.2 2030.8 1960.1 654.3 546.5 468.2 289.4 272.8 46.3 46.3* 83.7 58.0 45.4
83Bi
84Po
90525.9 16387.5 15711.1 13418.6 3999.1 3696.3 3176.9 2687.6 2579.6 938.2 805.3 678.9 463.6 440.0 161.9 157.4 159.3 116.8 92.8
93105.0 16939.3 16244.3 13813.8 4149.4 3854.1 3301.9 2798.0 2683.0 995.3 851 705 500.2 473.4
10-198
69Tm
2089.8 1884.5 1514.6 1467.7 471.7 385.9 336.6 179.6 179.6* 5.3 53.2 32.3 32.3* 77Ir
76111.0 13418.5 12824.1 11215.2 3173.7 2908.7 2550.7 2116.1 2040.4 690.1 577.1 494.3 311.4 294.9 63.4 60.5 95.2 63.0 50.5 3.8 85At
95729.9 17493 16784.7 14213.5 (4317) 4008 3426 2908.7 2786.7 (1042) 886 740 533.2
70Yb
2173.0 1949.8 1576.3 1527.8 487.2 396.7 343.5 198.1 184.9 6.3 54.1 23.4 23.4* 78Pt
78394.8 13879.9 13272.6 11563.7 3296.0 3026.5 2645.4 2201.9 2121.6 722.0 609.2 519.0 330.8 313.3 74.3 71.1 101.7 65.3 51.7 2.2 86Rn
98404 18049 17337.1 14619.4 (4482) 4159 3538 3021.5 2892.4 (1097) 929 768 566.6
71Lu
72Hf
2263.5 2023.6 1639.4 1588.5 506.2 410.1 359.3 204.8 195.0 6.9 56.8 28.0 28.0*
2365.4 2107.6 1716.4 1661.7 538.1 437.0 380.4 223.8 213.7 17.1 64.9 38.1 30.6
79Au
80Hg
80724.9 14352.8 13733.6 11918.7 3424.9 3147.8 2743.0 2291.1 2205.7 758.8 643.7 545.4 352.0 333.9 86.4 82.8 107.8 71.7 53.7 2.5 87Fr
101137 18639 17906.5 15031.2 (4652) 4327 3663 3136.2 2999.9 (1153) 980 810 603.3 577
83102.3 14839.3 14208.7 12283.9 3561.6 3278.5 2847.1 2384.9 2294.9 800.3 676.9 571.0 378.3 359.8 102.2 98.5 120.3 80.5 57.6 6.4 88Ra
103921.9 19236.7 18484.3 15444.4 4822.0 4489.5 3791.8 3248.4 3104.9 1208.4 1057.6 879.1 635.9 602.7 298.9 298.9* 254.4 200.4 152.8
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level OIV OV PI PII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV OV PI PII PIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII OI
81Tl
15.3 13.1
89Ac
106755.3 19840 19083.2 15871.0 (5002) 4656 3909 3370.2 3219.0 (1269) 1080 890 674.9
97Bk
131590 25275 24385 19452 6556 6147 4977 4366 4132 1755 1554 1235 398
82Pb
21.8 19.2 3.1 0.7 90Th
109650.9 20472.1 19693.2 16300.3 5182.3 4830.4 4046.1 3490.8 3332.0 1329.5 1168.2 967.3 714.1 676.4 344.4 335.2 290.2 229.4 181.8 94.3 87.9 59.5 49.0 43.0 98Cf
135960 26110 25250 19930 6754 6359 5109 4497 4253 1799 1616 1279 419
83Bi
26.5 24.4
84Po
85At
86Rn
87Fr
31.4 31.4*
67.2 67.2* 43.5 18.8
2.7 91Pa
112601.4 21104.6 20313.7 16733.1 5366.9 5000.9 4173.8 3611.2 3441.8 1387.1 1224.3 1006.7 743.4 708.2 371.2 359.5 309.6 222.9 222.9* 94.1 94.1*
99Es
139490 26900 26020 20410 6977 6574 5252 4630 4374 1868 1680 1321 435
92U
115606.1 21757.4 20947.6 17166.3 5548.0 5182.2 4303.4 3727.6 3551.7 1440.8 1272.6 1044.9 780.4 737.7 391.3 380.9 323.7 259.3 195.1 105.0 96.3 70.7 42.3 32.3 100Fm
143090 27700 26810 20900 7205 6793 5397 4766 4498 1937 1747 1366 454
10-199
88Ra
93Np
118678 22426.8 21600.5 17610.0 5723.2 5366.2 4434.7 3850.3 3665.8 1500.7 1327.7 1086.8 815.9 770.3 415.0 404.4 283.4 206.1 109.3 101.3
101Md
146780 28530 27610 21390 7441 7019 5546 4903 4622 2010 1814 1410 472
94Pu
121818 23097.2 22266.2 18056.8 5932.9 5541.2 4556.6 3972.6 3778.1 1558.6 1372.1 1114.8 848.9 801.4 445.8 432.4 351.9 274.1 206.5 116.0 105.4
102No
150540 29380 28440 21880 7675 7245 5688 5037 4741 2078 1876 1448 484
95Am
125027 23772.9 22944.0 18504.1 6120.5 5710.2 4667.0 4092.1 3886.9 1617.1 1411.8 (1135.7) 878.7 827.6
96Cm
128220 24460 23779 18930 6288 5895 4797 4227 3971 1643 1440 1154
385
115.8 103.3
103Lr
154380 30240 29280 22360 7900 7460 5710 5150 4860 2140 1930 1480 490
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS Gwyn P. Williams This table gives the binding energies in electron volts (eV) for selected electronic levels of the elements. For metallic elements the binding energy is referred to the Fermi level; for semiconductors, to the valence band maximum; and for gases and insulators, to the vacuum level. The atomic number is listed after the element name. REFERENCES 1. Fluggle and Martensson, J. Elect. Spect., 21, 275, 1980. 2. Cardona, M. and Ley, L., Photoemission from Solids, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1978. 3. Bearden, J. A. and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967.
Actinium (89) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
Argon (18) 106755 19840 19083 15871 5002 4656 3909 3370 3219 1269a 1080a 890a 675a 639a 319a 319a 272a 215a 167a 80a 80a — — —
Aluminum (13) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
1559.0 117.8a 72.9a 72.5a
Antimony (51) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
30419 4698 4380 4132 946b 812.7b 766.4b 537.5b 528.2b 153.2b 95.6b,c 95.6b 33.3b 32.1b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
3205.9a 326.3a 250.6a 248.4a 29.3a 15.9a 15.7a
Arsenic (33) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
11867 1527.0a,d 1359.1a,d 1323.6a,d 204.7a 146.2a 141.2a 41.7a 41.7a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
95730 17493 16785 14214 4317 4008 3426 2909 2787 1042a 886a 740a 533a 507a 210a 210a 195a 148a 115a 40a 40a
1s 2s 2p1/2
5247 1293a,d 1137a,d 1063a,d 795.7a 780.5a 253.5b 192 178.6b 92.6b 89.9b — — 30.3b 17.0b 14.8b
Beryllium (4) K
1s
111.5a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
90526 16388 15711 13419 3999 3696 3177 2688 2580 939b 805.2b 678.8b 464.0b 440.1b 162.3b 157.0b 159.3a,d 119.0b 92.6b 26.9b 23.8b
Boron (5)
Barium (56) K LI L II
2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
Bismuth (83)
Astatine (85) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
37441 5989 5624
K
1s
188a
Bromine (35) K
10-200
1s
13474
LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
1782a 1596a 1550a 257a 189a 182a 70a 69a
Cadmium (48) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
26711 4018 3727 3538 772.0b 652.6b 618.4b 411.9b 405.2b 109.8b 63.9b,c 63.9b,c 11.7b 10.7b
Calcium (20) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
4038.5a 438.4b 349.7b 346.2b 44.3b 25.4b 25.4b
Carbon (6) K
1s
284.2a
Cerium (58) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
40443 6548 6164 5723 1436 a,d 1274 a,d 1187 a,d 902.4a 883.8a
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
291.0a 223.3 206.5a 109 a — 0.1 0.1 37.8 19.8a 17.0a
Cesium (55) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
35985 5714 5359 5012 1211a,d 1071a 1003 a 740.5a 726.6a 232.3a 172.4a 161.3a 79.8a 77.5a — — 22.7 14.2a 12.1a
Chlorine (17) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
2822.0 270 a 202 a 200 a
Chromium(24) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
5989 696.0b 583.8b 574.1b 74.1b 42.2b 42.2b
L II L III MI M II M III
952.3b 932.5b 122.5b 77.3b 75.1b
2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
Dysprosium (66) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
53789 9046 8581 7790 2047 1842 1676 1333 1292 a 414.2a 333.5a 293.2a 153.6a 153.6a 8.0a 4.3a 49.9a 26.3 26.3
Erbium (68) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
57486 9751 9264 8358 2206 2006 1812 1453 1409 449.8a 366.2 320.2a 167.6a 167.6a — 4.7a 50.6a 31.4a 24.7a
Cobalt (27) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
7709 925.1b 793.2b 778.1b 101.0b 58.9b 58.9b
Copper (29) K LI
1s 2s
8979 1096.7b
Europium (63) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s
48519 8052 7617 6977 1800 1614 1481 1158.6a 1127.5a 360
N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
284 257 133 1227a 0 0 32 22 22
Gallium (31) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
Fluorine (9) K
696.7a
1s
Francium (87) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
101137 18639 17907 15031 4652 4327 3663 3136 3000 1153a 980a 810a 603a 577a 268a 268a 234a 182a 140a 58a 58a 34 15 15
Gadolinium (64) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
10-201
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
50239 8376 7930 7243 1881 1688 1544 1221.9a 1189.6a 378.6a 286 271 — 142.6a 8.6a 8.6a 36 20 20
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
10367 1299.0a,d 1143.2b 1116.4b 159.5b 103.5b 100.0b 18.7b 18.7b
Germanium (32) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
11103 1414.6a,d 1248.1a,d 1217.0a,d 180.1a 124.9a 120.8a 29.8a 29.2a
Gold (79) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
80725 14353 13734 11919 3425 3148 2743 2291 2206 762.1b 642.7b 546.3b 353.2b 335.1b 87.6b 83.9b 107.2a,d 74.2b 57.2b
Hafnium (72) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2
65351 11271 10739 9561 2601 2365 2107 1176 1662 538a 438.2b 380.7b 220.0b 211.5b 15.9b
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N VII OI O II O III
4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
14.2b 64.2b 38a 29.9b
N III N IV NV
4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
123a 50a 50a
Iridium (77) Helium (2) K
1s
24.6a
Holmium (67) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
55618 9394 8918 8071 2128 1923 1741 1392 1351 432.4a 343.5 308.2a 160a 160a 8.6a 5.2a 49.3a 30.8a 24.1a
Hydrogen (1) K
1s
13.6
Indium (49) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
27940 4238 3938 3730 827.2b 703.2b 665.3b 451.4b 443.9b 122.9b 73.5b,c 73.5b,c 17.7b 16.9b
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 52 5p1/2 5p3/2
76111 13419 12824 11215 3174 2909 2551 2116 2040 691.1b 577.8b 495.8b 311.9b 296.3b 63.8b 60.8b 95.2a,d 63.0a,d 48.0b
Iron (26) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
7112 844.6b 719.9b 706.8b 91.3b 52.7b 52.7b
Krypton (36) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
33169 5188 4852 4557 1072a 931a 875a 631a 620a 186a 123a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2
4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
196.0a 105.3a 102.5a — — 34.3a 19.3a 16.8a
Lead (82) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
1s
38925 6266 5891 5483 1362a,d 1209a,d 1128a,d 853a 836a 247.7a 205.8
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
63314 10870 10349 9244 2491 2264 2024 1639 1589 506.8a 412.4a 359.2a 206.1a 196.3a 8.9a 7.5a 57.3a 33.6a 26.7a
Magnesium (12) K LI L II L III
10-202
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
6539 769.1b 649.9b 638.7b 82.3b 47.2b 47.2b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p3/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
83102 14839 14209 12284 3562 3279 2847 2385 2295 802.2b 680.2b 576.6b 378.2b 358.8b 104.0b 99.9b 127b 83.1b 64.5b 9.6b 7.8b
Molybdenum (42) 54.7a
Lutetium 14326 1921 1730.9a 1678.4a 292.8a 222.2a 214.4a 95.0a 93.8a 27.5a 14.1a 14.1a
Manganese (25)
Mercury (80) 88005 15861 15200 13055 3851 3554 3066 2586 2484 891.8b 761.9b 643.5b 434.3b 412.2b 141.7b 136.9b 147a,d 106.4b 83.3b 20.7b 18.1b
Lithium (3) K
Lanthanum (57)
Iodine (53) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1303.0b 88.6a 49.6b 49.2a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
20000 2866 2625 2520 506.3b 411.6b 394.0b 231.1b 227.9b 63.2b 37.6b 35.5b
Neodymium (60) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2
43569 7126 6722 6208 1575 1403 1297 1003.3a 980.4a 319.2a 243.3 224.6 120.5a
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
120.5a 1.5 1.5 37.5 21.1 21.1
Neon (10) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
5p3/2
44.5b
Oxygen (8) K LI
1s 2s
543.1a 41.6a
Palladium (46) 870.2a 48.5a 21.7a 21.6a
Nickel (28) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
O III
8333 1008.6b 870.0b 852.7b 110.8b 68.0b 66.2b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
24350 3604 3330 3173 671.6b 559.9b 532.3b 340.5b 335.2b 87.1a,d 55.7b,c 50.9b,c
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
18986 2698 2465 2371 466.6b 376.1b 360.6b 205.0b 202.3b 56.4b 32.6b 30.8b
Nitrogen (7) K LI
1s 2s
409.9a 37.3a
Osmium (76) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2
73871 12968 12385 10871 3049 2792 2457 2031 1960 658.2b 549.1b 470.7b 293.1b 278.5b 53.4b 50.7b 84a 58a
K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
2145.5 189a 136a 135a
Platinum (78) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
78395 13880 13273 11564 3296 3027 2645 2202 2122 725.4b 609.1b 519.4b 331.6b 314.6b 74.5b 71.2b 101.7a,d 65.3a,b 51.7b
Polonium (84) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s
851a 705a 500a 473a 184a 184a 177a 132a 104a 31a 31a
4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
Potassium (19) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
3608.4a 378.6a 297.3a 294.6a 34.8a 18.3a 18.3a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
Praseodymium (59)
Phosphorus (15) Niobium (41)
N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
93105 16939 16244 13814 4149 3854 3302 2798 2683 995a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
41991 6835 6440 5964 1511 1337 1242 948.3a 928.8a 304.5 236.3 217.6 115.1a 115.1a 2.0 2.0 37.4 22.3 22.3
Promethium (61) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
45184 7428 7013 6459 — 1471.4 1357 1052 1027 — 242 242 120 120
Protactinium (91) K
10-203
1s
112601
LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
21105 20314 16733 5367 5001 4174 3611 3442 1387a 1224a 1007a 743a 708a 371a 360a 310a 232a 232a 94a 94a — — —
Radium (88) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
103922 19237 18484 15444 4822 4490 3792 3248 3105 1208a 1058 879a 636a 603a 299a 299a 254a 200a 153a 68a 68a 44 19 19
Radon (86) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
98404 18049 17337 14619 4482 4159 3538 3022 2892
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI
4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s
1097a 929a 768a 567a 541a 238a 238a 214a 164a 127a 48a 48a 26
Rhenium (75) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
71676 12527 11959 10535 2932 2682 2367 1949 1883 625.4b 518.7b 446.8b 273.9b 260.5b 42.9a 40.5a 83b 45.6b 34.6a,d
Rhodium (45) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
23220 3412 3146 3004 628.1b 521.3b 496.5b 311.9b 307.2b 81.4a,d 50.5b 47.3b
Rubidium (37) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
NI N II N III
4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
30.5a 16.3a 15.3a
Silicon (14) K LI L II L III
Ruthenium (44) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
22117 3224 2967 2838 586.2b 483.3b 461.5b 284.2b 280.0b 75.0b 46.5b 43.2b
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
46834 7737 7312 6716 1723 1541 1419.8 1110.9a 1083.4a 347.2a 265.6 247.4 129.0 129.0 5.2 5.2 37.4 21.3 21.3
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
K LI L II L III
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
25514 3806 3524 3351 719.0b 603.8b 573.0b 374.0b 368.0b 97.0b 63.7b 58.3b
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
1070.8b 63.5b 30.4b 30.5a
Strontium (38) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
4492 498.0a 403.6a 389.7a 51.1a 28.3a 28.3a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
16105 2216 2007 1940 358.7b 280.3b 270.0b 136.0b 134.2b 38.9b 21.6b 20.1b
Sulfur (16) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
2472 230.9a,d 163.6a 162.5a
Tantalum (73)
Selenium (34) 15200 2065 1864 1804 326.7a 248.7a 239.1a 113.0a 112a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
Sodium (11)
Scandium (21) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1839 149.7a,d 99.8a 99.2a
Silver (47)
Samarium (62) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
12658 1652.0a,d 1474.3a,d 1433.9a,d 229.6a 166.5a 160.7a 55.5a 54.6a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II
10-204
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2
67416 11682 11136 9881 2708 2469 2194 1793 1735 563.4b 463.4b
N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
400.9b 237.9b 226.4b 23.5b 21.6b 69.7b 42.2a 32.7b
4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
Technetium (43) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
21044 3043 2793 2677 586.1a 447.6a 417.7a 257.6a 253.9a 69.5a 42.3a 39.9a
Tellurium (52) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
31814 4939 4612 4341 1006b 870.8b 820.0b 583.4b 573.0b 169.4b 103.3b,c 103.3b,c 41.9b 40.4b
Terbium (65) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
51996 8708 8252 7514 1968 1768 1611 1267.9a 1241.1a 396.0a 322.4a 284.1a 150.5a 150.5a 7.7a 2.4a 45.6a 28.7a 22.6a
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Thallium (81) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
85530 15347 14698 12658 3704 3416 2957 2485 2389 846.2b 720.5b 609.5b 405.7b 385.0b 122.2b 117.8b 136a,d 94.6b 73.5b 14.7b 12.5b
Thorium (90) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
109651 20472 19693 16300 5182 4830 4046 3491 3332 1330a 1168a 966.4b 712.1b 675.2b 342.4b 333.1b 290a,c 229a,c 182a,c 92.5b 85.4b 41.4b 24.5b 16.6b
Thulium (69) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV a b c d
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2
59390 10116 9617 8648 2307 2090 1885 1515
MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
Uranium (92)
3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
1468 470.9a 385.9a 332.6a 175.5a 175.5a — 4.6 54.7a 31.8a 25.0a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
29200 4465 4156 3929 884.7b 756.5b 714.6b 493.2b 484.9b 137.1b 83.6b,c 83.6b,c 24.9b 23.9b
Tin (50) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
Titanium (22) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
4966 560.9b 460.2b 453.8b 58.7b 32.6b 32.6b
Tungsten (74) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
69525 12100 11544 10207 2820 2575 2281 1949 1809 594.1b 490.4b 423.6b 255.9b 243.5b 33.6a 31.4b 75.6b 453a,d 36.8b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
115606 21757 20948 17166 5548 5182 4303 3728 3552 1439a,d 1271a,d 1043b 778.3b 736.2b 388.2a 377.4b 321a,c,d 257a,c,d 192a,c,d 102.8b 94.2b 43.9b 26.8b 16.8b
Vanadium (23) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
5465 626.7b 519.8b 521.1b 66.3b 37.2b 37.2b
Xenon (54) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
34561 5453 5107 4786 1148.7a 1002.1a 940.6a 689.0a 676.4a 213.2a 146.7 145.5a 69.5a 67.5a — — 23.3a 13.4a 12.1a
Ytterbium (70) K
Reference 1. Reference 2 (remaining values from Reference 3). One-particle approximation not valid. Derived using energy differences from Reference 3.
10-205
1s
61332
LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
10486 9978 8944 2398 2173 1950 1576 1528 480.5a 388.7a 339.7a 191.2a 182.4a 2.5a 1.3a 52.0a 30.3a 24.1a
Yttrium (39) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
17038 2373 2156 2080 392.0a,d 310.6a 298.8a 157.7b 155.8b 43.8a 24.4a 23.1a
Zinc (30) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
9659 1196.2a 1044.9a 1021.8a 139.8a 91.4a 88.6a 10.2a 10.1a
Zirconium (40) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
17998 2532 2307 2223 430.3b 343.5b 329.8b 181.1b 178.8b 50.6b 28.5b 27.1b
NATURAL WIDTH OF X-RAY LINES Natural widths of K X-ray lines in eV: Element
Kα1
Kα2
Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ge Se Kr Sr Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd Sn Te Xe Ba
1.00 1.45 2.05 2.45 3.00 3.40 3.75 4.10 4.23 5.17 5.70 6.82 7.41 8.80 9.80 11.20 12.80 14.20 16.10
0.98 2.13 2.64 3.20 3.70 3.96 4.18 4.43 4.62 4.97 5.25 6.80 7.96 9.20 10.40 12.40 14.20 15.10 16.80
Kβ1
Kβ3
11.80 13.30 15.30 18.15
Element
Kα1
Kα2
Kβ1
Kβ3
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U
18.60 21.50 26.00 29.50 33.90 35.00 38.80 42.70 46.80 49.00 54.10 64.75 67.10 73.20 80.00 87.00 94.70 103.00
19.50 21.50 24.70 28.00 32.20 35.50 40.60 44.30 48.00 49.40 54.30 68.20 72.30 75.10 81.50 88.20 95.00 104.30
20.60 23.25 25.65 29.37 32.73 36.20 41.43 46.00 51.83 55.90 59.98 65.75 72.20 78.60 85.50 94.20 99.70 105.00
18.60 21.33 24.65 28.00 32.00 35.70 41.15 46.10 51.50 55.95 62.13 68.95 73.80 80.10 86.50 95.50 101.00 107.30
11.00 13.10 14.50 16.70
From Salem, S. I. and Lee, P. L., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 233, 1976. Natural widths of L X-ray lines in eV: Element
Lα1
Lα2
Lβ1
Lβ2
Lβ3
Lβ4
Lγ1
Zr Mo Ru Pd Gd Sn Tc Xe Ba Ce Nd Sm Cd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U Pu Cm
1.68 1.86 2.03 2.21 2.43 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.39 3.70 3.93 4.13 4.46 4.81 5.17 5.40 5.83 6.50 7.04 7.60 8.10 8.82 9.50 10.03 11.00 11.90 12.40 13.20 14.80
1.52 1.80 1.98 2.16 2.40 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.45 3.78 4.08 4.50 4.90 5.35 5.73 6.22 6.70 7.20 7.70 8.28 8.80 9.35 9.95 10.50 11.20 11.80 12.40 13.00 13.60
1.87 2.03 2.18 2.36 2.54 2.75 2.96 3.20 3.45 3.73 4.00 4.33 4.63 5.03 5.45 5.90 6.36 6.90 7.42 8.00 8.70 9.35 10.10 10.65 11.60 12.40 13.50 14.10 15.70
5.13 5.30 5.45 5.63 5.82 6.10 6.25 6.43 6.70 6.86 7.18 7.42 7.70 7.90 8.28 8.58 8.92 9.06 9.60 9.95 10.40 10.75 11.25 11.65 12.20 12.80 13.30 13.90 14.60
5.50 5.90 6.35 6.80 7.23 7.70 8.22 8.70 9.20 9.70 10.30 10.80 11.20 11.50 11.85 12.20 12.40 13.10 14.60 16.10 17.40 18.65 19.90 21.00 22.00 22.85 23.70 24.10 25.00
5.60 5.78 5.96 6.18 6.28 6.60 6.82 7.15 7.42 7.82 8.15 8.60 9.08 9.60 10.03 11.00 12.80 14.60 16.50 18.00 19.70 21.30 22.70 24.00 25.20 26.35 27.50 28.30 29.40
3.34 3.76 4.15 4.50 4.83 5.23 5.60 5.95 6.35 6.75 7.16 7.50 7.83 8.30 8.75 9.20 9.63 10.20 10.65 11.20 11.80 12.30 13.05 13.55 14.30 15.00 15.70 16.40 17.10
10-206
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS Martin J. Berger and John H. Hubbell This table gives mass attenuation coefficients for photons for all elements at energies between 1 keV (soft x-rays) and 1 GeV (hard gamma rays). The mass attenuation coefficient µ describes the attenuation of radiation as it passes through matter by the relation I(x)/Io = e–µρx where Io is the initial intensity, I(x) the intensity after path length x, and ρ is the mass density of the element in question. To a high approximation the mass attenuation coefficient is additive for the elements present, independent of the way in which they are bound in chemical compounds. The power of ten is indicated beside each number in the table; i.e., 7.41 + 03 means 7.41 × 103. A vertical line between two columns indicates that an absorption edge lies between those energy values. The various edges are labeled at the bottom of the table. The attenuation coefficients were calculated with the computer program XCOM (Reference 1), which uses a cross-section database compiled at the Photon and Charged Particle Data Center at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Their accuracy has been confirmed at all energies by extensive comparisons with experimental attenuation coefficients. Such comparisons for X-ray energies up to 100 keV can be found in Reference 2. REFERENCES 1. Berger, M. J. and Hubbell, J. H., National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR-87-3597, 1987. 2. Saloman, E. B., Hubbell, J. H., and Scofield, J. H., Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 38, 1, 1988.
10-207
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
0.001
0.002
7.21 + 00 6.08 + 01 2.34 + 02 6.04 + 02 1.23 + 03 2.21 + 03 3.31 + 03 4.59 + 03 5.65 + 03 7.41 + 03 6.54 + 02 9.22 + 02 1.19 + 03 1.57 + 03 1.91 + 03 2.43 + 03 2.83 + 03 3.18 + 03 4.06 + 03 4.87 + 03 5.24 + 03 5.87 + 03 6.50 + 03 7.40 + 03 8.09 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.80 + 03 9.86 + 03 1.06 + 04 1.55 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.89 + 03 2.12 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.85 + 03 3.17 + 03 3.49 + 03 3.86 + 03 4.21 + 03 4.60 + 03 4.94 + 03 5.36 + 03 5.72 + 03 6.17 + 03 6.54 + 03 7.04 + 03 7.35 + 03 7.81 + 03 8.16 + 03
1.06 + 00 6.86 + 00 2.71 + 01 7.47 + 01 1.60 + 02 3.03 + 02 4.77 + 02 6.95 + 02 9.05 + 02 1.24 + 03 1.52 + 03 1.93 + 03 2.26 + 03 2.78 + 03 3.02 + 02 3.85 + 02 4.52 + 02 5.12 + 02 6.59 + 02 8.00 + 02 8.70 + 02 9.86 + 02 1.11 + 03 1.28 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.63 + 03 1.78 + 03 2.05 + 03 2.15 + 03 2.37 + 03 2.52 + 03 2.71 + 03 2.93 + 03 3.10 + 03 3.41 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.41 + 03 2.59 + 03 7.42 + 02 8.12 + 02 8.89 + 02 9.60 + 02 1.04 + 03 1.12 + 03 1.21 + 03 1.29 + 03 1.40 + 03 1.47 + 03 1.58 + 03 1.66 + 03
0.005 4.19-01 5.77-01 1.62 + 00 4.37 + 00 9.68 + 00 1.91 + 01 3.14 + 01 4.79 + 01 6.51 + 01 9.34 + 01 1.19 + 02 1.58 + 02 1.93 + 02 2.45 + 02 2.86 + 02 3.49 + 02 3.90 + 02 4.23 + 02 5.19 + 02 6.03 + 02 6.31 + 02 6.84 + 02 9.29 + 01 1.08 + 02 1.21 + 02 1.40 + 02 1.54 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.90 + 02 2.12 + 02 2.27 + 02 2.47 + 02 2.71 + 02 2.90 + 02 3.21 + 02 3.43 + 02 3.74 + 02 4.06 + 02 4.42 + 02 4.76 + 02 5.13 + 02 5.45 + 02 5.84 + 02 6.17 + 02 6.59 + 02 6.91 + 02 7.39 + 02 7.69 + 02 8.13 + 02 8.47 + 02 L3
0.01
0.02
3.85-01 2.48-01 3.40-01 6.47-01 1.25 + 00 2.37 + 00 3.88 + 00 5.95 + 00 8.21 + 00 1.20 + 01 1.56 + 01 2.11 + 01 2.62 + 01 3.39 + 01 4.04 + 01 5.01 + 01 5.73 + 01 6.32 + 01 7.91 + 01 9.34 + 01 9.95 + 01 1.11 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.39 + 02 1.51 + 02 1.71 + 02 1.84 + 02 2.09 + 02 2.16 + 02 2.33 + 02 3.42 + 01 3.74 + 01 4.12 + 01 4.41 + 01 4.91 + 01 5.26 + 01 5.77 + 01 6.27 + 01 6.87 + 01 7.42 + 01 8.04 + 01 8.58 + 01 9.23 + 01 9.80 + 01 1.05 + 02 1.11 + 02 1.19 + 02 1.24 + 02 1.32 + 02 1.38 + 02
L1
3.69-01 1.96-01 1.86-01 2.25-01 3.01-01 4.42-01 6.18-01 8.65-01 1.13 + 00 1.61 + 00 2.06 + 00 2.76 + 00 3.44 + 00 4.46 + 00 5.35 + 00 6.71 + 00 7.74 + 00 8.63 + 00 1.09 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.59 + 01 1.77 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.25 + 01 2.57 + 01 2.80 + 01 3.22 + 01 3.38 + 01 3.72 + 01 3.93 + 01 4.22 + 01 4.56 + 01 4.82 + 01 5.27 + 01 5.55 + 01 5.98 + 01 6.39 + 01 6.86 + 01 7.24 + 01 7.71 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.50 + 01 1.61 + 01 1.70 + 01 1.84 + 01 1.92 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.15 + 01
0.05 3.36-01 1.70-01 1.49-01 1.55-01 1.66-01 1.87-01 1.98-01 2.13-01 2.21-01 2.58-01 2.80-01 3.29-01 3.68-01 4.38-01 4.92-01 5.85-01 6.48-01 7.01-01 8.68-01 1.02 + 00 1.09 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.55 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.96 + 00 2.14 + 00 2.47 + 00 2.61 + 00 2.89 + 00 3.08 + 00 3.34 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.86 + 00 4.26 + 00 4.52 + 00 4.92 + 00 5.31 + 00 5.76 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.64 + 00 7.04 + 00 7.52 + 00 7.92 + 00 8.45 + 00 8.85 + 00 9.45 + 00 9.78 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.07 + 01 K EDGE
L2
10-208
0.1 2.94-01 1.49-01 1.29-01 1.33-01 1.39-01 1.51-01 1.53-01 1.55-01 1.50-01 1.60-01 1.59-01 1.69-01 1.70-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 2.02-01 2.05-01 2.04-01 2.34-01 2.57-01 2.58-01 2.72-01 2.88-01 3.17-01 3.37-01 3.72-01 3.95-01 4.44-01 4.58-01 4.97-01 5.20-01 5.55-01 5.97-01 6.28-01 6.86-01 7.22-01 7.80-01 8.37-01 9.05-01 9.66-01 1.04 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.31 + 00 1.38 + 00 1.47 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.61 + 00 1.68 + 00
0.2
0.5
2.43-01 1.22-01 1.06-01 1.09-01 1.14-01 1.23-01 1.23-01 1.24-01 1.18-01 1.24-01 1.20-01 1.24-01 1.22-01 1.28-01 1.25-01 1.30-01 1.27-01 1.20-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.31-01 1.31-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.39-01 1.46-01 1.48-01 1.58-01 1.56-01 1.62-01 1.62-01 1.66-01 1.72-01 1.74-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 1.96-01 2.04-01 2.15-01 2.24-01 2.34-01 2.42-01 2.53-01 2.62-01 2.74-01 2.83-01 2.97-01 3.04-01 3.17-01 3.26-01
1.73-01 8.71-02 7.53-02 7.74-02 8.07-02 8.72-02 8.72-02 8.73-02 8.27-02 8.66-02 8.37-02 8.65-02 8.44-02 8.75-02 8.51-02 8.78-02 8.45-02 7.96-02 8.60-02 8.85-02 8.31-02 8.19-02 8.07-02 8.28-02 8.19-02 8.41-02 8.32-02 8.70-02 8.36-02 8.45-02 8.24-02 8.21-02 8.26-02 8.13-02 8.33-02 8.23-02 8.36-02 8.44-02 8.61-02 8.69-02 8.83-02 8.85-02 8.97-02 8.99-02 9.13-02 9.13-02 9.32-02 9.25-02 9.37-02 9.37-02
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
Atomic no.
1.0
2.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
500.0
1000.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
1.26-01 6.36-02 5.50-02 5.65-02 5.89-02 6.36-02 6.36-02 6.37-02 6.04-02 6.32-02 6.10-02 6.30-02 6.15-02 6.36-02 6.18-02 6.37-02 6.13-02 5.76-02 6.22-02 6.39-02 5.98-02 5.89-02 5.79-02 5.93-02 5.85-02 5.99-02 5.91-02 6.16-02 5.90-02 5.94-02 5.77-02 5.73-02 5.73-02 5.62-02 5.73-02 5.63-02 5.69-02 5.71-02 5.80-02 5.81-02 5.87-02 5.84-02 5.88-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.85-02 5.92-02 5.83-02 5.85-02 5.80-02
8.77-02 4.42-02 3.83-02 3.94-02 4.11-02 4.44-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.23-02 4.43-02 4.28-02 4.43-02 4.32-02 4.48-02 4.36-02 4.50-02 4.33-02 4.07-02 4.40-02 4.52-02 4.24-02 4.18-02 4.11-02 4.21-02 4.16-02 4.26-02 4.20-02 4.39-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.11-02 4.09-02 4.09-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.02-02 4.06-02 4.08-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.18-02 4.16-02 4.19-02 4.16-02 4.20-02 4.16-02 4.21-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.11-02
5.05-02 2.58-02 2.26-02 2.35-02 2.48-02 2.71-02 2.74-02 2.78-02 2.66-02 2.82-02 2.75-02 2.87-02 2.84-02 2.97-02 2.91-02 3.04-02 2.95-02 2.80-02 3.05-02 3.17-02 3.00-02 2.98-02 2.96-02 3.06-02 3.04-02 3.15-02 3.13-02 3.29-02 3.18-02 3.22-02 3.16-02 3.16-02 3.19-02 3.14-02 3.23-02 3.20-02 3.25-02 3.29-02 3.35-02 3.38-02 3.44-02 3.44-02 3.48-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.52-02 3.58-02 3.54-02 3.56-02 3.55-02
3.25-02 1.70-02 1.53-02 1.63-02 1.76-02 1.96-02 2.02-02 2.09-02 2.04-02 2.20-02 2.18-02 2.31-02 2.32-02 2.46-02 2.45-02 2.59-02 2.55-02 2.45-02 2.70-02 2.84-02 2.72-02 2.73-02 2.74-02 2.86-02 2.87-02 2.99-02 3.00-02 3.18-02 3.10-02 3.18-02 3.13-02 3.16-02 3.21-02 3.19-02 3.29-02 3.28-02 3.36-02 3.41-02 3.50-02 3.55-02 3.63-02 3.65-02 3.71-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.80-02 3.88-02 3.85-02 3.90-02 3.90-02
2.15-02 1.18-02 1.11-02 1.23-02 1.37-02 1.58-02 1.67-02 1.77-02 1.77-02 1.95-02 1.97-02 2.13-02 2.17-02 2.34-02 2.36-02 2.53-02 2.52-02 2.45-02 2.74-02 2.90-02 2.80-02 2.84-02 2.88-02 3.03-02 3.07-02 3.22-02 3.26-02 3.48-02 3.41-02 3.51-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.60-02 3.60-02 3.74-02 3.74-02 3.85-02 3.93-02 4.05-02 4.12-02 4.22-02 4.26-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.48-02 4.50-02 4.61-02 4.59-02 4.65-02 4.66-02
1.42-02 8.61-03 8.68-03 1.02-02 1.19-02 1.43-02 1.57-02 1.71-02 1.75-02 1.96-02 2.03-02 2.23-02 2.31-02 2.52-02 2.58-02 2.79-02 2.81-02 2.76-02 3.11-02 3.32-02 3.23-02 3.30-02 3.36-02 3.56-02 3.63-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 4.17-02 4.10-02 4.24-02 4.22-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.41-02 4.60-02 4.61-02 4.75-02 4.87-02 5.03-02 5.13-02 5.27-02 5.33-02 5.45-02 5.50-02 5.63-02 5.66-02 5.81-02 5.79-02 5.88-02 5.90-02
1.19-02 7.78-03 8.21-03 9.94-03 1.19-02 1.46-02 1.63-02 1.79-02 1.86-02 2.11-02 2.19-02 2.42-02 2.52-02 2.76-02 2.84-02 3.08-02 3.11-02 3.07-02 3.46-02 3.71-02 3.62-02 3.71-02 3.78-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.33-02 4.40-02 4.73-02 4.66-02 4.82-02 4.80-02 4.89-02 5.01-02 5.03-02 5.24-02 5.26-02 5.43-02 5.56-02 5.75-02 5.87-02 6.03-02 6.10-02 6.24-02 6.30-02 6.45-02 6.49-02 6.67-02 6.64-02 6.75-02 6.78-02
1.14-02 7.79-03 8.61-03 1.08-02 1.32-02 1.64-02 1.85-02 2.06-02 2.14-02 2.43-02 2.53-02 2.81-02 2.93-02 3.23-02 3.33-02 3.62-02 3.67-02 3.62-02 4.09-02 4.40-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.49-02 4.76-02 4.86-02 5.15-02 5.23-02 5.61-02 5.53-02 5.72-02 5.70-02 5.80-02 5.95-02 5.97-02 6.22-02 6.25-02 6.45-02 6.61-02 6.83-02 6.98-02 7.17-02 7.26-02 7.43-02 7.51-02 7.69-02 7.73-02 7.93-02 7.91-02 8.04-02 8.07-02
1.16-02 7.95-03 8.87-03 1.12-02 1.37-02 1.70-02 1.92-02 2.13-02 2.21-02 2.51-02 2.62-02 2.90-02 3.03-02 3.34-02 3.45-02 3.75-02 3.80-02 3.75-02 4.24-02 4.56-02 4.45-02 4.56-02 4.65-02 4.93-02 5.04-02 5.33-02 5.41-02 5.81-02 5.72-02 5.91-02 5.89-02 6.00-02 6.15-02 6.17-02 6.43-02 6.46-02 6.67-02 6.83-02 7.06-02 7.22-02 7.42-02 7.51-02 7.68-02 7.77-02 7.94-02 8.00-02 8.20-02 8.18-02 8.32-02 8.35-02
10-209
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
0.001
0.002
8.58 + 03 8.43 + 03 9.10 + 03 9.41 + 03 9.37 + 03 8.54 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.71 + 03 1.06 + 04 6.63 + 03 2.06 + 03 2.11 + 03 2.22 + 03 2.29 + 03 2.40 + 03 2.49 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.75 + 03 2.90 + 03 3.02 + 03 3.19 + 03 3.34 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.68 + 03 3.87 + 03 4.03 + 03 4.24 + 03 4.43 + 03 4.65 + 03 4.83 + 03 5.01 + 03 5.21 + 03 5.44 + 03 5.72 + 03 5.87 + 03 5.83 + 03 6.08 + 03 6.20 + 03 6.47 + 03 6.61 + 03 6.53 + 03 6.63 + 03 6.95 + 03 7.19 + 03 7.37 + 03 7.54 + 03 7.84 + 03 7.89 + 03 7.79 + 03 7.13 + 03 N5
0.005
1.77 + 03 1.83 + 03 2.00 + 03 2.09 + 03 2.23 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.46 + 03 2.61 + 03 2.77 + 03 2.88 + 03 3.05 + 03 3.12 + 03 3.28 + 03 3.36 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.47 + 03 3.59 + 03 3.52 + 03 3.69 + 03 3.80 + 03 3.45 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.77 + 03 3.92 + 03 3.77 + 03 2.22 + 03 1.03 + 03 1.08 + 03 1.14 + 03 1.18 + 03 1.23 + 03 1.29 + 03 1.35 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.49 + 03 1.49 + 03 1.56 + 03 1.62 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.74 + 03 1.83 + 03 1.86 + 03 1.96 + 03 2.04 + 03 2.10 + 03 2.15 + 03 2.25 + 03 2.31 + 03 2.40 + 03 2.46 + 03 M5 M4
N4
8.85 + 02 9.01 + 02 8.43 + 02 6.39 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.41 + 02 2.58 + 02 2.74 + 02 2.92 + 02 3.06 + 02 3.26 + 02 3.36 + 02 3.54 + 02 3.65 + 02 3.84 + 02 3.99 + 02 4.17 + 02 4.36 + 02 4.57 + 02 4.72 + 02 4.94 + 02 5.11 + 02 5.33 + 02 5.53 + 02 5.76 + 02 5.93 + 02 6.18 + 02 6.40 + 02 6.66 + 02 6.87 + 02 7.07 + 02 7.30 + 02 7.58 + 02 7.93 + 02 8.25 + 02 8.16 + 02 8.49 + 02 8.74 + 02 8.69 + 02 8.88 + 02 8.76 + 02 8.89 + 02 9.32 + 02 9.65 + 02 9.90 + 02 1.02 + 03 1.06 + 03 9.27 + 02 9.59 + 02 9.77 + 02 M3 M2
0.01 1.46 + 02 1.50 + 02 1.63 + 02 1.69 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.86 + 02 1.97 + 02 2.08 + 02 2.21 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.44 + 02 2.50 + 02 2.63 + 02 2.69 + 02 2.82 + 02 2.90 + 02 3.01 + 02 3.13 + 02 2.83 + 02 2.94 + 02 2.21 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.38 + 02 9.69 + 01 1.01 + 02 1.04 + 02 1.09 + 02 1.13 + 02 1.18 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.26 + 02 1.31 + 02 1.36 + 02 1.43 + 02 1.49 + 02 1.48 + 02 1.54 + 02 1.59 + 02 1.65 + 02 1.69 + 02 1.77 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.87 + 02 1.94 + 02 1.98 + 02 2.03 + 02 2.10 + 02 2.15 + 02 2.22 + 02 2.26 + 02
0.02 2.27 + 01 2.34 + 01 2.54 + 01 2.65 + 01 2.82 + 01 2.94 + 01 3.12 + 01 3.31 + 01 3.53 + 01 3.68 + 01 3.92 + 01 4.03 + 01 4.24 + 01 4.36 + 01 4.59 + 01 4.76 + 01 4.98 + 01 5.20 + 01 5.45 + 01 5.63 + 01 5.88 + 01 6.09 + 01 6.33 + 01 6.57 + 01 6.84 + 01 7.04 + 01 7.32 + 01 7.57 + 01 7.88 + 01 8.12 + 01 8.36 + 01 8.64 + 01 8.95 + 01 9.35 + 01 9.70 + 01 9.56 + 01 9.93 + 01 1.02 + 02 1.06 + 02 9.37 + 01 7.03 + 01 7.11 + 01 7.45 + 01 7.71 + 01 7.93 + 01 8.14 + 01 8.39 + 01 8.58 + 01 4.01 + 01 4.09 + 01 L3
0.05
0.1
1.12 + 01 1.14 + 01 1.23 + 01 1.27 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.38 + 01 1.45 + 01 1.52 + 01 1.60 + 01 1.65 + 01 1.73 + 01 1.77 + 01 1.85 + 01 3.86 + 00 4.06 + 00 4.23 + 00 4.43 + 00 4.63 + 00 4.87 + 00 5.04 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.48 + 00 5.72 + 00 5.95 + 00 6.21 + 00 6.41 + 00 6.69 + 00 6.95 + 00 7.26 + 00 7.50 + 00 7.75 + 00 8.04 + 00 8.38 + 00 8.80 + 00 9.19 + 00 9.12 + 00 9.52 + 00 9.85 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.05 + 01 1.10 + 01 1.12 + 01 1.18 + 01 1.22 + 01 1.25 + 01 1.28 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.37 + 01 1.42 + 01 1.45 + 01
1.76 + 00 1.80 + 00 1.94 + 00 2.01 + 00 2.12 + 00 2.20 + 00 2.32 + 00 2.45 + 00 2.59 + 00 2.69 + 00 2.84 + 00 2.90 + 00 3.04 + 00 3.11 + 00 3.25 + 00 3.36 + 00 3.49 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.78 + 00 3.88 + 00 4.03 + 00 4.15 + 00 4.30 + 00 4.44 + 00 4.59 + 00 4.70 + 00 4.86 + 00 4.99 + 00 5.16 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.40 + 00 5.55 + 00 5.74 + 00 5.99 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.09 + 00 1.66 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.79 + 00 1.83 + 00 1.92 + 00 1.95 + 00 2.05 + 00 2.13 + 00 2.19 + 00 2.25 + 00 2.35 + 00 2.41 + 00 2.51 + 00 2.57 + 00
L1
N3 N2 N1
10-210
3.38-01 3.43-01 3.66-01 3.76-01 3.94-01 4.05-01 4.24-01 4.45-01 4.69-01 4.84-01 5.10-01 5.19-01 5.43-01 5.54-01 5.77-01 5.95-01 6.18-01 6.41-01 6.68-01 6.86-01 7.13-01 7.34-01 7.60-01 7.84-01 8.12-01 8.33-01 8.63-01 8.90-01 9.22-01 9.46-01 9.69-01 9.99-01 1.03 + 00 1.08 + 00 1.12 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.14 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.29 + 00 1.30 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.39 + 00 1.42 + 00 1.44 + 00 1.50 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.57 + 00 1.59 + 00 K EDGE
L2
M1
0.2
0.5 9.45-02 9.33-02 9.70-02 9.70-02 9.91-02 9.92-02 1.01-01 1.04-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.12-01 1.11-01 1.14-01 1.14-01 1.17-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.26-01 1.27-01 1.30-01 1.32-01 1.35-01 1.38-01 1.41-01 1.43-01 1.46-01 1.49-01 1.53-01 1.56-01 1.58-01 1.61-01 1.66-01 1.71-01 1.77-01 1.73-01 1.78-01 1.82-01 1.87-01 1.90-01 1.97-01 1.98-01 2.05-01 2.10-01 2.14-01 2.18-01 2.25-01 2.29-01 2.36-01 2.39-01
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon Energy, MeV Atomic no. Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
1.0 5.80-02 5.67-02 5.84-02 5.78-02 5.85-02 5.80-02 5.88-02 5.96-02 6.07-02 6.07-02 6.19-02 6.11-02 6.19-02 6.12-02 6.20-02 6.20-02 6.26-02 6.32-02 6.40-02 6.40-02 6.48-02 6.50-02 6.57-02 6.62-02 6.69-02 6.71-02 6.79-02 6.86-02 6.95-02 6.99-02 7.03-02 7.10-02 7.21-02 7.39-02 7.54-02 7.30-02 7.45-02 7.53-02 7.69-02 7.71-02 7.94-02 7.90-02 8.13-02 8.26-02 8.33-02 8.41-02 8.62-02 8.70-02 8.89-02 8.94-02
2.0 4.10-02 4.01-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.18-02 4.24-02 4.24-02 4.31-02 4.24-02 4.28-02 4.23-02 4.27-02 4.26-02 4.29-02 4.32-02 4.36-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.39-02 4.41-02 4.43-02 4.46-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.52-02 4.57-02 4.57-02 4.58-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.65-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.81-02 4.93-02 4.88-02 4.99-02 5.05-02 5.06-02 5.08-02 5.18-02 5.20-02 5.28-02 5.28-02
5.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
500.0
1000.0
3.56-02 3.49-02 3.61-02 3.58-02 3.64-02 3.61-02 3.66-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.81-02 3.88-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 3.84-02 3.89-02 3.90-02 3.93-02 3.96-02 4.01-02 4.00-02 4.05-02 4.05-02 4.08-02 4.10-02 4.14-02 4.13-02 4.17-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.25-02 4.25-02 4.27-02 4.32-02 4.40-02 4.46-02 4.30-02 4.36-02 4.38-02 4.44-02 4.42-02 4.52-02 4.46-02 4.56-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.68-02 4.68-02 4.74-02 4.72-02
3.92-02 3.86-02 4.00-02 3.99-02 4.06-02 4.04-02 4.11-02 4.19-02 4.29-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.35-02 4.42-02 4.38-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.55-02 4.61-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.68-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.79-02 4.79-02 4.84-02 4.87-02 4.93-02 4.94-02 4.94-02 4.97-02 5.03-02 5.12-02 5.20-02 5.01-02 5.08-02 5.10-02 5.17-02 5.15-02 5.26-02 5.19-02 5.30-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.42-02 5.48-02 5.45-02
4.70-02 4.64-02 4.82-02 4.82-02 4.91-02 4.90-02 5.00-02 5.10-02 5.23-02 5.26-02 5.38-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.38-02 5.47-02 5.49-02 5.55-02 5.61-02 5.70-02 5.70-02 5.77-02 5.80-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.95-02 5.96-02 6.02-02 6.06-02 6.14-02 6.15-02 6.16-02 6.21-02 6.28-02 6.40-02 6.49-02 6.26-02 6.35-02 6.38-02 6.47-02 6.45-02 6.59-02 6.51-02 6.65-02 6.71-02 6.70-02 6.70-02 6.81-02 6.81-02 6.89-02 6.86-02
5.96-02 5.89-02 6.13-02 6.12-02 6.25-02 6.25-02 6.37-02 6.52-02 6.68-02 6.72-02 6.89-02 6.84-02 6.96-02 6.91-02 7.03-02 7.06-02 7.14-02 7.23-02 7.35-02 7.35-02 7.45-02 7.48-02 7.56-02 7.62-02 7.70-02 7.71-02 7.80-02 7.86-02 7.95-02 7.98-02 8.00-02 8.06-02 8.15-02 8.32-02 8.44-02 8.14-02 8.26-02 8.31-02 8.43-02 8.40-02 8.60-02 8.49-02 8.68-02 8.76-02 8.77-02 8.77-02 8.92-02 8.92-02 9.04-02 9.00-02
6.85-02 6.77-02 7.04-02 7.04-02 7.19-02 7.19-02 7.34-02 7.50-02 7.69-02 7.74-02 7.94-02 7.88-02 8.02-02 7.97-02 8.11-02 8.15-02 8.24-02 8.34-02 8.48-02 8.49-02 8.60-02 8.64-02 8.73-02 8.80-02 8.89-02 8.90-02 9.01-02 9.08-02 9.19-02 9.22-02 9.24-02 9.31-02 9.42-02 9.61-02 9.76-02 9.42-02 9.56-02 9.61-02 9.75-02 9.72-02 9.95-02 9.83-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.05-01
8.16-02 8.07-02 8.40-02 8.40-02 8.58-02 8.58-02 8.76-02 8.96-02 9.19-02 9.25-02 9.48-02 9.41-02 9.57-02 9.51-02 9.67-02 9.72-02 9.83-02 9.95-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.12-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.16-01 1.19-01 1.17-01 1.20-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01
8.44-02 8.35-02 8.69-02 8.69-02 8.88-02 8.88-02 9.06-02 9.27-02 9.50-02 9.56-02 9.81-02 9.73-02 9.90-02 9.83-02 1.00-01 1.00-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.04-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.13-01 1.13-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.19-01 1.20-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01 1.26-01 1.28-01 1.28-01 1.29-01 1.29-01
10-211
BLACK BODY RADIATION The total power radiated from an ideal black body and the wavelength corresponding to maximum power are given here as a function of absolute temperature. Constants used in the calculation are taken from the table “Fundamental Physical Constants” in Section 1. The radiated power in a band ∆λ at λmax may be calculated from: Pmax = 0.657548 (∆λ/λmax) Ptot T/K 50 100 150 200 250 273 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730
Ptot 0.354 W/m2 5.671 28.707 90.728 221.504 314.973 348.541 401.064 459.311 523.684 594.596 672.478 757.771 850.931 952.428 1.063 kW/m2 1.182 1.312 1.452 1.602 1.764 1.939 2.125 2.325 2.539 2.767 3.010 3.269 3.544 3.836 4.146 4.474 4.822 5.189 5.577 5.986 6.417 6.871 7.349 7.851 8.379 8.933 9.514 10.122 10.760 11.427 12.124 12.853 13.615 14.410 15.239 16.103
λmax/µm
T/K
57.955 28.978 19.318 14.489 11.591 10.614 10.349 9.992 9.659 9.348 9.055 8.781 8.523 8.279 8.049 7.832 7.626 7.430 7.244 7.068 6.899 6.739 6.586 6.439 6.299 6.165 6.037 5.914 5.796 5.682 5.573 5.467 5.366 5.269 5.175 5.084 4.996 4.911 4.830 4.750 4.674 4.600 4.528 4.458 4.391 4.325 4.261 4.200 4.140 4.081 4.025 3.970
740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500
Ptot 17.004 17.942 18.918 19.934 20.989 22.087 23.226 24.410 25.638 26.911 28.232 29.600 31.018 32.486 34.006 35.578 37.204 38.886 40.623 42.418 44.272 46.187 48.162 50.201 52.303 54.471 56.705 61.379 66.337 71.589 77.147 83.022 89.227 95.773 102.672 109.939 117.584 125.621 134.063 142.924 152.217 161.955 172.154 182.827 193.989 205.655 217.838 230.556 243.822 257.652 272.063 287.070
10-214
λmax/µm
T/K
Ptot
λmax/µm
3.916 3.864 3.813 3.763 3.715 3.668 3.622 3.577 3.534 3.491 3.450 3.409 3.369 3.331 3.293 3.256 3.220 3.184 3.150 3.116 3.083 3.050 3.018 2.987 2.957 2.927 2.898 2.841 2.786 2.734 2.683 2.634 2.587 2.542 2.498 2.456 2.415 2.375 2.337 2.300 2.264 2.229 2.195 2.163 2.131 2.100 2.070 2.041 2.012 1.985 1.958 1.932
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 2200 2220 2240 2260 2280 2300 2320 2340 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 2460 2480 2500 2550 2600
302.689 318.937 335.831 353.387 371.623 390.555 410.202 430.581 451.710 473.607 496.290 519.779 544.093 569.249 595.267 622.168 649.970 678.694 708.359 738.987 770.597 803.210 836.848 871.531 907.282 944.121 982.071 1.021 MW/m2 1.061 1.103 1.145 1.189 1.234 1.281 1.328 1.377 1.428 1.479 1.532 1.587 1.643 1.700 1.759 1.819 1.881 1.945 2.010 2.077 2.145 2.215 2.398 2.591
1.906 1.882 1.858 1.834 1.811 1.789 1.767 1.746 1.725 1.705 1.685 1.665 1.646 1.628 1.610 1.592 1.575 1.558 1.541 1.525 1.509 1.494 1.478 1.464 1.449 1.435 1.420 1.407 1.393 1.380 1.367 1.354 1.342 1.329 1.317 1.305 1.294 1.282 1.271 1.260 1.249 1.238 1.228 1.218 1.207 1.197 1.188 1.178 1.168 1.159 1.136 1.115
BLACK BODY RADIATION (continued) T/K 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 3350 3400 3450 3500 3550
Ptot 2.796 3.014 3.243 3.485 3.741 4.011 4.294 4.593 4.907 5.237 5.583 5.946 6.326 6.725 7.142 7.578 8.033 8.509 9.006
λmax/µm
T/K
1.093 1.073 1.054 1.035 1.017 0.999 0.982 0.966 0.950 0.935 0.920 0.906 0.892 0.878 0.865 0.852 0.840 0.828 0.816
3600 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000
Ptot
λmax/µm
T/K
0.805 0.794 0.783 0.773 0.763 0.753 0.743 0.734 0.724 0.707 0.690 0.674 0.659 0.644 0.630 0.617 0.604 0.591 0.580
5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000
9.524 10.065 10.627 11.214 11.824 12.458 13.118 13.804 14.517 16.024 17.645 19.386 21.254 23.253 25.389 27.670 30.101 32.689 35.441
Ptot 38.362 41.461 44.743 48.217 51.889 55.767 59.858 64.170 68.712 73.490 101.222 136.149 179.418 232.264 296.004 372.042 461.867 567.051
λmax/µm 0.568 0.557 0.547 0.537 0.527 0.517 0.508 0.500 0.491 0.483 0.446 0.414 0.386 0.362 0.341 0.322 0.305 0.290
The curves below show, for various temperatures, the fraction of radiant power as a function of wavelength. The function plotted is Pλ/∆λ Ptot, where Pλ is the power at wavelength λ in a small interval ∆λ (in µm), and Ptot is the total power.
0.25
Fraction of Radiant Power
0.20
1000 K
0.15
500 K
0.10
300 K
0.05 200 K 100 K
0
0
5
10
15 20 25 Wavelength in µm
10-215
30
35
40
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED DETECTORS This graph summarizes the wavelength response of some semiconductors used as detectors for infrared radiation. The quantity D*(λ) is the signal to noise ratio for an incident radiant power density of 1 W/cm2 and a bandwidth of 1 Hz (60° field of view). The Ge, InAs, and InSb detectors are photovoltaics, while the HgCdTe series are photoconductive devices. The cutoff wavelength of the latter can be varied by adjusting the relative amounts of Hg, Cd, and Te (three examples are shown at 77 K). The graph also shows the theoretical background limited sensitivity for ideal detectors which introduce no intrinsic noise. REFERENCE Infrared Detectors 1995, EG&G Judson, Montgomeryville, PA. 1014 Ge 77 K
1013 Ideal Photovoltaic (BLIP Limit) Ge -30°C
1012
Ideal Photoconductor (BLIP Limit)
D*(λ)
InAs 77 K InSb 77 K
Ge 22°C
1011
HgCdTe -55°C HgCdTe 77 K
1010
HgCdTe 77 K
InAs -30°C
HgCdTe 77 K
Doped Ge 4 K
109 InAs 22°C
108
HgCdTe -75°C
1
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 10 Wavelength (µm)
10-216
12
20
30
REFRACTIVE INDEX AND TRANSMITTANCE OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES Typical values of the index of refraction and internal transmittance (fraction of light transmitted through a one centimeter thickness) are tabulated here for selected types of glasses, as well as for synthetic fused (vitreous) silica. Nominal compositions are given in the first part of the table. The second part gives the index of refraction, relative to air, and the internal transmittance for representative samples of each glass at wavelengths in the infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions. It should be emphasized that wide variation of these parameters may be found among subtypes of each glass. More detailed data may be found in Reference 3. Assuming that the Lambert-Beer Law is followed, the transmittance of a glass plate of thickness d (in centimeters) can be obtained by raising the transmittance value in the table to the power d. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Weber, M.J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL ,1988. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. Schott Optical Glass, Schott Glass Technologies, Inc., 400 York Ave., Duryea, PA 18642. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986.
Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2
Name Phosphate crown Dense phosphate crown Borosilicate crown Crown Zinc crown Barium crown Dense crown Crown flint Barium light flint Extra dense crown Extra light flint Barium flint Light flint Flint Dense barium flint Dense flint Short flint Fused silica
Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LaK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2 a b
SiO2
70 74 71 60 39 67 51 35 63 46 53 47 43 33
B2O3
Al2O3
3 3 10
10 5
3 15
10
Composition in percent by mass Na2O K2O CaO BaO 12 8 9 17 3
5 2
16 6
8 11
5 4 1 6
5 2 1
PbO
12 5
10
19 41
5
20 42
3 14 8
16
8
11
5
8 8 8 7 7 5
P2O5 70 60
28 3
5 5
ZnO
12 4 24 22 34 44 33 62
100
1.060 µm
Index of refraction 546.1 nm 365.0 nm
1.51519 1.54154 1.50669 1.50091 1.52220 1.55695 1.59490 1.50586 1.57579 1.60402 1.69710 1.52775 1.56873 1.56594 1.58636 1.60889 1.71350 1.59680 1.44968
1.52736 1.55440 1.51872 1.51314 1.53534 1.57124 1.60994 1.51978 1.59166 1.61993 1.71616 1.54344 1.58565 1.58482 1.60718 1.62987 1.74620 1.61639 1.46008
1.54503 1.57342 1.53627 1.53189 1.55588 1.59407 1.63398 1.54251 1.61804 1.64595 1.74573 1.57038 1.61524 1.61926 1.64606 1.66926 1.8145 1.64849 1.47435a
312.6 nm 1.5574 1.5868 1.5486 1.5454 1.5708 1.6108 1.5600
1.6739 1.53430b
At 366.3 nm. At 213.9 nm.
10-217
1.060 µm 0.997 0.996 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.996 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.997 0.999 0.998
Transmittance of 1 cm plate 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998
0.987 0.984 0.987 0.988 0.976 0.986 0.959 0.989 0.933 0.915 0.882 0.990 0.992 0.981 0.959 0.857 0.650 0.672
310 nm 0.46 0.46 0.35 0.40 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.49 0.010 0.010 0.17 0.32 0.004 0.008
0.012
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF WATER This table gives the index of refraction of liquid water at atmospheric pressure, relative to a vacuum, at several temperatures and wavelengths. It is generated from the formulation in Reference 1, which covers a wide range of temperature, pressure, and wavelength.The wavelengths listed here correspond to prominent lines of cadmium (226.50 and 361.05 nm), potassium (404.41 nm), sodium (589.00 nm), Ne (632.80 nm, from a helium neon laser), and mercury (1.01398 µm). REFERENCES 1. Schiebener, P., Straub, J., Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., and Gallagher, J.S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 677 (1990); 19, 1617, 1990. 2. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. T/°C
226.50 nm
361.05 nm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1.39450 1.39422 1.39336 1.39208 1.39046 1.38854 1.38636 1.38395 1.38132 1.37849 1.37547
1.34896 1.34870 1.34795 1.34682 1.34540 1.34373 1.34184 1.33974 1.33746 1.33501 1.33239
404.41 nm
589.00 nm
1.34415 1.34389 1.34315 1.34205 1.34065 1.33901 1.33714 1.33508 1.33284 1.33042 1.32784
1.33432 1.33408 1.33336 1.33230 1.33095 1.32937 1.32757 1.32559 1.32342 1.32109 1.31861
10-218
632.80 nm 1.33306 1.33282 1.33211 1.33105 1.32972 1.32814 1.32636 1.32438 1.32223 1.31991 1.31744
1.01398 µm 1.32612 1.32591 1.32524 1.32424 1.32296 1.32145 1.31974 1.31784 1.31576 1.31353 1.31114
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF LIQUIDS FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES This table gives the index of refraction of six liquids which are available in highly pure form and whose index of refraction has been accurately measured as a function of wavelength and temperature. They are therefore useful for calibration of refractometers. The estimated uncertainty in the values is: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hexadecane trans-Bicyclo[4.0.0]decane 1-Methylnaphthalene Toluene Methylcyclohexane
±0.00003 ±0.00008 ±0.00008 ±0.00008 ±0.00003 ±0.00003
Full details are given in the references. This table is reprinted from Reference 1 by permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Tilton, L. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 32, 71, 1941.
λ nm
20°C
667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83
1.38916 1.38945 1.39145 1.39316 1.39544 1.39639 1.40029
λ nm
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 25°C 30°C 1.38670 1.38698 1.38898 1.39068 1.39294 1.39389 1.39776
1.38424 1.38452 1.38650 1.38820 1.39044 1.39138 1.39523
trans-Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane 20°C 25°C 30°C
20°C
Hexadecane 25°C
30°C
1.43204 1.43235 1.43453 1.43640 1.43888 1.43993 1.44419
1.43001 1.43032 1.43250 1.43436 1.43684 1.43788 1.44213
1.42798 1.42829 1.43047 1.43232 1.43480 1.43583 1.44007
20°C
1-Methylnaphthalene 25°C 30°C
667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83
1.46654 1.46688 1.46932 1.47141 1.47420 1.47535 1.48011
1.46438 1.46472 1.46715 1.46923 1.47200 1.47315 1.47789
1.46222 1.46256 1.46498 1.46705 1.46980 1.47095 1.47567
1.60828 1.60940 1.61755 1.62488 1.63513 1.63958
λ nm
20°C
Toluene 25°C
30°C
20°C
667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83
1.49180 1.49243 1.49693 1.50086 1.50620 1.50847 1.51800
1.48903 1.48966 1.49413 1.49803 1.50334 1.50559 1.51506
1.48619 1.48682 1.49126 1.49514 1.50041 1.50265 1.51206
1.42064 1.42094 1.42312 1.42497 1.42744 1.42847 1.43269
10-219
1.60592 1.60703 1.61512 1.62240 1.63259 1.63701 1.65627
1.60360 1.60471 1.61278 1.62005 1.63022 1.63463 1.65386
Methylcyclohexane 25°C 30°C 1.41812 1.41842 1.42058 1.42243 1.42488 1.42590 1.43010
1.41560 1.41591 1.41806 1.41989 1.42233 1.42334 1.42752
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR This is a table of the index of refraction n of dry air at 15°C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa and containing 0.03% by volume of carbon dioxide (“standard air”). The index of refraction is defined by n = λvac/ λair, where λ is the wavelength of the radiation. The index is calculated from the expression: (n – 1) × 108 = 8342.13 + 2406030(130 – σ2)-1 + 15997(38.9 – σ2)-1 where σ = 1/ λvac and λvac has units of µm. The equation is valid for λvac from 200 nm to 2 µm. The table also gives the correction (n - 1)λair which must be added to the wavelength in air to obtain λvac. If the air is at a temperature t in °C and a pressure p in pascals, a value of (n - 1) from this table should be multiplied by
[
p 1 + p(61.3 – t ) × 10 –10
]
96095.4(1 + 0.003661t ) REFERENCE Edlen, B., Metrologia, 2, 71, 1966. λvac 200 nm 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530
(n - 1) × 108
λvac - λair
32408 31746 31224 30799 30445 30146 29890 29669 29475 29306 29155 29022 28902 28795 28698 28611 28531 28458 28392 28331 28275 28223 28175 28131 28090 28052 28016 27983 27952 27923 27896 27870 27846 27824
0.0648 nm 0.0666 0.0687 0.0708 0.0730 0.0753 0.0777 0.0801 0.0825 0.0850 0.0874 0.0899 0.0925 0.0950 0.0975 0.1001 0.1027 0.1053 0.1079 0.1105 0.1131 0.1157 0.1183 0.1209 0.1236 0.1262 0.1288 0.1315 0.1341 0.1368 0.1394 0.1421 0.1448 0.1474
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
λvac 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870
(n - 1) × 108 27803 27782 27763 27745 27728 27712 27697 27682 27669 27656 27643 27631 27620 27609 27599 27589 27579 27570 27562 27553 27545 27538 27530 27523 27516 27510 27504 27498 27492 27486 27481 27476 27471 27466
λvac - λair 0.1501 0.1528 0.1554 0.1581 0.1608 0.1635 0.1661 0.1688 0.1715 0.1742 0.1769 0.1796 0.1822 0.1849 0.1876 0.1903 0.1930 0.1957 0.1984 0.2011 0.2038 0.2065 0.2092 0.2119 0.2146 0.2173 0.2200 0.2227 0.2254 0.2281 0.2308 0.2335 0.2362 0.2389
λvac 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 nm 1.00 µm 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 µm
(n - 1) × 108
λvac - λair
27461 27457 27452 27448 27444 27440 27436 27432 27429 27425 27422 27419
0.2416 0.2443 0.2470 0.2497 0.2524 0.2551 0.2578 0.2605 0.2632 0.2660 0.2687 0.2714 nm
27416 27401 27389 27378 27368 27360 27352 27346 27340 27334 27330 27325 27321 27318 27314 27311 27309 27306 27304 27302 27300
0.000274 µm 0.000288 0.000301 0.000315 0.000328 0.000342 0.000355 0.000369 0.000383 0.000396 0.000410 0.000423 0.000437 0.000451 0.000464 0.000478 0.000491 0.000505 0.000519 0.000532 0.000546 µm
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES William F. Krupke Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation was first demonstrated by Maiman in 1960, the result of a population inversion produced between energy levels of chromium ions in a ruby crystal when irradiated with a xenon flashlamp. Since then population inversions and coherent emission have been generated in literally thousands of substances (neutral and ionized gases, liquids, and solids) using a variety of incoherent excitation techniques (optical pumping, electrical discharges, gas-dynamic flow, electron-beams, chemical reactions, nuclear decay). The extrema of laser output parameters which have been demonstrated to date and the laser media used are summarized in Table 1. Note that the extreme power and energy parameters listed in this table were attained with laser systems rather than with simple laser oscillators. Laser sources are commonly classified in terms of the state-of-matter of the active medium: gas, liquid, and solid. Each of these classes is further subdivided into one or more types as shown in Table 2. A well-known representative example of each type of laser is also given in Table 2 together with its nominal operation wavelength and the methods by which it is pumped. The various lasers together cover a wide spectral range from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. The particular wavelength of emission (usually a narrow line) is presented for some six dozen lasers in Figures 1A and 1B. By suitably designing the excitation source and/or by controlling the laser resonator structure, laser systems can provide continuous or pulsed radiation as shown in Table 3. Besides the method of excitation and the temporal behavior of a laser, there are many other parameters that characterize its operation and efficiency, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Although many lasers only emit in one or more narrow spectral “lines”, an increasing number of lasers can be tuned by changing the composition or the pressure of the medium, or by varying the wavelength of the pump bands. The spectral regions in which these tunable lasers operate are presented in Figure 2. REFERENCE Krupke, W. F., in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. I, Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
TABLE 1 Extrema of Output Parameters of Laser Devices or Systems Parameter
Value
Peak power Peak power density Pulse energy Average power Pulse duration
1 × 1014 W (collimated) 1018 W/cm2 (focused) >105 J 105 W 3 × 10–15 s continuous wave (cw)
Wavelength Efficiency (nonlaser pumped) Beam quality Spectral linewidth Spatial coherence
60 nm ↔ 385 µm 70% Diffraction limited 20 Hz (for 10–1 s) 10 m
10-221
Laser medium Nd:glass Nd:glass CO2, Nd:glass CO2 Rh6G dye; various gases, liquids, solids Many required CO Various gases, liquids, solids Neon-helium Ruby
TABLE 2 Classes, Types, and Representative Examples of Laser Sources
Class Gas
Solid
Nominal operating wavelength (nm)
10-222
Atom, neutral (electronic transition) Atom, ionic (electronic transition) Molecule, neutral (electronic transition)
Neon-Helium (Ne-He) Argon (Ar+) Krypton fluoride (KrF)
633 488 248
Molecule, neutral (vibrational transition)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
10600
Molecule, neutral (rotational transition) Molecule, ionic (electronic transition) Organic solvent (dye-chromophore)
Methyl fluoride (CH3F) Nitrogen ion (N2+) Rhodamine dye (Rh6G)
496000 420 580–610
Organic solvent (rare earth chelate) Inorganic solvent (trivalent rare earth ion) Insulator, crystal (impurity) Insulator, crystal (stoichiometric) Insulator, crystal (color center) Insulator, amorphous (impurity) Semiconductor (p-n junction) Semiconductor (electron-hole plasma)
Europium:TTF Neodymium:POCl4 Neodymium:YAG Neodymium:UP(NdP5O14) F2–:LiF Neodymium:glass GaAs GaAs
612 1060 1064 1052 1120 1061 820 890
Method(s) of excitation Glow discharge Arc discharge Glow discharge; ebeam Glow discharge; gasdynamic flow Laser pumping E-beam Flashlamp; laser pumping Flashlamp Flashlamp Flashlamp, arc lamp Flashlamp Laser pumping Flashlamp Injection current E-beam, laser pumping
Table 3 Temporal Characteristics of Lasers and Laser Systems
Form Continuous wave Pulsed Q-Switched Cavity dumped Mode locked
Technique Excitation is continuous; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is pulsed; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very low value to a moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very high value to a low value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; phase or loss of the resonator modes is modulated at a rate related to the resonator transit time
Pulse width range (s)
∞ 10–8–10–3 10–8–10–6 10–7–10–5
10–12–10–9
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)
Liquid
Representative example
Type (characteristic)
Table 4 Properties and Performance of Some Continuous Wave (CW) Lasers Gas Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density
a b
Junction thickness:width:length. Pressure dependent.
Torr ions/cm3 nm cm–2 s s nm W cm–2 s cm–3 cm–1 W cm–3 W cm–3 cm:cm A/V A cm–2 W W %
Neon helium
Argon ion
Carbon dioxide
DC discharge Neon:helium 0.1:1.0
DC discharge Argon 0.4
DC discharge CO2:N2:He 0.4:0.8:5.0
633 3(-13) ;1(-7) ;1(-7) 2(-3) Inhomogeneous
488 1.6(-12) 7.5(-9) ;5.0(-9) 5(-3) Inhomogeneous
;1(-8) ; 1(9) ;1(-3)
;4(-10) 2(10) ;3(-2)
10600 1.5(-16) 4(-3) ;4(-3) 1.6(-2) Homogeneous ; 20 ;5(-6) b 2(15) 1(-2)
Solid Nd:YAG
GaAs
Ar+ laser pump Rh 6G:H2O
Krypton arc lamp Nd:YAG
DC injection p:n:GaAs
2(18):2(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9) 6.0(-9) 80 Homogeneous 3(5) <1(-12) 2(16) 4
1.5(20):2(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4) 2.3(-4) 0.5 Homogeneous 2.3(3) <1(-7) 6(16) 5(-2)
2(19):3(18):3(22) 810 ;6(-15) ;1(-9) ;1(-9) 10 Homogeneous ; 2(4) <1(-12) 1(16) 40
3
900
0.15
1(6)
150
7(7)
2.6(-3) 0.5:100 3(-2):2(3) 0.15 60 0.06 0.1
;1 0.3:100 30:300 600 9(3) 10 0.1
2(-2) 5.0:600 0.1:1.5(4) 6(-3) 1.5(3) 240 13
3(5) 1(-3):0.3
95 0.6:10 90:125 140 1.1(4) 300 2.6
5(6) 5(-4):7(-3);2(-2)a 1.0/1.7 4.5(3) 1.7 0.12 7
4 0.3 7
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)
10-223
Wavelength Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Type, gain saturation Homogeneous saturation flux Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Pump power density Output power density Laser size (diameter:length) Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation power Output power Efficiency
Unit
Liquid Rhodamine 6G dye
Table 5 Properties and Performance of Some Pulsed Lasers Gas Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density
a b
torr ions/cm3 nm cm–2 s s nm J/cm2 s cm–3 cm–1 J/cm3 J/cm3 cm:cm:cm A/V A cm2 W J s W %
Carbon dixoxide
Krypton fluoride
TEA-discharge CO2:N2:He 100:50:600
E-beam/sust. CO2:N2:He 240:240:320
Glow discharge He:Kr:F2 1070:70:3
E-beam Ar:Kr:F2 1235:52:3
10600 2(-18) 4(-3) ;1(-4) 1 0.2 5(-8)a 3(17) 2(-2) 0.1 2(-2) 4.5:4.5:87 6(4)/3.3(3) 8.5 2(8) 35 1(-6) 3.5(7) 17
10600 2(-18) 4(-3) 5(-5) 1 0.2 1(-8)a 6(17) 4(-2) 0.36 1.8(-2) 10:10:100 2.4(4)/4(4) 22 9(8) 180 4(-6) 4(7) 5
249 2(-16) 7(-9) 2(-9) 2 4(-3) <1(-12) 4(14) 8–92) 0.15 1.5(-3) 1.5:4.5:100 2.5(4)/1.5(5) 170 4(9) 1 2.5(-8) 4(7) 1
249 2(-16) 7(-9) 3(-9) 2 4(-3) <1(-12) 2(14) 4(-2) 0.13 1.2(-2) 8.5:10:100 1.2(4)/2.5(5) 11.5 3(9) 102 6(-7) 2(8) 10b
Pressure dependent. Intrinsic efficiency ≡ energy output/energy deposited in gas.
Liquid Rhodamine 6G
Nd:YAG
Solid
Xenon flashlamp Rh6G:alcohol
Xenon flashlamp Nd:YAG
1(18):1.5(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9) 6.0(-9) 80 2(-3) <1(-12) 2(16) 4 2.8 0.85 1.2φ25 2(5)/2.5(4) 2.6(3) 5.4(9) 32 3.2(-6) 1(7) 0.2
1.5(20):1(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4) 2.3(-4) 0.5 0.6 <1(-7) 4(17) 0.3 0.15 5(-2) 0.6φ7.5
Xenon flashlamp Nd:Glass 3(20):2(22) 1061 2.8(-20) 4.1(-4) 3.7(-4) 26 ;5 <1(-8) 3(18) 8(-2) 0.6 2(-2) 0.6φ8.3
4(4) 0.1 2(-8) 5(6) 1.5
9(4) 1.0 1(-4) 1(4) 3.7
Nd:glass
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)
10-224
Wavelength Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Homogeneous saturation fluence Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Medium excitation energy density Output energy density Laser dimensions Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation peak power Output pulse energy Output pulse length Output pulse power Efficiency
Unit
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES Arthur Maki The CO2 laser has been the subject of a number of very accurate frequency measurements. Most of the earlier measurements are given by Bradley et al.1 That analysis was based on a single absolute frequency measurement and many laser frequency differences. New measurements of the methane frequency2-4 have made it necessary to slightly revise that single absolute frequency measurement. In addition, there have been several other absolute frequency measurements5-7 that have been used here to improve the accuracy of the present tables. New frequency difference measurements have also been added to the database used for the present tables.8 REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Bradley, L. C., Soohoo, K. L., and Freed, C., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 234-267, 1986. Clairon, A., Dahmani, B., Filimon, A., and Rutman, J., IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas., IM-34, 265-268, 1985. Weiss, C. O., Kramer, G., Lipphardt, B., and Garcia, E., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-24, 1970-1972, 1988. Bagayev, S. N., Baklanov, A. E., Chebotayev, V. P., and Dychkov, A. S., Appl. Phys., B-48, 31-35, 1989. Blaney, T. G., Bradley, C. C., Edwards, G. J., Jolliffe, B. W., Knight, D. J. E., Rowley, W. R. C., Shotten, K. C., and Woods, P. T., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A-355, 61-88, 1977. 6. Chardonnet, Ch., Van Lerberghe, A., and Bordé, Ch. J., Opt. Comm., 58, 333-337, 1986. 7. Clairon, A., Acef, O., Chardonnet, Ch., and Bordé, Ch. J., Frequency Standards and Metrology, De Marchi, A., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989, p. 212. 8. Evenson, K., private communication. Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6)
26721305.4647 26794232.6712 26866318.8073 26937571.7234 27007998.9216 27077607.5643 27146404.4834 27214396.1873 27281588.8696 27347988.4161 27413600.4119 27478430.1487 27542482.6310 27605762.5826 27668274.4525 27730022.4206 27791010.4036 27851242.0594 27910720.7927 27969449.7593 28027431.8708 28084669.7981 28141165.9762 28196922.6067 28251941.6622 28306224.8888 28359773.8090 28412589.7245 28464673.7184 28516026.6574 28566649.1935 28616541.7661 28665704.6027
0.1680 0.1217 0.0867 0.0606 0.0415 0.0279 0.0185 0.0121 0.0081 0.0057 0.0043 0.0036 0.0032 0.0030 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008
10-228
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6)
29789856.3783 29861850.7690 29933216.1760 30003944.2861 30074026.9127 30143456.0039 30212223.6504 30280322.0930 30347743.7306 30414481.1273 30480527.0196 30545874.3239 30610516.1429 30674445.7724 30737656.7080 30800142.6511 30861897.5150 30922915.4310 30983190.7534 31042718.0652 31101492.1833 31159508.1631 31216761.3029 31273247.1487 31328961.4978 31383900.4028 31438060.1749 31491437.3872 31544028.8776 31595831.7516 31646843.3843 31697061.4225 31746483.7868
0.0308 0.0192 0.0122 0.0086 0.0072 0.0066 0.0061 0.0055 0.0049 0.0044 0.0041 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
28714137.7205 28761840.9272 28832026.2198 28877902.4382 28923046.4303 28967457.0657 29011133.0054 29054072.7010 29096274.3935 29137736.1129 29178455.6759 29218430.6852 29257658.5269 29296136.3689 29333861.1583 29370829.6191 29407038.2491 29442483.3168 29477160.8582 29511066.6733 29544196.3221 29576545.1205 29608108.1360 29638880.1831 29668855.8183 29698029.3350 29726394.7582 29753945.8385 29780676.0464 29806578.5659 29831646.2878 29855871.8032 29879247.3960 29901765.0357 29923416.3695 29944192.7145 29964085.0488 29983084.0036
0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0022 0.0024 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0058 0.0074 0.0113 0.0186 0.0302 0.0475 0.0720
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
31795108.6724 31842934.5511 31913172.5691 31958996.0621 32004017.3822 32048236.2498 32091652.6619 32134266.8917 32176079.4878 32217091.2721 32257303.3386 32296717.0510 32335334.0408 32373156.2044 32410185.7003 32446424.9459 32481876.6140 32516543.6293 32550429.1641 32583536.6340 32615869.6937 32647432.2320 32678228.3665 32708262.4386 32737539.0081 32766062.8469 32793838.9334 32820872.4463 32847168.7576 32872733.4269 32897572.1935 32921690.9701 32945095.8355 32967793.0268 32989788.9322 33011090.0831 33031703.1467 33051634.9172
0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0045 0.0055 0.0071 0.0099 0.0141 0.0202 0.0288 0.0407 0.0567 0.0780 0.1060 0.1423
Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46)
25523832.1808 25590013.4703 25655543.6502 25720428.2487 25784672.4840 25848281.2771 25911259.2627 25973610.8005 26035339.9857 26096450.6582 26156946.4123
0.7836 0.5415 0.3629 0.2339 0.1430 0.0810 0.0405 0.0157 0.0045 0.0079 0.0101
10-229
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46)
28512082.5283 28585121.9396 28657449.4180 28729056.6374 28799935.4147 28870077.7187 28939475.6771 29008121.5846 29076007.9109 29143127.3077 29209472.6164
1.2894 0.9194 0.6420 0.4375 0.2897 0.1853 0.1135 0.0659 0.0357 0.0180 0.0090
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66)
26216830.6053 26276106.3655 26334776.6003 26392844.0030 26450311.0599 26507180.0565 26563453.0836 26619132.0428 26674218.6515 26728714.4479 26782620.7952 26835938.8858 26888669.7451 26940814.2347 26992373.0555 27043346.7508 27093735.7083 27143540.1624 27192760.1962 27241395.7431 27289446.5880 27336912.3682 27407012.8882 27453013.4589 27498426.5430 27543251.1200 27587486.0225 27631129.9356 27674181.3963 27716638.7917 27758500.3577 27799764.1770 27840428.1773 27880490.1283 27919947.6395 27958798.1567 27997038.9591 28034667.1551 28071679.6785 28108073.2842 28143844.5432 28178989.8377 28213505.3554 28247387.0838 28280630.8035 28313232.0818 28345186.2652 28376488.4720 28407133.5839 28437116.2372 28466430.8141 28495071.4324 28523031.9357 28550305.8819 28576886.5323 28602766.8393
0.0101 0.0090 0.0077 0.0068 0.0063 0.0061 0.0060 0.0058 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0047 0.0046 0.0045 0.0043 0.0040 0.0037 0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0030 0.0029 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0027 0.0027 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 0.0028 0.0033 0.0046 0.0083 0.0161 0.0301 0.0531 0.0887 0.1419 0.2188 0.3271 0.4763 0.6781 0.9467
10-230
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66)
29275036.8754 29339813.3270 29403795.4243 29466976.8383 29529351.4635 29590913.4252 29651657.0844 29711577.0447 29770668.1566 29828925.5239 29886344.5074 29942920.7308 29998650.0838 30053528.7271 30107553.0955 30160719.9016 30213026.1388 30264469.0839 30315046.2994 30364755.6359 30413595.2335 30461563.5231 30531879.5415 30577664.6138 30622575.1885 30666611.0128 30709772.1257 30752058.8571 30793471.8269 30834011.9425 30873680.3976 30912478.6694 30950408.5159 30987471.9732 31023671.3517 31059009.2327 31093488.4642 31127112.1569 31159883.6793 31191806.6529 31222884.9469 31253122.6730 31282524.1795 31311094.0452 31338837.0736 31365758.2858 31391862.9147 31417156.3972 31441644.3679 31465332.6516 31488227.2557 31510334.3631 31531660.3243 31552211.6497 31571995.0017 31591017.1868
0.0058 0.0050 0.0044 0.0037 0.0032 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0031 0.0035 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0057 0.0056 0.0054 0.0051 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0043 0.0045 0.0046 0.0048 0.0053 0.0061 0.0077 0.0108 0.0173 0.0295 0.0505 0.0845 0.1366 0.2138 0.3247 0.4800 0.6932 0.9805 1.3619
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38)
27045326.3119 27114914.0922 27183635.7945 27251496.4118 27318500.7361 27384653.3618 27449958.6881 27514420.9224 27578044.0828 27640832.0010 27702788.3248 27763916.5206 27824219.8762 27883701.5029 27942364.3379 28000211.1464 28057244.5242 28113466.8992 28168880.5335 28223487.5256 28277289.8118 28330289.1679 28382487.2111 28433885.4012 28484485.0420 28534287.2828 28583293.1193 28631503.3952 28678918.8025 28725539.8830 28771367.0288 28816400.4829 28860640.3403 28904086.5477 28946738.9048 29009228.1702 29049894.0586 29089764.2368 29128837.8426 29167113.8668 29204591.1529 29241268.3964 29277144.1444 29312216.7955 29346484.5984 29379945.6517 29412597.9024 29444439.1458 29475467.0236 29505679.0230 29535072.4755 29563644.5557 29591392.2794 29618312.5023 29644401.9182
0.4540 0.3324 0.2392 0.1688 0.1165 0.0783 0.0510 0.0319 0.0191 0.0108 0.0059 0.0035 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023 0.0028
10-231
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38)
30695237.5856 30755520.2231 30815311.4928 30874607.2084 30933403.2309 30991695.4724 31049479.9009 31106752.5446 31163509.4964 31219746.9183 31275461.0455 31330648.1908 31385304.7490 31439427.2006 31493012.1163 31546056.1605 31598556.0954 31650508.7847 31701911.1970 31752760.4093 31803053.6105 31852788.1043 31901961.3125 31950570.7773 31998614.1649 32046089.2669 32092994.0036 32139326.4254 32185084.7154 32230267.1907 32274872.3041 32318898.6455 32362344.9434 32405210.0652 32447493.0185 32509824.0580 32550648.1723 32590887.7542 32630542.4457 32669612.0295 32708096.4282 32745995.7040 32783310.0573 32820039.8258 32856185.4827 32891747.6358 32926727.0254 32961124.5220 32994941.1249 33028177.9594 33060836.2743 33092917.4394 33124422.9429 33155354.3878 33185713.4894
0.0858 0.0570 0.0364 0.0223 0.0131 0.0075 0.0049 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0046 0.0049
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
29669657.0575 29694074.2853 29717649.7992 29740379.6276 29762259.6274 29783285.4820 29803452.6988 29822756.6072 29841192.3558 29858754.9100 29875439.0495 29891239.3658 29906150.2589 29920165.9352 29933280.4042 29945487.4756
0.0036 0.0053 0.0082 0.0128 0.0200 0.0307 0.0461 0.0681 0.0985 0.1401 0.1960 0.2702 0.3673 0.4930 0.6540 0.8581
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)
33215502.0716 33244722.0637 33273375.4969 33301464.5003 33328991.2976 33355958.2027 33382367.6161 33408222.0209 33433523.9780 33458276.1228 33482481.1601 33506141.8605 33529261.0556 33551841.6335 33573886.5352 33595398.7493
0.0056 0.0068 0.0092 0.0134 0.0199 0.0294 0.0427 0.0607 0.0848 0.1165 0.1576 0.2104 0.2775 0.3621 0.4679 0.5992
Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4)
25967863.7652 26033448.2798 26098273.9159 26162346.4813 26225671.5466 26288254.4494 26350100.2984 26411213.9778 26471600.1504 26531263.2618 26590207.5442 26648437.0195 26705955.5026 26762766.6051 26818873.7378 26874280.1143 26928988.7531 26983002.4809 27036323.9351 27088955.5657 27140899.6384 27192158.2363 27242733.2620 27292626.4396 27341839.3165 27390373.2651 27438229.4843 27485409.0008 27531912.6704 27577741.1795 27622895.0455 27667374.6182 27711180.0803 27754311.4480
1.1146 0.8152 0.5860 0.4129 0.2844 0.1906 0.1237 0.0772 0.0459 0.0258 0.0138 0.0077 0.0057 0.0055 0.0055 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0055 0.0054 0.0051 0.0049 0.0047 0.0044 0.0042 0.0040 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0033 0.0034
10-232
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4)
28960476.2278 29022326.9578 29083661.3546 29144473.5795 29204757.8761 29264508.5768 29323720.1086 29382386.9988 29440503.8809 29498065.4997 29555066.7172 29611502.5178 29667368.0132 29722658.4475 29777369.2022 29831495.8006 29885033.9125 29937979.3584 29990328.1139 30042076.3132 30093220.2534 30143756.3978 30193681.3793 30242992.0038 30291685.2529 30339758.2870 30387208.4477 30434033.2603 30480230.4356 30525797.8725 30570733.6593 30615036.0750 30658703.5912 30701734.8727
0.4069 0.2861 0.1961 0.1303 0.0833 0.0507 0.0290 0.0152 0.0073 0.0038 0.0032 0.0031 0.0031 0.0034 0.0039 0.0044 0.0049 0.0053 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0053 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0046 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
27796768.5718 27859189.3155 27899959.0889 27940052.7921 27979469.5315 28018208.2478 28056267.7161 28093646.5448 28130343.1757 28166355.8825 28201682.7706 28236321.7757 28270270.6628 28303527.0249 28336088.2817 28367951.6781 28399114.2823 28429572.9843 28459324.4940 28488365.3390 28516691.8625 28544300.2211 28571186.3823 28597346.1222 28622775.0223 28647468.4672 28671421.6417 28694629.5272 28717086.8993 28738788.3239 28759728.1540 28779900.5263 28799299.3572 28817918.3393 28835750.9374 28852790.3843 28869029.6768
0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0024 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029 0.0031 0.0032 0.0032 0.0038 0.0071 0.0148 0.0286 0.0510 0.0852 0.1355 0.2075 0.3078 0.4447 0.6283 0.8707 1.1863
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)
30744128.7785 30806522.5414 30847319.2956 30887476.2168 30926993.0424 30965869.7046 31004106.3298 31041703.2379 31078660.9408 31114980.1420 31150661.7340 31185706.7976 31220116.5992 31253892.5891 31287036.3991 31319549.8396 31351434.8973 31382693.7318 31413328.6728 31443342.2165 31472737.0219 31501515.9074 31529681.8467 31557237.9646 31584187.5329 31610533.9656 31636280.8146 31661431.7650 31685990.6298 31709961.3449 31733347.9642 31756154.6537 31778385.6867 31800045.4375 31821138.3761 31841669.0622 31861642.1394
0.0045 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0040 0.0042 0.0046 0.0057 0.0088 0.0151 0.0261 0.0434 0.0693 0.1068 0.1594 0.2317 0.3291 0.4581 0.6268
Frequencies for the 011e1-(111e0,031e0)I and 011e1-(111e0,031e0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35)
26125213.2723 26191576.6703 26257240.7898 26322208.2302 26386481.4313 26450062.6783 26512954.1076 26575157.7109 26636675.3402 26697508.7115 26757659.4084 26817128.8857 26875918.4726
1.6633 1.0880 0.6844 0.4094 0.2286 0.1155 0.0498 0.0191 0.0160 0.0182 0.0177 0.0160 0.0144
10-233
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35)
30427055.2899 30494640.3229 30561557.5929 30627802.0344 30693368.7014 30758252.7710 30822449.5469 30885954.4624 30948763.0834 31010871.1119 31072274.3882 31132968.8940 31192950.7549
0.1962 0.1332 0.0865 0.0530 0.0306 0.0175 0.0123 0.0114 0.0109 0.0100 0.0091 0.0091 0.0102
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) R(1) R(3) R(5) R(7) R(9) R(11) R(13) R(15) R(17) R(19) R(21) R(23) R(25) R(27) R(29) R(31) R(33) R(35) R(37) R(39) R(41) R(43) R(45) R(47) R(49) R(51) R(53)
26934029.3751 26991462.6787 27048219.3509 27104300.2431 27159706.0925 27214437.5237 27268495.0505 27321879.0769 27374589.8987 27426627.7040 27477992.5747 27528684.4867 27578703.3113 27628048.8151 27676720.6609 27724718.4080 27841759.7696 27887393.2105 27932349.2934 27976627.0108 28020225.2521 28063142.8031 28105378.3457 28146930.4576 28187797.6116 28227978.1750 28267470.4088 28306272.4666 28344382.3939 28381798.1267 28418517.4902 28454538.1976 28489857.8477 28524473.9240 28558383.7917 28591584.6963 28624073.7602 28655847.9806 28686904.2261 28717239.2334 28746849.6038 28775731.7988 28803882.1361
0.0131 0.0119 0.0106 0.0096 0.0093 0.0097 0.0104 0.0108 0.0108 0.0104 0.0098 0.0096 0.0101 0.0113 0.0127 0.0141 0.0152 0.0146 0.0135 0.0124 0.0115 0.0110 0.0109 0.0109 0.0107 0.0103 0.0099 0.0099 0.0107 0.0122 0.0141 0.0165 0.0213 0.0312 0.0486 0.0754 0.1131 0.1644 0.2328 0.3239 0.4465 0.6142 0.8465
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) P(1) P(3) P(5) P(7) P(9) P(11) P(13) P(15) P(17) P(19) P(21) P(23) P(25) P(27) P(29) P(31) P(33) P(35) P(37) P(39) P(41) P(43) P(45) P(47) P(49) P(51) P(53)
31252216.2430 31310761.7788 31368583.9339 31425679.4328 31482045.1550 31537678.1367 31592575.5725 31646734.8172 31700153.3868 31752828.9602 31804759.3803 31855942.6551 31906376.9582 31956060.6304 32004992.1796 32053170.2819 32170312.0391 32215845.0845 32260620.8121 32304638.8261 32347898.8990 32390400.9714 32432145.1513 32473131.7137 32513361.0997 32552833.9153 32591550.9309 32629513.0796 32666721.4564 32703177.3164 32738882.0732 32773837.2976 32808044.7156 32841506.2063 32874223.8000 32906199.6761 32937436.1606 32967935.7238 32997700.9775 33026734.6728 33055039.6965 33082619.0689 33109475.9403
0.0118 0.0134 0.0147 0.0155 0.0157 0.0154 0.0147 0.0137 0.0127 0.0119 0.0113 0.0113 0.0116 0.0122 0.0129 0.0136 0.0149 0.0151 0.0152 0.0152 0.0150 0.0148 0.0145 0.0142 0.0140 0.0140 0.0141 0.0143 0.0144 0.0142 0.0136 0.0136 0.0174 0.0279 0.0462 0.0735 0.1114 0.1624 0.2292 0.3151 0.4238 0.5595 0.7272
Frequencies for the 011f1-(111f0,031f0)I and 011f1-(111f0,031f0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48)
26051570.0104 26120964.4932 26189552.8496 26257339.6006 26324329.0344 26390525.2136 26455931.9824
4.4521 3.0629 2.0516 1.3305 0.8289 0.4901 0.2698
10-234
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48)
30355115.0204 30425283.5969 30494732.8293 30563455.6325 30631445.1076 30698694.5456 30765197.4310
0.2752 0.1926 0.1301 0.0840 0.0512 0.0292 0.0163
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50)
26520552.9722 26584391.6075 26647451.1105 26709734.5057 26771244.6242 26831984.1067 26891955.4069 26951160.7945 27009602.3576 27067282.0045 27124201.4662 27180362.2977 27235765.8792 27290413.4182 27344305.9494 27397444.3368 27449829.2733 27501461.2824 27552340.7179 27602467.7649 27651842.4399 27700464.5912 27748333.8988 27864709.8633 27909939.2762 27954412.3294 27998127.7801 28041084.2173 28083280.0620 28124713.5668 28165382.8151 28205285.7213 28244420.0302 28282783.3158 28320372.9812 28357186.2574 28393220.2023 28428471.6994 28462937.4565 28496614.0042 28529497.6934 28561584.6939 28592870.9914 28623352.3850 28653024.4839 28681882.7038 28709922.2632 28737138.1785
0.1334 0.0551 0.0181 0.0151 0.0174 0.0157 0.0126 0.0105 0.0096 0.0092 0.0090 0.0089 0.0090 0.0093 0.0096 0.0097 0.0096 0.0096 0.0101 0.0111 0.0125 0.0139 0.0148 0.0146 0.0135 0.0122 0.0112 0.0107 0.0108 0.0110 0.0112 0.0111 0.0110 0.0114 0.0129 0.0149 0.0168 0.0175 0.0165 0.0142 0.0163 0.0309 0.0593 0.1054 0.1779 0.2907 0.4635 0.7231
10-235
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50)
30830947.4444 30895938.4662 30960164.5794 31023620.0723 31086299.4415 31148197.3941 31209308.8510 31269628.9481 31329153.0395 31387876.6994 31445795.7236 31502906.1318 31559204.1695 31614686.3091 31669349.2515 31723189.9280 31776205.5007 31828393.3642 31879751.1463 31930276.7092 31979968.1497 32028823.8002 32076842.2290 32193218.1935 32238298.4853 32282538.0393 32325936.7244 32368494.6458 32410212.1438 32451089.7941 32491128.4063 32530329.0234 32568692.9211 32606221.6061 32642916.8154 32678780.5147 32713814.8971 32748022.3813 32781405.6101 32813967.4482 32845710.9809 32876639.5111 32906756.5580 32936065.8540 32964571.3426 32992277.1760 33019187.7118 33045307.5105
0.0111 0.0104 0.0105 0.0105 0.0107 0.0114 0.0126 0.0138 0.0147 0.0151 0.0149 0.0141 0.0128 0.0113 0.0098 0.0086 0.0081 0.0085 0.0095 0.0107 0.0120 0.0131 0.0139 0.0150 0.0151 0.0153 0.0153 0.0154 0.0155 0.0155 0.0154 0.0152 0.0149 0.0147 0.0144 0.0140 0.0133 0.0120 0.0106 0.0122 0.0212 0.0385 0.0646 0.1015 0.1518 0.2184 0.3048 0.4152
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS Arthur Maki Aside from the CO2 laser transitions, the absorption spectrum of CO has been more accurately and thoroughly measured than any other spectrum. A bibliography of earlier measurements on CO is given by Maki and Wells,1 and the present tables were calculated from the measurements referred to in that work. In addition, some new and very accurate frequency measurements2,3 have been made and were incorporated in the present tables. The frequencies of the rotational transitions of HF and HCl were calculated from constants obtained from fitting the measurements of Evenson et al.4,5 and Jennings and Wells.6 A new report on infrared wavenumber standards from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, may be found in Reference 7. REFERENCES 1. Maki, A. G. and Wells, J. S., Wavenumber Calibration Tables from Heterodyne Frequency Measurements, NIST Special Publication 821, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1991. 2. Evenson, K. and Stroh, F., private communication. 3. George, T., Urban, W., and co-workers, private communication. 4. Jennings, D. A., Evenson, K. M., Zink, L. R., Demuynck, C., Destombes, J. L., Lemoine, B., and Johns, J. W. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 122, 477480, 1987. 5. Nolt, I. G., Radostitz, J. V., DiLonardo, G., Evenson, K. M., Jennings, D. A., Leopold, K. R., Vanek, M. D., Zink, L. R., Hinz, A., and Chance, K. V., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 125, 274-287, 1987. 6. Jennings, D. A. and Wells, J. S., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 130, 267-268, 1988. 7. High Resolution Wavenumber Standards for the Infrared, Pure Appl. Chemistry, 68, 193, 1996. Wavenumbers for the v = 1-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1
2139.426071(01) 2135.546178(01) 2131.631574(01) 2127.682404(01) 2123.698816(01) 2119.680957(01) 2115.628973(01) 2111.543012(01) 2107.423221(01) 2103.269746(01) 2099.082734(01) 2094.862333(01) 2090.608688(01) 2086.321947(01) 2082.002256(01) 2077.649762(01) 2073.264612(01) 2068.846952(01) 2064.396929(01) 2059.914688(02) 2055.400377(02) 2050.854140(02) 2046.276126(03) 2041.666479(03) 2037.025345(03) 2032.352870(04) 2027.649200(04) 2022.914480(04) 2018.148857(05) 2013.352474(05) 2008.525477(06) 2003.668012(06) 1998.780224(07) 1993.862257(09)
Transition
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)
2147.081132(01) 2150.856006(01) 2154.595581(01) 2158.299710(01) 2161.968245(01) 2165.601041(01) 2169.197949(01) 2172.758824(01) 2176.283519(01) 2179.771887(01) 2183.223782(01) 2186.639057(01) 2190.017565(01) 2193.359161(01) 2196.663698(01) 2199.931030(01) 2203.161010(01) 2206.353492(01) 2209.508331(02) 2212.625379(02) 2215.704492(02) 2218.745522(02) 2221.748326(03) 2224.712755(03) 2227.638666(03) 2230.525912(04) 2233.374349(04) 2236.183829(04) 2238.954210(05) 2241.685344(05) 2244.377088(06) 2247.029296(07) 2249.641824(08) 2252.214527(10) 2254.747262(14)
R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34)
10-236
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1 1988.914257(11) 1983.936367(14) 1978.928733(18) 1973.891500(25) 1968.824811(34) 1963.728813(46) 1958.603648(61) 1953.449462(82)
Transition
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39) P(40) P(41) P(42)
2257.239883(18) 2259.692248(24) 2262.104213(33) 2264.475634(45) 2266.806368(61) 2269.096273(81) 2271.345206(106) 2273.553027(139)
R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39) R(40) R(41) R(42)
* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Wavenumbers for the v = 2-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1
4256.217140(02) 4252.302244(02) 4248.317633(02) 4244.263453(02) 4240.139852(02) 4235.946975(02) 4231.684972(02) 4227.353987(02) 4222.954169(02) 4218.485665(02) 4213.948620(02) 4209.343182(02) 4204.669499(02) 4199.927716(02) 4195.117980(02) 4190.240439(02) 4185.295239(02) 4180.282526(02) 4175.202447(02) 4170.055149(03) 4164.840777(03) 4159.559478(03) 4154.211398(03) 4148.796683(04) 4143.315479(04) 4137.767932(04) 4132.154187(05) 4126.474391(06) 4120.728689(07) 4114.917226(09) 4109.040148(12) 4103.097600(16) 4097.089728(21) 4091.016676(29) 4084.878591(40) 4078.675618(54) 4072.407901(73) 4066.075588(97) 4059.678822(127)
Transition
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34) P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39)
4263.837198(02) 4267.542066(02) 4271.176630(02) 4274.740746(02) 4278.234264(02) 4281.657039(02) 4285.008924(02) 4288.289772(02) 4291.499437(02) 4294.637773(02) 4297.704631(02) 4300.699868(02) 4303.623334(02) 4306.474886(02) 4309.254375(02) 4311.961657(02) 4314.596584(02) 4317.159011(02) 4319.648791(02) 4322.065779(03) 4324.409829(03) 4326.680794(03) 4328.878530(03) 4331.002889(04) 4333.053728(04) 4335.030899(05) 4336.934259(06) 4338.763661(07) 4340.518961(09) 4342.200014(11) 4343.806675(16) 4345.338799(21) 4346.796243(29) 4348.178862(40) 4349.486513(54) 4350.719052(73) 4351.876336(96) 4352.958224(127) 4353.964572(166) 4354.895240(214)
R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34) R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39)
* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses.
10-237
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumbers for the v = 3-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1
6346.594000(13) 6342.644103(13) 6338.589491(13) 6334.430309(13) 6330.166705(13) 6325.798826(13) 6321.326819(13) 6316.750831(12) 6312.071008(12) 6307.287498(12) 6302.400447(12) 6297.410003(12) 6292.316311(13) 6287.119520(13) 6281.819775(13) 6276.417224(13) 6270.912012(13) 6265.304287(13) 6259.594194(13) 6253.781880(13) 6247.867492(14) 6241.851176(14) 6235.733077(14) 6229.513342(15) 6223.192117(15) 6216.769547(16) 6210.245778(17) 6203.620957(19) 6196.895229(23) 6190.068739(28) 6183.141633(37) 6176.114058(50) 6168.986159(67) 6161.758082(90)
Transition
P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
6354.179057(13) 6357.813923(13) 6361.343487(13) 6364.767599(13) 6368.086115(13) 6371.298887(13) 6374.405768(12) 6377.406611(12) 6380.301271(12) 6383.089600(12) 6385.771452(12) 6388.346680(13) 6390.815139(13) 6393.176681(13) 6395.431160(13) 6397.578430(13) 6399.618344(13) 6401.550757(13) 6403.375523(13) 6405.092495(14) 6406.701527(14) 6408.202474(14) 6409.595189(15) 6410.879527(15) 6412.055343(16) 6413.122491(17) 6414.080825(19) 6414.930201(23) 6415.670474(28) 6416.301500(37) 6416.823133(50) 6417.235231(67) 6417.537649(90)
R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32)
* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of CO Frequency MHz 115271.2029 230538.0016 345795.9923 461040.7712 576267.9350 691473.0809 806651.8065 921799.7104 1036912.3919 1151985.4515 1267014.4906 1381995.1119 1496922.9195
Uncertainty* MHz 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0034 0.0038
J′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10-238
J″ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
3.84503345 7.68991999 11.53451273 15.37866477 19.22222923 23.06505926 26.90700800 30.74792863 34.58767438 38.42609848 42.26305422 46.09839491 49.93197392
0.00000001 0.00000003 0.00000004 0.00000005 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.00000008 0.00000009 0.00000010 0.00000010 0.00000011 0.00000013
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequency MHz 1611793.5189 1726602.5173 1841345.5237 1956018.1486 2070616.0050 2185134.7075 2299569.8733 2413917.1217 2528172.0747 2642330.3567 2756387.5949 2870339.4194 2984181.4631 3097909.3621 3211518.7558 3325005.2869 3438364.6013 3551592.3489 3664684.1829 3777635.7608 3890442.7435 4003100.7965 4115605.5892 4227952.7954 4340138.0932 4452157.1657 4564005.7001
Uncertainty* MHz
J′
J″
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0057 0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0074 0.0075 0.0077 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0096 0.0102 0.0107 0.0111 0.0118 0.0137 0.0179 0.0254 0.0370 0.0531 0.0746 0.1025
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
53.76364468 57.59326065 61.42067535 65.24574239 69.06831542 72.88824816 76.70539441 80.51960806 84.33074306 88.13865346 91.94319341 95.74421713 99.54157896 103.33513334 107.12473480 110.91023800 114.69149772 118.46836884 122.24070637 126.00836545 129.77120137 133.52906952 137.28182546 141.02932487 144.77142361 148.50797766 152.23884318
0.00000014 0.00000016 0.00000017 0.00000019 0.00000020 0.00000022 0.00000023 0.00000024 0.00000024 0.00000025 0.00000025 0.00000026 0.00000027 0.00000028 0.00000030 0.00000032 0.00000034 0.00000036 0.00000037 0.00000039 0.00000046 0.00000060 0.00000085 0.00000123 0.00000177 0.00000249 0.00000342
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of HF Frequency MHz
Uncertainty* MHz
1232476.21 2463428.09 3691334.81 4914682.58 6131968.11 7341702.00 8542412.1 9732646.8 10910978.2 12076004.8 13226355.2 14360689.8 15477704.4 16576131.8 17654744.4 18712356.5 19747825.6 20760054.3 21747991.7 22710634.7 23647028.7 24556268.8 25437499.9
0.12 0.19 0.25 0.51 1.10 2.00 3.21 4.72 6.51 8.55 10.81 13.25 15.86 18.61 21.48 24.44 27.43 30.32 32.91 34.94 36.08 35.93 34.12
J′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
J″ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
10-239
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
41.110981 82.171116 123.129676 163.936165 204.540439 244.892818 284.944197 324.646153 363.951056 402.81216 441.18372 479.02105 516.28065 552.92024 588.89888 624.17703 658.71656 692.4809 725.4349 757.5452 788.7800 819.1090 848.5037
0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.000017 0.000037 0.000067 0.000107 0.000157 0.000217 0.000285 0.000361 0.00044 0.00053 0.00062 0.00072 0.00082 0.00092 0.00101 0.00110 0.00117 0.00120 0.00120 0.00114
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequency MHz 26289917.4 27112767.2 27905345.6 28666999.3 29397124.8 30095168.2 30760624.2 31393035.7
Uncertainty* MHz 30.32 24.41 16.88 10.80 14.65 24.62 33.36 36.17
J′ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
J″ 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Wavenumber cm–1 876.9373 904.38457 930.82214 956.22817 980.58253 1003.86676 1026.0640 1047.1590
Uncertainty* cm–1 0.00101 0.00081 0.00056 0.00036 0.00049 0.00082 0.00111 0.00121
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H35Cl Frequency MHz
Uncertainty* MHz
1876226.517 2499864.439 3121986.563 3742216.601 4360180.042 4975504.51 5587820.10 6196759.76 6801959.63 7403059.41 7999702.7 8591537.3 9178215.8
0.065 0.066 0.064 0.076 0.098 0.11 0.12 0.22 0.50 1.02 1.8 3.1 4.8
J′ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
J″ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wavemumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
62.584180 83.386502 104.138262 124.826909 145.439951 165.964966 186.389615 206.701656 226.888951 246.939481 266.841359 286.582837 306.152324
0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000004 0.000004 0.000007 0.000017 0.000034 0.000062 0.000103 0.000161
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H37Cl Frequency MHz
Uncertainty* MHz
1873410.72 2496115.33 3117308.69 3736615.64 4353662.84 4968079.04 5579495.53 6187546.42 6791869.04 7392104.3 7987896.9 8578896.1
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.45 0.9 1.6 2.7
J′ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
J″ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.
10-240
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
62.490255 83.261445 103.982225 124.640082 145.222561 165.717279 186.111938 206.394332 226.552365 246.574057 266.447561 286.161170
0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000006 0.000015 0.000030 0.000054 0.000089
1
SUMMARY TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES Extracted from the Particle Listings of the
Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table Z
Review of Particle Physics
Published in Eur. Jour. Phys. C3, 1 (1998) Available at http://pdg.lbl.gov Particle Data Group Authors:
C. Caso, G. Conforto, A. Gurtu, M. Aguilar-Benitez, C. Amsler, R.M. Barnett, P.R. Burchat, C.D. Carone, O. Dahl, M. Doser, S. Eidelman, J.L. Feng, M. Goodman, C. Grab, D.E. Groom, K. Hagiwara, K.G. Hayes, J.J. Hernandez, K. Hikasa, K. Honscheid, F. James, M.L. Mangano, A.V. Manohar, K. Monig, H. Murayama, K. Nakamura, K.A. Olive, A. Piepke, M. Roos, R.H. Schindler, R.E. Shrock, M. Tanabashi, N.A. Tornqvist, T.G. Trippe, P. Vogel, C.G. Wohl, R.L. Workman, W.-M. Yao Technical Associates: B. Armstrong, J.L. Casas Serradilla, B.B. Filimonov, P.S. Gee, S.B. Lugovsky, S. Mankov, F. Nicholson
Other Authors who have made substantial contributions to reviews since the 1994 edition:
K.S. Babu, D. Besson, O. Biebel, R.N. Cahn, R.L. Crawford, R.H. Dalitz, T. Damour, K. Desler, R.J. Donahue, D.A. Edwards, J. Erler, V.V. Ezhela, A. Fasso, W. Fetscher, D. Froidevaux, T.K. Gaisser, L. Garren, S. Geer, H.-J. Gerber, F.J. Gilman, H.E. Haber, C. Hagmann, I. Hinchli e, C.J. Hogan, G. Hohler, J.D. Jackson, K.F. Johnson, D. Karlen, B. Kayser, K. Kleinknecht, I.G. Knowles, C. Kolda, P. Kreitz, P. Langacker, R. Landua, L. Littenberg, D.M. Manley, J. March-Russell, T. Nakada, H. Quinn, G. Ra elt, B. Renk, M.T. Ronan, L.J. Rosenberg, M. Schmitt, D.N. Schramm, D. Scott, T. Sjostrand, G.F. Smoot, S. Spanier, M. Srednicki, T. Stanev, M. Suzuki, N.P. Tkachenko, G. Valencia, K. van Bibber, R. Voss, L. Wolfenstein, S. Youssef
c Regents of the University of California
(Approximate closing date for data: January 1, 1998)
J=1 Charge = 0 Mass m = 91:187 0:007 GeV [c ] Full width , = 2:490 0:007 GeV , ,,`+ `, = 83:83 0:27 MeV [b] ,,invisible = 498:3 4:2 MeV [d ] ,,hadrons =, 1740:7 5:9 MeV ,,+ , /,, e + e , = 1:000 0:005 , + , /, e + e , = 0:998 0:005 [e ] Average charged multiplicity
Ncharged = 21:00 0:13 Couplings to leptons g `V = , 0:0377 0:0007 g `A = , 0:5008 0:0008 g e = 0:53 0:09 g = 0:502 0:017 Asymmetry parameters [f ] Ae = 0:1519 0:0034 A = 0:102 0:034 A = 0:143 0:008 Ac = 0:59 0:19 Ab = 0:89 0:11 Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole `) A(0 FB = 1:59 0:18 (0 AFBu ) = 4:0 7:3 s) A(0 FB = 9:9 3:1 (S = 1.2) (0 AFBc ) = 7:32 0:58 b) A(0 FB = 10:02 0:28
Z DECAY MODES
e+ e,
+ , + , `+ `,
GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS
Mass m < 2 10,16 eV Charge q < 5 10,30 e Mean life = Stable
g
invisible hadrons (uu+cc )/2 (dd +ss +bb)/3 cc bb ggg
I(J PC ) = 0,1(1 , , )
0 ! 0 (958)
W W J = (1S)X
I(J P ) = 0(1, )
or gluon
Mass m = 0 [a] SU(3) color octet
W
J=1 Charge = 1 e Mass m = 80:41 0:10 GeV m Z , m W = 10:78 0:10 GeV m W + , m W , = , 0:2 0:6 GeV Full width , = 2:06 0:06 GeV
(2S)X
c 1 (1P)X c 2 (1P)X
W , modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. W + DECAY MODES
`+
e+
+ +
hadrons
+
p
Fraction (,i /,) Con dence level (MeV/c) [b] (10:74 0:33) % { (10:9 0:4 ) % 40205 (10:2 0:5 ) % 40205 (11:3 0:8 ) % 40185 (67:8 1:0 ) % { < 2:2 10,4 95% 40205
(1S) X +(2S) X +(3S) X (1S)X (2S)X (3S)X (D 0 /D 0 ) X D X D (2010) X B 0s X anomalous + hadrons e+ e, + , + , `+ `,
qq
p
Fraction (,i /,) Con dence level (MeV/c) ( 3:366 0:008) % 45594 ( 3:367 0:013) % 45593 ( 3:360 0:015) % 45559 [b] ( 3:366 0:006) % { (20:01 0:16 ) % { (69:90 0:15 ) % { (10:1 1:1 ) % { (16:6 0:6 ) % { (12:4 0:6 ) % { (15:16 0:09 ) % { < 1:1 % 95% { < 5:2 10,5 95% 45593 < 5:1 10,5 95% 45592 < 6:5 10,4 95% 45590 < 4:2 10,5 95% 45588 < 5:2 10,5 95% 45594 < 1:0 10,5 95% 45594 [g ] < 7 10,5 95% 10139 [g ] < 8:3 10,5 95% 10114 ( 3:66 0:23 ) 10,3 { ( 1:60 0:29 ) 10,3 { ( 2:9 0:7 ) 10,3 { < 3:2 10,3 90% { ( 1:0 0:5 ) 10,4 { 5:5 10,5 1:39 10,4 9:4 10,5 (20:7 2:0 ) % (12:2 1:7 ) % [g ] (11:4 1:3 ) % seen [h] < 3:2 10,3 [h] < 5:2 10,4 [h] < 5:6 10,4 [h] < 7:3 10,4 [i ] < 6:8 10,6 [i ] < 5:5 10,6 < < <
95% 95% 95%
95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
{ { { { { { { {
45594 45593 45559
{ {
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS I (J PC ) = 0,1(1 − − )
γ Mass m < 2 × 10−16 eV Charge q < 5 × 10−30 e Mean life τ = Stable
g
I (J P ) = 0(1− )
or gluon
Mass m = 0 [a] SU(3) color octet
W
J =1 Charge = ± 1 e Mass m = 80.41 ± 0.10 GeV m Z − m W = 10.78 ± 0.10 GeV m W + − m W − = − 0.2 ± 0.6 GeV Full width Γ = 2.06 ± 0.06 GeV W − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.
W + DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
`+ ν e+ ν µ+ ν τ+ν hadrons π+ γ
[b]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 1
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
(10.74±0.33) % (10.9 ±0.4 ) % (10.2 ±0.5 ) % (11.3 ±0.8 ) % (67.8 ±1.0 ) % < 2.2 × 10−4
– 40205 40205 40185
– 95%
40205
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Z
J =1 Charge = 0 Mass m = 91.187 ± 0.007 GeV [c] Full width Γ = 2.490 ± 0.007 GeV + − Γ ` ` = 83.83 ± 0.27 MeV [b] Γ invisible = 498.3 ± 4.2 MeV [d ] Γ hadrons = 1740.7 ± 5.9 MeV + − + − Γ µ µ /Γ e e = 1.000 ± 0.005 + − + − Γ τ τ /Γ e e = 0.998 ± 0.005 [e] Average charged multiplicity
Ncharged = 21.00 ± 0.13 Couplings to leptons g `V = − 0.0377 ± 0.0007 g `A = − 0.5008 ± 0.0008 g νe = 0.53 ± 0.09 g νµ = 0.502 ± 0.017 Asymmetry parameters [f ] Ae Aµ Aτ Ac Ab
= 0.1519 ± 0.0034 = 0.102 ± 0.034 = 0.143 ± 0.008 = 0.59 ± 0.19 = 0.89 ± 0.11
Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole (0`)
AFB = 1.59 ± 0.18 (0u)
AFB = 4.0 ± 7.3 (0s)
AFB = 9.9 ± 3.1 (0c) AFB (0b) AFB
(S = 1.2)
= 7.32 ± 0.58 = 10.02 ± 0.28
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Z DECAY MODES
e+ e− µ+ µ− τ+τ− `+ `− invisible hadrons (u u + cc )/2 (d d + ss + b b )/3 cc bb ggg π0 γ ηγ ωγ η 0(958) γ γγ γγγ π± W ∓ ρ± W ∓ J/ψ(1S )X ψ(2S )X χc1 (1P) X χc2 (1P) X Υ(1S ) X +Υ(2S ) X +Υ(3S ) X Υ(1S ) X Υ(2S ) X Υ(3S ) X (D 0 / D 0 ) X D± X D ∗ (2010)± X B 0s X anomalous γ + hadrons e+ e− γ µ+ µ− γ τ+τ−γ `+ `− γ γ qqγγ ννγγ e ± µ∓ e± τ ∓ µ± τ ∓
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
[b]
( 3.366±0.008) ( 3.367±0.013) ( 3.360±0.015) ( 3.366±0.006) (20.01 ±0.16 ) (69.90 (10.1 (16.6 (12.4 (15.16 < < < < < <
±0.15 ±1.1 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.09
1.1 5.2 5.1 6.5 4.2 5.2
) ) ) ) )
Confidence level (MeV/c) p % 45594 % 45593 % 45559 – % % – % % % % % % × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5
× 10−5 × 10−5 [g] < 8.3 × 10−5 ( 3.66 ±0.23 ) × 10−3 ( 1.60 ±0.29 ) × 10−3 ( 2.9 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 < 3.2 × 10−3 < 1.0 [g] < 7
( 1.0
±0.5
< 5.5
[g]
) × 10−4
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5
< 1.39 < 9.4 (20.7 ±2.0
)%
±1.7 ±1.3
)% )%
(12.2 (11.4
95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
45593 45592 45590 45588 45594
95% 95%
45594 10139
95%
10114
90%
95% 95% 95%
seen
LF LF LF
[h] [h] [h] [h]
< < < <
3.2 5.2 5.6 7.3
[i] [i] [i] [g] [g] [g]
< < < < < <
6.8 5.5 3.1 1.7 9.8 1.2
Page 3
× 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5
– – – – – –
95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
– – – – – – – – – – – – – 45594 45593 45559
– – 45594 45593 45576 45576
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Higgs Bosons — H 0 and H ± , Searches for H 0 Mass m > 77.5 GeV, CL = 95% H 01 in Supersymmetric Models (m H 0 <m H 0 ) 1
2
Mass m > 62.5 GeV, CL = 95% A0 Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric Models Mass m > 62.5 GeV, CL = 95% tanβ >1
[j]
H ± Mass m > 54.5 GeV, CL = 95% See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of Higgs Bosons.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 4
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Heavy Bosons Other Than Higgs Bosons, Searches for Additional W Bosons WR — right-handed W Mass m > 549 GeV (assuming light right-handed neutrino) 0 W with standard couplings decaying to e ν, µν Mass m > 720 GeV, CL = 95% Additional Z Bosons 0 Z SM with standard couplings Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 779 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2)L ×SU(2)R ×U(1) (with gL = gR ) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 389 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) → SU(5)×U(1)χ (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m > 595 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 321 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m > 590 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 160 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zη of E6 → SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)×U(1)η (coupling constantp derived from p G.U.T.); charges are Qη = 3/8Qχ − 5/8Qψ ) Mass m > 620 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 182 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Scalar Leptoquarks Mass m > 225 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, pair prod.) Mass m > 237 GeV, CL = 95% (1st gener., single prod.) Mass m > 119 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., pair prod.) Mass m > 73 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., single prod.) Mass m > 99 GeV, CL = 95% (3rd gener., pair prod.) (See the Particle Listings for assumptions on leptoquark quantum numbers and branching fractions.)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 5
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Axions (A0 ) and Other Very Light Bosons, Searches for The standard Peccei-Quinn axion is ruled out. Variants with reduced couplings or much smaller masses are constrained by various data. The Particle Listings in the full Review contain a Note discussing axion searches. The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%). NOTES [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] ` indicates each type of lepton (e, µ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] The Z -boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit-Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z -boson propagator. [d ] This partial width takes into account Z decays into ν ν and any other possible undetected modes. [e] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [f ] Here A ≡ 2gV gA /(g2V +g2A ). [g ] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [h] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [i ] For m γ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [j] The limits assume no invisible decays.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 6
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
LEPTONS e
J =
1 2
Mass m = 0.51099907 ± 0.00000015 MeV [a] = (5.485799111 ± 0.000000012) × 10−4 u −8 , CL = 90% (m e + − m e − )/m < 4 × 10 q + + q − e < 4 × 10−8 e e Magnetic moment µ = 1.001159652193 ± 0.000000000010 µB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (− 0.5 ± 2.1) × 10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.3 × 1023 yr, CL = 68% [b]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 1
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
µ
J =
1 2
Mass m = 105.658389 ± 0.000034 MeV [c] = 0.113428913 ± 0.000000017 u Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004) × 10−6 s τ µ+ /τ µ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment µ = 1.0011659230 ± 0.0000000084 e¯h/2m µ (g µ+ − g µ− ) / g average = (− 2.6 ± 1.6) × 10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4) × 10−19 e cm Decay parameters [d ] ρ = 0.7518 ± 0.0026 η = − 0.007 ± 0.013 δ = 0.749 ± 0.004 ξPµ = 1.003 ± 0.008 [e] ξPµ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90% ξ 0 = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ 00 = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4) × 10−3 α0 /A = (0 ± 4) × 10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6) × 10−3 β 0 /A = (2 ± 6) × 10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08
[e]
µ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. µ− DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
e − ν e νµ e − ν e νµ γ e − ν e νµ e + e − e− ν
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
≈ 100%
53
[f ]
(1.4±0.4) %
53
[g]
(3.4±0.4) × 10−5
53
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
e νµ − e γ e− e+ e− e − 2γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
LF
[h] < 1.2
LF LF LF
< 4.9 < 1.0 < 7.2
Page 2
%
90%
53
× 10−11 × 10−12 × 10−11
90% 90% 90%
53 53 53
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
τ
J =
1 2
0.29 Mass m = 1777.05 + − 0.26 MeV Mean life τ = (290.0 ± 1.2) × 10−15 s cτ = 86.93 µm Magnetic moment anomaly > − 0.052 and < 0.058, CL = 95% Electric dipole moment d > − 3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(d w τ ) < 0.56 × 10 −17 e cm, CL = 95% Im(d w τ ) < 1.5 × 10
Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment −3 Re(αw τ ) < 4.5 × 10 , CL = 90% −3 Im(αw τ ) < 9.9 × 10 , CL = 90% Decay parameters See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρτ (e or µ) = 0.748 ± 0.010 ρτ (e) = 0.745 ± 0.012 ρτ (µ) = 0.741 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e or µ) = 1.01 ± 0.04 ξ τ (e) = 0.98 ± 0.05 ξ τ (µ) = 1.07 ± 0.08 η τ (e or µ) = 0.01 ± 0.07 η τ (µ) = − 0.10 ± 0.18 (δξ)τ (e or µ) = 0.749 ± 0.026 (δξ)τ (e) = 0.733 ± 0.033 (δξ)τ (µ) = 0.78 ± 0.05 ξ τ (π) = 0.99 ± 0.05 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.996 ± 0.010 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.02 ± 0.04 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.997 ± 0.009 τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π± or K ± . “`” stands for e or µ. “Neutral” means neutral hadron whose decay products include γ’s and/or π0 ’s.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 3
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
τ − DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Modes with one charged particle ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ (84.71± 0.13) % (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (85.30± 0.13) % − µ ν µ ντ [i] (17.37± 0.09) % − µ ν µ ντ γ [g] ( 3.0 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 − [i] (17.81± 0.07) % e ν e ντ − 0 h ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K L ντ (49.52± 0.16) % − 0 (12.32± 0.12) % h ≥ 0K L ντ − h ντ (11.79± 0.12) % π − ντ [i] (11.08± 0.13) % K − ντ [i] ( 7.1 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 h− ≥ 1 neutralsντ (36.91± 0.17) % h − π 0 ντ (25.84± 0.14) % − 0 π π ντ [i] (25.32± 0.15) % π− π 0 non-ρ(770)ντ ( 3.0 ± 3.2 ) × 10−3 − 0 K π ντ [i] ( 5.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ (10.79± 0.16) % h− 2π0 ντ ( 9.39± 0.14) % − 0 0 h 2π ντ (ex.K ) ( 9.23± 0.14) % π− 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 9.15± 0.15) % K − 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 8.0 ± 2.7 ) × 10−4 h− ≥ 3π0 ντ ( 1.40± 0.11) % h− 3π0 ντ ( 1.23± 0.10) % − 0 0 π 3π ντ (ex.K ) [i] ( 1.11± 0.14) %
particle−
K − 3π0 ν
τ
(ex.K 0 )
h− 4π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) − 0 K ≥ 0π ≥ 0K 0 ντ K − ≥ 1 (π 0 or K 0 ) ντ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
[i]
[i]
−4 ( 4.3 +10.0 − 2.9 ) × 10 ( 1.7 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.66± 0.10) % ( 9.5 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3
Page 4
S=1.2
–
S=1.2
– 885
– 889 S=1.2 S=1.5 S=1.5 S=1.4 S=1.2 S=1.1 S=1.1
– – – 883 820
– – 878 878 814
S=1.2 S=1.2
– – –
S=1.2
862
S=1.2
796 S=1.1 S=1.1
– – 836 766
– – – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0 (particles)− ντ h− K 0 ≥ 0 neutrals h − K 0 ντ π− K 0 ν π− K 0
Modes with K 0 ’s ≥
0K 0L ντ
τ
(non- K ∗ (892)− )ντ − K K 0 ντ h − K 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 π 0 ντ K 0 ρ− ν τ K − K 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ K − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 K 0 ντ π− K 0S K 0S ντ π− K 0S K 0L ντ π− K 0S K 0S π 0 ντ π− K 0S K 0L π0 ντ K − K 0 ≥ 0 neutrals ντ 0 + K h h− h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K 0 h + h − h − ντ
( 1.66± 0.09) % ( 1.62± 0.09) % ( 9.9 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 [i] ( 8.3 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−3 [i]
( ( ( (
1.59± 5.5 ± 3.9 ± 1.9 ±
( ( < [i] ( (
1.51± 6 ± 3.9 1.21± 3.0 ±
[i] [i]
0.24) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−3 0.7 ) × 10−3 0.29) × 10−3 4 ) × 10−4 × 10−4 0.21) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−4
( 6.0 ± 1.0 ) × 10−4 < 2.0 × 10−4 ( 3.1 ± 1.2 ) × 10−4 ( 3.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 2.0 ) × 10−4
Modes with three charged particles ≥ 0neut. ντ (“3-prong”) (15.18± 0.13) % − − + h h h ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (14.60± 0.13) % (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) π− π+ π− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (14.60± 0.14) % − − + h h h ντ ( 9.96± 0.10) % − − + 0 h h h ντ (ex.K ) ( 9.62± 0.10) % h− h− h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) ( 9.57± 0.10) % − + − π π π ντ ( 9.56± 0.11) % π− π+ π− ντ (ex.K 0 ) ( 9.52± 0.11) % − + − 0 π π π ντ (ex.K ,ω) [i] ( 9.23± 0.11) % − − + h h h ≥ 1 neutrals ντ ( 5.18± 0.11) %
h− h− h+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 5
S=1.4 S=1.4
– – –
S=1.5 S=1.4
812
CL=95%
812 737
– 794
– 685 CL=95% S=1.2 S=1.2 S=1.2 CL=95%
CL=95%
S=1.2 S=1.2
S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.2
– – 682
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) h− h− h+ ≥ 1 neutrals ντ (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) h − h − h + π 0 ντ h− h− h+ π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− h− h+ π0 ντ (ex. K 0 , ω) π − π + π − π 0 ντ π− π+ π− π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π− π+ π− π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) h− (ρ π )0 ντ (a1 (1260) h )− ντ h − ρ π 0 ντ h − ρ+ h − ν τ h − ρ− h + ν τ − h h− h+ 2π0 ντ h− h− h+ 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− h− h+ 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω,η) h− h− h+ ≥ 3π0 ντ
[i]
S=1.2
–
( ( ( (
S=1.1 S=1.1
– – – – – – – – – – – – – –
4.50± 4.31± 2.59± 4.35±
0.09) % 0.09) % 0.09) % 0.10) %
( 4.22± 0.10) % ( 2.49± 0.10) % ( 2.88± 0.35) % < 2.0 % ( ( ( ( (
[i] [i]
h− h− h+ 3π0 ντ − K h+ h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K − π+ π− ≥ 0 neutrals
ντ − + − K π π ντ K − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − π + π − π 0 ντ K − π + π − π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − π+ K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + π − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + π − ντ K − K + π − π 0 ντ − K K + K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + K − ντ π− K + π− ≥ 0 neut. ντ − e e − e + ν e ντ µ− e − e + ν µ ντ
( 4.98± 0.11) %
[i]
[i]
[i] [i]
0.20) % 2.2 ) × 10−3 0.23) % 0.4 ) × 10−3 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3
0.9 ) × 10−3 0.7 0.8 ) × 10−4 0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−4 ( 1.4 + − ( 2.9 ± ( 5.4 ±
4.3 −4 ( 2.4 + − 1.6 ) × 10 < 9 × 10−4 ( ( ( < < < ( <
2.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 1.61± 0.26) × 10−3 6.9 ± 3.0 ) × 10−4 2.1 × 10−3 1.9 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−3 2.8 ± 1.5 ) × 10−5 3.6 × 10−5
Modes with five charged particles 3h− 2h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 9.7 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 0 − + (ex. K S → π π ) (“5-prong”) 3h− 2h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 7.5 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 3h− 2h+ π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 2.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−4 − + 0 3h 2h 2π ντ < 1.1 × 10−4
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
CL=95%
1.35± 4.5 ± 1.17± 5.4 ± 5.3 ±
Page 6
S=1.5
S=1.1 S=1.1
– – – – – – – –
CL=95%
– – 685
CL=95% CL=90% CL=95%
– – – –
CL=90%
889 885
–
CL=90%
– – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Miscellaneous other allowed modes (5π )− ντ ( 7.4 ± 0.7 ) × 10−3 4h− 3h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 2.4 × 10−6 (“7-prong”) ∗ K (892)− ≥ 0(h0 6= K 0S )ντ ( 1.94± 0.31) % ∗ − K (892) ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 1.33± 0.13) % ∗ − K (892) ντ ( 1.28± 0.08) % K ∗ (892)0 K − ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 3.2 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 K ∗ (892)0 K − ντ ( 2.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − K (892) π ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 3.8 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − K (892) π ντ ( 2.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 (K ∗ (892)π )− ντ → ( 1.1 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 − 0 0 π K π ντ ( 4 ± 4 ) × 10−3 K1 (1270)− ντ − ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−3 K1 (1400) ντ ∗ − K 2 (1430) ντ < 3 × 10−3 η π − ντ < 1.4 × 10−4 − 0 η π π ντ [i] ( 1.74± 0.24) × 10−3 − 0 0 η π π π ντ ( 1.4 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 η K − ντ ( 2.7 ± 0.6 ) × 10−4 + − − η π π π ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 3 × 10−3 η π − π + π − ντ ( 3.4 ± 0.8 ) × 10−4 − − 0 η a1 (1260) ντ → η π ρ ντ < 3.9 × 10−4 − η η π ντ < 1.1 × 10−4 η η π − π 0 ντ < 2.0 × 10−4 0 − η (958) π ντ < 7.4 × 10−5 η 0(958) π− π 0 ντ < 8.0 × 10−5 − φ π ντ < 2.0 × 10−4 − φ K ντ < 6.7 × 10−5 f1 (1285)π− ντ ( 5.8 ± 2.3 ) × 10−4 − f1 (1285) π ντ → ( 1.9 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 η π − π + π − ντ − h ω ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 2.36± 0.08) % − h ω ντ [i] ( 1.93± 0.06) % − 0 h ω π ντ [i] ( 4.3 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 − 0 h ω 2π ντ ( 1.9 ± 0.8 ) × 10−4
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 7
CL=90%
– – – – 665
– 539
– 653
– 433 335 CL=95%
317
CL=95%
798 778 746 720
CL=90%
– – –
CL=95% CL=95%
637 559
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– –
CL=90%
CL=90%
585
– – – – – – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), or Baryon number (B) violating modes (In the modes below, ` means a sum over e and µ modes) L means lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e + π− π− ). Following common usage, LF means lepton family violation and not lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e − π+ π− ). B means baryon number violation. LF < 2.7 × 10−6 CL=90% LF < 3.0 × 10−6 CL=90%
e− γ µ− γ e − π0 µ− π0 e− K 0 µ− K 0 e− η µ− η e − ρ0 µ− ρ0 e − K ∗ (892)0 µ− K ∗ (892)0 e − K ∗ (892)0 µ− K ∗ (892)0 e− φ µ− φ π− γ π− π0 e− e+ e− e − µ+ µ− e + µ− µ− µ− e + e − µ+ e − e − µ− µ+ µ− e − π+ π− e + π− π− µ− π+ π− µ+ π− π− e − π+ K − e − π− K + e + π− K − e− K + K − e+ K − K − µ− π+ K − µ− π− K + µ+ π− K −
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
LF LF LF
< 3.7 < 4.0 < 1.3
LF LF LF LF LF LF
< < < < < <
LF
< 7.5
LF LF
< 7.4 < 7.5
LF LF L
< 6.9 < 7.0 < 2.8
L LF LF LF
< < < <
3.7 2.9 1.8 1.5
LF LF LF LF L LF L LF LF L LF
< < < < < < < < < < <
1.7 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.9 8.2 3.4 6.4 3.8 2.1 6.0
L LF LF L
< < < <
3.8 7.5 7.4 7.0
1.0 8.2 9.6 2.0 6.3 5.1
Page 8
× 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6
888 885
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
883 880 819
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
815 804 800 722 718 663
CL=90%
657
CL=90% CL=90%
663 657
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
596 590 883
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
878 888 882 882
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
885 885 873 877 877 866 866 814 814 814 739
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
739 800 800 800
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) µ− K + K − µ+ K − K − e − π0 π0 µ− π0 π0 e− η η µ− η η e − π0 η µ− π0 η pγ p π0 pη e − light boson µ− light boson
× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5
LF L LF LF LF LF LF LF
< < < < < < < <
1.5 6.0 6.5 1.4 3.5 6.0 2.4 2.2
L,B L,B L,B LF LF
< < < < <
2.9 6.6 1.30 2.7 5
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
699 699 878 867 700 654 798 784
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=95% CL=95%
641 632 476
– –
Heavy Charged Lepton Searches L± – charged lepton Mass m > 80.2 GeV, CL = 95%
mν ≈ 0
L± – stable charged heavy lepton Mass m > 84.2 GeV, CL = 95%
Neutrinos See the Particle Listings for a Note “Neutrino Mass” giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches.
νe
J =
1 2
Mass m: Unexplained effects have resulted in significantly negative m2 in the new, precise tritium beta decay experiments. It is felt that a real neutrino mass as large as 10–15 eV would cause observable spectral distortions even in the presence of the end-point count excesses. Mean life/mass, τ /m νe > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ /m νe > 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Magnetic moment µ < 1.8 × 10−10 µB , CL = 90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 9
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
νµ
J =
1 2
Mass m < 0.17 MeV, CL = 90% Mean life/mass, τ /m νµ > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90%
Magnetic moment µ < 7.4 × 10−10 µB , CL = 90%
ντ
J =
1 2
Mass m < 18.2 MeV, CL = 95% Magnetic moment µ < 5.4 × 10−7 µB , CL = 90% Electric dipole moment d < 5.2 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95%
Number of Light Neutrino Types (including νe , νµ, and ντ ) Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 3.07 ± 0.12 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width)
Massive Neutrinos and Lepton Mixing, Searches for For excited leptons, see Compositeness Limits below. See the Particle Listings for a Note “Neutrino Mass” giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches. While no direct, uncontested evidence for massive neutrinos or lepton mixing has been obtained, suggestive evidence has come from solar neutrino observations, from anomalies in the relative fractions of νe and νµ observed in energetic cosmic-ray air showers, and possibly from a ν e appearance experiment at Los Alamos. Sample limits are: Stable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > 45.0 GeV, CL = 95% (Dirac) Mass m > 39.5 GeV, CL = 95% (Majorana) Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > CL = 95% 69.0 2 GeV,−12 with U` j > 10 ) Mass m > 58.2 = 95% GeV, 2 CL −12 µ, τ with U` j > 10 ) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 10
(Dirac νL coupling to e, µ, τ (Majorana νL coupling to e,
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Solar Neutrinos
&
&
Detectors using gallium (Eν 0.2 MeV), chlorine (Eν 0.8 MeV), ˆ and Cerenkov effect in water (Eν 7 MeV) measure significantly lower neutrino rates than are predicted from solar models. The deficit in the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained by oscillations with ∆m2 ≤ 10−5 eV2 causing the disappearance of νe .
&
Atmospheric Neutrinos Underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a νµ/νe ratio much less than expected and also a deficiency of upward going νµ compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of νµ with ∆m2 ≈ 10−3 to 10−2 eV2 . ν oscillation: ν e 6→ ν e (θ = mixing angle) ∆m2 < 9 × 10−4 eV2 , CL = 90% (if sin2 2θ = 1) sin2 2θ < 0.02, CL = 90% (if ∆(m2 ) is large) ν oscillation: νµ (ν µ ) → νe (ν e ) (any combination) ∆m2 < 0.075 eV2 , CL = 90% (if sin2 2θ = 1) sin2 2θ < 1.8 × 10−3 , CL = 90% (if ∆(m2 ) is large)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 11
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The uncertainty in the electron mass in unified atomic mass units (u) is ten times smaller than that given by the 1986 CODATA adjustment, quoted in the Table of Physical Constants (Section 1). The conversion to MeV via the factor 931.49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. Our value in MeV differs slightly from the 1986 CODATA result. [b] This is the best “electron disappearance” limit. The best limit for the mode e − → ν γ is > 2.35 × 1025 yr (CL=68%). [c] The muon mass is most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV via the factor 931.49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. [d ] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the µ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [e] Pµ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pµ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [f ] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e − ν e νµ and e − ν e νµ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [g ] See the µ Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [h] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [i ] Basis mode for the τ .
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 12
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “currentquark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale µ ≈ 2 GeV. The c- and b-quark masses are estimated from charmonium, bottomonium, D, and B masses. They are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models. I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
u Mass m = 1.5 to 5 MeV m u /m d = 0.20 to 0.70
[a]
Charge =
2 3
e
Iz = + 12
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
d
Mass m = 3 to 9 MeV [a] Charge = − 13 e m s /m d = 17 to 25 m = (m u +m d )/2 = 2 to 6 MeV
Iz = − 12
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
s
[a] Mass m = 60 to 170 MeV Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1 (m s – (m u + m d )/2) (m d − m u ) = 34 to 51
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
c Mass m = 1.1 to 1.4 GeV
Charge =
2 3
e
Charm = +1
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
b Mass m = 4.1 to 4.4 GeV
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Charge = − 13 e Bottom = −1
Page 1
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
t
Charge =
2 3
e
Top = +1
Mass m = 173.8 ± 5.2 GeV (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 170 ± 7 (+ 14) GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit, assuming MH = MZ . Number in parentheses is shift from changing MH to 300 GeV.
b 0 (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95%
(p p, charged current decays) (e + e − , all decays)
Free Quark Searches All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES [a] The ratios m u /m d and m s /m d are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0)
√ For I = 1 (π, b, ρ, a): u d, (u u−d d)/ 2, d u; for I = 0 (η, η 0 , h, h0 , ω, φ, f , f 0 ): c1 (u u + d d ) + c2 (s s) I G (J P ) = 1− (0− )
π±
Mass m = 139.56995 ± 0.00035 MeV Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s cτ = 7.8045 m
(S = 1.2)
π ± → `± ν γ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 FA = 0.0116 ± 0.0016 (S = 1.3) 0.009 R = 0.059 + − 0.008 π− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. π+ DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
µ+ νµ µ+ νµ γ e + νe e + νe γ e + νe π 0 e + νe e + e − e + νe ν ν
[b]
(99.98770±0.00004) %
[c]
( 1.24
±0.25
[b]
( 1.230
±0.004
[c]
( 1.61 ( 1.025 ( 3.2
±0.23 ±0.034 ±0.5
< 5
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4
) × 10−7 ) × 10−8 ) × 10−9 × 10−6 90%
30 30 70 70 4 70 70
Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes µ+ ν e µ+ νe µ− e + e + ν
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
L LF LF
[d ] < 1.5 [d ] < 8.0 < 1.6
Page 1
× 10−3 90% × 10−3 90% × 10−6 90%
30 30 30
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )
π0
Mass m = 134.9764 ± 0.0006 MeV m π± − m π0 = 4.5936 ± 0.0005 MeV Mean life τ = (8.4 ± 0.6) × 10−17 s (S = 3.0) cτ = 25.1 nm π0 DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
2γ e+ e− γ γ positronium + e e+ e− e− e+ e− 4γ νν νe ν e νµ ν µ ντ ν τ
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
(98.798±0.032) % ( 1.198±0.032) %
1.82 ±0.29 ) × 10−9 3.14 ±0.30 ) × 10−5 7.5 ±2.0 ) × 10−8 2 × 10−8 8.3 × 10−7 1.7 × 10−6 < 3.1 × 10−6 < 2.1 × 10−6
( ( ( < [e] < <
S=1.1 S=1.1
67 67
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
67 67 67 67 67 67
CL=90%
67
CL=90%
67
Charge conjugation (C ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes 3γ µ+ e − + e − µ+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
C LF
< 3.1 < 1.72
Page 2
× 10−8 CL=90% × 10−8 CL=90%
67 26
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
η
Mass m = 547.30 ± 0.12 MeV Full width Γ = 1.18 ± 0.11 keV
[f ]
(S = 1.8)
C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π− π 0 Left-right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π+ π− π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π+ π− π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (− 0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π+ π− γ Left-right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = 0.05 ± 0.06 (S = 1.5) Dalitz plot parameter α = − 0.039 ± 0.015 π0 π0 π0 η DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Neutral modes
(71.5 ±0.6 ) %
neutral modes 2γ 3π0 π0 2γ other neutral modes
[f ]
(39.21±0.34) % (32.2 ±0.4 ) % ( 7.1 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 < 2.8 %
S=1.4
–
S=1.4 S=1.3
274 178 257
CL=90%
–
S=1.4 S=1.4 S=1.3
–
Charged modes charged modes π+ π− π0 π+ π− γ e+ e− γ µ+ µ− γ e+ e− µ+ µ−
(28.5 ±0.6 ) % (23.1 ±0.5 ) % ( 4.77±0.13) % ( 4.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 < 7.7 × 10−5 ( 5.8 ±0.8 ) × 10−6
π+ π− e + e −
−3 ( 1.3 +1.2 −0.8 ) × 10 < 2.1 × 10−3 < 6 × 10−4 < 3 × 10−6
π+ π− 2γ π+ π− π0 γ π0 µ+ µ− γ
CL=90%
173 235 274 252 274 252 235
CL=90% CL=90%
235 173 210
CL=90% CL=95% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
235 274 257 210 263
Charge conjugation (C ), Parity (P), Charge conjugation × Parity (CP), or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
π+ π− 3γ π0 e + e − π0 µ+ µ− µ+ e − + µ− e +
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
P,CP C C C LF
< < [g] < [g] < <
9 5 4 5 6
Page 3
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (400–1200) [h]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
or σ
Mass m = (400–1200) MeV Full width Γ = (600–1000) MeV f0 (400–1200) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ γγ
dominant seen
p (MeV/c)
– –
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )
ρ(770) [i]
Mass m = 770.0 ± 0.8 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width Γ = 150.7 ± 1.1 MeV Γee = 6.77 ± 0.32 keV ρ(770) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ
∼ 100
π± γ π± η π± π+ π− π0 π+ π− γ π0 γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
%
358
ρ(770)± decays ( < <
4.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 6 × 10−3 2.0 × 10−3
S=2.2 CL=84% CL=84%
372 146 249
ρ(770)0 decays ( (
ηγ µ+ µ− e+ e− π+ π− π0 π+ π− π+ π− π+ π− π0 π0
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
( [j] [j]
( ( < < <
Page 4
9.9 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 6.8 ±1.7 ) × 10−4 −4 2.4 +0.8 −0.9 ) × 10 4.60±0.28) × 10−5 4.49±0.22) × 10−5 1.2 × 10−4 2 × 10−4 4
× 10−5
358 372 S=1.6
189
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
369 384 319 246 252
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
ω(782)
Mass m = 781.94 ± 0.12 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width Γ = 8.41 ± 0.09 MeV Γee = 0.60 ± 0.02 keV ω(782) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
π+ π− π0 π0 γ π+ π−
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
(88.8 ±0.7 ) % ( 8.5 ±0.5 ) % ( 2.21±0.30) % −3 ( 5.3 +8.7 −3.5 ) × 10 ( 6.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 ( 5.9 ±1.9 ) × 10−4 ( 9.6 ±2.3 ) × 10−5 ( 7.07±0.19) × 10−5
neutrals (excluding π 0 γ ) ηγ π0 e + e − π0 µ+ µ− e+ e− π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− γ π+ π− π+ π− π0 π0 γ µ+ µ− 3γ
< < < (
2 % 3.6 × 10−3 1 × 10−3 7.2 ±2.5 ) × 10−5 < 1.8 × 10−4 < 1.9 × 10−4
327 379 365
–
S=1.1 CL=90% CL=95% CL=90%
199 379 349 391 261 365 256 367
CL=90% CL=95%
376 391
CL=90% CL=90%
162 329
Charge conjugation (C ) violating modes η π0 3π0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
C C
< 1 < 3
Page 5
× 10−3 × 10−4
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
η 0 (958)
Mass m = 957.78 ± 0.14 MeV Full width Γ = 0.203 ± 0.016 MeV η0 (958) DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
π+ π− η ρ0 γ (including nonresonantπ+ π − γ ) π0 π0 η ωγ γγ 3π0 µ+ µ− γ π+ π− π0 π 0 ρ0 π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π − neutrals π+ π+ π− π− π0 6π π+ π− e + e − π0 γ γ 4π0 e+ e− π+ π− π0 π0
(S = 1.3)
(43.8 ±1.5 ) % (30.2 ±1.3 ) %
S=1.1 S=1.1
232 169
(20.7 ±1.3 ) %
S=1.2
239
S=1.2
160 479 430
( 3.01±0.30) % ( 2.11±0.13) % ( 1.54±0.26) × 10−3 ( 1.03±0.26) × 10−4
467 427 118
< 5 < 4
% %
CL=90% CL=90%
< 1 < 1
% %
CL=90% CL=95%
372
< < < <
% % × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−7
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
298 189 458 469
CL=90% CL=90%
379 479
1 1 6 8
< 5 < 2.1
–
Charge conjugation (C ) or Parity (P) violating modes
π0 e + e − η e+ e− 3γ µ+ µ− π0 µ+ µ− η
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
P,CP P,CP C C C C C
< 2 < 9 [g] < 1.3 [g] < 1.1 < 1.0 [g] < 6.0 [g] < 1.5
Page 6
% × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90%
458 459
% % × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
469 322 479 445 274
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (980) [k]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
Mass m = 980 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 100 MeV p Confidence level (MeV/c)
f0 (980) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ KK γγ e+ e−
dominant seen (1.19±0.33) × 10−5 <3 × 10−7
a0 (980) [k]
470
– 490 90%
490
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 + + )
Mass m = 983.4 ± 0.9 MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 100 MeV a0 (980) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ηπ KK γγ
dominant seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 7
p (MeV/c) 321
– 492
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
φ(1020)
Mass m = 1019.413 ± 0.008 MeV Full width Γ = 4.43 ± 0.05 MeV φ(1020) DECAY MODES
K+K− K 0L K 0S ρ π + π+ π− π0 ηγ π0 γ e+ e− µ+ µ− η e+ e− π+ π−
(49.1 ±0.8 ) %
S=1.3
127
(34.1 ±0.6 ) %
S=1.2
110
(15.5 ±0.7 ) % ( 1.26±0.06) % ( 1.31±0.13) × 10−3 ( 2.99±0.08) × 10−4 ( 2.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 −4 ( 1.3 +0.8 −0.6 ) × 10
S=1.5 S=1.1
–
S=1.2
) × 10−5
S=1.5
490
CL=84%
210
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
219 490 39
CL=90% CL=90% CL=95% CL=90%
492 410 341 501
CL=90% CL=90%
346 36
( 8
ωγ ργ π+ π− γ f0 (980)γ π0 π0 γ π+ π− π+ π− π+ π+ π− π− π0 π0 e + e − π0 η γ a0 (980)γ η 0(958) γ
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
+5 −4
< 5 < 7 < 3 < 1 < < < <
1 8.7 1.5 1.2
< 2.5 < 5
% × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3
363
−4 ( 1.2 +0.7 −0.5 ) × 10 ( 2.3 ±1.0 ) × 10−5
µ+ µ− γ
h1 (1170)
363 501 510 499
– –
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 + − )
Mass m = 1170 ± 20 MeV Full width Γ = 360 ± 40 MeV h1 (1170) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ
seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 8
p (MeV/c) 310
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
b1 (1235)
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 + − )
Mass m = 1229.5 ± 3.2 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width Γ = 142 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.2) b1 (1235) DECAY MODES
ωπ
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) dominant
348
[D/S amplitude ratio = 0.29 ± 0.04]
π± γ ηρ π+ π+ π− π0 (K K )± π0 K 0S K 0L π± K 0S K 0S π± φπ
a1 (1260) [l]
( 1.6±0.4) × 10−3 seen < 50 % < 8 %
84% 90%
536 248
< 6
%
90%
238
< 2
%
90%
238
< 1.5
%
84%
146
608
–
I G (J PC ) = 1− (1 + + )
Mass m = 1230 ± 40 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 250 to 600 MeV a1 (1260) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ
dominant
356
seen possibly seen
607 575
[D/S amplitude ratio = − 0.100 ± 0.028]
πγ π (ππ)S -wave
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 9
p (MeV/c)
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (1270)
Mass m = 1275.0 ± 1.2 MeV 3.8 Full width Γ = 185.5 + − 2.7 MeV f2 (1270) DECAY MODES
(S = 1.5) Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (84.6 +2.5 −1.3 ) % ( 7.2 +1.5 −2.7 ) %
ππ π+ π− 2π0 KK 2π+ 2π− ηη 4π0
( ( ( (
γγ
(
ηππ K 0 K − π+ + c.c. e+ e−
< < <
±0.4 ) % ±0.4 ) % ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 −5 1.32 +0.17 −0.16 ) × 10 8 × 10−3 3.4 × 10−3 9 × 10−9 4.6 2.8 4.5 3.0
S=1.3
622
S=1.3
562
S=2.8 S=1.2 S=2.4
403 559 327 564 637
CL=95% CL=95% CL=90%
475 293 637
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )
f1 (1285)
Mass m = 1281.9 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.7) Full width Γ = 24.0 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.4) (4π = ρ (ππ)P wave ) f1 (1285) DECAY MODES
4π π0 π0 π+ π− 2π+ 2π− ρ0 π + π − 0 4π ηππ a0 (980)π [ignoring a0 (980) → K K] η π π [excluding a0 (980)π] KKπ K K ∗ (892) γ ρ0 φγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (35 ± 4 ) % (23.5± 3.0) %
S=1.6 S=1.6
563 566
(11.7± 1.5) % (11.7± 1.5) % < 7 × 10−4 (50 ±18 ) % (34 ± 8 ) %
S=1.6 S=1.6 CL=90% S=1.2
563 340 568 479 234
(15 ± 7 ) % ( 9.6± 1.2) % not seen ( 5.4± 1.2) % ( 7.9± 3.0) × 10−4
S=1.1 S=1.5
308
Page 10
– –
S=2.3
410 236
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
η(1295)
Mass m = 1297.0 ± 2.8 MeV Full width Γ = 53 ± 6 MeV η(1295) DECAY MODES
η π+ π− a0 (980)π η π0 π0 η (ππ)S -wave
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen seen seen
488 245
– –
seen
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )
π(1300)
Mass m = 1300 ± 100 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 200 to 600 MeV π(1300) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ π (ππ)S -wave
seen
406
seen
–
a2 (1320)
p (MeV/c)
I G (J PC ) = 1− (2 + + )
Mass m = 1318.1 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 107 ± 5 MeV [m] (K ± K 0S and η π modes) a2 (1320) DECAY MODES
ρπ ηπ ωππ KK η 0(958) π π± γ γγ π+ π− π− e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (70.1±2.7) % (14.5±1.2) %
S=1.2
419 535
(10.6±3.2) % ( 4.9±0.8) % ( 5.3±0.9) × 10−3 ( 2.8±0.6) × 10−3 ( 9.4±0.7) × 10−6
S=1.3
362 437 287
< 8 < 2.3
Page 11
%
× 10−7
CL=90%
652 659 621
CL=90%
659
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (1370) [k]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
Mass m = 1200 to 1500 MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 500 MeV f0 (1370) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ 4π 4π0 2π+ 2π− π+ π− 2π 0 2(ππ)S -wave ηη KK γγ e+ e−
seen seen seen
f1 (1420) [n]
p (MeV/c)
– – – – – – – – – –
seen seen seen seen seen seen not seen
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )
Mass m = 1426.2 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 55.0 ± 3.0 MeV f1 (1420) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KKπ K K ∗ (892) + c.c. ηππ
dominant dominant possibly seen
ω(1420) [o]
p (MeV/c) 439 155 571
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Mass m = 1419 ± 31 MeV Full width Γ = 174 ± 60 MeV ω(1420) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ
dominant
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 12
p (MeV/c) 488
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
η(1440) [p]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
Mass m = 1400 - 1470 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 50 - 80 MeV [m] η(1440) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KKπ K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηππ a0 (980)π η (ππ)S -wave 4π
seen seen seen
a0 (1450)
p (MeV/c)
– – – – – –
seen seen seen
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 + + )
Mass m = 1474 ± 19 MeV Full width Γ = 265 ± 13 MeV a0 (1450) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
πη π η 0 (958) KK
seen
613
seen seen
392 530
ρ(1450) [q]
p (MeV/c)
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )
Mass m = 1465 ± 25 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 310 ± 60 MeV [m] ρ(1450) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ 4π ωπ e+ e− ηρ φπ KK
seen seen <2.0 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
seen <4 % <1 % <1.6 × 10−3
Page 13
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
95%
719 665 512
95%
732 317 358 541
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (1500) [r]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
Mass m = 1500 ± 10 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 112 ± 10 MeV f0 (1500) DECAY MODES η η 0(958)
ηη 4π 4π0 2π+ 2π− 2π π+ π− 2π0 KK
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
–
seen seen seen seen seen seen
513
– 690 686
–
seen seen seen
f 02 (1525)
737 738 563
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
Mass m = 1525 ± 5 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 76 ± 10 MeV [m] f 02 (1525) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(88.8 ±3.1 ) % (10.3 ±3.1 ) %
KK ηη ππ γγ
( 8.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.32±0.21) × 10−6
ω(1600) [s]
581 531 750 763
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Mass m = 1649 ± 24 MeV (S = 2.3) Full width Γ = 220 ± 35 MeV (S = 1.6) ω(1600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ ωππ e+ e−
seen seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 14
p (MeV/c) 637 601 824
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
ω3 (1670)
I G (J PC ) = 0− (3 − − )
Mass m = 1667 ± 4 MeV Full width Γ = 168 ± 10 MeV
[m]
ω3 (1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ ωππ b1 (1235)π
seen seen possibly seen
π2 (1670)
p (MeV/c) 647 614 359
I G (J PC ) = 1− (2 − + )
Mass m = 1670 ± 20 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 258 ± 18 MeV [m]
(S = 1.7)
π2 (1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
3π f2 (1270) π ρπ f0 (1370) π K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.
(95.8±1.4) % (56.2±3.2) %
806 325
(31 ±4 ) % ( 8.7±3.4) %
649
( 4.2±1.4) %
453
p (MeV/c)
–
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
φ(1680)
Mass m = 1680 ± 20 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 150 ± 50 MeV [m] φ(1680) DECAY MODES
K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. K 0S K π KK e+ e− ωππ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
dominant seen
463 620
seen seen not seen
681 840 622
Page 15
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
ρ3 (1690)
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (3 − − )
J P from the 2π and K K modes. Mass m = 1691 ± 5 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 160 ± 10 MeV
[m]
(S = 1.5)
ρ3 (1690) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
4π π± π+ π− π0 ωπ ππ KKπ KK η π+ π−
(71.1 (67 (16 (23.6 ( 3.8
ρ(1700) [q]
± 1.9 ±22 ± 6 ± 1.3 ± 1.2
p Scale factor (MeV/c)
)% )% )% )% )%
( 1.58± 0.26) % seen
788 788 656 834 628 1.2
686 728
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )
Mass m = 1700 ± 20 MeV [m] (η ρ0 and π + π − modes) Full width Γ = 240 ± 60 MeV [m] (η ρ0 and π + π − modes) ρ(1700) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρππ 2(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − ρ± π ∓ π 0 + π π− π− π0 K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηρ KK e+ e− π0 ω
dominant large large large
640 792 640 642
seen seen seen
838 839 479
seen seen seen seen
533 692 850 662
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 16
p (MeV/c)
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (even + + )
fJ (1710) [t]
Mass m = 1712 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 133 ± 14 MeV (S = 1.2) fJ (1710) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KK ηη ππ
seen seen seen
p (MeV/c) 690 648 837
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )
π(1800)
Mass m = 1801 ± 13 MeV (S = 1.9) Full width Γ = 210 ± 15 MeV π(1800) DECAY MODES
π+ π− π− f0 (980) π − f0 (1370) π − ρ π− η η π− a0 (980)η f0 (1500) π − η η 0(958)π− K ∗0 (1430) K − K ∗ (892) K −
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
–
seen seen seen
623
–
not seen seen seen
728
seen seen
240
– 459
– –
seen not seen
560
I G (J PC ) = 0− (3 − − )
φ3 (1850) Mass m = 1854 ± 7 MeV 28 Full width Γ = 87 + − 23 MeV
(S = 1.2)
φ3 (1850) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KK K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.
seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Page 17
p (MeV/c) 785 602
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (2010)
Seen by one group only. 60 Mass m = 2011 + − 80 MeV Full width Γ = 202 ± 60 MeV f2 (2010) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
φφ
seen
a4 (2040)
p (MeV/c)
–
I G (J PC ) = 1− (4 + + )
Mass m = 2020 ± 16 MeV Full width Γ = 387 ± 70 MeV a4 (2040) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KK π+ π− π0 η π0
seen seen seen
p (MeV/c) 892
– 941
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (4 + + )
f4 (2050)
Mass m = 2044 ± 11 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 208 ± 13 MeV (S = 1.2) f4 (2050) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(26 ±6 ) %
ωω ππ
(17.0±1.5) % −3 ( 6.8 +3.4 −1.8 ) × 10 ( 2.1±0.8) × 10−3
KK ηη 4π0
< 1.2
%
658 1012 895 863 977
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (2300)
Mass m = 2297 ± 28 MeV Full width Γ = 149 ± 40 MeV f2 (2300) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
φφ
seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 18
p (MeV/c) 529
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (2340)
Mass m = 2339 ± 60 MeV 80 Full width Γ = 319 + − 70 MeV f2 (2340) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
φφ
seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 19
p (MeV/c) 573
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
STRANGE MESONS (S = ±1, C = B = 0) K + = u s, K 0 = d s, K 0 = d s, K − = u s,
similarly for K ∗ ’s
I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K±
Mass m = 493.677 ± 0.016 MeV [u] (S = 2.8) Mean life τ = (1.2386 ± 0.0024) × 10−8 s (S = 2.0) cτ = 3.713 m Slope parameter g
[v ]
(See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K + → π+ π+ π− = − 0.2154 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.4) K − → π− π− π+ = − 0.217 ± 0.007 (S = 2.5) K ± → π± π0 π0 = 0.594 ± 0.019 (S = 1.3) K ± decay form factors [a,w] K+ e3 λ+ = 0.0286 ± 0.0022 K+ µ3
λ+ = 0.032 ± 0.008
(S = 1.6)
K+ µ3
λ0 = 0.006 ± 0.007 (S = 1.6) fS /f+ = 0.084 ± 0.023 (S = 1.2) K+ e3 fT /f+ = 0.38 ± 0.11 (S = 1.1) K+ e3 fT /f+ = 0.02 ± 0.12 K+ µ3 K + → e + νe γ FA + FV = 0.148 ± 0.010 K + → µ+ νµ γ FA + FV < 0.23, CL = 90% K + → e + νe γ FA − FV < 0.49 K + → µ+ νµ γ FA − FV = − 2.2 to 0.3 K − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. K + DECAY MODES
µ+ νµ e + νe π+ π0 π+ π+ π− π+ π0 π0 π0 µ+ νµ Called K + µ3 . HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (63.51±0.18) %
( 1.55±0.07) × 10−5 (21.16±0.14) % ( 5.59±0.05) % ( 1.73±0.04) % ( 3.18±0.08) %
Page 20
S=1.3
236
S=1.1 S=1.8 S=1.2 S=1.5
247 205 125 133 215
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) π 0 e + νe Called K + e3. 0 0 + π π e νe π + π − e + νe π+ π− µ+ νµ π 0 π 0 π 0 e + νe π+ γ γ π+ 3γ µ+ νµ ν ν e + νe ν ν µ+ νµ e + e −
( 4.82±0.06) %
S=1.3
( 2.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−5 ( 3.91±0.17) × 10−5 ( 1.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−5
< 3.5 × 10−6 [x ] ( 1.10±0.32) × 10−6 [x ] < 1.0 × 10−4 < 6.0 × 10−6 × 10−5 ( 1.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−7
< 6
e + νe e + e −
−8 ( 3.0 +3.0 −1.5 ) × 10 < 4.1 × 10−7
µ+ νµ µ+ µ− µ+ νµ γ π+ π0 γ π+ π0 γ (DE) π+ π+ π− γ
[x,y ]
π+ π0 π0 γ
[x,y ]
π0 µ+ νµ γ π 0 e + νe γ π0 e + νe γ (SD) π 0 π 0 e + νe γ
[x,y ]
[x,y ] [x,z] [x,y ]
[x,y ] [aa]
206 203 151 CL=90%
135 227
CL=90% CL=90%
227 236
CL=90%
247 236 247
CL=90%
( 5.50±0.28) × 10−3 ( 2.75±0.15) × 10−4 ( 1.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−5
( 1.04±0.31) × 10−4 −6 ( 7.5 +5.5 −3.0 ) × 10 < 6.1 × 10−5 ( 2.62±0.20) × 10−4 < 5.3 × 10−5 < 5
× 10−6
S1
µ− ν e + e + µ+ νe π+ µ+ e − π+ µ− e + π− µ+ e + π− e + e + π− µ+ µ+ µ+ ν e π0 e + ν e
LF LF LF LF L L L L L
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
−10 ( 4.2 +9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 < 2.0 × 10−8 [d ] < 4 × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−10 < 7 × 10−9 < < [d ] < [d ] < <
7 1.0 1.5 3.3 3
Page 21
× 10−9 × 10−8 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3
185 236 205 205 125 133
CL=90%
215
CL=90%
228 228
CL=90%
206
Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), ∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes, or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes + + π π e− νe SQ < 1.2 × 10−8 CL=90% + + − −6 π π µ νµ SQ < 3.0 × 10 CL=95% + + − −7 π e e S1 ( 2.74±0.23) × 10 S1 ( 5.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−8 π+ µ+ µ− π+ ν ν
228
203 151 227 172 227
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
236 236 214 214 214 227 172 236 228
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K0
50% KS , 50% KL Mass m = 497.672 ± 0.031 MeV m K 0 − m K ± = 3.995 ± 0.034 MeV m 0 − m 0 / m average < 10−18 K K
(S = 1.1) [bb]
I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K 0S
Mean life τ = (0.8934 ± 0.0008) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.6762 cm CP-violation parameters [cc] Im(η +−0 ) = − 0.002 ± 0.009 Im(η 000 )2 < 0.1, CL = 90% K 0 DECAY MODES S
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− γ γγ
(68.61±0.28) % (31.39±0.28) %
[y,dd ]
π+ π− π0 3π0 π± e ∓ ν π± µ∓ ν µ+ µ−
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
[ee] [ee]
( 1.78±0.05) × 10−3 ( 2.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−6 −7 ( 3.2 +1.2 −1.0 ) × 10 < 3.7 × 10−5 ( 6.70±0.07) × 10−4 ( 4.69±0.06) × 10−4
S=1.2 S=1.2
206 209 206 249 133
CL=90% S=1.1 S=1.1
139 229 216
CL=90%
225
CL=90% CL=90%
249 231
∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes
e+ e− π0 e + e −
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S1
< 3.2
S1 S1
< 1.4 < 1.1
Page 22
× 10−7 × 10−7 × 10−6
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K 0L
m KL − m KS = (0.5301 ± 0.0014) × 1010 ¯h s− 1 = (3.489 ± 0.009) × 10−12 MeV Mean life τ = (5.17 ± 0.04) × 10−8 s (S = 1.1) cτ = 15.51 m Slope parameter g
[v ]
(See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K 0L → π + π− π0 = 0.670 ± 0.014 (S = 1.6) KL decay form factors [w] K 0e3 λ+ = 0.0300 ± 0.0016
(S = 1.2)
K 0µ3
λ+ = 0.034 ± 0.005
K 0µ3
λ0 = 0.025 ± 0.006 (S = 2.3) fS /f+ < 0.04, CL = 68% fT /f+ < 0.23, CL = 68% fT /f+ = 0.12 ± 0.12
K 0e3 K 0e3 K 0µ3
KL → e + e − γ:
(S = 2.3)
αK ∗ = − 0.28 ± 0.08
CP-violation parameters
[cc]
δ = (0.327 ± 0.012)% η 00 = (2.275 ± 0.019) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) η +− = (2.285 ± 0.019) × 10−3 η 00 /η +− = 0.9956 ± 0.0023 [ff ] (S = 1.8) 0 / = (1.5 ± 0.8) × 10−3
[ff ]
(S = 1.8)
φ+− = (43.5 ± 0.6)◦ φ00 = (43.4 ± 1.0)◦ φ00 − φ+− = (− 0.1 ± 0.8)◦ j for K 0L → π + π − π0 = 0.0011 ± 0.0008 η +−γ = (2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3 φ+−γ = (44 ± 4)◦ 0 +−γ / < 0.3, CL = 90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 23
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆S = −∆Q in K 0`3 decay Re x = 0.006 ± 0.018 (S = 1.3) Im x = − 0.003 ± 0.026 (S = 1.2) CPT-violation parameters Re ∆ = 0.018 ± 0.020 Im ∆ = 0.02 ± 0.04 K0 L DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
3π0 π+ π− π0 π± µ∓ ν Called K 0µ3 . π ± e ∓ νe Called K 0e3. 2γ 3γ π0 2γ π0 π± e ∓ ν (π µatom)ν π ± e ∓ νe γ
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
[gg]
(21.12 ±0.27 ) % (12.56 ±0.20 ) % (27.17 ±0.25 ) %
S=1.1 S=1.7 S=1.1
139 133 216
[gg]
(38.78 ±0.27 ) %
S=1.1
229
( 5.92 ±0.15 ) × 10−4 < 2.4 × 10−7 CL=90% [hh] ( 1.70 ±0.28 ) × 10−6 [gg] ( 5.18 ±0.29 ) × 10−5 ( 1.06 ±0.11 ) × 10−7
249 231 207
−3 ( 3.62 +0.26 −0.21 ) × 10 [y,hh] ( 4.61 ±0.14 ) × 10−5 < 5.6 × 10−6
[y,gg,hh]
π+ π− γ π0 π0 γ
249
– 229 206 209
Charge conjugation × Parity (CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes, or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes + − π π CPV ( 2.067±0.035) × 10−3 S=1.1 206 0 0 −4 π π CPV ( 9.36 ±0.20 ) × 10 209 S1 ( 7.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−9 S=1.4 225 µ+ µ− + − −7 µ µ γ S1 ( 3.25 ±0.28 ) × 10 225 e+ e− S1 < 4.1 × 10−11 CL=90% 249 e+ e− γ S1 ( 9.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−6 249 + − −7 e e γγ S1 [hh] ( 6.5 ±1.2 ) × 10 249 π+ π− e + e − S1 [hh] < 4.6 × 10−7 CL=90% 206 µ+ µ− e + e − e+ e− e+ e− π0 µ+ µ−
π0 e + e − π0 ν ν e ± µ∓ e ± e ± µ∓ µ∓
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S1
( 2.9
S1 CP,S1 [ii] CP,S1 [ii] CP,S1 [jj] LF [gg] LF [gg]
( < < < < <
4.1 5.1 4.3 5.8 3.3 6.1
Page 24
+6.7 −2.4 ±0.8
) × 10−9 ) × 10−8 S=1.2 × 10−9 CL=90% × 10−9 CL=90% × 10−5 CL=90% × 10−11 CL=90% × 10−9 CL=90%
225 249 177 231 231 238
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892)± K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)± K ∗ (892)0
mass m = 891.66 ± 0.26 MeV mass m = 896.10 ± 0.28 MeV (S = 1.4) full width Γ = 50.8 ± 0.9 MeV full width Γ = 50.5 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) p Confidence level (MeV/c)
K ∗ (892) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Kπ K0γ K±γ K ππ
∼ 100 % ( 2.30±0.20) × 10−3 ( 9.9 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 < 7 × 10−4
K1 (1270)
95%
291 310 309 224
I (J P ) = 12 (1+ )
Mass m = 1273 ± 7 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 90 ± 20 MeV [m] K1 (1270) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Kρ K ∗0 (1430) π K ∗ (892) π Kω K f0 (1370)
(42 ±6 ) %
K1 (1400)
p (MeV/c) 76
(28 ±4 ) %
–
(16 ±5 ) %
301
(11.0±2.0) % ( 3.0±2.0) %
– –
I (J P ) = 12 (1+ )
Mass m = 1402 ± 7 MeV Full width Γ = 174 ± 13 MeV
(S = 1.6)
K1 (1400) DECAY MODES K ∗ (892) π
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (94 ±6 ) %
401
Kρ K f0 (1370) Kω K ∗0 (1430) π
( 3.0±3.0) % ( 2.0±2.0) %
298
( 1.0±1.0) % not seen
285
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 25
p (MeV/c)
– –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
K ∗ (1410)
Mass m = 1414 ± 15 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 232 ± 21 MeV (S = 1.1) K ∗ (1410) DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
K ∗ (892) π Kπ Kρ
> 40
K ∗0 (1430) [kk]
%
95%
408
( 6.6±1.3) % < 7 %
95%
611 309
I (J P ) = 12 (0+ )
Mass m = 1429 ± 6 MeV Full width Γ = 287 ± 23 MeV K∗ 0 (1430) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Kπ
(93±10) %
K ∗2 (1430) K ∗2 (1430)± K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗2 (1430)± K ∗2 (1430)0
p (MeV/c) 621
I (J P ) = 12 (2+ ) mass m = 1425.6 ± 1.5 MeV (S = 1.1) mass m = 1432.4 ± 1.3 MeV full width Γ = 98.5 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) full width Γ = 109 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.9)
K∗ 2 (1430) DECAY MODES
Kπ K ∗ (892) π K ∗ (892) π π Kρ Kω K+γ Kη K ωπ K0γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (49.9±1.2) % (24.7±1.5) %
622 423
(13.4±2.2) % ( 8.7±0.8) % ( 2.9±0.8) % ( 2.4±0.5) × 10−3 −3 ( 1.5 +3.4 −1.0 ) × 10 < 7.2 × 10−4 < 9 × 10−4
Page 26
375 S=1.2 S=1.1
331 319 627
S=1.3
492
CL=95% CL=90%
110 631
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
K ∗ (1680)
I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
Mass m = 1717 ± 27 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 322 ± 110 MeV (S = 4.2) K ∗ (1680) DECAY MODES
Kπ
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(38.7±2.5) % (31.4 +4.7 −2.1 ) %
Kρ K ∗ (892) π
779 571
(29.9 +2.2 −4.7 ) %
K2 (1770) [ll]
615
I (J P ) = 12 (2− )
Mass m = 1773 ± 8 MeV Full width Γ = 186 ± 14 MeV K2 (1770) DECAY MODES
K ππ K ∗2 (1430)π K ∗ (892)π K f2 (1270) Kφ Kω
K ∗3 (1780)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
– dominant
287
seen seen
653
seen seen
441 608
–
I (J P ) = 12 (3− )
Mass m = 1776 ± 7 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 159 ± 21 MeV (S = 1.3) K ∗ (1780) DECAY MODES 3
Kρ K ∗ (892) π Kπ Kη K ∗2 (1430) π
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (31 ± 9 ) % (20 ± 5 ) % (18.8± 1.0) %
612 651 810
(30 ±13 ) % < 16 %
715 284
Page 27
95%
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
K2 (1820) [mm]
I (J P ) = 12 (2− )
Mass m = 1816 ± 13 MeV Full width Γ = 276 ± 35 MeV K2 (1820) DECAY MODES K ∗2 (1430) π K ∗ (892) π
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
K f2 (1270) Kω
K ∗4 (2045)
p (MeV/c)
seen
325
seen
680
seen seen
186 638
I (J P ) = 12 (4+ )
Mass m = 2045 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 198 ± 30 MeV K∗ 4 (2045) DECAY MODES
Kπ K ∗ (892) π π K ∗ (892) π π π ρK π ωK π φK π φ K ∗ (892)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(9.9±1.2) %
958
(9 ±5 ) %
800
(7 ±5 ) %
764
(5.7±3.2) % (5.0±3.0) % (2.8±1.4) %
742 736 591
(1.4±0.7) %
363
Page 28
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
CHARMED MESONS (C = ±1) D + = cd, D 0 = cu, D 0 = c u, D − = c d,
similarly for D ∗ ’s
I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
D±
Mass m = 1869.3 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (1.057 ± 0.015) × 10−12 s cτ = 317 µm CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP (K + K − π± ) = − 0.017 ± 0.027 ACP (K ± K ∗0 ) = − 0.02 ± 0.05 ACP (φ π ± ) = − 0.014 ± 0.033 ACP (π + π − π ± ) = − 0.02 ± 0.04 D + → K ∗ (892)0 `+ ν` form factors r2 = 0.72 ± 0.09 rv = 1.85 ± 0.12 ΓL /ΓT = 1.23 ± 0.13 Γ+ /Γ− = 0.16 ± 0.04 D − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D + DECAY MODES
e + anything K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything K + anything η anything
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Inclusive modes (17.2 (24.2 (59 ( 5.8 [nn] < 13
Page 29
±1.9 ±2.8 ±7 ±1.4
)% )% )% )% %
S=1.4
CL=90%
– – – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Leptonic and semileptonic modes µ+ ν
µ 0 + K ` ν` K 0 e+ ν
< 7.2 [oo]
e 0 + K µ νµ
K − π + e + νe K ∗ (892)0 e + νe × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K − π+ e + νe nonresonant − K π+ µ+ νµ K ∗ (892)0 µ+ νµ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K − π+ µ+ νµ nonresonant (K ∗ (892)π )0 e + νe (K π π)0 e + νe non- K ∗ (892) K − π+ π0 µ+ νµ π 0 `+ ν `
× 10−4
868 868
( 7.0 +3.0 −2.0 ) % ( 4.1 +0.9 −0.7 ) % ( 3.2 ±0.33) %
865 863 720 CL=90% S=1.1
863 851
( 2.9 ±0.4 ) %
715
( 2.7 ±1.1 ) × 10−3
851
< 1.2 < 9 < 1.4
%
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90%
846 825
( 3.1 ±1.5 ) × 10−3
Page 30
714
CL=90%
Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K ∗ (892)0 `+ ν` [oo] ( 4.7 ±0.4 ) % ( 4.8 ±0.5 ) % K ∗ (892)0 e + νe ∗ 0 + K (892) µ νµ ( 4.4 ±0.6 ) % S=1.1 0 + −3 ρ e νe ( 2.2 ±0.8 ) × 10 ρ0 µ+ νµ ( 2.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 φ e + νe < 2.09 % CL=90% + φ µ νµ < 3.72 % CL=90% + −3 η ` ν` < 5 × 10 CL=90% 0 + −3 η (958) µ νµ < 9 × 10 CL=90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
932
( 6.8 ±0.8 ) % ( 6.7 ±0.9 ) %
< 7 × 10−3 ( 3.2 ±0.4 ) %
[pp]
CL=90%
930
720 720 715 776 772 657 651
– 684
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K 0 π+ ( 2.89±0.26) % − + + K π π [qq] ( 9.0 ±0.6 ) % K ∗ (892)0 π + ( 1.27±0.13) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) ∗ K 0 (1430)0 π + ( 2.3 ±0.3 ) % ∗ 0 − + × B(K 0 (1430) → K π ) ∗ K (1680)0 π + ( 3.7 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − + × B(K (1680) → K π ) − K π+ π+ nonresonant ( 8.5 ±0.8 ) % 0 K π+ π0 [qq] ( 9.7 ±3.0 ) % K 0 ρ+ ( 6.6 ±2.5 ) % ∗ 0 + K (892) π ( 6.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) 0 K π+ π0 nonresonant ( 1.3 ±1.1 ) % − K π+ π+ π0 [qq] ( 6.4 ±1.1 ) % K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ total ( 1.4 ±0.9 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K 1 (1400)0 π + ( 2.2 ±0.6 ) % 0 − + 0 × B(K 1 (1400) → K π π ) K − ρ+ π+ total ( 3.1 ±1.1 ) % − + + K ρ π 3-body ( 1.1 ±0.4 ) % ∗ 0 + 0 K (892) π π total ( 4.5 ±0.9 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π 0 3-body ( 2.8 ±0.9 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body ( 7 ±3 ) × 10−3 ∗− − 0 × B(K → K π ) K − π+ π+ π0 nonresonant [rr] ( 1.2 ±0.6 ) % 0 + + − [qq] ( 7.0 ±0.9 ) % K π π π K 0 a1 (1260)+ ( 4.0 ±0.9 ) % + + + − × B(a1 (1260) → π π π ) K 1 (1400)0 π + ( 2.2 ±0.6 ) % × B(K 1 (1400)0 → K 0 π+ π− ) K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body ( 1.4 ±0.6 ) % × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− ) K 0 ρ0 π+ total ( 4.2 ±0.9 ) % 0 0 + K ρ π 3-body ( 5 ±5 ) × 10−3 0 + + − K π π π nonresonant ( 8 ±4 ) × 10−3
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 31
S=1.1
862 845 712 368 65 845
S=1.1
845 680 712 845 816 423 390 616 616 687 687 688 816 814 328 390 688 614 614 814
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K − π+ π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π + π+ π− × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ )
[qq]
K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 π+ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π + π− no- ρ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) − K ρ0 π + π + K − π+ π+ π+ π− nonresonant K − π+ π+ π0 π0
( 7.2 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 5.4 ±2.3 ) × 10−3
772 642
−3 ( 1.9 +1.1 −1.0 ) × 10
242
( 2.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3
642
( 3.1 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 < 2.3 × 10−3
529 772
CL=90%
( 2.2 +5.0 −0.9 ) % ( 5.4 +3.0 −1.4 ) %
K 0 π+ π+ π− π0 K 0 π+ π+ π+ π− π− K − π+ π+ π+ π− π0 K0K0K+
775 773
( 8 ±7 ) × 10−4 ( 2.0 ±1.8 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ±0.8 ) %
714 718 545
Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes.
K 0 ρ+ K 0 a1 (1260)+ K 0 a2 (1320)+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ total K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ S-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ P-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ D-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ D-wave longitudinal K 1 (1270)0 π+ K 1 (1400)0 π+ K ∗ (1410)0 π+ K ∗0 (1430)0 π+ K ∗ (1680)0 π+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ π0 total K ∗ (892)0 π + π0 3-body K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body − K ρ+ π+ total K − ρ+ π+ 3-body 0 K ρ0 π+ total K 0 ρ0 π+ 3-body
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 6.6 ±2.5 ) % ( 8.0 ±1.7 ) %
× 10−3
< 3 [rr] [rr]
CL=90%
( 1.90±0.19) % ( 2.1 ±1.3 ) %
199 712 423
( 1.6 ±1.6 ) % < 1 × 10−3 (10 ±7 ) × 10−3 < 7 × 10−3
CL=90%
423 423 423
CL=90%
423
× 10−3
CL=90%
487
( 4.9 ±1.2 ) % < 7 × 10−3
CL=90%
390 382
< 7
[rr]
680 328
( 3.7 ±0.4 ) %
368
( 1.43±0.30) % ( 6.7 ±1.4 ) %
65 687
( 4.2 ±1.4 ) %
687
( ( ( ( (
2.0 3.1 1.1 4.2 5
Page 32
±0.9 ±1.1 ±0.4 ±0.9 ±5
)% )% )% )% ) × 10−3
CL=90%
688 616 616 614 614
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0 f0 (980) π + K ∗ (892)0 π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 π + K ∗ (892)0 π + π+ π− no- ρ K − ρ0 π + π + π+ π0 π+ π+ π− ρ0 π + π+ π+ π−
< 5 × 10−3 ( 8.1 ±3.4 ) × 10−3 −3 ( 2.9 +1.7 −1.5 ) × 10 ( 4.3 ±1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±0.9 ) × 10−3
CL=90% S=1.7
461 642
S=1.8
242 642 529
Pionic modes
nonresonant
π+ π+ π− π0 η π+ × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) ω π+ × B(ω → π + π− π0 ) π+ π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π+ π− π− π0
( ( ( (
2.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 3.6 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 1.05±0.31) × 10−3 2.2 ±0.4 ) × 10−3
( 1.9 +1.5 −1.2 ) % ( 1.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 6 × 10−3
( 2.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−3
925 908 769 908 882 848 CL=90%
−3 ( 2.9 +2.9 −2.0 ) × 10
799
Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ( 7.5 ±2.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.05±0.31) × 10−3 < 7 × 10−3 CL=90%
η π+ ρ0 π + ω π+ η ρ+ η 0(958) π+ η 0(958) ρ+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
764 845
< 1.2 < 9
% × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90%
848 769 764 658 680
< 1.5
%
CL=90%
355
Page 33
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K K pair K+K0 K + K − π+ φ π+ × B(φ → K + K ∗ (892)0
K + K −)
× B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K + K − π + nonresonant 0 K K 0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ K 0 × B(K ∗+ → K 0 π+ ) K + K − π+ π0 φ π+ π0 × B(φ → K + K − ) φ ρ+ × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − π + π0 non-φ K + K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 × B2 (K ∗+ → K 0 π + ) 0 K K − π+ π+ non-K ∗+ K ∗0 K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π− × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − π + π+ π− nonresonant
[qq]
( 7.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 8.8 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 3.0 ±0.3 ) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−3
792 744 647 610
( 4.5 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 —
744 741
( 2.1 ±1.0 ) %
611
( < ( < (
— 1.1 ±0.5 ) % 7 × 10−3 1.5 +0.7 −0.6 ) % 2 % 1.0 ±0.6 ) %
CL=90%
682 CL=90%
( 1.2 ±0.5 ) %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
678 678 273
× 10−3
CL=90%
< 1
× 10−3
678 600
CL=90%
565
< 3
%
CL=90%
600
< 7.9 —
Fractions of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ( 6.1 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
φ π+ φ π+ π0 φ ρ+ φ π+ π+ π− K + K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)+ K 0 K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0
682 619 268
( 2.3 ±1.0 ) % < 1.4 % < 2 × 10−3 ( 4.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 3.2 ±1.5 ) % ( 2.6 ±1.1 ) %
Page 34
CL=90% CL=90%
647 619 268 565 610 611 273
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes, ∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes + DC ( 6.8 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 K π+ π− + 0 K ρ DC ( 2.5 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 K ∗ (892)0 π + DC ( 3.6 ±1.6 ) × 10−4 + + − K π π nonresonant DC ( 2.4 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 + + − K K K DC < 1.4 × 10−4 CL=90% + −4 φK DC < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% π+ e + e − C1 < 6.6 × 10−5 CL=90% + + − −5 π µ µ C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% ρ+ µ+ µ− C1 < 5.6 × 10−4 CL=90% K + e+ e− [ss] < 2.0 × 10−4 CL=90% + + − K µ µ [ss] < 9.7 × 10−5 CL=90% π+ e + µ− LF < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + −4 LF < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% π e µ K + e + µ− LF < 1.3 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + −4 K e µ LF < 1.2 × 10 CL=90% π− e + e + L < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% π− µ+ µ+ L < 8.7 × 10−5 CL=90% − + + −4 π e µ L < 1.1 × 10 CL=90% ρ− µ+ µ+ L < 5.6 × 10−4 CL=90% − + + −4 K e e L < 1.2 × 10 CL=90% K − µ+ µ+ L < 1.2 × 10−4 CL=90% − + + −4 K e µ L < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% ∗ − + + −4 K (892) µ µ L < 8.5 × 10 CL=90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 35
845 681 712 845 550 527 929 917 759 869 856 926 926 866 866 929 917 926 759 869 856 866 703
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
D0
Mass m = 1864.6 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ± − m D 0 = 4.76 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (0.415 ± 0.004) × 10−12 s µm cτ = 124.4 m 0 − m 0 < 24 × 1010 ¯h s− 1 , CL = 90% D1 D2 Γ 0 – Γ 0 /Γ 0 < 0.20, CL = 90% [tt] D D D 1
[tt]
2
Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 ))/Γ(K − `+ ν` ) < 0.005, CL = 90% Γ(K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (viaD 0 )) Γ(K − π+ or K − π+ π+ π− ) 90% [uu]
< 0.0085 (or < 0.0037), CL =
CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP (K + K − ) = 0.026 ± 0.035 ACP (π + π − ) = − 0.05 ± 0.08 ACP (K 0S φ) = − 0.03 ± 0.09 ACP (K 0S π 0 ) = − 0.018 ± 0.030 D 0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D 0 DECAY MODES
e + anything µ+ anything K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything
Inclusive modes ( 6.75±0.29) % ( 6.6 ±0.8 ) % (53 ±4 ) % (42 ±5 ) % ( 3.4 +0.6 −0.4 ) %
K + anything η anything K − `+ ν ` K − e + νe K − µ+ νµ K − π 0 e + νe K 0 π − e + νe K ∗ (892)− e + νe × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− ) K ∗ (892)− `+ ν`
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
S=1.3
– – – – –
%
CL=90%
–
( 3.50±0.17) % ( 3.66±0.18) % ( 3.23±0.17) %
S=1.3
867 867 863
[nn] < 13
Semileptonic modes [oo]
( 1.6 +1.3 −0.5 ) % ( 2.8 +1.7 −0.9 ) % ( 1.35±0.22) % —
Page 36
861 860 719
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K ∗ (892)0 π− e + νe K − π+ π− µ+ νµ (K ∗ (892)π )− µ+ νµ π − e + νe
— < 1.2 < 1.4
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
708 821
CL=90%
693
( 3.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
927
A fraction of the following resonance mode has already appeared above as a submode of a charged-particle mode. ∗ ( 2.02±0.33) % K (892)− e + νe
Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K − π+ ( 3.85±0.09) % 0 0 K π ( 2.12±0.21) % K 0 π+ π− [qq] ( 5.4 ±0.4 ) % K 0 ρ0 ( 1.21±0.17) % K 0 f0 (980) ( 3.0 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 × B(f0 → π + π− ) 0 K f2 (1270) ( 2.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 + − × B(f2 → π π ) 0 K f0 (1370) ( 4.3 ±1.3 ) × 10−3 + − × B(f0 → π π ) ∗ K (892)− π+ ( 3.4 ±0.3 ) % ∗− 0 − × B(K → K π ) K ∗0 (1430)− π+ ( 6.4 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 × B(K ∗0 (1430)− → K 0 π− ) K 0 π+ π− nonresonant ( 1.47±0.24) % − + 0 [qq] (13.9 ±0.9 ) % K π π (10.8 ±1.0 ) % K − ρ+ ∗ − + K (892) π ( 1.7 ±0.2 ) % × B(K ∗− → K − π0 ) K ∗ (892)0 π 0 ( 2.1 ±0.3 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K − π+ π0 nonresonant ( 6.9 ±2.5 ) × 10−3 — K 0 π0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π 0 ( 1.1 ±0.2 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K 0 π 0 ) K 0 π0 π0 nonresonant ( 7.9 ±2.1 ) × 10−3
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 37
S=1.1 S=1.2
719
861 860 842 676 549 263
– 711 364
S=1.3
842 844 678 711 709 844 843 709 843
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K − π+ π+ π− [qq] ( 7.6 ±0.4 ) % − + 0 K π ρ total ( 6.3 ±0.4 ) % K − π+ ρ0 3-body ( 4.8 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 ( 9.8 ±2.2 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) − K a1 (1260)+ ( 3.6 ±0.6 ) % + + + − × B(a1 (1260) → π π π ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π− total ( 1.5 ±0.4 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π − 3-body ( 9.5 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K1 (1270)− π+ [rr] ( 3.6 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 − − + × B(K1 (1270) → K π π− ) K − π+ π+ π− nonresonant ( 1.76±0.25) % 0 K π+ π− π0 [qq] (10.0 ±1.2 ) % K 0 η × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) ( 1.6 ±0.3 ) × 10−3 K 0 ω × B(ω → π + π − π0 ) ( 1.9 ±0.4 ) % K ∗ (892)− ρ+ ( 4.1 ±1.6 ) % ∗− 0 − × B(K → K π ) ∗ 0 0 K (892) ρ ( 4.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) K1 (1270)− π+ [rr] ( 5.1 ±1.4 ) × 10−3 − 0 − × B(K1 (1270) → K π π 0 ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π− 3-body ( 4.8 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) 0 K π+ π− π 0 nonresonant ( 2.1 ±2.1 ) % − + 0 0 K π π π (15 ±5 ) % ( 4.1 ±0.4 ) % K − π+ π+ π− π0 ∗ 0 + − 0 K (892) π π π ( 1.2 ±0.6 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 η ( 2.9 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) K − π+ ω × B(ω → π+ π− π0 ) ( 2.7 ±0.5 ) % K ∗ (892)0 ω ( 7 ±3 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) × B(ω → π+ π− π0 ) 0 + K π π+ π− π− ( 5.8 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 K 0 π+ π− π0 π0 (π 0 ) K0K+K− K 0 φ × B(φ → K + K − ) K 0 K + K − non-φ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(10.6 +7.3 −3.0 ) %
( 9.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 4.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 5.1 ±0.8 ) × 10−3
Page 38
S=1.1
812 612 612 418 327 683 683 483 812 812 772 670 422 418 483 683 812 815 771 641 580
605 406
768 771 544 520 544
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0S K 0S K 0S K + K − K − π+
( 8.4 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 ( 2.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−4
K + K − K 0 π0
−3 ( 7.2 +4.8 −3.5 ) × 10
538 434 435
Fractions of many of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. (Modes for which there are only upper limits and K ∗ (892) ρ submodes only appear below.) ( 7.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3
K0η K 0 ρ0 K − ρ+ K0ω K 0 η 0 (958) K 0 f0 (980) K0φ K − a1 (1260)+ K 0 a1 (1260)0 K 0 f2 (1270) K − a2 (1320)+ K 0 f0 (1370) K ∗ (892)− π + K ∗ (892)0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π+ π− total K ∗ (892)0 π + π− 3-body K − π+ ρ0 total K − π+ ρ0 3-body K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 transverse K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 S-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 S-wave long. K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 P-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 D-wave K ∗ (892)− ρ+ K ∗ (892)− ρ+ longitudinal K ∗ (892)− ρ+ transverse K ∗ (892)− ρ+ P-wave − K π+ f0 (980) K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) K1 (1270)− π+ K1 (1400)− π+ K 1 (1400)0 π0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.21±0.17) % (10.8 ±1.0 ) % ( 2.1 ±0.4 ) % ( 1.72±0.26) %
S=1.2
( 5.7 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 ( 8.6 ±1.0 ) × 10−3
( 7.3 ±1.1 ) % < 1.9 %
( 4.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−3 < 2 × 10−3 ( 7.0 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 ( 5.1 ±0.4 ) %
772 676 678 670 565 549 520
CL=90%
327 322
CL=90%
263 197
– S=1.2
711
( 3.2 ±0.4 ) %
709
( 2.3 ±0.5 ) % ( 1.43±0.32) %
683 683
( 6.3 ±0.4 ) % ( 4.8 ±2.1 ) × 10−3
612 612
( 1.47±0.33) % ( 1.5 ±0.5 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) %
418 418 418
< 3
× 10−3 × 10−3
< 3 ( 1.9 ±0.6 ) % ( 6.1 ±2.4 ) %
CL=90%
418
CL=90%
418 418 422
( 2.9 ±1.2 ) % ( 3.2 ±1.8 ) % < 1.5 < 1.1
% %
< 7 × 10−3 [rr] ( 1.06±0.29) % < 1.2 % < 3.7
Page 39
%
422 422 CL=90% CL=90%
422 459
CL=90%
–
CL=90%
483 386
CL=90%
387
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K ∗ (1410)− π+ K ∗0 (1430)− π+ K ∗2 (1430)− π+ K ∗2 (1430)0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π+ π− π0 K ∗ (892)0 η K − π+ ω K ∗ (892)0 ω K − π+ η 0(958) K ∗ (892)0 η 0(958) π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− π0 π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π− π0 π+ π+ π+ π− π− π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 1.2 % ( 1.04±0.26) % × 10−3 × 10−3
< 8 < 4
CL=90%
378 364
CL=90%
367
CL=90%
363
( 1.8 ±0.9 ) % ( ( ( (
1.9 3.0 1.1 7.0
±0.5 ±0.6 ±0.5 ±1.8
< 1.1
)% )% )% ) × 10−3 × 10−3
641 580 605 406 479 CL=90%
99
Pionic modes
( 1.53±0.09) × 10−3 ( 8.5 ±2.2 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( (
1.6 7.4 1.9 4.0
Page 40
±1.1 ±0.6 ±0.4 ±3.0
)% ) × 10−3 )% ) × 10−4
922 922 S=2.7
907 879 844 795
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K− K0K0 K 0 K − π+ K ∗ (892)0 K 0 × B(K ∗0 →
Hadronic modes with a K K pair
( 4.27±0.16) × 10−3 ( 6.5 ±1.8 ) × 10−4 ( 6.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3
K − π+ )
K ∗ (892)+ K − × B(K ∗+ → K 0 π+ ) K 0 K − π+ nonresonant 0 K K + π− K ∗ (892)0 K 0 × B(K ∗0 → K + π− ) ∗ K (892)− K + × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− )
K + K −)
→ 0 φ ρ × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − ρ0 3-body K ∗ (892)0 K − π + +c.c. × B(K ∗0 → K + π− ) ∗ K (892)0 K ∗ (892)0 × B2 (K ∗0 → K + π − ) K + K − π + π− non- φ K + K − π + π− nonresonant K 0 K 0 π+ π− K + K − π+ π− π0
791 788 739
CL=90%
605
( 2.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
610
( 2.3 ±2.3 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 < 5 × 10−4
739 739 605
CL=90%
( 1.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−3
K 0 K + π− nonresonant K + K − π0 K 0S K 0S π0 K + K − π+ π− φ π+ π− × B(φ
S=1.2 S=1.1
610
−3 ( 3.9 +2.3 −1.9 ) × 10 ( 1.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 5.9 × 10−4 [vv ]
739 742 739
( 2.52±0.24) × 10−3 ( 5.3 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.0 ±1.6 ) × 10−4
676 614 260
( 9.1 ±2.3 ) × 10−4 [ww] < 5 × 10−4 ( 6
±2
309 528
) × 10−4
— < 8 × 10−4 ( 6.9 ±2.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±2.0 ) × 10−3
257
CL=90%
600
Fractions of most of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K ∗ (892)0 K 0 < 1.6 × 10−3 CL=90%
K ∗ (892)+ K − K ∗ (892)0 K 0 K ∗ (892)− K + φ π0 φη φω φ π+ π− φ ρ0 φ π+ π− 3-body K ∗ (892)0 K − π+ + c.c. K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 3.5 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 < 8 × 10−4 (
1.8 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3 2.8 × 10−3 2.1 × 10−3 1.08±0.29) × 10−3
< < < ( ( 6
) × 10−4 ( 7 ±5 ) × 10−4 [ww] < 8 × 10−4 ( 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
Page 41
676 676 673
605 610
CL=90%
605 610
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
644 489 239 614 260
±3
614 CL=90%
– 257
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes, ∆C = 2 forbidden via mixing (C2M) modes, ∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes + − 0 K ` ν ` (via D ) C2M < 1.7 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −3 K π or C2M < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% K + π− π+ π − (via D 0 ) K + π− DC ( 2.8 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 + − 0 K π (via D ) < 1.9 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + − K π π π DC ( 1.9 ±2.7 ) × 10−4 K + π− π+ π − (via D 0 ) < 4 × 10−4 CL=90% − 0 µ anything (via D ) < 4 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −5 e e C1 < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% + − −6 µ µ C1 < 4.1 × 10 CL=90% π0 e + e − C1 < 4.5 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 + − −4 π µ µ C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% η e+ e− C1 < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −4 ηµ µ C1 < 5.3 × 10 CL=90% 0 + − −4 C1 < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% ρ e e ρ0 µ+ µ− C1 < 2.3 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −4 C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% ωe e C1 < 8.3 × 10−4 CL=90% ω µ+ µ− C1 < 5.2 × 10−5 CL=90% φ e+ e− + − φµ µ C1 < 4.1 × 10−4 CL=90% 0 + − −4 K e e [ss] < 1.1 × 10 CL=90% 0 + − −4 K µ µ [ss] < 2.6 × 10 CL=90% K ∗ (892)0 e + e − [ss] < 1.4 × 10−4 CL=90% ∗ 0 + − −3 K (892) µ µ [ss] < 1.18 × 10 CL=90% π+ π− π0 µ+ µ− C1 < 8.1 × 10−4 CL=90% µ± e ∓ LF [gg] < 1.9 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −5 π e µ LF [gg] < 8.6 × 10 CL=90% η e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10−4 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −5 ρ e µ LF [gg] < 4.9 × 10 CL=90% ω e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.2 × 10−4 CL=90% φ e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 3.4 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −4 K e µ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% K ∗ (892)0 e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10−4 CL=90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 42
– – 861 861 812 812
– 932 926 927 915 852 838 773 756 768 751 654 631 866 852 717 698 863 929 924 848 769 764 648 862 712
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
D ∗ (2007)0
I (J P ) = 12 (1− ) I, J, P need confirmation.
Mass m = 2006.7 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗0 − m D 0 = 142.12 ± 0.07 MeV Full width Γ < 2.1 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗ (2007) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D ∗ (2007) 0 DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
D 0 π0 D0 γ
(61.9±2.9) % (38.1±2.9) %
p (MeV/c) 43 137
I (J P ) = 12 (1− ) I, J, P need confirmation. Mass m = 2010.0 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗ (2010)+ − m D + = 140.64 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗ (2010)+ − m D 0 = 145.397 ± 0.030 MeV Full width Γ < 0.131 MeV, CL = 90%
D ∗ (2010)±
D ∗ (2010) − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D ∗ (2010) ± DECAY MODES
D 0 π+ D + π0
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(68.3±1.4) % (30.6±2.5) % ( 1.1 +2.1 −0.7 ) %
D+ γ
D1 (2420)0
39 38 136
I (J P ) = 12 (1+ ) I, J, P need confirmation.
Mass m = 2422.2 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.2) 4.6 Full width Γ = 18.9 + − 3.5 MeV D 1 (2420) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D1 (2420) 0 DECAY MODES D ∗ (2010)+ π−
D + π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
355
not seen
474
Page 43
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
D ∗2 (2460)0
I (J P ) = 12 (2+ )
J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89B). Mass m = 2458.9 ± 2.0 MeV Full width Γ = 23 ± 5 MeV
(S = 1.2)
0 D∗ 2 (2460) modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D ∗ (2460) 0 DECAY MODES 2
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
D + π− D ∗ (2010)+ π−
seen seen
D ∗2 (2460)±
p (MeV/c) 503 387
I (J P ) = 12 (2+ )
J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89B). Mass m = 2459 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.7) m D ∗ (2460)± − m D ∗ (2460)0 = 0.9 ± 3.3 MeV (S = 1.1) 2
2
8 Full width Γ = 25 + − 7 MeV − D∗ 2 (2460) modes are charge conjugates of modes below. ± D∗ 2 (2460) DECAY MODES
D 0 π+ D ∗0 π+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
508
seen
390
Page 44
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
CHARMED, STRANGE MESONS (C = S = ±1) − D+ s = cs, D s = c s,
D± s
similarly for D ∗s ’s
I (J P ) = 0(0− )
was F ±
Mass m = 1968.5 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ± − m D ± = 99.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) s
Mean life τ = (0.467 ± 0.017) × 10−12 s cτ = 140 µm D+ s form factors r2 = 1.6 ± 0.4 rv = 1.5 ± 0.5 ΓL /ΓT = 0.72 ± 0.18 Branching fractions for modes with a resonance in the final state include all the decay modes of the resonance. D − s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D+ s DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Inclusive modes
K − anything K 0 anything
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
+
K 0 anything
(13
+14 −12
)%
–
(39
±28 +18 −14 ±17
)%
–
)%
–
)%
–
)%
–
)%
–
K + anything
(20
non- K K anything
(64
e + anything
( 8
+ 6 − 5
φ anything
(18
+15 −10
Leptonic and semileptonic modes µ+ νµ
2.2 ) × 10−3 2.0 4 )% 0.5 ) %
τ + ντ φ `+ ν ` η `+ ν` + η 0(958) `+ ν` η `+ ν ` η 0 (958)`+ ν`
[xx ]
( 4.0 + − ( 7 ± ( 2.0 ±
[xx ]
( 3.4 ± 1.0 ) %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 45
( 2.5 ± 0.7 ) % ( 8.8 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3
S=1.4
981 182
– – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K K pair (including from a φ) K+K0
( 3.6 ± 1.1 ) %
K + K − π+ φ π+ K + K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) π + K + K ∗0 (1430)0 fJ (1710) π+ → K + K − π+ K + K − π + nonresonant K 0 K 0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ K 0 + K K − π+ π0 φ π+ π0 φ ρ+ φ π+ π0 3-body K + K − π + π0 non-φ + K K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 K 0 K − π+ π+ non-K ∗+ K ∗0 K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π−
[qq] [yy ] [yy ]
( 4.4 ± 1.2 ) % ( 3.6 ± 0.9 ) % ( 3.3 ± 0.9 ) %
S=1.1
805 712 682
[yy ] [yy ]
( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % ( 7 ± 4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.5 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3
S=1.3
732 186
[zz]
[yy ] [yy ] [yy ] [yy ]
[yy ]
[yy ]
204
) × 10−3
± 4 — ( 4.3 ± 1.4 ) % — ( 9 ± 5 )% ( 6.7 ± 2.3 ) % < 2.6 % < 9 % < 2.8 % ( 9
K + K − π + π+ π− non- φ π+ π+ π− ρ0 π +
850
( 4.3 ± 1.5 ) % ( 5.8 ± 2.5 ) % < 2.9 % ( 8.3 ± ( 1.18± ( 3.0 + −
3.3 ) × 10−3 0.35) % 3.0 ) × 10−3 2.0
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
805 802 683 748 687 407 687 748 744
CL=90%
744 412 744 673 640 673
Hadronic modes without K ’s
f0 (980) π + f2 (1270) π + f0 (1500) π + → π + π− π+ π+ π+ π− nonresonant + π π+ π− π0 η π+ ω π+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π0 π0 η ρ+ η π+ π0 3-body + π π+ π+ π− π− π0 η 0 (958)π + + π π+ π+ π− π− π0 π0 η 0 (958)ρ+ η 0 (958)π + π 0 3-body
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.0 ± 0.4 ) % < 8 × 10−4 [yy ] ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % [yy ] ( 2.3 ± 1.3 ) × 10−3 [aaa] ( 2.8 ± 1.6 ) × 10−3
< 2.8 × 10−3 < 12 % [yy ] ( 2.0 ± 0.6 ) % [yy ] ( 3.1 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 ( 6.9 ± 3.0 ) × 10−3 — [yy ] (10.3 ± 3.2 ) % [yy ] < 3.0 % ( 4.9 ± 3.2 ) % [yy ] ( 4.9 ± 1.8 ) % [yy ]
(12
[yy ] < 3.1
Page 46
— ± 4
S=1.2 CL=90% S=1.7
559 391 CL=90% CL=90%
959 935 902 822 899 902 727
CL=90%
886 856 743 803 470
)% %
959 827 732
CL=90%
720
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Modes with one or three K ’s
8 × 10−3 1.0 ± 0.4 ) % 2.9 × 10−3 6.5 ± 2.8 ) × 10−3 6 × 10−4 [yy ] < 5 × 10−4
K 0 π+ K + π+ π− K + ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 π + K+K+K− φK+
< ( < [yy ] ( <
CL=90%
CL=90%
916 900 747 773 628
CL=90%
607
CL=90%
∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes
π+ µ+ µ− K + µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− π− µ+ µ+ K − µ+ µ+ K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+
C1 C1
D ∗± s
[ss] < 4.3 < 5.9 < 1.4
L L
< 4.3 < 5.9
L
< 1.4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
968 909 765
CL=90% CL=90%
968 909
CL=90%
765
I (J P ) = 0(?? ) J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 1− . Mass m = 2112.4 ± 0.7 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗± − m D ± = 143.8 ± 0.4 MeV s
s
Full width Γ < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗− s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D ∗+ s DECAY MODES
D+ s γ 0 D+ s π
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(94.2±2.5) %
139
( 5.8±2.5) %
48
Page 47
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ds1 (2536)±
I (J P ) = 0(1+ ) J, P need confirmation.
Mass m = 2535.35 ± 0.34 ± 0.5 MeV Full width Γ < 2.3 MeV, CL = 90% Ds1 (2536)− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds1 (2536)+ DECAY MODES D ∗ (2010)+ K 0
D ∗ (2007)0 K + D+ K 0 D0 K + D ∗+ s γ
DsJ (2573)±
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
150
seen not seen not seen
169 382 392
possibly seen
389
I (J P ) = 0(?? )
J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 2+ . Mass m = 2573.5 ± 1.7 MeV 5 Full width Γ = 15 + − 4 MeV DsJ (2573)− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. DsJ (2573)+ DECAY MODES D0 K +
D ∗ (2007)0 K +
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
436
not seen
245
Page 48
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
BOTTOM MESONS (B = ±1) B + = u b, B 0 = d b, B 0 = d b, B − = u b,
similarly for B ∗ ’s
B-particle organization Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B ± section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections: “B ± /B 0 Admixture” for Υ(4S ) results and “B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon Admixture” for results at higher energies. Most inclusive decay branching fractions are found in the Admixture sections. B 0 -B 0 mixing data are found in the B 0 section, while B 0s -B 0s mixing data and B-B mixing data for a B 0 /B 0s admixture are found in the B 0s section. CP-violation data are found in the B 0 section. b-baryons are found near the end of the Baryon section.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 49
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
The organization of the B sections is now as follows, where bullets indicate particle sections and brackets indicate reviews. [Production and Decay of b-flavored Hadrons] • B± mass, mean life branching fractions 0 •B mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B 0 decay B 0 -B 0 mixing [CP Violation in B Decay] CP violation ± • B B 0 Admixtures branching fractions ± • B /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon Admixtures mean life production fractions branching fractions • B∗ mass 0 • Bs mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B 0s decay B 0s -B 0s mixing B-B mixing (admixture of B 0 , B 0s ) At end of Baryon Listings: • Λb mass, mean life branching fractions • b-baryon Admixture mean life branching fractions
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 50
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
B±
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B ± = 5278.9 ± 1.8 MeV Mean life τ B ± = (1.65 ± 0.04) × 10−12 s cτ = 495 µm B − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B − production at the Υ(4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed Υ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D ∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. B + DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Semileptonic and leptonic modes `+ ν
` anything D 0 `+ ν ` D ∗ (2007)0 `+ ν` π 0 e + νe ω `+ ν ` ρ0 `+ ν ` e + νe µ+ νµ τ + ντ e + νe γ µ+ νµ γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
[pp]
(10.3 ±0.9 ) %
( 1.86±0.33) % ( 5.3 ±0.8 ) % < 2.2 × 10−3 [pp] < 2.1 × 10−4 [pp] < 2.1 × 10−4 < 1.5 × 10−5
– – –
[pp] [pp]
< 2.1 < 5.7 < 2.0 < 5.2
Page 51
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5
CL=90%
2638
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– –
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2639 2638 2340
– –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 0 π+ D 0 ρ+ D 0 π+ π+ π− D 0 π+ π+ π− nonresonant D 0 π + ρ0 D 0 a1 (1260)+ ∗ D (2010)− π+ π + D − π+ π+ D ∗ (2007)0 π + D ∗ (2010)+ π0 D ∗ (2007)0 ρ+ D ∗ (2007)0 π + π + π − D ∗ (2007)0 a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π0 D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π+ π− D ∗1 (2420)0 π + D ∗1 (2420)0 ρ+ D ∗2 (2460)0 π + D ∗2 (2460)0 ρ+ D0 D+ s D 0 D ∗+ s D ∗ (2007)0 D + s D ∗ (2007)0 D ∗+ s 0 D+ π s 0 D ∗+ s π D+ s η D ∗+ s η 0 D+ s ρ 0 D ∗+ s ρ D+ s ω D ∗+ s ω 0 D+ s a1 (1260) 0 D ∗+ s a1 (1260) D+ s φ D ∗+ s φ 0 D+ s K 0 D ∗+ s K ∗ 0 D+ s K (892)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
D, D ∗ , or Ds modes
( 5.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
2308
( ( ( ( ( (
2238 2289 2289 2209 2123 2247
1.34±0.18) % 1.1 ±0.4 ) % 5 ±4 ) × 10−3 4.2 ±3.0 ) × 10−3 5 ±4 ) × 10−3 2.1 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.4 × 10−3 ( 4.6 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−4
CL=90%
2299 2256
CL=90%
2254 2183
( 1.55±0.31) %
( 9.4 ±2.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.9 ±0.5 ) %
2236 2062
( 1.5 ±0.7 ) % < 1 % ( 1.5 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.4 × 10−3
CL=90% S=1.3
2235 2217 2081
CL=90%
1997
< 1.3
CL=90%
2064
CL=90%
1979
× 10−3 × 10−3
< 4.7
( 1.3 ±0.4 ) % ( 9
±4
1815
) × 10−3
1734
( 1.2 ±0.5 ) %
1737
( 2.7 ±1.0 ) %
1650
< 2.0 < 3.3 < 5 < 8 < 4 < 5 < 5 < 7 < 2.2 < 1.6 < 3.2 < 4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90%
2270
CL=90%
2214
CL=90%
2235
CL=90%
2177
CL=90%
2198
CL=90%
2139
CL=90%
2195
CL=90%
2136
CL=90%
2079
CL=90%
2014
CL=90%
2141
CL=90%
2079
CL=90%
2241
< 1.1
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
2184
< 5
× 10−4
CL=90%
2171
< 1.1
Page 52
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∗ 0 D ∗+ s K (892) + + D− s π K + + D ∗− s π K + ∗ + D− s π K (892) + ∗ + D ∗− s π K (892)
J/ψ(1S )K + J/ψ(1S )K + π+ π− J/ψ(1S )K ∗ (892)+ J/ψ(1S )π+ J/ψ(1S )ρ+ J/ψ(1S )a1 (1260)+ ψ(2S )K + ψ(2S )K ∗ (892)+ ψ(2S )K + π+ π− χc1 (1P) K + χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892)+ K 0 π+ K + π0 η0 K + η 0 K ∗ (892)+ ηK+ η K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ π 0 K + π− π+ nonresonant K − π+ π+ nonresonant K1 (1400)0 π+ K ∗2 (1430)0 π+ K + ρ0 K 0 ρ+ K ∗ (892)+ π + π− K ∗ (892)+ ρ0 K1 (1400)+ ρ0 K ∗2 (1430)+ ρ0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 4 < 8
× 10−4 × 10−4
< 6
× 10−3 × 10−3
< 8
× 10−3
< 1.2
CL=90%
2110
CL=90%
2222
CL=90%
2164
CL=90%
2137
CL=90%
2075
Charmonium modes
( 9.9 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 ( 1.4 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
( 1.47±0.27) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±1.5 ) × 10−5 < 7.7 × 10−4 < 1.2 × 10−3 ( 6.9 ±3.1 ) × 10−4 < 3.0 × 10−3 ( 1.9 ±1.2 ) × 10−3 ( 1.0 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−3
1683 1612
CL=90%
1571 1727 1613
CL=90% S=1.3 CL=90%
1414 1284 1115 909
CL=90%
1411 1265
K or K ∗ modes
( 2.3 ±1.1 ) × 10−5 < 1.6 × 10−5 ( 6.5 ±1.7 ) × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−4 < 1.4 < 3.0 < 4.1 < 9.9 < 2.8 < 5.6 < 2.6 < 6.8 < 1.9 < 4.8 < 1.1 < 9.0 < 7.8 < 1.5
Page 53
× 10−5 × 10−5
× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3
2614 CL=90% CL=90%
2615 2528 2472
CL=90% CL=90%
2587 2534
CL=90% CL=90%
2561 2562
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2609 2451
CL=90%
2443
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2559 2559 2556
CL=90% CL=90%
2505 2389
CL=90%
2382
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K0 K + K − π+ nonresonant K+K−K+ K+φ K + K − K + nonresonant K ∗ (892)+ K + K − K ∗ (892)+ φ K1 (1400)+ φ K ∗2 (1430)+ φ K + f0 (980) K ∗ (892)+ γ K1 (1270)+ γ K1 (1400)+ γ K ∗2 (1430)+ γ K ∗ (1680)+ γ K ∗3 (1780)+ γ K ∗4 (2045)+ γ
< < < < <
2.1 7.5 2.0 1.2 3.8
< 1.6 < 7.0 < 1.1 < 3.4 < ( < < <
× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3
8 × 10−5 5.7 ±3.3 ) × 10−5 7.3 × 10−3 2.2 × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3
< 1.9 < 5.5 < 9.9
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2592
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2466 2460 2339
CL=90%
2332
CL=90%
2524
CL=90%
2564 2486
CL=90% CL=90%
2453 2447
CL=90%
2361
CL=90%
2343
CL=90%
2243
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2636 2630 2582
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2547 2483
CL=90% CL=90%
2631 2582
CL=90% CL=90%
2621 2525
CL=90% CL=90%
2494 2494
CL=90% CL=90%
2580 2609
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2550 2493 2554 2608 2434
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2411 2592 2335
– 2522 2516 2516
Light unflavored meson modes π+ π0 π+ π+ π− ρ0 π +
< 2.0 < 1.3 < 4.3
π+ f0 (980) π+ f2 (1270) π+ π− π+ nonresonant π+ π0 π0 ρ+ π 0 π+ π− π+ π0 ρ+ ρ0 a1 (1260)+ π0 a1 (1260)0 π + ω π+ η π+ η 0 π+ η 0 ρ+ η ρ+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− ρ0 a1 (1260)+ ρ0 a2 (1320)+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− π0 a1 (1260)+ a1 (1260)0
< 1.4 < 2.4 < 4.1
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 8.9 < 7.7 < 4.0 < 1.0 < 1.7 < 9.0 < 4.0 < 1.5 < < < < <
3.1 4.7 3.2 8.6 6.2
< 7.2 < 6.3 < 1.3
Page 54
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 %
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Baryon modes p p π+ p p π+ nonresonant p p π+ π+ π− p p K + nonresonant pΛ p Λπ+ π− ∆0 p ∆++ p + Λ− c pπ − Λc p π+ π0 + + − Λ− c pπ π π − Λc p π+ π+ π− π 0
< 1.6 < 5.3 < 5.2 < < < < <
8.9 6 2.0 3.8 1.5
× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
( 6.2 ±2.7 ) × 10−4 < 3.12 × 10−3
CL=90%
< 1.46
× 10−3
CL=90%
< 1.34
%
CL=90%
2439
– 2369
– 2430 2367 2402 2402
– – – –
Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes, or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes + + − π e e B1 < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2638 + + − −3 B1 < 9.1 × 10 CL=90% 2633 π µ µ B1 < 6 × 10−5 CL=90% 2616 K + e+ e− + + − −5 B1 < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% 2612 K µ µ ∗ + + − −4 K (892) e e B1 < 6.9 × 10 CL=90% 2564 B1 < 1.2 × 10−3 CL=90% 2560 K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− + + − −3 LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2637 π e µ LF < 6.4 × 10−3 CL=90% 2637 π+ e − µ+ + + − −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615 + − + −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615 π− e + e + L < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2638 π− µ+ µ+ L < 9.1 × 10−3 CL=90% 2633 − + + π e µ LF < 6.4 × 10−3 CL=90% 2637 K − e+ e+ L < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2616 − + + K µ µ L < 9.1 × 10−3 CL=90% 2612 − + + −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 55
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
B0
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B 0 = 5279.2 ± 1.8 MeV m B 0 − m B ± = 0.35 ± 0.29 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ B 0 = (1.56 ± 0.04) × 10−12 s cτ = 468 µm τ B + /τ B 0 = 1.02 ± 0.04 (average of direct and inferred) τ B + /τ B 0 = 1.04 ± 0.04 (direct measurements) 0.15 τ B + /τ B 0 = 0.95 + (inferred from branching fractions) − 0.12 B 0 -B 0 mixing parameters χd = 0.172 ± 0.010 ∆m B 0 = m B 0 − m B 0 = (0.464 ± 0.018) × 1012 ¯h s− 1 H
L
xd = ∆m B 0 /ΓB 0 = 0.723 ± 0.032 CP violation parameters Re( 0 ) = 0.002 ± 0.008 B B 0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B − production at the Υ(4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed Υ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D ∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. B 0 DECAY MODES
`+ ν` anything D − `+ ν ` D ∗ (2010)− `+ ν` ρ− `+ ν ` π − `+ ν ` K + anything HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) [pp] [pp] [pp] [pp]
(10.5 ± ( 2.00± ( 4.60± ( 2.5 + − ( 1.8 ±
0.8 ) % 0.25) % 0.27) % 0.8 ) × 10−4 1.0 0.6 ) × 10−4
– – – – –
Inclusive modes (78
Page 56
±80
)%
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D, D ∗ , or Ds modes
D − π+ D − ρ+ D 0 π+ π− D ∗ (2010)− π+ − D π+ π+ π− (D − π+ π+ π− ) nonresonant D − π + ρ0 D − a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π 0 D ∗ (2010)− ρ+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− (D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− ) nonresonant D ∗ (2010)− π+ ρ0 D ∗ (2010)− a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− π0 D ∗2 (2460)− π+ D ∗2 (2460)− ρ+ D− D+ s D ∗ (2010)− D + s D − D ∗+ s D ∗ (2010)− D ∗+ s − D+ π s − D ∗+ s π − D+ s ρ − D ∗+ s ρ − D+ s a1 (1260) − D ∗+ s a1 (1260) + D− s K + D ∗− s K ∗ + D− s K (892) ∗ + D ∗− s K (892) + 0 D− s π K + 0 D ∗− s π K + ∗ 0 D− s π K (892) + ∗ 0 D ∗− s π K (892) D 0 π0 D 0 ρ0 D0 η
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 3.0 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 7.9 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.6 × 10−3 ( 2.76± 0.21) × 10−3
2306 CL=90%
( 8.0 ± 2.5 ) × 10−3 ( 3.9 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 6.0 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 1.5 ± 0.5 ) % ( 6.7 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 7.6 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 0.0 ± 2.5 ) × 10−3
2236 2301 2254 2287 2287 2207 2121
S=1.3
2247 2181 2235 2235
( 5.7 ± 3.1 ) × 10−3
2151
( 1.30± 0.27) %
2061
( 3.4 ± 1.8 ) %
2218
< 2.2 < 4.9
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
2064
CL=90%
1979
( 8.0 ± 3.0 ) × 10−3 ( 9.6 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3
1812 1735
( 1.0 ± 0.5 ) %
1731
( 2.0 ± 0.7 ) %
1649
< 2.8 < 5 < 7 < 8 < 2.6 < 2.2 < 2.4 < 1.7 < 9.9 < 1.1 < 5 < 3.1 < 4 < 2.0 < 1.2 < 3.9 < 1.3
Page 57
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90%
2270
CL=90%
2214
CL=90%
2198
CL=90%
2139
CL=90%
2079
CL=90%
2014
CL=90%
2242
CL=90%
2185
CL=90%
2172
CL=90%
2112
CL=90%
2221
CL=90%
2164
CL=90%
2136
CL=90%
2074
CL=90% CL=90%
2308 2238
CL=90%
2274
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 0 η0 D0 ω D ∗ (2007)0 π 0 D ∗ (2007)0 ρ0 D ∗ (2007)0 η D ∗ (2007)0 η 0 D ∗ (2007)0 ω D ∗ (2010)+ D ∗ (2010)− D ∗ (2010)+ D − D + D ∗ (2010)− J/ψ(1S )K 0
J/ψ(1S )K + π− J/ψ(1S )K ∗ (892)0 J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )ρ0 J/ψ(1S )ω ψ(2S )K 0 ψ(2S )K + π− ψ(2S ) K ∗ (892)0 χc1 (1P) K 0 χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892)0
< 9.4 < 5.1 < 4.4 < 5.6 < 2.6 < 1.4 < 7.4 < 2.2 < 1.8 < 1.2
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2198 2235 2256
CL=90% CL=90%
2183 2220
CL=90% CL=90%
2141 2180
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
1711 1790 1790
Charmonium modes
( 8.9 ± 1.2 ) × 10−4 ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.35± 0.18) × 10−3
< 5.8 < 1.2 < 2.5 < 2.7
× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4
< 8 × 10−4 < 1 × 10−3 ( 1.4 ± 0.9 ) × 10−3 < 2.7 × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−3
1683 1652 1570 CL=90% CL=90%
1728 1672
CL=90%
1614
CL=90%
1609
CL=90% CL=90%
1283 1238 1113
CL=90% CL=90%
1411 1263
K or K ∗ modes K + π− K 0 π0 η0 K 0 η 0 K ∗ (892)0 η K ∗ (892)0 ηK0 K+K− K0K0 K + ρ− K 0 ρ0 K 0 f0 (980) K ∗ (892)+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π 0 K ∗2 (1430)+ π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
0.5 −5 ( 1.5 + − 0.4 ) × 10 < 4.1 × 10−5 2.8 −5 ( 4.7 + − 2.2 ) × 10 < 3.9 × 10−5 < 3.0 × 10−5 < 3.3 × 10−5 < 4.3 < < < <
1.7 3.5 3.9 3.6
< 7.2 < 2.8 < 2.6
Page 58
× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
2615 CL=90%
2614 2528
CL=90% CL=90%
2472 2534
CL=90% CL=90%
2593 2593
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2592 2559 2559 2523
CL=90%
2562
CL=90% CL=90%
2562 2445
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0K+K− K0φ K − π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π + π− K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) K1 (1400)+ π − K − a1 (1260)+ K ∗ (892)0 K + K − K ∗ (892)0 φ K1 (1400)0 ρ0 K1 (1400)0 φ K ∗2 (1430)0 ρ0 K ∗2 (1430)0 φ K ∗ (892)0 γ K1 (1270)0 γ K1 (1400)0 γ K ∗2 (1430)0 γ K ∗ (1680)0 γ K ∗3 (1780)0 γ K ∗4 (2045)0 γ φφ π+ π−
< < [bbb] < < <
1.3 8.8 2.3 1.4 4.6
< 1.7 < 1.1 [bbb] < 2.3 < 6.1 < 4.3 < 3.0 < 5.0 < 1.1 < 1.4
× 10−3 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4
× 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4
× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
( 4.0 ± 1.9 ) × 10−5 < 7.0 × 10−3 < 4.3 × 10−3 < 4.0 × 10−4 < 2.0 × 10−3 < 1.0 < 4.3 < 3.9
% × 10−3 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2522 2516 2600 2556 2504
CL=90%
2467
CL=90% CL=90%
2451 2471
CL=90% CL=90%
2466 2459
CL=90% CL=90%
2389 2339
CL=90%
2380
CL=90%
2330 2564
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2486 2453 2445
CL=90% CL=90%
2361 2343
CL=90%
2244
CL=90%
2435
CL=90%
2636
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2636 2609 2582
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2551 2460 2522 2493 2554 2631 2582 2582 2621
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2525 2494 2473
Light unflavored meson modes
π0 π0 η π0 ηη η 0 π0 η0 η0 η0 η η 0 ρ0 η ρ0 π+ π− π0 ρ0 π 0 ρ∓ π ± π+ π− π+ π− ρ0 ρ0 a1 (1260)∓ π± a2 (1320)∓ π±
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 1.5 < 9.3 < 8 < 1.8 < < < < < < < [gg] < <
1.1 4.7 2.7 2.3 1.3 7.2 2.4 8.8 2.3
< 2.8 [gg] < 4.9 [gg] < 3.0
Page 59
× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) π+ π− π0 π0 ρ+ ρ− a1 (1260)0 π 0 ω π0 + π π+ π− π− π0 a1 (1260)+ ρ− a1 (1260)0 ρ0 + π π+ π+ π− π− π− a1 (1260)+ a1 (1260)− + π π+ π+ π− π− π− π0
< 3.1 < 2.2 < 1.1 < < < <
4.6 9.0 3.4 2.4
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2622 2525 2494
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2580 2609 2434 2434
< 3.0 < 2.8
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90%
2592 2336
< 1.1
%
CL=90%
2572
CL=90%
2467
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2406 2401 2334 2334
CL=90%
1839
Baryon modes pp p p π+ π− p Λπ− ∆0 ∆0 ∆++ ∆−− ++ Σ −− c ∆ + − Λ− c pπ π Λ− c p 0 Λ− c pπ + − 0 Λ− c pπ π π + − + − Λ− c pπ π π π
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
< 1.8 < < < <
2.5 1.8 1.5 1.1
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4
× 10−3 ( 1.3 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−4 < 5.9 × 10−4 < 5.07 × 10−3 < 1.0
< 2.74
× 10−3
– CL=90%
2021
CL=90%
– – –
CL=90% CL=90%
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes, or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes γγ e+ e− µ+ µ− K 0 e+ e− K 0 µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)0 e + e − K ∗ (892)0 µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)0 ν ν e ± µ∓ e± τ ∓ µ± τ ∓
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
B1 B1
< 3.9 < 5.9
B1 B1 B1
< 6.8 < 3.0 < 3.6
B1 B1 B1 LF
< < < [gg] <
2.9 2.3 1.0 5.9
LF LF
[gg] < 5.3 [gg] < 8.3
Page 60
× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−7 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−6 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90%
2640 2640
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2637 2616 2612
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2564 2559 2244 2639
CL=90% CL=90%
2341 2339
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons at the Υ(4S ). The values quoted assume that B(Υ(4S ) → B B) = 100%. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the final state must be defined. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the definition of average multiplicity. The two definitions are identical when only one of the specified particles is allowed in the final state. Even though the “one-or-more” definition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity definition. For heavy final state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractions while for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the B sections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity definition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. B modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. B DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Semileptonic and leptonic modes
B → [ccc] e anything + B → p e νe anything B → µ+ νµ anything [ccc] + B → ` ν` anything [pp,ccc] − + [pp] B → D ` ν` anything B → D 0 `+ ν` anything [pp] ∗∗ + B → D ` ν` [pp,ddd] + B → D 1 (2420) ` ν` anything B → D π `+ ν` anything + D ∗ π `+ ν` anything B → D ∗2 (2460) `+ ν` anything B → D ∗− π+ `+ ν` anything e+ ν
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( (
2.7 ±0.7 ) % 7.4 ±1.6 ) × 10−3
– – – – – – – –
(
2.3 ±0.4 ) %
–
( 10.41±0.29) %
< 1.6 × 10−3 ( 10.3 ±0.5 ) %
S=1.2 CL=90%
( 10.45±0.21) % ( 2.7 ±0.8 ) % ( 7.0 ±1.4 ) %
< (
Page 61
6.5
× 10−3
1.00±0.34) %
CL=95%
– –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) + B → D− s ` ν` anything + + B → D− s ` ν` K anything + 0 B → D− s ` ν` K anything B → K + `+ ν` anything B → K − `+ ν` anything B → K 0 / K 0 `+ ν` anything
6
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
9
× 10−3
CL=90%
[pp] <
9
[pp] < [pp] < [pp] [pp] [pp]
CL=90%
( 6.0 ±0.5 ) % ( 10 ±4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.4 ±0.5 ) %
– – – – – –
D, D ∗ , or Ds modes
B → D ± anything B → D 0 / D 0 anything B → D ∗ (2010)± anything B → D ∗ (2007)0 anything B → D± s anything b → ccs B → Ds D , D ∗s D , Ds D ∗ , or D ∗s D ∗ B → D ∗ (2010) γ ∗+ − − B → D+ s π , Ds π , ∗+ − + 0 − D+ s ρ , Ds ρ , Ds π , + ∗+ 0 D ∗+ s π , Ds η , Ds η , ∗+ 0 + 0 D+ s ρ , Ds ρ , Ds ω , D ∗+ s ω B → Ds1 (2536)+ anything
( 24.1 ±1.9 ) % ( 63.1 ±2.9 ) % ( 22.7 ±1.6 ) % ( 26.0 ±2.7 ) % [gg]
( 10.0 ±2.5 ) %
[gg]
( 22 ±4 ) % ( 4.9 ±1.3 ) % <
5
× 10−3 × 10−4
CL=90%
– –
9.5
× 10−3
CL=90%
–
1.1
[gg] <
<
Charmonium modes B → J/ψ(1S )anything ( 1.13±0.06) % B → J/ψ(1S )(direct) any( 8.0 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 thing B → ψ(2S )anything ( 3.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 B → χc1 (1P)anything ( 4.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 B → χc1 (1P) (direct) any( 3.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 thing B → χc2 (1P)anything < 3.8 × 10−3 < 9 × 10−3 B → ηc (1S )anything K ± anything
CL=90%
– – – – – CL=90% CL=90%
– –
K or K ∗ modes
B → B → K + anything B → K − anything B → K 0 /K 0 anything B → K ∗ (892)± anything B → K ∗ (892)0 /K ∗ (892)0 anything HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S=1.1
– – – – – – –
[gg]
78.9 66 13 64
±2.5 ±5 ±4 ±4
[gg]
( ( ( (
[gg]
( 18 ±6 ) % ( 14.6 ±2.6 ) %
Page 62
)% )% )% )%
– – – – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
→ → → → → → →
K1 (1400) γ K ∗2 (1430) γ K2 (1770) γ K ∗3 (1780) γ K ∗4 (2045) γ b → sγ b → s gluon
→ → → → →
π±
anything η anything ρ0 anything ω anything φ anything
→ → → → → → → → → ×
Λ± c anything + Λ− c e anything Λ− c p anything + Λ− c p e νe Σ −− c anything Σ− c anything Σ 0c anything Σ 0c N (N = p or n) Ξ 0c anything B(Ξ 0c → Ξ − π+ ) Ξ+ c anything − + + B(Ξ + c → Ξ π π )
B → × B → B → B → B → B → B → B → B →
4.1 8.3
<
1.2
<
3.0
<
1.0
( <
2.3 ±0.7 ) × 10−4 6.8 %
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
– – – – – – –
CL=90% S=1.8
– – – – –
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
Light unflavored meson modes [gg,eee]
p / p anything p / p (direct) anything Λ/ Λ anything Ξ − /Ξ + anything baryons anything p p anything Λp / Λp anything ΛΛ anything
B → e+ e− s B → µ+ µ− s B → e ± µ∓ s
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3
< <
(359 ( 17.6 ( 21 < 81 ( 3.5
±7 ) % ±1.6 ) % ±5 ) % % ±0.7 ) %
Baryon modes ( < ( < ( < ( < (
6.4 ±1.1 ) % 3.2
× 10−3
CL=90%
3.6 ±0.7 ) % × 10−3 4.2 ±2.4 ) × 10−3 9.6 × 10−3 4.6 ±2.4 ) × 10−3
1.5
× 10−3 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– – – – – – – – –
(
−4 4.5 +1.3 −1.2 ) × 10
–
[gg]
(
8.0 ±0.4 ) %
[gg] [gg]
( (
5.5 ±0.5 ) % 4.0 ±0.5 ) %
[gg]
(
2.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
[gg]
( ( (
6.8 ±0.6 ) % 2.47±0.23) % 2.5 ±0.4 ) %
– – – – – – – –
<
5
× 10−3
CL=90%
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
B1 B1 LF
< < <
5.7 5.8 2.2
Page 63
× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon ADMIXTURE These measurements are for an admixture of bottom particles at high energy (LEP, Tevatron, Sp pS). Mean life τ = (1.564 ± 0.014) × 10−12 s Mean life τ = (1.72 ± 0.10) × 10−12 s Charged b-hadron admixture Mean life τ = (1.58 ± 0.14) × 10−12 s Neutral b-hadron admixture τ charged b−hadron /τ neutral b−hadron = 1.09 ± 0.13 The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons and baryons at energies above the Υ(4S ). Only the highest energy results (LEP, Tevatron, Sp pS) are used in the branching fraction averages. The production fractions give our best current estimate of the admixture at LEP. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the final state must be defined. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the definition of average multiplicity. The two definitions are identical when only one of the specified particles is allowed in the final state. Even though the “one-or-more” definition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity definition. For heavy final state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractions while for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the B sections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity definition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. The modes below are listed for a b initial state. b modes are their charge conjugates. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 64
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
b DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
PRODUCTION FRACTIONS The production fractions for weakly decaying b-hadrons at the Z have been calculated from the best values of mean lives, mixing parameters, and branching fractions in this edition by the LEP B Oscillation Working Group as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons” in the B ± Particle Listings. Values assume B(b → B + ) = B(b → B 0 ) B(b → B + ) + B(b → B 0 ) +B(b → B 0 s ) + B(b → Λb ) = 100 %. The notation for production fractions varies in the literature (f 0 , f (b → B B 0 ), Br(b → B 0 )). We use our own branching fraction notation here, B(b → B 0 ).
B+
1.8 ( 39.7 + − 2.2 ) %
–
B0
( 39.7 + − ( 10.5 + − ( 10.1 + −
–
B 0s Λb
1.8 ) % 2.2 1.8 ) % 1.7 3.9 ) % 3.1
– –
DECAY MODES Semileptonic and leptonic modes ν anything `+ ν` anything [pp,ccc] + e νe anything [ccc] µ+ νµ anything [ccc] − + D ` ν` anything [pp] 0 + D ` ν` anything [pp] D ∗− `+ ν` anything [pp] 0 + D j ` ν` anything [pp,fff ] − + D j ` ν` anything [pp,fff ] D ∗2 (2460)0 `+ ν` anything D ∗2 (2460)− `+ ν` anything + τ ντ anything c → `− ν ` anything [pp]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 23.1 ± 1.5 ) % ( 10.99± 0.23) % ( 10.9 ± 0.5 ) % ( 10.8 ± 0.5 ) % ( ( (
2.02± 0.29) % 6.5 ± 0.6 ) % 2.76± 0.29) %
seen seen seen seen ( (
Page 65
2.6 ± 0.4 ) % 7.8 ± 0.6 ) %
– – – – – – – – – – – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Charmed meson and baryon modes D 0 anything D − anything
( 60.1 ± 3.2 ) % ( 23.7 ± 2.3 ) %
D s anything Λc anything c / c anything
( 18 ± 5 ) % ( 9.7 ± 2.9 ) % (117 ± 4 ) %
[eee]
– – – – –
Charmonium modes J/ψ(1S )anything ψ(2S )anything χc1 (1P) anything
( (
1.16± 0.10) % 4.8 ± 2.4 ) × 10−3
(
1.8 ± 0.5 ) %
– – –
K or K ∗ modes
< 5.4 × 10−4 ( 88 ±19 ) % ( 29.0 ± 2.9 ) %
sγ K ± anything K 0S anything
90%
– – –
Pion modes
π0 anything
[eee]
(278
±60
)%
–
± 6
)%
–
± 7
)%
–
Baryon modes p /p anything
( 14
Other modes charged anything
[eee]
(497
hadron+ hadron−
(
charmless
(
1.0 −5 1.7 + − 0.7 ) × 10 7 ±21 ) × 10−3
– –
Baryon modes Λ/ Λ anything µ+ µ− anything
(
5.9 ± 0.6 ) %
–
∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes
B∗
B1
<
3.2
× 10−4
90%
–
I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B ∗ = 5324.9 ± 1.8 MeV m B ∗ − m B = 45.78 ± 0.35 MeV B ∗ DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Bγ
dominant
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 66
p (MeV/c) 46
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
BOTTOM, STRANGE MESONS (B = ±1, S = ∓1) B 0s = sb, B 0s = s b,
similarly for B ∗s ’s I (J P ) = 0(0− )
B 0s
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B 0 = 5369.3 ± 2.0 MeV s
Mean life τ = (1.54 ± 0.07) × 10−12 s cτ = 462 µm B 0s -B 0s mixing parameters χB at high energy = fd χd +fs χs = 0.118 ± 0.006 ∆m B 0 = m B 0 – m B 0 > 9.1 × 1012 ¯h s− 1 , CL = 95% s
sH
sL
xs = ∆m B 0 /ΓB 0 > 14.0, CL = 95% s s χs > 0.4975, CL = 95% 0 These branching fractions all scale with B(b → B 0 s ), the LEP B s production fraction. The first four were evaluated using B(b → B 0 ) = s 0 ) = 12%. (10.5 +1.8 )% and the rest assume B(b → B −1.7 s − + The branching fraction B(B 0 s → D s ` ν` anything) is not a pure measurement since the measured product branching fraction B(b → B 0 s) × − 0 0 + B(B s → D s ` ν` anything) was used to determine B(b → B s ), as described in the note on “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 67
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
B0 s DECAY MODES D− s anything + D− s ` ν` anything + D− s π
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (92 [ggg]
±33 ) %
– –
( 8.1 ± 2.5) % < 13
%
( 9.3 ± 3.3) × 10−4 < 1.2 × 10−3 < 3.8 × 10−3 seen < 1.7 × 10−4 < 2.1 × 10−4 < 1.0 × 10−3 < 1.5 × 10−3
J/ψ(1S )φ J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )η ψ(2S )φ π+ π− π0 π0 η π0 ηη π+ K − K+K− pp γγ φγ
µ+ µ− e+ e− e ± µ∓ φν ν
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
< 2.1 < 5.9 < 5.9 < 1.48 < 7
× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4
2321 1590 90% 90%
1788 1735 1122
90% 90% 90% 90%
1122 2861 2655 2628
90% 90%
2660 2639
90% 90% 90%
2515 2685 2588
90% 90% 90%
2682 2864 2864
90%
–
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
B1 B1 LF
< 2.0 < 5.4 [gg] < 4.1
B1
< 5.4
Page 68
× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
cc MESONS I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
ηc (1S )
Mass m = 2979.8 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 2.1) 3.8 Full width Γ = 13.2 + − 3.2 MeV ηc (1S ) DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Decays involving hadronic resonances η 0(958) π π (4.1 ±1.7) % ρρ (2.6 ±0.9) % ∗ 0 − + K (892) K π + c.c. (2.0 ±0.7) % K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892) (8.5 ±3.1) × 10−3 φφ (7.1 ±2.8) × 10−3 a0 (980)π <2 % a2 (1320)π <2 % ∗ K (892) K + c.c. < 1.28 % f2 (1270)η < 1.1 % ωω < 3.1 × 10−3
1319 1275 1273 1193 90%
1086 1323
90% 90% 90%
1193 1307 1142
90%
1268
Decays into stable hadrons KKπ ηππ π+ π− K + K − 2(K + K − ) 2(π+ π− ) pp KKη π+ π− p p ΛΛ
(5.5 ±1.7) % (4.9 ±1.8) % (2.0 +0.7 −0.6 ) %
1378 1425 1342
(2.1 ±1.2) % (1.2 ±0.4) %
(1.2 ±0.4) × 10−3 < 3.1 % < 1.2 % <2 × 10−3
1053 1457 90% 90% 90%
1157 1262 1023 987
Radiative decays γγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(3.0 ±1.2) × 10−4
Page 69
1489
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
J/ψ(1S )
Mass m = 3096.88 ± 0.04 MeV Full width Γ = 87 ± 5 keV Γe e = 5.26 ± 0.37 keV (Assuming Γe e = Γµ µ ) J/ψ(1S ) DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
hadrons virtual γ → hadrons + e e− µ+ µ−
(87.7 ±0.5 ) % (17.0 ±2.0 ) %
– –
( 6.02±0.19) % ( 6.01±0.19) %
1548 1545
Decays involving hadronic resonances ρπ ρ0 π 0 a2 (1320)ρ ω π+ π+ π− π− ω π+ π− ω f2 (1270) K ∗ (892)0 K ∗2 (1430)0 + c.c. ω K ∗ (892)K + c.c. K + K ∗ (892)− + c.c. K 0 K ∗ (892)0 + c.c. ω π0 π0 b1 (1235)± π ∓ ω K ± K 0S π∓ b1 (1235)0 π0 φ K ∗ (892)K + c.c. ωK K ω fJ (1710) → ω K K φ 2(π+ π− ) ∆(1232)++ p π − ωη φK K φ fJ (1710) → φ K K ppω ∆(1232)++ ∆(1232)−− Σ (1385)− Σ (1385)+ (or c.c.) p p η 0 (958) φ f 02 (1525) φ π+ π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.27±0.09) % ( 4.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.09±0.22) % ( 8.5 ±3.4 ) × 10−3 ( 7.2 ±1.0 ) × 10−3
1449 1449 1125 1392 1435
( 4.3 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 6.7 ±2.6 ) × 10−3
[gg] [gg]
1143 1005
( 5.3 ±2.0 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.2 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 3.4 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 3.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
1098 1373 1371 1436 1299
( 3.0 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 2.04±0.28) × 10−3
1210 1299 969
( 1.9 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.8 ±1.1 ) × 10−4 ( 1.60±0.32) × 10−3 ( 1.6 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
1.58±0.16) × 10−3 1.48±0.22) × 10−3 3.6 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 1.30±0.25) × 10−3 ( 1.10±0.29) × 10−3 ( 1.03±0.13) × 10−3 ( 9 ±4 ) × 10−4 ( 8 ±4 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( (
[gg]
( 8.0 ±1.2 ) × 10−4
Page 70
1268 878
S=1.3
1318 1030 1394 1179 875 769
S=1.7
938 692 596
S=2.7
871 1365
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) φ K ± K 0S π∓ ω f1 (1420) φη Ξ (1530)− Ξ + p K − Σ (1385)0 ω π0 φ η 0(958) φ f0 (980) Ξ (1530)0 Ξ 0 Σ (1385)− Σ + (or c.c.) φ f1 (1285) ρη ω η 0(958) ω f0 (980) ρ η 0(958) ppφ a2 (1320)± π∓ K K ∗2 (1430)+ c.c. K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)0 φ f2 (1270) ppρ φ η(1440) → φ η π π ω f 02 (1525) Σ (1385)0 Λ ∆(1232)+ p Σ0 Λ φ π0 2(π+ π− )π0
[gg]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
1114 1062 1320
( 5.9 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 ( 5.1 ±3.2 ) × 10−4
[gg]
( 4.2 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 ( 3.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.2 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 ( 3.2 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−4
2.6 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.93±0.23) × 10−4 1.67±0.25) × 10−4 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.05±0.18) × 10−4 ( 4.5 ±1.5 ) × 10−5 [gg] < 4.3 × 10−3 < 4.0 × 10−3 ( ( ( ( (
< 2.9 < 5 < 3.7 < 3.1 < 2.5 < 2.2 < 2 < 1 < 9 < 6.8
× 10−3 × 10−4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5
× 10−6
597 645 S=1.4
1447 1192
S=1.9
1182 608 857
S=1.1
1032 1398 1279 1271 1283
CL=90%
527 1263
CL=90%
1159
CL=90%
588
CL=90%
1263
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
1036 779 946
CL=90%
1003
CL=90%
911
CL=90% CL=90%
1100 1032
CL=90%
1377
Decays into stable hadrons ( 3.37±0.26) %
3(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− π0 π+ π− π0 K + K −
4(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− K + K − KKπ p p π+ π− 2(π+ π− ) 3(π+ π− ) n n π+ π− Σ0 Σ0 2(π+ π− )K + K − p p π+ π− π0
( 7.2 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 ( 6.8 ±2.4 ) × 10−4 ( 6.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−4
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
[hhh]
( ( ( (
2.9 ±0.6 ) % 1.50±0.20) % 1.20±0.30) % 9.0 ±3.0 ) × 10−3 7.2 ±2.3 ) × 10−3 6.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 6.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 4.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 4.0 ±2.0 ) × 10−3 4 ±4 ) × 10−3 1.27±0.17) × 10−3 3.1 ±1.3 ) × 10−3 2.3 ±0.9 ) × 10−3
Page 71
1496 1433 1533 1368 1345 1407 1440 S=1.3
S=1.9
1107 1517 1466 1106 992 1320 1033
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) pp ppη p n π− nn ΞΞ ΛΛ p p π0 ΛΣ − π+ (or c.c.) pK−Λ 2(K + K − ) pK−Σ0 K+K− ΛΛ π0 π+ π− K 0S K 0L ΛΣ + c.c. K 0S K 0S
[gg]
2.14±0.10) × 10−3 2.09±0.18) × 10−3 2.00±0.10) × 10−3 1.9 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 1.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 1.35±0.14) × 10−3 1.09±0.09) × 10−3 1.06±0.12) × 10−3 ( 8.9 ±1.6 ) × 10−4 ( 7.0 ±3.0 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
S=1.8 S=1.2
876 1131
2.9 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 2.37±0.31) × 10−4 2.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−4 1.47±0.23) × 10−4 1.08±0.14) × 10−4
< 1.5 < 5.2
× 10−4 × 10−6
1232 948 1174 1231 818 1074 1176 945
820 1468 998 1542 1466 CL=90% CL=90%
1032 1466
Radiative decays γ ηc (1S ) γ π+ π− 2π0 γηππ γ η(1440) → γ η(1440) → γ η(1440) → γ ρρ γ η 0(958) γ 2π+ 2π− γ f4 (2050) γωω γ η(1440) → γ f2 (1270)
( 1.3 ±0.4 ) %
γKK π γ γ ρ0 γ η π+ π−
γ ρ0 ρ0
[p]
( 4.5 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 4.31±0.30) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 2.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 1.59±0.33) × 10−3 ( 1.7 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 (
1.38±0.14) × 10−3 −4 8.5 +1.2 −0.9 ) × 10 8.6 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 8.3 ±1.5 ) × 10−4
γ fJ (1710) → γ K K
(
γη γ f1 (1420) → γ K K π γ f1 (1285)
( (
γ f 02 (1525)
( 4.7 +0.7 −0.5 ( 4.0 ±1.2 ( 3.8 ±1.0 ( 2.9 ±0.6
γ φφ γpp γ η(2225)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
116
( 8.3 ±3.1 ) × 10−3 ( 6.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 9.1 ±1.8 ) × 10−4 ( 6.4 ±1.4 ) × 10−5 ( 3.4 ±0.7 ) × 10−4
1518 1487 1223 1223
– 1343 S=1.9
S=1.3
1400 1517 874 1337 1223 1286
S=1.2
1075 1500 1220
( 6.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4
1283
) × 10−4
1173
Page 72
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4
S=2.1
1166 1232 834
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ η(1760) → γ ρ0 ρ0 γ π0 γ p p π+ π− γγ γ ΛΛ 3γ γ fJ (2220) γ f0 (1500) γ e+ e−
1.3 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 3.9 ±1.3 ) × 10−5 7.9 × 10−4 CL=90% −4 5 × 10 CL=90% 1.3 × 10−4 CL=90% −5 5.5 × 10 CL=90% −3 > 2.50 × 10 CL=99.9% ( 5.7 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 ( 8.8 ±1.4 ) × 10−3
( ( < < < <
1048 1546 1107 1548 1074 1548
– 1184
–
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
χc0 (1P)
Mass m = 3417.3 ± 2.8 MeV Full width Γ = 14 ± 5 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c0
2(π+ π− )
π+ π− K + K − ρ0 π + π − 3(π+ π− ) K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− K+K− π+ π− p p pp
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Hadronic decays (3.7±0.7) %
1679
(3.0±0.7) % (1.6±0.5) % (1.5±0.5) %
1580 1608 1633
(1.2±0.4) % (7.5±2.1) × 10−3 (7.1±2.4) × 10−3 (5.0±2.0) × 10−3 < 9.0 × 10−4
1522 1702
90%
1635 1320 1427
Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S ) γγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(6.6±1.8) × 10−3 <5 × 10−4
Page 73
303 95%
1708
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )
χc1 (1P)
Mass m = 3510.53 ± 0.12 MeV Full width Γ = 0.88 ± 0.14 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c1
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
Hadronic decays
3(π+ π− ) 2(π+ π− )
π+ π− K + K − ρ0 π + π − K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− p p pp π+ π− + K + K −
( 2.2±0.8) % ( 1.6±0.5) %
1683 1727
9 ±4 ) × 10−3 3.9±3.5) × 10−3 3.2±2.1) × 10−3 1.4±0.9) × 10−3 8.6±1.2) × 10−5 < 2.1 × 10−3 ( ( ( ( (
1632 1659 1576 1381 1483
–
Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S )
(27.3±1.6) %
389
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
χc2 (1P)
Mass m = 3556.17 ± 0.13 MeV Full width Γ = 2.00 ± 0.18 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c2
2(π+ π− ) π+ π− K + K − 3(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− p p π+ π− K+K− pp J/ψ(1S )π+ π− π0
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Hadronic decays ( 2.2±0.5) % ( 1.9±0.5) %
1751 1656
( 1.2±0.8) % ( 7 ±4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.8±2.8) × 10−3 ( 3.3±1.3) × 10−3 ( 1.9±1.0) × 10−3
1707 1683 1601 1410 1773 1708
( 1.5±1.1) × 10−3 (10.0±1.0) × 10−5 < 1.5
%
90%
1510 185
Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S ) γγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(13.5±1.1) % ( 1.6±0.5) × 10−4
Page 74
430 1778
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
ψ(2S )
Mass m = 3686.00 ± 0.09 MeV Full width Γ = 277 ± 31 keV (S = 1.1) Γe e = 2.14 ± 0.21 keV (Assuming Γe e = Γµ µ ) ψ(2S ) DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
hadrons virtual γ → hadrons + e e− µ+ µ−
– –
(98.10±0.30) % ( 2.9 ±0.4 ) %
( 8.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 7.7 ±1.7 ) × 10−3
1843 1840
Decays into J/ψ(1S )and anything J/ψ(1S )anything J/ψ(1S )neutrals J/ψ(1S )π + π− J/ψ(1S )π0 π0 J/ψ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )µ+ µ− 3(π+ π− )π0
2(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− K + K −
π+ π− p p K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. 2(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − pp 3(π+ π− ) p p π0 K+K− π+ π− π0 ρπ + π π− ΛΛ Ξ− Ξ+ K + K − π0 K + K ∗ (892)− + c.c.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(54.2 ±3.0 ) % (22.8 ±1.7 ) % (30.2 ±1.9 ) %
– – 477
(17.9 ±1.8 ) % ( 2.7 ±0.4 ) % ( 9.7 ±2.1 ) × 10−4 (10.0 ±3.3 ) × 10−3
481 S=1.7
200 527
–
Hadronic decays ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( < ( < < <
) × 10−3 ) × 10−3 ) × 10−3 ) × 10−4 6.7 ±2.5 ) × 10−4 4.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 4.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 1.9 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4
3.5 3.0 1.6 8.0
±1.6 ±0.8 ±0.4 ±2.0
1.4 ±0.5 1.0 ±0.7 9 ±5 8.3 8 ±5 4 2 2.96
< 5.4
Page 75
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−5 × 10−5 ) × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5
1746 1799 1726 1491 1673 1817 1751 1586 1774
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
1543 1776 1830 1760 1838 1467 1285 1754
CL=90%
1698
CL=90%
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Radiative decays γ χc0 (1P) γ χc1 (1P) γ χc2 (1P) γ ηc (1S ) γ η 0(958) γγ γ η(1440) → γ K K π
( 9.3 ±0.9 ) %
261
( 8.7 ±0.8 ) % ( 7.8 ±0.8 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3
CL=90%
1719
< 1.6 < 1.2
CL=90% CL=90%
1843 1569
× 10−4 × 10−4
171 127 639
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
ψ(3770)
Mass m = 3769.9 ± 2.5 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width Γ = 23.6 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) Γee = 0.26 ± 0.04 keV (S = 1.2) p Scale factor (MeV/c)
ψ(3770) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
DD e+ e−
dominant (1.12±0.17) × 10−5
ψ(4040) [iii]
1.2
242 1885
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 4040 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ = 52 ± 10 MeV Γee = 0.75 ± 0.15 keV ψ(4040) DECAY MODES
e+ e− D0 D0 D ∗ (2007)0 D 0 + c.c. D ∗ (2007)0 D ∗ (2007)0
ψ(4160) [iii]
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (1.4±0.4) × 10−5
p (MeV/c) 2020
seen
777
seen seen
578 232
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 4159 ± 20 MeV Full width Γ = 78 ± 20 MeV Γee = 0.77 ± 0.23 keV ψ(4160) DECAY MODES
e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (10±4) × 10−6
Page 76
p (MeV/c) 2079
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
ψ(4415) [iii]
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 4415 ± 6 MeV Full width Γ = 43 ± 15 MeV Γee = 0.47 ± 0.10 keV ψ(4415) DECAY MODES
hadrons e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(S = 1.8)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) dominant
p (MeV/c)
(1.1±0.4) × 10−5
Page 77
– 2207
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
bb MESONS I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Υ(1S )
Mass m = 9460.37 ± 0.21 MeV Full width Γ = 52.5 ± 1.8 keV Γee = 1.32 ± 0.05 keV Υ(1S ) DECAY MODES
τ+τ− e+ e− µ+ µ−
(S = 2.7)
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (2.67 +0.14 −0.16 ) % (2.52±0.17) % (2.48±0.07) %
4384
S=1.1
4730 4729
(1.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 <2 × 10−4 <5 × 10−4 <5 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
4698 4728 4704
<5
CL=90%
4636
Hadronic decays J/ψ(1S )anything ρπ π+ π− K+K− pp
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 78
× 10−4
4223
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ 2h+ 2h− γ 3h+ 3h− γ 4h+ 4h− γ π+ π− K + K − γ 2π+ 2π− γ 3π+ 3π−
Radiative decays
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 (2.4 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 (1.5 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 (4 ±6 ) × 10−5 (2.0 ±2.0 ) × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−3 < 3.5 × 10−4 < 1.4 × 10−4 (7.0 (5.4 (7.4 (2.9 (2.5 (2.5
γ 2π+ 2π− K + K − γ π+ π− p p γ 2π+ 2π− p p γ 2K + 2K − γ η 0(958) γη γ f 02 (1525) γ f2 (1270) < 1.3 γ η(1440) < 8.2 γ fJ (1710) → γ K K < 2.6 + − γ f0 (2200) → γ K K <2 γ fJ (2220) → γ K + K − < 1.5 γ η(2225) → γ φ φ <3 γX <3 X = pseudoscalar with m< 7.2 GeV) γX X <1 X X = vectors with m< 3.1 GeV)
χb0 (1P) [jjj]
±1.5 ±2.0 ±3.5 ±0.9 ±0.9 ±1.2
4720 4703 4679 4686 4720 4703
CL=90% CL=90%
4658 4604 4563 4601 4682 4714
CL=90%
4607
CL=90%
4644
CL=90%
4624
CL=90% CL=90%
4576 4475
× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
4469 4469
× 10−3
CL=90%
–
× 10−4 × 10−5
× 10−4 × 10−4
–
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 9859.8 ± 1.3 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b0
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(1S )
<6 %
χb1 (1P) [jjj]
p Confidence level (MeV/c) 90%
391
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 9891.9 ± 0.7 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b1
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(1S )
(35±8) %
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Page 79
p (MeV/c) 422
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
χb2 (1P) [jjj]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 9913.2 ± 0.6 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b2
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(1S )
(22±4) %
p (MeV/c) 443
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Υ(2S )
Mass m = 10.02330 ± 0.00031 GeV Full width Γ = 44 ± 7 keV Γee = 0.520 ± 0.032 keV Υ(2S ) DECAY MODES
Υ(1S )π+ π − Υ(1S )π0 π0 τ+τ− µ+ µ− e+ e− Υ(1S )π0 Υ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )anything
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (18.5 ±0.8 ) % ( 8.8 ±1.1 ) %
475 480
( 1.7 ±1.6 ) % ( 1.31±0.21) % ( 1.18±0.20) %
4686 5011 5012
< 8 < 2 < 6
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
90% 90% 90%
531 127 4533
Radiative decays γ χb1 (1P) γ χb2 (1P) γ χb0 (1P) γ fJ (1710) γ f 02 (1525) γ f2 (1270)
( 6.7 ±0.9 ) % ( 6.6 ±0.9 ) %
χb0 (2P) [jjj]
131 110
( 4.3 ±1.0 ) % < 5.9 × 10−4 < 5.3 × 10−4
90%
162 4866
90%
4896
< 2.41
90%
4931
× 10−4
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 10.2321 ± 0.0006 GeV χ (2P) DECAY MODES b0
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )
(4.6±2.1) %
210
(9 ±6 ) × 10−3
746
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 80
p (MeV/c)
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + ) J needs confirmation. Mass m = 10.2552 ± 0.0005 GeV m χb1 (2P) − m χb0 (2P) = 23.5 ± 1.0 MeV
χb1 (2P) [jjj]
p Scale factor (MeV/c)
χ (2P) DECAY MODES b1
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )
(21 ±4 ) %
1.5
229
( 8.5±1.3) %
1.3
764
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + ) J needs confirmation. Mass m = 10.2685 ± 0.0004 GeV m χb2 (2P) − m χb1 (2P) = 13.5 ± 0.6 MeV
χb2 (2P) [jjj]
χ (2P) DECAY MODES b2
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )
(16.2±2.4) % ( 7.1±1.0) %
p (MeV/c) 242 776
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Υ(3S )
Mass m = 10.3553 ± 0.0005 GeV Full width Γ = 26.3 ± 3.5 keV Υ(3S ) DECAY MODES
Υ(2S )anything Υ(2S ) π+ π − Υ(2S ) π0 π 0 Υ(2S ) γ γ Υ(1S )π+ π − Υ(1S )π0 π0 Υ(1S )η µ+ µ− e+ e−
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (10.6 ±0.8 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) %
S=2.2
296 177
( 2.00±0.32) % ( 5.0 ±0.7 ) %
190 327
( 4.48±0.21) % ( 2.06±0.28) %
814 816
< 2.2 × 10−3 ( 1.81±0.17) %
CL=90%
– 5177
seen
5177
Radiative decays γ χb2 (2P) γ χb1 (2P) γ χb0 (2P)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(11.4 ±0.8 ) % (11.3 ±0.6 ) %
S=1.3
87 100
( 5.4 ±0.6 ) %
S=1.1
123
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Υ(4S ) or Υ(10580)
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 10.5800 ± 0.0035 GeV Full width Γ = 10 ± 4 MeV Γee = 0.248 ± 0.031 keV (S = 1.3) Υ(4S ) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
BB non- B B e+ e− J/ψ(3097)anything D ∗+ anything + c.c. φ anything Υ(1S ) anything
> 96 < 4
Υ(10860)
( ( < < <
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
% %
2.8±0.7) × 10−5 2.2±0.7) × 10−3 7.4 % 2.3 × 10−3 4 × 10−3
95% 95%
– – 5290
– 90% 90% 90%
5099 5240 1053
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 10.865 ± 0.008 GeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 110 ± 13 MeV Γee = 0.31 ± 0.07 keV (S = 1.3) Υ(10860) DECAY MODES
e+ e−
Υ(11020)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (2.8±0.7) × 10−6
p (MeV/c) 5432
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 11.019 ± 0.008 GeV Full width Γ = 79 ± 16 MeV Γee = 0.130 ± 0.030 keV Υ(11020) DECAY MODES
e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (1.6±0.5) × 10−6
Page 82
p (MeV/c) 5509
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] See the “Note on π± → `± ν γ and K ± → `± ν γ Form Factors” in the π± Particle Listings for definitions and details. [b] Measurements of Γ(e + νe )/Γ(µ+ νµ ) always include decays with γ’s, and measurements of Γ(e + νe γ) and Γ(µ+ νµ γ) never include low-energy γ’s. Therefore, since no clean separation is possible, we consider the modes with γ’s to be subreactions of the modes without them, and let [Γ(e + νe ) + Γ(µ+ νµ )]/Γtotal = 100%. [c] See the π± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement; low-energy γ’s are not included. [d ] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [e] Astrophysical and cosmological arguments give limits of order 10−13 ; see the π 0 Particle Listings. [f ] See the “Note on the Decay Width Γ(η → γ γ)” in our 1994 edition, D50, 1 August 1994, Part I, p. 1451. Phys. Rev. D50 [g ] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [h] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings . The interpretation of this entry as a particle is controversial. [i ] See the “Note on ρ(770)” in the ρ(770) Particle Listings . [j] The e + e − branching fraction is from e + e − → π + π − experiments only. The ω ρ interference is then due to ω ρ mixing only, and is expected to be small. If e µ universality holds, Γ(ρ0 → µ+ µ− ) = Γ(ρ0 → e + e − ) × 0.99785. [k] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings . [l ] See the “Note on a1 (1260)” in the a1 (1260) Particle Listings . [m] This is only an educated guess; the error given is larger than the error on the average of the published values. See the Particle Listings for details. [n] See the “Note on the f1 (1420)” in the η(1440) Particle Listings. [o] See also the ω(1600) Particle Listings. [p] See the “Note on the η(1440)” in the η(1440) Particle Listings. [q] See the “Note on the ρ(1450) and the ρ(1700)” in the ρ(1700) Particle Listings. [r] See the “Note on non-q q mesons” in the Particle Listings (see the index for the page number). [s] See also the ω(1420) Particle Listings. [t] See the “Note on fJ (1710)” in the fJ (1710) Particle Listings . [u] See the note in the K ± Particle Listings.
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Page 83
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [v] The definition of the slope parameter g of the K → 3π Dalitz plot is as follows (see also “Note on Dalitz Plot Parameters for K → 3π Decays” in the K ± Particle Listings): 2 M = 1 + g(s3 − s0 )/m2 + · · · . + π
[w] For more details and definitions of parameters see the Particle Listings. [x] See the K ± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [y] Most of this radiative mode, the low-momentum γ part, is also included in the parent mode listed without γ’s. [z] Direct-emission branching fraction. [aa] Structure-dependent part. [bb] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , η , m K 0 − m K 0 , and L
S
τ K 0 , as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.” S
[cc] The CP-violation parameters are defined as follows (see also “Note on CP Violation in KS → 3π” and “Note on CP Violation in K 0L Decay” in the Particle Listings): A(K 0L → π + π − ) iφ = + 0 η +− = η +− e +− = 0 + − A(K S → π π ) η 00
δ=
A(K 0L → π 0 π 0 ) iφ 00 = η 00 e = = − 20 0 0 0 A(K S → π π ) Γ(K 0L → π − `+ ν) − Γ(K 0L → π+ `− ν) Γ(K 0L → π − `+ ν) + Γ(K 0L → π+ `− ν)
Im(η +−0
Im(η 000
)2
)2
=
=
Γ(K 0S → π+ π − π 0 )CP Γ(K 0L → π+ π − π 0 ) Γ(K 0S → π 0 π 0 π 0 ) Γ(K 0L → π0 π 0 π 0 )
,
viol.
,
.
where for the last two relations CPT is assumed valid, i.e., Re(η +−0 ) ' 0 and Re(η 000 ) ' 0. [dd ] See the K 0S Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [ee] Calculated from K 0L semileptonic rates and the K 0S lifetime assuming ∆S = ∆Q. [ff ] 0 / is derived from η 00 /η +− measurements using theoretical input on phases.
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Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [gg ] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [hh] See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [ii ] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [jj] Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [kk] See the “Note on f0 (1370)” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings and in the 1994 edition. [ll ] See the note in the L(1770) Particle Listings in Reviews of Modern Physics 56 No. 2 Pt. II (1984), p. S200. See also the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings . [mm] See the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings . [nn] This is a weighted average of D ± (44%) and D 0 (56%) branching fractions. See “D + and D 0 → (η anything) / (total D + and D 0 )” under “D + Branching Ratios” in the Particle Listings. [oo] This value averages the e + and µ+ branching fractions, after making a small phase-space adjustment to the µ+ fraction to be able to use it as an e + fraction; hence our `+ here is really an e + . [pp] An ` indicates an e or a µ mode, not a sum over these modes. [qq] The branching fraction for this mode may differ from the sum of the submodes that contribute to it, due to interference effects. See the relevant papers in the Particle Listings. [rr] The two experiments measuring this fraction are in serious disagreement. See the Particle Listings. [ss] This mode is not a useful test for a ∆C=1 weak neutral current because both quarks must change flavor in this decay. [tt] The D 01 -D 02 limits are inferred from the D 0 -D 0 mixing ratio Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 )) / Γ(K − `+ ν` ). [uu] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [vv] The experiments on the division of this charge mode amongst its submodes disagree, and the submode branching fractions here add up to considerably more than the charged-mode fraction. [ww] However, these upper limits are in serious disagreement with values obtained in another experiment.
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Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [xx] For now, we average together measurements of the X e + νe and X µ+ νµ branching fractions. This is the average, not the sum. [yy] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [zz] This value includes only K + K − decays of the fJ (1710), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [aaa] This value includes only π+ π − decays of the f0 (1500), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [bbb] B 0 and B 0s contributions not separated. Limit is on weighted average of the two decay rates. [ccc] These values are model dependent. See ‘Note on Semileptonic Decays’ in the B + Particle Listings. [ddd ] D ∗∗ stands for the sum of the D(1 1P1 ), D(1 3P0 ), D(1 3P1 ), D(1 3P2 ), D(2 1S0 ), and D(2 1S1 ) resonances. [eee] Inclusive branching fractions have a multiplicity definition and can be greater than 100%. [fff ] Dj represents an unresolved mixture of pseudoscalar and tensor D ∗∗ (Pwave) states. [ggg] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of B 0s Decay Modes. [hhh] Includes p p π+ π− γ and excludes p p η, p p ω, p p η 0 . [iii ] J PC known by production in e + e − via single photon annihilation. I G is not known; interpretation of this state as a single resonance is unclear because of the expectation of substantial threshold effects in this energy region. [jjj] Spectroscopic labeling for these states is theoretical, pending experimental information.
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Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N BARYONS (S = 0, I = 1/2) p, N + = u u d;
n, N 0 = u d d I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
p
Mass m = 938.27231 ± 0.00028 MeV [a] 1.007276470 ± 0.000000012 u q p q= /( p ) = 1.0000000015 ± 0.0000000011 mp mp qp + qp /e < 2 × 10−5 qp + qe /e < 1.0 × 10−21 [b]
Magnetic moment µ = 2.79284739 ± 0.00000006 µN Electric dipole moment d = (− 4 ± 6) × 10−23 e cm Electric polarizability α = (12.1 ± 0.9) × 10−4 fm3 Magnetic polarizability β = (2.1 ± 0.9) × 10−4 fm3 Mean life τ > 1.6 × 1025 years (independent of mode) > 1031 to 5 × 1032 years [c] (mode dependent)
Below, for N decays, p and n distinguish proton and neutron partial lifetimes. See also the “Note on Nucleon Decay” in our 1994 edition (Phys. D50, 1673) for a short review. Rev. D50 The “partial mean life” limits tabulated here are the limits on τ /Bi , where τ is the total mean life and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question.
p DECAY MODES
N → N → N → p→ p→ n→ N → N → N → p→
Partial mean life (1030 years)
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Antilepton + meson e+ π µ+ π νπ e+ η µ+ η νη e+ ρ µ+ ρ νρ e+ ω
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
> 130 (n), > 550 (p)
90%
459
> 100 (n), > 270 (p) > 100 (n), > 25 (p) > 140 > 69 > 54
90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
453 459 309 296 310
> 58 (n), > 75 (p) > 23 (n), > 110 (p) > 19 (n), > 27 (p)
90% 90% 90%
153 119 153
> 45
90%
142
Page 1
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p → µ+ ω n → νω N → e+ K p → e + K 0S p → e + K 0L N → µ+ K p → µ+ K 0S p → µ+ K 0L N → νK p → e + K ∗ (892)0 N → ν K ∗ (892) p p n p p n n
→ → → → → → →
e + π+ π− e + π0 π0
e + π− π0 µ+ π+ π− µ+ π0 π 0 µ+ π− π0 e + K 0 π−
→ → → → → →
e − π+ µ− π+
p n p n p p
→ → → → → →
e − π+ π+
p p n p
→ → → νγ → e+ γ γ
n n n n n n
e − ρ+ µ− ρ+ e− K + µ− K +
e − π+ π0 µ− π+ π+ µ− π+ π0
e − π+ K + µ− π+ K +
> 57 > 43 > 1.3 (n), > 150 (p)
90% 90% 90%
104 144 337
> 76
90%
337
> 44
90%
337
> 1.1 (n), > 120 (p)
90%
326
> 64
90%
326
> 44
90%
326
> 86 (n), > 100 (p)
90%
339
> 52
90%
45
> 22 (n), > 20 (p)
90%
45
90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
448 449 449 425 427 427 319
> 65 > 49
90% 90%
459 453
> 62 >7
90% 90%
154 120
> 32 > 57
90% 90%
340 330
> 30
90%
448
> 29 > 17 > 34 > 20 >5
90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
449 425 427 320 279
> 460
90%
469
> 380 > 24 > 100
90% 90% 90%
463 470 469
Antilepton + mesons > 21 > 38 > 32 > 17 > 33 > 33 > 18
Lepton + meson
Lepton + mesons
Antilepton + photon(s) e+ γ µ+ γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
p p p n n n p p p p n
→ → → → → → → → → → →
e+ e+ e−
e + µ+ µ− e+ ν ν e+ e− ν µ+ e − ν µ+ µ− ν µ+ e + e − µ+ µ+ µ− µ+ ν ν e − µ+ µ+ 3ν
N → e + anything N → µ+ anything N → e + π 0 anything
Three (or more) leptons > 510
90%
469
> 81 > 11 > 74 > 47 > 42
90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
457 469 470 464 458
> 91 > 190 > 21
90% 90% 90%
464 439 463
>6 > 0.0005
90% 90%
457 470
90% 90% 90%
– – –
90% 90% 90%
– – – – – – – – – – –
Inclusive modes > 0.6 (n, p) > 12 (n, p) > 0.6 (n, p)
∆B = 2 dinucleon modes pp pn nn nn pp pp pp pn pn nn nn
→ → → → → → → → → → →
The following are lifetime limits per iron nucleus. π+ π+ > 0.7 + 0 π π >2 > 0.7 π+ π− 0 0 π π > 3.4 e+ e+ > 5.8 e + µ+ > 3.6
µ+ µ+ e+ ν µ+ ν νe ν e νµ ν µ
90% 90% 90%
> 1.7 > 2.8 > 1.6
90% 90% 90%
> 0.000012 > 0.000006
90% 90%
p DECAY MODES p DECAY MODES
p p p p p
→ → → → →
e− γ e − π0 e− η e − K 0S e − K 0L
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Partial mean life (years)
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
> 1848 > 554 > 171 > 29
95% 95% 95% 95%
469 459 309 337
>9
95%
337
Page 3
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
n
Mass m = 939.56563 ± 0.00028 MeV [a] = 1.008664904 ± 0.000000014 u m n − m p = 1.293318 ± 0.000009 MeV = 0.001388434 ± 0.000000009 u Mean life τ = 886.7 ± 1.9 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 2.658 × 108 km Magnetic moment µ = − 1.9130428 ± 0.0000005 µN Electric dipole moment d < 0.97 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% 0.19 −3 fm3 (S = 1.1) Electric polarizability α = (0.98 + − 0.23 ) × 10 Charge q = (− 0.4 ± 1.1) × 10−21 e Mean n n-oscillation time > 1.2×108 s, CL = 90% [d ] (bound n) > 0.86 × 108 s, CL = 90% (free n) Decay parameters [e] p e− νe g A /g V = − 1.2670 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.9) " A = − 0.1162 ± 0.0013 (S = 1.8) " B = 0.990 ± 0.008 " a = − 0.102 ± 0.005 " φAV = (180.07 ± 0.18)◦ [f ] " D = (− 0.5 ± 1.4) × 10−3 n DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p e− νe
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
100 %
1.19
Charge conservation (Q) violating mode p νe ν e
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Q
<
8 × 10−27
Page 4
68%
1.29
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1440) P11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1430 to 1470 (≈ 1440) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 31.0 mb pbeam = 0.61 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1345 to 1385 (≈ 1365) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 160 to 260 (≈ 210) MeV N(1440) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
60–70 % 30–40 % 20–30 %
N(1520) D13
p (MeV/c) 397 342 143 †
<8 % 5–10 %
–
0.035–0.048 %
414
0.035–0.048 % 0.009–0.032 % 0.009–0.032 %
414 413 413
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1515 to 1530 (≈ 1520) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 110 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 23.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1505 to 1515 (≈ 1510) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 110 to 120 (≈ 115) MeV N(1520) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 p γ , helicity=3/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2 n γ , helicity=3/2
50–60 % 40–50 % 15–25 % 15–25 % <8 %
456 410 228 †
0.46–0.56 %
470
0.001–0.034 % 0.44–0.53 % 0.30–0.53 % 0.04–0.10 % 0.25–0.45 %
470 470 470 470 470
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 5
p (MeV/c)
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1535) S11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1520 to 1555 (≈ 1535) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 22.5 mb pbeam = 0.76 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1495 to 1515 (≈ 1505) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 90 to 250 (≈ 170) MeV N(1535) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nη N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave N(1440) π pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
35–55 % 30–55 % 1–10 %
467 182 422
<1 % <4 % <3 %
242 †
<7 % 0.15–0.35 % 0.15–0.35 %
† 481 481
0.004–0.29 % 0.004–0.29 %
480 480
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 6
p (MeV/c)
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1650) S11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1640 to 1680 (≈ 1650) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 145 to 190 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.4 mb pbeam = 0.96 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1640 to 1680 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 150 to 170 (≈ 160) MeV N(1650) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nη ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave N(1440) π pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
55–90 % 3–10 % 3–11 %
547 346 161
10–20 % 1–7 % 4–12 % <4 %
511 344 †
<5 % 0.04–0.18 %
147 558
0.04–0.18 % 0.003–0.17 %
558 557
0.003–0.17 %
557
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 7
p (MeV/c)
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1675) D15
I (J P ) = 12 ( 52 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1685 (≈ 1675) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 140 to 180 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 15.4 mb pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1655 to 1665 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 125 to 155 (≈ 140) MeV N(1675) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,
40–50 % <1 % 50–60 %
563 209 529
50–60 % < 1–3 % 0.004–0.023 % 0.0–0.015 %
364 † 575 575
0.0–0.011 % 0.02–0.12 %
575 574
0.006–0.046 % 0.01–0.08 %
574 574
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2 helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 8
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1680) F15
I (J P ) = 12 ( 52 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1675 to 1690 (≈ 1680) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 140 (≈ 130) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 15.2 mb pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1665 to 1675 (≈ 1670) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 105 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV N(1680) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 p γ , helicity=3/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2 n γ , helicity=3/2
60–70 % 30–40 % 5–15 %
N(1700) D13
p (MeV/c) 567 532 369 †
3–15 % 5–20 %
–
0.21–0.32 %
578
0.001–0.011 % 0.20–0.32 % 0.021–0.046 %
578 578 577
0.004–0.029 %
577
0.01–0.024 %
577
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 1.05 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1630 to 1730 (≈ 1680) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 50 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV N(1700) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
5–15 % <3 % 85–95 % <35 % 0.01–0.05 % 0.0–0.024 % 0.002–0.026 %
580 250 547 † 591 591 591
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
0.01–0.13 % 0.0–0.09 % 0.01–0.05 %
590 590 590
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 9
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1710) P11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1680 to 1740 (≈ 1710) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 250 (≈ 100) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.2 mb pbeam = 1.07 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1670 to 1770 (≈ 1720) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 80 to 380 (≈ 230) MeV N(1710) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
10–20 % 5–25 % 40–90 %
587 264 554
15–40 % 5–25 % 10–40 %
393 48
0.002–0.05% 0.002–0.05% 0.0–0.02%
598 598 597
0.0–0.02%
597
N(1720) P13
p (MeV/c)
–
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1720) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 200 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 1.09 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 13.9 mb Re(pole position) = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1700) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 110 to 390 (≈ 250) MeV N(1720) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,
10–20 % 1–15 % >70 % 70–85 % 0.003–0.10 % 0.003–0.08 % 0.001–0.03 % 0.002–0.39 %
594 278 561 104 604 604 604 603
0.0–0.002 % 0.001–0.39 %
603 603
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2 helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 10
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(2190) G17
I (J P ) = 12 ( 72 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2100 to 2200 (≈ 2190) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 350 to 550 (≈ 450) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 6.21 mb pbeam = 2.07 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1950 to 2150 (≈ 2050) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 350 to 550 (≈ 450) MeV N(2190) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
10–20 %
N(2220) H19
p (MeV/c) 888
I (J P ) = 12 ( 92 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2180 to 2310 (≈ 2220) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 320 to 550 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.14 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.97 mb Re(pole position) = 2100 to 2240 (≈ 2170) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 370 to 570 (≈ 470) MeV N(2220) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
10–20 %
N(2250) G19
p (MeV/c) 905
I (J P ) = 12 ( 92 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2170 to 2310 (≈ 2250) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 470 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.21 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.74 mb Re(pole position) = 2080 to 2200 (≈ 2140) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 280 to 680 (≈ 480) MeV N(2250) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–15 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 11
p (MeV/c) 923
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(2600) I1,11
− I (J P ) = 12 ( 11 2 )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2550 to 2750 (≈ 2600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 500 to 800 (≈ 650) MeV pbeam = 3.12 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 3.86 mb N(2600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–10 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 12
p (MeV/c) 1126
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆ BARYONS (S = 0, I = 3/2) ∆++ = u u u, ∆+ = u u d, ∆0 = u d d, ∆− = d d d
∆(1232) P33
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass (mixed charges) = 1230 to 1234 (≈ 1232) MeV Breit-Wigner full width (mixed charges) = 115 to 125 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.30 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 94.8 mb Re(pole position) = 1209 to 1211 (≈ 1210) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 98 to 102 (≈ 100) MeV ∆(1232) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
>99 % 0.52–0.60 % 0.11–0.13 %
227 259 259
0.41–0.47 %
259
∆(1600) P33
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1550 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV pbeam = 0.87 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 18.6 mb Re(pole position) = 1500 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV ∆(1600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N(1440) π Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
10–25 %
512
75–90 % 40–70 % <25 % 10–35 % 0.001–0.02 %
473 301 † 74 525
0.0–0.02 % 0.001–0.005 %
525 525
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 13
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆(1620) S31
I (J P ) = 32 ( 12 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1615 to 1675 (≈ 1620) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 180 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.7 mb pbeam = 0.91 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1580 to 1620 (≈ 1600) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 100 to 130 (≈ 115) MeV ∆(1620) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2
20–30 % 70–80 % 30–60 %
526 488 318
7–25 % 0.004–0.044 % 0.004–0.044 %
† 538 538
∆(1700) D33
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1770 (≈ 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.05 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1620 to 1700 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 150 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV ∆(1700) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
10–20 % 80–90 % 30–60 % 30–55 % 0.12–0.26 %
580 547 385 † 591
0.08–0.16 % 0.025–0.12 %
591 591
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 14
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆(1905) F35
I (J P ) = 32 ( 52 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈ 1905) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 280 to 440 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.62 mb pbeam = 1.45 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1800 to 1860 (≈ 1830) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 230 to 330 (≈ 280) MeV ∆(1905) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
5–15 % 85–95 % <25 %
713 687 542
>60 % 0.01–0.03 % 0.0–0.1 % 0.004–0.03 %
421 721 721 721
∆(1910) P31
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 12 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈ 1910) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 190 to 270 (≈ 250) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.54 mb pbeam = 1.46 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1830 to 1880 (≈ 1855) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 500 (≈ 350) MeV ∆(1910) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2
15–30 % 0.0–0.2 % 0.0–0.2 %
∆(1920) P33
p (MeV/c) 716 725 725
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1900 to 1970 (≈ 1920) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 150 to 300 (≈ 200) MeV pbeam = 1.48 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.37 mb Re(pole position) = 1850 to 1950 (≈ 1900) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV ∆(1920) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–20 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 15
p (MeV/c) 722
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆(1930) D35
I (J P ) = 32 ( 52 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1920 to 1970 (≈ 1930) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.21 mb pbeam = 1.50 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1840 to 1940 (≈ 1890) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 300 (≈ 250) MeV ∆(1930) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
10–20 %
729
0.0–0.02 % 0.0–0.01 %
737 737
0.0–0.01 %
737
∆(1950) F37
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 72 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1940 to 1960 (≈ 1950) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 350 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.54 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.91 mb Re(pole position) = 1880 to 1890 (≈ 1885) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 210 to 270 (≈ 240) MeV ∆(1950) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
35–40 %
∆(2420) H3,11
p (MeV/c)
20–30 % <10 % 0.08–0.13 % 0.03–0.055 %
741 716 574 469 749 749
0.05–0.075 %
749
+ I (J P ) = 32 ( 11 2 )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2300 to 2500 (≈ 2420) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 300 to 500 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.64 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 4.68 mb Re(pole position) = 2260 to 2400 (≈ 2330) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 350 to 750 (≈ 550) MeV ∆(2420) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–15 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 16
p (MeV/c) 1023
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ BARYONS (S = −1, I = 0) Λ0 = u d s I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Λ
Mass m = 1115.683 ± 0.006 MeV Mean life τ = (2.632 ± 0.020) × 10−10 s (S = 1.6) cτ = 7.89 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 0.613 ± 0.004 µN Electric dipole moment d < 1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Decay parameters p π− α− = 0.642 ± 0.013 " φ− = (− 6.5 ± 3.5)◦ " γ− = 0.76 [g] " ∆− = (8 ± 4)◦ [g] n π0 α0 = + 0.65 ± 0.05 − p e νe g A /g V = − 0.718 ± 0.015 Λ DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p π− n π0 nγ p π− γ p e− νe p µ− ν µ
(63.9 ±0.5 ) % (35.8 ±0.5 ) %
[e]
p (MeV/c)
( 1.75±0.15) × 10−3 [h] ( 8.4 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 8.32±0.14) × 10−4 ( 1.57±0.35) × 10−4
Λ(1405) S01
101 104 162 101 163 131
I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Mass m = 1407 ± 4 MeV Full width Γ = 50.0 ± 2.0 MeV Below K N threshold Λ(1405) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Σπ
100 %
152
Page 17
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(1520) D03
I (J P ) = 0( 32 − )
Mass m = 1519.5 ± 1.0 MeV [i] Full width Γ = 15.6 ± 1.0 MeV [i] pbeam = 0.39 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 82.8 mb Λ(1520) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λπ π Σ ππ Λγ
45 ± 1% 42 ± 1% 10 ± 1%
244 267 252
0.9 ± 0.1% 0.8 ± 0.2%
152 351
Λ(1600) P01
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Mass m = 1560 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 0.58 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 41.6 mb Λ(1600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ
15–30 % 10–60 %
Λ(1670) S01
p (MeV/c) 343 336
I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Mass m = 1660 to 1680 (≈ 1670) MeV Full width Γ = 25 to 50 (≈ 35) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 28.5 mb Λ(1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λη
15–25 % 20–60 %
414 393
15–35 %
64
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 18
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(1690) D03
I (J P ) = 0( 32 − )
Mass m = 1685 to 1695 (≈ 1690) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 70 (≈ 60) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 26.1 mb pbeam = 0.78 GeV/c Λ(1690) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λπ π Σ ππ
20–30 % 20–40 % ∼ 25 % ∼ 20 %
Λ(1800) S01
p (MeV/c) 433 409 415 350
I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Mass m = 1720 to 1850 (≈ 1800) MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.5 mb Λ(1800) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
25–40 % seen
528 493
seen
345
seen
†
Λ(1810) P01
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Mass m = 1750 to 1850 (≈ 1810) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 1.04 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.0 mb Λ(1810) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
20–50 % 10–40 %
537 501
seen 30–60 %
356 †
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 19
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(1820) F05
I (J P ) = 0( 52 + )
Mass m = 1815 to 1825 (≈ 1820) MeV Full width Γ = 70 to 90 (≈ 80) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.5 mb pbeam = 1.06 GeV/c Λ(1820) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π
55–65 % 8–14 % 5–10 %
Λ(1830) D05
p (MeV/c) 545 508 362
I (J P ) = 0( 52 − )
Mass m = 1810 to 1830 (≈ 1830) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 110 (≈ 95) MeV pbeam = 1.08 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.0 mb Λ(1830) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π
3–10 %
553
35–75 % >15 %
515 371
Λ(1890) P03
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 0( 32 + )
Mass m = 1850 to 1910 (≈ 1890) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 200 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 1.21 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 13.6 mb Λ(1890) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
20–35 % 3–10 % seen
599 559 420
seen
233
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 20
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(2100) G07
I (J P ) = 0( 72 − )
Mass m = 2090 to 2110 (≈ 2100) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.68 mb pbeam = 1.68 GeV/c Λ(2100) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λη ΞK Λω N K ∗ (892)
25–35 % ∼5% <3 % <3 % <8 % 10–20 %
Λ(2110) F05
p (MeV/c) 751 704 617 483 443 514
I (J P ) = 0( 52 + )
Mass m = 2090 to 2140 (≈ 2110) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV pbeam = 1.70 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.53 mb Λ(2110) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λω Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
5–25 % 10–40 % seen seen 10–60 %
Λ(2350) H09
p (MeV/c) 757 711 455 589 524
I (J P ) = 0( 92 + )
Mass m = 2340 to 2370 (≈ 2350) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 2.29 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.85 mb Λ(2350) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ
∼ 12 % ∼ 10 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 21
p (MeV/c) 915 867
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ BARYONS (S = −1, I = 1) Σ + = u u s, Σ 0 = u d s, Σ − = d d s I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Σ+
Mass m = 1189.37 ± 0.07 MeV (S = 2.2) Mean life τ = (0.799 ± 0.004) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.396 cm Magnetic moment µ = 2.458 ± 0.010 µN (S = 2.1) Γ Σ + → n `+ ν /Γ Σ − → n `− ν < 0.043 Decay parameters 0.017 α0 = − 0.980 + p π0 − 0.015 " φ0 = (36 ± 34)◦ " γ0 = 0.16 [g] " ∆0 = (187 ± 6)◦ [g] n π+ α+ = 0.068 ± 0.013 " φ+ = (167 ± 20)◦ (S = 1.1) " γ+ = − 0.97 [g] 133 ◦ [g] " ∆+ = (− 73 + − 10 ) pγ αγ = − 0.76 ± 0.08 Σ + DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p π0 n π+ pγ n π+ γ Λe + νe
[h]
(51.57±0.30) %
189
(48.31±0.30) % ( 1.23±0.05) × 10−3 ( 4.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 ( 2.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−5
185 225 185 71
∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes n e + νe n µ+ νµ p e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
SQ
< 5
SQ
< 3.0
S1
< 7
Page 22
× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−6
90%
224
90%
202 225
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Σ0
Mass m = 1192.642 ± 0.024 MeV m Σ − − m Σ 0 = 4.807 ± 0.035 MeV (S = 1.1) m Σ 0 − m Λ = 76.959 ± 0.023 MeV Mean life τ = (7.4 ± 0.7) × 10−20 s cτ = 2.22 × 10−11 m Transition magnetic moment µ Σ Λ = 1.61 ± 0.08 µN Σ 0 DECAY MODES
Λγ Λγ γ Λe + e −
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) 100 % < 3% [j] 5 × 10−3
Σ−
90%
74 74 74
I (J P ) = 1( 12 + ) Mass m = 1197.449 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) m Σ − − m Σ + = 8.08 ± 0.08 MeV (S = 1.9) m Σ − − m Λ = 81.766 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (1.479 ± 0.011) × 10−10 s (S = 1.3) cτ = 4.434 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 1.160 ± 0.025 µN (S = 1.7) Decay parameters n π− α− = − 0.068 ± 0.008 " φ− = (10 ± 15)◦ " γ− = 0.98 [g] 12 ◦ [g] " ∆− = (249 + − 120 ) n e− νe g A /gV = 0.340 ± 0.017 [e] " f2 (0) f1 (0) = 0.97 ± 0.14 " D = 0.11 ± 0.10 − Λe ν e g V /g A = 0.01 ± 0.10 [e] (S = 1.5) " g WM /g A = 2.4 ± 1.7 [e]
Σ − DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
n π− n π− γ n e− νe n µ− ν µ Λe − ν e
[h] ( 4.6 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 ( 1.017±0.034) × 10−3 ( 4.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 ( 5.73 ±0.27 ) × 10−5
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 23
(99.848±0.005) %
193 193 230 210 79
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (1385) P13
I (J P ) = 1( 32 + )
Σ (1385)+ mass m = 1382.8 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 2.0) Σ (1385)0 mass m = 1383.7 ± 1.0 MeV (S = 1.4) Σ (1385)− mass m = 1387.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 2.2) Σ (1385)+ full width Γ = 35.8 ± 0.8 MeV Σ (1385)0 full width Γ = 36 ± 5 MeV Σ (1385)− full width Γ = 39.4 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.7) Below K N threshold Σ (1385) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Λπ Σπ
88±2 %
208
12±2 %
127
Σ (1660) P11
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Mass m = 1630 to 1690 (≈ 1660) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 200 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 0.72 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 29.9 mb Σ (1660) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ
10–30 %
405
seen seen
439 385
Σ (1670) D13
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 32 − )
Mass m = 1665 to 1685 (≈ 1670) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 80 (≈ 60) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 28.5 mb Σ (1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ
7–13 % 5–15 % 30–60 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 24
p (MeV/c) 414 447 393
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (1750) S11
I (J P ) = 1( 12 − )
Mass m = 1730 to 1800 (≈ 1750) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 160 (≈ 90) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 20.7 mb pbeam = 0.91 GeV/c Σ (1750) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Ση
10–40 % seen <8 % 15–55 %
Σ (1775) D15
p (MeV/c) 486 507 455 81
I (J P ) = 1( 52 − )
Mass m = 1770 to 1780 (≈ 1775) MeV Full width Γ = 105 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.96 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 19.0 mb Σ (1775) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π
37–43% 14–20%
508 525
2–5% 8–12%
474 324
17–23%
198
Σ (1915) F15
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 52 + )
Mass m = 1900 to 1935 (≈ 1915) MeV Full width Γ = 80 to 160 (≈ 120) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 12.8 mb pbeam = 1.26 GeV/c Σ (1915) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π
5–15 %
618
seen seen <5 %
622 577 440
Page 25
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (1940) D13
I (J P ) = 1( 32 − )
Mass m = 1900 to 1950 (≈ 1940) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 300 (≈ 220) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 12.1 mb pbeam = 1.32 GeV/c Σ (1940) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π ∆(1232)K N K ∗ (892)
<20 % seen seen seen
637 639 594 460
seen seen seen
354 410 320
Σ (2030) F17
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 72 + )
Mass m = 2025 to 2040 (≈ 2030) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 200 (≈ 180) MeV pbeam = 1.52 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.93 mb Σ (2030) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ ΞK Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π ∆(1232)K N K ∗ (892)
17–23 %
702
17–23 % 5–10 % <2 %
700 657 412
5–15 % 10–20 %
529 430
10–20 % <5 %
498 438
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 26
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (2250)
I (J P ) = 1(?? )
Mass m = 2210 to 2280 (≈ 2250) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 6.76 mb pbeam = 2.04 GeV/c Σ (2250) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ
<10 % seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 27
p (MeV/c) 851 842 803
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ BARYONS (S = −2, I = 1/2) Ξ 0 = u ss,
Ξ − = d ss I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Ξ0
P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1314.9 ± 0.6 MeV m Ξ − − m Ξ 0 = 6.4 ± 0.6 MeV Mean life τ = (2.90 ± 0.09) × 10−10 s cτ = 8.71 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 1.250 ± 0.014 µN Decay parameters Λπ 0 α = − 0.411 ± 0.022 (S = 2.1) " φ = (21 ± 12)◦ " γ = 0.85 [g] 12 ◦ [g] " ∆ = (218 + − 19 ) Λγ α = 0.4 ± 0.4 0 α = 0.20 ± 0.32 Σ γ Ξ 0 DECAY MODES
Λπ0 Λγ Σ0 γ Σ + e− νe Σ + µ− ν µ
Σ − e + νe Σ − µ+ νµ p π− p e− νe p µ− ν µ
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (99.54±0.05) %
( 1.06±0.16) × 10−3 ( 3.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3
135
90%
184 117 120
90%
64
90% 90%
112 49
90%
299 323 309
∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes or ∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
SQ SQ
< 9 < 9
S2 S2 S2
< 4 < 1.3 < 1.3
Page 28
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ−
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + ) P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1321.32 ± 0.13 MeV Mean life τ = (1.639 ± 0.015) × 10−10 s cτ = 4.91 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 0.6507 ± 0.0025 µN Decay parameters Λπ − α = − 0.456 ± 0.014 (S = 1.8) " φ = (4 ± 4)◦ " γ = 0.89 [g] " ∆ = (188 ± 8)◦ [g] − Λe ν e g A /g V = − 0.25 ± 0.05 [e]
Ξ − DECAY MODES
Λπ− Σ−γ Λe − ν e Λµ− ν
(99.887±0.035) %
139
(
118
( (
µ
Σ 0 e− νe Σ 0 µ− ν µ Ξ 0 e− νe n π− n e− νe n µ− ν µ p π− π− p π− e − ν e p π− µ− ν µ p µ− µ−
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
( <
1.27 ±0.23 ) × 10−4 5.63 ±0.31 ) × 10−4 −4 3.5 +3.5 −2.2 ) × 10 8.7 ±1.7 ) × 10−5 8 × 10−4
< 2.3
× 10−3
190 163
90%
122 70
90%
6
90% 90% 90%
303 327 314
90% 90%
223 304
90%
250
90%
272
∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S2 S2 S2
< 1.9 < 3.2 < 1.5
S2 S2
< 4 < 4
S2
< 4
L
< 4
Page 29
× 10−5 × 10−3 % × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 + )
Ξ (1530) P13
Ξ (1530)0 mass m = 1531.80 ± 0.32 MeV Ξ (1530)− mass m = 1535.0 ± 0.6 MeV Ξ (1530)0 full width Γ = 9.1 ± 0.5 MeV 1.7 Ξ (1530)− full width Γ = 9.9 + − 1.9 MeV Ξ (1530) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Ξπ Ξγ
100 %
(S = 1.3)
p Confidence level (MeV/c) 152
<4 %
200
I (J P ) = 12 (?? )
Ξ (1690) Mass m = 1690 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ < 50 MeV
[i]
Ξ (1690) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξ − π+ π−
seen seen possibly seen
Ξ (1820) D13
90%
p (MeV/c) 240 51 214
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )
Mass m = 1823 ± 5 MeV [i] 15 [i] Full width Γ = 24 + − 10 MeV Ξ (1820) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξπ Ξ (1530) π
large small small
400 320 413
small
234
Page 30
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ (1950)
I (J P ) = 12 (?? )
Mass m = 1950 ± 15 MeV [i] Full width Γ = 60 ± 20 MeV [i] Ξ (1950) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξπ
seen possibly seen seen
Ξ (2030)
p (MeV/c) 522 460 518
I (J P ) = 12 ( ≥ 52 ? )
Mass m = 2025 ± 5 MeV [i] 15 [i] Full width Γ = 20 + − 5 MeV Ξ (2030) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξπ Ξ (1530) π ΛK π ΣKπ
∼ 20 % ∼ 80 %
589 533
small small
573 421
small small
501 430
Page 31
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ω BARYONS (S = −3, I = 0) Ω − = sss
Ω−
I (J P ) = 0( 32 + ) J P is not yet measured; 32 + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1672.45 ± 0.29 MeV Mean life τ = (0.822 ± 0.012) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.46 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 2.02 ± 0.05 µN Decay parameters ΛK − α = − 0.026 ± 0.026 0 − Ξ π α = 0.09 ± 0.14 − 0 α = 0.05 ± 0.21 Ξ π
Ω − DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK − Ξ 0 π− Ξ − π0
(67.8±0.7) % (23.6±0.7) % ( 8.6±0.4) % −4 ( 4.3 +3.4 −1.3 ) × 10 −4 ( 6.4 +5.1 −2.0 ) × 10 ( 5.6±2.8) × 10−3 < 4.6 × 10−4
Ξ − π+ π− Ξ (1530)0 π − Ξ 0 e− νe Ξ− γ
211 294 290 190 17
90%
319 314
90%
449
∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
Λπ −
S2
Ω(2250)−
< 1.9
× 10−4
I (J P ) = 0(?? )
Mass m = 2252 ± 9 MeV Full width Γ = 55 ± 18 MeV Ω(2250)− DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Ξ − π+ K − Ξ (1530)0 K −
seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 32
p (MeV/c) 531 437
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
CHARMED BARYONS (C = +1) ++ 0 Λ+ = u u c, Σ + c = u d c, Σ c c = u d c, Σ c = d d c, 0 0 Ξ+ c = u s c, Ξ c = d s c, Ω c = s s c
Λ+ c
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + ) J not confirmed;
1 2
is the quark model prediction.
Mass m = 2284.9 ± 0.6 MeV Mean life τ = (0.206 ± 0.012) × 10−12 s cτ = 61.8 µm Decay asymmetry parameters Λπ + α = − 0.98 ± 0.19 + 0 α = − 0.45 ± 0.32 Σ π 0.11 + Λ` ν` α = − 0.82 + − 0.07 Nearly all branching fractions of the Λ+ c are measured relative to the p K − π+ mode, but there are no model-independent measurements of this branching fraction. We explain how we arrive at our value of B(Λ+ c → − + p K π ) in a Note at the beginning of the branching-ratio measurements, in the Listings. When this branching fraction is eventually well determined, all the other branching fractions will slide up or down proportionally as the true value differs from the value we use here. Λ+ c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Hadronic modes with a p and one K p K0
p K − π+ p K ∗ (892)0 ∆(1232)++ K − Λ(1520) π + p K − π+ nonresonant p K0 η
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
[k] [l]
[l]
( ( ( (
2.5 5.0 1.8 8
± ± ± ±
( 4.5 + − ( 2.8 ± ( 1.3 ±
Page 33
0.7 1.3 0.6 5
)% )% )% ) × 10−3
2.5 ) × 10−3 2.1 0.9 ) % 0.4 ) %
872 822 681 709 626 822 567
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p K 0 π+ π− p K − π+ π0 p K ∗ (892)− π + p (K − π+ )nonresonant π0 ∆(1232)K ∗ (892) p K − π+ π+ π− p K − π+ π0 π0 p K − π+ π0 π0 π0 p π+ π−
[l]
( 2.4 ± 1.1 ) % seen ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) %
753 758 579
( 3.6 ± 1.2 ) % seen
758 416
( 1.1 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3
670 676 573
Hadronic modes with a p and zero or two K ’s
p f0 (980) p π+ π+ π− π− pK+K− pφ
[l]
[l]
( 3.5 ± 2.0 ) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ± 1.2 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 0.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3
926 621 851 615 589
Hadronic modes with a hyperon ( 9.0 ± 2.8 ) × 10−3
Λπ + Λπ+ π0 Λρ+ Λπ+ π+ π− Λπ+ η Σ (1385)+ η ΛK + K 0 Σ 0 π+ Σ + π0 Σ+η Σ + π+ π− Σ + ρ0 Σ − π+ π+ Σ 0 π+ π0 Σ 0 π+ π+ π− Σ + π+ π− π0 Σ+ ω
( 3.6 ± 1.3 ) % < 5 % ( 3.3 ± 1.0 ) % [l]
[l]
[l]
Ξ0 K+ Ξ − K + π+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.7 ± 0.6 ) % ( 8.5 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 6.0 ± 2.1 ) × 10−3 ( 9.9 ± 3.2 ) × 10−3
< 1.4 % ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) %
Σ + K + π−
Ξ (1530)0 K +
CL=95%
[l]
( 1.1 ± 0.4 — ( 2.7 ± 1.0 4.1 ( 3.0 + − 2.1 ( 3.5 ± 1.2
)%
441 824 826 712 803 CL=95%
578 798 802
)%
762 766 568
) × 10−3
707
) × 10−3 1.7 ) × 10−3 6 −3 4 ) × 10 1.4 ) × 10−3
( 3.5 ± ( 7 + − ( 3.9 ± ( 4.9 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 2.6 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3
Page 34
843 638 806 690 569
( 1.00± 0.34) % ( 5.5 ± 2.3 ) × 10−3 ( 3.4 ± 1.0 ) %
Σ + π+ π+ π− π− Σ+K+K− Σ+ φ
863
346 292 668 652 564 471
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Semileptonic modes Λ`+ ν` Λe + νe Λµ+ νµ e + anything p e + anything Λe + anything
[m]
( 2.0 ± 0.6 ) % ( 2.1 ± 0.6 ) %
– – – – – – – –
( 2.0 ± 0.7 ) % ( 4.5 ± 1.7 ) % ( 1.8 ± 0.9 ) % — — —
Λµ+ anything Λ`+ ν` anything
Inclusive modes p anything p anything (no Λ) p hadrons n anything n anything (no Λ) Λ anything Σ ± anything
p µ+ µ− Σ − µ+ µ+
[n]
(50 (12
±16 ±19
)% )%
(50 (29 (35
— ±16 ±17 ±11
)% )% )%
(10
± 5
)%
S=1.4
– – – – – – –
∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
C1 L
< 3.4 < 7.0
Page 35
× 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90%
936 811
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Λc (2593)+
The spin-parity follows from the fact that Σc (2455)π decays, with little available phase space, are dominant. Mass m = 2593.9 ± 0.8 MeV m − m Λ+ = 308.9 ± 0.6 MeV
(S = 1.1)
c
2.0 Full width Γ = 3.6 + − 1.3 MeV Λ+ c π π and its submode Σc (2455) π — the latter just barely — are the only strong decays allowed to an excited Λ+ having this mass; and the c + Λ+ π+ π− mode seems to be largely via Σ ++ π− or Σ 0 cπ . c c Λc (2593) + DECAY MODES + − Λ+ c π π Σc (2455)++ π− Σc (2455)0 π + + − Λ+ c π π 3-body 0 Λ+ c π Λ+ c γ
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
[o] ≈ 67 %
124
24 ± 7 %
17
24 ± 7 %
23
18 ± 10 %
124
not seen
261
not seen
290
I (J P ) = 0(?? )
Λc (2625)+ J P is expected to be 3/2−.
Mass m = 2626.6 ± 0.8 MeV (S = 1.2) m − m Λ+ = 341.7 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.6) c
Full width Γ < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% Λ+ π π and its submode Σ (2455) π are the only strong decays allowed to c an excited Λ+ c having this mass. Λc (2625) + DECAY MODES + − Λ+ c π π Σc (2455)++ π− Σc (2455)0 π + + − Λ+ c π π 3-body 0 Λ+ c π + Λc γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
184
small small
100 101
large
184
not seen
293
not seen
319
Page 36
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Σc (2455)
J P not confirmed; 12 + is the quark model prediction. Σc (2455)++mass m = 2452.8 ± 0.6 MeV Σc (2455)+ mass m = 2453.6 ± 0.9 MeV Σc (2455)0 mass m = 2452.2 ± 0.6 MeV m Σ ++ − m Λ+ = 167.87 ± 0.19 MeV c
c
m Σ + − m Λ+ = 168.7 ± 0.6 MeV c
c
c
c
m Σ 0 − m Λ+ = 167.30 ± 0.20 MeV m Σ ++ − m Σ 0 = 0.57 ± 0.23 MeV c
c
m Σ + − m Σ 0 = 1.4 ± 0.6 MeV c
c
Λ+ c π is the only strong decay allowed to a Σc having this mass. Σc (2455) DECAY MODES Λ+ c π
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
≈ 100 %
90
I (J P ) = 1(?? )
Σc (2520)
Σc (2520)++mass m = 2519.4 ± 1.5 MeV Σc (2520)0 mass m = 2517.5 ± 1.4 MeV m Σ (2520)++ − m Λ+ = 234.5 ± 1.4 MeV c
mΣ
0 c (2520)
c
− m Λ+ = 232.6 ± 1.3 MeV c
++ − m Σ (2520)0 c (2520) c (2520)++full width Γ =
mΣ
= 1.9 ± 1.9 MeV
Σc 18 ± 5 MeV 0 Σc (2520) full width Γ = 13 ± 5 MeV
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 37
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ+ c
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + ) I (J P ) not confirmed; 12 ( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2465.6 ± 1.4 MeV 0.07 −12 s Mean life τ = (0.35 + − 0.04 ) × 10 cτ = 106 µm
Ξ+ c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK − π+ π+ ΛK ∗ (892)0 π+ Σ (1385)+ K − π+ Σ + K − π+ Σ + K ∗ (892)0 Σ 0 K − π+ π+ Ξ 0 π+ Ξ − π+ π+ Ξ (1530)0 π + 0 Ξ π+ π0 Ξ 0 π+ π+ π− Ξ 0 e + νe
p (MeV/c)
seen not seen not seen
784 601 676
seen seen
808 653
seen seen
733 875
seen not seen
850 748
seen seen
854 817
seen
882
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Ξ 0c
I (J P ) not confirmed; 12 ( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2470.3 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.3) m Ξ 0 − m Ξ + = 4.7 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.2) c
c
0.023 −12 s Mean life τ = (0.098 + − 0.015 ) × 10 cτ = 29 µm Ξ0 c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK 0 Ξ − π+ Ξ − π+ π+ π− p K − K ∗ (892)0 Ω− K + Ξ − e + νe Ξ − `+ anything
seen seen seen seen seen seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 38
p (MeV/c) 864 875 816 406 522 882
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = ?(?? )
Ξc (2645)
Ξc (2645)+ mass m = 2644.6 ± 2.1 MeV Ξc (2645)0 mass m = 2643.8 ± 1.8 MeV m Ξ (2645)+ − m Ξ 0 = 174.3 ± 1.1 MeV c
mΞ
0 c (2645) (2645)+
(S = 1.2)
c
− m Ξ + = 178.2 ± 1.1 MeV c
Ξc full width Γ < 3.1 MeV, CL = 90% 0 Ξc (2645) full width Γ < 5.5 MeV, CL = 90% Ξc π is the only strong decay allowed to a Ξc resonance having this mass. Ξc (2645) DECAY MODES Ξ 0c π+ − Ξ+ c π
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
101
seen
107
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Ω 0c
I (J P ) not confirmed; 0( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2704 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (0.064 ± 0.020) × 10−12 s cτ = 19 µm Ω0 c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Σ + K − K − π+ Ξ − K − π+ π+ Ω − π+ Ω − π− π+ π+
seen seen seen
697 838 827
seen
759
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 39
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
BOTTOM BARYONS (B = −1) Λ0b = u d b, Ξ 0b = u s b, Ξ − b = dsb I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Λ0b
I (J P ) not yet measured; 0( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 5624 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (1.24 ± 0.08) × 10−12 s cτ = 372 µm These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or high-energy p p), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP Λb production fraction B(b → Λb ) and are evaluated for our value B(b → Λb ) = (10.1 +3.9 −3.1 )%. The branching fractions B(b -baryon → Λ `− ν ` anything) and B(Λ0 b → + Λ `− ν ` anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying c measured products of these with B(b → Λb ) were used to determine B(b → Λb ), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”
Λ0 b DECAY MODES
(4.7±2.8) × 10−4
J/ψ(1S )Λ − Λ+ c π − Λ+ c a1 (1260) − Λ+ c ` ν ` anything
p π− pK−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
[p]
1744
seen
2345
seen
2156
(9.0 +3.1 −3.8 ) % < 5.0 < 5.0
Page 40
–
× 10−5 × 10−5
90% 90%
2732 2711
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb , Ξb , Σb , Ωb ) Mean life τ = (1.20 ± 0.07) × 10−12 s These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or high-energy p p), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP Λb production fraction B(b → Λb ) and are evaluated for our value B(b → Λb ) = (10.1 +3.9 −3.1 )%. The branching fractions B(b -baryon → Λ `− ν ` anything) and B(Λ0 b → + − Λ ` ν ` anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying c measured products of these with B(b → Λb ) were used to determine B(b → Λb ), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”
b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb ,Ξb ,Σb ,Ωb )
p µ− ν anything Λ`− ν
` anything
Λ/ Λ anything Ξ − `− ν ` anything
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
( 4.9± 2.4) % 1.0 ( 3.1 + − 1.2 ) % (35 +12 −14 ) % 2.0 −3 ( 5.5 + − 2.4 ) × 10
Page 41
– – – –
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The masses of the p and n are most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV, 1 u = 931.49432 ± 0.00028 MeV, is less well known than are the masses in u. [b] The limit is from neutrality-of-matter experiments; it assumes qn = qp + qe . See also the charge of the neutron. [c] The first limit is geochemical and independent of decay mode. The second entry, a range of limits, assumes the dominant decay modes are among those investigated. For antiprotons the best limit, inferred from the observation of cosmic ray p’s is τ p > 107 yr, the cosmic-ray storage time, but this limit depends on a number of assumptions. The best direct observation of stored antiprotons gives τ p /B(p → e − γ) > 1848 yr. [d ] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [e] The parameters g A , g V , and g WM for semileptonic modes are defined by B f [γλ (g V + g A γ5 ) + i (g WM /m Bi ) σλν qν ]Bi , and φAV is defined by g A /g V = g A /g V eiφAV . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [f ] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [g] The decay parameters γ and ∆ are calculated from α and φ using p p 1 γ = 1−α2 cosφ , tan∆ = − α 1−α2 sinφ . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [h] See the Particle Listings for the pion momentum range used in this measurement. [i ] The error given here is only an educated guess. It is larger than the error on the weighted average of the published values. [j] A theoretical value using QED. [k] See the “Note on Λ+ c Branching Fractions” in the Branching Fractions + of the Λc Particle Listings. [l ] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [m] An ` indicates an e or a µ mode, not a sum over these modes. [n] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. 0 0 [o] Assuming isospin conservation, so that the other third is Λ+ c π π . [p] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of Λ0b Decay Modes. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 42
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
SEARCHES FOR MONOPOLES, SUPERSYMMETRY, COMPOSITENESS, etc. Magnetic Monopole Searches Isolated supermassive monopole candidate events have not been confirmed. The most sensitive experiments obtain negative results. Best cosmic-ray supermassive monopole flux limit: < 1.0 × 10−15 cm− 2 sr− 1 s− 1 for 1.1 × 10−4 < β < 0.1
Supersymmetric Particle Searches Limits are based on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. e0 (or e Assumptions include: 1) χ γ ) is lightest supersymmetric particle; 1 2) R-parity is conserved; 3) All scalar quarks (except etL and etR ) are degenerate in mass, and m qeR = m qeL . 4) Limits for selectrons and smuons refer to the e`R states. See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of supersymmetry. e 0 , and H e 0) χ e0 — neutralinos (mixtures of e γ, Z i i Mass m χ e 0 > 10.9 GeV, CL = 95% 1
Mass m χ e 0 > 45.3 GeV, CL = 95% 2 Mass m χ e 0 > 75.8 GeV, CL = 95%
[tanβ >1]
Mass m χ e 0 > 127 GeV, CL = 95%
[tanβ >3]
[tanβ >1]
3 4
f ± and H e ±) χ e± — charginos (mixtures of W i i Mass m χ > 65.7 GeV, CL = 95% [m χ e± e ± –m χ e 0 ≥ 2 GeV] 1
1
Mass m χ e ± > 99 GeV, CL = 95%
1
[GUT relations assumed]
2
νe — scalar neutrino (sneutrino) Mass m > 37.1 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 43.1 GeV, CL = 95%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 1
[one flavor] [three degenerate flavors]
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) e e — scalar electron (selectron) Mass m > 58 GeV, CL = 95%
[m eeR –m χ e 0 ≥ 4 GeV] 1
µ e — scalar muon (smuon) Mass m > 55.6 GeV, CL = 95%
[m µeR –m χ e 0 ≥ 4 GeV] 1
τe — scalar tau (stau) Mass m > 45 GeV, CL = 95%
[if m χ e 0 < 38 GeV] 1
e q — scalar quark (squark) These limits include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters µ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for µ not small, m χ e 0 ≈ m ge /6. 1
Mass m > 176 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 224 GeV, CL = 95%
[any m ge <300 GeV, µ = − 250 GeV, tanβ = 2] [m ge ≤ m qe , µ = − 400 GeV, tanβ = 4]
ge — gluino
.
There is some controversy on whether gluinos in a low-mass window (1 m ge 5 GeV) are excluded or not. See the Supersymmetry Listings for details.
.
&
The limits summarised here refere to the high-mass region (m ge 5 GeV), and include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters µ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for µ not small, m χ e 0 ≈ m ge /6. 1
Mass m > 173 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 212 GeV, CL = 95%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
[any m qe , µ = − 200 GeV, tanβ = 2] [m ge ≥ m qe , µ = − 250 GeV, tanβ = 2]
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Quark and Lepton Compositeness, Searches for Scale Limits Λ for Contact Interactions (the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions) If the Lagrangian has the form ±
g2 2Λ2
ψL γµ ψL ψ L γ µ ψL
(with g 2 /4π set equal to 1), then we define Λ ≡ Λ± LL . For the full definitions and for other forms, see the Note in the Listings on Searches for Quark and Lepton Compositeness in the full Review and the original literature. Λ+ LL (e e e e)
> 2.4 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e e e)
> 3.6 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e µµ)
> 2.6 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e µµ)
> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e τ τ )
> 1.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e τ τ )
> 3.0 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (` ` ` `)
> 3.5 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (` ` ` `)
> 3.8 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e q q)
> 2.5 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e q q)
> 3.7 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e b b)
> 3.1 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e b b)
> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (µµq q)
> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (µµq q)
> 4.2 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ± LR (νµ νe µe) > 3.1 TeV, CL = 90% Λ± LL (q q q q)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
> 1.6 TeV, CL = 95%
Page 3
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Excited Leptons The limits from `∗+ `∗− do not depend on λ (where λ is the ` `∗ transition coupling). The λ-dependent limits assume chiral coupling, except for the third limit for e ∗ which √ is for nonchiral coupling. For chiral coupling, this limit corresponds to λγ = 2. e ∗± — excited electron Mass m > 85.0 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 194 GeV, CL = 95%
(from e ∗+ e ∗− ) (if λZ > 1) (if λγ = 1)
µ∗± — excited muon Mass m > 85.3 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95%
(from µ∗+ µ∗− ) (if λZ > 1)
τ ∗± — excited tau Mass m > 84.6 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 90 GeV, CL = 95%
(from τ ∗+ τ ∗− ) (if λZ > 0.18)
ν ∗ — excited neutrino Mass m > 84.9 GeV, CL = 95% (from ν ∗ ν ∗ ) Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95% (if λZ > 1) Mass m = none 40–96 GeV, CL = 95% (from e p → ν ∗ X) q ∗ — excited quark Mass m > 45.6 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 88 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 570 GeV, CL = 95%
(from q ∗ q ∗ ) (if λZ > 1) (p p → q ∗ X)
Color Sextet and Octet Particles Color Sextet Quarks (q6 ) Mass m > 84 GeV, CL = 95%
(Stable q6 )
Color Octet Charged Leptons (`8 ) Mass m > 86 GeV, CL = 95%
(Stable `8 )
Color Octet Neutrinos (ν8 ) Mass m > 110 GeV, CL = 90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 4
(ν8 → ν g)
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
TESTS OF CONSERVATION LAWS Revised by L. Wolfenstein and T.G. Trippe, May 1998. In keeping with the current interest in tests of conservation laws, we collect together a Table of experimental limits on all weak and electromagnetic decays, mass differences, and moments, and on a few reactions, whose observation would violate conservation laws. The Table is given only in the full Review of Particle Physics, not in the Particle Physics Booklet. For the benefit of Booklet readers, we include the best limits from the Table in the following text. Limits in this text are for CL=90% unless otherwise specified. The Table is in two parts: “Discrete Space-Time Symmetries,” i.e., C, P , T , CP , and CP T ; and “Number Conservation Laws,” i.e., lepton, baryon, hadronic flavor, and charge conservation. The references for these data can be found in the the Particle Listings in the Review. A discussion of these tests follows. CP T INVARIANCE General principles of relativistic field theory require invariance under the combined transformation CP T . The simplest tests of CP T invariance are the equality of the masses and lifetimes of a particle and its antiparticle. The 0 best test comes from the limit on the mass difference between K 0 and K . Any such difference contributes to the CP -violating parameter . Assuming CP T invariance, φ , the phase of should be very close to 44◦ . (See the “Note on CP Violation in KL0 Decay” in the Particle Listings.) In contrast, 0 if the entire source of CP violation in K 0 decays were a K 0 − K mass difference, φ would be 44◦ + 90◦ . Assuming that there is no other source of CP T violation than this mass difference, it is possible to deduce that [1] m
K
0
− mK 0 ≈
2(mK 0 − mK 0 ) |η| ( 32 φ+− + 31 φ00 − φ0 ) L
S
sin φ0
,
where φ0 = 43.5◦ with an uncertainty of less than 0.1◦ . Using our best values of the CP -violation parameters, we get |(m 0 −mK 0 )/mK 0 | ≤ 10−18 . Limits K can also be placed on specific CP T -violating decay amplitudes. Given the small value of (1 − |η00 /η+− |), the value of φ00 − φ+− provides a measure of HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 1
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CP T violation in KL0 → 2π decay. Results from CERN [1] and Fermilab [2] indicate no CP T -violating effect. CP AND T INVARIANCE Given CP T invariance, CP violation and T violation are equivalent. So far the only evidence for CP or T violation comes from the measurements of η+− , η00 , and the semileptonic decay charge asymmetry for KL, e.g., |η+−| = |A(KL0 → π+ π− )/A(KS0 → π+ π− )| = (2.285±0.019)×10−3 and [Γ(KL0 → π − e+ ν) − Γ(KL0 → π+ e− ν)]/[sum] = (0.333 ± 0.014)%. Other searches for CP or T violation divide into (a) those that involve weak interactions or parity violation, and (b) those that involve processes otherwise allowed by the strong or electromagnetic interactions. In class (a) the most sensitive are probably the searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron, measured to be < 1.0 × 10−25 e cm, and the electron (−0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm. A nonzero value requires both P and T violation. Class (b) includes the search for C violation in η decay, believed to be an electromagnetic process, e.g., as measured by Γ(η → µ+ µ− π 0 )/Γ(η → all) < 5 × 10−6 , and searches for T violation in a number of nuclear and electromagnetic reactions. CONSERVATION OF LEPTON NUMBERS Present experimental evidence and the standard electroweak theory are consistent with the absolute conservation of three separate lepton numbers: electron number Le, muon number Lµ, and tau number Lτ . Searches for violations are of the following types: a) ∆L = 2 for one type of lepton. The best limit comes from the search for neutrinoless double beta decay (Z, A) → (Z + 2, A) + e− + e− . The best laboratory limit is t1/2 > 1.1 × 1025 yr (CL=90%) for 76 Ge. b) Conversion of one lepton type to another. For purely leptonic processes, the best limits are on µ → eγ and µ → 3e, measured as Γ(µ → eγ)/Γ(µ →all) < 5 × 10−11 and Γ(µ → 3e)/Γ(µ → all) < 1.0 × 10−12 . For semileptonic processes, the best limit comes from the coherent conversion process in a muonic atom, µ− + (Z, A) → e− + (Z, A), measured as Γ(µ− Ti → e− Ti)/Γ(µ− Ti → all) < 4 × 10−12 . Of special interest is the case in which the hadronic flavor also changes, as in KL → eµ and K + → π + e− µ+ , measured as Γ(KL → eµ)/Γ(KL → all) < 3.3 × 10−11 and Γ(K + → π+ e− µ+ )/Γ(K + → all) < 2.1 × 10−10 . Limits on the conversion of τ into e or µ are found in τ decay and are much less stringent than HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
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those for µ → e conversion, e.g., Γ(τ → µγ)/Γ(τ → all) < 3.0 × 10−6 and Γ(τ → eγ)/Γ(τ → all) < 2.7 × 10−6 . c) Conversion of one type of lepton into another type of antilepton. The case most studied is µ− + (Z, A) → e+ + (Z − 2, A), the strongest limit being Γ(µ−Ti → e+ Ca)/Γ(µ−Ti → all) < 9 × 10−11 . d) Relation to neutrino mass. If neutrinos have mass, then it is expected even in the standard electroweak theory that the lepton numbers are not separately conserved, as a consequence of lepton mixing analogous to Cabibbo quark mixing. However, in this case lepton-number-violating processes such as µ → eγ are expected to have extremely small probability. For small neutrino masses, the lepton-number violation would be observed first in neutrino oscillations, which have been the subject of extensive experimental searches. For example, searches for ν e disappearance, which we label as ν e 6→ ν e , give measured limits ∆(m2 ) < 9 × 10−4 eV2 for sin2 (2θ) = 1, and sin2 (2θ) < 0.02 for large ∆(m2 ), where θ is the neutrino mixing angle. Possible evidence for mixing has come from two sources. The deficit in the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained by oscillations with ∆(m2 ) ≤ 10−5 eV2 causing the disappearance of νe . In addition underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a νµ /νe ratio much less than expected and also a deficiency of upward going νµ compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of νµ with ∆(m2 ) of the order 10−2 –10−3 eV2 . CONSERVATION OF HADRONIC FLAVORS In strong and electromagnetic interactions, hadronic flavor is conserved, i.e. the conversion of a quark of one flavor (d, u, s, c, b, t) into a quark of another flavor is forbidden. In the Standard Model, the weak interactions violate these conservation laws in a manner described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing (see the section “Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Mixing Matrix”). The way in which these conservation laws are violated is tested as follows: a) ∆S = ∆Q rule. In the semileptonic decay of strange particles, the strangeness change equals the change in charge of the hadrons. Tests come from limits on decay rates such as Γ(Σ+ → ne+ ν)/Γ(Σ+ → all) < 5 × 10−6 , and from a detailed analysis of KL → πeν, which yields the parameter x,
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measured to be (Re x, Im x) = (0.006±0.018, −0.003±0.026). Corresponding rules are ∆C = ∆Q and ∆B = ∆Q. b) Change of flavor by two units. In the Standard Model this occurs only in second-order weak interactions. The classic example is ∆S = 2 via 0 K 0 − K mixing, which is directly measured by m(KS ) − m(KL ) = (3.489 ± 0 0.009)×10−12 MeV. There is now evidence for B 0 −B mixing (∆B = 2), with the corresponding mass difference between the eigenstates (mB 0 − mB 0 ) = (3.05 ± 0.12) × 10−10
0 Bs0 –B s
H
L
MeV, and for mixing, with (0.723 ± 0.032)ΓB 0 = −9 (mB 0 –mB 0 ) > 14ΓBs0 or > 6 × 10 MeV (CL=95%). No evidence exists sH
sL
0
for − D mixing, which is expected to be much smaller in the Standard Model. c) Flavor-changing neutral currents. In the Standard Model the neutral-current interactions do not change flavor. The low rate Γ(KL → µ+ µ− )/Γ(KL → all) = (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10−9 puts limits on such interactions; the nonzero value for this rate is attributed to a combination of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The best test should come from K + → π+ νν, which occurs in the Standard Model only as a second-order weak process with a branching fraction of (1 to 8)×10−10 . Observation of one event has been reported [4], yielding Γ(K + → π+ νν)/Γ(K + → all) −10 . Limits for charm-changing or bottom-changing neutral = (4.2+9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 currents are much less stringent: Γ(D0 → µ+ µ− )/Γ(D0 → all) < 4 × 10−6 and Γ(B 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γ(B 0 → all) < 7 × 10−7 . One cannot isolate flavorchanging neutral current (FCNC) effects in non leptonic decays. For example, the FCNC transition s → d + (u + u) is equivalent to the charged-current transition s → u + (u + d). Tests for FCNC are therefore limited to hadron decays into lepton pairs. Such decays are expected only in second-order in the electroweak coupling in the Standard Model. D0
References 1. R. Carosi et al., Phys. Lett. B237, 303 (1990). 2. M. Karlsson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2976 (1990); L.K. Gibbons et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1199 (1993). 3. B. Schwingenheuer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4376 (1995). 4. S. Adler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2204 (1997). HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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TESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIES
CHARGE CONJUGATION (C ) INVARIANCE <3.1 × 10−8 , CL = 90%
Γ(π0 → 3γ)/Γtotal η C-nonconserving decay parameters π+ π− π0 left-right asymmetry parameter π+ π− π0 sextant asymmetry parameter π+ π− π0 quadrant asymmetry parameter π+ π− γ left-right asymmetry parameter π+ π− γ parameter β (D-wave)
(0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 0.05 ± 0.06 (S = 1.5) <5 × 10−4 , CL = 95%
Γ(η → 3γ)/Γtotal Γ(η → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η → π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(ω(782) → η π0 )/Γtotal Γ(ω(782) → 3π0 )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → η e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → 3γ)/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → µ+ µ− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → µ+ µ− η)/Γtotal
[a] <4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [a] <5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
[a] <1.3 × 10−2 , CL = 90% [a] <1.1 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [a] <6.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [a] <1.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
PARITY (P) INVARIANCE (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm (3.7 ± 3.4) × 10−19 e cm > −3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2 × 10−2 , CL = 90%
e electric dipole moment µ electric dipole moment τ electric dipole moment (dτ ) Γ(η → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 π0 )/Γtotal
<9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% (−4 ± 6) × 10−23 e cm <0.97 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% <1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95%
p electric dipole moment n electric dipole moment Λ electric dipole moment
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TIME REVERSAL (T ) INVARIANCE Limits on e, µ, τ , p, n, and Λ electric dipole moments under Parity Invariance above are also tests of Time Reversal Invariance. µ decay parameters transverse e + polarization normal to plane of µ spin, e + momentum α0 /A β 0 /A τ electric dipole moment (dτ ) Im(ξ) in K ± µ3 decay (from transverse µ pol.) Im(ξ) in K 0 decay (from transverse µ pol.) µ3 n → p e − ν decay parameters
(0 ± 4) × 10−3 (2 ± 6) × 10−3 > −3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% −0.017 ± 0.025 −0.007 ± 0.026 [b] (180.07 ± 0.18)◦
φAV , phase of g A relative to g V triple correlation coefficient D triple correlation coefficient D for Σ − → n e − ν e
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0.007 ± 0.023
(−0.5 ± 1.4) × 10−3 0.11 ± 0.10
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CP INVARIANCE Re(d w τ ) w Im(d ) τ Γ(η → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 π0 )/Γtotal K ± → π± π+ π− rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 π0 rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 γ rate difference/average (g + − g − ) / (g + + g − ) for K ± → π± π+ π− τ τ τ τ CP-violation parameters in K 0 S decay 0 Im(η+−0 ) = Im(A(K → π+ π− π0 , CPS + − 0 violating) / A(K 0 L → π π π )) Im(η000 )2 = Γ(K 0 → 3π0 ) / S 0) Γ(K 0 → 3π L + − 0 charge asymmetry j for K 0 L → π π π 0 0 + − +−γ / for K L → π π γ 0 + − Γ(K 0 L → π µ µ )/Γtotal 0 + − Γ(K 0 L → π e e )/Γtotal 0 Γ(K 0 L → π ν ν)/Γtotal ACP (K + K − π± ) in D ± → K + K − π± ACP (K ± K ∗0 ) in D + → K + K ∗0 and D − → K − K ∗0 ACP (φπ± ) in D ± → φπ± ACP (π+ π− π± ) in D ± → π+ π− π± ACP (K + K − ) in D 0 , D 0 → K + K − ACP (π+ π− ) in D 0 , D 0 → π+ π− 0 0 0 ACP (K 0 S φ) in D , D → K S φ ACP (K 0 π0 ) in D 0 , D 0 → K 0 π0 S S Re( 0 ) B α− (Λ) + α+ (Λ) / α− (Λ) − α+ (Λ)
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<0.56 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95% <1.5 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% (0.07 ± 0.12)% (0.0 ± 0.6)% (0.9 ± 3.3)% (−0.7 ± 0.5)% −0.002 ± 0.008 <0.1, CL = 90% 0.0011 ± 0.0008 <0.3, CL = 90% [c] <5.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [c] <4.3 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [d ] <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% −0.017 ± 0.027 −0.02 ± 0.05 −0.014 ± 0.033 −0.02 ± 0.04 0.026 ± 0.035 −0.05 ± 0.08 −0.03 ± 0.09 −0.018 ± 0.030 0.002 ± 0.008 −0.03 ± 0.06
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CP VIOLATION OBSERVED K0 L branching ratios charge asymmetry in K 0 `3 decays − + δ(µ) = [Γ(π µ νµ ) − Γ(π+ µ− ν µ )]/sum δ(e) = [Γ(π− e + νe ) − Γ(π+ e − ν e )]/sum parameters for K 0 → 2π decay L η = A(K 0 → 2π0 ) / 00 L A(K 0 → 2π0 ) S 0 → π+ π− ) / A(K 0 → η +− = A(K S L π+ π− ) 0 / ≈ Re(0 /) = (1− η00 /η+− )/3 φ+− , phase of η+−
(0.304 ± 0.025)% (0.333 ± 0.014)% (2.275 ± 0.019) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) (2.285 ± 0.019) × 10−3 [e] (1.5 ± 0.8) × 10−3 (S = 1.8) (43.5 ± 0.6)◦ (43.4 ± 1.0)◦
φ00 , phase of η00 parameters for K 0 → π+ π− γ decay L 0 + − η +−γ = A(K L → π π γ , CP + − violating)/A(K 0 S → π π γ)
(2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3
φ+−γ = phase of η+−γ + − Γ(K 0 L → π π )/Γtotal 0 0 Γ(K 0 L → π π )/Γtotal
(2.067 ± 0.035) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) (9.36 ± 0.20) × 10−4
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(44 ± 4)◦
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPT INVARIANCE − m − ) / m average W+ W (m + − m − ) / m average e e q e + q e+ e− (g + − g − ) / gaverage e e (τ + − τ − ) / τ average µ µ (g + − g − ) / g average µ µ (m + − m − ) / m average π π (τ + − τ − ) / τ average π π (m + − m − ) / m average K K (τ + − τ − ) / τ average K K K ± → µ± νµ rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 rate difference/average m 0 − m 0 / m average K K phase difference φ00 − φ+−
−0.002 ± 0.007 <4 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−8
(m
(−0.5 ± 2.1) × 10−12 (2 ± 8) × 10−5 (−2.6 ± 1.6) × 10−8 (2 ± 5) × 10−4 (6 ± 7) × 10−4 (−0.6 ± 1.8) × 10−4 (0.11 ± 0.09)% (S = 1.2) (−0.5 ± 0.4)% [f ] (0.8 ± 1.2)% [g] <10−18 (−0.1 ± 0.8)◦
CPT-violation parameters in K 0 decay real part of ∆
0.018 ± 0.020 0.02 ± 0.04 (1.5 ± 1.1) × 10−9
imaginary part of ∆ qp qp q ( m – m )/ m average p p q + q e p p (µ p + µ p ) µ average
<2 × 10−5 (−2.6 ± 2.9) × 10−3 (9 ± 5) × 10−5
(m n − m n ) / m average (m Λ − m ) m Λ Λ (τ Λ − τ ) / τ average Λ (µ + + µ − ) µ average Σ Σ (m − − m + ) / m average Ξ Ξ (τ − − τ + ) / τ average Ξ Ξ (m − − m + ) / m average Ω Ω
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(−1.0 ± 0.9) × 10−5 0.04 ± 0.09 0.014 ± 0.015 (1.1 ± 2.7) × 10−4 0.02 ± 0.18 (0 ± 5) × 10−4
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TESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWS
LEPTON FAMILY NUMBER Lepton family number conservation means separate conservation of each of Le , Lµ , Lτ . Γ(Z → e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(Z → e ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(Z → µ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal limit on µ− → e − conversion σ(µ− 32 S → e − 32 S) / σ(µ− 32 S → νµ 32 P∗ ) σ(µ− Ti → e − Ti) / σ(µ− Ti → capture) σ(µ− Pb → e − Pb) / σ(µ− Pb → capture) limit on muonium → antimuonium conversion Rg = GC / GF − Γ(µ → e − νe ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − γ)/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − 2γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K 0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K 0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − η)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− η)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − ρ0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− ρ0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − φ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− φ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − µ+ µ− )/Γtotal
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[h] <1.7 × 10−6 , CL = 95% [h] <9.8 × 10−6 , CL = 95% [h] <1.2 × 10−5 , CL = 95% <7 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−12 , CL = 90% <4.6 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <0.018, CL = 90% [i] <1.2 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <4.9 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−12 , CL = 90% <7.2 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <2.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<3.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <4.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
<1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <8.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <9.6 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<6.3 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <5.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(τ − → e + µ− µ− )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− e + e − )/Γtotal <1.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ+ e − e − )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− µ+ µ− )/Γtotal <1.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π+ π− )/Γtotal <2.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% − − + − Γ(τ → µ π π )/Γtotal <8.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π+ K − )/Γtotal <6.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π− K + )/Γtotal <3.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − K + K − )/Γtotal <6.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π+ K − )/Γtotal <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% − − − + Γ(τ → µ π K )/Γtotal <7.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− K + K − )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π0 π0 )/Γtotal <6.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π0 π0 )/Γtotal <1.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − η η)/Γtotal <3.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− η η)/Γtotal <6.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% − − 0 Γ(τ → e π η)/Γtotal <2.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π0 η)/Γtotal <2.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − light boson)/Γtotal <2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Γ(τ − → µ− light boson)/Γtotal <5 × 10−3 , CL = 95% ν oscillations. (For other lepton mixing effects in particle decays, see the Particle Listings.) ν e 6→ ν e ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 <9 × 10−4 eV2 , CL = 90% sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) <0.02, CL = 90% νe → ντ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<9 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.25, CL = 90%
νe → ν τ sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<0.7, CL = 90% <0.09 eV2 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
νµ → νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ (ν µ ) → νe (ν e ) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<0.14 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.004, CL = 95% <0.075 eV2 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
νµ → ντ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → ντ
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<0.9 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.004, CL = 90%
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ (ν µ ) → ντ (ν τ ) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1
<2.2 eV2 , CL = 90% <4.4 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <1.5 eV2 , CL = 90% <8 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νe 6→ νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<0.17 eV2 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−2 , CL = 90%
νµ 6→ νµ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for ∆(m 2 ) = 100eV2
<0.23 or >1500 eV2 [j] <0.02, CL = 90%
ν µ 6→ ν µ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for 190 eV2 < ∆(m 2 ) < 320 eV2 Γ(π+ → µ+ νe )/Γtotal Γ(π+ → µ− e + e + ν)/Γtotal Γ(π0 → µ+ e − + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(η → µ+ e − + µ− e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ− ν e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ+ νe )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ+ e − )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ− e + )/Γtotal ± ∓ Γ(K 0 L → e µ )/Γtotal ± ± ∓ ∓ Γ(K 0 L → e e µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K + e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → µ± e ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φe ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K 0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π− e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − e + µ+ )/Γtotal
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<7 or >1200 eV2 [k] <0.02, CL = 90% [l] <8.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.6 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<1.72 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <6 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<2.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90% [l] <4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <2.1 × 10−10 , CL = 90%
<7 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [h] <3.3 × 10−11 , CL = 90% [h] <6.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
[h] <1.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <8.6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <4.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
[h] <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <3.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
<6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(B 0 → e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → e ± τ ∓)/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → µ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B → e ± µ∓ s)/Γtotal ± ∓ Γ(B 0 s → e µ )/Γtotal
[h] <5.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% [h] <5.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <8.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
[h] <4.1 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
TOTAL LEPTON NUMBER Violation of total lepton number conservation also implies violation of lepton family number conservation. limit on µ− → e + conversion σ(µ− 32 S → e + 32 Si∗ ) / σ(µ− 32 S → νµ 32 P∗ ) σ(µ− 127 I → e + 127 Sb∗ ) / σ(µ− 127 I → anything) − σ(µ Ti → e + Ca) / σ(µ− Ti → capture)
<9 × 10−10 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−10 , CL = 90% <8.9 × 10−11 , CL = 90%
Γ(τ − → π− γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → π− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + π− K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + K − K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ π− K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ K − K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p η)/Γtotal νe → (ν e )L α∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 α2 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → (ν e )L α∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 α2 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) Γ(π+ → µ+ ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− µ+ e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ+ ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π0 e + ν e )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
<2.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <3.7 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <6.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.30 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <0.14 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.032, CL = 90%
<0.16 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.001, CL = 90% [l] <1.5 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−9 , CL = 90%
<1.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90% [l] <1.5 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [l] <3.3 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
Page 13
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(D + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → ρ− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(D + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(D + → K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(B + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p µ− µ− )/Γtotal Γ(Λ+ → Σ − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal c
<8.7 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.5 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
BARYON NUMBER Γ(τ − → p γ)/Γtotal <2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → p π0 )/Γtotal <6.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → p η)/Γtotal <1.30 × 10−3 , CL = 90% p mean life >1.6 × 1025 years A few examples of proton or bound neutron decay follow. For limits on many other nucleon decay channels, see the Baryon Summary Table. τ (N → e + π) > 130 (n), > 550 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% + τ (N → µ π) > 100 (n), > 270 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% τ (N → e + K ) > 1.3 (n), > 150 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% τ (N → µ+ K ) > 1.1 (n), > 120 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% [m] >1.2 × 108 s, CL = 90% limit on n n oscillations (bound n) limit on n n oscillations (free n) >0.86 × 108 s, CL = 90%
ELECTRIC CHARGE (Q) [n] >4.3 × 1023 yr, CL = 68% <8 × 10−27 , CL = 68%
e mean life / branching fraction Γ(n → p νe ν e )/Γtotal
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 14
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆S = ∆Q RULE Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(K + → π+ π+ e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ π+ µ− ν µ )/Γtotal
<1.2 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−6 , CL = 95%
x = A(K 0 → π− `+ ν)/A(K 0 → π− `+ ν) = A(∆S=−∆Q)/A(∆S=∆Q) real part of x 0.006 ± 0.018 (S = 1.3) imaginary part of x −0.003 ± 0.026 (S = 1.2) <0.043 Γ Σ + → n `+ ν /Γ Σ − → n `− ν Γ(Σ + → n e + νe )/Γtotal <5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(Σ + → n µ+ νµ )/Γtotal <3.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(Ξ 0 → Σ − e + νe )/Γtotal <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% 0 − + Γ(Ξ → Σ µ νµ )/Γtotal <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
∆S = 2 FORBIDDEN Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(Ξ 0 → p π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ 0 → p e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ 0 → p µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ω − → Λ π− )/Γtotal
<4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−3
<1.3 × 10−3 <1.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <3.2 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.5 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
∆S = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. (0.5301 ± 0.0014) × 1010 ¯ h s−1
m 0 −m 0 KL KS
(3.489 ± 0.009) × 10−12 MeV
m 0 −m 0 KL KS
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 15
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆C = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. m − m 0 D 01 D2 Γ 0 – Γ 0 /Γ 0 mean life difference/average D D1 D2 + − Γ K ` ν ` (via D 0 ) /Γ K − `+ ν` Γ K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (via D 0 ) /Γ K − π+ or K − π+ π+ π− Γ(D 0 → K + `− ν ` (via D 0 ))/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (via D 0 ))/Γtotal
[o] <24 × 1010 ¯ h s−1 , CL = 90% [o] <0.20, CL = 90% <0.005, CL = 90% [p] < 0.0085 (or < 0.0037), CL = 90% <1.7 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
∆B = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. 0.172 ± 0.010
χ d ∆m 0 = m 0 − m 0 B BH BL xd = ∆m 0 /Γ 0 B B χ at high energy B
(0.464 ± 0.018) × 1012 ¯ h s−1 0.723 ± 0.032 0.118 ± 0.006 >9.1 × 1012 ¯ h s−1 , CL = 95%
∆m 0 = m 0 – m 0 Bs Bs H Bs L xs = ∆m 0 /Γ 0 Bs Bs χ s
>14.0, CL = 95% >0.4975, CL = 95%
∆S = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(K + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ ν ν)/Γtotal + − Γ(K 0 S → µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal S 0 + − Γ(K 0 S → π e e )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal L + − Γ(K 0 L → µ µ γ)/Γtotal + − Γ(K 0 L → e e )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → e + e − γ)/Γtotal L
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(2.74 ± 0.23) × 10−7 (5.0 ± 1.0) × 10−8 −10 (4.2 +9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 <3.2 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10−9 (S = 1.4) (3.25 ± 0.28) × 10−7 <4.1 × 10−11 , CL = 90% (9.1 ± 0.5) × 10−6
Page 16
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 → L Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 → L Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 L → Γ(Σ + →
e + e − γ γ)/Γtotal π+ π− e + e − )/Γtotal µ+ µ− e + e − )/Γtotal e + e − e + e − )/Γtotal π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal π0 e + e − )/Γtotal π0 ν ν)/Γtotal p e + e − )/Γtotal
[q] (6.5 ± 1.2) × 10−7 [q] <4.6 × 10−7 , CL = 90% −9 (2.9 +6.7 −2.4 ) × 10 (4.1 ± 0.8) × 10−8 (S = 1.2) <5.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−6
∆C = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(D + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → ρ+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φe + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φµ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π+ π− π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal + + − Γ(D + s → K µ µ )/Γtotal ∗ + + − Γ(D + s → K (892) µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(Λ+ → p µ+ µ− )/Γtotal c
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
<6.6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
<4.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <4.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <4.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.4 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
Page 17
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆B = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(B + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K ∗ (892)+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → γ γ)/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K 0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K 0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 ν ν)/Γtotal Γ(B → e + e − s)/Γtotal Γ(B → µ+ µ− s)/Γtotal Γ(b → µ+ µ− anything)/Γtotal + − Γ(B 0 s → µ µ )/Γtotal + − Γ(B 0 s → e e )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 s → φν ν)/Γtotal
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
<3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <6.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.8 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <3.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
<2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.3 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <5.7 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <3.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <5.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
Page 18
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [b] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [c] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [d ] Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [e] 0 / is derived from η 00 /η +− measurements using theoretical input on phases. [f ] Neglecting photon channels. See, e.g., A. Pais and S.B. Treiman, Phys. D12, 2744 (1975). Rev. D12 [g] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , η , m K 0 − m K 0 , and L
S
τ K 0 , as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.” S
[h] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [i ] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [j] ∆(m2 ) = 100 eV2 . [k] 190 eV2 < ∆(m2 ) < 320 eV2 . [l ] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [m] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [n] This is the best “electron disappearance” limit. The best limit for the mode e − → ν γ is > 2.35 × 1025 yr (CL=68%). [o] The D 01 -D 02 limits are inferred from the D 0 -D 0 mixing ratio Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 )) / Γ(K − `+ ν` ). [p] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [q] See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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482_Frame_11.020 Page 50 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities which characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If they exceed five in the last digit, the value is prefaced by an approximate sign. The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the Table is December, 2000.
Table Layout Column No. 1
2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Column Title Isotope or Element
Description For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. Isotopic Abundance in atom percent. Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight is given on the same scale. Half-life Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and y = years. Decay Mode/Energy Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β¯ = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; EC = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; SF = spontaneous fission. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. Particle Energy/Intensity End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles in MeV and their intensities in percent. Spin and Parity Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2π; parity is positive or negative. Magnetic Dipole Moment Magnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. Electric Quadrupole Moment Electric quadrupole moments in barn units (10¯24 cm2). Gamma Ray Energy/Intensity Gamma ray energies in MeV and intensities in percent. Ann. rad. refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter.
General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journals and reports: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A.H. Wapstra, The Nubase Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A624, 1 (1997). International Commission on Atomic Weights, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 1999, Pure & Applied Chemistry 73, to be published (2000). J.R. Parrington, H.D. Knox, S. Breneman, E.M. Baum, F. Feiner, Chart of the Nuclides, 15th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (1996). N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (1989). N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). N.E. Holden, Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989). P. Raghavan, Table of Nuclear Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 42, 189 (1989). E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986). J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 2000). N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). N. Stone, Table of New Nuclear Moments, private communication, www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/moments.html (Dec. 2000).
*This research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.
11-50
482_Frame_11.020 Page 51 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. n 1H 1H 2H 3H 4H
Natural Abundance (%)
o
H H 2He 3He 4He 5He
99.985(1) 0.015(1)
5 6
1.37x10-4 ≈100.
Atomic Mass or Weight 1.008664924 1.00794(7) 1.007825032 2.014101778 3.016049268 4.0278 5.040 6.0449 4.002602(2) 3.016029309 4.002603250 5.01222
He He 8He
6.018888 7.02803 8.03392
He He 3Li 4Li 5Li
9.0438 10.0524 6.941(2) 4.0272 5.01254
6 7
9
10
Li Li 8Li
1/2+
-1.913043
β¯/0.01859 n/
0.01860/100. /100
1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2-
+2.79285 +0.85744 +2.97896
n/
/100
1/2+ 0+ 3/2-
-2.12762
12.33 y 1.9x10-22 s 8.x10-23 s 3.x10-22 s
7.6x10-22 s 0.807 s 3.x10-21 s 0.119 s 7.x10-21 s 3.x10-21 s 9.x10-23 s ≈3.x10-22 s
Li Li
10.03590 11.04380
4.x10-22 s 8.4 ms
Li Be 5Be 6Be
12.054 9.012182(3) 5.041 6.01973
Be Be
7.0169293 8.00530509
4
Be Be 11Be 9
100.
10
9.0121822 10.0135338 11.02166
Be Be
12.02692 13.0361
Be B 7B 8B 9B 10B 11B 12B
14.0428 10.811(7) 7.0299 8.024607 9.013329 10.0129371 11.0093055 12.014352
13
0.782/100.
0.178 s
12
12
β¯/0.78235
9.026789
11
8
614. s
Li
10
7
Spin (h/2p)
0.84 s
7
9
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
6.0151223 7.0160041 8.022486
6
7.5(2) 92.5(2)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
14
5
B
13
19.9(2) 80.1(2)
13.017780
n, α β¯/3.508,d n β¯/10.65, t n/ n 2n
3.510/100.
p/ p/
/100
β–/16.004 α/ β¯/13.606 β¯/ β¯/20.84 β¯/20.6 n,2n,3n,α
13/88. /12. /100 /100
12.5/100. α(1.6) 13.5/75. 11/25.
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+2.86 mb
0+ (3/2)0+
0.9807/84. 0.4776/5.
(1/2–) 0+ 23/21+ 3/22+
+0.82205 +3.25644 +1.6536
-0.8 mb -0.041 +0.032
3/2-
3.439
-0.027
3/2(-)
3.668
-0.031
n//106.
3.367/35. (0.22-2.81)
<0.01 µs
5.0x10-21 s 53.28 d ≈7.x10-17 s
2p,α
0+
EC/0.8618 2α/0.046
3/20+
0.4776/10.4
1.52x106 y 13.8 s
β¯/0.5559 β¯,β¯α/11.51
0.555/100. 11.48/61.
3/20+ 1/2+
24. ms ≈ 3.x10-21 s 4.3 ms
β¯,(n)/11.71
n//0.5
0+
β¯,(n)/16.2
n//100.
0+
4.x10-22 s 0.770 s 8x10-19 s
p β+, 2α/17.979 p2α/
13.7(β+)/93.
2+ 3/23+ 3/21+
1.0355
0.068
+1.8006 +2.6886 +1.0027
+0.085 +0.0406 0.0132
3/2-
+3.17778
0.037
0.0202 s 0.0174 s
β¯/13.369 β¯ α/1.6/ β¯/13.437 β¯ n/0.25/
11-51
13.4 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0.16
-1.1776
+0.0529 2.125/35.5 (0.478-7.97) (0.95 - 4.4)
ann.rad.
4.438/1.3 3.215/0.00065 3.68/7.6
482_Frame_11.020 Page 52 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
B 15B 16B
14.02540 15.03110 16.0398
B B 19B 6C 8C
17.0469 18.056 19.0637 12.0107(8) 8.03768
C C
9.031040 10.0168532
14
17 18
9
10
98.93(8)
C
1.07(8)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
14. ms 10.4 ms <1.9x10-10 s 5.1 ms <0.026 µs 3.3 ms
β¯/20.64 β¯,(n)/19.09
2.0x10-21 s 127. ms 19.3 s
p β+,p, 2α/16.498 β+/3.648
1.865
20.3 m
β+,EC/1.982
0.9608/99.
Spin (h/2p) 2(3/2-)
β¯,(n)/22.7 β¯,(n)/26.5
(3/2-) 0+
-1.391
3/20+
-0.964
1/2-
+0.70241
16.014701 17.02258
0.75 s 0.19 s
β¯,n/8.012 β¯,n/13.17
0+
C C 20C 21C 22C 7N 10N 11N 12N
18.02676 19.0353 20.0403 21.0493 22.056 14.0067(2) 10.0426 11.0268 12.018613
0.09 s 0.05 s 0.01 s <0.03 µs 9 ms
β¯,n/11.81 n
0+
C
14
15
16 17
18 19
6.094/90.
5715. y
β¯/0.15648
0.1565/100.
0+
2.45 s
β¯/9.772
4.51/68. 9.82/32.
1/2+
0.0333
1.32
ann.rad. ann.rad. 0.71829/100. ann.rad.
5.298/68. (7.30-9.05) 1.375 1.849 1.906
0+ β–,n
n//99.
0+
5.x10-22 s 11.00 ms
β+,β+α/17.338
16.38/95.
1+
+0.457
+10. mb
13.0057386 14.00307400 7 15.00010897 16.006100
9.97 m
β+/2.2204
1.190/100.
1/21+
0.3222 +0.40376
+0.0200
1/22-
-0.28319
N
17.00845
4.17 s
1/2-
0.352
N
18.01408
0.62 s
1-
0.328
0.012
19.01703 20.02337 21.0271 22.0344 23.0405 24.050 15.9994(3) 12.03440
0.32 s 0.14 s 0.08 s 0.02 s 15 ms <0.052 µs
β¯/12.53 β¯/17.97
0.822/61. 1.65/60.5 1.982/98. (0.535-7.13) (0.096-3.14)
≈1.x10-21 s 8.9 ms
2p (3/2-)
1.389
0.026
ann.rad.
N N
13 14
N N
15 16
17
18
N N 21N 22N 23N 24N 8O 12O 19 20
13
0.0298 0.038
0+
C C
13
1.185 2.66
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
n//125.
C
12
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
2.54
11.011433 12.00000000 0 13.00335483 8 14.00324199 1 15.010599
11
C C
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
O
99.632(7) 0.368(7)
13.02481
7.13 s
β¯/10.419 β¯, α β¯,β¯ n/8.68 0.4-1.7n/95. β¯ α/ β¯/13.90
β–,n
4.27/68. 10.44/26. 1.85/.0012 3.7/100. 8.0, 8.2 9.4/100.
ann.rad. 4.438/2.
6.129/68.8 7.115/4.7 (0.99-8.87) 0.871/3. 2.1842/0.3
n//80.
β+,p/17.77
11-52
1.56 (p)/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 53 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
14.0085953
70.60 s
β+/5.1430
1.81/99.
0+
15.0030655 15.99491462 2 16.9991315 17.999160 19.003579
122.2 s
β+/2.754
1.723/100.
1/20+
0.7195
-1.8938
-0.026
26.9 s
β¯/4.820
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1.5320
3.7 mb
O O 22O 23O 24O
20.004076 21.00866 22.00997 23.0157 24.0204
13.5 s 3.4 s 2.2 s 0.08 s ≈65 ms
β¯/3.814 β¯/8.11 β¯/6.5
O O 9F
<0.05 µs <0.04 µs
F F 16F
25.029 26.038 18.9984032( 5) 14.036 15.0180 16.01147
F F 19F 20F
17.0020952 18.000938 18.9984032 19.9999813
Elem. or Isot. 14
O
15
O O
16
O O 19O 17 18
Natural Abundance (%)
99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)
20 21
25 26
14 15
17 18
100.
Atomic Mass or Weight
β–,n
3.25/60. 4.60/40.
n//18.
5.x10-22 s ≈1.x10-20 s 64.5 s 1.830 h
p p β+/2.761 β+,EC/1.656
1.75/ 0.635/97.
11.00 s
β¯/7.0245
5.398/100. 3.7/8. 5.0/63. 5.4/29. 3.48/15. 4.67/7. 5.50/62.
20.999949
4.16 s
β¯/5.684
22
F
22.00300
4.23 s
β¯/10.82
23
F
23.00357
2.2 s
β¯/8.5
24
F F
24.0081 25.0121
0.3 s ≈50 ms
β¯/13.5 β–,(n)
n//14.
F
26.0196
10 ms
β–,(n)
n//11.
1.83/28 0.52/14. 1.31/12.
5/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2+
+4.721
0.058
+2.62887 +2.0934
0.072 0.042
5/2+
3.9
4+
5/2+
F F 31F 10Ne 16Ne 17Ne
27.0269 29.043
5. ms 3. ms
β–,(n) β–,(n)
n//90. n//100.
20.1797(6) 16.02575 17.01770
4.x10-21 s 109. ms
2p β+ .p/14.53
1.4-10.6/
0+ 1/2-
18
Ne
18.005697
1.67 s
β+/4.446
3.416/92.
0+
19
Ne
19.001880
17.22 s
β+/3.238
2.24/99.
1/2+
20
Ne
90.48(3)
21
Ne
0.27(1)
27 29
0.197/95.9 1.3569/50.4 (0.11-4.18) 1.057/100. (0.28-4.6) (0.64-1.86)
(1/2+) 0-
F
26
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 4.438/0.56 ann.rad. 2.312/99.4 ann.rad.
0+
21
25
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
19.99244017 6 20.99384674
-1.885
11-53
-0.66180
1.634/100. 3.33/0.009 0.3507/90. 1.395/15. (1.746-4.684) 1.2746/100. 2.0826/82. (0.82-4.37) 1.701/48. 2.129/34. (0.493-3.83) 1.9816/ 1.70/39. (0.57-2.19) 2.02/67. 1.67/19.
ann.rad./ 0.495 ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8 (0.658-1.70) ann.rad./ (0.11-1.55)
0+ 3/2+
ann.rad. ann.rad.
+0.103
482_Frame_11.020 Page 54 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Ne 23Ne
9.25(3)
22
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
21.9913855 22.9944673
37.2 s
β¯/4.376
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 3.95/32. 4.39/67. 1.10/8. 1.98/92. 6.3/ 7.3/
Spin (h/2p) 0+ 5/2+
24
Ne
23.99362
3.38 m
β¯/2.47
25
Ne
24.99779
0.61 s
β¯/7.30
Ne Ne 28Ne
26.00046 27.0076 28.0121
197 ms 32 ms 18. ms
β¯/7.3 β¯, n/12.7 β¯, n/12.3
n//11.
0+ (3/2+) 0+
Ne
29.0194
15. ms
β¯,(n)/15.4
n//27.
(3/2+)
30.024 31.033 32.040 22.989770(2) 18.0272 19.01388 20.00735
7. ms >0.26 µs >0.20 µs
β–, (n)
n//9.
0+
0.03 s 0.446 s
β+,p/11.18 β+/13.89 α β+/3.547
26 27
29
Ne Ne 32Ne 11Na 18Na 19Na 20Na 30 31
Na
20.997655
22.48 s
22
Na
21.9944366
2.605 y
β+/90/2.842 EC/10/
23.9909633
20.2 ms 14.96 h
I.T.,β¯ β¯/5.5158
Na Na 24Na 23
100.
0.545/90.
3+
+1.746 +2.21752
1.389/>99.
3/2+ 1+ 4+
5/2+
+3.683
-0.10
7.95/
3+ 5/2+
+2.851 +3.90
-0.08 0.24
12.3/
1+
+2.43
-0.02
11.5/
3/2+
+2.45
-1.3
2 (3/2-)
+2.08 +2.31
0+ 5/2+ 0+
22.9897697
26
Na Na
25.99259 26.99401
1.07 s 0.290 s
28
Na
27.9989
31. ms
29
Na
29.0028
44. ms
β¯/9.31 β¯/9.01 β¯,n/ β¯/14.0 β¯,n/ β¯,n/13.3
30
Na Na
30.0092 31.0136
50. ms 17.2 ms
32.0197 33.027 34.035 35.044 24.3050(6) 20.01886 21.01171 21.999574
13.5 ms 8.1 ms 5. ms 1.5 ms
β¯/17.5 /15.9 β¯,n β¯/19.1 β¯/20. β¯/24. β¯/24
96. ms 122. ms 3.86 s
β+,p/10.73 β+,p/13.10 β+/4.786
3.05/
11.32 s
β+/4.057
3.09/92.
Mg Mg 25Mg 26Mg 27Mg 23 24
78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3)
22.994125 23.9850419 24.9858370 25.9825930 26.9843407
9.45 m
2.06/19. 0.86/3. 2.92/54. (0.22-1.18)
+2.3863
β¯/3.835
Na Na 34Na 35Na 12Mg 20Mg 21Mg 22Mg
1/2+
3/2+
59.3 s
33
0+
+0.3694
24.989954
32
0.440/33. (1.64-2.98) 0.4723/100. 0.874/7.9 0.0895/96. (0.98-3.69) 0.233/
2+
Na
31
-0.19 -1.08
2.15/ 2.50/95.
25
27
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
21
24m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
β¯/2.6103
11-54
2.6/7. 3.15/25. 4.0/65.
1.59/41.
3/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+
+0.05
ann.rad./ 1.634/79. ann.rad./ 0.351/5. ann.rad./ 1.2745/99.9
+0.104
+1.690
0.536
1.25
-0.85545
+0.199
0.4723/100. 1.3686/100. 2.754/100. (0.997-4.238) 0.3897/12.7 0.5850/13. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836-2.80) 1.809/98.9 0.9847/87.4 1.698/11.9 1.473/37. 2.389/18.6 2.560/36. (1.04-3.99) 1.483/46. 1.483/14. (0.05-3.54) 0.886/60. 0.886/16. 0.886/60.
0.332/51. 0.0729/60. 0.5820/100. (1.28-1.93) 0.440/8.2
0.17068/0.9
482_Frame_11.020 Page 55 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
3/2+
Spin (h/2p)
28
Mg
27.983877
20.9 h
β¯/1.832
1.75/58. 2.65/0.3 0.459/95.
29
Mg
28.98855
1.3 s
β¯/7.55
5.4/
Mg Mg 32Mg 33Mg 34Mg 35Mg 36Mg 37Mg 38Mg 13Al 21Al 22Al
29.9905 30.9966 31.9992 33.0056 34.0091 35.0175 36.022 37.031
0.32 s 0.24 s 0.12 s 0.09 s 0.02 s 0.07 s >0.2 µs >0.26 µs
β¯/7.0 β¯/11.7 β¯/10.3 β¯/13.7 β¯/11.3
0+ (3/2+) 0+
β+/18.6 β+,p,2p,α/ β+,p/0.17
4+
30 31
23m
26.981538(2) 21.028 <0.035 µs 22.0195 59. ms ≈0.35 s
Al
24
Al
23.999941
2.07 s
β+/12.24 β+,p/ I.T./0.4259 β+ β+/13.878,p
25
Al
24.990429
7.17 s
Al Al
25.9868917
23
Al
24m
23.00727
Al
0.129 s
Al Al 29Al 27 28
100.
0+ (7/2-) 0+ (7/2-) 0+
1+ 4+
β+/4.277
3.27/
5/2+
3.646
6.345 s 7.1x105 y
β+ / β+/82/4.0042 EC/18/
3.2/ 1.16/
0+ 5+
+2.804
+0.17
26.9815384 27.9819102 28.980445
2.25 m 6.5 m
β¯/4.6422 β¯/3.680
2.865/100. 1.4/30. 2.5/70.
+3.64151 3.24
+0.140 0.18
Al
29.98296
3.68 s
β¯/8.56
5.05/
31
Al
30.98395
0.64 s
β¯/8.00
6.25/
Al Al 34Al 35Al 36Al 37Al 38Al 39Al 40Al
31.9881 32.9909 33.9969 34.9999 36.0064 37.010 38.0169 39.022
33. ms 41. ms ≈42. ms 30 ms 0.09 s >1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
β¯/13.0
33
ann.rad./ 0.554 0.839 ann.rad./
30
32
β¯/17.1
11-55
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.84376/72. 1.01443/28. 0.0306/95. 0.4006/36. 0.9418/36. 1.342/54. 0.960/15. 1.398/16. 2.224/36. 0.224/85. 1.61/26. 2.765/25. 1.848/
13.3 3.40/48. 4.42/41. 6.80/3. 8.74/8.
26m 26
0.47 s
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5/2+ 3+ 5/2+
3+
1+
1.3686/5.3 1.078(2)/16. 1.368(2)/96. 2.753(2)/43. 4.315(3)/15. 5.392(3)/20. 7.0662(2)/41. ann.rad./ 1.6115(2)/100. 0.975(2)/5. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.8087/99.8 1.7778(6)/100. 1.2732(8)/89. 2.0282(8)/4. 2.4262(8)/7. 1.26313(3)/35. 2.23525(5)/65. 0.75223(3)/18. 1.69473(3)/59. 2.31664(4)/73.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 56 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Al 14Si 22Si 23Si 24Si
28.0855(3) 22.0345 23.0255 24.01155
29. ms 40.7 ms 0.14 s
β+,p β+,p/5.9 β+,p/10.81
Si Si
25.00411 25.992330
221 ms 2.23 s
β+,p/12.74 β+/5.066
Si
26.9867048
4.14 s
β+/4.8118
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
41
25 26
27
Si Si 30Si 31Si 32Si 33Si
0+
ann.rad./
3.282/
5/2+ 0+
3.85/100.
5/2+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.8294(8)/22. ann.rad./ 2.211(5)/0.2
2.62 h 1.6x102 y 6.1 s
β¯/1.4920 β¯/0.224 β¯/5.85
1.471/99.9 0.213/100. 3.92
0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ (3/2+)
33.97858
2.8 s
β¯/4.60
3.09/
0+
34.98458 35.9867 36.9930 37.9960 39.0023 40.0058 41.013 42.016 30.973761(2) 24.0344 25.0203 26.0118 26.99919 27.992312
0.9 s 0.5 s ≈0.09 s >1 µs >1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
β¯/10.50 β¯/7.9
<0.03 µs ≈20. ms 0.3 s 270. ms
β+,p/18.1 β+,p/11.63 β+/14.332
P
28.981801
4.14 s
β+/4.9431
3.945/98.
1/2+
P
29.9783138
2.50 m
β+/4.2323
3.245/99.9
1+
30.9737615 31.9739071 32.971725 33.973636
14.28 d 25.3 d 12.4 s
β¯/1.7106 β¯/0.249 β¯/5.374
P P
34.973314 35.97826
47. s 5.7 s
β¯/3.989 β¯/10.41
1.710/100. 0.249/100. 3.2/15. 5.1/85. 2.34/100.
P
36.97961
2.3 s
β¯/7.90
P
37.9845
0.6 s
β¯/12.4
P
38.9864
≈0.16 s
29
34
0+
27.97692653 28.97649472 29.97377022 30.9753633 31.974148 32.97800
28
92.22(2) 4.69(1) 3.09(1)
1.99/20 1.32,2.40,2.83 1.51,4.09,1.73 1.13-4.38
Si
Si Si 37Si 38Si 39Si 40Si 41Si 42Si 15P 24P 25P 26P 27P 28P 35 36
29
30
P P 33P 34P 31 32
35 36
37
38
39
100.
-0.8554
-0.5553 1.2662(5)/0.05 1.21
1.4313(5)/13. 1.8477/100. 2.538(2)/10. 0.42907(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64. 1.60756(5)/36.
0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
11-56
3.94/13. 5.25/13. 6.96/16. 8.8/7. 11.49/52.
3+ 1/2+ 3+
1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 1+ 1/2+
1.2349
ann.rad./ 1.779(2)/98. 2.839(2)/2.8 3.040(2)/3.2 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. ann.rad./ 1.273/1.32 2.426/0.39 ann.rad./ 2.230(3)/0.07
+1.13160 -0.2524 1.78-4.1/ 2.127(5)/15. 1.572(1)/100. 0.902/77. 3.291/100. 0.6462/ 1.5829/ 1.2923/ 2.224/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 57 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life ≈0.26 s 0.12 s 0.11 s 33. ms >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
P 41P 42P 43P 44P 45P 46P 16S 26S 27S 28S 29S
39.9911 40.9948 42.0001 43.0033 44.010 45.015 46.024 32.065(5) 26.0278 27.0188 28.99661
≈ 10 ms 21. ms 0.13 s 0.188 s
S
29.984903
1.18 s
β+/13.79 β+,p/ β+/6.138
S
30.979555
2.56 s
β+/5.396
40
30
31
S S 34S 35S 36S 37S
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+ β+, 2p/18.3 0+ 5/2+ 4.42/78. 5.08/20. 4.39/99.
ann.rad./
0+ 1/2+
β¯/0.1672
0.1674/100.
5.05 m
β¯/4.8653
S
37.97116
2.84 h
β¯/2.94
1.64/94. 4.75/5.6 1.00/
39
S
38.97514
11.5 s
β¯/6.64
S S 42S 43S 44S 45S 46S 47S 48S 49S 17Cl 28Cl 29Cl 30Cl 31Cl 32Cl
39.9755 40.9800 41.9815 42.987 43.9883 44.9948 45.9996 47.008 48.013 49.022 35.453(2) 28.0285 29.0141 30.0048 30.99242 31.98569
9. s ≈2.6 s ≈0.56 s 0.22 s 0.12 s 0.08 s >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs <0.2 µs
β¯/4.7
0+
β,(n)/
0+
β¯, n/9. β–,n/
0+
<0.02 µs <0.03 µs 0.15 s 297. ms
β+,p/11.98 β+/12.69
1.52 4.75/25. 6.18/10. 7.48/14. 9.47/50. 11.6/1.
3/2+ 1+
1.11
Cl
32.977452
2.511 s
β+/5.583
4.51/98.
3/2+
+0.752
32.2 m
β+/
1.35/24. 2.47/28.
3+
0.02(1)
38
40 41
33
34m
Cl
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
ann.rad./ 0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2
0.48793
87.2 d
33
+0.64382
-0.68
+1.00
+0.047 0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44.
0+
0+ 0+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.548(2)/3.5 2.2305(1)/92. 2.4638(1)/4. 2.885(1)/1. 4.770(1)/20. ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./
I.T./ 34 35
Cl Cl
75.78(4)
33.9737620 34.96885271
1.528 s
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
β–,(n)/
31.9720707 32.9714585 33.9678668 34.9690321 35.9670809 36.9711257
32
94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+/5.4922
11-57
4.50/100.
0+ 3/2+
0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42. ann.rad./ +0.82187
-0.0825
482_Frame_11.020 Page 58 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 36
Natural Abundance (%)
Cl
Cl 38mCl 38Cl 37
Atomic Mass or Weight 35.9683069
24.22(4)
Half-Life 3.01x105 y
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β¯/0.7086
0.7093/98.
0+
+1.28547
-0.018
β+,EC/1.1421
0.115/0.002 3/2+ 52-
+0.68412
-0.0649
36.96590260 37.9680106
0.715 s 37.2 m
I.T./ β¯/4.9168
1.11/31. 2.77/11. 4.91/58. 1.91/85. 2.18/8. 3.45/7.
39
Cl
38.968008
55.6 m
β¯/3.442
40
Cl
39.97042
1.38 m
β¯/7.48
Cl Cl 43Cl 44Cl 45Cl 46Cl 47Cl 48Cl 49Cl 50Cl 51Cl 18Ar 30Ar 31Ar
40.9707 41.9732 42.9742 43.9785 44.980 45.984 46.988 47.995 48.9999 50.008 51.014 39.948(1) 30.0216 31.0121
34. s 6.8 s 3.3 s ≈0.43 s 0.40 s 0.22 s >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.17 s
β¯/5.7 β¯/9.4 β¯/8.0 β¯,n/12.3 β¯, n/11. β¯, n/14.9 β¯, n/15.
3.8/
<0.02 µs ≈14.1 ms
p/2.08/100. p/1.42/37 p/0.45-11.67
Ar Ar
31.99766 32.98993
98. ms 174. ms
34
Ar
33.980270
0.844 s
β+/18.4 β+, 2p/<10-4 β+, 3p/<10-3 β+,p/11.2 β+/11.62 β+,p/ β+/6.061
35
Ar
34.975257
1.77 s
β+/5.965
35.0 d
EC/.813
41 42
32 33
Ar Ar 38Ar 39Ar 40Ar
0.3365(30)
>0.2 µs 0+ 5/2
3.12/
0+ 1/2+
5.0/95.
0+
4.94/93.
3/2+
42
Ar Ar
41.96305 42.9657
33. y 5.4 m
β¯/0.60 β¯/4.6
Ar Ar
43.96537 44.96809
11.87 m 21.5 s
β¯/3.55 β¯/6.9
0+ 7/2-
Ar Ar
45.96809 46.9722
8.4 s ≈0.7 s
β¯/5.70 β–
0+
43
44 45
46 47
99.6003(30)
0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986-1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167-1.359)
2-
Ar
0.0632(5)
0.6714/100 1.64216(1)/31. 2.16760(2)/42.
2.05
3/2+
41
37
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./
35.9675463 36.9667759 37.9627322 38.964313 39.96238312 3 40.964501
36
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/20+
268. y
β¯/0.565
0.565/100.
1.82 h
β¯/2.492
1.198/
7/2-
0.60/100.
0+
11-58
-0.72
+0.633
-0.08
+1.15
+0.076
-1.59
-0.12
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25 2.964(1)/0.2
1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182-1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34. 1.944/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 59 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Ar 49Ar 50Ar 51Ar 52Ar 53Ar 19K 32K 33K 34K 35K
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
47.9751 48.9822 49.986 50.993 51.998 52.994 39.0983(1) 32.0219 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801
<0.025 µs <0.04 µs 0.19 s
K
35.98129
0.342 s
β+/12.81
5.3/42. 9.9/44.
2+
+0.548
K
36.9733769
1.23 s
β+/6.149
5.13/
3/2+
+0.2032
K K
37.969080
0.924 s 7.63 m
β+/6.742 β+/5.913
5.02/100. 2.60/99.8
0+ 3+
+1.37
1.26x109 y
β¯/1.3111
1.312/89.
3/2+ 4-
+0.39146 -1.29810
+0.049 -0.061
β+,EC/1.505
1.50/10.7 3/2+ 2-
+0.21487 -1.1425
+0.060
3/2+
+0.163
2-
-0.856
48
36
37
38m 38
>0.17 µs >0.17 µs >0.2 µs 10 ms
β– β– β– β– β–
β+/11.88 β+,p/
3/2+
K K
93.2581(44) 0.0117(1)
38.9637069 39.9639987
K 42K
6.7302(44)
40.9618260 41.9624031
12.36 h
β¯/3.525
K
42.96072
22.3 h
β¯/1.82
K
43.96156
22.1 m
β¯/5.66
K
44.96070
17.8 m
β¯/4.20
1.1/23. 2.1/69. 4.0/8.
3/2+
+0.173
K
45.96198
1.8 m
β¯/7.72
6.3/
2-
-1.05
K
46.96168
17.5 s
β¯/6.64
4.1/99. 6.0/1.
1/2+
+1.93
K
47.96551
6.8 s
β¯/12.09
5.0/
(2-)
49
K
48.9675
1.26 s
β¯/11.0
K K 52K 53K 54K
49.9728 50.9764 51.983 52.987 53.994
0.472 s 0.365 s 0.105 s 30. ms 10. ms
β¯/14.2 β¯/ β¯ β¯ β¯
39 40
41
43
44
45
46
47
48
50 51
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
11-59
1.97/19. 3.523/81. 0.465/8. 0.825/87. 1.24/3.5 1.814/1.3 5.66/34.
ann.rad./ 1.751/14. 2.5698/26. 2.9827/51. ann.rad./ 1.97044(5)/82. 2.20783(5)/30. 2.43343(2)/32. ann.rad./ 2.7944(8)/2. 3.602(2)/0.05 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 2.1675(3)/99.8 3.9356(5)/0.2 ann.rad./ 1.4608/10.5
3/2+
0.31260(2)/0.3 1.5246(3)/18. 0.2211(2)/4. 0.3729(2)/88. 0.3971(2)/11. 0.6178(2)/81. 0.36821/2.2 1.15700(1)/58. 2.15079(2)/22. 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 60 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Ca 34Ca 35Ca
40.078(4) 34.0141 35.0048
<0.035 µs 25.7 ms
β+,p/15.6
36
Ca
35.99309
0.10 s
37
Ca
36.98587
0.18 s
38
Ca
37.976319
0.44 s
β+,(p)/10.99 β+,n/ β+/11.64 β+,n/ β+/6.74
38.970718 39.9625912 40.9622783
0.861 s
β+/6.531
1.02x105 y
EC/0.4214
3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
β¯/0.257 β–β–
0.257/100.
46.954546
162.7 d >0.4×1016 y 4.536 d
0+ 7/20+ 7/20+
β¯/1.992
0.684/84. 1.98/16.
47.952533 48.955673
4.3×1019 y 8.72 m
β–β– β¯/5.262
49.95752
14. s
β¯/4.97
50.9615 51.9651 52.9701 53.975 54.981 55.986 44.955910(8) 36.0149 37.0030 37.9947 38.98479 39.977964
10. s 4.6 s 0.09 s
β¯/7.3 β¯/8.0 β¯/10.9
<0.3 µs <0.3 µs 0.182 s
p β+/14.320
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
20
Ca Ca 41Ca 39 40
Ca Ca 44Ca 45Ca 46Ca 42 43
47
Ca
48
Ca Ca
49
50
96.941(156)
0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3)
0.187(21)
Ca
Ca Ca 53Ca 54Ca 55Ca 56Ca 21Sc 36Sc 37Sc 38Sc 39Sc 40Sc 51 52
41.9586183 42.9587668 43.955481 44.956186 45.953693
Sc Sc
40.9692513
0.596 s 61.6 s
β+/6.4953 β+/
Sc Sc
41.9655168 42.961151
0.682 s 3.89 h
β+/6.4259 β+,EC/2.221
58.2 h 3.93 h
I.T./0.27 EC/3.926 β+, EC/3.653
18.7 s 83.81 d
I.T./0.14253 β¯/2.367
41
42m
42 43
44m
Sc
Sc
43.959403
44
Sc Sc 46Sc 45
100.
p/1.43/49 1.9-8.8 2.52 3.103
5.49/100.
0.89/7. 1.95/92. 3.12/
45.955170
11-60
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 3/2+
ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./
0+
7/2-
1.02168 -1.5948
-0.08
-1.3173
-0.05
-1.327
+0.05
-1.38
+0.02
0+ 3/2-
1.297/75 (0.041-1.88) 3.0844(1)/92. 4.0719(1)/7. 0.2569/98. (0.0715 -1.59)
0+ (3/2-)
5.73/50. 7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/
4-
+5.431
-0.156
0+ 7/2-
+4.62
-0.26
6+
+3.88
1.47/
2+
+2.56
+0.10
+4.75649
-0.220
0.357/100.
7/214+
+3.03
+0.12
5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.
44.955910
46m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7/27+
ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12-3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00-1.16) ann.rad./ 1.157/100 0.14253(2)/62. 0.8893/100 1.121/100
482_Frame_11.020 Page 61 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Sc
46.952408
3.349 d
β¯/0.600
Sc
47.95224
43.7 h
β¯/3.99
Sc Sc
48.950024 49.95219
57.3 m 1.71 m
Sc
50.95360
Sc Sc 54mSc 54Sc
51.9566 52.9592
Sc Sc 57Sc 58Sc 22Ti 38Ti 39Ti 40Ti
54.967 55.973 56.977 57.983 47.867(1) 38.0098 39.0013 39.9905
<0.12 µs 28. ms 52. ms
Ti
40.98313
80. ms
β+,p/12.93
42
Ti
41.97303
0.20 s
β+/7.000
43
Ti Ti
42.96852 43.959690
0.50 s 60. y
β+/6.87 EC/0.268
5.80/
7/20+
0.85
Ti
44.958124
3.078 h
β+/86/2.062 EC/14/
1.04
7/2-
0.095
0.015
-0.78848
+0.30
-1.10417
+0.24
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
47
48
49 50
51
52 53
53.9630
55 56
41
44
45
Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 51Ti 46 47
8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)
0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/
7/2-
β¯/2.006 β¯/6.89
2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.
7/2(5+)
12.4 s
β¯/6.51
4.4/ 5.0/
7/2-
8.2 s > 3. ms ≈ 7 µs 0.23 s
β¯/9.0 β¯/8.1 β¯/11.6
0.12 s
β¯/13
β+/15.4 β+/11.7 β+,p
45.952630 46.951764 47.947947 48.947871 49.944792 50.946616
5.76 m
β¯/2.471
p/2.17/28 3.73/23 1.7/22 0.242-5.74 p/4.73/107 3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744-6.73 6.0/
52
Ti
51.94690
1.7 m
β¯/1.97
53
Ti
52.9497
33. s
β¯/5.0
(2.2-3)/
Ti Ti 56Ti 57Ti 58Ti 59Ti
53.9509 54.9551 55.9580 56.963 57.966 58.972
1.5 s 0.32 s 0.19 s 0.06 s ≈47 ms 0.06 s
β¯/4.3 β¯/7.4 β¯/7.0 β¯/11.
55
11-61
+5.34
-0.22
6+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.15938(1)/68. 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100 1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718-2.144
(3+)
1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.
54
Spin (h/2p)
(5+)
0.110/IT 0.100/50 1.70/40 0.50/40
3/2+
ann.rad./
0+ 5/20+ 7/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./ 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 ann.rad./ (0.36-1.66)
0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094-0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39. 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72-2.8)/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 62 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Ti 61Ti 23V 40V 41V 42V 43V 44V 45V 46V 47V
59.976 60.982 50.9415(1) 40.0111 40.9997 41.9912 42.9807 43.9744 44.96578 45.960200 46.954907
<0.055 µs >0.8 s 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m
β+/11.3 β+,α/13.7 β+/7.13 β+/7.051 β+,EC/2.928
6.03/100. 1.90/99.+
7/20+ 3/2-
V
47.952254
15.98 d
β+/4.012
0.698/50.
4+
2.01
337. d >1.4x1017 y
EC/0.602 EC, β¯
7/26+
4.47 +3.34569
7/2-
+5.14870 6
60
48
V V
0.250(4)
48.948517 49.947163
V
99.750(4)
50.943964
49 50
51
ann.rad./
V V
51.944780 52.944342
3.76 m 1.56 m
β¯/3.976 β¯/3.436
2.47/ 2.52/
V V
53.94644
0.9 µs 49.8 s
β¯/7.04
V
54.9472
6.5 s
β¯/6.0
1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/
V
55.9504
0.23 s
β¯/9.1
V
56.9524
0.33 s
β¯/8.1
V V 60V 61V 62V 63V 64V 24Cr 42Cr 43Cr 44Cr 45Cr 46Cr 47Cr 48Cr
57.9567 58.9593 59.965 60.967 61.973 62.977
0.20 s 0.13 s 0.20 s 0.04 s ≈ 65 ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/11.6 β¯/9.9 β¯/14.
51.9961(6) 42.0064 42.9977 43.9855 44.9792 45.96836 46.96291 47.95404
>0.35 µs 21. ms 53. ms 0.05 s 0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h
β+,(p)/10.3 β+,p/12.5 β+/7.60 β+/7.45 EC/1.66
p/0.95-3.1
49
Cr
48.951341
42.3 m
β+,EC/2.631
1.39/ 1.45/ 1.54/
50
Cr
52 53
54m 54
55
56
57
58 59
4.345(13)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
49.946050
3+ 7/2-
+0.21 -0.04 1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56-3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224-1.21) 0.70/50. 0.34/40. 1.00/30. 0.30/60. 0.60/30. 0.80/30.
(5+) 3+
(7/2-)
0.90/80. 0.102-0.208 0.646
7/23/2-
5/2-
0+
11-62
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2-2.16) ann.rad./ 0.9835/100 (1.3-2.4)
0.476
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.116(2)/95. 0.305(10)/100. ann.rad./ 0.09064(1)/51. 0.15293(1)/27. (0.062-1.6)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 63 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr 55Cr
Natural Abundance (%)
51
83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
27.70 d
EC/0.7527
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
50.944772 51.940512 52.940653 53.938885 54.940844
3.497 m
β¯/2.603
2.5/
7/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
56
Cr
55.94065
5.9 m
β¯/1.62
1.50/100.
0+
57
Cr
56.9438
21. s
β¯/5.1
3.3/ 3.5/
3/2-
58
Cr Cr
57.9443
7.0 s 0.10 ms
β¯/4.0
Cr Cr 61Cr 62Cr 63Cr 64Cr 65Cr 66Cr 67Cr 25Mn 44Mn 45Mn 46Mn 47Mn 48Mn
58.9487 59.9497 60.9541 61.9558 62.962 63.964 64.970
1.0 s 0.6 s 0.26 s 0.19 s 0.11 s 0.04 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/7.7 β¯/6.0 β¯/8.8 β¯/7.3
59m
59 60
49
54.938049(9) 44.0069 <0.105 µs 44.9945 <0.07 µs 45.9867 ≈41. ms 46.9761 ≈0.1 s 47.9689 0.15 s
51
β+/17.1 β+/12.3 β+/13.5
0.0834
48.95962
0.38 s 1.74 m
β+/7.72 β+/7.887
Mn Mn
49.954244 50.948215
0.283 s 46.2 m
β+/7.6330 β+,EC/3.208
6.61/ 2.2/
0+ 5/2-
3.568
21.1 m
β+/98/5.09 I.T./2/0.378
2.631/
2+
0.0076
0.575/
6+
+3.063
+0.5
7/23+ 5/23+
5.024 +3.282 +3.4687 +3.2266
+0.33 +0.32
Mn
5.591 d
β+/4.712 EC/
Mn Mn 55Mn 56Mn
52.941294 53.940363 54.938049 55.938909
3.7x106 y 312.1 d
EC/0.5970 EC/1.377
2.579 h
β¯/3.6954
Mn Mn
56.938287 57.93999
1.45 m 65 s
β¯/2.691 β¯/6.25
Mn
58.94045
4.6 s
β¯/5.19
4.5/
1.77 s
β¯/IT
5.7/
53 54
59
1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13-2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083-2.62) (0.131-0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236 0.354-1.860 0.285
51.945570
58
-0.15
(9/2+)
Mn
57
-0.47454
60m
Mn
100.
11-63
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3201/10.2
Mn Mn
52m
52
-0.934
5.79/58. 4.43/10. 6.69/ 3.54/
50m
50
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.718/18. 1.028/34.
3.8/ 5.1/
4+ 5/25+
5/23+
3+
0.4
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.0980/94. 0.783/91. (0.66-3.11) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.7491(1)/0.26 (1.148-1.164) ann.rad./ 0.3778 (I.T.) 1.43406(1)/98. (0.7-4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100 0.8340/100 0.84675/99 1.81072(4)/27. 2.113/14.5 0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.471/ 0.531-0.726 0.824/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 64 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Mn 61Mn 62Mn
59.9433 60.9446 61.9480
50. s 0.67 s 0.67 s
β¯/8.6 β¯/7.4 β¯/10.4
Mn Mn 64Mn 65Mn 66Mn 67Mn 68Mn 69Mn 26Fe 45Fe 46Fe 47Fe 48Fe 49Fe 50Fe 51Fe 52mFe
62.9498
0.28 s > 0.1 ms 87 ms 0.09 s 66 ms 42 ms 28 ms 14 ms
β¯/8.8
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
60
63
64m
63.9537 64.9561 65.961 66.964
55.845(2) 45.0146 46.0008 46.9929 47.9806 48.9763 49.9630 50.95683
Fe
51.94812
52
53m
Fe
Fe
52.945312
53
Fe Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe 59Fe 54
5.845(35)
55
91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)
53.939615 54.938298 55.934942 56.935398 57.933280 58.934880
>0.35 µs ≈0.02 s ≈0.03 s ≈ 44. ms 70. ms 0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ (5/2)(3+)
β+/13.1 β+/15.6 β+/11.2 β+/13.0 β+/8.2 β+/8.02 β+/4.4
2.6 m
8.51 m
β+/3.743
2.40/42. 2.80/57.
2.73 y
EC/0.2314
44.51 d
β¯/1.565
0.273/48. 0.475/51.
1.5x106 y 0.25 µs
β¯/0.237
0.184/100.
Fe
60.93675
6.0 m
β¯/3.98
Fe Fe
61.93677 62.9404
68. s 6. s
β¯/2.53 β¯/6.3
2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.
63.9411
2.0 s 0.4 µs 1.3 s 0.44 s ≈0.04 ms 0.48 s 0.15 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/4.9
62 63
Fe Fe 65Fe 66Fe 67mFe 67Fe 68Fe 69Fe 70Fe 71Fe 64
65m
64.9449 65.9460 66.9500 67.953 68.958
0+
19/2-
59.934077
61
7/2-
0+ 3/20+ 1/20+ 3/2-
0+ (9/2+)
0+ 5/2-
11-64
+0.0906 - 0.336
0.16 1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14-1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12-3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365-1.427)
(5/2-)
0.364/IT
(5/2-)
0.471-1.425 0.367/IT 0.189
β¯/7.9 β¯/5.7 β¯/8.8 β¯/≈7.6
ann.rad./ 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622-2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2 - 3.2)
(5/2-) (12+)
Fe Fe
60
61m
0.877/ 0.942-1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471
(7/2-)
0.804/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.969/
β¯/11.8 β¯/10.
β+/57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407
8.28 h
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 65 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
>0.15 µs 58.933200(9) 48.0018 48.990 <0.035 µs 49.9812 44. ms 50.9705 >0.2 µs 51.9632 0.12 s 0.25 s 52.95423 0.26 s 1.46 m
Fe 27Co 48Co 49Co 50Co 51Co 52Co 53mCo 53Co 54mCo 72
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+/17.0 β+/12.8 β+/14.0 β+,p/ β+/8.30 β+/8.44
2.03-2.79
4.25/100.
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
19/27/27+
Co Co
53.948464 54.942003
0.1932 s 17.53 h
β+/8.2430 β+/3.4513 EC/
7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/ 1.50/
0+ 7/2-
+4.822
56
Co
55.939844
77.3 d
β+/4.566 EC/
1.459/18.
4+
3.85
+0.25
57
Co
56.936296
271.8 d
EC/0.8361
7/2-
+4.72
+0.5
Co Co
57.935757
9.1 h 70.88 d
I.T./ β+/2.307 EC/
5+ 2+
+4.04
+0.22
10.47 m
7/22+
+4.63 +4.40
+0.41 +0.3
0.315/99.7
5+
+3.799
+0.44
54 55
58m 58
59
Co Co
100.
58.933200
60
Co
59.933822
5.271 y
I.T./99.8/0.059 β¯/0.2/1.56 β¯/2.824
61
Co
60.932479
1.650 h
β¯/1.322
1.22/95.
7/2-
13.9 m
β¯/
0.88/25. 2.88/75.
5+
1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/
2+
60m
62m
Co
62
Co
61.93405
1.50 m
β¯/5.32
63
Co
62.93362
27.5 s
β¯/3.67
63.93581 64.93648
0.30 s 1.14 s >0.1 ms
β¯/7.31 β¯/5.96
Co Co 66m2Co 64 65
Co Co 67Co 68Co 69Co 70Co 71Co 72Co 73Co 74Co
66m1 66
65.9398 66.9406 67.9444 68.9452 69.950 70.952 71.956
1.2 µs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.09 s 0.21 s 0.09 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
7.0/
7/2-
1+ (7/2)(8-)
(5+) β¯/10.0 β¯/8.4 β¯/11.7 β¯/9.3 β¯ 13. β β
11-65
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.849-1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092-3.11) ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26-3.61) 0.12206/86 (0.014-0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 0.0586/2.0 1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842-0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156-2.17
0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245-1.425) 0.694
482_Frame_11.020 Page 66 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ni
58
Ni
59
Ni
60
Ni
26.2231(77)
Ni Ni 63Ni 64Ni 65Ni
1.1399(6) 3.6345(17)
66
49.9959 50.9877 51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95134 55.94214
>0.35 µs >0.3 µs >0.2 µs 38. ms 0.05 s 0.14 s 0.20 s 6.08 d
56.939800
35.6 h
68.0769(89) 58.934351
0.9256(9)
60.931060 61.928348 62.929673 63.927969 64.930088
Ni Ni
65.92912
Ni
66.93157
67m
67
68m2 68m1
68
67.93185
69m2
Ni Ni
69m1 69
70m
71
68.9352
β+/3.264 EC/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
69.9361 70.9400 71.9413 72.946 73.948 74.953 75.955 76.961 77.964 63.546(3) 51.9972
7/27.66/
7/20+
0.712/10. 0.849/76.
3/2-
EC/
0+
β¯/0.066945
0.065/
2.517 h
β¯/2.137
0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.
54.6 h 13.3 µs
β¯/0.23
21. s
β¯/3.56
3.5 s 11. s
6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 1.1 s ≈ 0.47 s ≈ 0.24 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
- 0.798
3/2-
100. y
29. s 0.44 µs
ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695-0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127-3.177)
0+
3/20+ 1/20+ 5/2-
-0.75002
0.69
0+ 9/2+ 3.8/
1/2-
0+ (5-)
+0.601
+0.16
0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10-1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033
β¯/2.06 (17/2)
β¯/5.4
0.21 µs
Ni
Ni Ni 72Ni 73Ni 74Ni 75Ni 76Ni 77Ni 78Ni 29Cu 52Cu 70
57.93534 8 ≈7.6x104 y 59.93079 0
β+/16.0 β+/11.7 β+,p/13.3 β+/8.80 β+/8.70 EC/2.14 β+/< 10-6
0.34 µs 0.86 ms
Ni Ni
Ni Ni
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
58.6934(2)
57
62
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
>0.15 µs
Co 28Ni 49Ni 50Ni 51Ni 52Ni 53Ni 54Ni 55Ni 56Ni
75
61
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
(8+)
β¯/3.5 β¯/6.9 β¯/5.2 β¯/9. β¯/7.
11-66
0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207-1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259
482_Frame_11.020 Page 67 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
52.9856 53.9767 54.9655 55.9586
<0.3 µs <0.075 µs >0.2 µs 0.08 s
β+/13.2 β+/15.3
Cu Cu
56.94922 57.944541
196. ms 3.21 s
β+/8.77 β+/8.563 EC/
59
Cu
58.939504
1.36 m
β+/4.800
1.9/ 3.75/
3/2-
60
Cu
59.937368
23.7 m
β+/6.127 EC/
2.00/69. 3.00/18. 3.92/6.
2+
+1.219
61
Cu
60.933462
3.35 h
β+/2.237
3/2-
+2.14
62
Cu
61.932587
9.67 m
β+/98/3.948 EC/
0.56/3. 0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 2.93/98.
1+
-0.380
63
Cu Cu
69.17(3)
62.929601 63.929768
β¯/39/0.579 β+/19/1.6751 EC/41/
0.578/ 0.65/
3/21+
+2.2233 -0.217
-0.211
12.701 h
Cu Cu
30.83(3)
64.927794 65.928873
β¯/2.642
+2.3817 -0.282
66.92775
2.580 d
β¯/0.58
1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.
3/21+
-0.195
5.09 m
3.79 m
I.T./86/ β¯/14/1.8
31. s
β¯/4.46
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Cu 54Cu 55Cu 56Cu 53
57 58
64
65 66
67
Cu
68m
68
Cu
69m
69
67.92964
68.92943
Cu
Cu
69.93241
4.5/15. 7.439/83.
3/21+
3/2-
6-
3.5/40. 4.6/31.
1+
(13/ 2+)
2.8 m
β¯/2.68
2.48/80.
3/2-
47. s
β¯/
2.52/10.
5-
5. s
β¯/6.60
5.42/54. 6.09/46.
1+
11-67
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.511/233 2.700/100 1.23-2.78
0.36 µs
Cu
Cu
70m
70
Cu
Spin (h/2p)
+2.84
0.77-3.01 ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4 - 2.6) ann.rad./ 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12-5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067-2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87-3.37) ann.rad./ 1.3459(3)/0.6
0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64-1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15-2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6. 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39-3.06) 0.8848(2)/54.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 68 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 71m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.28 µs
Cu
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(19/2)
0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307-1.559
Cu Cu
70.93262
20. s 1.76 µs
β¯/4.56
Cu Cu
71.9357 72.9365
6.6 s 4.2 s
β¯/8.2 β¯/6.3
Cu Cu 76Cu 77Cu 78Cu 79Cu 80Cu 30Zn 54Zn 55Zn 56Zn 57Zn 58Zn 59Zn
73.9401 74.9414 75.9455 76.947 77.952 78.954 79.962 65.39(2) 53.9929 54.9840 55.9724 56.9649 57.9546 58.94927
1.6 s 1.2 s 0.64 s 0.47 s 0.34 s 0.19 s >0.15 µs
β¯/9.9 β¯/7.9 β¯/11. β¯/≈10. β¯/12. β¯/11.
Zn
59.94183
2.40 m
β+/97/4.16 EC/3/
Zn
60.93951
1.485 m
β+/5.64
4.38/68.
3/2-
Zn
61.93433
9.22 h
β+/3/1.63 EC/93/
0.66/7.
0+
Zn
62.933215
38.5 m
β+/93/3.367 EC/7/
1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.
3/2-
-0.28164
+0.29
63.929146 64.929245
243.8 d
β+/98/1.3514 EC/1.5/
0.325/
0+ 5/2-
+0.7690
-0.023
+0.8755
+0.15
71
72m
72 73
74 75
60
61
62
63
Zn Zn
48.63(60)
Zn Zn 68Zn 69mZn 69Zn 70Zn 71mZn
27.90(27) 4.10(13) 18.75(51)
65.926036 66.927131 67.924847
0.62(3)
68.926553 69.925325
64 65
66 67
0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms
β+,p/14.6 β+ β+,p/9.09
0.905/99.9
3.97 h
β¯/
1.45/
2.4 m
β¯/2.81
Zn
71.92686
46.5 h
β¯/0.46
11-68
(7/2-)
ann.rad./
3/2-
ann.rad./ (0.491-0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062-0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15-3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20-1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24-3.1)
0+
I.T./99+/0.439 β¯/0.906
70.92773
72
(1+) 5.8/43 6.25/42
13.76 h 56. m
Zn
71
3/2(4-)
8.1/
0+ 5/20+ 9/2+ 1/20+ 9/2+
1/2-
0.25/14. 0.30/86.
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
ann.rad./ 1.116/50.8
0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099-2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12-2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4
482_Frame_11.020 Page 69 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
72.92978
6. s 24. s
β¯/4.29
I.T./0.196 4.7/
(7/2+) (1/2-)
Zn
73.92946
1.60 m
β¯/2.3
2.1/
Zn Zn 77mZn 77Zn 78mZn 78Zn 79Zn 80Zn
74.9329 75.9334
10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s >0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s
β¯/6.0 β¯/4.2 β¯/ β¯/7.3
Zn Zn 83Zn 31Ga 56Ga 57Ga 58Ga 59Ga 60Ga 61Ga 62Ga
80.9505 81.9548
0.29 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/11.9
69.723(1) 55.9949 56.9829 57.9742 58.9634 59.9571 60.9492 61.94418
0.15 s 0.116 s
Ga
62.9391
32. s
β+/9.0 β+/9.17 EC/ β+/5.5 EC/
Ga Ga
63.936838
0.022 ms 2.63 m
65
Ga
64.9394
66
Ga
67
Atomic Mass or Weight
Zn 73Zn
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
73m
74
75 76
76.9371 77.9386 78.9421 79.9444
81 82
63
64m
(1/2-) 4.8/
β¯/6.4 β¯/8.6 β¯/7.3
8.3/
3/20+
0+
15.2 m
β+/86/3.255 EC/
0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.
3/2-
65.931592
9.5 h
β+/56/5.175 EC/43/
0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.
0+
Ga
66.928205
3.260 d
EC/1.001
68
Ga
67.927983
1.130 h
β+/90/2.921 EC/10/
69
Ga
70
Ga
71 72
Ga Ga
60.108(9)
39.892(9)
1.83/
68.925581 69.926027 70.924707 71.926372
21.1 m
14.10 h
EC/0.2/0.655 β¯/99.8/1.656
1.65/99.
β¯/4.001
0.64/40.
11-69
ann.rad./
4.5/
2.79/ 6.05/
3/2-
+1.8507
0.20
1+
0.01175
0.028
3/2-
+2.01659
+0.17
1+ 3/23-
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496-0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05-0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/
3.6/
β+/7.165
64
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06-2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28-5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091-0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57-2.33)/
0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 +2.56227 -0.13224
+0.11 +0.5
0.62986(5)/24.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 70 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11. Ga
72.92517
74.87 h
β¯/1.59
Ga Ga
73.92694
10. s 8.1 m
I.T./ β¯/5.4
2.6/
1+ 3-
75
Ga
74.92650
2.10 m
β¯/3.39
3.3/
3/2-
76
Ga
75.9289
29. s
β¯/7.0
77
Ga
76.9293
13.0 s
β¯/5.3
78
Ga
77.9317
5.09 s
β¯/8.2
Ga Ga 81Ga 82Ga 83Ga 84Ga 85Ga 86Ga 32Ge 58Ge 59Ge 60Ge 61Ge 63Ge 64Ge
78.9329 79.9366 80.9377 81.9432 82.9469 83.952
2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ≈0.085 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/7.0 β¯/10.4 β¯/8.3 β¯/12.6 β¯/≈ 11.5 β¯/14
72.64(1) 57.9910 58.9817 59.9702 60.9638 62.9496 63.9416
0.04 s 0.10 s 1.06 m
β+/13.6 β¯/9.8 β+/4.4 EC/ β+,p
65
Ge
64.9394
31. s
β+/6.2 EC/ EC,p
66
Ge
65.93385
2.26 h
β+/27/2.10 EC/73/
67
Ge
66.932738
19.0 m
β+/96/4.225 EC/4/
68
Ge Ge
67.92810 68.927973
270.8 d 1.63 d
EC/0.11 β+/36/2.2273 EC/64/
73
74m 74
79 80
69
Ge Ge 71Ge 72Ge 70
20.84(87)
27.54(34)
3-
5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/
70.924954 71.922076
20.4 ms 11.2 d
0+
1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/
I.T./0.0234 EC/0.229
11-70
0+
0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.
69.924250
71m
2.2016(2)/26. 2.5077(2)/12.8 (0.11-3.3)/ 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01-1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23-3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12-2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34-4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/
3/2-
3.0/
1/2-
0+ 5/2-
0+ 9/2+ 1/20+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.735
0.02
ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19-3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022-1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25-3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2-2.04) 0.1749
+0.547
482_Frame_11.020 Page 71 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ge 74Ge 75mGe 75Ge
7.73(5) 36.28(73)
72.923460 73.921178
Ge Ge
7.61(38)
73
76
74.922860 75.921403
77m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
48. s 1.380 h
I.T./ β¯/1.177
≈1×1021y 53. s
β–β– I.T./20/ β¯/80/2.861
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.19/
9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 1/2-
76.923549
11.25 h
β¯/2.702
0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.
7/2+
78
Ge
77.922853
1.45 h
β¯/0.95
0.70/
0+
Ge Ge
78.9254
39. s 19.1 s
β¯/IT β¯/4.2
Ge
79.92545
29.5 s
β¯/2.67
2.4/
0+
≈7.6 s
β¯/
3.75/
1/2+
80.9288
≈7.6 s
β¯/6.2
3.44/
9/2+
81.9296 82.9345 83.9373 84.943 85.946
4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/4.7 β¯/8.9 β¯/7.7 β¯/10.
80
81m
81
Ge
Ge
Ge Ge 84Ge 85Ge 86Ge 87Ge 88Ge 89Ge 33As 60As 61As 62As 63As 64As 65As 66m2As 66m1As 66As 67As 82 83
74.92160(2) 59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9495
4.0/20. 4.3/80.
0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2
+0.510
1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195-1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15-2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.
7/2+ 1/2-
0.1096/21. (0.10-2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/
0+
65.94410 66.9392
>1.2 µs 0.19 s 1.9 µs 0.018 ms 95.8 ms 42. s
As
67.9368
2.53 m
β+/8.1
As
68.93228
15.2 m
β+/98/4.01 EC/2/
2.95/
5/2-
1.6
As
69.93093
52.6 m
1.44/
4+
+2.1061
+0.09
As
70.927114
2.72 d
β+/84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+/32/2.013 EC/68/
5/2-
+1.6735
-0.02
68
69
70
71
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
-0.17
2.9/
Ge
79
-0.879467
0+ 1/2-
77
79m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
β+/9.4
β+/9.55 β+/6.0 EC/
11-71
5.0/
5/2-
3+
0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61-3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17-4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 72 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
As
71.926753
26.0 h
β+/77/4.356
As
72.923825
80.3 d
EC/0.341
As
73.923829
17.78 d
β+/31/2.562 EC/37/ β¯/1.353
0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.
0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
72
73
74
As As 76As
74.921597 75.922394
26.3 h
β¯/2.962
As
76.920648
38.8 h
β¯/0.683
As
77.92183
1.512 h
β¯/4.21
77
78
79m
2-
100.
2-
-1.597
3/22-
+1.43947 -0.903
3/2-
+1.295
3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.
2-
9/2+
As
78.92095
9.0 m
β¯/2.28
1.80/95.
3/2-
As
79.92258
16. s
β¯/5.64
3.38/
1+
As
80.92213
33. s
β¯/3.856
13.7 s
β¯/
3.6/
5-
7.2/80.
1+
80
81
82m
As
3/2-
As As
81.9246 82.9250
19. s 13.4 s
β¯/7.4 β¯/5.5
As As
83.9291
0.6 s 4. s
β¯ β¯, n/7.2
1-
85
As
84.9318
2.03 s
β¯, n/8.9
3/2-
As As 88As 89As 90As 91As 92As 34Se 65Se
85.9362 86.9396 87.945 88.949
78.96(3) 64.965
Se 67Se
65.9552 66.9501
82 83
84m 84
86 87
66
-0.08
3/2-
1.21 µs
As
79
-2.1566
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1-4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.
0.017 s
75m 75
0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.95 0.49 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s s µs µs µs µs µs
0.011 s
0.06 s
β¯, n/11.4 β¯, n/10.
β+/60/14. β+ , p β+/10.2 β+,(p)/
11-72
+0.31 0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3-2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5-3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/72. 0.8186(4)/27. 1.7313(2)/27. 1.8954(2)/38. 0.6544(1)/15. 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325-5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/
3.55/ ann.rad./ 0.352
482_Frame_11.020 Page 73 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
68
Se
67.9419
36. s
β+/4.7
69
Se
68.93956
27.4 s
β+/6.78 EC/
70
Se
69.9335
41.1 m
β+/2.4
71
Se
70.9319
4.7 m
β+/4.4 EC/
72
Se Se
71.92711
8.5 d 40. m
EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+/27/2.77
73
Se
72.92678
7.1 h
β+/65/2.74 EC/35/
74
Se Se
0.89(4)
73.922477 74.922524
119.78 d
EC/0.864
Se Se 77Se 78Se 79mSe 79Se 80Se 81mSe
9.37(29)
17.4 s
I.T./
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
73m
75
76
Se
82
Se Se
7.63(16) 23.77(28)
76.919915 77.917310
49.61(41)
78.918500 79.916522
8.73(22)
3.4/36.
0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.
5/2-
0+ 3/2-
9/2+
0.86
0+ 5/2+
0.67
I.T./ β¯/0.151
57.3 m
I.T./99/0.1031
80.917993
18.5 m
β¯/1.585
81.916700
≈1×1020 y 1.17 m
β–β– β¯/3.96
1.6/98.
2.88/ 3.92/
1/2-
0+ 1/2-
Se
82.919119
22.3 m
β¯/3.668
0.93/ 1.51/
9/2+
84
Se Se
83.91847 84.92225
3.3 m 32. s
β¯/1.83 β¯/6.18
1.41/100. 5.9/
0+ 5/2+
86
Se
85.92428
15. s
β¯/5.10
87
Se
86.92853
5.4 s
Se Se 90Se 91Se
87.93143 88.9360 89.9394 90.945
1.5 s 0.41s >0.15 µs 0.27 s
β¯/7.28 n/ β¯,n/6.85 β¯,n/9.0
88 89
β¯,n/8.
11-73
1.0
0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024-0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.
+0.53506 0.09573(3)/9.5
7/2+ 0+ 7/2+
83
85
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ (0.050-0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6-1.5)
0+
0+ 7/2+ 1/20+
3.92 m 1.1x106 y
83m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5.006/
75.919214
77m
81
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
5/2+
-1.018
+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19-3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21-2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 74 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Se 93Se 94Se 35Br 67Br 68Br 69Br 70Br 71Br 72Br 73Br
91.949
92
74m
Atomic Mass or Weight
79.904(1) 66.9648 67.958 68.9502 69.9446 70.9392 71.9365 72.9318
Br
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
<1.2 µs <0.024 µs 79. ms 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m
β+/9.6 β+/10.0 β+/6.9 β+/8.7 β+/4.7
46. m
β+/
/0.75 3 3/2-
≈0.55
3.7/ 4.5/
4-
1.82
+0.75
Br
73.92989
25.4 m
β+/6.91
75
Br
74.92578
1.62 h
β+/76/3.03
3/2-
1.4 s
I.T./5.05
4+
76
Br
Br
75.92454
16.0 h
β+/57/4.96
Br Br
76.921380
4.3 m 2.376 d
I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365
Br
77.921146
6.45 m
β+/92/3.574 EC/8/
4.86 s
I.T./0.207
77m 77
78
Br Br
79m 79
80m
50.69(7)
80
Br
81
Br
79.918530
49.31(7)
4.42 h
I.T./0.04885
17.66 m
β¯/92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+/2.6/
82
Br
81.916805
1.471 d
83
Br
82.915181
2.40 h
β¯/0.972
6.0 m
β¯/4.97
84m
Br
Br
1.2/ 2.5/
6.1 m
11-74
1-
0.54821
0.270
9/2+ 3/2-
0.973
+0.53
1+
0.13
9/2+ 3/2-
1.38 β¯/7.6 1.99 β¯/82 0.85 β+/2.8
80.916291 I.T./98/0.046 β¯/2/3.139 β¯/3.093
82m
1.9/ 3.68/
78.918338
Br
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
74
76m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+2.10640 0
+0.331
5-
+1.3177
+0.75
1+
0.5140
0.196
3/2-
+2.27056 2
+0.276
20.444/
5-
0.395/1 0.925/99 2.2/100
3/2(6-)
+1.6270
0.751
0.4547-1.3167 ann.rad 0.065-0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2 - 4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2-4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1-1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4-4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08-1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7-3.0) 0.2072
Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64-1.45)
0.046/0.24 (0.62-2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013-1.96) 0.52964 (0.12-0.68) 0.4240/100
482_Frame_11.020 Page 75 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
84
Br
83.91651
31.8 m
β¯/4.65
85
Br
84.91561
2.87 m
β¯/2.87
86
Br
85.91880
55.5 s
β¯/7.63
3.3 7.4
(2-)
87
Br
86.92072
55.6 s
β¯/6.85 n/
6.1/
3/2-
Br Br
87.92407
5.1 µs 16.3 s
89
Br
88.92640
4.35 s
90
Br
89.9306
1.91 s
91
Br
90.9339
0.54 s
92
Br
91.9392
0.31 s
Br Br 95Br 96Br 97Br 36Kr 69Kr 70Kr 71Kr 72Kr
92.9431 93.9487
83.80(1) 68.9653 69.9560 70.9505 71.9419
0.03 s >1.2 µs 100. ms 17. s
73
Kr
72.9389
28. s
74
Kr
73.9333
11.5 m
75
Kr
74.93104
4.3 m
β+/4.90 EC/
76
Kr
75.92595
14.8 h
EC/1.31
77
Kr
76.92467
1.24 h
β+/80/3.06 EC/20/
88m 88
93 94
0.10 0.07 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s s µs µs µs
2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57
2-
1-
β¯/8.16 n/ β¯/10.4 n/
3/2-
2.
0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1-6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740
2-
β¯/90/9.80 β¯ n/10/ β¯/12.20 β¯ n/ β¯ n/11.1 β¯ n/
β+,(p)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23-4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09-2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5-6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2-6.1)
3/2-
β¯/8.96 n/
8.3/ 9.8/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
4.07/
β+,EC/10.1 β+/5.0 EC/
β+/6.7 EC/ β+,p/ β+/3.1 EC/
11-75
0+
5/2/0.25 0+
3.2/
5/2+
- 0.531
+ 1.1
- 0.583
+ 0.9
0+
5/2+ 1.55/ 1.70/
(0.198-0.207) ann.rad 0.3100/29 0.4150/36 (0.12-0.58) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06-0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010-1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02-1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03-1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38
482_Frame_11.020 Page 76 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
0.35(1)
77.92039
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.87/ 78
Kr Kr Kr
79m 79
Kr Kr 81Kr 80
78.920083
2.28(6)
80.916593
Kr Kr
11.58(14)
Kr Kr 85mKr
11.49(6) 57.00(4)
83 84
Kr Kr 87Kr 86
17.30(22)
I.T./0.1299 β+/7/1.626 EC/93/
7/2+ 1/2-
- 0.786 + 0.536
13.1 s 2.1x105 y
I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807
0+ 1/27/2+
+ 0.586 - 0.908
1.86 h
I.T./0.0416
0+ 1/2-
+ 0.591
82.914137 83.911508
84.912530 85.910615 86.913359
10.73 y
β¯/79/ I.T./21/0.305 β¯/0.687
1.27 h
β¯/3.887
4.48 h
85
0+
81.913485
83m
(0.02-2.3)
β–β–
79.916379
81m
82
>0.9×1020 y 53. s 1.455 d
0.83/79 0.15/0.4 1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30
9/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1.005
+0.43
-1.023
- 0.30
- 0.330
+ 0.16
+ 0.30
2.84 h
β¯/2.91
89
Kr
88.91764
3.15 m
β¯/4.99
3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/
5/2+
90
Kr
89.91953
32.3 s
β¯/4.39
2.6/77 2.8/6
0+
91
Kr
90.9234
8.6 s
β¯/6.4
4.33/ 4.59/
5/2+
- 0.583
92
Kr
91.92611
1.84 s
93
Kr
92.9312
1.29 s
β¯/5.99 n/ β¯/8.6 n/
7.1/
1/2+
- 0.413
94
Kr
93.9343
0.21 s
β¯/7.3
Kr 96Kr 97Kr 98Kr 99Kr 100Kr 37Rb 71Rb 72Rb
94.9397 95.9431 96.9486
0.78 s > 50 ms < 0.1 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/9.7
<1.2 µs
11-76
0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760
+0.253
0+
- 0.410
Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04-1.3)
Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216
+ 0.633
87.91445
85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591
+ 0.63
-0.970699
Kr
β¯
+ 0.40
9/2+ 0+ 1/2-
88
95
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13-3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03-2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2-4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1 - 4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2-4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14 - 3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057-4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098-0.985)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 77 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
<0.03 µs 65. ms 19. s
β+/10.4 β+/7.02
2.31/
75.93508
39. s
β+/8.50
4.7/
1-
-0.372623
+0.4
76.93041
3.8 m
β+/5.34
3.86/
3/2-
+0.65446 8
+0.70
Atomic Mass or Weight
Rb 74Rb 75Rb
72.9504 73.9445 74.93857
76
Rb
77
Rb
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
73
78m
Rb
5.7 m
I.T./0.1034 β+/ EC/ β+/7.22 EC/
78
Rb
77.92814
17.7 m
79
Rb
78.92400
23. m
β+/84/3.65 EC/16/
80
Rb
79.92252
34. s
β+/5.72
30.5 m
I.T./0.85 β+,EC/ β+/27/2.24 EC/73
81m
81
Rb
82m
82
Rb 80.91900
Rb
Rb
81.91821
4.57 h
Spin (h/2p)
4-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+2.549
+0.81
5/2+
+0.3358
-0.10
3.4 0+
4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4
1+
-0.0836
+0.35
9/2+
+5.598
-0.74
1.05/
3/2-
+2.060
+0.40
6.47 h
β+/26/ EC/74/
0.80/
5-
+1.5100
+1.0
1.258 m
β+/96/4.40
3.3/
1+
+0.55450 8
+0.19
EC/4/ 83
Rb
84m
84
82.91511
Rb
Rb
Rb Rb 86Rb 87Rb 85
83.914387
72.17(2)
86.2 d
EC/0.91
5/2-
+1.425
+0.20
20.3 m
I.T./0.216
6-
+0.2129
+0.6
32.9 d
β+/22/2.681 EC/75/ β¯/3/0.894
2-
-1.32412
-0.015
I.T./0.5560 β¯/1.775 β¯/0.283
1.774/8.8 0.273/100
5/2623/2-
+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512
+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13
β¯/5.316
5.31
2-
0.508
1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18 1.7/ 6.5/
3/2-
+2.304
+0.14
4-
+1.616
+0.20
84.911792
88
Rb
87.911323
1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88x1010 y 17.7 m
89
Rb
88.91229
15.4 m
β¯/4.50
4.3 m
β¯/4.50
86m
90m
Rb
27.83(2)
0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/
85.911170 86.909186
11-77
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann. rad. 0.179 ann.rad. 0.4240/92. (0.064-1.68) ann.rad. 0.0665/59 (0.04 - 2.82) ann.rad. 0.4553/81. (0.103-4.01) ann.rad. 0.4553/63. (0.42-5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017-3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085-1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05 - 1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092 - 2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47 - 3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03-0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02-1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8
0.8980/14. 1.8360/21. (0.34-4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12-4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20-5.00)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 78 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
90
Rb
89.91481
2.6 m
β¯/6.59
6.6
1-
91
Rb
90.91649
58.0 s
β¯/5.861
5.9
3/2-
92
Rb
91.91968
4.48 s
β¯/8.11
8.1/94
1-
93
Rb
92.92195
5.85 s
β¯/7.46 n/1
7.4/
94
Rb
93.92643
2.71 s
β¯/10.31 n/10
95
Rb
94.92929
0.377 s
Elem. or Isot.
96m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
+2.182
+0.15
5/2
+1.410
+0.18
9.5/
3
+1.498
+0.16
β¯/9.30 n/8
8.6/
5/2
+1.334
+0.21
β¯/11.76 n/13/ β¯/10.42 n/27/
10.8/
2+
+1.466
+0.25
10.0
3/2
+1.841
+0.58
0.144/
1.7 µs
Rb
96
Rb
95.93427
0.199 s
97
Rb
96.93733
0.169 s
98
Rb
97.94174
0.107 s
Rb 100Rb 101Rb 102Rb 36Sr 73Sr 74Sr 75Sr 76Sr 77Sr 78Sr 79Sr
98.9453 99.9499 100.9532 101.9592 87.62(1) 72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.9416 76.9378 77.93218 78.92971
59. ms 53. ms 0.03 s 0.09 s
β¯/12.34 n/13 β¯/11.3 β¯/13.5 β¯/11.8 β¯
> 25 ms >1.2 µs ≈ 0.07 s 8.9 s 9.0 s 2.7 m 2.1 m
β+/6.1 β+/6.9 β+/3.76 β+/5.32
99
80
Sr
79.92453
1.77 h
β+/1.87
81
Sr
80.92322
22.3 m
β+/87/3.93 EC/13/
Sr Sr 83Sr
81.91840
25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d
EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24/2.28 EC/76/
82
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
83m
82.91756
11-78
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8317/28. (0.31-5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35-4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1-6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16-5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12-6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20-2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093-0.369 0.815/76. (0.20-5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14-2.08) (0.07-3.68)
5.6 4.1
3/2-
-0.35
+1.4
-0.474
+0.74
0+
2.43/ 2.68/
0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/
1/2-
+0.544
1/27/2+
+0.582 -0.898
+0.79
0.147 (0.047-0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135-0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24-0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06-1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094-2.15)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 79 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Sr 85mSr
0.56(1)
83.913426
84
Sr Sr 87mSr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 91Sr
1.127 h
85 86
Half-Life
9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)
84.912936 85.909265
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
64.85 d
I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065
2.81 h
I.T./0.3884
86.908882 87.905617 88.907455 89.907738 90.91020
50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h
β¯/1.497 β¯/0.546 β¯/2.70
92
Sr
91.91098
2.71 h
β¯/1.91
93
Sr
92.91394
7.4 m
β¯/4.08
94
Sr
93.91537
1.25 m
β¯/3.511
95
Sr
94.91931
25.1 s
β¯/6.08
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 0+ 1/2-
1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65
2.1/ 3.3/
9/2+ 0+ 1/29/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) +0.601 +0.30
+0.63 -1.09360
+0.34
-1.149
-0.3
0.9092
-0.887
+0.044
-0.794
+0.26
0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12-2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24-1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17-3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636
0.3884(IT)
0+
1/2+
-0.5379
6.1/50
96
Sr
95.92165
1.06 s
β¯/5.37
4.2/
0+
97
Sr
96.92615
0.42 s
β¯/7.47
5.3
(1/2+)
98
Sr
97.92845
0.65 s
β¯/5.83
5.1
Sr Sr 101Sr 102Sr 103Sr 104Sr 105Sr 39Y 77Y 78mY 78Y
98.9333 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952
0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/8.0 β¯/7.1 β¯/9.5 β¯/8.8
99
100
Y
79
88.90585(2) 76.9496 77.9435
> 0.5 µs 0.06 s 5.8 s
β+/10.5
78.9374
15. s
β+/7.1
11-79
-0.500
-0.26
(5+)
0.2318/84. (0.15-0.24) 0.51399/99.3
-1.001
0+ 5/2+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.8
0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152-1.106)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 80 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Y 80Y
79.9320
4.7 s 30. s
β+/7.0
5.5 5.0/
Y
80.9291
1.21 m
β+/5.5
3.7/ 4.2/
Y
81.9268
9.5 s
β+/7.8
6.3/
1+
2.85 m
β+/95/4.6 EC/5/
2.9
1/2-
7.1 m
β+/4.47 EC/
3.3
9/2+
4.6 s
β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
80m
81
82
83m
Y
Y
83
84m
Y
Y
84
85m
Y
84.91643
Y
Y
86
87m
83.9203
Y
85
86m
82.92235
85.91489
Y
40. m
1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7
5-
β+/70/ EC/30/
2.6 h
β+/55/3.26 EC/45/
48. m
I.T./99/ β+/ EC/
8+
4.8
14.74 h
β+/5.24 EC/
4-
<0.6
13. h
I.T./98/ β+/0.7/ EC/ EC/99+/1.862
9/2+
6.1
86.910880
3.35 d
Y
87.909506
106.6 d
88
(4)
4.9 h
Y
87
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/99+/3.623 β+/0.2/
11-80
9/2+
1.54/
6.2
1/2-
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756-1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./ 0.5736 0.6017 0.7375 ann.rad./ 0.2591 0.4218 0.4945 ann.rad./ 0.0355 0.4899 0.8821 (0.03 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.7930 ann.rad./ 0.4628 0.6606 0.7931 0.9744 1.0398 (0.2 - 3.3) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5356 0.7673 2.1238 (0.1 - 3.1) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5045 0.9140 (0.07 - 1.4) ann.rad./ 0.0102(IT) 0.2080 (0.09 - 1.1) ann.rad./ 0.3070 0.6277 1.0766 1.1531 1.9207 (0.1 - 3.8) 0.3807
1.15/0.7 0.78/
1/2-
0.76/
4-
0.3880 0.4870 ann.rad./ 0.89802
482_Frame_11.020 Page 81 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Y Y 90mY
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
89m 89
Y Y 91Y 92Y 90
100.
89.907152
Y
94m
90.907301 91.90893
Y
93
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
92.90956
Spin (h/2p)
15.7 s
I.T./0.909
9/2+ 1/27+
3.24 h
I.T./99+/0.68204 β¯/0.002/
2.67 d 49.7 m 58.5 d 3.54 h
β¯/2.282 I.T./0.555 β¯/1.544 β¯/3.63
0.82 s
I.T./0.759
10.2 h
β¯/2.87
2.88/90
1/2-
4.92/
2-
88.905849
91m
93m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
2.28/ 1.545/ 3.64/
29/2+ 1/22-
9/2+
1.4 µs
Y
Y
93.91160
18.7 m
β¯/4.919
Y
94.91279
10.3 m
β¯/4.42
1/2-
9.6 s
β¯/
(3+)
94
95
96m
Y
Y Y
95.91588
6.2 s 1.21 s
β¯/7.09 β¯/7.4
7.12/ 4.8/ 6.0/
09/2+
Y
96.91813
3.76 s
β¯/6.69
6.7
1/2-
2.1 s
β¯/9.8
5.5/
(4-)
β¯/8.83
8.7/
1+
β¯/7.57 n
/2.5/
96
97m
97
98m
Y
Y
97.92224
0.59 s
Y Y
98.92463
0.011 ms 1.47 s
98
99m 99
11-81
1/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.83601 2.73404 3.2190 0.9092(IT)
-0.13742 5.1
-1.630 5.96 0.1641
0.2025 0.4794 0.6820 -0.155 0.5556(IT) 1.208 0.4485 0.5611 0.9345 1.4054 (0.4 - 3.3) 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 0.2669 0.9471 1.9178 0.4322 0.7699 1.2024 0.3816 0.9188 1.1389 (0.3 - 4.1) 0.4324 0.9542 2.1760 3.5770 0.1467 0.6174 0.9150 1.1071 1.7507 1.594 0.1614 0.9700 1.1030 0.2969 1.9960 3.2876 3.4013 0.2415 0.6205 0.6473 1.2228 1.8016 0.2131 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242
482_Frame_11.020 Page 82 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0130
Y 100Y 101Y 102Y 103Y 104Y 105Y 106Y 107Y 108Y 40Zr 79Zr 80Zr
100m
99.9278 100.9303 101.9336 102.9369 103.9414 104.9451 105.950
91.224(2) 78.949 79.9406
85m
n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/
3+ 1+ (5/2)
β+/8.0
0.290 0.538
82.9287
83.9233
26. m
β+ /2.7 EC/
0+
10.9 s
I.T./0.2922 β+ ,EC/
1/2-
Zr
84
0.06 s 4. s
β¯,n/ β¯,n/9.3 β¯,n/8.6 β¯,n/9.9 β–,n
β+/7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC
80.9368 81.9311
82
s s s s s s µs µs µs µs
5. s 32. s 7. s 44. s
Zr Zr 83mZr 83Zr 81
0.94 0.73 0.43 0.36 0.23 0.18 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
Zr
6.1 3. 4.8
(3/2-)
85
Zr
84.9215
7.9 m
β+ /4.7 EC/
86
Zr
85.91647
16.5 h
EC/1.47
0+
14.0 s
I.T./0.3362
1/2-
87m
Zr
87
Zr
86.91482
1.73 h
β+ /3.67 EC/
88
Zr Zr
87.91023
83.4 d 4.18 m
Zr
88.908889
3.27 d
EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/ β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ I.T./
89m
89
90m
Zr
Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 95Zr 90 91
0.809 s
51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)
89.904702 90.905643 91.905039 92.906474 93.906314 94.908041
1.5x106y > 1017 y 64.02 d
β¯ /0.091 β–β– β¯ /1.125
11-82
3.1
2.26
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507 ann.rad./ 0.9092 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT)
(7/2+) (1/2-)
7/2+
9/2+
0+ 1/2-
0.9/
0.366/55
9/2+
-1.07
5-
6.3
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
-1.30362
-0.21 0.0304
1.13
+0.29
0.7242
482_Frame_11.020 Page 83 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Zr 97Zr 98Zr 99Zr
2.80(9)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
95.908275 96.910950 97.91276 98.91651
>2×1019 y 16.8 h 30.7 s 2.2 s
β–β– β¯ /2.658 β¯ /2.26 β¯ /4.56
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.400/44 96
100
Zr
99.91776
7.1 s
β¯ /3.34
101
Zr
100.92114
2.1 s
β¯ /5.49
Zr Zr 104Zr 105Zr 106Zr 107Zr 108Zr 109Zr 110Zr 41Nb 81Nb 82Nb 83Nb 84Nb 85Nb 86mNb 86Nb
101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.941 107.944
2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ≈1. s >0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.61 β¯ /7.0 β¯ /5.9 β¯ /8.5
102 103
87m
87
88
89
90
87.9183
Nb
Nb
90m
86.92036
Nb
Nb
89m
85.9250
Nb
Nb
88m
92.90638(2) 80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336 84.9279
88.91349
Nb
Nb
89.911263
< 0.08 µs 50 ms 12. s 2.3 m 56. s 1.46 m
1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/
0.7567 0+ 1/20+ 1/2+
β+/11. β+/7.5 β+ ,EC/9.6 β+ /6.0 β+ β+ /8.0
(3+)
β+ / EC/
1/2-
2.6 m
β+ 5.2/ EC/
(9/2+)
7.7 m
β+ / EC/
4-
14.3 m
β+ /7.6 EC/
3.2/
8+
2.0 h
β+ / EC/ β+ /74/4.29 EC/26/
3.3/
9/2+
2.8/
1/2-
18.8 s
I.T./0.1246
14.6 h
β53/6.111
11-83
0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028-1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089
3/2-
3.7 m
1.10 h
0.7434
0+ 6.2/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+6.216
40.86/5
8+
4.961
ann.rad./ 0.751 1.003 ann.rad./ 0.1352 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.2010 0.4706 0.6165 1.0665 1.8842 ann.rad./ 0.2625 0.3996 1.0569 1.0825 ann.rad./ 1.0570 1.0828 (0.07 - 2.5) 0.5880/10(D) (0.17 - 4.0) ann.rad./ 0.5074 0.5880 0.7696 1.2775 0.002 0.1225 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 84 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
91m
91
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Nb
62. d
Nb Nb
90.906989
Nb
91.907192
92m
92
93m
93
Nb
Nb Nb
100.
Nb
96
93.907282
Nb
9/2+ 2+
3.7x107y
EC/2.006
7+
16.1 y
I.T./0.0304
1/2-
6.26 m
I.T./99+/2.086 β¯ /0.5/
2.4x104y
β¯ /2.045
0.47/
6+
3.61 d
0.2357
1/2-
0.160/ 0.5/10 0.75/90 0.734/98 1.27/98
9/2+ 6+
6.141 4.976
1/29/2+
6.15
9/2+ 3+
Nb Nb
96.908096
58.1 s 1.23 h
I.T./0.7434 β¯ /1.934
51. m
β¯ /4.67
2.9 s
β¯ /4.59
4.6/
1+
2.6 m
β¯ /
3.2/
1/2-
15.0 s
β¯ /3.64
3.5/100
9/2+
0.013 ms 3.0 s
β¯ /6.74
5.8
6.2/ 5.3/ 4.3/
Nb
99m
99
7x102y 10.13 d
97.91033
Nb
Nb
100m2 100m1
98.91162
Nb Nb
Nb
99.91418
1.5 s
β¯ /6.25
Nb Nb 102Nb 103Nb 104mNb 104Nb 105Nb 106Nb 107Nb 108Nb 109Nb 110Nb 111Nb 112Nb
100.91525
7.1 s 4.3 s 1.3 s 1.5 s 0.9 s 4.8 s 3.0 s 1.0 s 0.30 s 0.19 s 0.19 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.57 β¯ / β¯ /7.21 β¯ /5.53 β¯,n/ β¯,n/8.1 β¯,n/6.5 β¯,n/9.3 β¯,n/7.9 β,n/ β,n/ β,n/
100
101
102m
101.91804 102.91914 103.9225 104.9239 105.9282 106.9303 107.9350 108.9376 109.943
11-84
5+
7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40
6.114
+6.1705
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1412 1.1292 2.1862 2.3189 (0.1 - 3.3) 0.1045(IT) 1.2050 Mo k x-ray 0.9126 0.9345 1.8475 0.5611 0.9345 Nb x-ray 0.0304
1/2-
34.97 d 23.4 h
Nb
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
I.T./97/ EC/3/ EC/1.253 EC/99+/
94.906834 95.908099
98m
98
1.5/92
Nb Nb
97m 97
EC/47/
Spin (h/2p)
I.T./97.5/ β¯ /2.5/ β¯ /0.926 β¯ /3.187
95m
95
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
92.906376
94m
94
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
-0.32 Nb k x-ray 0.0409 0.87109 0.70263 0.87109 0.2040 0.2356 0.76578 0.7782 0.2191-1.498 0.7434 0.4809 0.6579 0.7874 0.1726-1.89 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138-3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1 Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001-1.566 0.1105-0.810 0.2960-2.184
5/2+
(0.193-0.590)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 85 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
95.94(1)
Mo Mo 85Mo 86Mo 87Mo 88Mo
82.949 83.9401 84.9366 85.9302 86.9273 87.92195
83 84
Mo
>0.15 µs 3.2 s 20. s 14. s 8.0 m
β+/6. β+/8.1 β+/4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC
(1/2-)
0.19 s
I.T./0.118
1/2-
0+
89
Mo
88.91948
2.2 m
β+ /5.58 EC/
9/2+
90
Mo
89.91394
5.7 h
β+ /25/2.489 1.085/ EC/75/
0+
1.08 m
I.T./50/0.653 β+ ,EC/50/
91m
Mo
91
Mo
92
Mo Mo
90.91175
14.84(35)
Mo Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 99Mo 93
100 101
Mo Mo
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2) 9.55(8) 24.13(31)
9.63(23)
15.5 m
β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/
6.9 h
I.T./99+/2.425
3.5x103y
EC/0.405
92.906811 93.905087 94.905841 95.904678 96.906020 97.905407 98.907711
2.7476 d
β¯ /1.357
99.90748 100.91035
≈ 1×1019 y 14.6 m
β–β– β¯ /2.82
1/2-
3.44/94
9/2-
0+ 21/2+
0.45/14 0.84/2 1.21/84
2.23/ 0.7/
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+
0+ 1/2+
102
Mo
101.91030
11.3 m
β¯/1.01
103
Mo
102.91320
1.13 m
β¯/3.8
3/2+
104
Mo
103.91376
1.00 m
β¯/2.16
0+
11-85
(0.752-1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1 - 4.2)
+0.5
2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/
91.906810
93m
94
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
>0.15 µs
Nb 42Mo
113
89m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.2/
0+
+9.21
0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304
-0.9142
-0.02
-0.9335
+0.26
0.375
0.144048 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809-2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 86 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
105
Mo
104.9170
36. s
β¯/4.95
3/2+
106
Mo
105.91814
8.4 s
β¯/3.52
0+
Mo Mo 109Mo 110Mo
106.9217 107.9236 108.9278 109.9297
3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.30 s
β¯/6.2 β¯/5.1 β¯/7.2 β¯/5.7
Mo Mo 113Mo 114Mo 115Mo 116Mo 117Mo 43Tc 85Tc 86Tc 87Tc 88Tc 89mTc 89Tc 90mTc
110.9345 111.937 112.942
>0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
84.949 85.9430 86.9365 87.9328
< 0.1 ms 0.05 s >0.15 µs 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s
107 108
111
112
90
Tc
91m
Tc Tc
91
93
94
90.9184 91.91526
Tc
Tc
94m
89.9235
Tc
92
93m
88.9275
92.910248
Tc
Tc
93.909655
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12. (0.028-0.636) Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039-0.599)
µs µs µs µs µs µs µs
β+/11.9 β+/8.6 β+/10.1 β+/7.5 β+
5.3/
6+
7.0/15 7.9/95.
1+
8.3 s
β+/8.9
3.3 m
β+ EC
3.14 m 4.4 m
β+/6.2 β+/7.87 EC
43. m
I.T./13 EC/20
2.73 h
β+/13/3.201 EC/87/
52. m
β+/72/4.33 EC/28/
2+
4.88 h
β+/11/4.256 EC/89/
7+
1/2+
11-86
5.2 4.1
9/2+ 8+
1/2-
0.81
9/2+
6.26
5.08
ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1 - 3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026
482_Frame_11.020 Page 87 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
95m
95
96
98
99m
99
94.90766
95.90787
Tc
Tc Tc
Half-Life
61. d
Tc
Tc
97m
97
Tc
Tc
96m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
96.906364 97.907215
Tc
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
I.T./4/ β+/0.3 EC/96
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
1/2-
20.0 h
EC/100/1.691
9/2+
52. m
I.T./90/ β+,EC/2/
4+
4.3 d
EC/2.973
7+
91. d
I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β¯/1.80
4.2x106 y ≈6.6x106 y
I.T./100/0.142
β¯/0.294
0.293/100
9/2+
β¯/3.202 EC/1.8(10)-3/0.17
2.2/ 2.9/ 3.3
1+
9/2+
99.907657
Tc
100.90731
14.2 m
β¯/1.61
1.32/
4.4 m
I.T./2/4.8 β¯/98/
1.8/
3.4/ 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 2.2/
102
Tc
101.90921
5.3 s
β¯/4.53
103
Tc
102.90918
54. s
β¯/2.66
Tc Tc
103.91144
0.005 ms 18.2 m
β¯/5.60
104m 104
11-87
0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261
1/2-
Tc
Tc
9/2+ 6+
6.01 h
2.13x105 y 15.8 s
102m
+5.04
1/2-
98.906254
101
5.89
/3.9 0.40/100
5.3/
1+
5/2+
(3+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241
0.5/ 0.7/
Tc
100
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+5.6847
-0.129 0.5396 0.5908 1.5122 (0.3 - 2.6) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073-0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13 - 1.0) 0.3483 0.3580 0.5305
482_Frame_11.020 Page 88 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
105
Tc
104.91166
7.6 m
β¯/3.6
106
Tc
105.91436
36. s
β¯/6.55
107
Tc
106.9151
21.2 s
β¯/4.8
108
Tc
107.9185
5.1 s
β¯/7.72
Tc Tc 111Tc
108.9200 109.9234 110.9250
1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s
β¯/6.3 β¯/8.8 β¯.n/7.0
p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85
Tc Tc
111.9292 112.931
0.26 s 0.15 s
β,n β–,n/8.
n/2.6 /2.1
Tc Tc 116Tc 117Tc 118Tc 44Ru 87Ru 88Ru 89Ru 90Ru
113.936 114.938
β–,n
/1.3
109 110
112 113
114 115
91 92
Ru Ru
93m
0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s µs µs µs µs
101.07(2) 86.949 87.9404 88.936 89.9298
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 1.2 s 11. s
90.9264 91.9201
9. s 3.7 m
β+,EC/7.4 β+/53/4.5 EC/47/
10.8 s
I.T./21/ β+,EC/79/
Ru
3.4/
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3 - 3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835
5/2+
2+
(3)
0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063-1.435 0.0985/100 0.0658-1.520
0+ β+.p/8. β+/5.9
0+ 9/2+ 0+
1/25.3/
93
Ru
92.9171
1.0 m
β+/6.3 EC/
9/2+
94
Ru
93.91137
52. m
EC/100/1.59
0+
95
Ru
94.91042
1.64 h
EC/85/2.57 β+/15/
11-88
1.20/ 0.91/
5/2+
0.86
ann.rad./ 0.155 - 1.551 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5- 4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.2904
482_Frame_11.020 Page 89 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3364 0.6268
Ru Ru
5.52(20)
Ru Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 103Ru
1.88(9) 12.74(26) 12.60(19) 17.05(7) 31.57(31)
Ru Ru
18.66(44)
96 97
95.90760 96.90756
2.89 d
EC/1.12
0+ 5/2+
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+
97.90529 98.905939 99.904219 100.905582 101.904349 102.906323
39.27 d
β¯/0.763
0.223
103.905430 104.907750
4.44 h
β¯/1.917
1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49
Ru Ru
105.90733 106.9099
1.020 y 3.8 m
β¯/0.0394 β¯/2.9
0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/
0+
Ru
107.9102
4.5 m
β¯/1.4
1.2/
0+
Ru
108.91320
34.5 s
β¯/4.2
Ru
109.9140
15. s
β¯/2.81
Ru Ru 113Ru 114Ru
110.9176 111.9188 112.9225 113.9239
1.5 s 4.5 s 2.7 s 0.57 s
β¯/5.5 β¯/4.5 β¯/7. β¯/6.1
Ru Ru 117Ru 118Ru 119Ru 120Ru 45Rh 89Rh 90Rh 91Rh
114.928 115.930 116.935 117.937
≈0.74 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
98 99
104 105
106 107
108
109
110
111
112
115 116
102.90550(2) 88.9494 89.9429 90.9366
11-89
Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606
-0.6413
+0.079
-0.7188
+0.46
0.206
+0.62
-0.3
0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04 - 1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1 - 1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967
0.127/24 (0.053-0.180) β¯/8.
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
0+ 3/2+
-0.78
482_Frame_11.020 Page 90 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Rh 93Rh 94mRh
91.9320 92.9257
Rh
93.9217
92
94
95m
95
Rh
96m
96
98
96.91134
Rh
Rh
99m
95.91452
Rh
Rh
98m
94.9159
Rh
Rh
97m
97
Rh
Rh
97.91072
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs 25.8 s
β+/11.1 β+/8.1 β+/
1.18 m
β+/9.6
1.96 m
I.T./88/ β+,EC/12/
5.0 m
β+/5.1
3.2
1.51 m
I.T./60/0.052 β+,EC/40/
4.70/
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8+
6.4/
3+
1/2+
9/2+
2+
9.6 m
β+/6.45 EC/
3.3/
5+
46.m
I.T./5/ β+,EC/95/
2.6/
1/2-
31.0m
β+/3.52
2.1/
9/2+
3.5 m
β+ /
8.7 m
β+/90/5.06
3.4/
2+
4.7 h
β+/8/ EC/92/
.74/
9/2+
5+
11-90
5.67
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) (0.138-1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4 - 3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.3892 0.4515 0.8398 0.8788 (0.2 - 3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6154 0.6524 0.7452 ann.rad./ 0.6524 0.7623 ann.rad./ 0.2766/ 0.3408 0.6178 1.2612
482_Frame_11.020 Page 91 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 99
Natural Abundance (%)
Rh
100m
Rh
101m
Rh
Rh
102m
100.90616
Rh
Rh
101.906842
102
Rh Rh 104mRh 103m 103
Rh
104
105m
Rh
103.906655
104.905692
Rh
Rh
106
β+/4/2.10 EC/97/
0.54/ 0.68/
4.7 m
I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/
20.8 h
β+ /3.63 EC/
4.35 d
EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573
9/2+
3.3 y
EC/0.54
1/2-
3.74 y
EC/2.323 IT/0.0419
6+
207. d
EC/62 β¯ /19/ β+ /14/
56.12 m
IT
4.36 m
I.T./99+/ β¯
1.3/
42.3 s
β¯/99+/2.441 EC/0.4/1.141
1.88/2 2.44/98
43. s
I.T./1.296
35.4 h
β¯ /0.567
0.247/30 0.567/70
7/2+
2.18 h
β¯ /
0.92/
6+
105.90729
29.9 s
β¯ /3.54
2.4/2
1+
11-91
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1/2-
5+
2.62/ 2.07/
1-
+5.51
4.04
0.5
7/2+ 1/25+
102.905504
Rh
105
106m
100.
16. d
Half-Life
99.90812
101
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
98.90820
Rh
100
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Atomic Mass or Weight
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.0894/ 0.3530 0.5277 (0.1 - 2.0) ann.rad./ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 0.4462 0.5396 0.5882 0.8225 1.5534 2.3761 Rh k x-ray 0.1272/ 0.3069 0.5451 Ru k x-ray 0.1272 0.1980 0.3252 0.4751 0.6313 0.6975 0.7668 1.0466 1.1032 ann.rad./ 0.4686 0.4751 0.5566 0.6280 1.1032 (0.4 - 1.6)
4.54 -0.0884
1+
1/2+4.45
+2.58
Rh k x-ray 0.0514 0.0971 0.5558 0.3581 0.5558 1.2370 (0.35 - 1.8) Rh k x-ray 0.1296 0.2801 0.3061 0.3189 0.2217 0.4510 0.5119 0.6162 0.7173 0.7484 1.0458 1.5277 0.51186/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 92 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
3.0/12 3.54/79 Rh
107
108m
106.90675
Rh
21.7 m
β¯ /1.51
1.20/65 1.5/17
6.0 m
β¯ /
1.57/
Rh
107.9087
17. s
β¯ /4.5
Rh
108.90874
1.34 m
β¯ /2.59
2.25/
29. s
β¯ /
0.6/
5.5/
108
109
110m
Rh
Rh
109.9110
3.1 s
β¯ /5.4
Rh Rh 112Rh 113Rh 114mRh 114Rh 115Rh 116mRh 116Rh 117Rh
110.9117
11. s 6.8 s 3.5 s 0.9 s 1.8 s 1.8 s 0.99 s 0.9 s 0.7 s 0.44 s
β¯ /3.7 β¯ / β¯ /6.2 β¯ /4.9 β¯ / β¯ /6.5 β¯ /6.0 β¯ / β¯ /8.0 β¯/7.
110
111
112m
Rh Rh 120Rh 121Rh 122Rh 46Pd 91Pd 92Pd 93Pd 118 119
111.9140 112.9154 113.9173 114.9201 115.9228 116.925 117.929 118.931 119.936 120.938
>0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 0.9 s
β+,p
Pd
93.9288
9. s
EC,β+ /≈ 6.6
Pd Pd 96Pd
94.92684
13.4 s
EC,β+ /10.2
95.9182
2.03 m
EC,β+ /3.5
95m
1+
7/2+
1+
1+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.61612 0.62187 (0.05 - 3.04) 0.2776 0.3028 0.3925 0.4339 0.4973 0.6189 0.4046 0.4339 0.4973 0.5811 0.6146 0.9014 0.9471 0.1134 0.1780 0.2914 0.3254 0.3268 0.4261 (0.1 - 1.6) 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967 0.3737 0.4400 0.5463 0.6877 0.8381 0.9045 0.275 0.3489 0.1285
1+ 0.3405 1+ 0.0346 0.1317
µs µs µs µs
106.42(1) 90.949 91.9404 92.9359
94
7/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.240/81 0.382-0.864 0.5582 (0.0546-0.798) 21/2+
95
11-92
1.15/
0.1248 0.4995
482_Frame_11.020 Page 93 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
3.5/
5/2+
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
97
Pd
96.9165
3.1 m
β+ ,EC/4.8
98
Pd
97.91273
17.7 m
β+ /1.87 EC/
99
Pd
98.91181
21.4 m
β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/
100
Pd
99.90851
3.7 d
EC/0.36
101
Pd
100.90829
8.4 h
β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/
102
Pd Pd
1.02(1)
101.905607 102.906087
16.99 d
EC/0.543
0+ 5/2+
Pd Pd 106Pd 107mPd
11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)
20.9 s
I.T./0.2149
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-
6.5x106y
β¯ /0.033
4.75 m
I.T./0.1889
13.5 h
β¯ /1.116
5.5 h
I.T./73/0.172 β¯ /27/
Elem. or Isot.
103
104 105
Pd Pd 109mPd
Natural Abundance (%)
107 108
109
110
26.46(9)
Pd
Pd Pd
Atomic Mass or Weight
108.905954 11.72(9)
2.18/
0.03/
1.028
109.905153
111m
5/2+
0+
0.776/
5/2+
5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+ 0+ 11/2-
0.35 0.77
111
Pd
110.90764
23.4 m
β¯ /2.19
2.2/95
5/2+
Pd Pd 113Pd
111.90731
β¯ /0.29 β¯ / β¯ /3.34
0.28/
0+ 5/2+
112.91015
21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m
Pd
113.91037
2.48 m
β¯ /1.45
112
113m
114
11-93
0+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2 - 2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904
0+
103.904034 104.905083 105.903484
106.90513 107.903895
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
-0.66
Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 -0.642
+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)
Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08 - 1.0) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1 - 1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760
482_Frame_11.020 Page 94 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
115
Pd
114.9137
47. s
β¯ /4.58
116
Pd
115.9142
12.7 s
β¯ /2.61
117
Pd
116.9178
4.4 s
β¯/5.7
118
Pd
117.9189
2.4 s
β¯/4.1
119
Pd
118.9227
0.9 s
β¯/6.5
Pd
119.9240
0.5 s
β¯/5.0
Pd Pd 123Pd 124Pd 47Ag 93Ag 94Ag 95Ag 96Ag
120.9282 121.9298 122.934
>0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs
Elem. or Isot.
120
121 122
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
107.8682(2) 93.9428 94.9355 95.9307
0.42 s 2.0 s 5.1 s
β+, p/ β+, p/ β+/11.6 EC/
Ag
96.9240
19. s
β+ /7.0 EC/
98
Ag
97.9218
47. s
β+ /8.4 EC/
5+
11. s
I.T./100/
1/2-
2.07 m
β+ /87/5.4 EC/13/
9/2+
2.3 m
β+ / EC/
2+
2.0m
β+/7.1 EC/
3.1 s
I.T./0.23
11.1 m
β+/69/4.2 EC/31/
99
Ag
Ag
100m
100
101m
101
98.9176
Ag
Ag
99.9161
Ag
Ag
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.2473 0.077-0.403 0.1254 0.028-0.596 0.2566 0.070-0.326 0.1581 0.053-0.595
97
99m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
100.9128
4.7/
1/2-
2.7/ 2.18/
11-94
5+
9/2+
5.7
(0.539-2.025) ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066-1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352-3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153-1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2 - 3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747
482_Frame_11.020 Page 95 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
2.73/ 3.38/
102m
102
Ag
103m
103
Ag
103.90863
Ag
104.90653
Ag
Ag
107m
107
102.90897
Ag
106m
106
Ag
Ag
105m
105
101.91197
Ag
104m
104
Ag
105.90667
Ag
Ag Ag
Ag
β+/38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/
3.4
2+
+4.14
13.0 m
β+/78/5.92 EC/22/
2.26/
5+
4.6
5.7 s
I.T./0.134
1.10 h
β+/28/2.69 EC/72/
1.7 1.3
7/2+
+4.47
33. m
β+/64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/
2.71/
2+
+3.7
69. m
β+/16/4.28 EC/84/
0.99/
5+
3.92
7.2 m
I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2/
7/2+
+4.41
41.3 d
EC/1.35
1/2-
0.1014
8.4 d
EC/
6+
3.71
24.0 m
β+/59/2.965 EC/41/ I.T./0.093
1+
+2.85
7/2+
+4.40
1.0
1/26+
-0.11357 3.580
+1.3
1+
+2.6884
44.2 s 51.839(8)
1/2-
/1.96
106.905093
108m
108
7.8 m
107.905954
418.y
EC/92/ I.T./8/0.079
2.39 m
β¯/97/1.65 EC/2/ β¯/1/1.92
11-95
1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3
+1.1
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2 - 3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.7194 0.8354 1.2571 1.5816 1.7446 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18 - 2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1 - 1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885
482_Frame_11.020 Page 96 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 109m
109
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ag
Ag Ag
48.161(8)
Ag
111m
Half-Life 39.8 s
I.T./0.088
249.8 d
β¯/99/ I.T./1/0.1164
0.087 0.530
24.6 s
β¯/2.892
2.22/5 2.89/95
1.08 m
IT/99/0.0598 β¯/1/
7/2+
108.904756
110m
110
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
109.906111
Ag
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7/2+
+4.40
+1.0
1/26+
-0.13069 +3.60
+1.4
1+
+2.7271
0.2
Ag
110.905295
7.47 d
β¯/1.037
1.035/
1/2-
-0.146
Ag
111.90701
3.13 h
β¯/3.96
3.94/ 3.4
2-
0.0547
1.14 m
I.T./80/0.043 β¯/20/
7/2+ 1.5
0.159
111
112
113m
Ag
113
Ag
112.90657
5.3 h
β¯/2.02
2.01/
1/2-
114
Ag
113.90881
4.6 s
β¯/5.08
4.9/
1+
18.7 s
β¯/
7/2+
20. m
β¯/3.10
1/2-
10.5 s
I.T./2/ β¯/98/
3.2/ 2.9
5+
2.68 m
β¯/6.16
5.3
2-
5.3 s
β¯/
3.2/
7/2+
1.22 m
β¯/4.18
2.3
1/2-
2.8 s
β¯/59/ I.T./41/0.1277
115m
115
Ag
116m
116
115.91137
Ag
Ag
118m
114.90876
Ag
Ag
117m
117
Ag
Ag
116.91171
11-96
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447-1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4 - 2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13 - 2.49) 0.1027 0.2549 0.5134 0.7055 1.0289 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981 0.3868 0.1354 0.1571 0.3377 0.1277 0.4878 0.6771 0.7709 1.0586
482_Frame_11.020 Page 97 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
118
Ag
117.9145
4.0 s
β¯/7.1
119
Ag
118.9157
2.1 s
β¯/5.35
0.32 s
β¯/ I.T./
Elem. or Isot.
120m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ag
120
Ag
119.9188
1.23 s
β¯/8.2
121
Ag
120.9198
0.78 s
β¯/6.4
1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.05 s
β¯/ β¯/9.2 β¯/7.4 β¯/10.1 β– β– β– β– β–,n
β+,(p) β+/5.4 (p) β+,EC/6.9 β+,EC/3.9
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
112.411(8) 95.9398 96.9349 97.9276
3. s 9.2 s
Cd 100Cd
98.9250 99.9203
16. s 1.1 m
Cd
100.9187
1.2 m
β+/83/5.5 EC/17/
Cd
101.91474
5.8 m
β+/27/2.59 EC/73
0+
Cd
102.91342
7.5 m
β+/33/4.14 EC/67/
5/2+
Cd
103.90985
58. m
EC/1.14
0+
Cd
104.90947
55.5 m
β+/26/2.739
122
99
101
102
103
104
105
121.9233 122.9249 123.9285 124.9305 125.9345 126.9369
11-97
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4878 0.6771 3.2259 0.0674 0.3662 0.3991 0.6264 0.2030 0.5059 0.6978 0.8300 0.9258 0.5059 0.6978 0.8171 1.3231 0.1150 0.3148 0.3537 0.3696 0.5007 1.5105 (0.11 - 2.5)
7/2+
Ag Ag 123Ag 124Ag 125Ag 126Ag 127Ag 128Ag 129Ag 48Cd 96Cd 97Cd 98Cd
122m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
/0.025
4.5
1.69/
5/2+
5/2+
-0.81
-0.8
-0.7393
+0.43
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090-1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31 - 2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1 - 2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 98 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/74/
Cd
106
1.25(6)
Cd
106.90661
107
Cd
108
105.90646
0.89(3)
Cd
Cd Cd
12.49(18)
Cd Cd 113mCd 113Cd 114Cd 115mCd
12.80(12) 24.13(21)
110.904182 111.902758
12.22(12) 28.73(42)
112.904401 113.903359
110
111
115
Cd
116
Cd Cd
7.49(18)
β+,EC
0+
EC/99+/1.417 β+/
5/2+
462.0 d
EC/0.214
5/2+
48.5 m
I.T./
0+ 11/2-
14.1 y 7.7x1015y
β¯/99.9/0.59 β–
0.59/99.9
44.6 d
β¯/1.629
0.68/1.6 1.62/97
114.905431
2.228 d
β¯/1.446
0.593/42 1.11/58
115.904756
2.3×1019 y 3.4 h
β–β– β¯/2.66
117m
0.72/
0+ 11/2-
β¯/2.52
118
Cd Cd
117.90692
50.3 m 2.20 m
β¯/0.52 β¯/
Cd
118.90992
2.69 m
β¨/3.8
≈ 3.5/
1/2+
Cd Cd
119.90985
50.8 s 8. s
β¯/1.76 β¯/
1.5/
0+ 11/2-
Cd
120.9131
13.5 s
β¯/4.9
(3/2+)
Cd Cd
121.9135
5.3 s 1.9 s
β¯/3.0 β¯/
0+
121
122
123m
+0.69
Ag k x-ray 0.08804
11-98
0.67/51 2.2/10
Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454
-0.648426
2.49 h
120
-0.827846
1/2+
116.907219
121m
Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289
-0.594886
Cd
119
+0.68
1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
117
119m
-0.615055
0+
109.903006
111m
112
0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25 - 2.4)
107.90418 108.904985
109
>2.6x1017 y 6.52 h
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
1/2+
0+ 11/2-
-1.087 -0.622301
-0.71
0.2637
-1.042
-0.54
0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780 0.1586 0.5529 0.37 - 2.42 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403
482_Frame_11.020 Page 99 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. Cd 124Cd 123
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
122.91770 123.9177
2.09 s 1.24 s
β¯/6.12 β¯/4.17
0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.27 s 0.20 s 68 ms 0.10 ms
β¯/ β¯/7.16 β¯/5.49 β¯/8.5 β¯/7.1 β¯/5.9 β¯/ p/ p/
β+/8.9 β+,(p)/10.5 β+/7.3 EC/8.9
Cd Cd 126Cd 127Cd 128Cd 129Cd 130Cd 131Cd 132Cd 49In 98In 99In 100In 101In 102In
114.818(3) 97.9422 98.9346 99.9316 100.9266 101.9243
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 6. s 15. s 22. s
In In
102.91991
34. s 1.1 m
In In
103.9183
125m 125
124.92129 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9323 129.9340
103m 103
104m 104
105m
In
In
105
106m
In
In
106
107m
In
106.91029
In
In
108
105.91346
In
107
108m
104.91467
107.90971
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
3+ 0+
0.0365 0.0628 0.1799
3/+ 0+ 3/+ 0+
0.2601 0.247 0.281
0+ /3.5 /60
(5)
0.1566 0.7767 (0.397-0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157-3.98)
β+,EC/6.05 EC
4.2 /45
9/2+
16. s 1.84 m
IT/0.0935 β+,EC/7.9
4.8
5+
43. s
I.T.
5.1 m
β+,EC/4.85
3.7
9/2+
5.3 m
β+/85/ EC/15/
4.90
3+
6.2 m
β+/65/6.52 EC/35/
2.6
7+
51. s
I.T./0.6786
32.4 m
β+/35/3.43 E.C/65/
2.20/
57. m
β+/53/ EC/47/
40. m
β+/33/5.15
+4.44
+0.7
+5.675
+0.83
+4.92
+0.97
9/2+
+5.59
+0.81
1.3
6+
+4.94
+0.47
3.49/
3+
+4.56
+1.01
1/2-
11-99
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
1/2-
ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2 - 2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 100 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/67/
109m
In
In
108.90715
109
110m
110
In
111m
111
In
109.90717
In
In
112m
112
In
In
113m
113
110.90511
111.90553
In
In In
4.29(5)
115
113.904918
95.71(5)
114.903879
116m2
116m1
116
117m
117
In
In
115.905261
In
In
118m2
In
β+/8/2.02 EC/92/
4.9 h
EC/
1.15 h
β+/62/3.88 EC/38/
7.7 m
1/20.79/
9/2+
+5.54
+0.84
7+
+4.72
+1.00
2+
+4.37
+0.35
I.T./0.537
1/2-
+5.53
2.8049 d
EC/0.866
9/2+
+5.50
+0.80
20.8 m
I.T./0.155
4+
14.4 m
β+/22/2.586 EC/34/ β¯/0.663 I.T./0.3917
1+
+2.82
+0.09
1/2-
-0.210
9/2+ 5+
+5.529 +4.65
1+
+2.82
2.22/
112.904062
In
In In
4.2 h
49.51 d
In
115m
I.T./0.650
1.658 h
114m
114
1.3 m
116.90452
1.198 m
I.T./97/0.190 EC/3/ β¯/97/1.989 EC/3/1.453
1.984/
+0.80 +0.74
4.486 h
I.T./95/0.336 β¯/5/0.83
1/2-
-0.255
4.4x1014 y 2.16 s
9/2+ 8-
+5.541 +3.22
+0.81 +0.31
54.1 m
β¯/0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β¯/
/0.023 1.0
5+
+4.43
+0.80
14.1 s
β¯/3.274
3.3/99
1+
2.788
0.11
1.94 h
β¯/53/1.769 I.T./47/
1.77/
1/2-
-0.2517
44. m
β¯/1.455
0.74/
9/2+
+5.52
+0.83
8.5 s
I.T./98/
(8-)
+3.32
+0.44
11-100
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1 - 1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6 - 3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917 In k x-ray 0.19027 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 In k x-ray 0.1624 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 In k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 101 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 118m1
118
119
In
In
119m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
117.90636
In
In
118.90585
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
4.40 m
β¯/2/ β¯/
5.0 s
17.9 m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.3 2.0
5+
+4.23
+0.80
β¯/4.42
4.2/
1+
2.7/
1/2-
-0.32
2.3 m
β¯/97/ I.T./3/0.311 β¯/2.36
1.6/
9/2+
+5.52
+0.85
8-
+3.692
+0.53
+4.30
+0.81
120m2
In
47 s
β–/6.1
120m1
In
46. s
β¯/5.8
2.2/
5+
3.1 s
β¯/5.37
5.6/ 3.1/
(1+)
3.8 m
β¯/99/ I.T./1/0.313
3.7/
1/2-
-0.36
23. s
β¯/3.36
2.5
9/2+
+5.50
+0.81
10. s
β¯/
4.4/
8-
+3.78
+0.59
1.5 s
β¯/6.37
5.3/
(1+)
47. s
β¯/
4.6/
(1/2-)
-0.40
6.0 s
β¯/4.39
3.3/
(9/2+)
+5.49
+0.76
3.4 s
β¯
8-
+3.89
+0.66
In
120
121m
In
In
121
122m
In
121.91028
In
In
123
124m
120.90785
In
122
123m
119.90796
122.91044
In
In
123.91318
3.18 s
β¯/7.36
5/
3+
+4.04
+0.61
In In
124.91360
12.2 s 2.33 s
β¯/ β¯/5.42
5.5/ 4.1/
1/29/2+
-0.43 +5.50
+0.71
124
125m 125
11-101
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1382 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 0.3114 0.7631 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 1.171 1.023 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4 - 2.7) 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 0.2620 0.6573 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3 - 4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350
482_Frame_11.020 Page 102 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 126m
In
In
126
127m
In
In
129m
125.91646
126.91734
In
128
127.92017
In
In
129
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.53 s
In
127
128m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
128.9217
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
4.9/
3+
+4.03
+4.06
1.63 s
β¯/8.21
4.2/
8-
3.73 s
β¯/
6.4/
(1/2-)
1.14 s
β¯/6.51
4.9/
(9/2+)
0.7 s
β¯/
5.4/
(8-)
0.80 s
β¯/8.98
5.0/
3+
1.23 s
β¯/98/ n/2/
≈ 7.5/
1/2-
0.63 s
β¯/7.66
5.5/
9/2+
130m2
In
0.53 s
β¯/
8.8/
5+
130m1
In
0.51 s
β¯/
6.1/
10-
0.29 s 0.3 s
β¯/10.25 β¯/
10.0/
1(21/ 2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)
In In
130
129.92486
131m2
In In
130.9268
0.35 s 0.28 s
β¯/ β¯/9.18
In
131.9323
0.20 s
β¯/13.6
In In 135In 50Sn 100Sn 101Sn 102Sn 103Sn 104Sn 105Sn
132.9383 133.9447
0.18 s 0.14 s
β¯,(n)
118.710(7) 99.9394 100.9361 101.9243 102.9281 103.9232 104.9214
≈ 0.9 s 3. s ≈5s 7. s 21. s 28. s
β+/7.3 β+/9. β+/5.8 β+/7.7 β+, EC/4.5 β+/6.3
Sn
105.91688
2.0 m
β+/20/3.18 EC/80/
131m1 131
132
133 134
106
6.4/ 6.0/ 8.8/
(7-)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+5.52
+0.49
+0.59
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205-2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212 1.9052
0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406 (0.354-2.005)
11-102
3.4/
In-x-ray (0.2879-3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772
482_Frame_11.020 Page 103 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
107
Sn
106.9157
2.92 m
EC/5.0 β+/
1.2/
108
Sn
107.91196
10.3 m
β+/1/2.09 EC/99/
0.36/
0+
109
Sn
108.91129
18.0 m
β+/9/3.85 EC/91/
1.52/
7/2+
Sn
109.90785
4.1 h
EC/0.64
Sn
110.90774
35. m
β+/31/2.45 EC/69/
21.4 m
I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/
115.1 d
EC/1.036
1/2+
I.T./0.3146
0+ 1/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-1.0010
I.T./0.0896
1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-1.0473
110
111
112
Sn Sn
0.97(1)
113
Sn
112.905174
Sn Sn 116Sn 117mSn
0.65(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)
Sn Sn 119mSn
7.68(7) 24.22(9)
Sn Sn 121mSn
8.59(4) 32.59(9)
114 115
117 118
119
120
Sn Sn 123mSn 122
123
Sn
124
Sn Sn
118.903311 119.902199 ≈ 55. y
4.63(3)
120.904239 121.903441
122.905723
5.79(5)
1.128 d
I.T./78/0.006 β¯/22/ β¯/0.388
0.354/ 0.383/100
40.1 m
β¯/1.428
1.26/99
3/2+ 0+ 3/2+
129.2 d
β¯/1.404
1.42/99.4
11/2-
9.51 m
β¯/2.387
2.03/98
0+ 3/2+
123.905275
125m
7/2+
125
Sn
124.907785
9.63 d
β¯/2.364
2.35/82
11/2-
126
Sn
125.90765
2.34x105y
β¯/0.38
0.25/100
0+
4.15 m
β¯/3.21
2.72/
3/2+
127m
Sn
11-103
+0.61
+0.2
0+ 7/2+
116.902955 117.901608 293. d
121
1.5/
113.902783 114.903347 115.901745 13.60 d
+0.3
0+
111.904822
113m
-1.08
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105-1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169
-0.879
-0.9188 -1.396
-0.4
Sn k x-ray 0.15856
0.21
Sn k x-ray 0.02387
-1.388
-0.14
Sn k x-ray 0.03715
0.698
-0.02
-1.370
-1.4
-1.35
+0.03
+0.1
0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2-2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480
482_Frame_11.020 Page 104 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Sn
126.91035
2.12 h
β¯/3.20
Sn Sn
127.91054
6.5 s 59.1 m
IT/0.091 β¯/1.27
Sn Sn
128.9134
6.9 m 2.4 m
β¯/ β¯/4.0
11/23/2+
1.7 m
β¯/
(7-)
3.7 m
β¯/2.15
1.10/
0+
1.02m
β¯/
3.4/
11/2-
39. s 40. s
β¯/4.69 β¯/3.12
3.8/ 1.8/
3/2+
β¯/7.8 β¯/6.8
7.5/
7/2-
Elem. or Isot. 127
Natural Abundance (%)
128m 128
129m 129
130m
130
Sn
Sn
131m
129.91386
Sn
Sn Sn
130.9169 131.91775
Sn Sn 135Sn 136Sn 137Sn 51Sb 103Sb 104Sb 105Sb 106Sb 107Sb 108Sb 109Sb
132.9236 133.9278 134.9347 135.9393 136.946 121.760(1) 102.9401 103.9363 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242 107.9222 108.91814
131 132
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
133 134
1.44 1.04 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s s µs µs µs
>1.5 µs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s ≈ 4.6 s 7.0 s 17. s
β+/10.5 β+/7.9 β+/9.5 β+/6.38 EC/
2.42/ 3.2/
0.48/ 0.63/
Spin (h/2p) 11/2-
(7-) 0+
4.42/ 4.67/ 4.33/
5/2+
Sb
109.9175
24. s
β+/9.0 EC/
6.8/
3+
Sb
110.91254
1.25 m
β+/87/4.47 EC/13/
3.3/
5/2+
112
Sb
111.91240
51.4 s
β+/90/7.06 EC/10/
4.75/
3+
113
Sb
112.90937
6.7 m
β+/65/3.91 EC/35/
2.42/
5/2+
110
111
11-104
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120-2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08 - 3.21) see 131m Sn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985
(0.253-2.154) (0.151-1.280) 0.6645/63 0.9254/100 1.0617/75 0.247-1.495 ann.rad./ 0.6365 0.9847 1.2117 1.2433 ann.rad./ 0.1002 0.1545 0.4891 1.0326 ann.rad./ 0.6700 0.9909 1.2571 (0.3 - 3.6) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 105 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
114
Sb
113.9091
3.49 m
β+/78/5.9 EC/22/
3.4/
3+
1.7
115
Sb
114.90660
32.1 m
β+/67/3.03 EC/33/
1.51/
5/2+
+3.46
1.00 h
β+/78/ EC/22/
1.16/
8-
2.6
116m
Sb
116
Sb
115.90680
16. m
β+/50/4.707 EC/50/
1.3/ 2.3/
3+
2.72
117
Sb
116.90484
2.80 h
β+/2/1.76 EC/98/ EC/99/
0.57/
5/2+
+3.4
8-
2.3
2.65/
1+
2.5
118m
Sb
5.00 h
-0.4
118
Sb
117.905533
3.6 m
β+/74/3.657 EC/26/
119
Sb
118.90395
38.1 h
EC/0.59
5/2+
+3.45
5.76 d
EC/
8-
2.34
15.89 m
β+/41/2.68 EC/59/
1+
+2.3
I.T./0.162
5/2+ 8-
+3.363
4.19 m
2.72 d
β¯/98/1.979 β+/2/1.620
2-
-1.90
+0.9
-0.5
I.T./0.035 I.T./80/ β¯/20/
7/2+ 85+
+2.550
20.3 m 1.6 m
60.20 d
β¯/2.905
3-
1.2
120m
Sb
120
Sb
121
Sb Sb
119.90508
57.21(5)
120.903822
122m
122
Sb
Sb Sb 124m1Sb 123
121.90518
42.79(5)
Sb
1.414/65 1.980/26
122.904216
124m2
124
1.72/
123.905938
11-105
1.2/ 1.7/
0.61/52 2.301/23
-0.4
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3324 0.4980 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.8876 1.2999 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4973 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4073 0.5429 0.9725 1.2935 (0.0998-1.501) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.93180 1.29354 (0.138-3.903) Sn k x-ray 0.1586 Sn k x-ray 0.25368 1.05069 1.22964 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 1.22964 Sn k x-ray 0.0239 Sn k x-ray 0.0898 0.19730 1.02301 1.17121 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.7038 1.17121
-0.4
+1.9
Sb x-ray 0.0614 0.0761 0.56409 0.69277 1.14050 1.2569
0.4984 0.6027 0.6458 1.1010 0.60271/97.8 0.64583/7.4 0.72277/10.5 1.69094/48.2
482_Frame_11.020 Page 106 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 125
Sb
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
124.905247
2.758 y
β¯/0.767
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.13/30 0.302/45 0.62/13
Spin (h/2p) 7/2+
126m2
Sb
11. s
I.T./
126m1
Sb
19.0 m
β¯/86/ I.T./14/
1.9
5+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.63
3-
126
Sb
125.90725
12.4 d
β¯/3.67
1.9
8-
1.3
127
Sb
126.906914
3.84 d
β¯/1.581
0.89/ 1.10/ 1.50/
7/2+
2.70
10.1 m
β¯/96/ I.T./4/
2.6/
5+
9.1 h
β¯/4.38
2.3/
8-
1.3
17.7 m
β¯/
4.40 h
β¯/2.38
0.65/
7/2-
2.82
6.5 m
β¯/2.6
2.12/
128m
128
Sb
129m
129
Sb
Sb
Sb
130m
127.90917
128.90915
Sb
130
Sb
129.91155
38.4 m
β¯/4.96
2.9/
8-
131
Sb
130.9120
23.0 m
β¯/3.20
1.31/ 3.0/
7/2+
2.8 m
β¯/
3.9/
4+
132m
Sb
11-106
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) (0.0274-2.808) 0.0355 0.17632 0.38044 0.42786 0.46336 0.60060 0.63595 L x-ray 0.0227 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.2786 0.4148/83.3 0.6663/99.7 0.6950/99 0.7205 0.2524 0.2908 0.4121 0.4370 0.6857 0.7837 0.3140 0.5941 0.7432 0.7539 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968
482_Frame_11.020 Page 107 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
132
Sb
131.91420
4.2 m
β¯/5.49
133
Sb
132.9152
2.5 m
β¯/4.00
1.20/
7/2+
Sb Sb
133.9206
10.4 s 0.8 s
β¯/ β¯/8.4
6.1 8.4
70-
Sb
134.9252
1.71 s
β¯/8.12
Sb Sb 138Sb 139Sb 52Te 106Te 107Te
135.9301 136.9353 137.9410 138.946 127.60(3) 105.9377 106.9350
108
Te
107.9295
2.1 s
109
Te
108.9275
4.6 s
Te
109.9224
19. s
α/4.32 α/ 70/ β+,EC/10.1 α/68/ β+,EC/32/6.8 β+ EC/96/8.7 α/4/ β+,EC/4.5
Te
110.9211
19.3 s
β+,EC/8.0
(7/2+)
Te
111.9171
2.0 m
β+,EC/4.3
0+
Te
112.9154
1.7 s
β+/85/5.7 EC/15/
Te
113.9125
15. m
β+/40/3.2 EC/60/
0+
6.7 m
β+/45/ EC/55/
(1/2+)
5.8 m
β+/45/4.6 EC/55/
134m 134
135
136 137
110
111
112
113
114
115m
Te
Te
115
114.9116
0.82 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s µs µs µs
0.06 ms 3.1 ms
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8-
7/2+
3.00
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279
β¯/9.3
11-107
3.86(1)/ 3.314(4)/
0+
3.107(4)/ 0+
4.5/
2.7/
(7/2+)
7/2+
ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22 - 2.7)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 108 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Te
115.9084
2.49 h
EC/1.5
Te
116.90864
1.03 h
EC/75/3.54 β+/25/
Te Te
117.90583
6.00 d 4.69 d
EC/0.28 EC/
Te
118.90641
16.0 h
β+/2/2.293 EC/98/
≈ 154. d 16.8 d
I.T.(89%) EC(11%) EC/1.04
119.7 d
I.T./0.247
2.4x1019 y
EC/0.051
58. d
I.T./0.145
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
116
117
118
119m
119
120
Te Te
0.09(1)
Te
120.90494
Te Te
2.55(12)
Te Te 125mTe
0.89(3) 4.74(14)
Te Te 127mTe
7.07(15) 18.84(25)
122
123 124
125 126
127 128
Te Te
129m
122.904271 123.902819
126.905217 127.904462
Te
129
Te
130
Te Te
34.08(62)
9.4 h >0.6×1023 y 33.6 d
I.T./98/0.088 β¯/2/0.77 β¯/0.698 β–β– I.T./63/0.105 β¯/37/
128.906596
1.16 h
β¯/1.498
129.906223
≈2×1021 y 1.35 d
β–β– β¯/78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18
131m
Te
130.908522
25.0 m
β¯/2.233
Te
131.90852
3.26 d
β¯/0.51
55.4 m
β¯/82/ I.T./18/0.334
131
132
133m
Te
0.627/
11-108
1/2+
0+ 11/2-
0.89
1/2+
0.25
0+ 11/2-
0.90
Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731
-0.93
Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1
0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-0.73695
1/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-0.8885
3/2+ 0+
0.64
11/2-
-1.09
3/2+
0.70
0+ 11/2-
-1.04
1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215
3/2+
0.70
2.4/30
11/2-
0.696/
-0.99
-0.06
-1.04
0.42/
0+
Te k x-ray 0.0355
Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603
1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998
1/2+
124.904424 125.903305 109. d
31.74(8)
1.78/
121.903056
123m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+
119.90403
121m
121
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.06
Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121
482_Frame_11.020 Page 109 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
133
Te
132.9109
12.4 m
β¯/2.94
2.25/25 2.65
3/2+
134
Te
133.9116
42. m
β¯/1.51
0+
135
Te
134.9165
19.0 s
β¯/6.0
0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0
136
Te
135.92010
17.5 s
β¯/5.1
2.5/
0+
137
Te
136.9253
2.5 s
6.8
7/2-
137.9292 138.9347 139.9387 140.9444 141.949 126.90447(3) 107.9436 108.9382
1.4 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/98/6.9 n/2/ β¯/6.4
0.04 s 0.11 ms
α/91/4. p
3.95
109.9346
0.65 s
Te Te 140Te 141Te 142Te 53I 108I 109I 138 139
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794-0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873-3.235 0.2436
0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496-1.057 ann.rad./
I
110.9303
2.5 s
β+,EC/83/11.4 α/17/≈3.6 p/11/ β+,E../8.5
112
I
111.9280
3.4 s
β+,EC/10.2
113
I
112.9237
5.9 s
β+,EC/7.6
114
I
113.9219
2.1 s
β+,EC/8.7
115
I
114.9188
1.3 m
β+,EC/6.7
116
I
115.9167
2.9 s
β+/97/7.8 EC/3/
6.7/
1+
117
I
116.9136
2.22 m
β+,EC/4.7
3.2/
(5/2+)
3.1
8.5 m
β+,EC/ I.T.
4.9/
7-
4.2
14. m
β+,EC/7.0
2-
2.0
110
111
I
118m
118
I
I
117.9134
11-109
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
3.457(10)/
5/2+
ann.rad./ 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550-1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052
482_Frame_11.020 Page 110 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 119
Natural Abundance (%)
I
120m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β+/54/3.5 EC/46/
2.4/
(5/2+)
53. m
β+/80/ EC/20/
3.8
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
118.9102
19. m
I
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.9
4.2
120
I
119.91005
1.35 h
β+/56/5.62 EC/
4.03 4.60
2-
1.23
121
I
120.90737
2.12 h
β+/13/2.27 EC/87/
1.2/
5/2+
2.3
122
I
121.90760
3.6 m
β+/4.234 EC/
3.1/
1+
+0.94
123
I
122.905605
13.2 h
EC/1.242
5/2+
2.82
124
I
123.906211
4.18 d
β+/23/3.160 EC/77/
2-
1.44
125
I
124.904624
59.4 d
EC/0.1861
5/2+
2.82
126
I
125.905619
13.0 d
EC/ β+/2.155 β¯/1.258/47
2-
1.44
127 128
129
I I
I
100.
β¯/2.118 EC/1.251
2.13/
5/2+ 1+
+2.8133
25.00 m
128.904988
1.7x107 y
β¯/0.194
0.15/
7/2+
+2.621
9.0 m
I
130
I
129.906674
12.36 h
131
I
130.906125
8.040 d
β¯/0.971
I I
131.90800
1.39 h 2.28 h
IT β¯/14/3.58 I.T./86/
132m 132
11-110
-0.89
1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/
126.904468 127.905805
I.T./83/0.048 β¯/17/ β¯/2.949
130m
1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/
1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.43 - 3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14 - 1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31-1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622
-0.79
-0.55
2+ 1.04/ 0.62
5+
3.35
0.606/
7/2+
+2.742
-0.40
84+
3.09
0.09
0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019
482_Frame_11.020 Page 111 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
133m
133
I
I
134m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
132.90781
I
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
9. s
I.T./1.63
20.8 h
β¯/1.77
3.7 m
I.T./98/0.316 β¯/2/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
19/2-
1.24/85
7/2+
I
133.9099
52.6 m
β¯/4.05
1.2/
4+
135
I
134.91005
6.57 h
β¯/2.63
0.9/ 1.3/
7/2+
47. s
β¯/
4.7/ 5.2/
6-
I
136
I
135.91466
1.39 m
β¯/6.93
4.3/ 5.6/
2-
137
I
136.91787
24.5 s
β¯/5.88
5.0/
(7/2+)
138
I
137.9224
6.5 s
β¯/7.8
6.9/ 7.4/
2-
139
I
138.92609
2.30 s
β¯/6.81 n/
140
I
139.9310
0.86 s
β¯/8.8 n/
140.9351 141.9402 142.9441 143.9496 131.293(6)
0.45 s ≈ 0.2 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/7.8 β¯
I I 143I 144I 54Xe 141 142
11-111
+2.86
8-
134
136m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(3)
2.94
-0.27
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16 - 2.36) 0.3447 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3 - 6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25 - 4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4 - 5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457
482_Frame_11.020 Page 112 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Xe 111mXe 111Xe
109.9445 110.9416
0.2 s 0.9 s 0.7 s
Xe 113Xe 114Xe
111.9357 112.9334 113.9281
3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s
β+/9.2 EC,β+ EC,β+/10.6 α/ EC,β+/7.2 α/0.8/ EC,β+/9.1 β+,EC/5.9
Xe Xe
114.9270 115.9214
18. s 56. s
β+,EC/7.6 β+,EC/4.3
117
Xe
116.9206
1.02 m
β+,EC/6.5
118
Xe
117.917
≈ 4. m
β+,EC/3.
2.7/
0+
119
Xe
118.9156
5.8 m
β+,EC/5.0
3.5/
7/2+
120
Xe
119.91216
40. m
β+,EC/97/1.96 β+/3/
121
Xe
120.91138
39. m
β+/44/3.73 EC/56/
122
Xe
121.9086
20.1 h
EC/0.9
123
Xe
122.90848
2.00 h
β+/23/2.68 EC/77/
124
Xe Xe
123.905895
> 1017 y 57. s
β–β– I.T./0.252
17.1 h
EC/1.653
1.15 m
I.T./0.297
110
112
115 116
0.09(1)
125m
125
Xe
126
Xe Xe
127m
124.906398
0.09(1)
125.90427
11-112
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
3.58(1)/
0+
3.3/
(5/2+) 0+
(5/2+)
-0.594
+1.16
-0.654
+1.31
-0.701
+1.33
0+
2.8/
5/2+
0+ 1.51/
0.47/
1/2+
-0.150
(9/2-)
-0.745
1/2+
-0.269
0+ (9/2-)
-0.884
ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1 - 1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1 - 3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1 - 2.1)
+0.42
Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434
+0.69
Xe k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 113 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
127
Xe
128
Xe Xe
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
126.905179
1.92(3)
Xe Xe 131mXe
26.44(24) 4.08(2)
Xe Xe 133mXe
21.18(3) 26.89(6)
130
131 132
133
Xe
134
Xe Xe
Spin (h/2p)
1/2+
-0.504
8.89 d
I.T./0.236
0+ 11/2-
-0.891
-0.7780
I.T./0.164
1/2+ 0+ 11/2-
2.19 d
I.T./0.233
5.243 d
β¯/0.427
15.3 m
I.T./
134.90721
9.10 h
β¯/1.15
135.90722
β–β– β¯/4.17
4.1/ 3.6/
7/2-
0+
127.903531
128.904780 129.903509
130.905083 131.904155
132.905906
0.346/99
133.905395
135m
0.91/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750
+0.64
Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966
-0.9940
+0.73
Xe k x-ray 0.16398
3/2+ 0+ 11/2-
+0.69186
-0.12
-1.082
+0.77
3/2+
+0.813
+0.14
0+ 11/2-
1.103
+0.62
3/2+
0.903
+0.21
-0.970
-0.49
-0.304
+0.40
+0.010
-0.58
135
Xe
136
Xe
137
Xe
136.91156
>0.8×1021 y 3.82 m
138
Xe
137.91399
14.1 m
β¯/2.77
0.8/ 2.4/
139
Xe
138.91879
39.7 s
β¯/5.06
4.5/ 5.0/
140
Xe
139.9216
13.6 s
β¯/4.1
2.6
0+
141
Xe
140.9267
1.72 s
β¯/6.2
6.2/
5/2+
142
Xe
141.9297
1.22 s
β¯/5.0
3.7/ 4.2/
0+
8.87(16)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/0.662
11.9 d
10.44(10)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
36.4 d
129m
129
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807
0+
11-113
0.45549 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1 - 3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04 - 2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05 - 2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718
482_Frame_11.020 Page 114 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6181 0.6448
Xe Xe 144Xe 145Xe 146Xe 147Xe 55Cs 112Cs 113Cs 114Cs
143m 143
115
142.9352 143.9385 144.9437 145.9473 146.9530 132.90545(2) 111.9503 112.9445 113.9408
β¯ β¯/7.3 β¯/6.1 β¯,(n)
0.5 ms 17. µs 0.58 s
p p β+,EC/11.8
Cs Cs
114.9359
≈ 1.4 s 0.7 s
β+,EC/8.4 β ,EC/
Cs
115.9330
3.8 s
β+,EC/10.8
β+,EC/ β+,EC/7.5 β+,EC/ β+,EC/9.
116m
116
0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Cs Cs 118mCs 118Cs
117.92654
6.5 s ≈ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s
Cs Cs
118.92234
28. s 38. s
Cs Cs
119.92066
117m 117
116.9286
119m 119
120m 120
121m
121
Cs
Cs
122m2 122m1
122
Cs Cs
Cs
123m
120.91718
Cs
121.91614
-0.460
+0.93
0.81 0.96 1+
ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223 ann.rad./
2
5. +3.88
+1.4
β+,EC/6.3
3/2 9/2+
+0.84 +5.5
+0.9 +2.8
60. s 64. s
β+,EC/ β+,EC/7.92
2+
+3.87
+1.45
2.0 m
I.T./60/ β+/40/
(9/2+)
+5.41
+2.7
4.4
2.3 m
β+,EC/5.40
4.38/
3/2+
+0.77
+0.84
4.4 m 0.36 s
β+,EC IT
8-
+4.77
+3.3
21. s
β+,EC/7.1
1.6 s
I.T./
5.8/
(1+)
11/2-
11-114
-0.133
-0.19
ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3 - 3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08 - 0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27 - 2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 115 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
3.0/
1/2+
+1.38
≈ 5.
7+ 1+
+0.673
β+/40/3.09 EC/60/
2.06/
1/2+
+1.41
1.64 m.
β+/81/4.83 EC/19/
3.4 3.7/
1+
+0.78
126.90741
6.2 h
β+/96/2.08 EC/4/
0.65/ 1.06
1/2+
+1.46
Cs
127.90775
3.62 m
β+/68/3.930 EC/32/
2.44/ 2.88/
1+
+0.97
Cs
128.90606
1.336 d
EC/1.195
1/2+
+1.49
Cs Cs
129.90671
3.5 m 29.21 m
51+
+0.629 +1.46
-0.06
Cs 132Cs
130.90546 131.906430
9.69 d 6.48 d
IT,β+,EC β+/55/2.98 EC/43/ β¯/1.6/0.37 EC/0.352 EC/98/ β+/0.3/2.120 β¯/ /1.280
5/2+ 2-
+3.54 +2.22
-0.58 +0.51
7/2+ 8-
+2.582 +1.098
-0.0037 +1.0
4+
+2.994
+0.39
19/2-
+2.18
+0.9
+2.732 +1.32 +3.71
+0.05 +0.7 +0.2
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Cs
122.91299
5.87 m
β+/75/4.20 EC/25/
Cs Cs
123.91225
6.3 s 30. s
IT β+/92/5.92 EC/8/
125
Cs
124.90972
45. m
126
Cs
125.90945
127
Cs
128
129
Elem. or Isot. 123
Natural Abundance (%)
124m 124
130m 130
131
133
Cs Cs
100.
Cs
1.98/
133.906714
2.91 h
I.T./0.139
2.065 y
β¯/2.059
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.089/27 0.658/70
-0.74
-0.68
-0.57
EC/1.22 135m
Cs
53. m
I.T./1.627 β¯/0.269 I.T./ β¯/2.548
0.205/100 0.341/
7/2+ 8 5+
7/2+
+2.84
+0.05
6-
+1.71
-0.40
Cs Cs 136Cs
134.905972 135.907307
2.3x106 y 19. s 13.16 d
Cs
136.907085
30.2 y
β¯/1.176
0.514/95
2.9 m
I.T./75/0.080 β¯/25/
3.3
135
136m
137
138m
Cs
11-115
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964
0.44/1.6
132.905447
134m
134
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115 +1.45 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 Xe k x-ray Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 0.7869 0.8402
0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628
482_Frame_11.020 Page 116 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.43579 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4 - 3.66) 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41 - 3.94) Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05 - 3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17 - 1.98) 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990
138
Cs
137.91101
32.2 m
β¯/5.37
2.9/
3-
+0.700
+0.12
139
Cs
138.913359
9.3 m
β¯/4.213
4.21
7/2+
+2.70
-0.07
140
Cs
139.91727
1.06 m
β¯/6.22
5.7/ 6.21/
1-
+0.13390
-0.11
141
Cs
140.92005
24.9 s
β¯/5.26
5.20/
7/2+
+2.44
-0.4
142
Cs
141.92430
1.8 s
β¯/7.31
6.9/ 7.28
143
Cs
142.92732
1.78 s
β¯/6.24
6.1
(3/2+)
+0.87
+0.47
144
Cs
143.93203
1.01 s
β¯/8.47
8.46/ 7.9/
1
-0.546
+0.30
145
Cs
144.93541
0.59 s
β¯/7.89
7.4/ 7.9/
3/2+
+0.784
+0.6
Cs Cs 148Cs 149Cs 150Cs 151Cs 56Ba 114Ba 115Ba 116Ba 117Ba 118Ba 119Ba 120Ba
145.94024 146.9439 147.9490 148.9527 149.9580 150.9620 137.327(7) 113.9509 114.948 115.9417 116.9377 117.9466 118.931 119.9260
0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms
β¯,(n)/9.38 β¯,(n)/9.3 β¯,(n)/10.5
≈ 9.0
2-
-0.515
+0.22
0.43 s 0.45 s 1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s
β+,(p) β+,(p) β+,(p) β+,(p),EC/8.4 β+, β+,EC/8. β+,EC/5.0
p/20 p/<15 p/3 p/13
(3/2-)
(0.0457-0.364) (0.040-0.156)
0+
Ba Ba 123Ba
120.9245 121.9203 122.9189
30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m
β+,EC/6.8 β+,EC/3.8 β+,EC/5.5
Ba
123.91509
12. m
β+,EC/2.65
ann.rad./ 0.140 (0.075-0.146) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0306 0.0927 0.1161 0.1235 ann.rad./ 0.1695
146 147
121 122
124
11-116
5/2 0+
+0.660
+1.8
-0.68
+1.5
482_Frame_11.020 Page 117 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1888 1.2160
Ba Ba
124.9146
8. m 3.5 m
β+,EC/ β+,EC/4.6
Ba
125.91124
1.65 h
β+/2/1.67 EC/98/
0+
Ba Ba
126.9111
1.9 s 12.9 m
IT β+/54/3.5 EC/46/
7/21/2+
Ba
127.90831
2.43 d
EC/0.52
0+
2.17 h
EC/98/ β+/2/
128.90868
2.2 h
β+/20/2.43 EC/80/
129.90631
>0.5×1015 y 14.6 m
β–β–
0+
I.T./0.187
9/2-
-0.87
11.7 d
EC/1.37
1/2+
0.7081
1.621 d
I.T./0.288
0+ 11/2-
-0.91
10.53 y
EC/0.517
1/2+
0.7717
1.20 d
I.T./0.2682
0+ 11/2-
0.308 s
I.T./2.0305
3/2+ 7-
2.552 m
I.T./0.6617
0+ 11/2-
β¯/2.317
3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
125m 125
126
127m 127
128
129m
Ba
129
Ba
130
Ba
131m
0.106(1)
Ba
131
Ba
132
Ba Ba
130.90693
0.101(1)
Ba
134
Ba Ba
2.417(18)
132.906003
Ba Ba
6.592(12)
Ba Ba
7.854(24)
Ba Ba 139Ba
11.232(24) 71.698(42)
133.904504
135m
135
134.905684
136m
136
135.904571
137m
137 138
1.42/
131.905056
133m
133
4.5 3.4
136.905822 137.905242 138.908836
1.396 h
11-117
2.14/27 2.27/72
1/2+
0.174 +0.18
ann.rad./ 0.0550 0.0776 0.0854 0.1409 Cs k x-ray 0.2179 0.2336 0.2576
-0.723 +0.083
1.6
7/2+
+0.93
+1.6
1/2+
-0.40
ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1148 0.1808 (0.07 - 2.5) Cs k x-ray 0.27344 Cs k x-ray 0.1769 0.1823 0.2023 1.4593 ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1291 0.2143 0.2208
+1.5
Ba k x-ray 0.1085 Cs k x-ray 0.12381/28.4 0.21608/21.3 0.49636/42.9 (0.0549-1.171)
+0.9
Ba k x-ray 0.2761 Cs k x-ray 0.08099 0.35600
-1.00
+1.0
Ba k x-ray 0.2682
+0.838
+0.16 Ba k x-ray 0.8185 1.0481
-0.99
+0.8
+0.9374
+0.245
-0.97
-0.57
Ba k x-ray 0.66164
0.16585 1.2544
482_Frame_11.020 Page 118 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
140
Ba
139.91060
12.75 d
β¯/1.05
141
Ba
140.91441
18.3 m
β¯/3.22
142
Ba
141.91645
10.7 m
β¯/2.212
1.0/ 1.10/
0+
143
Ba
142.92061
14.3 s
β¯/4.24
4.2/
5/2+
144
Ba
143.92294
11.4 s
β¯/3.1
2.4/ 2.9/
0+
145
Ba
144.9269
4.0 s
β¯/4.9
4.9/
(5/2-)
146
Ba
145.9302
2.20 s
β¯/4.12
3.9/
0+
146.9340 147.9377 148.9421 149.9456 150.9507 151.9542 151.9596 138.9055(2) 116.950 117.946 118.941 119.938 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9245
0.892 s 0.64 s 0.36 s 0.3 s >0.15 µs
β¯/5.75 β¯,n/5.11 β¯,(n)/7.3
5.5/
EC,β+/11. EC,β+/≈ 9.7 EC/7. EC/≈ 8.8
(7+)
124.9207
2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m
β+,EC/5.6
11/2-
Ba Ba 149Ba 150Ba 151Ba 152Ba 153Ba 57La 117La 118La 119La 120La 121La 122La 123La 124La 125mLa 125La 147 148
0.48 1.0/ 1.02/ 2.59/ 2.73/
0+
3/2-
126
La
125.9194
1.0 m
β+,EC/7.6
127
La
126.9162
3.8 m
β+,EC/4.7
3/2+
128
La
127.9155
5.0 m
β+/80/6.7
(5-)
11-118
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
-0.34
+0.45
+0.44
-0.88
-0.28
+1.22
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.42033 0.16268 0.30485 0.53727 0.1903 0.2770 0.3042 (0.1 - 2.5) 0.23152 0.25512 0.3090 1.2040 0.1786 0.21148 0.7988 (0.17 - 2.4) La k x-ray 0.10386 0.1566 0.1728 0.3882 0.43048 La k x-ray 0.0918 0.09709 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622
ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.2561 0.340 0.4555 0.6214 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 119 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/20/
La La
128.91267
0.56 s 11.6 m
IT β+/58/3.72 EC/42/
130
La
129.9123
8.7 m
β+/78/5.6 EC/22/
131
La
130.9101
59. m
β+/76/3.0 EC/24/
24. m
I.T./76/ β+,EC/24/
129m 129
La
132m
Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315-2.212) 2.42/
(11/2-) 3/2+
3+
1.42/ 1.94/
3/2+
6-
132
La
131.91011
4.8 h
β+/40/4.71 EC/60/
2.6/ 3.2 3.7/
2-
133
La
132.9084
3.91 h
β+/4/2.2 EC/96/
1.2/
5/2+
134
La
133.90849
6.5 m
β+/63/3.71 EC/37/
2.67/
1+
135
La
134.90697
19.5 h
EC/1.20
136
La
135.9077
9.87 m
β+/36/2.9 EC/64/
137
La La
136.90647 137.907107
6x104 y 1.06x1011 y
EC/0.60
138
0.090(1)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
5/2+ 1.8/
1+
7/2+ 5+
+2.70 +3.7136
+0.2 +0.4
7/2+ 3-
+2.7830 +0.73
+0.20 +0.09
ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1 - 1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965-1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5 - 1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35
La 140La
138.906349 139.909473
1.678 d
β¯/3.762
La La
140.910958 141.91408
3.90 h 1.54 h
β¯/2.502 β¯/4.505
La La 145La 146mLa 146La 147La 148La
142.91606 143.9196 144.9217
14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s
β¯/3.43 β¯/5.5 β¯/4.1 β¯/6.7 β¯/6.6 β¯/5.0 β¯/7.26
139
141 142
143 144
99.910(1)
145.9258 146.9278 147.9322
11-119
1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/
7/2+ 2-
7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 2-
482_Frame_11.020 Page 120 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
La 150La
148.9342 149.9386
1.10 s 0.51 s
La La 153La 154La 155La 58Ce 119Ce 120Ce 121Ce 122Ce 123Ce 124Ce 125Ce 126Ce 127Ce
150.9416 151.946 152.949 153.954 154.958 140.116(1) 118.953 119.947 120.944 121.938 122.936 123.931 124.929 125.9241 126.9228
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Ce
Elem. or Isot. 149
151 152
Natural Abundance (%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s 50. s 32. s
β+,EC/≈8.6 EC/≈5.6 β+,EC/7. EC/4. β+,EC/6.1
127.9189
4.1 m
β+,EC/3.2
Ce
128.9187
3.5 m
β+,EC/5.6
Ce
129.9147
26. m
β+,EC/2.2
5. m
β+,EC/
130
131m
Ce
ann.rad./ (5/2+)
0+
Ce
130.9144
10. m
β+,EC/4.0
Ce
131.9115
3.5 h
EC/1.3
0+
1.6 h
β+,EC/
1/2+
131
132
133m
Ce
2.8/
Ce
132.9116
5.4 h
β+/8/2.9 EC/92/
Ce
133.9090
3.16 d
EC/0.5
0+
20. s
I.T./0.446
11/2-
17.7 h
β+/1/2.026 EC/99/
133
134
135m
Ce
Ce
135
134.90915
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) x-ray (0.097-0.209)
β+,p
129
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
β¯/5.5
1.1 s
128
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
11-120
1.3/
0.8/
9/2-
1/2+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.058-1.148) ann.rad./ (0.023-0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675-1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray (0.047-1.431) ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad./ 0.119 0.169 0.414 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad./ 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad./ La k x-ray 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001
482_Frame_11.020 Page 121 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ce 137mCe
0.19(1)
135.90714
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6068
136
0+ 11/2-
1.0
0.96
1.43 d
I.T./99/0.254 EC/0.8/
9.0 h
β+/1.222
3/2+
56.4 s
I.T./0.7542
0+ 11/2-
138.90665
137.6 d
EC/0.28
3/2+
1.06
139.905435 140.908272
32.50 d
β¯/0.581
0.436/69 0.581/31
0+ 7/2-
1.1
Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0
141.909241 142.912382
1.38 d
β¯/1.462
1.404/ 1.110/47
0+ 3/2-
≈ 1.
Ce
143.913643
284.6 d
β¯/0.319
0.185/20 0.318/
0+
Ce
144.91723
3.00 m
β¯/2.54
1.7/24 1.3
3/2-
Ce
145.9187
13.5 m
β¯/1.04
0.7/90
0+
Ce
146.9225
56. s
β¯/3.29
3.3/
Ce
147.9244
56. s
β¯/2.1
1.66/
149
Ce
148.9283
5.2 s
β¯/4.2
Ce Ce 152Ce
149.9302 150.9340 151.9366
4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s
β¯/3.0 β¯/5.3 β¯/4.4
Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115
Ce Ce 155Ce 156Ce 157Ce 59Pr 121Pr 122Pr 123Pr 124Pr 125Pr
152.9406 153.943 154.947 155.951 156.956 140.90765(2) 120.955 121.952 122.946 123.943 124.9378
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
1.2 s ≈ 3.3 s
β+,EC/12. β+
Ce
136.90778
137
Ce Ce
138
0.25(1)
137.90599
139m
Ce
139
Ce Ce
88.48(10)
Ce Ce
11.08(10)
140 141
142 143
144
145
146
147
148
150 151
153 154
0+
Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472 Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585
0.6 s
126
Pr
125.9353
3.1 s
β+,EC/≈10.4
127
Pr
126.9308
4.2 s
β+/≈7.5
11-121
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170-0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028-0.8949)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 122 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
128
Pr
127.9288
3.0 s
β+,EC/≈9.3
129
Pr
128.9249
32 s
β+,EC/5.8
Pr Pr 131Pr
129.9234
β+,EC/8.1
130.9201
40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m
132
Pr
131.9191
1.6 m
β+,EC/7.1
133
Pr
132.9162
6.5 m
β+,EC/4.3
≈ 11. m
β+,EC/
Elem. or Isot.
130
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
131m
134m
Pr
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β+,EC/5.3
≈5.5
5/2+
134
Pr
133.9157
17. m
β+,EC/6.2
135
Pr
134.9131
24. m
β+,EC/3.7
2.5/
3/2+
136
Pr
135.91265
13.1 m
β+/57/5.13 EC/43
2.98/
2+
137
Pr
136.91068
1.28 h
β+/26/2.70 EC/74/
1.68/
5/2+
2.1 h
β+/24/ EC/76/
1.65/
7-
138m
Pr
2+
138
Pr
137.91075
1.45 m
β+/75/4.44 EC/25/
3.42/
1+
139
Pr
138.90893
4.41 h
β+/8/2.129 EC/92/
1.09/
5/2+
140
Pr
139.90907
3.39 m
β+/51/3.39 EC/49/
2.37/
1+
11-122
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400-1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395-1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06 - 0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059-0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16 - 1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07 - 2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 123 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3069 1.5965
Pr Pr 142Pr 141
100.
140.907648
142m
141.910041
14.6 m 19.12 h
I.T./0.004 β¯/2.162 EC/0.744 β¯/0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β¯/
c.e./ 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/
0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97
Pr Pr
142.910813
13.57 d 7.2 m
144
Pr
143.913301
17.28 m
β¯/2.998
145
Pr
144.91451
5.98 h
β¯/1.81
146
Pr
145.9176
24.2 m
β¯/4.2
147
Pr
146.91898
13.4 m
β¯/2.69
2.0 m
β¯/
143
144m
148m
Pr
148
Pr
147.9222
2.27 m
β¯/4.9
149
Pr
148.92379
2.3 m
β¯/3.40
150
Pr
149.9270
6.2 s
β¯/5.7
2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/
5/2+ 52-
+4.275 2.2 +0.234
+0.030
7/2+ 3-
+2.70
+0.8
0-
7/2+
2-
Pr Pr
150.9283 151.9319
22.4 s 3.2 s
β¯/4.2 β¯/6.7
Pr Pr 155Pr 156Pr 157Pr 158Pr 159Pr 60Nd 125Nd 126Nd 127Nd 128Nd 129Nd
152.9339 153.9381 154.9400 155.944 156.947 157.952 158.955 144.24(3)
4.3 s 2.3 s
β¯/5.5 β¯/7.9
0.6 s
β+,p
125.943 126.941 127.935 128.933
1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s
β+,EC/9. β+,EC/6. β+,EC/8.
Nd Nd
129.929 130.9271
28. s 0.5 m
β+,EC/5. β+,EC/6.6
152
153 154
130 131
11-123
0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247
3/2+
0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19.
4.0/ 3.8/
(4)
4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0
1-
0.3016 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017
(5/2+)
1≈ 5.5
151
-0.08
0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527
4+
0.0726 0.164 0.285
(5/2)
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091-0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09-0.36)
5/2(-)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 124 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Nd
131.9231
1.5 m
β+,EC/3.7
Nd
132.9222
1.2 m
β+,EC/5.6
Nd
133.9187
≈ 8.5 m
β+/17/2.8 EC/83/
Nd Nd
134.9182
5.5 m 12. m
β+/ β+/65/4.8 EC/35/
Nd
135.9150
50.6 m
EC/94/2.21 β+/6/
1.6 s
I.T./0.5196
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
132
133
134
135m 135
136
137m
Nd
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
9/2-
1.04/
β+/40/3.69 EC/60/
Nd
137.9119
5.1 h
EC/1.1
5.5 h
I.T./12/0.231 β+/88/
1.17/
11/2-
1.77/
3/2+
139m
Nd
Nd
138.91192
30. m
β+/25/2.79 EC/75/
Nd Nd
139.90931
3.37 d 1.04 m
EC/0.22 IT/99+/0.756
Nd
140.909605
2.49 h
EC/98/1.823 β+/2/
139
140
141m
141
Nd Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 147Nd 142 143
27.13(12) 12.18(6) 23.80(12) 8.30(6) 17.19(9)
Nd Nd
5.76(3)
Nd Nd
5.64(3)
148 149
150 151
141.907719 142.909810 143.910083 144.912569 145.913113 146.916096
1.7/20 2.40/20
1/2+
-0.63
0+
0.802/
3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/2-
10.98 d
β¯/0.896
0.805/
147.916889 148.920145
1.73 h
β¯/1.691
1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/
149.920887 150.923825
≈1×1019 y 12.4 m
β–β– β¯/2.442
1.2/
0+ 5/2-
0+ (3/2+)
ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11-1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10-0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806 Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15-1.7)
0.91
+0.3
1.01
+0.3
-1.07
-0.60
-0.66
-0.31
0.58
0.9
Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111-0.686
0.35
1.3
Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.06 - 1.6)
0+ 11/2-
2.1x1015 y
11-124
+2.0
11/2-
38. m
138
-0.78
0+
136.9146
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ (0.099-0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06-0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09-1.00)
0+
Nd
137
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806
482_Frame_11.020 Page 125 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Nd
151.92468
11.4 m
β¯/1.1
Nd Nd
152.9280 153.9296
28.9 s 25.9 s
β¯/3.6 β¯/2.8
Nd Nd 157Nd 158Nd 159Nd 160Nd 161Nd 61Pm 128Pm 129Pm 130Pm
154.9334 155.9355 156.9393 157.942 158.946 159.949 160.954
8.9 s 5.5 s
β¯/5.0 β¯/4.1
(0.10 - 1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016 - 0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848
127.948 128.943 129.940
1.0 s
β+,p
Ann.rad.
2.5 s
β+,EC/11.
Pm
130.936
≈ 6.3 s
β+
Pm Pm 134Pm
131.934 132.930 133.9282
6. s 12. s 24. s
β+,EC/10. β+,EC/≈ 7.0 β+,EC/≈ 8.9
Pm Pm
134.9247 135.9235
0.8 m 1.8 m
β+,EC/6.0 β+/89/7.9 EC/11/
11/2(3+)
Pm
136.9206
2.4 m
β+,EC/5.6
(11/2-)
3.2 m
β+/50/≈ 7.0 EC/50/
3.9/
3+
10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m
β+/6.9 IT/ β+/68/4.52 EC/32/
6.1/ 3.52/
1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)
5.87 m
β+/70/ EC/30/
3.2
7/2-
0.1589 0.326-1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 (0.13-0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27 - 2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 ann.rad./
Elem. or Isot. 152
153 154
155 156
131
132 133
135 136
137
138m
Natural Abundance (%)
Pm
Pm Pm 139Pm 138
137.9193
139m
140m
138.91678
Pm
Spin (h/2p) 0+
(5+)
140
Pm
139.91585
9.2 s
β+/89/6.09 EC/11/
5.07/74
1+
141
Pm
140.91359
20.9 m
β+/52/3.72 EC/48/
2.71
5/2+
142
Pm
141.91295
40.5 s
β+/86/4.87
3.8/
1+
11-125
3.
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 126 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/20/
143
Pm
142.910928
265. d
144
Pm
143.912586
360. d
145
Pm
144.912745
146
Pm
145.914693
147
Pm
148m
146.915134
Pm
EC/1.041 β+/<6 x 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+/7x10-6/
5/2+
3.8
5-
1.7
17.7 y
EC/0.163
5/2+
+3.8
+0.2
5.53 y
EC/63/1.472 β¯/37/1.542
0.795/
2.623 y
β¯/0.224
0.224/
7/2+
+2.6
+0.7
41.3 d
β¯/95/2.6 I.T./5/0.137
0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/
6-
1.8
1-
+2.0
3.3
3-
148
Pm
147.91747
5.37 d
β¯/2.47
149
Pm
148.918330
2.212 d
β¯/1.071
0.78/9 1.072/90
7/2+
150
Pm
149.92098
2.68 h
β¯/3.45
1.6/ 2.3/ 1.8/
(1-)
151
Pm
150.92120
1.183 d
β¯/1.187
0.84/
5/2+
15. m 7.5 m
β¯,I.T./ β¯/
Pm Pm
152m2 152m1
(>6) (4-)
152
Pm
151.9235
4.1 m
β¯/3.5
153
Pm
152.92414
5.4 m
β¯/1.90
3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/
2.7 m
β¯/
2.0/
1.9/
154m
Pm
Pm
153.9266
1.7 m
β¯/4.1
Pm Pm 157Pm 158Pm 159Pm 160Pm 161Pm 162Pm
154.9280 155.93106 156.9332 157.9367 158.939 159.943 160.946 161.950
48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 2s
β¯/3.2 β¯/5.16 β¯/4.6 β¯/6.3
154
155 156
11-126
1+ (5/2-)
(5/2-)
+1.8
+0.2
1.9
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25 - 2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14-1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12 - 2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08 - 2.8) (0.05-0.78)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 127 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Pm 62Sm 129Sm 130Sm 131Sm 132Sm 133Sm 134Sm 135Sm 136Sm 137Sm 138Sm
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
≈ 0.55 s
β+,p
1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s 11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m
β+,EC/ β+ β+,EC/≈8.4 β+,EC/5. β+ ,EC/7. β+ ,EC/4.5 β+ ,EC/6.1 β+ ,EC/3.9
10. s
I.T./94/0.457 β+/6/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
129.949 130.946 131.941 132.939 133.934 134.932 135.9283 136.9271 137.9235
Sm
ann.rad./ 5/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+
(11/2-)
1.1
-0.53
4.7
139
Sm
138.9226
2.6 m
β+/75/5.5 EC/25/
4.1/
1/2+
140
Sm
139.9195
14.8 m
β+,EC/3.4
1.9/
0+
22.6 m
β+/32/ EC/68/ I.T./0.3/0.1758
1.6/ 2.19/
11/2-
-0.83
-0.74
141m
Sm
141
Sm
140.91847
10.2 m
β+/52/4.54 EC/48/
3.2/
1/2+
142
Sm
141.91520
1.208 h
β+/6/2.10 EC/94/ IT/99/0.7540
1.0/
0+
2.47/
143m
Sm
143
Sm
144
Sm Sm
145
1.10 m
3.1(1)
8.83 m
β+/46/3.443 EC/54/
143.911996 144.913407
340. d
EC/0.617
1.03x108 y 1.06x1011 y 7x1015 y 1016 y
α/
2.50/
0+
α/
2.23/
7/2-
α/ α/
1.96/
90. y
β¯/0.0768
0.076/
1.929 d
β¯/0.808
0.64/ 0.69/
0+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+
Sm
147
Sm
15.0(2)
146.914894
Sm Sm 150Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm
11.3(1) 13.8(1) 7.4(1)
147.914818 148.917180 149.917272 150.919929 151.919729 152.922094
149
145.913038
26.7(2)
11-127
+1.6
11/2-
142.914624
146
148
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
162.954 150.36(3)
163
139m
Atomic Mass or Weight
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028 (0.27 - 2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07 - 1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565
3/2+
+1.01
+0.4
0+ 7/2-
-1.12
-0.60
-0.815
-0.26
-0.672
+0.075
-0.363
+0.7
0.02154
-0.0216
+1.3
Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29
Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924
482_Frame_11.020 Page 128 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Sm 155Sm
22.7(2)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 0+ 3/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.075-0.714
154
153.922206 154.924636
22.2 m
β¯/1.627
1.52
156
Sm
155.92553
9.4 h
β¯/0.72
0.43/ 0.71/
0+
157
Sm
156.9283
8.0 m
β¯/2.7
2.4/
3/2-
158
Sm
157.9299
5.5 m
β¯/2.0
0+
158.9332 159.9353 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953 151.964(1)
11.3 s 9.6 s ≈4.8 s
β¯/3.8 β¯/3.6
0+
≈26. ms
β+,p
0.5 s 1.5 s ≈ 3.2 s ≈ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s
EC,β+ EC,β+/≈8.7
Sm Sm 161Sm 162Sm 163Sm 164Sm 165Sm 63Eu 131Eu 132Eu 133Eu 134Eu 135Eu 136mEu 136Eu 137Eu 138Eu 139Eu 140mEu 140Eu 141mEu 159 160
141
Eu
142m
131.954 132.949 133.946 134.942 135.940 136.935 137.9335 138.9298 139.9285
140.9244
Eu
40. s
1.1
Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264
p/0.95
7+ 1+ 11/27+
EC,β+/10. EC/≈7.5 EC,β+/≈ 9.2 EC,β+/6.7 EC,β+ EC,β+/8.4 β+/58/ EC/9/ I.T./33/0.0964 β+/81/5.6 EC/15/
5 6
111/2-
5/2+
+3.49
+0.85
1.22 m
β+/83/ EC/17/
4.8/
8-
+2.98
+1.4
β¯/94/7.4 EC/6/ β+/72/5.17 EC/28/
7.0/
1+
+1.54
+0.12
4.1/ 5.1/
5/2+
+3.67
+0.51
142
Eu
141.9231
2.4 s
143
Eu
142.92017
2.62 m
144
Eu
143.91879
10.2 s
β+/86/6.33 EC/13/
5.31/
1+
+1.89
+0.10
145
Eu
144.916263
5.93 d
β+/2/2.660 EC/98/1.71
0.79/
5/2+
+4.00
+0.29
11-128
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09 - 1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937
482_Frame_11.020 Page 129 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Spin (h/2p)
1.47/
4-
+1.42
-0.18
5/2+
+3.72
+0.53
5-
+2.34
+0.35
146
Eu
145.91720
4.57 d
β+/5/3.88 EC/95/
147
Eu
146.916742
24.4 d
EC/99./1.722 β+/0.4/
148
Eu
147.91815
54.5 d
EC/3.11
149
Eu
148.91792
93.1 d
EC/0.692
5/2+
+3.57
+0.75
150
Eu
149.91970
36. y
EC/2.26
5-
+2.71
+1.13
12.8 h
β¯/92/ β+/0.4/ EC/8/
+3.472
+0.90
1.60 h
I.T./0.1478
9.30 h
β¯/72/ EC/28/
1.85/ 0.89/
0-
13.5 y
EC/72/1.874 β¯/28/1.818
0.69/ 1.47/
3-
-1.941
+2.71
+2.41
I.T./≈ 0.16
5/2+ 8-
+1.533
46.1 m
3-
-2.01
+2.8
5/2+
+1.52
+2.4
1+
≈ 1.1
(5/2+)
+1.50
150m
151
Eu
Eu Eu
47.8(15)
Eu
152
Eu
153
Eu Eu
151.921741
52.2(15)
1.013/ 1.24/
150.919846
152m2
152m1
0.92
5/2+ 8-
152.921227
154m
154
Eu
153.922976
8.59 y
β¯/99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717
155
Eu
154.922890
4.76 y
β¯/0.252
156
Eu
155.92475
15.2 d
β¯/2.451
157
Eu
156.92542
15.13 h
β¯/1.36
11-129
0-
0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/
0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41
+2.6
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27 - 2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113 0.19725 0.6776 Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067-2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770 0.3275 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25 - 1.8) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252-1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 130 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
158
Eu
157.9278
45.9 m
β¯/3.5
2.5/
(1-)
+1.44
+0.7
159
Eu
158.92909
18.1 m
β¯/2.51
2.4/ 2.57/
(5/2+)
+1.38
+2.7
160
Eu
159.9315
38. s
β¯/4.1
2.7/ 4.1/
(0-)
Eu Eu 163Eu 164Eu 165Eu 166Eu 167Eu 64Gd 135Gd 136Gd 137Gd 138Gd 139mGd 139Gd 140Gd 141mGd 141Gd 142Gd 143mGd
160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953 157.25(3)
27. s 11. s
β¯/3.7 β¯/5.6
1.1 s
β+
(0.163-0.360)
7. s ≈4.7 s ≈4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m
EC,β+/≈8.8 EC,β+
Gd
142.9266
39. s
β+/82/6.0 EC/18/
Gd
143.9234
4.5 m
β+/45/4.3 EC/55/
1.44 m
I.T./95/0.749 β+/4/5.7
ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104-0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32 - 3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546
Elem. or Isot.
161 162
143
144
145m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
135.947 136.945 137.9400 138.9381 139.934 140.9322 141.9276
Gd
EC,β+/≈7.7 EC/4.8 EC,β+/ β+/7.3 EC,β+/4.2 β+/67/ EC/33/ I.T./
0+ 11/20+ 1/2+ 11/2-
1/2+
3.3/
0+
11/2-
Gd
144.92169
23.4 m
β+/33/5.05 EC/67/
2.5/
1/2+
Gd
145.91831
48.3 d
EC/99.9/1.03 β+/0.2
0.35/
0+
145
146
11-130
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719
482_Frame_11.020 Page 131 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
EC/99.8/2.188 EC/0.2/
0.93/
7/2-
1.0
Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1 - 1.8)
75. y 9.3 d
α/3.27 EC/1.32
3.1828/
0+ 7/2-
0.9
Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465
149.91866 150.920345
1.8x106 y 124. d
α/2.80 EC/0.464
2.73/
0+ 7/2-
0.8
Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432
151.919789 152.921747
241.6 d
EC/0.485
0+ 3/2-
0.4
Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318
0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Gd
146.919090
1.588 d
Gd Gd
147.918111 148.919339
Gd Gd
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
147
148 149
150 151
Gd Gd
152
0.20(1)
153
Gd Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 159Gd
2.18(3) 14.80(5) 20.47(4) 15.65(3) 24.84(12)
Gd Gd
21.86(4)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
153.920862 154.922619 155.922120 156.923957 157.924101 158.926385
18.6 h
β¯ 0.971
0.60/11 0.89/26 0.96/63
159.927051 160.929666
3.66 m
β¯/1.956
1.56/85
0+ 5/2-
Gd
161.930981
8.4 m
β¯/1.39
1.0/
0+
Gd
162.9340
1.13 m
β¯/3.1
163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953 158.92534(2)
45. s 10 s
β¯/2.3 β–
138.948
1.6 s
Tb
139.946
2.4 s
β+,EC/11
Tb Tb 142Tb 143Tb 144mTb 144Tb 145mTb
140.941
3.5 s 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s
β+,EC/≈ 8.3 β+,EC/ β+,EC/10. β+,EC/7.4 IT β+,EC/8.4 β+,EC/≈ 6.6
154 155
160 161
162
163
Gd Gd 166Gd 167Gd 168Gd 169Gd 65Tb 138Tb 139Tb 164 165
140
141
142m
141.939 142.9346 143.9324
11-131
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
-2.59
+1.30
-3.40
+1.36
-0.44
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685
0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355-0.740 40+ 11/251+ 11/2-
ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876
482_Frame_11.020 Page 132 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Tb 146mTb
144.9287
Tb Tb
145.9270
Tb
146.92404
145
146
148m
148
Tb
149m
149
149.92366
Tb
Tb
151
152m
148.923243
Tb
Tb
151m
147.92422
Tb
Tb
150m
150
Tb
Tb
150.923099
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β+,EC/6.5 β+/76/ EC/24/
1/2+ (5-)
≈ 8. s 1.8 m
β+/8.1 β+/35/ EC/65/
1+ 11/2-
1.6 h
β+/42/4.61 EC/58/
5/2+
2.3 m
β+/25/ EC/75/
9+
1.00 h
β+,EC/5.69
2-
4.16 m
EC/88/ β+/12/
11/2-
4.13 h
β+/4/3.636 α/16/
6.0 m
β+/17/ EC/83/
3.3 h
23. s
147m
147
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
+1.70
-1.75
+1.35
β+,EC/4.66
2-
-0.90
25. s
I.T./95/ β+,EC/7/
11/2-
17.61 h
β+/1/2.565 EC/99/
4.3 m
I.T./79/0.5018 EC/21/4.35
0.70/
1/2+
(8+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795
1/2+
11-132
1.8/ 3.97/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+0.92
-0.3
ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120-3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1 - 3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3 - 4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1 - 1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111
482_Frame_11.020 Page 133 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 2.5/ 2.8/
152
Tb
151.92407
17.5 h
β+/20/3.99 EC/80/
153
Tb
152.923433
2.34 d
Tb
Tb
154m2
154m1
Spin (h/2p) 2-
-0.58
+0.3
EC/1.570
5/2+
+3.44
+1.1
23.1 h
EC/98/ I.T./2/
(7-)
0.9
9. h
β+/78/ I.T./22/
(3-)
1.7
+3.
+2.01
+1.41
154
Tb
153.92469
21.5 h
EC/99/3.56 β+/1/
155
Tb
154.92350
5.3 d
EC/0.82
3/2+
Tb
1.02 d
I.T./
(7-)
Tb
5.3 h
I.T./0.0884
(0+)
156m2
156m1
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.86/ 2.45
0-
156
Tb
155.924744
5.3 d
EC/2.444
3-
≈1.7
+2.
157
Tb
156.924021
1.1x102 y
EC/0.0601
3/2+
+2.01
+1.4
10.5 s
I.T./0.11
0-
157.925410
1.8x102 y
EC/80/1.220 β¯/20/0.937
3-
+1.76
+2.7
158.925343 159.927164
72.3 d
β¯/1.835
0.57/47 0.86/27
3/2+ 3-
+2.014 +1.79
+1.43 3.8
Tb
160.927566
6.91 d
β¯/0.593
0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10
3/2+
2.2
+1.2
162
Tb
161.92948
7.6 m
β¯/2.51
1.4
(1/2-)
163
Tb
162.930644
19.5 m
β¯/1.785
0.80/
3/2+
158m
Tb
158
Tb
159
Tb Tb
160
161
100.
11-133
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2 - 2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05 - 1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12 - 2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872 (0.12 - 3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897
482_Frame_11.020 Page 134 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.7/
(5+)
164
Tb
163.9334
3.0 m
β¯/3.9
165
Tb
164.9349
2.1 m
β¯/3.0
166
Tb Tb
165.9380 166.9401
≈ 21 s 19 s
β–/
Tb Tb 170Tb 171Tb 66Dy 139Dy 140Dy 141Dy 142Dy 143Dy 144Dy 145mDy 146mDy 146Dy 147mDy
167.9436 168.946 169.950 170.953 162.50(3)
8s
147
Dy
148
167
168 169
β+,p
0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s
EC,β+/9. EC,β+/7.1 EC,β+/≈ 8.8 EC,β+/≈ 6.2 EC,β+ I.T. EC,β+/5.2 I.T./40/ β+,EC/60/
146.9309
75. s
EC,β+/6.37
Dy
147.92710
3.1 m
β+/4/2.68 EC/96/
149
Dy
148.92734
4.2 m
β+,EC/3.81
150
Dy
149.92558
7.18 m
β+,EC/67/1.79 α/33/ β+/5/2.871 EC/89/ α/6/
151
152
153
Dy
Dy Dy
145.9325
150.926181
151.92472 152.925763
17. m
2.37 h 6.3 h
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648
3/2+
0.057 0.070 0.075-0.227
0.6 s 139.954 140.951 141.946 142.9440 143.9391 144.9365
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/0.60 α/ β+/1/2.171 EC/99/ α/0.01/
11-134
11/210+
1.2/
(11/2-)
-0.66
1/2+
-0.92
+0.7
0+
(7/2-)
-0.12
-0.62
-0.95
-0.30
-0.78
≈-0.15
0+ 4.233/ 7/24.067/
0+ 3.63/ 0.89/ 3.46/
(7/2-)
Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16 - 2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997
482_Frame_11.020 Page 135 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2137 (0.08 - 1.66)
154 155
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
0.06(1)
Dy Dy
0.10(1)
Dy Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy
2.34(6) 18.9(2) 25.5(2) 24.9(2) 28.2(2)
156 157
158 159
160 161
153.92442 154.92575
3.x106 y 9.9 h
α/2.95 β+/2/2.095 EC/98/
155.92428 156.92546
8.1 h
157.924405 158.925736
144. d
2.87/ 0.845/
0+ 3/2-
-0.385
+1.04
Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269
EC/1.34
0+ 3/2-
-0.301
+1.30
Tb k x-ray (0.0609-1.319)
EC/0.366
0+ 3/2-
-0.354
+1.37
Tb k x-ray 0.3262
-0.480
+2.51
+0.673
+2.65
159.925194 160.926930 161.926795 162.928728 163.929171 1.26 m
I.T./98/0.108 β¯/2/
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-
165
Dy
164.931700
2.33 h
β¯/1.286
1.29/
7/2+
166
Dy
165.932803
3.400 d
β¯/0.486
0.40/
0+
167
Dy
166.9357
6.2 m
β¯/≈ 2.35
1.78
(1/2-)
168
Dy
167.9372
8.5 m
β¯/1.6
168.9403 169.9427 170.9465 171.949 172.953 164.93032(2)
≈ 39. s
β¯/3.2
6 ms 8 µs 4.2 ms
p/ p/ β+,p
0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s
β+,EC/12 β+ β+,EC/10.7 β+,EC/8.2 β+,EC/ β+,EC/9.4
(10+) 11/241+
21. s
β+,EC/
11/2-
> 30. s 25. s
β+,EC/6.01 β+,EC/
1/2+ (9+)
Dy Dy 171Dy 172Dy 173Dy 67Ho 140Ho 141mHo 141Ho 142Ho 143Ho 144Ho 145Ho 146Ho 147Ho 148mHo 148Ho 169 170
149m
147.9372
Ho
Ho Ho
149
150m
141.960 142.955 143.952 144.947 145.9440 146.9396
148.93379
0+
-0.52
-3.5
Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray 0.09468 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06 - 1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867
p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71
11-135
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911 ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511
482_Frame_11.020 Page 136 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Ho
150
151m
Ho
Ho
Ho
Half-Life
151.93166
Ho
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+,EC/6.6
47. s
β+,EC/87/ α/13
4.605/
β+,EC/80/5.13 α/20/
4.519/
β+,EC/90/ α/10/
4.453/
β+,EC/88/6.47 α/12/
4.387/
β+,EC/99+/4.12 α/
4.01/
β+,EC/99+/4.13 α/
3.91/
35.2 s
2.4 m
9.3 m
152.93020
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.3 m
50. s
Ho
153
154m
150.93169
Ho
152
153m
149.9326
Ho
151
152m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
2.0 m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(9+)
+5.9
-1.
(3+)
-1.02
+0.1
5/2
+1.19
11/2-
+6.8
-1.1
3.3 m
β+,EC/
(8+)
5.7
-1.0
Ho
153.93060
12. m
β+,EC/5.75
1-
-0.64
+0.2
Ho
154.92908
48. m
β+/6/3.10 EC/94/
(5/2+)
+3.51
+1.5
5.8 m
I.T./0.0352 β+/25/ EC/75/
+2.99
+2.3
154
155
156m
Ho
Ho
156
155.9290
56. m
β+,EC/4.4
11-136
1.8/ 2.9/
(5+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06 - 2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28 - 2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378
482_Frame_11.020 Page 137 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. Ho
157
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
156.92819
12.6 m
β+/5/2.54 EC/95/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Spin (h/2p)
1.18/
7/2-
+4.35
+3.0
+2.44
+1.6
+3.77
+4.1
158m2
Ho
28. m
I.T./44/ EC/56/
2-
158m1
Ho
21. m
β+,EC/
(9+)
11.3 m
β+/8/4.24 EC/92/
8.3 s
IT/0.206
1/2+
33.0 m
EC/1.838
7/2-
+4.28
+3.2
1+ 2-
+2.52
+1.8
5+
+3.71
+4.0
Ho
158
159m
157.92895
Ho
Ho
159
158.927708
Ho Ho
3. s 5.0 h
160m2 160m
Ho
160
161m
Ho
Ho
161
162m
160.927852
Ho
Ho
162
159.92873
161.929092
1.30/
IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35
5+
25.6 m
β+,EC/3.29
6.8 s
IT/0.211
2.48 h
EC/0.859
7/2-
+4.25
+3.2
1.12 h
IT/61/ EC/39/
6-
+3.60
+4.
15. m
EC/96/0.295 β+/4/
1+
11-137
0.57/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06 - 1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807
482_Frame_11.020 Page 138 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
163m
Natural Abundance (%)
Ho
Ho
162.928730
163
164m
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ho
Ho
163.930231
164
Ho Ho
165
100.
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
1.09 s
I.T./0.298
(1/2+)
4.57x103 y 38. m
EC/0.00258
7/2-
I.T./0.140
(6-)
29. m
EC/58/0.987 β¯/42/0.963
1+
1.2x103 y
β¯/
164.930319
166m
Spin (h/2p)
7/27-
Ho
165.932281
1.117 d
β¯/1.855
1.776/48 1.855/51
0-
Ho
166.933127
3.1 h
β¯/1.007
0.31/43 0.61/21 0.96/15 0.97/15
(7/2-)
Ho Ho
167.93550
2.2 m 3.0 m
I.T./ β¯/2.91
2.0/
3+
Ho
168.93687
4.7 m
β¯/2.12
1.2/ 2.0/
(7/2-)
166
167
168m 168
169
170m
Ho
43. s
β¯/
1+
6+
Ho
169.93962
2.8 m
β¯/3.87
Ho Ho
170.941 171.9448
53 s 25. s
β–/ β¯/
172.947 173.951 174.954 167.259(3) 143.961 144.957
0.9 s
β+
170
171 172
Ho Ho 175Ho 68Er 144Er 145Er 173 174
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+4.23
+3.6
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914
+4.17 3.6
+3.49 -3.
Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08 - 2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077-1.186)
11-138
482_Frame_11.020 Page 139 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
148.9425 149.9370
≈ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s
β+ E.C,β+/≈ 9.1 β+,EC/6.8 IT ECβ+/8.1 β+/36/4.11 EC/64/
Er Er
150.9373 151.93500
23. s 10.2 s
153
Er
152.93509
37.1 s
154
Er
153.93278
3.7 m
β+,EC/5.2 β+,EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+,EC/47/4.56 β+,EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+,EC/47/3.84 EC/53/
Er 147Er 148Er 149mEr 149Er 150Er
145.952 146.9494 147.9444
146
151 152
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
11/21/2+ 0+
ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./
7/20+ 4.804/ 4.674 4.35/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
-0.934
-0.42
0.351 (0.0945-1.700) ann.rad./
-0.669
-0.27
-0.412
+0.92
-0.304
+1.17
ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07 - 2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05 - 0.96) Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07 - 1.74)
0+ 4.166/
155
Er
154.93321
5.3 m
156
Er
155.9308
20. m
β+,EC/1.7
0+
157
Er
156.9319
25. m
β+,EC/3.5
3/2-
158
Er
157.93087
2.2 h
EC/99.5/1.78 β+/0.5/
159
Er
158.930681
36. m
β+/7/2.769 EC/93/
3/2-
160
Er
159.92908
1.191 d
EC/0.33
0+
161
Er
160.93000
3.21 h
EC/2.00
3/2-
-0.37
+1.36
162
Er Er
0.14(1)
161.928775 162.93003
1.25 h
EC/1.210
0+ 5/2-
+0.557
+2.55
Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135
Er Er 166Er 167mEr
1.61(2)
10.36 h
EC/0.376
+0.643
+2.71
Ho k x-ray
2.27 s
I.T./0.208
0+ 5/20+ 1/2-
Er Er 169Er
22.95(15) 26.8(2)
β¯/0.351
7/2+ 0+ 1/2-
163
164 165
167 168
33.6(2)
163.929197 164.930723 165.930290
166.932046 167.932368 168.934588
9.40 d
11-139
(7/2-)
0.74/
0.35/≈ 100
0+
Er k x-ray 0.2078 -0.5639 +0.485
+3.57 Tm k x-ray 0.1098
482_Frame_11.020 Page 140 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Er 171Er
14.9(2)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1182
170
169.935461 170.938026
7.52 h
β¯/1.491
172
Er
171.939352
2.05 d
β¯/0.891
173
Er
172.9424
1.4 m
β¯/2.6
174
Er
173.9441
3.1 m
β¯/1.8
174.9479 175.9503 176.954 168.93421(2)
1.2 m
β–
Er Er 177Er 69Tm 145Tm 146mTm 146Tm 175 176
Tm Tm
145.967
146.961
0.4 ms 0.56 s
147.9573
0.7 s
148.9524 149.9494 150.9454
0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s
147m 147
Tm 148Tm 149Tm 150Tm 151Tm 152mTm 152Tm 153Tm 148m
154m
≈3.5 µs 0.21 s 0.06 s
151.9443 152.94203
Tm
3.3 s
154
Tm
153.9407
8.1 s
155
Tm
154.93919
30. s
Tm Tm
156m 156
157
Tm
155.9389
156.9367
19. s 1.40 m
3.6 m
β+,p β+/14. p β+,p EC, β+/85/≈10.7 p/15/ β+,EC/12. β+,EC/≈9.2 β+,EC/≈11.5 β+,EC/7.5 β+,EC/ β+,EC/8.8 β+,EC/10/6.46 α/90/ β+,EC/15/ α/ β+,EC/56/7.4 α/44/ β+,EC/5.58 α/
0+ 5/2-
2.9
0.28/48 0.36/46
(7/2-)
Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08 - 1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100-0.152) (0.0765-1.168)
p/1.118 1.119/ 1.189/ p/1.115 1.052/ ann.rad./ 11/26-
(0.1007-2.177) ann.rad./
9+ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45
ann.rad./ 0.4605-0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067
4.46/
α/ β+,EC/7.6 α/
4.46/
β+,EC/4.5 α/
2.6 3.97/
11-140
0.66
2-
+0.40
1/2
+0.48
4.23/
-0.5
ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1 - 1.58)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 141 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
158
Tm
157.9379
4.0 m
β+,EC/74/6.5 EC/26/
(2-)
+0.04
+0.7
159
Tm
158.9348
9.1 m
β+/23/3.9 EC/77/
5/2+
+3.42
+1.9
Tm Tm
159.9354
1.24 m 9.4 m
IT β+/15/5.9 EC/85/
(5) 1-
+0.16
+0.58
Tm
160.9334
31. m
β+,EC/3.2
7/2+
+2.40
+2.9
24. s
I.T./90/ β+,EC/10/
5+
+0.69
160m 160
161
162m
Tm
162
Tm
161.93394
21.7 m
β+/8/4.81 EC/92/
1-
+0.07
163
Tm
162.93265
1.81 h
EC/98/2.439 β+/1/
1/2+
-0.082
5.1 m
I.T./80/ β+,EC/20/
6-
164m
Tm
164
Tm
163.93345
2.0 m
β+/36/3.96 EC/64/
165
Tm
164.932433
1.253 d
166
Tm
165.93355
7.70 h
1+
+2.38
EC/1.593
1/2+
-0.139
EC/98/3.04 β+/2/
2+
+0.092
11-141
2.94/
+0.71
+2.14
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18 - 2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05 - 1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04 - 2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1 - 3.75)m Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789
482_Frame_11.020 Page 142 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
167
Tm
166.932849
9.24 d
EC/0.748
1/2+
-0.197
168
Tm
167.934171
93.1 d
EC/1.679
3+
+0.23
+3.2
169
Tm Tm
168.934211 169.935798
128.6 d
1/2+ 1-
-0.232 +0.247
-1.2 +0.74
Tm
170.936426
1.92 y
β¯/99.8/0.968 EC/0.2/0.314 β¯/0.096
1/2+
-0.230
172
Tm
171.93840
2.65 d
β¯/1.88
173
Tm
172.93960
8.2 h
β¯/1.298
0.80/21 0.86/71
1/2+
174
Tm
173.94216
5.4 m
β¯/3.08
0.70/14 1.20/83
(4-)
175
Tm
174.94383
15.2 m
β¯/2.39
0.9/36 1.9/23
(1/2+)
176
Tm
175.9471
1.9 m
β¯/4.2
2.0/ 1.2/
(4+)
Tm Tm 179Tm 70Yb 148Yb 149Yb 150Yb 151Yb 152Yb 153Yb 154Yb
176.9490 177.9526 178.9553 173.04(3) 147.967 148.963 149.958 150.9545 151.9502 152.9492 153.9455
1.4 m
β–
1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s
β+/8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7/4.49 α/93/ β+,EC/16/6.0 α/84/ β+,EC/21/3.57 α/79/ β+,EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/
170
171
177
178
155
156
157
158
Yb Yb Yb
Yb
100
154.9456 155.94277 156.9427
157.93986
1.7 s 26. s 39. s
1.5 m
β+,EC/1.9
11-142
0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29
2-
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08 - 1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691
ann.rad./ 5.32/ -0.8
-1.
ann.rad./
5.19/ 0+
ann.rad./
4.69/ -0.64 4.69/ 0+
ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035-0.670) ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 143 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
159
Yb
158.9402
1.4 m
EC,β+/5.1
160
Yb
159.9376
4.8 m
β+,EC/2.0
0+
161
Yb
160.9375
4.2 m
β+,EC/3.9
3/2-
162
Yb
161.9358
18.9 m
β+,EC/1.7
0+
163
Yb
162.9363
11.1 m
β+/26/3.4
164
Yb
163.9345
1.26 h
EC/1.0
165
Yb
164.93540
9.9 m
β+/10/2.76 EC/90/
166
Yb
165.93388
2.363 d
EC/0.30
167
Yb
166.934947
17.5 m
β+/0.5/1.954 EC/99.5/
168
Yb Yb
46. s
I.T./0.0242
0+ 1/2-
32.03 d
EC/0.909
7/2+
4.19 d
β¯/0.470
0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-
11.4 s
I.T./1.051
0.13(1)
Yb
Yb Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 175Yb 170 171
176m
Yb
168.935187
3.05(6) 14.3(2) 21.9(3) 16.12(21) 31.8(4)
169.934759 170.936323 171.936378 172.938207 173.938858 174.941273
11-143
3/2-
-0.37
-.022
-0.33
+1.03
-0.37
+1.24
+0.48
+2.48
+0.62
+2.70
0+
1.58/
(5/2-)
0+
0.639/
167.933895
169m
169
1.4/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2
5/2-
(8-)
-0.63
+3.5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 - 1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 Tm k x-ray 0.1979/35.9 0.0498-0.3078
+0.49367 -0.67989 0.77
+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114 - 0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961
482_Frame_11.020 Page 144 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897
176
Yb Yb
12.7(2)
175.942569
177m
1026 y 6.41 s
β–β– I.T./0.3315
0+ 1/2-
177
Yb
176.945257
1.9 h
β¯/1.399
1.40
9/2+
178
Yb
177.94664
1.23 h
β¯/0.65
0.25/
0+
Yb Yb 181Yb 70Lu 150mLu 150Lu 151mLu 151Lu 152Lu 153Lu 154Lu 155mLu 155Lu
178.9499 179.9523 180.9561 174.967(1)
8. m 2. m
β¯/2.4 β¯
≈0.03 ms 49. ms 16 µs 0.08 s 0.7 s
p/1.295 p p/1.31 p/1.231
154.9542
1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s
155.9529
0.20 s ≈ 0.5 s
β+,EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+,EC/9.5 α/ α β+,EC/94/6.93 α/ β+,EC/99/8.0 α/
179 180
Lu 156Lu
149.973 150.967 151.963 152.959 153.9571
156m
Lu Lu
157m 157
158
Lu
156.95010 157.94984
≈9.6 s 4.8 s 10.4 s
159
Lu
158.9467
12.3 s
β+,EC/6.0
160
Lu
159.94654
36.1 s
β+,EC/7.3
161
Lu
160.9432
1.2 m
β+,EC/5.3
Lu Lu
161.9432
≈ 1.5 m 1.37 m
EC/ β+,EC/6.9
Lu
162.9412
4.1 m
β+,EC/4.6
162m 162
163
11-144
Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028-0.4423
5.66/90 5.57/ ann.rad./ 5.45/ 4.925/ ann.rad./ 5.00/ ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562
4.67/
41-
ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581
482_Frame_11.020 Page 145 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
164
Lu
163.9412
3.14 m
β+,EC/6.3
1.6/ 3.8/
165
Lu
164.9396
10.7 m
β+,EC/3.9
2.06/
Spin (h/2p)
1/2+
166m2
Lu
2.1 m
β+/35/ EC/65/
(0-)
166m1
Lu
1.4 m
β+,EC/58/ I.T./42/0.0344
(3-)
(6-)
166
Lu
165.9398
2.8 m
β+/25/5.5 EC/75/
167
Lu
166.9383
52. m
β+/2/3.1 EC/98/
6.7 m
β+/12/ EC/88/ IT/<0.8
5.5 m
β+/6/4.5 EC/94/
2.7 m
I.T./0.0290
1.419 d
EC/2.293
0.7 s
I.T./0.0929
2.01 d
EC/3.46
Lu
168m
168
Lu
167.9387
Lu
169m
169
Lu
168.93765
Lu
170m
170
Lu
169.93847
11-145
2.1/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7/2+
3+
1.2/
(6-)
1/21.271/
7/2+
4-
2.44/
0+
2.30
3.5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04 - 2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986 ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1024 0.2281 0.3375 0.3679 Yb k x-ray 0.0297 0.2392 (0.03 - 2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1988/190 0.8960/100 0.9792/128 0.018-2.65 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1114 0.1124 0.2286 0.3483 1.4836 Lu L x-ray 0.0290 Yb k x-ray 0.19121 0.9606 (0.08 - 2.1) Lu L x-ray 0.04449 0.0484 Yb k x-ray 0.58711
482_Frame_11.020 Page 146 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Lu
171m
171
Lu
170.937910
Lu
172m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.31 m
I.T./0.0711
8.24 d
EC/1.479
3.7 m
I.T./0.0419
1-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1/20.362/
7/2+
2.30
3.42
172
Lu
171.939082
6.70 d
EC/2.519
4-
2.90
3.80
173
Lu
172.938927
1.37 y
EC/0.671
7/2+
2.28
3.63
142. d
0.17086
6-
1.50
3.3 y
IT/99.3/ EC/0.7/ EC/1.374
1-
1.9
3.66 h
β¯/1.315
1.229/ 1.317/
7/2+ 1-
+2.2327 +0.318
+3.49 -1.47
3.8x1010 y
β¯/1.192
7-
+3.169
+4.92
160.7 d
IT/22/0.9702 β¯/78
23/2-
2.33
5.4
6.75 d
β¯/0.498
7/2+
+2.239
+3.39
23.1 m
β¯/
Lu
174m
174
Lu
173.940334
175
Lu Lu
97.41(2)
Lu
2.59(2)
174.940768
176m
176
175.942683
Lu
177m
177
Lu
176.943755
Lu
178m
0.497/
(9-)
178
Lu
177.945952
28.5 m
β¯/2.099
2.03/
1+
179
Lu
178.94732
4.6 h
β¯/1.405
1.35/
7/2+
180
Lu
179.9499
5.7 m
β¯/3.1
1.49/
181
Lu
180.9518
3.5 m
β¯/2.5
182
Lu
181.9552
2.0 m
β¯/≈ 4.1
Lu Lu 72Hf 154Hf 155Hf
182.9576 183.9612 178.49(2) 153.964 154.963
58. s 20 s
β¯/ β–
2. s 0.9 s
EC,β+/≈ 6.7 EC,β+/8.
183 184
(7/2+)
7/2+
11-146
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5908 1.28029 (0.1 - 3.38) Lu k x-ray 0.07119 Yb k x-ray 0.01939 0.66744 (0.02 - 1.3) Lu L x-rays 0.04186 Yb k x-ray 0.18156 1.09367 (0.07 - 2.2) Yb k x-ray 0.07860 0.27198 Lu k x-ray 0.067055 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419 Hf k x-ray 0.088372 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09 - 1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07-1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182
482_Frame_11.020 Page 147 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
155.9593 156.9581 157.9539
25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
160
Hf
159.95063
≈ 12. s
161
Hf Hf
160.9503 161.94720
17. s 38. s
α/ α/ EC/54/5.1 α/46/ β+,EC/88/6.9 α/12/ β+,EC/97/4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+,EC/3.7
Hf
162.9471
40. s
β+,EC/5.5
Hf Hf 166Hf
163.9536 164.9445 165.9423
2.8 m 1.32 m 6.8 m
EC,β+/3.0 EC/4.6 EC/93/2.3 β+/7/
167
Hf
166.9426
2.0 m
β+/40/4.0 EC/60/
(5/2-)
168
Hf
167.9406
25.9 m
β+,EC/1.8
0+
169
Hf
168.9412
3.25 m
EC/85/3.3 β+/15/
(5/2-)
170
Hf
169.9397
16.0 h
EC/1.1
0+
Hf Hf
170.9405
30. s 12.2 h
EC,β+/2.4
(1/2-) 7/2+
172
Hf
171.93946
1.87 y
EC/0.35
0+
173
Hf
172.9407
23.6 h
EC/1.6
1/2-
174
Hf Hf
173.940042 174.941504
2.0x1015 y 70. d
EC/0.686
0+ 5/2-
Hf 157Hf 158Hf 156
159
162
163
Hf
158.9538
164 165
171m 171
175
0.162(3)
5.6 s
11-147
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ 5.27/ ann.rad./ 5.09/ 0+
ann.rad./
0+
ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710 0.6882
4.60/
11/2ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144-1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207 +0.53 -0.67
+3.46
ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818-0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1 - 2.1)
-0.60
+2.7
Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340
482_Frame_11.020 Page 148 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Hf 177m2Hf
5.206(5)
175.941403
176
Hf
177m1
177
Hf Hf
18.606(4)
Hf
178m1
Hf Hf
27.297(4)
Hf
179m1
Hf Hf
13.629(6)
181
Hf Hf
35.100(7)
182m
I.T./2.740
0+ 37/2-
1.1 s
I.T./
23/2+
31. y
I.T./
7/216+
4.0 s
I.T./
8-
25.1 d
I.T./1.1057
0+ 25/2-
18.7 s
I.T./0.375
1/2-
5.52 h
I.T./1.1416
9/2+ 8-
42.4 d
β¯/1.027
0.408/
62. m
β¯/54/1.60 IT/46/1.173
0.49/43 0.95/10
178.945815
180m
180
51.4 m
177.943698
179m2
179
Half-Life
176.943220
178m2
178
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
179.946549 180.949099
Hf
Spin (h/2p)
0+ 1/2-
8-
182
Hf
181.95055
9.x106 y
β¯/0.37
183
Hf
182.95353
1.07 h
β¯/2.01
1.18/68 1.54/25
3/2-
184
Hf
183.95545
4.1 h
β¯/1.34
0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46
0+
184.9588 185.9609 180.9479(1)
≈3.5m ≈2.1 m
β¯/
12 µs 0.11 s
p/1.77 β+/≈11.6
Hf Hf 73Ta 155Ta 156Ta 185 186
155.972
11-148
0+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851
+0.7935 +8.2
+0.337 +6.0
7.4
-0.641 +9.
Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 (0.0889-0.5742) Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141
+3.79 +4.6
Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432 Ta k x-ray 0.13294 0.48200 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704 Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738
482_Frame_11.020 Page 149 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
157
Ta
156.968
10 ms
158
Ta
157.9664
37. ms
159
Ta
158.9629
0.6 s
160
Ta
159.9615
1.4 s
Ta
161
Ta Ta 164Ta 162 163
160.9584 161.9564 162.9544 163.9536
2.9 s 4. s 10.6 s 14.2 s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) p/ α/ p/ α/ β+,EC/20/8.5 α/80/ β+,EC/10.1 α β+,EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6 EC/6.8 β+/8.5 α/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.02/≈100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55
ann.rad./ 5.41/ ann.rad./ 5.15
3+
31. s 34. s
ECβ+/5.9 β+/82/7.7 EC/18/
Ta Ta
166.9486 167.9478
1.4 m 2.4 m
β+,EC/5.6 β+/77/6.7 EC/23/
169
Ta
168.9459
4.9 m
β+,EC/4.4
170
Ta
169.9461
6.8 m
β+/70/6.0 EC/35/
(3+)
Ta
170.9445
23.3 m
β+,EC/3.7
(5/2-)
172
Ta
171.9447
36.8 m
β+/25/4.9 EC/75/
(3-)
173
Ta
172.9446
3.6 h
β+/24/3.7 EC/76/
(5/2-)
174
Ta
173.9442
1.12 h
β+/27/3.8 EC/73/
(3+)
175
Ta
174.9437
10.5 h
EC/2.0
7/2+
167 168
171
11-149
ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768
4.62/
164.9508 165.9505
166
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./
Ta Ta
165
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
3+
1.70
-1.9
2.27
+3.7
ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05 - 1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 - 2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09 - 3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487
482_Frame_11.020 Page 150 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
176
Ta
175.9447
8.1 h
EC/3.1
1-
177
Ta
176.944472
2.356 d
EC/1.166
7/2+
2.4 h
EC/
(7-)
177.9458
9.29 m
EC/99/1.9 β+/1/
1+
+2.74
+0.65
178.94593
1.8 y >1.2x1015 y 8.15 h
EC/0.110
7/2+ (9-)
2.29 4.82
3.37
Elem. or Isot.
178m
Ta
178
Ta
179
Ta Ta
180m
180
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
0.012(2)
Ta
Ta Ta
181
179.947466
99.988(2)
EC/87/0.854 β¯/13/0.708
15.8 m
I.T./0.5198
2.25
1+
7/2+ 10-
+2.370
182
Ta
181.950152
114.43 d
β¯/1.814
0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40
3-
+3.02
183
Ta
182.951373
5.1 d
β¯/1.070
0.45/5 0.62/91
7/2+
+2.36
184
Ta
183.95401
8.7 h
β¯/2.87
1.11/15 1.17/81
(5-)
185
Ta
184.95556
49. m
β¯/1.99
1.21/5 1.77/81
(7/2+)
186
Ta
185.9586
10.5 m
β¯/3.9
2.2/
(3-)
Ta Ta 74W 158mW 158W 159W 160W 161W
186.9604 187.9637 183.84(1) 157.974 158.972 159.9684 160.9671
0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s
8.28(3)/ 6.433/96
W
161.9626
1.39 s
α α/ α/ α/ β+,EC/18/8.1 α/82/ β+,EC/54/5.8 α/46/
187 188
162
11-150
5.92/
0+
5.78/ 0+ 5.54/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07 - 1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09316 Hf k x-ray
Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340
0.61/3 0.71/10
180.947996
182m
Spin (h/2p)
+3.3
+2.6
Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085-1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09-1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09 - 1.5)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 151 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
163
W
162.9624
2.8 s
164
W
163.95890
6. s
165
166
167 168
W
164.9583
W
165.95502
W W
166.9547 167.9519
5.1 s 16. s 20. s 53. s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) β+,EC/59/7.5 α/41/ β+,EC/97/5.0 α/3/ β+,EC/99/7.0 α/1/ β+,EC/99/4.2 α/1/ EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10¯5/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
0+
ann.rad./ 4.91/ 0+
4.40(1)
1.3 m
EC/5.4
170
W
169.9485
2.4 m
EC/2.2
171
W
170.9494
2.4 m
EC/4.6
172
W
171.9474
6.6 m
β+,EC/2.5
173
W
172.9489
6.3 m
EC/4.0
174
W
173.9462
35. m
EC/1.9
0+
175
W W
174.9468 175.9456
35. m 2.5 h
EC/2.9 β+,EC/0.8
1/20+
177
W
176.9466
2.21 h
EC/2.0
(1/2-)
178
W W
177.9459
21.6 d 6.4 m
0+ (1/2-)
179
W
178.94707
38. m
EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06
(7/2-)
180
W W
0.120(1)
179.946706 180.94820
7.4x1016 y 121.2 d
α/ EC/0.188
0+ 9/2+
W W
26.498(29)
181.948205
8.3x1018 y 5.15 s
α/ I.T./
0+ (11/2+)
182
183m
11-151
ann.rad./
4.74/
168.9518
181
ann.rad./
5.15/
W
179m
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
5.38/
169
176
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755 (0.037-0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097-0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060-0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052-0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034-0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035-0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056-0.429) (0.015-0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221 W k x-ray 0.0465
482_Frame_11.020 Page 152 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605
183
W
14.314(4)
182.950224
1.9x1018 y
α/
1/2-
184
W W
30.642(8)
183.950932
4.0x1018 y 1.6 m
α/ I.T./0.1974
0+ 11/2+
184.953420 185.954362 186.957158
74.8 d 6.5x1018 y 23.9 h
β¯/0.433 α/ β¯/1.311
185m
W W 187W 185 186
28.426(37)
0.433/99.9 0.624/66 1.315/16 0.081-1.18 0.349/99
3/20+ 3/2-
188
W
187.958487
69.4 d
β¯/0.349
189
W
188.9619
11.5 m
β¯/2.5
1.4/ 2.5/
(3/2-)
W W
189.9632
0.3 ms 30. m
β¯/1.3
0.95/
0+
Re Re
186.207(1) 159.981
0.7 ms
Re
160.978
14 ms
Re
161.9757
0.10 s
p/ α/ α/ p α/
Re
162.9721
0.26 s
1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66
Re
163.9704
0.9 s
Re
164.9671
2. s
Re
165.9651
2.5 s
Re 167Re
166.9626
6.2 s 3.4 s
Re
167.9616
4.4 s
190m 190
75
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167m
168
169m
Re
8.1 s
β+,EC/9.0 α/ β+,EC/10.7 α/ β+,EC/87/8.1 α/ β+,EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+,EC/7.4 α/ β+,EC/9.1 α/ α
Re Re
168.9588 169.9582
16. s 9.2 s
β+, EC/9.0
Re Re
170.9555
15.2 s 55. s
EC/≈ 5.7 β+,EC/
Re
171.9553
15. s
β+,EC/7.3
Re
172.9531
2.0 m
EC/≈3.9
169 170
171
172m
172
173
11-152
0+
+0.117784 8 W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536 0.62
Re k x-ray 0.68572/33 0.134-0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 (0.1262-1.466)
Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621
5.78/ 5.51/ 5.50/
5.015/ 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/
0.1117
0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)
ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 153 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Re
173.9521
2.4 m
β+,EC/5.6
Re Re
174.9514 175.9516
5.8 m 5.3 m
β+,EC/4.3 β+,EC/5.6
Re
176.9503
14. m
EC/78/3.4 β+/22/
Re
177.9509
13.2 m
β+/11/4.7 EC/89/
3.3/
(3)
Re
178.9500
19.7 m
EC/99/2.71 β+/1/
0.95/
(5/2+)
2.8
Re
179.95079
2.45 m
EC/92/3.80 β+/8/
1.76/
1-
1.6
Re
180.95006
20. h
EC/1.74
5/2+
3.19
12.7 h
EC/
2+
3.3
+1.8
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
174
175 176
177
178
179
180
181
182m
Re
Spin (h/2p)
(3+)
(5/2-)
0.55/ 1.74/
Re
181.9512
2.67 d
EC/2.8
(7+)
2.8
+4.1
Re
182.95082
70. d
EC/0.56
(5/2+)
+3.17
+2.3
165. d
I.T./75/0.188 EC/25/
8+
+2.9
38. d
EC/1.48
3-
+2.53
+2.8
+2.18
I.T./0.150
5/2+ 8+
+3.1871
2.0x105 y 3.718 d
β¯/92/1.070 EC/8/0.582
1-
+1.739
182
183
184m
Re
Re
183.95252
184
Re Re
185
37.40(2)
184.952955
186m
Re
186
185.954986
11-153
0.973/21 1.07/71
+0.62
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07 - 2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06 - 2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10 - 1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1 - 1.4) Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5
482_Frame_11.020 Page 154 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Re 188mRe
62.60(2)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
186.955751
4.4x1010 y 18.6 m
β¯/0.00266 I.T./0.172
0.0025/
5/2+ (6-)
+3.2197
Re
187.958112
16.94 h
β¯/2.120
1.962/20 2.118/79
1-
+1.788
Re
188.959228
24. h
β¯/1.01
1.01/
(5/2+)
3.0 h
β¯/51/ I.T./49/
187
188
189
190m
Re
(6-)
Re
189.9618
3.0 m
β¯/3.2
1.8/
Re Re 76Os 162Os 163Os 164Os 165Os 166Os
190.96312 191.9660 190.23(3) 161.984 162.982 163.9779 164.9765 165.9718
9.7 m 16. s
β¯/2.05 β¯/4.2
1.8/ ≈ 2.5/
1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s
6.60 6.51
Os
166.9714
0.7 s
α/ α/ α α β+,EC/28/6.3 α/72/ β+,EC/76/8.2 α/24/ β+,EC/51/5.7 α/49/ β+,EC/89/7.7 α/13/
190
191 192
167
Os
167.96775
2.2 s
Os
168.9671
3.3 s
Os
169.96357
7.1 s
168
169
170
Os
170.9630
8.4 s
Os
171.9601
19. s
171
172
Os
172.9598
16. s
Os
173.9563
44. s
173
174
β+,EC/5.0 α/ β+,EC/98/7.1 α/19/ β+,EC/99/4.5 α/1.1/ β+,EC/6.3 α/0.4/ β+,EC/3.9 α/0.02/
Spin (h/2p)
6.27/ 5.98/
(2-)
0+
ann.rad./ 0+ 5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 0+ 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 0+ 5.10/ 4.94/ 0+ 4.76/
β+,EC/5.3
Os
175.9550
3.6 m
β+,EC/3.2
0+
Os
176.9551
2.8 m
β+,EC/4.5
(1/2-)
11-154
ann. rad./ ann.rad./
1.4 m
177
ann. rad./
5.84/
174.9570
176
(0.63-0.77) +2.07 Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309-2.022 0.1471 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1 - 1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2-0.75)
Os
175
+0.57
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ (0.162-0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190-0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063-1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142-0.299 0.118 0.138/ 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958
482_Frame_11.020 Page 155 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Os
177.9534
5.0 m
β+,EC/2.3
Os
178.9539
7. m
β+,EC/3.7
Os
179.9524
21.5 m
β+,EC/1.5
0+
1.75 h
EC/
(1/2-)
178
179
180
181m
Os
0+
Os
180.9532
2.7 m
EC/2.9
(7/2-)
Os
181.95219
21.5 h
EC/0.9
0+
9.9 h
EC/84/ I.T./16/
1/2-
182.9531
13. h
EC/2.1
9/2+
183.952491 184.954043
93.6 d
EC/1.013
0+ 1/2-
2.x1015 y
α/
181
182
183m
Os
Os
183
Os Os
0.020(3)
Os Os
1.58(10) 1.6(1)
185.953838 186.955748
Os Os
13.3(2)
187.955836
Os Os
16.1(3)
Os Os
26.4(4)
184 185
186 187
188
189m
189
190
Os
190.960928
192m
Os
Os Os
192 193
41.0(3)
191.961479 192.964148
0+ 1/2-
5.8 h
I.T./0.0308
0+ 9/2-
9.9 m
I.T./1.705
3/2+ 10-
13.1 h
I.T./0.0744
0+ 3/2-
15.4 d
β¯/0.314
6.0 s
I.T./2.0154
30.5 h
β¯/1.141
189.958445
191m
191
≈ 2.75/
188.958145
190m
11-155
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.140/100
-0.79
+3.1
+0.06465 19 Os L x-ray 0.0308 +0.65993 -0.6
9/2-
0+ 3/2-
0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202-0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07 - 2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818 Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805
+0.86 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161
+2.5
(10-)
1.04/20
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+0.730
+0.47
Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201-1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389
482_Frame_11.020 Page 156 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Os
193.965179
6.0 y
β¯/0.097
Os Os
194.9681 195.96962
6.5 m 34.9 m
β¯/2.0 β¯/1.16
0.3 ms
1.71 6.72 6.56 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.41/80 1.24/0.4 6.35/48 1.04/32
Elem. or Isot. 194
195 196
Ir Ir 165Ir 77
Natural Abundance (%)
0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429
0+
0+
0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9
192.217(3)
164
Ir
166.9817
35. ms
Ir Ir 169Ir 170Ir 171Ir 172Ir
167.9799 168.9764 169.9743 170.9718 171.9706
0.16 s 0.3 s 0.6 s 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.1 s
p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48,β+ p/32 α/80,β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/
173
Ir
172.9677
3.0 s
α/
5.665/
174
Ir
173.9668
4. s
α/
5.478/
175
Ir Ir
174.9641 175.9635
≈ 4.5 s 8. s
5.393/
177
Ir
176.9612
30. s
178
Ir
177.9601
12. s
α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+,EC/6.3
166m
166
167
Ir
Ir
167m
164.9876
15 ms 165.9855
Ir
168
30 ms
169m
176
≈ 11 ms
179
Ir
178.9592
4. m
EC/4.9
180
Ir
179.9593
1.5 m
EC/6.4
181
Ir
180.9576
4.9 m
β+,EC/4.1
182
Ir
181.9582
15. m
β+/44/5.6 EC/56/
183
Ir
182.9568
57. m
β+,EC/3.5
184
Ir
183.9574
3.0 h
β+/12/4.6 EC/88/
185
Ir
184.9566
14. h
β+/3/2.4
11-156
6.11/84 6.00/50 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/
0.228 (0.379-0.475) 0.0493 (0.092-0.296) 0.1587 (0.276-1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135-0.415) 0.184 (0.062-0.194)
5.118/ 5.011/
(7/2+)
2.3/ 2.9/
5-
0.70
+2.41
(5/2-)
2.60
-2.1
0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045-0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132-1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196-1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 157 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/97/
186m
Ir
1.7 h
EC/
(2-)
0.64
+1.46
3.9
-2.55
186
Ir
185.95795
15.7 h
EC/98/3.83 β+/2/
(5+)
187
Ir
186.95736
10.5 h
EC/1.50
3/2+
188
Ir
187.95885
1.72 d
β+/2.81 EC/99+/
189
Ir
188.95872
13.2 d 3.09 h
Ir
190m2
Ir Ir
190m1 190
191m
189.9606
Ir
Ir Ir 192m1Ir 191
37.3(5)
Ir
193m
193
191.962602
Ir
Ir Ir
62.7(5)
Ir
195m
Ir
0.30
+0.48
EC/0.53
3/2+
0.13
+0.88
(11-)
1.12 h 11.8 d
β+,EC/95/ I.T./5/ I.T./0.0263 EC/2.0
7+ (4+)
0.04
+2.8
4.93 s
I.T./0.1714
11/2-
+0.603
I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580
3/2+ (9+) (1+)
+0.151
241. y 1.44 m
73.83 d
β¯/1.460
(4-)
+1.92
+2.15
10.53 d
I.T./0.0802
11/2+0.75
β¯/
3/2+ 11
+0.164
170. d
19.3 h
β¯/2.247
1.92/9 2.25/86
1-
+0.39
3.9 h
β¯/
0.41/ 0.97/
(11/2-)
192.962923
194m
194
(2-)
190.960591
192m2
192
1.13/ 1.64/
193.965075
+0.94
11-157
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13 - 3.0) Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376 Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2 - 1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294
+0.82
+0.34
Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1 - 2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6
482_Frame_11.020 Page 158 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 195
Ir
196m
196
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
194.965976
2.8 h
β¯/1.120
1.40 h
β¯/
52.s
β¯/3.21
8.9 m
Ir
Ir
195.96838
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/
(3/2+)
2.1/15 3.2/80
0-
197
Ir
196.96964
5.8 m
β¯/ I.T./ β¯/2.16
198
Ir
197.9723
8. s
β¯/4.1
167.9880
0.3 ms 0.7 ms 2.0 ms
α/ α/ α
7.11/ 6.99/ 6.83
Pt Pt
168.9864 169.9816
3. ms 14 ms
α α
6.55
Pt Pt 173Pt
170.9811 171.97730 172.9765
0.03 s 0.10 s 0.34 s
Pt
173.97281
0.89 s
α α/ β+,EC/8.2 α/ β+,EC/17/5.6 α/83/ β+,EC/65/7.6 α/35/
197m
Ir
Ir Pt 166Pt 167Pt 168Pt 199 78
169 170
171 172
174
175
176
Pt
Pt
174.9723
175.9690
2.5 s
6.3 s
β+,EC/60/5.1 α/40/
Pt
176.9685
11. s
EC/91/6.8 α/9/
178
Pt
177.9649
21. s
EC/93/4.5 α/7/
179
Pt
178.9653
33. s
180
Pt
179.9632
52. s
182
Pt Pt
(11/2-) 1.5/ 2.0/
(3/2+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 See Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070
198.97378 195.078(2)
177
181
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
180.9632 181.9613
51. s 2.7 m
β+,EC/5.7 α/ β+,EC/99.7/3.7 α/0.3/ β+,EC/5.2 β+,EC/2.9
11-158
6.31/94
0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62 0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214-0.726 0+
6.20/ 0+ 6.040/ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128
5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 0+ 5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6
ann.rad./ 0.2277 0.0908
0+ 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 5.16/ 0+ 5.140/ 0+
ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100
482_Frame_11.020 Page 159 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 183m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pt
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
43. s
β+,EC/ I.T./
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) (7/2-)
183
Pt
182.9617
7. m
β+,EC/4.6
184
Pt
183.9599
17.3 m
β+,EC/2.3
Pt Pt
184.9607
33. m 1.18 h
β+,EC/ β+,EC/3.8
1/2(9/2+)
186
Pt
185.95943
2.0 h
β+,EC/1.38
0+
187
Pt
186.9607
2.35 h
β+,EC/3.1
3/2
188
Pt
187.95940
10.2 d
EC/0.51
0+
189
Pt
188.96083
10.9 h
β+,EC/1.97
190
Pt Pt
0.01(1)
189.95993 190.961684
4.5x1011 y 2.96 d
Pt Pt
0.79(6)
185m 185
191
192
Pt Pt 195mPt 193 194
Pt Pt 197mPt 195 196
197
Pt
198
Pt
32.9(6)
33.8(6) 25.3(6)
192.962984 193.962663
7.2(2)
+0.51
-0.41
-1.2
3/2-
0.43
-1.1
EC/1.02
0+ (3/2-)
0.50
-0.9
4.33 d
I.T./0.1498
0+ 13/2+
-0.75
60. y
EC/0.0566
4.02 d
I.T./0.2952
1.590 h
I.T./97/ β¯/3/
18.3 h
β¯/0.719
197.967875
(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+
+0.60
1/20+ 13/2+
+0.6095
1/2-
0.51
0+
11-159
-0.61
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058-1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058-1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484
+4.5
194.964774 195.964934
196.967323
1.0
+0.54 -0.80
191.961035
193m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09 - 1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays
+1.4
Pt k x-ray 0.0989
Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688
482_Frame_11.020 Page 160 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 199m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pt
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
13.6 s
I.T./0.424
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 13/2+
199
Pt
198.970576
30.8 m
β¯/1.70
200
Pt
199.97142
12.5 h
β¯/≈0.66
0+
201
Pt
200.9745
2.5 m
β¯/2.66
(5/2-)
Pt Au 171Au
201.9757 196.96655(2) 170.9918
1.8 d
Au Au 173Au 174Au 175Au 176Au
171.9901
202 79
172
173m
172.9864 173.9842 174.9817 175.9803
1.0 ms 4 ms 12 ms 0.020 s 0.12 s 0.20 s 1.2 s
p/46 α/54 α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+,EC/10.5 α/
Au
176.9772
1.2 s
α/
Au Au 180Au
177.9760 178.9732 179.9724
2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s
α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/
181
Au
180.9700
11.4 s
182
Au
181.9686
21. s
EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+,EC/6.9 α/0.13/
183
Au
182.9676
42. s
Au Au
183.9675
48 s 21. s
177
178 179
184m 184
185m
185
Au
6.8 m
Au
184.9657
4.3 m
Au Au
185.9659
< 2. m 10.7 m
Au Au
186.9646
2.3 s 8.3 m
186m 186
187m 187
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.90/18 1.14/14
Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/4.9 0.49375/5.7 0.5430/14.8 (0.055-1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 0.440
(5/2-)
1.44/100 7.00 6.86 6.732 6.672
6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50
0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597
5.482/
EC/5.5 α/0.8/
+1.97
EC,β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+,EC/ I.T./0.145 β+,EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+,EC/ β+,EC/6.0 α/8(10)-4/
(2+) (5+)
+1.44 +2.07
+1.9 +4.7
(5/2-)
+2.17
-1.1
3-
-1.26
+3.1
IT β+,EC/3.60
9/21/2+
+0.54
11-160
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13 - 1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)
ann.rad./ 0.1915 ann.rad./ 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152
482_Frame_11.020 Page 161 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
188
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
190
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Au
187.9651
8.8 m
β+,EC/5.3
(1-)
-0.07
Au Au
188.9642
4.6 m 28.7 m
β+,EC/ EC/96/3.2 β+/4/
11/21/2+
+6.19 +0.49
Au
189.96470
43. m
β+/2/4.44 EC/98/
1-
-0.07
0.9 s
I.T./0.2663
11/2-
6.6
3/2+
+0.137
+0.72
1-
-0.011
-0.23
189m 189
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
191m
Au
191
Au
190.96365
3.2 h
EC/1.83
192
Au
191.96481
4.9 h
β+/5/3.52 EC/95/
3.9 s
I.T./0.2901
11/2-
6.2
+1.98
3/2+
+0.140
+0.66
1-
+0.076
-0.24
193m
Au
2.19/ 2.49/
193
Au
192.96413
17.6 h
EC/1.07
194
Au
193.96534
1.64 d
β+/3/2.49 EC/97/
30.5 s
I.T./0.3186
11/2-
6.2
+1.9
186.12 d 9.7 h
EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954
3/2+ 12-
+0.149 5.7
+0.61
8.1 s 6.18 d 7.8 s
I.T./0.0846 EC/92/1.506 I.T./0.4094 β¯/8/0.686
8+ 211/2-
+0.591 +6.0
0.81 +1.7
+0.55
I.T./0.812
3/2+ (12-)
+0.14575
2.30 d
2-
+0.5934
+0.64
3/2+
+0.2715
+0.51
12-
5.9
195m
195
Au
Au Au
194.965017
196m2
Au Au 197mAu
196m1
195.966551
196
197
Au Au
100.
196.966551
198m
198
Au
197.968225
2.694 d
β¯/1.372
199
Au
198.968748
3.14 d
β¯/0.453
18.7 h
β¯/84/1.0
200m
Au
1.49/
11-161
0.290/1 0.961/99 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088-1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790 Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 Au k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 162 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
I.T./16/
Au
199.97072
48.4 m
β¯/2.24
0.7/15 2.2/77
1-
Au Au 203Au 204Au
200.97165 201.9738 202.97515 203.9783
26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s
β¯/1.28 β¯/3.0 β¯/2.14 β¯/4.5
1.27/82
3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)
Au Hg 172Hg 173Hg 174Hg 175Hg 176Hg 177Hg 178Hg
204.9796 200.59(2)
31. s
β¯/
≈0.25 ms 0.9 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 0.13 s 0.26 s
α α α α α α EC/50/6.1 α/50/ EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/
200
201 202
205 80
174.9912 175.98733 176.9863 177.98248
Hg
178.9818
1.09 s
Hg
179.9783
2.6 s
179
180
Hg
180.9778
3.6 s
β+ EC/74/≈7.3 α/26/
Hg
181.9739
10.8 s
β+,EC/85/5.0 α/15/
181
182
Hg
183
Hg
184
182.9744
183.9719
9. s
30.9 s
β+,EC/77/6.3 α/ β+,EC/99/4.1 α/1/
21. s
β+,EC,IT,α/
184.9720 185.9695
51. s 1.4 m
Hg 187Hg
186.9698
1.7 m 2.4 m
β+,EC/95/5.8 β+,EC/3.3 α β+,EC/ β+,EC/4.9
Hg
187.9676
3.2 m
β+,EC/2.3
185m
Hg
Hg Hg
185 186
187m
188
11-162
≈ 1.9/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084-0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077-1.570) (0.027-0.732) 0.4396 (0.04-0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38 - 1.33)
7.35 7.21 7.07 6.74/94 0+ 6.43/ 6.29/ 0+ 6.12/33 5.69/.03 (1/2-)
+0.507
0+ 5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 1/2-
+0.524
5.83/ 5.91/ 0+ 5.54/1.3 5.07/2 x 10-3 5.37/
13/2+
-1.02
1/20+
+0.509
13/2+ 3/2-
-1.04 -0.594
+0.2
5.09/0.02
0+
+0.5 -0.8
0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.1289 0.2168 0.4126 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.0915 0.1265 0.1560 0.2362 0.211 0.292 (0.02 - 0.55) 0.1119 0.2518 See Hg[187] 0.1034/32. 0.2334/100. 0.2403/33. 0.27151/31. 0.3763/38. 0.5254/30. (0.10-2.18) 0.0988
482_Frame_11.020 Page 163 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
189m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Hg
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
α
4.61
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8.6 m
EC/
13/2+
-1.06
+0.7
-0.6086
-0.8
Hg
188.9687
7.6 m
EC/4.2
3/2-
Hg
189.9663
20.0 m
EC/1.5
0+
51. m
β+/6/ EC/94/
13/2+
-1.07
+0.6
-0.62
-0.8
189
190
191m
Hg
Hg
190.9671
50. m
β+,EC/3.2
(3/2-)
Hg
191.9653
5.0 h
EC/≈0.5
0+
11.8 h
β+,EC/91/ I.T./9/0.2901
13/2+
-1.05843
+0.92
191
192
193m
Hg
Hg
192.96664
3.8 h
EC,B+/2.34
3/2-
-0.6276
-0.7
Hg Hg
193.96538
520. y 1.67 d
EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/
0+ 13/2+
-1.04465
+1.1
Hg
194.96664
9.5 h
EC/1.51
1/2-
193
194
195m
195
+0.54147 5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08 - 2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07 - 1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1 - 1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798
Hg Hg
196
0.15(1)
195.965814
197m
Hg
196.967195
197
23.8 h
I.T./(93)/0.2989
0+ 13/2+
2.672 d
EC/0.600
1/2-
I.T./0.532
0+ 13/2+
-1.02768
+1.2
+0.52737 4
Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735
Hg 199mHg 198
Hg
199
9.97(8)
197.966752 42.6 m
16.87(10)
198.968262
1/2-
11-163
-1.014703 +0.50588 5
+1.2
Hg k x-ray 0.15841
482_Frame_11.020 Page 164 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Hg 201Hg 202Hg 203Hg
23.10(16) 13.18(8) 29.86(20)
200
Hg Hg
204 205
Hg
206
Hg Hg 81Tl 177mTl 207 208
6.87(4)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
46.61 d
β¯/0.492
0.213/100
0+ 3/20+ 5/2-
203.973475 204.976056
5.2 m
β¯/1.531
1.33/4
0+ 1/2-
205.97750
8.2 m
β¯/1.31
0.935/34 1.3/63
206.9825 207.9859 204.3833(2)
2.9 m 0.7 h
β¯/4.8 β¯
0.23 ms
p/51 α/49 α/73 P/27
176,9969
0.017 s
Tl Tl
177.9952
≈0.2 s 1.7 ms
Tl Tl
178.9917 179.9912
0.2 s 1.5 s
α α α α
Tl Tl 182Tl
180.9869 181.9856
1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s
α α β+, EC/10.9
Tl Tl 184Tl
182.9826 183.9818
0.06 s 5. s 11. s
α β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/
178
179m
179 180
181m 181
183m 183
185m
Tl
Tl Tl 186Tl 185
1.8 s 184.9791
186m
185.9776
Tl Tl 188mTl
186.9762
Tl
187.9759
187m 187
188
189m
Tl
Tl
189
Spin (h/2p)
199.968309 200.970285 201.970625 202.972857
Tl
177
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
188.9743
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.560226
+0.39
+0.8489
+0.34
+0.6010
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2 - 1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502
0+
(9/2+) 0.474
/7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100 0.351 (0.26 - 0.41) 9/21/2+
0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840
6.16/
20. s 4. s 28. s
I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+,EC/7.5
15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m
I.T./≈ 0.33 β+,EC/6.0 β+,EC/
(9/2+) 1/2+ (7+)
+3.8 1.6
1.2 m
β+,EC/7.8
(2-)
+0.48
+0.13
1.4 m
β+,EC/
(9/2-)
+3.878
-2.29
2.3 m
β+,EC/5.2
(1/2+)
11-164
(9/2-) 6.01
-2.4
0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129 0.5043 0.5921 See Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422
482_Frame_11.020 Page 165 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 190m
Tl
Tl
190
191m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
189.9738
Tl
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Spin (h/2p)
3.7 m
β+,EC/
4.2/
(7+)
+0.495
+0.29
2.6 m
β+,EC/7.0
5.7/
(2-)
+0.25
-0.33
5.2 m
β+,EC/(98)/
(9/2+)
+3.903
-2.3
10.8 m
β+,EC/
(1/2) (7+)
1.59 +0.518
0.46
Tl Tl
190.9723
Tl
191.972
9.6 m
β+,EC/6.4
(2-)
+0.20
-0.33
Tl Tl
2.1 m 22. m
I.T./(75)/ β+,EC/3.6
(9/2-) (1/2+)
+3.948 +1.591
-2.2
192.9706
32.8 m
β+/(20)/≈0.30 EC/(80)/
(7+)
+0.540
+0.61
34. m
β+,EC/5.3
2-
0.140
-0.28
3.6 s
I.T./0.483
9/2-
1.16 h
EC/97/2.8 β+/(3)/
1/2+
+1.58
1.41 h
β+,EC/95/4.9
(7+)
0.55
+0.76
1.84 h
β+/(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/
2-
+0.072
-0.18
0.54 s
IT/53/0.608 β+,EC/47/
9/2-
191
192m
192
193m 193
194m
Tl
Tl
194
195m
Tl
Tl
195
196m
194.9697
Tl
Tl
196
197m
193.9711
Tl
195.9705
11-165
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.3955 0.4282 0.6363 Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13 - 2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353 0.6954 (0.08 - 1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03 - 2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872
482_Frame_11.020 Page 166 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Tl
197
198m
2.83 h
β+/(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/
1/2+
+1.58
1.87 h
β+,EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347
7+
+0.64
197.9405
5.3 h
EC,β+/(1)/3.5
Tl
198.9698
7.4 h
EC/1.4
Tl
199.97095
1.087 d
EC/2.46
Tl
200.97080
3.040 d
Tl
201.97209
12.23 d
199
200
201
202
Tl
203
29.524(14)
Tl Tl
205
206m
Tl
3.78 y
205.976095
Tl
Spin (h/2p)
2-
1/2-
+1.60
2-
0.04
EC/0.48
1/2+
+1.605
EC/1.36
2-
0.06
1/2+
+1.62225 8 0.09
1.07/ 1.44/
β¯/97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347
0.763/97
204.974412
Tl
206
207m
70.476(14)
1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/
202.972329 203.973848
204
21/2+
3.76 m
I.T./2.644
4.20 m
β¯/1.533
1.3 s
I.T./1.350
1.53/99.9
011/2-
206.97741 207.982004
4.77 m 3.053 m
β¯/1.423 β¯/5.001
1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51
1/2+ (5+)
Tl
208.98535
2.16 m
β¯/3.98
1.8 /100
(1/2+)
Tl
209.99006
1.30 m
β¯/5.48
1.3/25 1.9/56
(5+)
Pb
207.2(1)
208
209
210
11-166
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23 - 2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11 - 2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957
Hg k x-ray
+1.63821 5
12-
Tl Tl
207
82
196.96954
Tl
198
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Tl
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
+1.88 +0.29
Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12 - 1.33) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788
482_Frame_11.020 Page 167 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Pb 180Pb 181Pb 182Pb 183Pb 184Pb 185Pb
180.9967 181.99268 182.9919 183.9882 184.9876
≈0.2 ms 5 ms 0.05 s 55 ms 0.3 s 0.48 s 4.1 s
α/ α/ α α/ α/ α/
Pb
185.9835
5. s
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
178
186
187m
187
188
Pb
Pb
Pb
186.9839
187.9811
β+,EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/
18.3 s
EC/7.2 α/7
6.08/
188.9809
51. s
190
Pb
189.9782
1.2 m
EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/ EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/
2.2 m
β+,EC/
191
Pb
190.9782
1.3 m
β+,EC/5.5
192
Pb
191.9758
3.5 m
β+,EC/≈3.4 α/.006/
193m
193 194
Pb
Pb Pb
195m
192.9761 193.9740
Pb
1/2+ 0+
(1/2-)
0+ 5.98/<10 5.61/<0.1 5.58/ 0+ 5.58/
13/2+
≈ 2. m 11. m
EC/5.2 β+,EC/2.7 α β+/(8)/ EC/(92)/
3/2 0+
194.976
≈ 15. m
β+,EC/5.8
196
Pb
195.9727
37. m
β+,EC/2.1
11-167
+0.085
-1.15
+0.19
0+
13/2+
Pb
-1.17
5.11
β+,EC/
195
0.0674 0.2080 0.2755 0.2995 0.4487 0.7477 0.1930 0.3314 0.3435 0.3934 0.1850 0.7582
13/2+
5.8 m
15. m
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
β+,EC/ α/12
Pb
Pb
6.63/ 6.34/ 6.40/ 6.48/
15.2 s
23. s
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7.25 7.07 6.90
6.32/ 6.34/<100 6.01/<0.2 5.99/ 6.19/
189
191m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
4.64 13/2+
0+
-1.132
+0.30
ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.1415 0.1512 0.9422 ann.rad./ 0.3871 0.6135 0.7122 ann.rad./ 0.9368 ann.rad./ 0.1675 0.6082 1.1954 ann.rad./ 0.3650 0.3922 ann.rad./ 0.2036 ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.3836 0.3942 0.8784 ann.rad./ 0.3836 0.3937 0.7776 Tl k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 168 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
197m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pb
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
43. m
EC/79/ β+/2/ IT/19/0.3193
13/2+
-1.104
+0.38
-1.075
-0.08
-1.074
+0.08
197
Pb
196.9734
≈ 8. m
EC/97/3.6 β+/3/
(3/2-)
198
Pb
197.9720
2.4 h
EC/1.4
0+
12.2 m
IT/93/0.4248 β+,EC/(7)/ EC/(99)/2.9 β+/(1)/
13/2+
199m
Pb
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
199
Pb
198.9729
1.5 h
200
Pb
199.97182
21.5 h
EC/0.81
0+
1.02 m
I.T./0.6291
13/2+
9.33 h
EC/1.90
5/2-
+0.675
-0.009
3.53 h
IT/90/2.170 β+/10/
9-
-0.228
+0.58
+0.686
+0.10
+0.712
+0.23
201m
201
Pb
202m
202
Pb 200.97285
Pb
Pb Pb
201.97214
5.3x104 y 6.2 s
EC/0.05 I.T./0.8252
0+ 13/2+
Pb
202.97338
2.1615 d
EC/0.98
5/2-
1.12 h
I.T./2.185
9-
1.51x107 y
EC/0.0512
0+ 5/2-
0.80 s
I.T./1.632
0+ 13/2+
206.975880 207.976636 208.981075 209.984174
SF β¯/0.644 β¯/0.0635
1/20+ 9/2+ 0+
+0.59258
>2x1019 y 3.25 h 22.6 y
-1.474
-0.3
210.988732
36.1 m
α β¯/1.37
(9/2+)
-1.404
+0.09
203m
203
204m
Pb
Pb Pb
1.4(1)
Pb Pb
24.1(1)
Pb Pb 209Pb 210Pb
22.1(1) 52.4(1)
204 205
206
203.973028 204.974467 205.974449
207m
207 208
211
5/2-
Pb
11-168
0.645/100 0.017/81 0.061/19 3.72 0.57/5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2531 0.5021 Tl k x-ray 0.3079 0.3877 0.7743 (0.2 - 2.2) Tl k x-ray 0.3755 0.3858 0.7611 Tl k x-ray 0.1734 0.2903 0.3654 Pb k x-ray 0.4255 Tl k x-ray 0.3534 0.7202 1.1350 (0.22 - 2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.14763 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 Tl k x-ray 0.33120 0.36131 (0.11 - 1.8) Pb k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.42219 0.78700 0.96271 Tl L x-ray Pb k x-ray 0.8203 0.8252 Tl k x-ray 0.279188 Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.91175 Tl L x-ray
Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310
0.40486
482_Frame_11.020 Page 169 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.36/92
212
Pb
211.991887
10.64 h
β¯/0.574
213
Pb Pb
212.9966 213.999797
10.2 m 26.9 m
β¯/2.1 β¯/1.0
214
Pb Bi 185Bi
208.98038(2) 184.9977
0.04 ms
Bi
185.9965
10 ms
p/86 α/14 α
187
Bi Bi
186.9935
≈ 8. ms 32. ms
α/12 α/7
Bi Bi 189Bi 190Bi
187.9922
186
187m
188
188.9895 189.9875
7.0 ms 0.68 s 5. s
Bi 191Bi
190.9861
0.12 ms 12. s
Bi
191.9854
40. s
189m
191m
192
193m
Bi
Bi
193
Bi
194
0+
0.67/48 0.73/42
0+
3.2 s 192.9837 193.9828
1.11 m 1.8 m
α α α β+,EC/(10)/8.7 α/(90)/ α β+,EC/(60)/7.3 α/(40)/ β+,EC/(80)/9.0 α/(20)/ β+,EC/ α/ β+,EC/40/7.1 α/(60)/ β+,EC/99.9/8.2 α/0.1/
7.16 7.26 7.00/88.3 7.61/8.0 7.37/3.7 7.30
6.45/ 6.87 6.32/ 6.06/ 1/2+ 6.48/ 9/2+ 5.91/ (10-)
196
Bi
195.9806
5. m
Bi Bi 198Bi
196.9789 197.9790
5. m 7.7 s 11.8 m
β+,EC/5.2 I.T./0.2485 β+,EC/6.6
1/2+ (10-) (7+)
198.9776
24.7 m 27. m
β+,EC/ β+,EC/4.3
9/2-
Bi
Bi
195
197
1.45 m 194.9811
198m
Bi Bi
199m 199
Bi k x-ray 0.24192 0.29509 0.35187
1.59
β+,EC/(94)/ α/(6)/ β+,EC/99.8/5.8 α/(0.2) EC/≈7.4
195m
0.42700 0.83186 (0.09 - 1.27) Bi k x-ray 0.23858
36 s
215 83
0.28/83 0.57/12
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
2.9 m
11-169
0.1661 0.1740 0.2802 0.421 0.5754 0.9650
6.11/ 3/25.45/ 0.1376 0.3720 0.6880 1.0486
4.6
0.2485 0.0900 0.1976 0.5624 1.0635 ann.rad./ 0.7203 0.8374 0.8417 0.9460
482_Frame_11.020 Page 170 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
200m
Natural Abundance (%)
Bi
Bi
199.9781
200
201m
Atomic Mass or Weight
Bi
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β+,EC/
(2+)
36. m
EC/(90)/5.9 β+/(10)/
7+
59.1 m
I.T./0.846 β+,EC/ EC/3.84
(1/2+) 9/2-
4.8
5+
+4.26
-0.72
9/2-
+4.02
-0.69
200.97697
1.8 h
Bi
201.97768
1.72 h
β+/(3)/5.16 EC/(97)/
Bi
202.97687
11.8 h
EC/99.8/3.25 β+/(0.2)/
202
203
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
31. m
Bi
201
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
1.35/
Bi
203.97779
11.2 h
EC/4.44
6+
+4.32
-0.43
Bi
204.97737
15.31 d
EC/2.71
9/2-
+4.07
-0.59
Bi
205.97848
6.243 d
EC/3.76
6+
+4.36
-0.39
Bi
206.978456
35. y
EC/2.399
9/2-
4.08
-0.6
Bi
207.979727
3.68x105 y
EC/2.880
5+
4.63
-0.64
3.0x106 y
α/
9/29-
+4.111 +2.73
-0.37 -0.47
1-
-0.0445
+0.136
204
205
206
207
208
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0528 1.3056 (0.12 - 3.2) 0.2453 0.4198 0.4624 1.0265 ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.4198 0.4623 1.0265 Bi k x-ray 0.8464 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 0.9357 1.0138 (0.13 - 2.4) ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.57860 0.92734 (0.08 - 3.5) Pb k x-ray 0.1865 0.8203 0.8969 1.8475 (0.1 - 2.9) Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.98409 Pb k x-ray 0.70347 1.76435 Pb k x-ray 0.51619 0.80313 0.88100 Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310 Pb k x-ray 2.61435
Bi 210mBi 209
208.980384
Bi
209.984105
5.01 d
β¯/1.163
Bi
210.98726
2.14 m
α/(99.7)/ β¯/(0.3)/0.58 β¯/ α/(93)/
210
211
100.
212m2 212m1
Bi Bi
7. m 25.0 m
11-170
4.420(3)/0.29 4.569(3)/3.9 4.584(3)/1.4 4.908(4)/39 4.946(3)/55 1.16/99 6.279/16 6.623/84 6.300/40
9/2(15-) (9-)
Tl k x-ray 0.2661 0.3052 0.6502 0.2661 0.3.52 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 0.120
482_Frame_11.020 Page 171 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Bi
212
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
211.991271
Half-Life
1.009 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β¯/(7)/
6.340/53
β¯/(64)/2.254 α/(36)/
Bi
212.99437
45.6 m
β¯/(98)/1.43 α/(2)/
Bi
213.99870
19.7 m
β¯/3.27
Bi
215.0018
7.7 m
β¯/2.3
Bi
216.0062
2.3 m
β¯/4.0
97 s
β/
0.4 ms
α
5 ms
α
192.9911 193.9883
2.4 ms 0.10 s 22 ms 34. ms 0.24 s 0.45 s 0.39 s
α/ α α/ α/8.5 α/ α/ α/
194.9881 195.9855
1.9 s 4.6 s 5.8 s
α/ α/ α/(95)/ β+,EC/(5)/≈4.6 α/(84)/ β+,EC/(16)/ α/(44)/ β+,EC/(56)/6.2 α/(70)/ β+,EC/(30)/4.0 β+,EC/(51)/ α/(39)/
213
214
215
216
Bi Po 188Po 217
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(1-)
+0.32
+0.1
9/2-
+3.72
-0.60
6.051/25 6.090/9.6
1.02/31 1.42/66 5.549/0.16 5.869/2.0
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.233 0.275 0.404 0.727 Tl k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2881 0.72725 0.78551 1.62066 Po k x-ray 0.4404 (0.15 - 1.328) 1.10006 0.60931 1.12027 1.76449 (0.19 - 3.2) 0.2937 (0.27 - 0.835) 0.5498 0.4192
84
189
Po
Po Po 191Po 192Po 193mPo 193Po 194Po 190
189.9951
191m
Po Po 196Po
190.9947 191.9915
195m 195
197m
Po
25.8 s
197
Po
196.9856
53. s
198
Po
197.9834
1.76 m
199m
199
200
Po
Po
Po
4.2 m
198.985
199.9817
5.2 m
11.5 m
7.92 7.35 7.54 7.25 7.32 7.53 7.38 7.33 7.17 7.00 6.95 6.84/93 6.19/0.22 6.70/ 6.61/ 6.52/94 5.77/0.02 6.385(3)/55
13/2+
6.282(4)/76
(3/2-)
6.18/57 5.27/7.6x10-4
0+
0+
13/2+ 6.059/24
β+,EC/(88)/7. α/(12)/
5.952/7.5
β+,EC/85/3.4 α/(15)/
5.863/11.1
11-171
0+
(3/2-)
0+
0.99
ann.rad./ 0.2745 0.4998 1.0020 Bi k x-ray 0.1877 0.3616 1.0214 1.0344 0.14748 0.32792
482_Frame_11.020 Page 172 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
201m
201
202
Po
Po
Po
203m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
8.9 m
200.9822
201.9807
Po
15.3 m
45. m
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β+,EC/(57)/ IT/40/0.418 α/(3)/
5.786/≈3.
β+,EC/98/4.9 α/(2)/
5.683(3)/1.1
β+,EC/98/2.8 α/(2)/
5.588/1.9
β+,EC/4.2
204
Po
203.98031
3.53 h
EC/2.34 α
205
Po
204.98117
1.7 h
β+,EC/3.53
206
Po
205.98047
8.8 d
EC/(95)/1.85 α/(5)/
0.94
0+
0+
5/2-
5/2-
5.80 h
EC,β+/2.91
208
Po
207.981231
2.898 y
α/5.213
209
Po
208.982415
102. y
α/4.976
210
Po
209.982857
138.4 d
α/5.407
25.2 s
α/
11-172
+0.17
+0.79
+0.28
0+
19/2-
206.98158
+0.76
5.223/5.5
I.T./1.383
Po
+0.74
5.377/0.66
2.8 s
207
Po
3/2-
5/2-
35. m
211m
1.00
13/2+
202.9814
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
13/2+
IT/96/0.6414 β¯ EC/(4)/
Po
Po
Spin (h/2p)
1.2 m
203
207m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
4.233/0.0002 5.1158/100 4.624/0.56 4.879/99.2 4.516/0.001 5.304/100 7.273/91 7.994/1.7
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6176 0.6709 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2726 0.4123 0.4179 0.9670 Bi k x-ray 0.2056 0.2250 0.8483 0.9048 0.0410 0.1656 0.3158 0.6884 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.6414 0.17516 0.21477 0.89350 0.90863 1.09095 Bi k x-ray 0.2702 0.8844 1.0162 (0.11 - 1.9) Bi k x-ray 0.83681 0.84983 0.87241 1.00124 (0.12 - 2.7) Bi k x-ray 0.28644 0.31156 0.51134 0.80737 1.03228 (0.11 - 1.5) Po k x-ray 0.2682 0.30074 0.81448 Bi k x-ray 0.74263 0.91176 0.99225
0+ 1/20+ 25/2+
≈+0.77
0.26049 0.8964 0.80313 Pb k x-ray 0.32808
482_Frame_11.020 Page 173 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
8.316/0.25 8.875/7.0 Po
α/7.594
45. s
α/
Po Po
211.988852 212.992843
0.298 µs 3.7 µs
α/8.953 α/8.537
214
Po
213.995186
163.7 µs
α/7.833
215
Po
214.999415
1.780 ms
α/7.526
216
Po
216.001905
0.145 s
α/6.906
Po Po 85At 193At 194At 195mAt 195At 196mAt 196At 197mAt 197At
217.0064 218.008965
< 10. s 3.04 m
α/6.662 α/6.114
192.9998 193.9990
40 ms 40 ms 0.39 s 140 ms 8 µs 0.39 s 4. s 0.35 s
α/ α/ α α/
6.96 7.11
212m
212 213
Po
217 218
198m
At 199At 200m
201
194.9965 195.9957 196.9939
At
198
200
210.986637
0.516 s
6.570/0.54 6.892/0.55 7.450/98.9 8.514/2.0 9.086/1.0 11.650/97 8.784/100 7.614/0.003 8.375/100 6.904/0.01 7.686/99.99 6.950/0.02 6.957/0.03 7.386/100 5.895/0.002 6.778/99.99 6.539/ 5.181/1.00
211
1.5 s 197.9928 198.9910
At
At
At At At
4.3 s 199.990
200.9885
202m 202
203
204
205
At
At
At
5. s 7.1 s
201.9885
202.9868
203.9873
204.98604
43. s
1.48 s ð 1.5 s 3.02 m
7.4 m
9.1 m
26. m
9/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.56915 0.89723 1.06310 0.56915 0.89723
16+
0+ 9/2+ 0+
0.7995 0.298
(9/2+)
0+
0+
0.158 α/ α β+,EC/7.8 α/ β+,EC/(75)/ α/(25)/ α/ β+,EC/8/5.6 α/(92)/ β+,EC/(80) α/(20)/ β+,EC/65/≈8.0 α/(35)/ β+,EC/29/5.9 α/(71)/6.474 I.T./0.391 β+,EC/88/7.2 α/(12)/
7.05/ (1/2+) (9/2-) 6.96/ 6.85/86 6.75/94 9/26.64/ 106.536/12 5+ 6.412/44 6.465/57 9/26.344/ 5+ 6.135/7.7 6.225/4.3
β+,EC/69/5.1 α/(31)/6.210
6.088/
β+,EC/95/6.5 α/(5)/
5.951/
β+,EC/90/4.54
11-173
9/2-
(5+)
(9/2-)
ann.rad./ 0.4413 0.5697 0.6753 0.1458 0.2459 0.6414 1.0020 1.0340 Po k x-ray 0.3271 0.4254 0.5156 0.6837 Po k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 174 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
206
207
208
209
210
At
At
At
At
At
At
211
212m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
205.98660
206.98578
207.98657
208.98616
209.98713
210.987481
At
Half-Life
29.4 m
1.81 h
1.63 h
5.4 h
8.1 h
7.21 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
α/(10)/6.020
5.902/
β+,EC/99/5.72 α/(1)/5.881
5.703/
β+,EC/90/3.91 α/(10)/5.873
5.758/
β+,EC/99/4.97 α/(1)/5.752
β+,EC/96/3.49 α/(4)/5.757
EC/99.8/3.98 α/(0.2)/5.632
EC/(58)/0.787 α/(42)/5.980
0.119 s
α/
At
211.990735
0.314 s
α/7.828
At At 214At 215At
212.992922 213.996357 214.99864
0.11 µs 0.76 µs 0.56 µs 0.10 ms
α/9.254 α/8.762 α/8.987 α/8.178
216
At
216.002408
0.30 ms
α/7.947
217
At
217.00471
32. ms
α/7.202
218
At
218.00868
1.6 s
α/6.883
At At 221At
219.0113 220.0153 221.0181
50. s 3.71 m 2.3 m
α/6.390 β¯/3.7 β
212
213
214m
219 220
11-174
Spin (h/2p)
5+
9/2-
(6+) 5.626/0.01 5.641/0.53
(6+) 5.647/4.1
5+ 5.361/0.05 5.442/0.05
9/25.211/0.004 5.868/42 7.837/65 7.897/33 7.058/0.4 7.088/0.6 7.618/15 7.681/84 9.080/ 8.819/100 7.626/0.045 8.023/99.9 7.595/0.2 7.697/2.1 7.800/97 6.812/0.06 7.067/99.9
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1543 0.6696 0.7194 Po k x-ray 0.20186 0.39561 0.47716 0.70071 Po k x-ray 0.16801 0.58842 0.81448 Po k x-ray 0.1770 0.2060 0.6601 0.6852 0.8450 1.0281 Po k x-ray 0.10422 0.54503 0.78189 0.79020 (0.1 - 2.6) Po k x-ray 0.24535 0.52758 1.18143 1.43678 1.48335 (0.04 - 2.4) Po k x-ray 0.66956 0.6870 0.74263
(9-) (1-)
9/2(9-) (1-) (9/2-)
0.40486
(1-)
(9/2-)
0.2595 0.3345 0.5940
6.654/6 6.695/90 6.748/4 6.275/ (0.24-0.70)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 175 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. At 223At 86Rn 196Rn 197mRn 197Rn 198Rn 199mRn 222
Rn Rn
199 200
201m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
222.0223 223.0253
0.9 m 50. s
β β
195.9977
≈ 3 ms 0.02 s 0.07 s 0.05 s 0.3 s
α/ α α/ α α
0.62 s 1.06 s
α/ α/(98)/ EC/(2)/5. EC/(10)/ α/(90)/ α/(80)/ EC/(20)/ α/(12)/ EC/(88)/ α/ α/(66)/6.629 EC/(34)/≈7.4 α/(68)/ EC/(32)/3.8 α/(23)/6.390 EC/(77)/5.2
196.9983 197.9988
198.9983 199.9957
Rn
3.8 s 200.9955
7.0 s
Rn
201.9932
9.9 s
Rn Rn
202.9948
28. s 45. s
Rn
203.9914
1.24 m
Rn
204.9917
2.8 m
Rn
205.9902
5.7 m
α/(68)/6.384 EC/(32)/3.3
Rn
206.9907
9.3 m
β+,EC/77/4.6 α/(23)/6.252
202
203m 203
204
205
206
207
Rn
207.98963
24.3 m
α/(60)/6.260
Rn
208.99038
29. m
EC/(40)/2.85 β+/(83)/3.93 α/(17)/
Rn
209.98968
2.4 h
α/(96)/6.157
208
209
210
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
7.49 7.36 7.26
Rn
201
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
EC/(4)/2.37
11-175
6.901/
(13/ 2+) 3/20+
0.4329 0.5043
13/2+ 6.773/ 6.725/ α/6.778 6.641/
(3/2-) 0+
6.551 6.499/
13/2+ 0
6.420/
0+
6.123(3)/0.02 6.262(3)/23
(5/2-)
6.258(3)/
0+
5/2-
0.5695 0.2876-0.6255 -0.96
+1.3
+0.80
+0.06
+0.82
+0.22
+0.8388
+0.31
5.995(4)/0.02 6.068(3)/0.15 6.126(3)/22.8
5.469(2)/ 0.003 6.140(2)/60 2.16/2.3 5.887(3)/0.04 5.898(3)/0.02 6.039(2)/16.9
5.351(2)/ 0.005 6.039(2)/96
0.2652 0.3553 0.4648 0.6205 0.6753 0.7300 0.06170 0.0968 0.3245 0.3862 0.4822 0.4973 0.7728 At k x-ray 0.32947 0.34455 0.36767 0.40267 0.74723 (0.18 - 1.4)
0+
5/2-
0+
At k x-ray 0.27933 0.33753 0.40841 0.68942 0.74594 (0.18 - 3.2) At k x-ray 0.19625 0.45824 0.57104 0.64868
482_Frame_11.020 Page 176 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 211
Rn
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
210.99059
14.6 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) β+,EC/74/2.89 α/(26)/5.964
Rn
211.990689
24. m
α/6.385
Rn
212.99387
20 ms
α/8.243
Rn Rn 216Rn 217Rn
213.99535 214.99873 216.00026 217.003915
0.27 µs 2.3 µs 45. µs 0.6 ms
α/9.209 α/8.840 α α/7.885
Rn
218.005586
35. ms
α/7.267
Rn
219.009475
3.96 s
α/6.946(1)
212
213
214 215
218
219
Rn
220.011384
55.6 s
α/6.404
Rn
221.0156
25. m
α/(22)/6.148 β¯/(78)/1.2
Rn
222.017570
3.823 d
α/5.590
Rn Rn
223.0218 224.0241
23. m 1.8 h
β¯/ β¯/
Rn Rn 227Rn 228Rn 87Fr 199Fr 200Fr 201Fr 202Fr 203Fr 204Fr
225.0284 226.0309 227.0354 228.0381
4.5 m 7.4 m 2. s 65. s
β¯/ β¯/ β¯/ β¯/
200.0065 201.0046 202.0033 203.0014 204.001
12 s ≈ 20 ms 0.05 s 0.34 s 0.55 s 2.1 s
α α α/ α/7.590 α/7.280 α/
Fr Fr
204.9987
3.9 s 0.7 s
α/7.050 α/
220
221
222
223 224
225 226
205
206m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 1/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(0.14 - 1.7) At k x-ray 0.16877 0.25022 0.37049 0.67412 0.67839 1.36298 (0.11 - 2.7)
+0.60
5.619(1)/0.7 5.784(1)/16.4 5.851(1)/8.8
5.587(4)/0.05 6.260(4)/ 99.95 7.552(8)/2 8.087(8)/98 9.037(9)/ 8.674(8)/ 7.500/0.1 7.742(4)/100 6.534(1)/0.16 7.133(1)/99.8 6.3130(5)/ 0.05 6.425(3)/7.5 6.5309(4)/ 0.12 6.5531(3)/ 12.2 6.8193(3)/81 5.7486(5)/ 0.07 6.2883(1)/ 99.9 5.778(3)/1.8 5.788(3)/2.2 6.037(3)/18
4.987(1)/0.08 5.4897(3)/ 99.9
0+
9/2+
0.540
0+ (9/2+) 9/2+ 0+ (5/2+)
-0.44
+0.93
0.40170 (0.1 - 1.05) 0+
7/2+
-0.020
-0.38
-0.78
+0.80
0+
7/2
11-176
0.6093 0.6653 Po k x-ray 0.13057 0.27113
0+
7.66 7.47 7.36/ 7.237(8)/100 7.132(5)/ 7.03/96 6.97/90 7.01/74 6.914(5)/ 6.93
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Fr L x-ray 0.07384 0.08323 0.0610 0.18639 0.510
0.1085 0.2601 0.2655 -0.70
+0.84
(9/2-) (9/2-)
(9/2-) 0.531(IT)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 177 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
α/7.416 α/6.900 α/(77)/6.770 EC/(23)/6.99 α/(89)/5.1 EC/(11)/5.16 α/6.670 EC/6.26
6.792(5)/84 6.766(5)/ 6.636(5)/
9/27+
+3.9 -4.8
-0.16 +0.004
6.646(3)/
9/2-
+3.9
-0.24
6.543(5)/
6+
+4.4
+0.19
3.10 m
α/6.660 EC/4.61
6.534(5)/
9/2-
+4.0
-0.19
211.99618
20. m
EC/(57)/5.12 α/(43)/6.529
(5+)
+4.6
-0.10
Fr Fr
212.99617
34.6 s 3.4 ms
α/6.905 α/
9/29-
+4.0
-0.14
Fr
213.99895
5.1 ms
α/8.587
Fr Fr 217Fr 218mFr 218Fr
215.00033 216.00319 217.00462 218.00756
0.12 µs 0.70 µs 0.016 ms 22. ms 1. ms
α/9.537 α/9.175 α/8.471 α α/8.014
6.261(1)/16 6.335(1)/4 6.335(1)/4 6.343(1)/1.3 6.383(1)/10 6.406(1)/9.5 6.08-6.18 8.476(4)/51 8.547(4)/46 6.775-8.046 7.409(3)/0.3 7.605(8)/1.0 7.940(3)/1.0 8.355(3)/4.7 8.427(3)/93 9.360(8)/ 9.005(10)/95 8.315(8)/
219
Fr
219.00924
21. ms
α/8.132
220
Fr
220.012313
27.4 s
α/6.800
221
Fr
221.01425
4.8 m
α/6.457
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Fr 207Fr 208Fr
205.9985 206.9969 207.99713
16.0 s 14.8 s 59.1 s
209
Fr
208.99592
50.0 s
210
Fr
209.99640
3.2 m
Fr
210.99553
212
Fr
213
Elem. or Isot. 206
211
Natural Abundance (%)
214m
214
215 216
222
Fr
222.01754
14.3 m
223
Fr
223.019731
22.0 m
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β¯/2.03 α/5.850 β¯/1.149
11-177
7.384(10)/0.5 7.542(15)/1.0 7.572(10)/5 7.732(10)/0.5 7.867(2)/93 6.802(2)/0.25 6.967(2)/0.6 7.146(2)/0.25 7.313(2)/99 6.582(1)/10 6.630(2)/6 6.641(1)/12 6.686(1)/61 6.39-6.58 5.9393(7)/ 0.17 5.9797(7)/ 0.49 6.0751(7)/ 0.15 6.1270(7)/ 6.2433(3)/1.3 6.3410(7)/ 83.4 1.78/ 1.17/65
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.7978 (0.1103-1.384) 0.2030 0.6438 0.8175 0.9008 0.220 0.2799 0.5389 0.9169 Rn x-ray 0.08107 0.08378 0.2277 1.1856 1.2748 0.014-1.178
(1-)
(9/2-) (0.045-0.160) (9/2-) (1-)
(9/2-)
1+
-0.67
+0.47
(5/2-)
+1.58
-1.0
0.0450 0.061 0.1060 0.1539 0.1617 At k x-ray 0.0995 0.21798 0.4091
2-
+0.63
+0.51
(3/2+)
+1.17
+1.17
0.05014
482_Frame_11.020 Page 178 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
224
Fr
224.02323
3.0 m
β¯/2.82
1-
+0.40
+0.517
225
Fr Fr
225.02561 226.0293
3.9 m 49. s
β¯/1.87 β¯/3.6
3/2 1
+1.07 +0.071
+1.3 -1.35
227.0318 228.0357 229.0384 230.0425 231.0454 232.0500
2.48 m 39. s 50. s 19. s 17. s 5. s
β¯/2.5 β¯/≈3.5 β¯/ β¯/ β¯/ β¯/
1/2 2-
+1.50 -0.76
+2.4
≈ 3 ms 0.03 s ≈ 4 ms 0.06 s ≈ 0.17 s 0.22 s 0.4 s 1.3 s 1.4 s 4.6 s 3.7 s 13. s
α α α α
7.86 7.62 7.58 7.48
α α/7.416 α/7.270 α/7.273 α/7.150 α/7.610 α/7.046 EC/5.0 α/7.033 IT EC/(20)/3.88 α/(80)/6.860
7.34 7.272(5)/ 7.133(5)/ 7.133(5)/ 7.008(5)/ 7.020(5)/ 6.912(5)/
0+ 5/2 0+ (5/2-)
+0.87
+0.40
+0.878
+0.48
6.901(2)/
0+
226
Fr Fr 229Fr 230Fr 231Fr 232Fr 88Ra 202Ra 203mRa 203Ra 204Ra 205mRa 205Ra 206Ra 207Ra 208Ra 209Ra 210Ra 211Ra 227 228
Ra Ra 213Ra 212
203.0092 204.0065 205.0062 206.0038 207.0037 208.0018 209.0019 210.0005 211.0009 211.99978
213m
213.00034
13.0 s 2.1 ms 2.7 m
Ra
214.00009
2.46 s
α/7.272
215
Ra
215.00270
1.7 ms
α/8.864
Ra Ra 218Ra 219Ra
216.00352 217.00631 218.00712 219.01006
0.18 µs 1.6 µs 26. µs 0.010 s
α/9.526 α/9.161 α/8.547 α/8.132
Ra
220.01101
18. ms
α/7.593
Ra
221.01391
29. s
α/6.879
Ra
222.015361
36.2 s
α/5.590
Ra
223.018497
11.43 d
α/5.979
214
216 217
220
221
222
223
11-178
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.07972 (0.13 - 0.9) 0.13150 0.21575 0.8367 (0.1 - 2.21) 0.18606 0.25373
(3)
0+
(1/2-) 6.521(3)/4.8 6.622(3)/39 6.730(3)/36 7.14/99.8/ 6.51/0.2 7.883(6)/2.8 8.171(3)/1.4 8.700(3)/95.9 9.349(8)/ 8.992(8)/ 8.390(8)/ 7.680(10)/65 7.982(9)/35 7.39/5 7.45/95 6.254(10)/0.7 6.578(5)/3 6.585(3)/8 6.608(3)/35 6.669(3)/21 6.758(3)/31 6.237(2)/3.0 6.556(2)/97 5.287(1)/0.15 5.338(1)/0.13 5.365(1)/0.13 5.433(5)/2.3
+0.613
0.1024 0.11010 0.2125
0+
0.642
(9/2+)
0.773/100 0.852/74 0.055-1.048
0+ 9/20+
0+ 5/2
0.465 -0.180
+1.9
0+ (3/2+)
+0.271
+1.25
0.324 0.1448-0.8402 Rn k x-ray 0.12231 0.14418 0.15418
482_Frame_11.020 Page 179 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Ra
224
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
224.020202
Half-Life
3.66 d
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
α/5.789
Ra
225.023603
14.9 d
β¯/0.36 α
Ra
226.025402
1599. y
α/4.870
>4×1018 y
Sf/4×10-14
225
226
Ra
227.029170
42. m
β¯/1.325
Ra
228.031063
5.76 y
β¯/0.046
Ra Ra
229.0348 230.03708
4.0 m 1.5 h
β¯/1.76 β¯/1.0
Ra Ra 233Ra 234Ra 89Ac 206mAc 206Ac 207Ac 208mAc 208Ac 209Ac 210Ac 211Ac 212Ac 213Ac 214Ac
231.0412 232.0437 233.0480 234.051
1.7 m 4. m 30. s ≈ 30. s
β¯ β¯ β¯ β¯/
208.0115 209.0096 210.0093 211.0076 212.0078 213.0066 214.0069
0.04 s ≈ 26 ms 27 ms ≈25. ms ≈0.1 s ≈0.10 s 0.34 s 0.20 s 0.9 s 0.73 s 8.2 s
α α α/ α/ α/ α/ α/7.610 α/7.620 α/7.520 α/7.500 α/(86)/7.350 EC/(14)/6.34
Ac
215.0065
0.17 s
α/7.750
0.44 ms
α/
227
228
229 230
231 232
215
216m
Ac
207.0121
11-179
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 5.502(1)/1.0 5.540(1)/9.2 5.607(3)/24 5.716(3)/52 5.747(1)/9 5.857(1)/0.32 5.872(1)/0.85 5.034(10)/ 0.003 5.047(1)/ 0.007 5.164(5)/ 0.007 5.449(2)/4.9 5.685(2)/95 0.32/100 5.01/2×10-5 4.98×10-6 4.194(1)/ 0.001 4.343(1)/ 0.006 4.601(1)/5.5 4.784(1)/94 1.03/ 1.30/ 0.039/50 0.014/30 0.026/20 1.76/ 0.7/
7.79 7.75 7.69 7.72 7.62 7.58 7.462(8)/ 7.480(8)/ 7.379(8)/ 7.364(8)/ 7.007(8)/3 7.082(5)/38 7.214(5)/45 7.60/99.2 7.21/0.46 7.03/0.20 6.96/0.14 8.198(8)/1.7 8.283(8)/2.5
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.15859 0.26939 0.32388 0.33328 0.44494 (0.10 - 0.7)
0+
Rn k x-ray 0.2407 0.4093 0.6501
(3/2+)
-0.734
Ac k x-ray 0.0434
0+
Rn k x-ray 0.1861 0.2624
(3/2+)
-0.404
+1.5
Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.02739 0.0135 (0.006-0.0306)
+0.503
+3.1
0.0145-0.1715 0.0631 0.0720 0.2028 0.4698 0.4787
0+
(3/2+) 0+
(9/2-) (5+)
(9/2-)
(9-)
0.399 0.582 0.654
482_Frame_11.020 Page 180 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Ac
216.00871
≈ 0.3 ms
α/9.241
Ac Ac 218Ac 219Ac 220Ac
217.00933 218.01162 219.01241 220.0148
0.7 µs 0.07 µs 1.1 µs 0.012 ms 26. ms
α/ α/9.832 α/9.380 α/8.830 α/8.350
Ac
221.01558
52. ms
α/7.790
63. s
α/(>89)/ EC/(1)/ I.T./(<10)/
216
217m 217
221
222m
Ac
222
Ac
222.01782
5. s
α/7.141
223
Ac
223.01913
2.1 m
α/(99)/6.783 EC/(1)/0.59
224
Ac
224.021708
2.7 h
EC/(90)/1.403 α/(10)/6.323
225
Ac
225.02322
10.0 d
α/5.935
11-180
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 9.028(5)/49 9.106(5)/46 8.990(2)/10 9.070(8)/90 10.540/100 9.650(10)/100 9.205(15)/ 8.664(10)/ 7.610(20)/23 4.680(20)/21 7.790(10)/13 7.850(10)/24 7.985(10)/4 8.005(10)/5 8.060(10)/6 8.195(10)/3 7.170(10)/2 7.375(10)/10 7.440(15)/20 7.645(10)/70 6.710(20)/7 6.750(20)/13 6.810(20)/24 6.840(20)/9 6.890(20)/13 6.970(20)/7 7.000(20)/13 6.967(10)/6 7.013(2)/94 6.131(2)/0.12 6.177(2)/0.94 6.293(1)/0.47 6.326(1)/0.3 6.332(2)/0.14 6.360(1)/0.22 6.397(1)/0.13 6.448(1)/0.2 6.473(1)/3.1 6.523(2)/0.6 6.528(1)/3.1 6.563(1)/13.6 6.582(3)/0.3 6.646(1)/44 6.661(1)/31 5.841(1)/0.5 5.860(1)/0.75 5.875(1)/1.7 5.941(1)/4.4 6.000(1)/6.7 6.013(1)/1.4 6.056(1)/22 6.138(1)/26 6.154(1)/1.0 6.204(1)/12 6.210(1)/20 5.286(1)/0.2 5.444(3)/0.1 5.554(1)/0.1 5.608(1)/1.1
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
(1)
9/2(9/2-)
1(5/2-)
0.0725 0.0839 0.0927 0.0990 0.1917 0.2158 0.3588 0.4768
0-
Ra L kx-ray Ra k x-ray 0.08426 0.13150 0.1571 0.21575 0.2619 (0.03 - 0.3)
3/2
Fr k x-ray 0.9958 0.9982 0.1084
482_Frame_11.020 Page 181 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5.636(1)/4.5 5.681(1)/1.4 5.722(1)/2.9 5.731(1)/10 5.791(1)/9 5.793(1)/18
226
Ac
226.026089
1.224 d
EC/(17)/0.640 β¯/(83)/1.116 α/(0.006)/5.51
227
Ac
227.027747
21.77 y
β¯/98.6/0.045 α/(1.4)/5.043
228
Ac
228.031014
6.15 h
β¯/2.127
229
Ac
229.03293
1.04 h
230
Ac
230.0360
231
Ac
β¯/1.10
1.1/
(3/2+)
2.03 m
β¯/2.7
1.4/
1+
231.0386
7.5 m
β¯/2.1
2.1/100
(1/2+)
232.0420 233.0446 234.0484 232.0381(1)
2.0 m 2.4 m 40. s
β¯/3.7 β¯/ β¯/
210.0150 211.0149 212.0129 213.0130 214.0115 215.0117
≈ 0.01 s ≈ 12 ms 0.04 s ≈ 30. ms 0.14 s 0.09 s 1.2 s
α α α α/ α/7.840 α/7.825 α/7.660
Th Th
216.01105
0.14 ms 28. ms
α α/8.071
Th
217.01306
0.25 ms
α/9.424
Ac Ac 234Ac 90Th 209Th 210Th 211Th 212Th 213Th 214Th 215Th 233
216m 216
217
5.399(5)/ 0.006
(3/2-)
232
11-181
0.1116 0.1451 0.1539 0.15724 0.18799 0.19575 0.2162 0.21686 (0.025 - 0.52) Ra k x-ray Th k x-ray 0.07218
(1-)
0.045/54 4.869(1)/0.09 4.938(1)/0.52 4.951(1)/0.65 1.11/32 1.85/12 2.18/11
(3+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+1.1
+1.7
0.15816 0.23034 0.0838/23. 0.0811/14. 0.2696/13. (0.044 - 1.27) Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.12903 0.33842 0.91116 0.96897 (0.2 - 1.96) 0.07450 0.16451 0.26188 0.5085 0.56916 Th k x-ray 0.45497 0.50820 (0.12 - 2.5) 0.14379 0.18574 0.22140 0.28250 0.3070
(2-) (1/2+) (1+) 8.08 7.90 7.79 7.80/ 7.692(10)/ 7.677(10)/ 7.33(10)/8 7.395(8)/52 7.524(8)/40 9.93 7.92/99.46 7.30/0.54 9.27/94.6 8.46/3.8 8.73/1.6
0+ 0+ (1/2-)
0+
0.134 0.192
0.628
482_Frame_11.020 Page 182 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Th 219Th 220Th 221Th
218.01327 219.01552 220.01573 221.01817
0.11 µs 1.05 µs 10. µs 1.7 ms
α/9.847 α/9.510 α/8.953 α/8.628
222
Th
222.01845
2.8 ms
α/8.129
223
Th
223.02079
0.65 s
α/7.454
224
Th
224.02146
1.05 s
α/7.305
225
Th
225.02394
8.72 m
EC/(10)/0.68 α/(90)/6.920
Elem. or Isot. 218
Natural Abundance (%)
226
Th
226.024891
30.83 m
α/6.454
227
Th
227.027699
18.72 d
α/6.146
228
Th
228.028731
1.913 y
α/5.520
229
Th
229.031754
7.9x103 y
α/5.168
230
Th
230.033126
7.54x104 y
α/4.771
Th
231
231.036296
>2.x1018 y
SF/<4×10-12
1.063 d
β¯/0.390
11-182
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 9.665(10)/ 9.340(20)/ 8.790(20)/ 7.743(8)/6 8.146(5)/56 8.4272(5)/39 7.982(8)/9.7 7.600(15)/3 7.29(1)/41(5) 7.32(1)/29(5) 7.350(15)/ 20(5) 7.390(15)/ 10(4) 6.768(5)/1.2 6.997(5)/19 7.170(5)/79
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ 0+
0+
(3/2+) 6.441(2)/15 6.479(2)/43 6.501(3)/14 6.627(3)/3 6.650(5)/3 6.700(5)/2 6.743(3)/7 6.796(2)/9 6.026(1)/0.2 6.041(1)/0.19 6.098(1)/1.3 6.2283(4)/23 6.3375(4)/75
0+
Ra k x-ray 0.1112 0.2421 0.1310 0.1733-0.9295 Ra L x-ray Ra k x-ray 0.05014 0.23597 0.25624 (0.02 - 1.0)
(3/2+)
5.1770(2)/ 0.18 5.2114(1)/0.4 5.3405(1)/ 26.7 5.4233(1)/73 4.814/9.3 4.845(5)/56 4.9008(5)/ 10.2 4.689-5.077 4.4383(6)/ 0.03 4.4798(6)/ 0.12 4.6211(6)/ 23.4 4.6876(6)/ 76.3 0.138/22 0.218/20 0.305/52
0+
5/2+
0+
+0.46
+4.
0.0677/0.46 0.1439/0.078
5/2+
Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.084203/ (0.02 - 0.3)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 183 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 232
Th
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
100.
232.038050
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 0+
1.40x1010 y 1.2x1021 y
α/4.081
3.830(10)/0.2
SF/1.1x10-9
3.952(5)/23 4.010(5)/77 1.245/
233
Th
233.041576
22.3 m
β¯/1.245
234
Th
234.043596
24.10 d
β¯/0.273
235
Th
235.04751
7.2 m
β¯/1.9
236
Th
236.0497
37.5 m
β¯/≈ 1.0
237.0539 231.03588(2)
5.0 m
β¯
≈ 5 ms 7 ms 17 ms 15. ms 0.19 s
α α α α α/
1.5 ms
α/
Th Pa 212Pa 213Pa 214Pa 215Pa 216Pa 237 91
217m
213.0212 214.0207 215.0190 216.0190
Pa
Pa Pa
217.0183 218.0200
3.4 ms 0.12 ms
α/8.490 α/
Pa Pa 221Pa 222Pa
219.0199 220.0219 221.0219 222.0237
0.05 µs 0.8 µs 6. µs ≈ 4.3 ms
α α α α/8.700
223
Pa
223.0240
≈ 6.5 ms
α/8.340
224
Pa
224.0256
0.84 s
α/7.630
225
Pa
225.0261
1.8 s
α/7.380
226
Pa
226.02792
1.8 m
α/(74)/6.987 EC/(26)/2.83
227
Pa
227.02879
38.3 m
α/(85)/6.582 EC/(15)/1.02
228
Pa
228.03100
22. h
EC/(98)/2.111
217 218
219 220
11-183
0.102/20 0.198/72
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.0590 0.124
1/2+
Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02938 0.08653 0.45930 (0.02 - 1.2) Pa L x-ray 0.06329/4.1 0.09235/2.4 0.09278/2.4 0.4162 0.6594 0.7272 0.747 0.9318 Pa k x-ray 0.1107
0+
8.27 8.24 8.12 8.08/100 7.95/51 7.82/45 7.79/4 10.16/80 9.55/17 9.69/3 8.340(10)/100 9.54/31 9.61/69
9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/ 75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.134
0.092
0.1945 (0.028-0.412)
(5/2-)
(3+)
0.0649 0.0669 0.1100
+3.5
Th k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 184 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/(2)
229
Pa
229.03209
1.5 d
EC/(99.8)/0.32 α/(0.2)/5.836
230
Pa
230.034532
17.4 d
EC/(90)/1.310 β¯/(10)/0.563
231
Pa
231.035878
3.25x104 y
α/5.148
>2x1017 y
SF/<1.6x10-15
232
Pa
232.03858
1.31 d
β¯/1.34
233
Pa
233.040239
27.0 d
β¯/0.571
1.17 m
β¯/99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/
234m
Pa
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22 (5/2)
(2-)
2.0
4.6781(5)/1.5
3/2-
2.01
Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053-1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029
(2-)
3/2-
(0-)
Pa
234.043303
6.69 h
β¯/2.197
0.51/
(4+)
235
Pa Pa
235.04544 236.0487
24.4 m 9.1 m
β¯/1.41 β¯/2.9
1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50
(3/2-) (1-)
11-184
-1.7
4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/ 22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/ 25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5 5.0587(5)/11
0.15/40 0.256/60
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058-1.96 0.04244 (0.024 - 0.18)
5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/
234
236
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+4.0
-3.0
0.28367 0.30007 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02 - 0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10 - 1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201 0.34059 U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.85 (0.06 - 1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02 - 1.99) 0.0308-0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235
482_Frame_11.020 Page 185 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
3.1/10
237
Pa
237.0511
8.7 m
β¯/2.3
1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10
(1/2+)
238
Pa
238.0545
2.3 m
β¯/3.5
1.2/ 1.7/
(3-)
239.0571 238.02891(3)
1.8 h 8.005 8.63(3)/ 9.68(4)/
Pa U 217U 218U 219U 222U 223U 224U 225U
239
92
218.0235 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02759 225.02938
≈16 ms ≈0.002 s 0.04 ms ≈ 1.µs 0.02 s ≈ 1. ms 0.09 s
α α α α α/ α/ α/
226
U
226.02933
0.5 s
α/7.560
227
U U
227.03113 228.03137
1.1 m 9.1 m
α/7.200 α/6.803
229
U
229.03350
58. m
EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473
230
U
230.033927
20.8 d
α/5.992
>4x1010 y
SF/<10-10
228
231
232
233
U
U
U
231.03626
232.037146
233.039627
4.2 d
EC/0.36 α/(10¯3)
70. y
α/5.414
2.6x1015 y
SF/2.7x10-12
1.592x105 y
α/4.909
11-185
8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.89/58 7.83/37 7.62/5 7.55/82 7.37/15 7.32/3 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/ 0.01 5.6624(3)/ 0.26 5.6663(3)/ 0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67
0.68759 1.7630 (0.04 - 2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04 - 1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04 - 2.5)
0+
0+
0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246
(3/2+)
0+
Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081-0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray
(5/2-) 5.46/1.6 x 10¯3 5.47/1.4 x 10¯3 5.40/1. x 10¯3 4.9979(1)/ 0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/ 13.2
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.02564 0.08420 0+
5/2+
+0.59
3.66
Th L x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 186 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life >2.7x1017 y
234
U
U U
0.0055(5)
234.040945
235m 235
236
0.720(1)
U
237
U
238
U
235.043922
236.045561
99.2745(15)
2.455x105 y 1.5x1016 y
26. m 7.04x108 y 1.0x1019 y
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) SF/6x10-11
4.604(1)/0.24
SF/1.6x10-9
4.7231(1)/ 27.5 4.776(1)/72.5
IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 SF/7x10-9
α/4.569
4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/5.7 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/11 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/55 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/5.0 4.332(8)/0.26
2.342x107 y 2.5x1016 y
SF/9x10-8
237.048723
6.75 d
β¯/0.519
238.050784
4.47x109 y 8.2x1015y
α
4.0395/0.23
SF/5x10-5
4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/
U
239.054289
23.5 m
β¯/1.265
240
U
240.056585
14.1 h
β¯/0.39
U Np 225Np 226Np 227Np
242.0629
16.8 m
β¯/≈ 1.2
225.0339 226.0351 227.0350
> 2 µs 0.03 s 0.51 s
α/ α/
Np
228.0362
61. s
Np Np
229.0363 230.0378
4.0 m 4.6 m
Np
231.03823
48.8 m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
4.8247(8)/ 84.4 4.510-4.804
α/4.856
239
242
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74 0.24/ 0.25/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252-1.119) 0.05323/0.156
0+
0.12091
1/2+ 7/2-
0+
-0.38
4.9
Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03 - 0.79) Th L x-ray
0+
0.04937 0.11275 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray
5/2+
0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522-0.681)
1/2+
0+
Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760
5/2
0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray
93
228
229 230
231
8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/
EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/,SF α/7.010 EC/97/3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368
6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2
Np
232.0400
14.7 m
EC/99/2.7
(4-)
Np
233.0410
36.2 m
EC/1.2
(5/2+)
232
233
11-186
482_Frame_11.020 Page 187 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray
Np
234.04289
4.4 d
β+,EC/1.81
Np
235.044055
1.085 y
EC/99.9/0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52/ β¯/48/
5/2+
EC/91/0.94
(6-)
U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray
5/2+
U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray
234
235
236m
Np
Np
236
22.5 h
236.04657
1.55x105 y
0.79/
(0+)
(1-)
β¯/9/0.49
Np
237
237.048166
2.14x106 y 1x1018 y
α/4.957
4.6395(5)/6.5
SF/2.1x10-10
4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/ 22.7 4.7884(5)/ 47.8 4.558-4.873 1.2/
0.08653/12
238.050940
2.117 d
β¯/1.292
Np
239.052931
2.355 d
β¯/0.722
0.341/30 0.438/48
5/2+
7.22 m
β¯/99.9/ IT/0.1/
2.18/
(1+)
239
240m
Np
2+
Np
240.05617
1.032 h
β¯/2.20
0.89/
5+
Np
241.0583
13.9 m
β¯/1.3
1.3/
5/2+
2.2 m
β¯/
β¯/2.7
240
241
242m
Np
Np
242.0616
5.5 m
Np Np 94Pu
243.0643 244.0678
1.9 m 2.3 m
242
243 244
(1+)
11-187
2.7/
+3.89
Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15
Np
238
+3.14
6+
(0.03-0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044-1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04-0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074 1.47340 (0.04-2.37)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 188 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Pu 229Pu 230Pu 231Pu
228.0387 229.0362 230.03964 231.04126
4.0 m 4.6 m 8.6 m
Pu
232.04118
34. m
Elem. or Isot. 228
232
233
234
235
Pu
Pu
Pu
Natural Abundance (%)
233.04299
234.04331
235.0453
20.9 m
8.8 h
25.3 m
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/ α/ α/ EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/<20/6.716 EC(99.9)/1.9 α/0.1/6.416
EC/94/0.39 α/6/6.310
EC/99+/1.2 α/0.003/5.957
236
Pu
236.046048
2.87 y 1.5x109 y
α/5.867 SF/1.9x10-7
237
Pu
237.048403
45.7 d
EC/99.9/0.220 α/0.003/5.747
238
239
240
241
Pu
Pu
Pu
Pu
238.049553
239.052156
240.053807
241.056844
Pu
242.058736
0+ 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62
0+ 6.035(3)/ 0.024 6.149(3)/1.9 6.200(3)/4.0 (5/2+) 5.850(20)/ 0.003 5.611/0.21 5.7210/30.5 5.7677(1)/ 69.3
SF/1.8x10-7
α/5.244
5.4992(1)/ 71.6 5.055/0.047
14.4 y
α/5.255 SF/5.7x10-6
β¯/99+/0.0208
<6.x1016 y 3.75x105 y
SF/>2.4x10-14 α/4.983
11-188
0+
0.0476/0.07 0.109/0.02 (0.17 - 0.97)
7/2-
Np L x-ray Np k x-ray
5.334(4)/ 0.0015 5.356(4)/ 0.0006 5.650(4)/ 0.0007
4.75x1010 y
6.56x103 y 1.14x1011 y
0.1503 0.1804 0.2353 0.5002 0.5346/ 1.0352/
6.300(20)/0.1
5.3583(1)/ 0.10 5.465(1)/28.3
SF/3x10-10
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
6.72
α/5.593
2.410x104 y 8.x1015 y
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7.81(2)/ 7.46(3)/ 7.05/
87.7 y
α/0.002/5.139
242
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
5.076/0.078 5.106/11.9 5.144/17.1 5.157/70.8 (4.74 -5.03) 5.0212(1)/ 0.07 5.1237(1)/ 26.4 5.1681(1)/ 73.5
0.026344 0.03319 0.05954 (0.03-0.5) U k x-ray
0+
0.04347 (0.04-1.1) 1/2+
+0.203
U k x-ray 0.05162 0.05682 0.12928 0.37502 0.41369 U L x-ray
0+
0.04524 0.10423
4.853(7)/ 3x10¯4 4.8966(7)/ 0.002
5/2+
4.7546(7)/ 0.098
0+
-0.683
+6.
(0.04-0.97) 0.14854 0.1600
U L x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 189 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
6.77x1010 y
SF/5.5x10-4
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 4.8564(7)/ 22.4 4.9006(7)/78 0.49/21 0.58/60
Spin (h/2p)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.04491
243
Pu
243.061996
4.956 h
β¯/0.582
244
Pu
244.064197
α/99.9/4.665
4.546(1)/19.4
0+
245
Pu
245.06774
8.00x107 y 6.6x1010 y 10.5 h
SF/0.12 β¯/1.21
4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11
(9/2-)
246
Pu
246.07020
10.85 d
β¯/0.40
0.150/85 0.35/10
Pu Am 232Am 234Am 235Am 236Am 237Am
247.0741
2.3 d
232.0466 234.0478 235.0480 236.0456 237.0503
0.9 m 2.3 m ≈ 15 m ≈4.4 m 1.22 h
247
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray
7/2+
0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804/ 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03-1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371
0+
95
238
239
240
241
Am
Am
Am
Am
242m
Am
238.05198
239.053018
240.05529
241.056822
1.63 h
11.9 h
2.12 d
EC/≈ 5.0 EC/4.2 EC EC/99.98/1.7 α/0.02/6.20
6.042(5)/0.02
EC/2.26 α/0.0001/6.04
5.940/0.0001
EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924
EC/1.38 α/5.592
432.7 y
α/5.637
1.2x1014 y
SF/3.6x10-10
141. y
Pu K x-ray
IT/99.5/0.048
11-189
(5/2-)
Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray
1+
5/25.734(2)/ 0.001 5.776(2)/ 0.008
0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray
(3-) 5.378(1)/ 16x10¯4
5.2443(1)/ 0.002 5.3221(1)/ 0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/ 12.8 5.4857(1)/ 85.2 5.5116(1)/ 0.20 5.5442(1)/ 0.34
5/2-
+1.58
+3.1
0.88878 0.98764 (0.1-1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 0.033192 0.059536 (0.03-1.128)
5-
+1.0
+6.5
Am L x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 190 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/0.5/5.62
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
>3.x1012 y
SF/<4.7x10-9
5.141(4)/ 0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.04863
242
Am
242.059542
16.02 h
β¯/83/0.665 EC/17/0.750
0.63/46 0.67/37
1-
+0.388
-2.4
243
Am
243.061372
7.37x103 y 2.x1014 y
α/5.438
5.1798(5)/1.1
5/2-
+1.5
+2.9
SF/3.7x10-9
5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/ 0.16
244
245
244.064279
≈ 26. m 10.1 h
β¯/1.498 β¯/1.428
Am
245.066444
2.05 h
β¯/0.894
0.65/19 0.90/77
(5/2+)
25.0 m
β¯/
1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7
2-
1.2/
(7-)
246m
Am
246
Am
246.06977
39. m
β¯/2.38
247
Am
247.0722
22. m
β¯/1.7
Cm Cm 236Cm 237Cm 238Cm
235.0516 236.0514 237.0529 238.05302
2.4 h
EC/1.7 EC/2.5 EC/>90/0.97 α/<10/6.632 EC/1.7
0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197
Am Am
244m
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
(1-)
0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04-2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267/ 0.2853/
96
235
239
Cm
239.0548
≈ 3. h
0+ 6.520(50)/<10 0.0407 0.1466 0.1874
240
241
Cm
Cm
240.055519
241.057646
27. d
α/6.397
1.9x106 y
SF/3.9x10-6
32.8 d
EC/99/0.768 α/1/6.184
11-190
5.989/0.014 6.147/0.05 6.2478(6)/ 28.8 6.2906(6)/ 70.6
0+
1/2+ 5.8842(4)/ 0.12
Am k x-ray 0.13241
482_Frame_11.020 Page 191 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5.9291(4)/ 0.18 5.9389(4)/ 0.69
242
243
244
245
Cm
Cm
Cm
Cm
242.058828
243.061381
244.062745
245.065485
162.8 d
α/6.216
7.0x106 y
SF/6.4x10-6
29.1 y
α/6.167
5.5x1011 y
SF/5.3x10-9
246
Cm
246.067217
247
Cm
247.070346
248
Cm
248.072341
5.6815(5)/0.2 5.6856(5)/1.6 5.7420(5)/ 10.6 5.7859(5)/ 73.3 5.9922(5)/6.5 6.0103(5)/1.0 6.0589(5)/5 6.0666(5)/1.5
5/2+
0+
1.32x107 y
SF/1.4x10-4
5.6656/0.02 5.7528/23 5.8050/77
8.48x103 y
α/5.623
5.515/0.004 5.235(10)/0.3
4.76x103 y 1.8x107 y 1.56x107 y
3.48x105 y
SF/6.1x10-7
249.075946
64.15 m
250
Cm
250.07835
≈ 9.7x103 y
0.04408 0.10189 (0.04-1.2) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10612
0.22819 0.27760 0.28546 0.33431 (0.04-0.7) Pu L x-ray 0.04282 0.09885
0.5
0.15262 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.04195 0.13299 0.13606
SF/0.026 α/5.352
5.386(3)/79 4.818(4)/4.7
9/2-
α/99.92/5.162
4.8690(20)/71 4.941(4)/1.6 4.9820(20)/ 2.0 5.1436(20)/ 1.2 5.2104(20)/ 5.7 5.2659(20)/ 13.8 4.931(5)/0.07
11-191
0.41
5.3038(10)/ 5.0 5.3620(7)/93 5.4927(11)/ 0.8 5.5331(11)/ 0.6 0+
β¯/0.900
Cm
7/2+
5.343(3)/21
SF/8.38
0.43063 0.47181 Pu L x-ray
0.20975
α/5.476
4.15x106 y 249
0.18028
0+
α/5.902
1.4x1012 y
0.16505
5.9694(1)/ 0.035 6.069(1)/25 6.1129(1)/74
18.1 y
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
9/2-
0.17494 Pu L x-ray
0.37
0.04453 Pu k x-ray 0.2792 0.2886 0.3471 0.4035
0+
5.0349(2)/ 16.5 5.0784(2)/ (75)/1 0.9/
1/2+
SF/85.8
0+
Bk k x-ray 0.56039 0.63431
482_Frame_11.020 Page 192 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
251.08228
16.8 m
α/5.27 β¯/1.42
0.90/16
(1/2+)
0.3896/ 0.5299 0.5425
252.0849
<2d
238.0583 239.0584 240.0598 242.0621 243.063001
2.4 m
6.542(4)/0.03 6.5738(2)/ 0.04 6.7180(22)/ 0.02 6.7581(20)/ 0.02
(3/2-)
0.1466 0.1874
Atomic Mass or Weight
Cm
Cm Bk 238Bk 239Bk 240Bk 242Bk 243Bk
Elem. or Isot. 251
252
Natural Abundance (%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
97
244
245
Bk
Bk
244.0652
245.066355
≈ 4.8 m 7.0 m 4.5 h
4.4 h
4.94 d
EC/5.0
EC/3.0 EC/99.8/1.508 α/0.15/6.871
EC/99.99/2.26 α/0.01/6.778
EC/99.9/0.810 α/0.1/6.453
246
Bk
246.0687
1.80 d
EC/1.35
247
Bk
247.07030
1.4x103 y
α/5.889
248
Bk
248.07311
23.7 h
β¯/70/0.87 EC/30/0.72
249
Bk
249.074980
320. d
β¯/0.125 α/0.001/5.525
1.8x109 y
SF/4.9x10-8
3.217 h
β¯/1.780
250
Bk
250.078309
11-192
0.755 0.840 0.946 0.1445 0.1876
(4-) 6.625(4)/ 0.003 6.667(4)/ 0.003
0.2176 0.9815 0.9215/ Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray
3/25.8851(5)/ 0.03 6.1176(9)/ 0.01 6.1467(5)/ 0.02 6.3087(5)/ 0.014 6.3492(5)/ 0.018
0.25299 0.3809 0.3851
(2-)
5.465(5)/1.5 5.501(5)/7 5.532(5)/45 5.6535(20)/ 5.5 5.678(2)/13 5.712(2)/17 5.753(2)/4.3 5.794(2)/5.5 0.86/
(3/2-)
0.125/100 5.390(1)/ 0.0002 5.4174(6)/ 0.001 0.74/
7/2+
Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.79881 1.08142 0.04175 0.0839 0.268
(1-)
2-
2.0
Cm L x-ray Cf L x-ray Cm k x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.5507 0.327/10¯5 0.308/10¯6
Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.98912
482_Frame_11.020 Page 193 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β¯/1.09
Bk
251.08075
56. m
Bk Cf 237Cf 238Cf 239Cf 240Cf
252.0843
1.8 m
237.0621 238.0614 239.0626 240.0623
2.1 s 21 ms ≈ 0.7 m 1.1 m
241
Cf
241.0637
4. m
242
Cf
242.06369
3.5 m
243
Cf
243.0654
11. m
244
Cf
244.065990
20. m
245
Cf
245.068038
44. m
α/36/7.255 EC/64/1.569
246
Cf
246.068798
1.49 d
α/6.869
251
252
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
(3/2-)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.03184 (0.04-1.6) 0.02481 0.1528 0.1776
98
1.8x103 y
α,SF/10 SF/ α α/7.719 SF/ ≈2.1 EC/3.3 α/7.60 α/7.509 SF/œ0.014 EC/86/2.2 α/14/7.40 α/7.328
SF/2.3x10-4
7.590(10)/
7.335(5)/ 7.351(6)/20 7.385(4)/80 7.060(6)/20 7.170/4 7.168(5)/25 7.210(5)/75 7.15/91.7 6.983/0.31 7.09/7 7.065/0.68 6.6156(10)/ 0.18 6.7086(7)/ 21.8 6.7501(7)/ 78.0
0+
0+ (1/2+) 0+
0+
Cm K x-ray 0.5709 0.6014 0.6163 Cm L x-ray 0.04221 0.0945 0.147
247
Cf
247.07099
248
Cf
248.07218
249
Cf
249.074846
3.11 h
EC/99.96/0.65 α/0.04/6.55
334. d 3.2x104 y 351. y
α/6.369 SF/0.0029 α/6.295
8.x1010 y
SF/4.4x10-7
250
Cf
250.076399
13.1 y 1.7x104 y
α/6.129 SF/0.077
251
Cf
251.079579
9.0x102 y
α/6.172
11-193
7/2+ 6.301(5)/ 6.220(5)/17 6.262(5)/83 5.7582(2)/3.7 5.8119(2)/84 5.8488(2)/1.0 5.9029(2)/2.8 5.9451(2)/4.0 6.1401(2)/1.1 6.1940(2)/2.2 5.8913(4)/0.3 5.9889(4)/15 6.0310(4)/ 84.5 5.56448(7)/ 1.5 5.632(1)/4.5 5.648(1)/3.5 5.6773(6)/35 5.762(3)/3.8 5.7937(7)/2.0 5.8124(8)/4.2 5.8514(6)/27 6.0140(7)/ 11.6 6.0744(7)/2.7
Bk k x-ray 0.2941 0.4778
0+ 9/2-
Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 0.33351 0.38832 (0.0376-1.103)
0+
Cm L x-ray 0.04285
1/2+
482_Frame_11.020 Page 194 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 252
Cf
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
252.081619
2.65 y
α/96.9/6.217
86. Y
SF/3.1/
253
Cf
253.08512
17.8 d
254
Cf
254.08732
60.5 d
β¯/99.7/0.29 α/0.3/6.126 SF/99.7/ α/0.3/5.930
Cf Cf 99Es 241Es 242Es 243Es
255.0910 256.0934
1.4 h 12. m
β¯/0.7 SF
241.0687 242.0697 243.0696
≈8s 16 s 21. s
244
Es
244.0709
37. s
245
Es
245.0713
1.3 m
246
Es
246.0730
7.7 m
247
Es
247.07365
4.8 m
248
Es
248.0755
26. m
249
Es
249.07640
1.70 h
α α α/>30/ EC/<70/4.0 EC/76/4.6 α/4/ α/40/7.858 EC/60/3.1 EC/90/3.9 α/10/ EC/93/2.48 α/7/ EC/99.7/3.1 α/0.3/ EC/99.4/1.45 α/0.6/ EC/ β+
255 256
250m
Es
2.2 h
250
Es
250.0787
8.6 h
EC/2.1
251
Es
251.07998
1.38 d
EC/99.5/0.38 α/0.5/
252
Es
252.08297
1.29 y
253
Es
253.084818
20.47 d 6.3x105 y 1.64 d
254m
Es
>10. Y 254
Es
254.088017
255
Es
255.09027
256m
256
Es
Es
256.0936
276. d >2.5x107 y 40. d
α/76/ EC/24/1.26 α/ SF/8.9x10-6 β¯/99.6/ α/0.3/6.67 SF/0.045 α/ SF/<3x10-6
2.6x103 y 7.6 h
β¯/92/0.29 α/8/ SF/0.0042 β¯/
25. m
β¯/1.7
11-194
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 5.7977(1)/ 0.23 6.0756(4)/ 15.2 6.1184(4)/ 81.6 0.27/100 5.921(5)/0.02
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Cm L x-ray 0.04339 0.1002
(7/2+) 0+
5.792(5)/0.05 5.834(5)/0.26
8.11 7.92 7.89/>30
7.57/4 7.74
7.35 7.32 6.87 (7/2+)
0.3795 0.8132 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.9891 1.0319 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.30339 0.34948 0.82883
6.77 (1-)
(6+)
(3/2-) 6.462/0.05 6.492/0.4 6.632/61.0 6.562/10.3 6.633/89.8 6.5916/6.6 0.475 6.382
6.429
(5-) 7/2+
+4.10
7.
2+ 2+
2.9
3.7
(7+)
0.04180 0.3892 Fm L x-ray Fm k x-ray 0.6488 0.6938 0.064
(7/2+) 6.26 6.300 (8+)
(1+)
0.218 0.232 0.862
482_Frame_11.020 Page 195 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Es 100Fm 242Fm 243Fm
257.0960
7.7 d
β–
242.0734 243.0745
0.8 ms 0.2 s
Fm Fm
244.0741 245.0754
3.3 ms 4. s
Fm
246.07528
1.2 s
Fm Fm
247.0768
9. s 35. s
248
Fm
248.07718
36. s
249
Fm
249.0790
3. m
SF/>96 α/ <SF/0.4 SF/>97 α/ SF/<0.1 α/85/ SF/15/ α/ α/8.20 EC/2.9 α/99.9/8.001 SF/0.1/ EC/2.4 α/ IT/ SF/<8x10-5 α/ EC/0.8 SF/0.007 EC/98/1.47 α/2/ α/7.154 SF/0.0023 EC(88%)/0.333 α/12/ α/ SF/0.059 α/ SF/2.3x10-5
Elem. or Isot. 257
244 245
246
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
247m 247
250m
Fm
1.8 s
250
Fm
250.07951
30. m
251
Fm
251.08157
5.3 h
252
Fm
252.08246
1.058 d
253
Fm
253.085175
3.0 d
254
Fm
254.086847
3.240 h
255
Fm
255.089955
20.1 h 1.0x104 y
256
Fm
256.09177
2.63 h
Fm
257.09510
100.5 d
Fm Fm 260Fm 101Md 245mMd 245Md 246Md
258.0971 259.1006
0.37 ms 1.5 s ≈4 ms
SF/91 α/19 α/99.79 SF/0.21 SF/ SF/ SF/
245.0810 246.0819
≈ 0.4 s 0.9 ms 1.0 s
α SF α
Md Md 248Md
247.0818 248.0828
≈0.2 s 3. s 7. s
249
Md
249.0830
24. s
250
Md
250.0845
50. s
251
Md
251.0849
4.0 m
252
Md
252.0866
2. m
253
Md
253.0873
≈6 m
SF/ α EC/80/5.3 α/20/ SF/<0.05 EC>/<80/3.7 α/>20/8.46 EC/94/4.6 α/6/8.25 EC/>94/3.1 α/<6/ EC/>50/3.9 α/<50/ EC/2.0
257
258 259
247m 247
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
8.55 0+ 8.15/ 8.24/ 8.18/ 7.87/70 7.93/30 7.83/20 7.87/80
0+
0+ (7/2+)
7.53
7.43/
0+
(9/2-) 6.833 6.998/15 7.039/85 6.676/ 6.943/ 7.150 7.192 6.9635(5)/5.0 7.0225(5)/ 93.4
0+ 1/2+
Es k x-ray 0.2719
0+ 7/2+
0+ 6.92/ 6.519
8.64,8.68 8.74 8.50-8.56
11-195
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8.43 8.32/15 8.36/5
8.030(20)/ 7.75/4 7.83/2 7.55/ 7.73/
(9/2+)
0.1794 0.2410
482_Frame_11.020 Page 196 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Md 254Md 255Md
254.0897 255.09108
30. m 10. m 27. m
EC/ EC/2.7 EC/92/1.04 α/8/ SF/ð0.15
256
Md
256.0941
1.30 h
EC/89/2.13 α/11/ SF/<2.6
257
Md
257.095535
5.5 h
EC/85/0.41 α/15,SF/ð1 EC/ SF/ð30 α/7.40 SF/œ0.003 SF/>98.7 α/<1.3 SF/73-100
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
254m
258m
Md
57. m
258
Md
258.098427
51.5 d
259
Md
259.1005
1.64 h
Md No 250No 251No
260.104
≈ 27.8 d
250.0875 251.0889
0.25 ms 0.76 s
No
252.08897
2.3 s
No
253.0907
1.7 m
260
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
α/7.33/93 7.27/5 7.75/1 7.71/1 7.21/71 7.14/22 7.68/2.5 7.25/2.5 7.64/2.1
(7/2-)
7.074 7.014
(7/2-) (1-)
6.718(2)/ 6.763(4)/
(8-)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.121/100 0.115/65 0.136/35 0.141-0.453 Fm k x-ray 0.121/409 0.115/266 0.136/143 0.634/119 0.141-1.374 Fm k x-ray (0.181-0.389) Fm k x-ray 0.3678 0.057 - 0.448
7/2+
102
252
253
254m
No
0.28 s
No
254.09095
49. s
No
255.09323
3.1 m
No
256.09428
2.9 s
No
257.09685
25. s
No No
258.0983 259.1011
≈ 1.2 ms 58. m
No No 103Lr 251Lr 252Lr
260.103 262.108
0.11 s ≈ 8. ms
251.0944 252.0953
39 m ≈0.36 s
254
255
256
257
258 259
260 262
253m
≈0.57 s
Lr
Lr
253.0953
1.5 s
Lr
254.0965
13. s
253
254
SF/ α/ SF/0.26 α/74/8.551 SF/26/ α/ EC/3.2 I.T./ SF/ð.2 α/ EC/1.1 SF/0.17 α/62/ EC/38/2.01 α/ SF/0.5 α/ SF/<1.5 SF/ α/78/7.794 EC/22/0.5 SF/<9.7 SF/ SF/ SF α SF/<1 α SF/1 α/ SF/≈5 α/ EC/5.2 SF/<0.1
11-196
0+ 8.62/96 8.58/4 8.42 8.37 8.010(20)
(9/2-)
8.09
0+
8.12/ 7.93 8.08 8.43
1/2+
8.22 8.27 8.32
(7/2+)
7.52 7.55
9.02/73 8.97/27 8.79 8.72 8.45
0+
0+
0+ (9/2+)
0.187
482_Frame_11.020 Page 197 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Lr
255.0967
22. s
Lr
256.0988
28. s
Lr
257.0996
0.65 s
Lr
258.1019
3.9 s
259
Lr
259.1030
6.1 s
Lr Lr 262Lr
260.1056 261.1069 262.1097
3. m 40. m 3.6 h
Rf Rf
253.1007
≈ 48. µs
254
Rf
254.1002
23. µs
255
Rf
255.1015
1.6 s
256
Rf
256.10118
6.2 ms
257
Rf
257.1031
4.7 s
258
Rf
258.1036
12. ms
259
Rf
259.1056
3.4 s.
Rf Rf 262Rf 263Rf 105Db 255Db
260.1064 261.1088 262.1099 263.1125
20. ms 1.1 m 2.1 s 10. m
255.1074
≈ 1.5 s
Db
256.1081
1.9 s
Db
257.1079
1.5 s
α/ SF/<6
Db
258.1094
4.2 s
α/
Elem. or Isot. 255
256
257
258
260 261
104 253
260 261
256
257
258
Natural Abundance (%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/ EC/3.2 SF/<0.1 α/99.7/8.554 EC/4.2 SF/<0.03 α/ EC/2.5 SF/<0.03 α/ EC/3.4 SF/<5 α/80 SF/20 α/ SF EC/2. SF/<10 SF α/<10 SF/>98.5 α/<1.5 α SF/45
SF/99.68 α/0.32 α/9.22 EC/11 SF/<1.4 SF/87 α/13 α/9.09/93 SF/7 SF/ α/8.78,SF/<10 SF/>99.2 SF,α α, SF/≈20 α/64 EC/35 SF/0.05
11-197
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
8.37/60 8.43/40 8.43/ 8.39 8.80 8.80
7/2+
8.60/46 8.62/25 8.56/20 8.65/9 8.44(1) 8.03
8.72/55 8.77/25 8.80/7 8.69/3.5 8.83/3.5 8.89/2.5 8.92/2.5 8.81 8.77 9.01 8.95 8.62
8.77(2)/ 8.86/ 8.28/
9.02/≈64 8.89/≈12 9.08/≈12 9.12/≈12 8.97/33 9.07/38 9.12/5.5 8.94/9 9.02/9 8.89/5.5 9.20/
0.117
482_Frame_11.020 Page 198 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Db Db
259.1097 260.1114
≈ 1.2 s 1.5 s
Db
261.1121
1.8 s
Db
262.1141
34. s
259 260
261
262
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) E.C/5.3 SF/<33 SF/ α/ SF/<9.6 α/ SF/<18 SF/<33 α/
Db Sg 258Sg
263.1151
≈0.45 m
SF/57/, α/43/
258.1132
≈ 2.9 ms
259
Sg
259.1147
0.5 s
SF α/<20 α/ SF/<20
260
Sg
260.11444
4. ms
α/50 SF/50
261
Sg Sg
261.1162 263.1183
0.3 s 0.8 s
265
Sg
265.1211
≈7.4 s
α,SF/<10 α SF/<30 α/>65 SF/<35
266
Sg
266.1219
≈21. s
Sg Bh 260Bh 261Bh
260.122 261.1218
12. ms
263
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 9.16/
9.05/ 9.08/ 9.13/ 8.93/
8.45/ 8.53/ 8.67/ 8.35/43
106
263
α/ SF/<82
9.62 9.35 9.03 9.76 9.72 9.81 9.56 9.06 9.25 8.84/46 8.76/23 8.94/23 8.69/8 8.77/66 8.52/33
269 107
262m
Bh
8. ms
α α/,SF<10
α/ SF/<12 α/ SF/<12
262
Bh
262.1230
0.10 s
264
Bh
264.1247
0.44 s
Bh Bh 108Hs 263Hs 264Hs 265mHs
266.1270 267.1277
≈1 s ≈17 s
α/ SF/ 9.29 8.83
≈ 0.08 ms ≈0.75 ms
α/ α/,SF/≈50 α
265
Hs
265.1300
2.0 ms
α/ SF/<1
267
Hs
267.1371
33 ms
α/>88
266 267
263.1287 264.1284
11-198
10.40 10.10 10.03 10.37 10.24 10.06 9.91 9.74 9.48 9.62
11.0 10.57/63 10.73 10.52 10.34 10.30/90 10.43 10.37 10.25 9.88 9.83
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 199 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 269
Hs
273
Hs
Hs Mt 266mMt 266Mt 267Mt 268Mt 110110 267110 269110 271m110
Natural Abundance (%)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
269.1341
9.3 s
α
≈1.2 s
α
≈11 m
SF
≈1.2 ms ≈0.7 ms 19 ms 0.07 s
α α α α/>68
10.46-10.81 10.48-11.31
267.1440 269.1451
≈ 3 µs 0.17 ms ≈1.1 ms
α/>32 α/>75 α
271.1461
≈ 56 ms 0.076 ms 118 ms ≈3.0 ms ≈7.5 s ≈1m
α α α/ α α
11.6 11.11 10.68 10.74 10.71 11.8 9.73 10.2 SF/ 8.83
≈ 1.5 ms
α/>68
10.82
≈ 0.24 ms
α
≈ 0.89 ms ≈ 1. m
α
11.45 11.65 10.7 sf/>0.7
277
9.75 9.23 9.17 9.78 9.47
109
110 110 273110 277110 280110 281110 111111 272111 112112 277112 271
266.1379 267.138 268.1388
273m
112 112
281 283
112 285112 114114 285114 287114 288114 289114 116116 289116 118118 293118 284
273.1492
272.1535
10.10,10.24
≈9.8 s ≈11. m
α/<0.3 α α
9.17 8.67
≈ 0.58 ms ≈ 5.5 s ≈1.9 s ≈ 20. s
α α α α
11.3 10.3 9.84 9.71
≈ 0.60 ms
α
11.6
≈ 0.12 ms
α
12.4
11-199
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
482_Frame_11.020a Page 50 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities which characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If they exceed five in the last digit, the value is prefaced by an approximate sign. The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the Table is December, 2000.
Table Layout Column No. 1
Column Title Isotope or Element
2 3 4
Isotopic Abundance Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight Half-life
5
Decay Mode/Energy
6
Particle Energy/Intensity
7
Spin and Parity
8 9 10
Magnetic Dipole Moment Electric Quadrupole Moment Gamma Ray Energy/Intensity
Description For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. in atom percent. Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight is given on the same scale. Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and y = years. Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β¯ = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; EC = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; SF = spontaneous fission. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles in MeV and their intensities in percent. Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2"; parity is positive or negative. Magnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. Electric quadrupole moments in barn units (10¯24 cm2). Gamma ray energies in MeV and intensities in percent. Ann. rad. refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter.
General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journals and reports: 1. G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A.H. Wapstra, The Nubase Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A624, 1 (1997). 2. International Commission on Atomic Weights, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 1995, Pure & Applied Chemistry 68, 2339 (1996). 3. J.R. Parrington, H.D. Knox, S. Breneman, E.M. Baum, F. Feiner, Chart of the Nuclides, 15th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (1996) 4. N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (1989). 5. N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). 6. N.E. Holden, Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989). 7. P. Raghavan, Table of Nuclear Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 42, 189 (1989). 8. E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986). 9. J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (July 1995). 10. N.E.Holden, D.C.Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72 1525 (2000). 11. N. Stone, Table of New Nuclear Moments, private communication, www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/moments.html (Dec 2000) *This research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.
11-50
482_Frame_11.020a Page 51 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot. n 1H 1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 2He 3He 4He 5He 6He 7He 8He
Natural Abundance (%)
o
99.985(1) 0.015(1)
1.37x10-4 ≈100.
9
He He 3Li 4Li 5Li 6Li 7Li 8Li 10
7.5(2) 92.5(2)
9
Li
10
Li Li
11
12
Li Be Be 6Be 7Be 8Be 9Be 10Be 11Be 4 5
100.
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
1.008664924 1.00794(7) 1.007825032 2.014101778 3.016049268 4.0278 5.040 6.0449 4.002602(2) 3.016029309 4.002603250 5.01222 6.018888 7.02803 8.03392
614. S
9.0438 10.0524 6.941(2) 4.0272 5.01254 6.0151223 7.0160041 8.022486
7.x10-21 s 3.x10-21 s
0.84 s
9.026789
0.178 s
10.03590 11.04380
4.x10-22 s 8.4 ms
12.054 9.012182(3) 5.041 6.01973 7.0169293 8.00530509 9.0121822 10.0135338 11.02166
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
12.33 y 1.9x10-22 s 8.x10-23 s 3.x10-22 s
7.6x10-22 s 0.807 s 3.x10-21 s 0.119 s
9.x10-23 s ≈3.x10-22 s
β¯/0.78235
β¯/0.01859 n/
p/
β¯/16.004 _/ β¯/13.606 β¯/ β¯ /20.84 β¯/20.6 n,2n,3n,_
5.0x10-21 s 53.28 d ≈7.x10-17 s
EC/0.8618
1.52x106 y 13.8 s
β¯/0.5559 β¯,β¯_/11.51
0.0174 s
14
14.02540 15.03110 16.0398 17.0469 18.056
14. ms β¯ /20.64 10.4 ms β¯ ,(n)/19.09 <1.9x10-10 s 5.1 ms β¯,(n)/22.7 <0.026 µ
B B 16B 17B 18B 15
1/2+ 1+ 0.01860/100. /100
+2.79285 +0.85744
1/2+ 0+
-2.12762
13/88. /12.
/100 p/
12.5/100. _(1.6) 13.5/75. 11/25.
3.510/100. (3/2)0+
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
-1.913043
+2.86 mb 1/2+
+2.97896
2-
3/20+ 0.9807/84. 0.4776/5.
21+ 3/22+
3/2+0.82205 +3.25644 +1.6536
-0.8 mb -0.041 +0.032
3/2-
3.439
-0.027
3/2(-)
3.668
-0.031
n//106.
3.367/35. (0.22-2.81)
4.x10-22 s 0.770 s 8x10-19 s
0.0202 s
0+ 3/2-
2_/0.046
13.017780
B
1/2+
2p,_
13
19.9(2) 80.1(2)
0.782/100.
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
<0.01 &s
24. ms β¯,(n)/11.71 ≈ 3.x10-21 s 4.3 ms β¯,(n)/16.2
Be Be 14Be 5B 7B 8B 9B 10B 11B 12B 13
n/ /100
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
n,_ β¯/3.508,d n β¯/10.65, t n/ n /100 (1/2-) 2n /100 0+
12.02692 13.0361 14.0428 10.811(7) 7.0299 8.024607 9.013329 10.0129371 11.0093055 12.014352
12
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
p β+, 2_/17.979 p2_/
β¯/13.369 β¯ _/1.6/ β¯ /13.437 β¯ n/0.25/
0.555/100.
13.7(β+)/93.
13.4 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0.16
0.4776/10.4 0+ -1.1776
3/20+ 11.48/61.
+0.0529
1/2+
n//0.5
0+
n//100.
0+
2+ 3/23+ 3/21+
1.0355
0.068
+1.8006 +2.6886 +1.0027
+0.085 +0.0406 0.0132
3/2-
+3.17778
0.037
4.438/1.3 3.215/0.00065 3.68/7.6
2-
1.185 (3/2-)
0.0298 2.66
6.094/90. 0.038
2.125/35.5 (0.478-7.97) (0.95 - 4.4)
2.54
11-51
ann.rad.
482_Frame_11.020a Page 52 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
19
B 6C 8C 9C 10C C C 13C 14C 15C
98.93(8) 1.07(8)
16
C C
17
18
C C 20C 21C 22C 7N 10N 11N 12N 19
13
N N 15N 16N 14
99.632(7) 0.368(7)
Half-Life
11.011433 12.000000000 13.003354838 14.003241991 15.010599
20.3 m
β+ ,EC/1.982
0.9608/99.
3/2-
2.45 s
5715. y β¯ /9.772
β¯ /0.15648 4.51/68. 9.82/32.
0.1565/100. 1/2+
16.014701 17.02258
0.75 s 0.19 s
β¯ ,n/8.012 β¯ ,n/13.17
0+
18.02676 19.0353 20.0403 21.0493 22.056 14.00674(7) 10.0426 11.0268 12.018613
0.09 s 0.05 s 0.01 s <0.03 µs 9 ms
β¯ ,n/11.81 n
0+
13.0057386 14.003074007 15.00010897 16.006100
-0.964 0+ 1/2-
0.0333
ann.rad. ann.rad. 0.71829/100. ann.rad.
+0.70241 0+
1.32
5.298/68. (7.30-9.05) 1.375 1.849 1.906
0+ β-,n
n//99.
0+
β+ /2.2204
1.190/100.
0.3222 +0.40376
β¯ /10.419
1/24.27/68.
1/21+ -0.28319 2-
3.7/100.
1/2-
0.352
1-
0.328
0.012
0.822/61. 1.65/60.5 1.982/98. (0.535-7.13) (0.096-3.14)
(3/2-)
1.389
0.026
ann.rad. 4.438/0.56 ann.rad. 2.312/99.4 ann.rad.
7.13 s
0.32 s 0.14 s 0.08 s 0.02 s 15 ms <0.052 µs
14
O
0+ -1.391 0+
9.97 m
19.01703 20.02337 21.0271 22.0344 23.0405 24.050 15.9994(3) 12.03440 13.02481
20
(3/2-) 1.865
+10. mb
N N 21N 22N 23N 24N 8O 12O 13O
99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)
p
+0.457
19
O O 17O 18O 19O
n//125.
1+
0.62 s
16
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β+,β+_/17.338 16.38/95.
18.01408
15
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5.x10-22 s 11.00 ms
18
O
Spin (h/2)
β+ ,p, 2_/16.498 β+ /3.648
4.17 s
20
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
2.0x10-21 s 127. ms 19.3 s
17.00845
N
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β¯,(n)/26.5
17
N
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
3.3 ms
19.0637 12.0107(8) 8.03768 9.031040 10.0168532
11 12
Atomic Mass or Weight
β¯, _ β¯ ,β¯ n/8.68 0.4-1.7n/95. β¯ _ / β¯ /13.90
10.44/26. 1.85/.0012
8.0, 8.2 9.4/100.
β¯/12.53 β¯ /17.97
β-,n
n//80.
≈1.x10-21 s 8.9 ms
β+,p/17.77
2p 1.56 (p)/
14.0085953
70.60 s
β+ /5.1430
1.81/99.
0+
15.0030655 15.994914622 16.9991315 17.999160 19.003579
122.2 s
β+ /2.754
1.723/100.
-0.026
26.9 s
β¯ /4.820
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1/20+ -1.8938 1.5320
3.7 mb
20.004076
13.5 s
β¯ /3.814
3.25/60. 4.60/40.
0+
11-52
0.7195
ann.rad. 4.438/2. +0.0200 6.129/68.8 7.115/4.7 (0.99-8.87) 0.871/3. 2.1842/0.3
0.197/95.9 1.3569/50.4 (0.11-4.18) 1.057/100.
482_Frame_11.020a Page 53 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
21
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
O 22O 23O 24O
21.00866 22.00997 23.0157 24.0204
3.4 s 2.2 s 0.08 s ≈65 ms
25
25.029 26.038 18.9984032(5) 14.036 15.0180 16.01147 17.0020952 18.000938 18.9984032 19.9999813
<0.05 µs <0.04 µs
O O 9F 14F 15F 16F 17F 18F 19F 20F 26
100.
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
β¯ /8.11 β¯ /6.5 β-,n
5.x10-22 s ≈1.x10-20 s 64.5 s 1.830 h
β+ /2.761 β+ ,EC/1.656
p 1.75/ 0.635/97.
11.00 s
β¯ /7.0245
5.398/100. 3.7/8. 5.0/63. 5.4/29. 3.48/15. 4.67/7. 5.50/62.
p
n//18.
1.83/28 0.52/14. 1.31/12.
(1/2+) 5/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2+
0+4.721
0.058
+2.62887 +2.0934
0.072 0.042
5/2+
3.9
20.999949
4.16 s
β¯ /5.684
22
22.00300
4.23 s
β¯ /10.82
23
23.00357
2.2 s
β¯ /8.5
24
24.0081 25.0121
0.3 s ≈50 ms
β¯ /13.5
26
26.0196
10 ms
β-,(n)
n//11.
27
27.0269 29.043
5. ms 3. ms
β-,(n) β-,(n)
n//90. n//100.
20.1797(6) 16.02575 17.01770
4.x10-21 s 109. ms
2p β+ .p/14.53
0+ 1.4-10.6/
1/2-
18
18.005697
1.67 s
β+ /4.446
3.416/92.
0+
19
19.001880
17.22 s
β+ /3.238
2.24/99.
1/2+
3/2+ 0+ 5/2+
F
F
F F
25
F
F F 31F 10Ne 16Ne 17Ne 29
Ne
Ne
20
Ne Ne 22Ne 23Ne
5/2+
β-,(n)
n//14.
37.2 s
β¯ /4.376
24
23.99362
3.38 m
β¯ /2.47
25
24.99779
0.61 s
β¯ /7.30
26
Ne Ne 28Ne
26.00046 27.0076 28.0121
197 ms 32 ms 18. ms
β¯ /7.3 β¯, n/12.7 β¯, n/12.3
n//11.
(3/2+) 0+
29
29.0194
15. ms
β¯,(n)/15.4
n//27.
(3/2+)
30
30.024
7. ms
β-, (n)
Ne Ne
27
Ne Ne
90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3)
4+
19.992440176 20.99384674 21.9913855 22.9944673
21
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.28-4.6) (0.64-1.86)
21
F
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3.95/32. 4.39/67. 1.10/8. 1.98/92. 6.3/ 7.3/
0+ -0.66180 -1.08
0+ 1/2+ 0+
n//9.
11-53
0+
-1.885
ann.rad. ann.rad. 1.634/100. 3.33/0.009 0.3507/90. 1.395/15. (1.746-4.684) 1.2746/100. 2.0826/82. (0.82-4.37) 1.701/48. 2.129/34. (0.493-3.83) 1.9816/ 1.70/39. (0.57-2.19) 2.02/67. 1.67/19.
ann.rad./ 0.495 ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8 (0.658-1.70) ann.rad./ (0.11-1.55)
+0.103 -0.19 0.440/33. (1.64-2.98) 0.4723/100. 0.874/7.9 0.0895/96. (0.98-3.69) 0.233/ 2.06/19. 0.86/3. 2.92/54. (0.22-1.18)
482_Frame_11.020a Page 54 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
31
Ne 32Ne 11Na 18Na 19Na 20Na
Atomic Mass or Weight 31.033 32.040 22.989770(2) 18.0272 19.01388 20.00735
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
0.03 s 0.446 s
β+ ,p/11.18 β+ /13.89 _ β+ /3.547
22.48 s
22
21.9944366
2.605 y
β+ /90/2.842 EC/10/
23.9909633
20.2 ms 14.96 h
I.T.,β¯ β¯ /5.5158
25
24.989954
59.3 s
β¯ /3.835
26
25.99259 26.99401
1.07 s 0.290 s
28
27.9989
31. ms
29
29.0028
44. ms
β¯ /9.31 β¯ /9.01 β¯ ,n/ β¯ /14.0 β¯ ,n/ β¯ ,n/13.3
30
30.0092 31.0136
50. ms 17.2 ms
32.0197 33.027 34.035 35.044 24.3050(6) 20.01886 21.01171 21.999574
13.5 ms 8.1 ms 5. ms 1.5 ms
β¯ /17.5 /15.9 β¯ ,n β¯ /19.1 β¯ /20. β¯ /24. β¯ /24
96. ms 122. ms 3.86 s
β+ ,p/10.73 β+ ,p/13.10 β+ /4.786
11.32 s
β+ /4.057
23
Na Na 24Na
100.
Na
Na Na
27
Na Na Na Na
31
32
Na Na 34Na 35Na 12Mg 20Mg 21Mg 22Mg 33
23
Mg Mg 25Mg 26Mg 27Mg 24
78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3)
2+
+0.3694
3/2+
+2.3863
+0.05
0.545/90.
3+
+1.746
3/2+ 1+ 1.389/>99.
+2.21752
+0.104
4+
+1.690
5/2+
+3.683
-0.10
7.95/
3+ 5/2+
+2.851 +3.90
-0.08 0.24
12.3/
1+
+2.43
-0.02
11.5/
3/2+
+2.45
-1.3
2 (3/2-)
+2.08 +2.31
3.05/
0+ 5/2+ 0+
2.15/ 2.50/95.
22.9897697
24m
22.994125 23.9850419 24.9858370 25.9825930 26.9843407
9.45 m
2.6/7. 3.15/25. 4.0/65.
3.09/92.
β¯ /2.6103
28
27.983877
20.9 h
β¯ /1.832
1.75/58. 2.65/0.3 0.459/95.
29
28.98855
1.3 s
β¯ /7.55
5.4/
30
29.9905 30.9966 31.9992 33.0056 34.0091
0.32 s 0.24 s 0.12 s 0.09 s 0.02 s
β¯ /7.0 β¯ /11.7 β¯ /10.3 β¯ /13.7 β¯ /11.3
Mg
Mg
Mg Mg 32Mg 33Mg 34Mg 31
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
20.997655
Na
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
>0.26 µs >0.20 µs
21
Na
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
3/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1.59/41.
0+
3/2+
0+ (3/2+) 0+ 0+
11-54
0.536
1.25
-0.85545
+0.199
1/2+
ann.rad./ 1.634/79. ann.rad./ 0.351/5. ann.rad./ 1.2745/99.9 0.4723/100. 1.3686/100. 2.754/100. (0.997-4.238) 0.3897/12.7 0.5850/13. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836-2.80) 1.809/98.9 0.9847/87.4 1.698/11.9 1.473/37. 2.389/18.6 2.560/36. (1.04-3.99) 1.483/46. 1.483/14. (0.05-3.54) 0.886/60. 0.886/16. 0.886/60.
0.332/51. 0.0729/60. 0.5820/100. (1.28-1.93) 0.440/8.2
0.17068/0.9 0.84376/72. 1.01443/28. 0.0306/95. 0.4006/36. 0.9418/36. 1.342/54. 0.960/15. 1.398/16. 2.224/36. 0.224/85. 1.61/26. 2.765/25. 1.848/
482_Frame_11.020a Page 55 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
35
Mg 36Mg 37Mg 38Mg 13Al 21Al 22Al
Atomic Mass or Weight 35.0175 36.022 37.031
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.07 s >0.2 µs >0.26 µs
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
(7/2-) 0+ (7/2-) 0+
26.981538(2) 21.028 22.0195
<0.035 µs 59. ms
β+ /18.6 β+,p,2p,_/
≈0.35 s
23m
Al
23
Al
23.00727
24m
Al
0.47 s 0.129 s
24
Al
23.999941
2.07 s
4+
ann.rad./
β+,p/0.17 β+ /12.24 β+ ,p/ I.T./0.4259 β+ β+ /13.878,p
13.3
0.554 0.839 ann.rad./
1+ 3.40/48.
4+
3.27/
5/2+
3.646
0+ 5+
+2.804
+0.17 1.8087/99.8 +0.140 0.18
4.42/41. 6.80/3. 8.74/8.
24.990429
7.17 s
β+ /4.277
25.9868917
6.345 s 7.1x105 y
β+ / β+ /82/4.0042 EC/18/
3.2/ 1.16/
28
26.9815384 27.9819102 28.980445
2.25 m 6.5 m
β¯ /4.6422 β¯ /3.680
2.865/100. 1.4/30. 2.5/70.
30
29.98296
3.68 s
β¯ /8.56
5.05/
31
30.98395
0.64 s
β¯ /8.00
6.25/
32
31.9881 32.9909 33.9969 34.9999 36.0064 37.010 38.0169 39.022
33. ms 41. ms ≈42. ms 30 ms 0.09 s >1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
β¯ /13.0
28.0855(3) 22.0345 23.0255 24.01155
29. ms 40.7 ms 0.14 s
β+,p β+,p/5.9 β+ ,p/10.81
25.00411 25.992330
221 ms 2.23 s
β+ ,p/12.74 β+ /5.066
26.9867048
4.14 s
β+ /4.8118
25
Al
26m
Al Al
26
27
Al Al 29Al
100.
Al Al
Al Al 34Al 35Al 36Al 37Al 38Al 39Al 40Al 41Al 14Si 22Si 23Si 24Si 33
25
Si Si
26
27
Si
28
Si Si 30Si 29
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
92.22(2) 4.69(1) 3.09(1)
5/2+ 3+ 5/2+
+3.64151 3.24
3+
1.3686/5.3 1.078(2)/16. 1.368(2)/96. 2.753(2)/43. 4.315(3)/15. 5.392(3)/20. 7.0662(2)/41. ann.rad./ 1.6115(2)/100. 0.975(2)/5. ann.rad./ ann.rad./
1.7778(6)/100. 1.2732(8)/89. 2.0282(8)/4. 2.4262(8)/7. 1.26313(3)/35. 2.23525(5)/65. 0.75223(3)/18. 1.69473(3)/59. 2.31664(4)/73.
1+ β¯ /17.1
1.99/20 0+ 1.32,2.40,2.83 1.51,4.09,1.73 0+ 1.13-4.38 5/2+ 3.282/ 0+
27.97692653 28.97649472 29.97377022
11-55
3.85/100.
5/2+
0+ 1/2+ 0+
-0.5553
ann.rad./
-0.8554
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.8294(8)/22. ann.rad./ 2.211(5)/0.2
482_Frame_11.020a Page 56 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Si 32Si 33Si
30.9753633 31.974148 32.97800
2.62 h 1.6x102 y 6.1 s
β¯ /1.4920 β¯ /0.224 β¯ /5.85
0.213/100. 3.92
1.471/99.9 0+ (3/2+)
34
33.97858
2.8 s
β¯ /4.60
3.09/
0+
35
34.98458 35.9867 36.9930 37.9960 39.0023 40.0058 41.013 42.016 30.973761(2) 24.0344 25.0203 26.0118 26.99919 27.992312
0.9 s 0.5 s ≈0.09 s >1 µs >1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
β¯ /10.50 β¯ /7.9
31
Si
Si Si 37Si 38Si 39Si 40Si 41Si 42Si 15P 24P 25P 26P 27P 28P 36
<0.03 µs ≈20. ms 0.3 s 270. ms
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3/2+
1.2662(5)/0.05
1.21
1.4313(5)/13. 1.8477/100. 2.538(2)/10. 0.42907(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64. 1.60756(5)/36.
0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
β+ ,p/18.1 β+,p /11.63 β+ /14.332
3.94/13.
3+ 1/2+ 3+
5.25/13. 6.96/16. 8.8/7. 11.49/52. 29
28.981801
4.14 s
β+ /4.9431
3.945/98.
1/2+
30
29.9783138
2.50 m
β+ /4.2323
3.245/99.9
1+
30.9737615 31.9739071 32.971725 33.973636
14.28 d 25.3 d 12.4 s
β¯ /1.7106 β¯ /0.249 β¯ /5.374
1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 1+
+1.13160 -0.2524
34.973314 35.97826
47. s 5.7 s
β¯ /3.989 β¯ /10.41
37
36.97961
2.3 s
β¯ /7.90
38
37.9845
0.6 s
β¯ /12.4
39
P P 41P 42P 43P 44P 45P 46P 16S 26S 27S 28S 29S
38.9864 39.9911 40.9948 42.0001 43.0033 44.010 45.015 46.024 32.066(6) 26.0278 27.0188
≈0.16 s ≈0.26 s 0.12 s 0.11 s 33. ms >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
28.99661
≈ 10 ms 21. ms 0.13 s 0.188 s
30
29.984903
1.18 s
P
P
31
P P 33P 34P 32
35
P P
36
P P
40
S
100.
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
1.710/100. 0.249/100. 3.2/15. 5.1/85. 2.34/100.
1.2349
ann.rad./ 1.779(2)/98. 2.839(2)/2.8 3.040(2)/3.2 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. ann.rad./ 1.273/1.32 2.426/0.39 ann.rad./ 2.230(3)/0.07
1.78-4.1/ 2.127(5)/15. 1.572(1)/100. 0.902/77. 3.291/100. 0.6462/ 1.5829/ 1.2923/ 2.224/
1/2+
β-,(n)/
0+ β+, 2p /18.3 0+ β+ /13.79 β+ ,p/ β+ /6.138
4.42/78.
11-56
5/2+
ann.rad./
0+
ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020a Page 57 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5.08/20. 31
S
32
S S 34S 35S 36S 37S 33
30.979555 94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28) 0.02(1)
31.9720707 32.9714585 33.9678668 34.9690321 35.9670809 36.9711257
2.56 s
β+ /5.396
87.2 d
β¯ /0.1672
5.05 m
β¯ /4.8653
38
37.97116
2.84 h
β¯ /2.94
39
38.97514
11.5 s
β¯ /6.64
40
39.9755 40.9800 41.9815 42.987 43.9883 44.9948 45.9996 47.008 48.013 49.022 35.4527(9) 28.0285 29.0141 30.0048 30.99242 31.98569
9. s ≈2.6 s ≈0.56 s 0.22 s 0.12 s 0.08 s >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs <0.2 µs
β¯ /4.7
S S
S S 42S 43S 44S 45S 46S 47S 48S 49S 17Cl 28Cl 29Cl 30Cl 31Cl 32Cl 41
<0.02 µs <0.03 µs 0.15 s 297. ms
4.39/99.
0.1674/100.
4.75/5.6 1.00/
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 1.64/94.
1/2+
0.48793
+0.64382
-0.68
+1.00
+0.047
7/2-
Cl
32.977452
34m
Cl
0+
0+ β,(n)/
β¯, n/9. β-,n/
0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
β+ ,p/11.98 β+ /12.69
1.52 4.75/25.
3/2+ 1+
1.11
2.511 s
β+ /5.583
4.51/98.
3/2+
+0.752
32.2 m
β+ /
1.35/24. 2.47/28.
3+
I.T./ 34
Cl Cl 36Cl 35
37
Cl Cl 38Cl
75.78(4)
24.22(4)
33.9737620 34.96885271 35.9683069
1.528 s
β+ /5.4922
3.01x105 y
β¯ /0.7086 β+,EC/1.1421
37.9680106
0.715 s 37.2 m
I.T./ β¯ /4.9168
39
38.968008
55.6 m
β¯ /3.442
40
39.97042
1.38 m
β¯ /7.48
41
40.9707
34. s
β¯ /5.7
Cl
Cl
Cl
4.50/100. 3/2+ 0.7093/98.
0+ +0.82187 0+
3/2+ 51.11/31.
+0.68412
2.77/11. 4.91/58. 1.91/85. 2.18/8. 3.45/7.
3/2+
2-
3.8/
11-57
2-
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.548(2)/3.5 2.2305(1)/92. 2.4638(1)/4. 2.885(1)/1. 4.770(1)/20. ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./ 0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42. ann.rad./
-0.0825 +1.28547
0.115/0.002
36.96590260
38m
0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2
0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44.
6.18/10. 7.48/14. 9.47/50. 11.6/1. 33
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
-0.0649 0.6714/100 2.05
-0.018 ann.rad./
1.64216(1)/31. 2.16760(2)/42. 0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986-1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167-1.359)
482_Frame_11.020a Page 58 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
42
Cl 43Cl 44Cl 45Cl 46Cl 47Cl 48Cl 49Cl 50Cl 51Cl 18Ar 30Ar 31Ar
Atomic Mass or Weight 41.9732 42.9742 43.9785 44.980 45.984 46.988 47.995 48.9999 50.008 51.014 39.948(1) 30.0216 31.0121
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life 6.8 s 3.3 s ≈0.43 s 0.40 s 0.22 s >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.17 s
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
β¯,n/12.3
>0.2 µs <0.02 µs ≈14.1 ms
β+ /18.4
34
33.980270
0.844 s
35
34.975257
1.77 s
β+/5.965
35.0 d
EC/.813
268. y
β¯/0.565
0.565/100.
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
1.82 h
β¯/2.492
1.198/
7/2-
41.96305 42.9657
33. y 5.4 m
β¯/0.60 β¯/4.6
0.60/100.
0+
43.96537 44.96809
11.87 m 21.5 s
β¯/3.55 β¯/6.9
Ar Ar 48Ar 49Ar 50Ar 51Ar 52Ar 53Ar 19K 32K 33K 34K 35K
45.96809 46.9722 47.9751 48.9822 49.986 50.993 51.998 52.994 39.0983(1) 32.0219 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801
8.4 s ≈0.7 s
β¯/5.70
36
35.98129
Ar
36
Ar Ar 38Ar 39Ar 40Ar 41Ar
0.3365(30)
37
42
Ar Ar
43
44
Ar Ar
45
46 47
K
0.0632(5) 99.6003(30)
35.9675463 36.9667759 37.9627322 38.964313 39.962383123 40.964501
>0.17 µs >0.17 µs >0.2 µs 10 ms
<0.025 µs <0.04 µs 0.19 s
0.342 s
0+ 5/2
p/2.08/100. p/1.42/37 p/0.45-11.67
98. ms 174. ms
Ar
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β¯, n/11. β¯, n/14.9 β¯, n/15.
31.99766 32.98993
Ar Ar
33
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
β¯ /9.4 β¯ /8.0
β+, 2p/<10-4 β+, 3p/<10-3 β+ ,p/11.2 β+ /11.62 β+ ,p/ β+/6.061
32
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
3.12/ 5.0/95.
0+
4.94/93.
3/2+
0+ 1/2+
-0.72
+0.633
-0.08
+1.15
+0.076
-1.59 0+
-0.12
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25 2.964(1)/0.2
1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182-1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34. 1.944/
0+ 7/2-
0+ βββ-
βββ-
β+ /11.88 β+ ,p/
3/2+
β+ /12.81
5.3/42. 9.9/44.
11-58
2+
+0.548
ann.rad./ 1.751/14. 2.5698/26. 2.9827/51. ann.rad./ 1.97044(5)/82.
482_Frame_11.020a Page 59 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
36.9733769
1.23 s
β+ /6.149
5.13/
3/2+
+0.2032
37.969080
0.924 s 7.63 m
β+ /6.742 β+ /5.913
5.02/100. 2.60/99.8
0+ 3+
+1.37
1.26x109 y
β¯ /1.3111 β+ ,EC/1.505
1.312/89.
+0.39146 -1.29810
+0.049 -0.061
40.9618260 41.9624031
β¯ /3.525
43
42.96072
22.3 h
β¯ /1.82
3/2+
+0.163
44
43.96156
22.1 m
β¯ /5.66
1.97/19. 3.523/81. 0.465/8. 0.825/87. 1.24/3.5 1.814/1.3 5.66/34.
+0.21487 -1.1425
+0.060
12.36 h
3/2+ 41.50/10.7 3/2+ 2-
2-
-0.856
37
K
38m
K K
38
39
K K
40
41
K K
93.2581(44) 38.9637069 0.0117(1) 39.9639987 6.7302(44)
42
K
K
45
44.96070
17.8 m
β¯ /4.20
1.1/23. 2.1/69. 4.0/8.
3/2+
+0.173
46
45.96198
1.8 m
β¯ /7.72
6.3/
2-
-1.05
47
46.96168
17.5 s
β¯ /6.64
4.1/99. 6.0/1.
1/2+
+1.93
48
47.96551
6.8 s
β¯ /12.09
5.0/
(2-)
49
48.9675
1.26 s
β¯ /11.0
50
49.9728 50.9764 51.983 52.987 53.994 40.078(4) 34.0141 35.0048
0.472 s 0.365 s 0.105 s 30. ms 10. ms
β¯ /14.2 β¯ / β¯ β¯ β¯
<0.035 µs 25.7 ms
β+,p/15.6
K
K K
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.20783(5)/30. 2.43343(2)/32. ann.rad./ 2.7944(8)/2. 3.602(2)/0.05 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 2.1675(3)/99.8 3.9356(5)/0.2 ann.rad./ 1.4608/10.5 0.31260(2)/0.3 1.5246(3)/18. 0.2211(2)/4. 0.3729(2)/88. 0.3971(2)/11. 0.6178(2)/81.
0.36821/2.2 1.15700(1)/58. 2.15079(2)/22. 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100
K
K
K K 52K 53K 54K 20Ca 34Ca 35Ca 51
0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/
3/2+
p/1.43/49 1.9-8.8
36
35.99309
0.10 s
37
36.98587
0.18 s
38
37.976319
0.44 s
β+,(p)/10.99 β+ ,n/ β+ /11.64 β+ ,n/ β+ /6.74
38.970718
0.861 s
β+ /6.531
40.9622783 41.9586183 42.9587668 43.955481
1.02x105 y
EC/0.4214
Ca Ca Ca
39
Ca Ca 41Ca 42Ca 43Ca 44Ca 40
2.52 3.103
3/2+
0+
5.49/100. 0+ 7/20+ 7/20+
96.941(156) 39.9625912 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110)
ann.rad./
11-59
3/2+
1.02168
-1.5948
-0.08
-1.3173
-0.05
ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020a Page 60 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
44.956186 45.953693 46.954546
162.7 d >0.4(1016 y 4.536 d
β¯ /0.257
47.952533 48.955673
4.3(1019 y 8.72 m
β-ββ¯ /5.262
50
49.95752
14. s
β¯ /4.97
51
50.9615 51.9651 52.9701 53.975 54.981 55.986 44.955910(8) 36.0149 37.0030 37.9947 38.98479 39.977964
10. s 4.6 s 0.09 s
β¯ /7.3 β¯ /8.0 β¯ /10.9
<0.3 µs <0.3 µs 0.182 s
p β+ /14.320
45
Ca 46Ca 47Ca
0.004(3)
48
0.187(21)
Ca Ca
49
Ca
Ca Ca 53Ca 54Ca 55Ca 56Ca 21Sc 36Sc 37Sc 38Sc 39Sc 40Sc 52
β¯ /1.992
40.9692513
0.596 s 61.6 s
β+ /6.4953 β+ /
41.9655168 42.961151
0.682 s 3.89 h
β+ /6.4259 β+ ,EC/2.221
58.2 h 3.93 h
I.T./0.27 EC/3.926 β+, EC/3.653
45.955170
18.7 s 83.81 d
I.T./0.14253 β¯ /2.367
47
46.952408
3.349 d
β¯ /0.600
48
47.95224
43.7 h
β¯ /3.99
41
Sc Sc
42m
42
Sc Sc
43
44m
Sc
44
Sc
45
Sc Sc 46Sc
43.959403 100.
Sc
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
0.257/100. β-β0.684/84. 1.98/16.
7/2-
0.89/7. 1.95/92. 3.12/
3/2-
7/2-
-1.327 0+ -1.38
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
+0.05 +0.02
1.297/75 (0.041-1.88)
0+ 3.0844(1)/92. 4.0719(1)/7. 0.2569/98. (0.0715 -1.59)
0+ (3/2-)
5.73/50.
4-
7/27+
+5.431
-0.156
0+ 7/2-
+4.62
-0.26
6+
+3.88
1.47/
2+
+2.56 +4.75649
0.357/100.
7/214+
+3.03
7/2-
+5.34
7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/
5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.
44.955910
46m
Sc
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/
+0.10 1.157/100 -0.220
ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12-3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00-1.16) ann.rad./
0.14253(2)/62.
6+
+0.12 0.8893/ 100 1.121/100 -0.22
0.15938(1)/68.
0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100
48.950024 49.95219
57.3 m 1.71 m
β¯ /2.006 β¯ /6.89
2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.
7/2(5+)
51
50.95360
12.4 s
β¯ /6.51
4.4/ 5.0/
7/2-
52
Sc Sc 54mSc
51.9566 52.9592
8.2 s > 3. ms ≈ 7 µs
β¯ /9.0 β¯ /8.1
54
53.9630
0.23 s
β¯ /11.6
49
Sc Sc
50
Sc
53
Sc
1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718-2.144
(3+) (5+)
0.110/IT
0.100/50
11-60
482_Frame_11.020a Page 61 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.70/40 0.50/40
55
Sc Sc 57Sc 58Sc 22Ti 38Ti 39Ti 40Ti
54.967 55.973 56.977 57.983 47.867(1) 38.0098 39.0013 39.9905
0.12 s
41
40.98313
80. ms
56
Ti
<0.12 µs 28. ms 52. ms
β¯ /13
β+ /15.4 β+ /11.7 β+,p
p/2.17/28 3.73/23 1.7/22 0.242-5.74
β+ ,p/12.93
p/4.73/107
3/2+
ann.rad./
7/20+
0.85
ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./
7/2-
0.095
3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744-6.73 42
41.97303
0.20 s
β+ /7.000
43
42.96852 43.959690
0.50 s 60. y
β+ /6.87 EC/0.268
5.80/
44.958124
3.078 h
β+/86/2.062 EC/14/
1.04
Ti Ti Ti
44
45
Ti
46
Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 51Ti
45.952630 46.951764 47.947947 48.947871 49.944792 50.946616
5.76 m
β¯ /2.471
52
51.94690
1.7 m
53
52.9497
54
Ti Ti 56Ti 57Ti 58Ti 59Ti 60Ti 61Ti 23V 40V 41V 42V 43V 44V 45V 46V 47V
53.9509 54.9551 55.9580 56.963 57.966 58.972 59.976 60.982 50.9415(1) 40.0111 40.9997 41.9912 42.9807 43.9744 44.96578 45.960200 46.954907
<0.055 µs >0.8 s 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m
β+ /11.3 β+ ,_/13.7 β+ /7.13 β+ /7.051 β+ ,EC/2.928
7/26.03/100. 1.90/99.+
0+ 3/2-
48
47.952254
15.98 d
β+ /4.012
0.698/50.
4+
47
Ti Ti
55
V
8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)
6.0/
0+ 5/20+ 7/20+ 3/2-
β¯ /1.97
1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.
0+
33. s
β¯ /5.0
(2.2-3)/
3/2-
1.5 s 0.32 s 0.19 s 0.06 s ≈47 ms 0.06 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.3 β¯ /7.4 β¯ /7.0 β¯ /11.
0.06787/91 0.07832/97 0.015 (0.36-1.66)
-0.78848
+0.30
-1.10417
+0.24
ann.rad./
0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094-0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39. 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72-2.8)/
ann.rad./
11-61
2.01 0.9835/100
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2-2.16) ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020a Page 62 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) (1.3-2.4)
49
V 50V 51V 52V 53V
0.250(4) 99.750(4)
48.948517 49.947163 50.943964 51.944780 52.944342
337. d >1.4x1017y
EC/0.602 EC, β¯
3.76 m 1.56 m
β¯ /3.976 β¯ /3.436
2.47/ 2.52/
1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/
54
53.94644
0.9 µs 49.8 s
β¯ /7.04
55
54.9472
6.5 s
β¯ /6.0
56
55.9504
0.23 s
β¯ /9.1
57
56.9524
0.33 s
β¯ /8.1
58
V V 60V 61V 62V 63V 64V 24Cr 42Cr 43Cr 44Cr 45Cr 46Cr 47Cr 48Cr
57.9567 58.9593 59.965 60.967 61.973 62.977
0.20 s 0.13 s 0.20 s 0.04 s ≈ 65 ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /11.6 β¯ /9.9 β¯ /14.
51.9961(6) 42.0064 42.9977 43.9855 44.9792 45.96836 46.96291 47.95404
>0.35 µs 21. ms 53. ms 0.05 s 0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h
β+ ,(p) /10.3 β+ ,p/12.5 β+ /7.60 β+ /7.45 EC/1.66
49
48.951341
42.3 m
β+,EC/2.631
54m
V V
V V
V
59
Cr
7/26+ 7/23+ 7/2-
4.47 +3.34569 +5.148706
+0.21 -0.04 1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56-3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224-1.21) 0.70/50. 0.34/40. 1.00/30. 0.30/60. 0.60/30. 0.80/30.
(5+) 3+
(7/2-)
0.90/80. 0.102-0.208 0.646
p/0.95-3.1 7/23/2-
1.39/
5/2-
0.476
-0.934
0.3201/10.2
-0.47454
-0.15
1.45/ 1.54/ 50
Cr Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr 55Cr
4.345(13)
51
83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)
49.946050 50.944772 51.940512 52.940653 53.938885 54.940844
3.497 m
β¯ /2.603
2.5/
0+ 7/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
27.70 d
EC/0.7527
56
55.94065
5.9 m
β¯ /1.62
1.50/100.
0+
57
56.9438
21. s
β¯ /5.1
3.3/ 3.5/
3/2-
58
57.9443
7.0 s 0.10 ms
β¯ /4.0
1.0 s 0.6 s 0.26 s
β¯ /7.7 β¯ /6.0 β¯ /8.8
Cr Cr Cr Cr
59m
59
Cr Cr 61Cr 60
58.9487 59.9497 60.9541
(9/2+)
0.0834
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.116(2)/95. 0.305(10)/100. ann.rad./ 0.09064(1)/51. 0.15293(1)/27. (0.062-1.6)
1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13-2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083-2.62) (0.131-0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236 0.354-1.860
11-62
482_Frame_11.020a Page 63 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
62
Cr 63Cr 64Cr 65Cr 66Cr 67Cr 25Mn 44Mn 45Mn 46Mn 47Mn 48Mn
Atomic Mass or Weight 61.9558 62.962 63.964 64.970
54.938049(9) 44.0069 44.9945 45.9867 46.9761 47.9689
49
Mn Mn
Mn Mn
51
β+ /17.1 β+ /12.3 β+ /13.5
48.95962
0.38 s 1.74 m
49.954244 50.948215
52m
Mn
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
4+
β+ /7.72 β+ /7.887
5.79/58. 4.43/10. 6.69/ 3.54/
0.283 s 46.2 m
β+ /7.6330 β+ ,EC/3.208
6.61/ 2.2/
0+ 5/2-
3.568
21.1 m
β+ /98/5.09 I.T./2/0.378
2.631/
2+
0.0076
0.575/
6+
+3.063
5/25+
51.945570
5.591 d
β+ /4.712 EC/
53
52.941294 53.940363
3.7x106 y 312.1 d
EC/0.5970 EC/1.377
7/23+
5.024 +3.282
54.938049 55.938909
2.579 h
β¯ /3.6954
5/20.718/18.
+3.4687 3+
Mn Mn
54
55
Mn Mn
56
100.
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.285
52
Mn
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
β¯ /7.3
<0.105 µs <0.07 µs ≈41. ms ≈0.1 s 0.15 s
50m
50
Half-Life 0.19 s 0.11 s 0.04 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
0.4
+0.5
+0.33 0.8340/ 100 +0.32 +3.2266
1.028/34.
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.0980/94. 0.783/91. (0.66-3.11) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.7491(1)/0.26 (1.148-1.164) ann.rad./ 0.3778 (I.T.) 1.43406(1)/98. (0.7-4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100
0.84675/99 1.81072(4)/27.
2.113/14.5 Mn 58Mn
56.938287 57.93999
1.45 m 65 s
β¯ /2.691 β¯ /6.25
59
58.94045
4.6 s
β¯ /5.19
4.5/
1.77 s 50. s 0.67 s 0.67 s
β¯ /IT β¯ /8.6 β¯ /7.4 β¯ /10.4
5.7/
59.9433 60.9446 61.9480
0.28 s > 0.1 ms 87 ms 0.09 s 66 ms 42 ms 28 ms 14 ms
β¯ /8.8
57
Mn
60m
Mn Mn 61Mn 62Mn 60
63
Mn Mn 64Mn 65Mn 66Mn 67Mn 68Mn 69Mn 26Fe 45Fe 46Fe 47Fe
62.9498
64m
63.9537 64.9561 65.961 66.964
55.845(2) 45.0146 46.0008 46.9929
>0.35 µs ≈0.02 s ≈0.03 s
3.8/ 5.1/
β¯ /11.8 β¯ /10.
β+ /13.1 β+ /15.6
11-63
5/23+
3+ 0+ (5/2)(3+)
0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.471/ 0.531-0.726 0.824/ 1.969/ 0.877/ 0.942-1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471
482_Frame_11.020a Page 64 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Fe 49Fe 50Fe 51Fe 52mFe
47.9806 48.9763 49.9630 50.95683
≈ 44. ms 70. ms 0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s
52
51.94812
8.28 h
48
Fe
53m
Fe
53
Fe
52.945312
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
β+ /11.2 β+ /13.0 β+ /8.2 β+ /8.02 β+ /4.4
2.6 m
β+ /57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407
8.51 m
β+ /3.743
(7/2-)
ann.rad./ 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622-2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2 - 3.2)
(5/2-) (12+) 0.804/
0+
19/2-
2.40/42.
7/2-
2.80/57. 54
Fe Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe 59Fe
5.845(35)
55
60
Fe Fe
91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)
53.939615 54.938298 55.934942 56.935398 57.933280 58.934880
59.934077
61m
2.73 y
EC/0.2314
44.51 d
β¯ /1.565
0.273/48. 0.475/51.
1.5x106 y 0.25 µs
β¯ /0.237
0.184/100.
61
60.93675
6.0 m
β¯ /3.98
62
61.93677 62.9404
68. s 6. s
β¯ /2.53 β¯ /6.3
Fe Fe 65Fe 66Fe 67mFe 67Fe 68Fe 69Fe 70Fe 71Fe 72Fe 27Co 48Co 49Co 50Co 51Co 52Co 53mCo 53Co 54mCo
63.9411
2.0 s 0.4 µs 1.3 s 0.44 s ≈0.04 ms 0.48 s 0.15 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.9
54
53.948464 54.942003
Fe
Fe Fe
63
64
65m
Co Co
55
64.9449 65.9460 66.9500 67.953 68.958
58.933200(9) 48.0018 48.990 49.9812 50.9705 51.9632 52.95423
<0.035 µs 44. ms >0.2 µs 0.12 s 0.25 s 0.26 s 1.46 m
0.1932 s 17.53 h
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.
0+ 3/20+ 1/20+ 3/2-
+0.0906
0.16
- 0.336
0+ (9/2+)
1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14-1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12-3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365-1.427)
0+ 5/2-
(5/2-)
0.364/IT
β¯ /7.9 β¯ /5.7
0.471-1.425 0.367/IT 0.189
(5/2-) β¯ /8.8 β¯ /≈7.6
β+ /17.0 β+ /12.8 β+ /14.0 β+ ,p/ β+ /8.30 β+ /8.44
β+ /8.2430 β+ /3.4513 EC/
2.03-2.79
4.25/100.
19/27/27+
7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/
11-64
0+ 7/2-
+4.822
0.849-1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75.
482_Frame_11.020a Page 65 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1.50/ 56
Co
55.939844
77.3 d
β+ /4.566 EC/
1.459/18.
4+
3.85
+0.25 0.8468/99.9
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4772/20. (0.092-3.11) ann.rad./ 1.2383/68. (0.26-3.61)
57
Co
56.936296
271.8 d
EC/0.8361
7/2-
57.935757
9.1 h 70.88 d
I.T./ β+ /2.307 EC/
5+ 2+
+4.04
10.47 m
7/22+
+4.63 +4.40
0.315/99.7
5+
+3.799
58m
Co 58Co 59
Co Co
100.
58.933200
60m
60
59.933822
5.271 y
I.T./99.8/0.059 β¯ /0.2/1.56 β¯ /2.824
61
60.932479
1.650 h
β¯ /1.322
1.22/95.
7/2-
13.9 m
β¯ /
0.88/25. 2.88/75.
5+
1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/
2+
7.0/
1+ (7/2)(8-)
Co
Co
62m
Co
62
61.93405
1.50 m
β¯ /5.32
63
62.93362
27.5 s
β¯ /3.67
64
63.93581 64.93648
0.30 s 1.14 s >0.1 ms
β¯ /7.31 β¯ /5.96
Co
Co
Co Co 66m2Co 65
66m1
Co Co 67Co 68Co 69Co 70Co 71Co 72Co 73Co 74Co 75Co 28Ni 49Ni 50Ni 51Ni 52Ni 53Ni 54Ni 55Ni 56Ni 66
57
Ni
65.9398 66.9406 67.9444 68.9452 69.950 70.952 71.956
1.2 µs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.09 s 0.21 s 0.09 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
+4.72
+0.5
0.12206/86
+0.22 0.81076/99 +0.41 +0.3 0.0586/2.0
(0.014-0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./
+0.44 1.1732/ 100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842-0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156-2.17
7/2-
0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245-1.425) 0.694
(5+) β¯ /10.0 β¯ /8.4 β¯ /11.7 β¯ /9.3 β¯ 13. β β
58.6934(2) 49.9959 50.9877 51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95134 55.94214
>0.35 µs >0.3 µs >0.2 µs 38. ms 0.05 s 0.14 s 0.20 s 6.08 d
56.939800
35.6 h
β+ /16.0 β+ /11.7 β+ ,p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+/< 10-6 β+ /3.264 EC/
7/27.66/
7/20+
0.712/10. 0.849/76.
11-65
3/2-
- 0.798
ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695-0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127-3.177)
482_Frame_11.020a Page 66 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot. 58
Ni 59Ni 60Ni 61Ni 62Ni 63Ni 64Ni 65Ni
66
Ni Ni
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
68.0769(89) 58.934351 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)
60.931060 61.928348 62.929673 63.927969 64.930088
65.92912
67m
67
Ni
66.93157
Ni Ni
68m1
Ni Ni
67.93185
69m2
69m1
Ni Ni
69
68.9352
β¯ /0.066945
2.517 h
β¯ /2.137
54.6 h 13.3 µs
β¯ /0.23
21. s
β¯ /3.56
3.5 s 11. s
Ni
0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23.
0+ 9/2+ 3.8/
1/2-
0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10-1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033
+0.601
0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207-1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259
β¯ /3.5 β¯ /6.9 β¯ /5.2 β¯ /9. β¯ /7.
196. ms 3.21 s
β+ /8.77 β+ /8.563 EC/
58.939504
1.36 m
β+ /4.800
Cu
0.69
(8+)
56.94922 57.944541
59
1/2-
β¯ /5.4
57
Cu Cu
+0.16
(17/2)
6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 1.1 s ≈ 0.47 s ≈ 0.24 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
58
0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.
-0.75002
β¯ /2.06
69.9361 70.9400 71.9413 72.946 73.948 74.953 75.955 76.961 77.964 63.546(3) 51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9655 55.9586
<0.3 µs <0.075 µs >0.2 µs 0.08 s
β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3
0.511/233 2.700/100 1.23-2.78
4.5/15. 7.439/83.
3/21+
1.9/
3/2-
2.00/69.
2+
3.75/
60
Cu
59.937368
23.7 m
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
3/20+ 3/20+ 0.065/ 0+ 5/2-
0+ (5-)
Ni Ni 72Ni 73Ni 74Ni 75Ni 76Ni 77Ni 78Ni 29Cu 52Cu 53Cu 54Cu 55Cu 56Cu 71
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
100. y
29. s 0.44 µs
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
EC/
0.21 µs
70m
70
57.935348 ≈7.6x104 y 59.930790
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.34 µs 0.86 ms
68m2
68
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β+ /6.127
11-66
+1.219
0.77-3.01 ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4 - 2.6) ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020a Page 67 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life EC/
61
Cu
60.933462
3.35 h
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3.00/18. 3.92/6.
β+ /2.237
0.56/3.
3/2-
+2.14
2.93/98.
1+
-0.380
3/20.578/ 0.65/
+2.2233 1+
-0.211 -0.217
3/21+
+2.3817 -0.282
-0.195
0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 62
Cu
63
Cu Cu
69.17(3)
64
65
Cu Cu
66
67
Cu
30.83(3)
61.932587
9.67 m
β+ /98/3.948 EC/
62.929601 63.929768
12.701 h
β¯ /39/0.579 β+ /19/1.6751 EC/41/
64.927794 65.928873
5.09 m
β¯ /2.642
66.92775
2.580 d
β¯ /0.58
3.79 m
I.T./86/ β¯ /14/1.8
31. s
β¯ /4.46
68m
Cu
68
Cu
67.92964
Cu
Cu
68.92943
70m
Cu
70
Cu
69.93241
Cu
71
Cu Cu
Cu Cu
73
74
Cu Cu 76Cu 77Cu 78Cu 79Cu 80Cu 30Zn 75
1+
(13/2+)
2.8 m
β¯ /2.68
2.48/80.
3/2-
47. s
β¯ /
2.52/10.
5-
5. s
β¯ /6.60
5.42/54. 6.09/46.
1+ (19/2)
70.93262
20. s 1.76 µs
β¯ /4.56
71.9357 72.9365
6.6 s 4.2 s
β¯ /8.2 β¯ /6.3
73.9401 74.9414 75.9455 76.947 77.952 78.954 79.962 65.39(2)
1.6 s 1.2 s 0.64 s 0.47 s 0.34 s 0.19 s >0.15 µs
β¯ /9.9 β¯ /7.9 β¯ /11. β¯ /≈10. β¯ /12. β¯ /11.
72m
72
3.5/40. 4.6/31.
0.28 µs
71m
3/2-
6-
0.36 µs
69m
69
1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.
3/2(4-)
(1+) 5.8/43 6.25/42
11-67
+2.84
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12-5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067-2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87-3.37) ann.rad./ 1.3459(3)/0.6
0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64-1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15-2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6. 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39-3.06) 0.8848(2)/54. 0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307-1.559
482_Frame_11.020a Page 68 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
54
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Zn 55Zn 56Zn 57Zn 58Zn 59Zn
53.9929 54.9840 55.9724 56.9649 57.9546 58.94927
0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms
60
59.94183
2.40 m
β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/
61
60.93951
1.485 m
β+ /5.64
62
61.93433
9.22 h
β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/
63
62.933215
38.5 m
β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/
1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.
63.929146 64.929245
243.8 d
β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/
0.325/
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
64
Zn Zn
48.63(60)
65
66
Zn Zn 68Zn 69mZn 69Zn 70Zn 71mZn 67
27.90(27) 4.10(13) 18.75(51)
65.926036 66.927131 67.924847
0.62(3)
68.926553 69.925325
β+,p/14.6 β+ β+,p/9.09
3.97 h
β¯ /
1.45/
72
71.92686
46.5 h
β¯ /0.46
73
72.92978
6. s 24. s
74
73.92946
75
Zn Zn 77mZn 77Zn 78mZn 78Zn 79Zn 80Zn
74.9329 75.9334
81
80.9505 81.9548
73m
Zn Zn Zn
76
Zn Zn 83Zn 82
76.9371 77.9386 78.9421 79.9444
4.38/68.
0.905/99.9
β¯ /2.81
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
ann.rad./
3/2-
ann.rad./ (0.491-0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062-0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15-3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20-1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24-3.1)
3/2-
0.66/7.
0+
3/2-
-0.28164
+0.29
0+ 5/2-
+0.7690
-0.023 1.116/50.8
+0.8755
+0.15
9/2+ 1/20+ 9/2+
1/2-
0.25/14. 0.30/86.
0+
β¯ /4.29
I.T./0.196 4.7/
(7/2+) (1/2-)
1.60 m
β¯ /2.3
2.1/
10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s >0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s
β¯ /6.0 β¯ /4.2 β¯ / β¯ /7.3
0.29 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /11.9
3.6/ (1/2-) 4.8/
β¯ /6.4 β¯ /8.6 β¯ /7.3
11-68
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
(7/2-)
0+
I.T./99+/0.439 β¯ /0.906
2.4 m
Zn
8.1/
13.76 h 56. m
70.92773
Zn
Spin (h/2)
0+ 5/20+
71
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
ann.rad./
0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099-2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12-2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496-0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05-0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/
482_Frame_11.020a Page 69 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Ga Ga 57Ga 58Ga 59Ga 60Ga 61Ga 62Ga
69.723(1) 55.9949 56.9829 57.9742 58.9634 59.9571 60.9492 61.94418
0.15 s 0.116 s
63
62.9391
32. s
63.936838
0.022 ms 2.63 m
31 56
Ga
64m
Ga Ga
64
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/ β+ /5.5 EC/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
8.3/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3/20+
ann.rad./
4.5/
β+ /7.165
2.79/
0+
0.82/10.
3/2-
0.74/1.
0+
3/2-
+1.8507
0.20
1+
0.01175
0.028
3/2-
+2.01659
+0.17
6.05/
65
Ga
64.9394
66
Ga
65.931592
15.2 m
9.5 h
β+ /86/3.255 EC/
β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/
67
66.928205
3.260 d
EC/1.001
68
67.927983
1.130 h
β+ /90/2.921 EC/10/
Ga
Ga
69
Ga
60.108(9)
70
Ga
1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.
1.84/54. 4.153/51.
1.83/
68.925581 69.926027
21.1 m
EC/0.2/0.655 β¯ /99.8/1.656
70.924707 71.926372
14.10 h
β¯ /4.001
72.92517
74.87 h
β¯ /1.59
74
73.92694
10. s 8.1 m
I.T./ β¯ /5.4
2.6/
1+ 3-
75
74.92650
2.10 m
β¯ /3.39
3.3/
3/2-
76
75.9289
29. s
β¯ /7.0
77
76.9293
13.0 s
β¯ /5.3
71
Ga Ga
72
73
Ga
39.892(9)
74m
Ga Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11.
1+ 1.65/99. 3/23-
3/2-
3-
5.2/
11-69
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06-2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28-5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091-0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57-2.33)/
0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 +2.56227 -0.13224
+0.11 +0.5
0.62986(5)/24. 2.2016(2)/26. 2.5077(2)/12.8 (0.11-3.3)/ 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01-1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23-3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12-2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34-4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/
482_Frame_11.020a Page 70 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
78
77.9317
5.09 s
β¯ /8.2
79
Ga Ga 81Ga 82Ga 83Ga 84Ga 85Ga 86Ga 32Ge 58Ge 59Ge 60Ge 61Ge 63Ge 64Ge
78.9329 79.9366 80.9377 81.9432 82.9469 83.952
2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ≈0.085 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /7.0 β¯ /10.4 β¯ /8.3 β¯ /12.6 β¯ /≈ 11.5
72.61(2) 57.9910 58.9817 59.9702 60.9638 62.9496 63.9416
0.04 s 0.10 s 1.06 m
β+ /13.6 β¯ /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β+,p
65
64.9394
31. s
β+ /6.2 EC/ EC,p
66
65.93385
2.26 h
β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/
67
66.932738
19.0 m
β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/
Ga
80
Ge
Ge
Ge
68
Ge Ge
67.92810 68.927973
69
70
Ge Ge 71Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 75mGe 75Ge
20.84(87)
76
7.61(38)
Ge Ge
70.924954 71.922076 72.923460 73.921178 74.922860 75.921403
77m
20.4 ms 11.2 d
48. s 1.380 h ≈1(1021y 53. s
Spin (h/2)
0+
ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19-3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022-1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25-3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2-2.04)
β¯ /14
EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/
3.0/
0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. 0+
0.70/ 1.2/
I.T./0.0234 EC/0.229
I.T./ β¯ /1.177
1.6/
1/2-
0+ 5/2-
0.735
2.3/ 3.15/
1.19/
0+ 9/2+ 1/20+ 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 1/2-
β-βI.T./20/ β¯ /80/2.861 β¯ /2.702
0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.
7/2+
78
77.922853
1.45 h
β¯ /0.95
0.70/
0+
78.9254
39. s 19.1 s
β¯ /IT β¯ /4.2
Ge Ge
79
4.0/20. 4.3/80.
11-70
0.02
0.1749 +0.547 -0.879467
+0.510
-0.17 0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2
0+ 1/22.9/
11.25 h
79m
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/
76.923549
Ge
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3+
77
Ge
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
4.6/ 10./ 5.1/
69.924250
71m
27.54(34) 7.73(5) 36.28(73)
270.8 d 1.63 d
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
7/2+ 1/2-
1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195-1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15-2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4. 0.1096/21. (0.10-2.59)
482_Frame_11.020a Page 71 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
80
Ge
Atomic Mass or Weight 79.92545
81m
Ge
Half-Life 29.5 s
β¯ /
3.75/
1/2+
β¯ /6.2
3.44/
9/2+
82
81.9296 82.9345 83.9373 84.943 85.946
4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
74.92160(2) 59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9495
Spin (h/2)
≈7.6 s ≈7.6 s
Ge Ge 84Ge 85Ge 86Ge 87Ge 88Ge 89Ge 33As 60As 61As 62As 63As 64As 65As 66m2As 66m1As 66As 67As
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0+
80.9288
83
β¯ /2.67
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 2.4/
81
Ge
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β¯ /4.7 β¯ /8.9 β¯ /7.7 β¯ /10.
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/
0+
65.94410 66.9392
>1.2 µs 0.19 s 1.9 µs 0.018 ms 95.8 ms 42. s
68
67.9368
2.53 m
β+ /8.1
3+
69
68.93228
15.2 m
β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/
2.95/
5/2-
1.6
70
69.93093
52.6 m
1.44/
4+
+2.1061
+0.09
71
70.927114
2.72 d
β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013 EC/68/
5/2-
+1.6735
-0.02
72
71.926753
26.0 h
β+ /77/4.356
0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.
2-
-2.1566
-0.08
73
72.923825
80.3 d
EC/0.341
74
73.923829
17.78 d
β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β¯ /1.353
0.94/26.
2-
-1.597
3/22-
+1.43947 -0.903
+0.31
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
75m
As As 76As 75
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β+ /9.4
β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/
5.0/
5/2-
3/2-
1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.
0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61-3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17-4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1-4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.
0.017 s 100.
74.921597 75.922394
26.3 h
β¯ /2.962
0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51.
11-71
0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3-2.67)
482_Frame_11.020a Page 72 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
77
76.920648
38.8 h
β¯ /0.683
0.70/98.
3/2-
78
77.92183
1.512 h
β¯ /4.21
3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.
2-
As
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+1.295
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4
0.5208/0.43 As
1.21 µs
79m
As
9/2+
79
78.92095
9.0 m
β¯ /2.28
1.80/95.
3/2-
80
79.92258
16. s
β¯ /5.64
3.38/
1+
81
80.92213
33. s
β¯ /3.856
13.7 s
β¯ /
3.6/
5-
81.9246 82.9250
19. s 13.4 s
β¯ /7.4 β¯ /5.5
7.2/80.
1+
84
83.9291
0.6 s 4. s
β¯ β¯, n/7.2
1-
85
84.9318
2.03 s
β¯, n/8.9
3/2-
86
As As 88As 89As 90As 91As 92As 34Se 65Se
85.9362 86.9396 87.945 88.949
0.95 s 0.49 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯, n/11.4 β¯, n/10.
0.011 s
β+ /60/14. β+, p
66
Se 67Se
65.9552 66.9501
0.06 s
68
67.9419
36. s
69
68.93956
27.4 s
β+ /6.78 EC/
70
69.9335
41.1 m
β+ /2.4
71
70.9319
4.7 m
β+ /4.4 EC/
72
71.92711
8.5 d 40. m
EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77
7.1 h
β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/
As As As
82m
As
82
As As
83
84m
As As
As
87
Se Se
Se
Se
Se Se
78.96(3) 64.965
73m
0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5-3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/72. 0.8186(4)/27. 1.7313(2)/27. 1.8954(2)/38. 0.6544(1)/15. 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28.
3/2-
0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325-5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/
3.55/
β+ /10.2 β+ ,(p)/ β+ /4.7 5.006/
0+
3.4/36.
5/2-
0+ 0.85 1.45/
3/2-
0.80/
9/2+
1.70/ 73
Se
72.92678
1.32/95.
11-72
0.86
ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050-0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72.
482_Frame_11.020a Page 73 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1.68/1. 74
Se Se
0.89(4)
75
73.922477 74.922524
119.78 d
0.3609(1)/97. (0.6-1.5) 0+ 5/2+
EC/0.864
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.67 0.26465/58
1.0
0.13600/55 (0.024-0.821)
76
Se 77mSe 77Se 78Se 79mSe 79Se 80Se 81mSe
9.37(29)
75.919214
7.63(16) 23.77(28)
76.919915 77.917310
49.61(41)
78.918500 79.916522
17.4 s
81
Se
82
Se Se
8.73(22)
0+ 7/2+ 1/20+
I.T./
3.92 m 1.1x106 y
I.T./ β¯/0.151
57.3 m
I.T./99/0.1031
80.917993
18.5 m
β¯/1.585
1.6/98.
1/2-
81.916700
≈1(1020 y 1.17 m
β¯ /3.96
β-β2.88/ 3.92/
1/2-
83m
0.09573(3)/9.5 7/2+ 0+
22.3 m
β¯ /3.668
0.93/ 1.51/
9/2+
84
83.91847 84.92225
3.3 m 32. s
β¯ /1.83 β¯ /6.18
1.41/100. 5.9/
0+ 5/2+
86
85.92428
15. s
β¯ /5.10
87
86.92853
5.4 s
88
87.93143 88.9360 89.9394 90.945 91.949
1.5 s 0.41s >0.15 µs 0.27 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /7.28 n/ β¯ ,n/6.85 β¯ ,n/9.0
Se Se Se
Se
Se Se 90Se 91Se 92Se 93Se 94Se 35Br 67Br 68Br 69Br 70Br 71Br 72Br 73Br 89
79.904(1) 66.9648 67.958 68.9502 69.9446 70.9392 71.9365 72.9318
+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32
0+
82.919119
85
-1.018 7/2+
83
Se
0.1619(2)/52. +0.53506
0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19-3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21-2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/
5/2+
β¯ ,n/8.
<1.2 µs <0.024 µs 79. ms 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m
β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7
46. m
β+ /
25.4 m
β+ /6.91
β+ /9.6 /0.75 3 3/2-
≈0.55
3.7/ 4.5/
4-
1.82
0.4547-1.3167 ann.rad 0.065-0.700
74m
Br
74
Br
73.92989
11-73
ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2 - 4.38) ann.rad 0.6341
482_Frame_11.020a Page 74 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:11 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.62
β+ /76/3.03
1.4 s
I.T./5.05
75.92454
16.0 h
β+ /57 /4.96
77
76.921380
4.3 m 2.376 d
I.T./0.1059 EC/99 /1.365
78
77.921146
6.45 m
β+ /92/3.574 EC/8 /
75
Br
74.92578
76m
Br
76
Br
77m
Br Br
Br
79m
Br Br
79
4.86 s 50.69(7)
Br
Br
81
Br Br
79.918530
49.31(7)
I.T./0.04885
17.66 m
β¯ /92 /2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/
6.1 m
82
81.916805
1.471 d
I.T./98/0.046 β¯ /2 /3.139 β¯ /3.093
83
82.915181
2.40 h
β¯ /0.972
6.0 m
β¯ /4.97
Br
Br
84m
Br
1-
0.54821
0.270
9/2+ 3/2-
0.973
+0.53
1.2/
1+
0.13
9/2+ 3/2-
+2.106400
+0.331
5-
+1.3177
+0.75
1+
0.5140
0.196
3/22-
+2.270562
+0.276
0.444/
5-
+1.6270
0.395/1 0.925/99 2.2/100
3/2-
2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57
2-
1.9/ 3.68/
2.5/
1.38 β¯ /7.6 1.99 β¯ /82 0.85 β+ /2.8
(6-)
84
83.91651
31.8 m
β¯ /4.65
85
84.91561
2.87 m
β¯ /2.87
86
85.91880
55.5 s
β¯ /7.63
3.3 7.4
(2-)
87
86.92072
55.6 s
β¯ /6.85 n/
6.1/
3/2-
88
87.92407
5.1 µs 16.3 s
89
88.92640
4.35 s
Br
Br
Br
Br
88m
Br Br
Br
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
4+
80.916291
82m
Spin (h/2)
+0.75
I.T./0.207
4.42 h
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
3/2-
78.918338
80m
80
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
3/2-
β¯ /8.96 n/
1-
β¯ /8.16
3/2-
11-74
2.
0.751
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6348 (0.2-4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1-1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4-4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08-1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7-3.0) 0.2072
Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64-1.45) 0.046/0.24 (0.62-2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013-1.96) 0.52964 (0.12-0.68) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23-4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09-2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5-6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2-6.1) 0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1-6.99) 0.7753
482_Frame_11.020b Page 50 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) n/ β¯ /10.4 n/
90
89.9306
1.91 s
91
90.9339
0.54 s
92
91.9392
0.31 s
93
Br Br 95Br 96Br 97Br 36Kr 69Kr 70Kr 71Kr 72Kr
92.9431 93.9487
0.10 s 0.07 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
83.80(1) 68.9653 69.9560 70.9505 71.9419
0.03 s >1.2 µs 100. ms 17. s
β+,(p)
73
72.9389
28. s
74
73.9333
11.5 m
β+ /6.7 EC/ β+ ,p/ β+ /3.1 EC/
75
74.93104
4.3 m
β+ /4.90 EC/
76
75.92595
14.8 h
EC/1.31
77
76.92467
1.24 h
β+ /80 /3.06 EC/20 /
Br
Br Br
94
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
78
Kr Kr 79Kr
0.35(1)
80
Kr Kr 81Kr
2.28(6)
82
11.58(14)
77.92039
79m
78.920083
80.916593
Kr Kr 85mKr 84
11.49(6) 57.00(4)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
4.07/
β+ ,EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/
0+
5/2/0.25 0+
3.2/
5/2+
- 0.531
+ 1.1
5/2+
- 0.583
+ 0.9
7/2+
0+ - 0.786 1/2-
+ 0.40 + 0.536
+ 0.63
0+
1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/ β-β-
I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /
I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807
0+ 1/27/2+
+ 0.586 - 0.908
1.86 h
I.T./0.0416
0+ 1/2-
+ 0.591
82.914137 83.911508 β¯ /79 / I.T./21 /0.305
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740
2-
13.1 s 2.1x105 y
4.48 h
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
β¯ /90 /9.80 β¯ n/10 / β¯ /12.20 β¯ n/ β¯ n/11.1 β¯ n/
81.913485
83m
83
8.3/ 9.8/
79.916379
81m
Kr Kr
>0.9(1020 y 53. s 1.455 d
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.83/79
11-50
9/2+ 0+ 1/2-
-0.970699 + 0.633
(0.198-0.207) ann.rad 0.3100/29 0.4150/36 (0.12-0.58) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06-0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010-1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02-1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03-1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02-2.3) Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04-1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216
+0.253 0.30487 0.15118
482_Frame_11.020b Page 51 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
84.912530 85.910615 86.913359
10.73 y
β¯ /0.687
0.15/0.4
1.27 h
β¯ /3.887
1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30
88
87.91445
2.84 h
β¯ /2.91
89
88.91764
3.15 m
β¯ /4.99
3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/
5/2+
90
89.91953
32.3 s
β¯ /4.39
2.6/77 2.8/6
0+
91
90.9234
8.6 s
β¯ /6.4
4.33/ 4.59/
92
91.92611
1.84 s
93
92.9312
1.29 s
β¯ /5.99 n/ β¯ /8.6 n/
7.1/
94
93.9343
0.21 s
β¯ /7.3
95
Kr 96Kr 97Kr 98Kr 99Kr 100Kr 37Rb 71Rb 72Rb 73Rb 74Rb 75Rb
94.9397 95.9431 96.9486
0.78 s > 50 ms < 0.1 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /9.7
85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591 72.9504 73.9445 74.93857
<1.2 µs <0.03 µs 65. ms 19. s
β+ /10.4 β+ /7.02
2.31/
76
75.93508
39. s
β+ /8.50
4.7/
1-
-0.372623
+0.4
77
76.93041
3.8 m
β+ /5.34
3.86/
3/2-
+0.654468
+0.70
5.7 m
I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/
4-
+2.549
+0.81
5/2+
+0.3358
-0.10
1+
-0.0836
+0.35
85
Kr 86Kr 87Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr Kr
Kr
17.30(22)
9/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1.005
+0.43
0.51399
-1.023
- 0.30
- 0.330
+ 0.16
5/2+
- 0.583
+ 0.30
1/2+
- 0.413
0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13-3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03-2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2-4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1 - 4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2-4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14 - 3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057-4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098-0.985)
0+
- 0.410
Rb
Rb
78m
Rb
β¯
78
77.92814
17.7 m
79
78.92400
23. m
β+ /84 /3.65 EC/16 /
80
79.92252
34. s
β+ /5.72
Rb
Rb
Rb
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
3.4 0+
4.1/22 4.7/74
11-51
ann. rad. 0.179 ann.rad. 0.4240/92. (0.064-1.68) ann.rad. 0.0665/59 (0.04 - 2.82) ann.rad. 0.4553/81. (0.103-4.01) ann.rad. 0.4553/63. (0.42-5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017-3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25.
482_Frame_11.020b Page 52 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
81m
Rb
Half-Life 30.5 m
81
Rb
80.91900
82m
Rb
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
I.T./0.85 β+,EC/ β+/27 /2.24 EC/73
1.4
9/2+
+5.598
-0.74
1.05/
3/2-
+2.060
+0.40
6.47 h
β+/26 / EC/74 /
0.80/
5-
+1.5100
+1.0
3.3/
1+
+0.554508
+0.19
4.57 h
82
81.91821
1.258 m
β+/96 /4.40 EC/4 /
83
82.91511
86.2 d
EC/0.91
5/2-
+1.425
+0.20
20.3 m
I.T./0.216
6-
+0.2129
+0.6
32.9 d
β+/22 /2.681 EC/75 / β¯/3 /0.894
2-
-1.32412
-0.015
0.893/ 5/2623/22-
+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512 0.508
+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13
1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18 1.7/ 6.5/
3/2-
+2.304
+0.14
4-
+1.616
+0.20
+2.182
+0.15
Rb
Rb
84m
Rb
84
Rb
85
Rb 86mRb 86Rb 87Rb 88Rb
89
Rb
83.914387
72.17(2)
27.83(2)
0.780/11 1.658/11
84.911792 85.911170 86.909186 87.911323
1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88x1010y 17.7 m
I.T./0.5560 β¯/1.775 β¯/0.283 β¯/5.316
88.91229
15.4 m
β¯/4.50
4.3 m
β¯/4.50
90m
Rb
1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31
90
89.91481
2.6 m
β¯/6.59
6.6
1-
91
90.91649
58.0 s
β¯/5.861
5.9
3/2-
92
91.91968
4.48 s
β¯/8.11
8.1/94
1-
93
92.92195
5.85 s
β¯/7.46 n/1
7.4/
5/2
+1.410
+0.18
94
93.92643
2.71 s
β¯/10.31 n/10
9.5/
3
+1.498
+0.16
95
94.92929
0.377 s
β¯/9.30 n/8
8.6/
5/2
+1.334
+0.21
β¯/11.76 n/13/ β¯/10.42 n/27/
10.8/
2+
+1.466
+0.25
10.0
3/2
+1.841
+0.58
Rb Rb Rb Rb
Rb
Rb
1.7 µs
96m
Rb
96
95.93427
0.199 s
97
96.93733
0.169 s
Rb Rb
11-52
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad. (0.085-1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05 - 1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092 - 2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47 - 3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03-0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02-1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14. 1.8360/21. (0.34-4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12-4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20-5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31-5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35-4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1-6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16-5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12-6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20-2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093-0.369 0.815/76. (0.20-5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79.
482_Frame_11.020b Page 53 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14-2.08)
98
97.94174
0.107 s
99
Rb 100Rb 101Rb 102Rb 36Sr 73Sr 74Sr 75Sr 76Sr 77Sr 78Sr 79Sr
98.9453 99.9499 100.9532 101.9592 87.62(1) 72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.9416 76.9378 77.93218 78.92971
59. ms 53. ms 0.03 s 0.09 s
β¯/12.34 n/13 β¯/11.3 β¯ /13.5 β¯ /11.8 β¯
> 25 ms >1.2 µs ≈ 0.07 s 8.9 s 9.0 s 2.7 m 2.1 m
β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32
80
79.92453
1.77 h
β+ /1.87
81
80.92322
22.3 m
β+ /87 /3.93 EC/13 /
Rb
Sr
Sr
82
Sr Sr 83Sr
81.91840
83m
84
Sr Sr
82.91756
0.56(1)
Sr Sr 87mSr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 91Sr 86
9.86(1)
1.127 h 64.85 d
I.T./87 /0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065
84.912936 85.909265
2.81 h
I.T./0.3884
86.908882 87.905617 88.907455 89.907738 90.91020
50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h
β¯/1.497 β¯/0.546 β¯/2.70
92
91.91098
2.71 h
β¯/1.91
93
92.91394
7.4 m
β¯/4.08
94
93.91537
1.25 m
β¯/3.511
Sr Sr
Sr
7.00(1) 82.58(1)
EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24 /2.28 EC/76/
(0.07-3.68)
5.6 4.1
-0.35
+1.4
-0.474
+0.74
2.43/
1/2-
+0.544
1/27/2+
+0.582 -0.898
+0.79
0+ 1/2-
+0.601
3/2-
0+
2.68/
0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/
83.913426
85m
85
25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d
0.144/
1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65
2.1/ 3.3/
11-53
9/2+ 0+ 1/29/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
0+
0.2318/84. (0.15-0.24) 0.51399/99.3
-1.001
+0.30
+0.63 -1.09360
+0.34
-1.149
-0.3
0.9092
-0.887
+0.044
-0.794
+0.26
0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12-2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24-1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17-3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241
0.3884(IT)
0+ 5/2+
0.147 (0.047-0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135-0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24-0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06-1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094-2.15)
482_Frame_11.020b Page 54 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
95
Sr
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
94.91931
Half-Life
25.1 s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β¯/6.08
Spin (h/2)
1/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636
-0.5379
6.1/50
96
95.92165
1.06 s
β¯/5.37
4.2/
0+
97
96.92615
0.42 s
β¯/7.47
5.3
(1/2+)
98
97.92845
0.65 s
β¯/5.83
5.1
99
Sr Sr 101Sr 102Sr 103Sr 104Sr 105Sr 39Y 77Y 78mY 78Y
98.9333 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952
0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/8.0 β¯/7.1 β¯/9.5 β¯/8.8
79
Y Y 80Y
78.9374
Sr
Sr
Sr
100
88.90585(2) 76.9496 77.9435
> 0.5 _s 0.06 s 5.8 s
β+/10.5
(5+)
β+/7.1
79.9320
15. s 4.7 s 30. s
β+/7.0
5.5 5.0/
81
80.9291
1.21 m
β+/5.5
3.7/ 4.2/
82
81.9268
9.5 s
β+/7.8
6.3/
2.85 m
β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /
7.1 m
β+/4.47 EC/
4.6 s
β+/ EC/ β+/6.4
80m
Y
Y
83m
Y
83
Y
82.92235
84m
Y
84
Y
83.9203
40. m
-0.500
-0.26
(4)
1+
2.9
3.3
9/2+
1+ 1.64/47
11-54
5-
1/2-
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.8
0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152-1.106) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756-1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./ 0.5736 0.6017 0.7375 ann.rad./ 0.2591 0.4218 0.4945 ann.rad./ 0.0355 0.4899 0.8821 (0.03 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.7930 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020b Page 55 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life EC/
85m
Y
85
Y
84.91643
86m
Y
86
Y
85.91489
87m
Y
9/2+
6.2
2.6 h
β+/55 /3.26 EC/45 /
1.54/
1/2-
48. m
I.T./99 / β+/ EC/
8+
4.8
14.74 h
β+/5.24 EC/
4-
<0.6
13. h
I.T./98 / β+/0.7 / EC/ EC/99+/1.862
9/2+
6.1
3.35 d
88
87.909506
106.6 d
EC/99+ /3.623 β+/0.2 /
15.7 s
I.T./0.909
3.24 h
I.T./99+ /0.68204 β¯/0.002/
2.67 d 49.7 m 58.5 d 3.54 h
β¯/2.282 I.T./0.555 β¯/1.544 β¯/3.63
0.82 s
I.T./0.759
10.2 h
β¯/2.87
89m
Y Y 90mY 89
90
Y Y 91Y 92Y
100.
89.907152 90.907301 91.90893
93m
Y
93
Y
94m
Y
92.90956
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4628 0.6606 0.7931 0.9744 1.0398 (0.2 - 3.3) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5356 0.7673 2.1238 (0.1 - 3.1) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5045 0.9140 (0.07 - 1.4) ann.rad./ 0.0102(IT) 0.2080 (0.09 - 1.1) ann.rad./ 0.3070 0.6277 1.0766 1.1531 1.9207 (0.1 - 3.8) 0.3807
1.15/0.7 0.78/
1/2-
0.76/
4-
9/2+ 1/27+
88.905849
91m
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7
β+/70 / EC/30 /
86.910880
Y
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
4.9 h
87
Y
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
2.28/ 1.545/ 3.64/
29/2+ 1/22-
9/2+ 2.88/90
1.4 µs
11-55
1/2-
0.3880 0.4870 ann.rad./ 0.89802 1.83601 2.73404 3.2190 0.9092(IT) -0.13742 5.1
-1.630 5.96 0.1641
0.2025 0.4794 0.6820 -0.155 0.5556(IT) 1.208 0.4485 0.5611 0.9345 1.4054 (0.4 - 3.3) 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 0.2669 0.9471 1.9178 0.4322 0.7699 1.2024
482_Frame_11.020b Page 56 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
94
93.91160
18.7 m
β¯/4.919
95
94.91279
10.3 m
β¯/4.42
1/2-
9.6 s
β¯/
(3+)
95.91588
6.2 s 1.21 s
β¯ /7.09 β¯ /7.4
7.12/ 4.8/ 6.0/
09/2+
96.91813
3.76 s
β¯ /6.69
6.7
1/2-
2.1 s
β¯ /9.8
5.5/
(4-)
97.92224
0.59 s
β¯ /8.83
8.7/
1+
98.92463
0.011 ms 1.47 s
β¯ /7.57 n
/2.5/
β¯,n / β¯,n /9.3 β¯,n /8.6 β¯,n /9.9 β-,n
n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/
Y
Y
96m
Y
96
Y Y
97m
97
Y
98m
Y
98
Y
99m
Y Y
99
100m
Y Y 101Y 102Y 103Y 104Y 105Y 106Y 107Y 108Y 40Zr 79Zr 80Zr 100
81
Zr Zr 83mZr 83Zr 82
99.9278 100.9303 101.9336 102.9369 103.9414 104.9451 105.950
91.224(2) 78.949 79.9406 80.9368 81.9311 82.9287
0.94 s 0.73 s 0.43 s 0.36 s 0.23 s 0.18 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs 0.06 s 4. s 5. s 32. s 7. s 44. s
4.92/
2-
1/2-
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3816 0.9188 1.1389 (0.3 - 4.1) 0.4324 0.9542 2.1760 3.5770 0.1467 0.6174 0.9150 1.1071 1.7507 1.594 0.1614 0.9700 1.1030 0.2969 1.9960 3.2876 3.4013 0.2415 0.6205 0.6473 1.2228 1.8016 0.2131 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130
3+ 1+ (5/2)
β+ /8.0 β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0.290 0.538 6.1 3. 4.8
11-56
(3/2-) (7/2+) (1/2-)
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525
482_Frame_11.020b Page 57 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
84
Zr
Atomic Mass or Weight 83.9233
85m
Zr
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
26. m
β+ /2.7 EC/
0+
10.9 s
I.T./0.2922 β+ ,EC/
1/2-
85
84.9215
7.9 m
β+ /4.7 EC/
86
85.91647
16.5 h
EC/1.47
0+
14.0 s
I.T./0.3362
1/2-
Zr
Zr
87m
Zr
3.1
86.91482
1.73 h
β+ /3.67 EC/
2.26
88
87.91023
83.4 d 4.18 m
0+ 1/2-
88.908889
3.27 d
EC/0.67 I.T./94 /0.5877 β+ /1.5 / EC/4.7 / β+ /23 /2.832 EC/77 / I.T./
Zr Zr
89m
89
Zr
90m
Zr
90
0.809 s
Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 95Zr
51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8)
89.904702 90.905643 91.905039 92.906474 93.906314 94.908041
1.5x106y > 1017 y 64.02 d
β¯ /0.091 β-ββ¯ /1.125
96
2.80(9)
95.908275 96.910950 97.91276 98.91651
>2(1019 y 16.8 h 30.7 s 2.2 s
β-ββ¯ /2.658 β¯ /2.26 β¯ /4.56
100
99.91776
7.1 s
β¯ /3.34
101
100.92114
2.1 s
β¯ /5.49
102
101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.941 107.944
2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ≈1. s >0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ β¯ β¯ β¯
91
Zr Zr 98Zr 99Zr 97
Zr Zr
Zr Zr 104Zr 105Zr 106Zr 107Zr 108Zr 109Zr 110Zr 41Nb 81Nb 82Nb 103
17.38(28)
92.90638(2) 80.949 81.9431
< 0.08 _s 50 ms
0.366/55 0.400/44
2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/
/4.61 /7.0 /5.9 /8.5
β+ /11.
11-57
9/2+
0.9/
9/2+
5-
6.3
0+ 5/2+ 0+
-1.30362
5/2+
1.91/ 0+ 1/2+
0+ 6.2/
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
7/2+
87
Zr
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
3/2-
5/2+ 0+ 1.13 0+ 1/2-
-1.07
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507 ann.rad./ 0.9092 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT)
-0.21 0.0304 +0.29
0.7242 0.7567 0.7434 0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028-1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089
482_Frame_11.020b Page 58 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
83
Nb 84Nb 85Nb 86mNb 86Nb
Atomic Mass or Weight 82.9367 83.9336 84.9279 85.9250
87m
Nb
87
Nb
86.92036
88m
Nb
88
Nb
87.9183
89m
Nb
89
Nb
88.91349
90m
Nb
90
Nb
89.911263
91m
Nb
Nb Nb
90.906989
92m
92
Nb
91.907192
93m
Nb
Nb Nb
100.
Nb
93.907282
95m
Nb
95
Nb
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+ / EC/
1/2-
2.6 m
β+ 5.2/ EC/
(9/2+)
7.7 m
β+ / EC/
4-
14.3 m
β+ /7.6 EC/
3.2/
8+
2.0 h
β+ / EC/ β+ /74 /4.29 EC/26 /
3.3/
9/2+
18.8 s
I.T./0.1246
14.6 h
β53 /6.111 EC/47 /
94.906834
2.8/
1/2-
+6.216
40.86/5
8+
4.961
1.5/92
1/2-
7x102y 10.13 d
I.T./97 / EC/3 / EC/1.253 EC/99+ /
3.7x107y
EC/2.006
7+
16.1 y
I.T./0.0304
1/2-
6.26 m
I.T./99+ /2.086 β¯ /0.5 /
2.4x104y 3.61 d 34.97 d
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
(3+)
3.7 m
1.10 h
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
β+ /7.5 β+ ,EC/9.6 β+ /6.0 β+ β+ /8.0
9/2+ 2+
92.906376
94m
94
12. s 2.3 m 56. s 1.46 m
62. d
91
93
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
6.114
9/2+ 3+
+6.1705
β¯ /2.045
0.47/
6+
I.T./97.5 / 0.2357 β¯ /2.5 / β¯ /0.926
1/20.160/
11-58
9/2+
ann.rad./ 0.751 1.003 ann.rad./ 0.1352 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.2010 0.4706 0.6165 1.0665 1.8842 ann.rad./ 0.2625 0.3996 1.0569 1.0825 ann.rad./ 1.0570 1.0828 (0.07 - 2.5) 0.5880/10(D) (0.17 - 4.0) ann.rad./ 0.5074 0.5880 0.7696 1.2775 0.002 0.1225 ann.rad./ 0.1412 1.1292 2.1862 2.3189 (0.1 - 3.3) 0.1045(IT) 1.2050 Mo k x-ray 0.9126 0.9345 1.8475 0.5611 0.9345 Nb x-ray 0.0304
-0.32
6.141
Nb k x-ray 0.0409 0.87109 0.70263 0.87109 0.2040 0.2356 0.76578
482_Frame_11.020b Page 59 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot. 96
Nb
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight 95.908099
97m
Nb Nb
97
96.908096
98m
Nb
98
Nb
97.91033
99m
Nb
99
Nb
98.91162
100m2
Nb Nb
100m1
Half-Life 23.4 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) β¯ /3.187
1+
2.6 m
β¯ /
3.2/
1/2-
15.0 s
β¯ /3.64
3.5/100
9/2+
0.013 ms 3.0 s
β¯ /6.74
5.8
6.2/ 5.3/ 4.3/
7.1 s 4.3 s 1.3 s 1.5 s 0.9 s 4.8 s 3.0 s 1.0 s 0.30 s 0.19 s 0.19 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.57 β¯ / β¯ /7.21 β¯ /5.53 β¯,n/ β¯,n/8.1 β¯,n/6.5 β¯,n/9.3 β¯,n/7.9 β ,n/ β ,n/ β ,n/
83
82.949 83.9401 84.9366 85.9302 86.9273 87.92195
5+
7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40
Mo
>0.15 µs 3.2 s 20. s 14. s 8.0 m
0.19 s
I.T./0.118
(0.193-0.590)
(1/2-)
+0.5
1/2-
2.2 m
β+ /5.58 EC/
90
89.91394
5.7 h
β+ /25 /2.489 1.085/ EC/75 /
1.08 m
I.T./50 /0.653
Mo
0.2960-2.184 5/2+
0+
88.91948
91m
0.7782 0.2191-1.498 0.7434 0.4809 0.6579 0.7874 0.1726-1.89 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138-3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1 Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001-1.566 0.1105-0.810
β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC
89
Mo
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
95.94(1)
89m
Mo
6.15
4.6/
100.91525
Mo Mo 85Mo 86Mo 87Mo 88Mo
9/2+
β¯ /4.59
Nb Nb 102Nb 103Nb 104mNb 104Nb 105Nb 106Nb 107Nb 108Nb 109Nb 110Nb 111Nb 112Nb 113Nb 42Mo
84
1/21.27/98
2.9 s
101
103.9225 104.9239 105.9282 106.9303 107.9350 108.9376 109.943
4.976
β¯ /4.67
β¯ /6.25
101.91804 102.91914
6+
51. m
1.5 s
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.5/10
I.T./0.7434 β¯ /1.934
99.91418
102m
0.75/90 0.734/98
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
58.1 s 1.23 h
100
Nb
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
9/2+
0+
1/2-
11-59
(0.752-1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020b Page 60 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+ ,EC/50 /
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
2.5/
0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1 - 4.2)
2.8/ 4.0/ 91
Mo
92
Mo Mo
90.91175
14.84(35)
Mo Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 99Mo 94
9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2) 9.55(8) 24.13(31)
β+ /94 /4.43 EC/6 /
6.9 h
I.T./99+ /2.425
3.5x103y
EC/0.405
91.906810
93m
93
15.5 m
92.906811 93.905087 94.905841 95.904678 96.906020 97.905407 98.907711
2.7476 d
3.44/94
9/2-
0+ 21/2+
+9.21
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 0.45/14
β¯ /1.357
99.90748 100.91035
≈ 1(1019 y 14.6 m
β¯ /2.82
β-β2.23/ 0.7/
1/2+
102
101.91030
11.3 m
β¯ /1.01
1.2/
0+
103
102.91320
1.13 m
β¯ /3.8
3/2+
104
103.91376
1.00 m
β¯ /2.16
0+
105
104.9170
36. s
β¯ /4.95
3/2+
106
105.91814
8.4 s
β¯ /3.52
0+
107
Mo Mo 109Mo 110Mo
106.9217 107.9236 108.9278 109.9297
3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.30 s
β¯ /6.2 β¯ /5.1 β¯ /7.2 β¯ /5.7
111
110.9345 111.937 112.942
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
84.949 85.9430 86.9365
< 0.1 ms 0.05 s >0.15 µs
100
Mo Mo
101
Mo
Mo
Mo Mo
Mo
108
Mo Mo 113Mo 114Mo 115Mo 116Mo 117Mo 43Tc 85Tc 86Tc 87Tc 112
9.63(23)
0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304
-0.9142
-0.02
-0.9335
+0.26
1/2+
0.375
0.84/2 1.21/84
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.144048 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947
0+ 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809-2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12. (0.028-0.636) Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039-0.599)
β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6
11-60
482_Frame_11.020b Page 61 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot. 88
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Tc 89mTc 89Tc 90mTc
87.9328
90
89.9235
Tc
88.9275
91m
Tc
91
Tc Tc
92
90.9184 91.91526
93m
Tc
93
Tc
92.910248
94m
Tc
94
Tc
93.909655
95m
Tc
95
Tc
94.90766
96m
Tc
96
Tc
95.90787
97m
Tc
97
Tc Tc
98
99m
Tc
96.906364 97.907215
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s
β+ /10.1
8.3 s
β+ /8.9
3.3 m
β+ EC
3.14 m 4.4 m
β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC
43. m
I.T./13 EC/20
1/2-
2.73 h
β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/
0.81
52. m
β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/
2+
4.88 h
β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/
61. d
I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96
β+ /7.5 β+
5.3/
6+
7.0/15 7.9/95.
1+
5.2 4.1
9/2+ 8+
9/2+
6.26
7+
5.08
1/20.5/ 0.7/
EC/100/1.691
9/2+
52. m
I.T./90/ β+ ,EC/2/
4+
4.3 d
EC/2.973
7+
91. d
I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320
6.01 h
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1/2+
20.0 h
4.2x106 y ≈6.6x106 y
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
5.89
+5.04
1/2/3.9 β¯ /1.80
I.T./100/0.142
9/2+ 0.40/100
6+ 1/2-
11-61
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1 - 3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241 0.74535 Tc k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020b Page 62 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.14049 0.14261
99
Tc Tc
100
98.906254 99.907657
2.13x105 y 15.8 s
β¯ /0.294 β¯ /3.202 EC /1.8(10)-3/0.17
0.293/100 2.2/
9/2+ 1+ 2.9/
3.3 101
Tc
100.90731
102m
Tc
14.2 m
β¯ /1.61
1.32/
4.4 m
I.T./2/4.8 β¯ /98/
1.8/
3.4/ 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 2.2/
1+
9/2+
102
101.90921
5.3 s
β¯ /4.53
103
102.90918
54. s
β¯ /2.66
104
103.91144
0.005 ms 18.2 m
β¯ /5.60
5.3/
(3+)
105
104.91166
7.6 m
β¯ /3.6
3.4/
5/2+
106
105.91436
36. s
β¯ /6.55
107
106.9151
21.2 s
β¯ /4.8
108
107.9185
5.1 s
β¯ /7.72
109
108.9200 109.9234 110.9250
1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s
β¯ /6.3 β¯ /8.8 β¯.n /7.0
Tc
Tc
104m
Tc Tc
Tc
Tc
Tc
Tc
Tc Tc 111Tc 110
5/2+
2+
(3)
p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85
11-62
+5.6847
-0.129 0.5396 0.5908 1.5122 (0.3 - 2.6) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073-0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13 - 1.0) 0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3 - 3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835 0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063-1.435
482_Frame_11.020b Page 63 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Tc 113Tc
111.9292 112.931
0.26 s 0.15 s
β,n β-,n/8.
n/2.6 /2.1
114
Tc Tc 116Tc 117Tc 118Tc 44Ru 87Ru 88Ru 89Ru 90Ru
113.936 114.938
0.15 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β-,n
/1.3
101.07(2) 86.949 87.9404 88.936 89.9298
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 1.2 s 11. s
91
90.9264 91.9201
9. s 3.7 m
β+ ,EC/7.4 β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/
10.8 s
I.T./21/ β+ ,EC/79/
1/25.3/
112
115
Ru Ru
92
93m
Ru
0+
β+ /6.3 EC/
9/2+
94
93.91137
52. m
EC/100/1.59
0+
95
94.91042
1.64 h
EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/
95.90760 96.90756
2.89 d
96
Ru Ru
5.52(20)
97
98
Ru Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 103Ru
1.88(9) 12.74(26) 12.60(19) 17.05(7) 31.57(31)
104
18.66(44)
99
Ru Ru
105
ann.rad./ 0.155 - 1.551 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5- 4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.2904 0.3364 0.6268
9/2+ 0+
1.0 m
Ru
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ β+.p/8. β+ /5.9
92.9171
Ru
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.0985/100 0.0658-1.520
93
Ru
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
1.20/ 0.91/
5/2+
0.86
EC/1.12
0+ 5/2+
-0.78
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+
97.90529 98.905939 99.904219 100.905582 101.904349 102.906323
39.27 d
β¯ /0.763
0.223
103.905430 104.907750
4.44 h
β¯ /1.917
1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49
11-63
0+ 3/2+
Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606
-0.6413
+0.079
-0.7188
+0.46
0.206
+0.62
-0.3
0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04 - 1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634
482_Frame_11.020b Page 64 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.72420 (0.1 - 1.8)
105.90733 106.9099
1.020 y 3.8 m
β¯ /0.0394 β¯ /2.9
108
107.9102
4.5 m
β¯ /1.4
109
108.91320
34.5 s
β¯ /4.2
110
109.9140
15. s
β¯ /2.81
111
Ru Ru 113Ru 114Ru
110.9176 111.9188 112.9225 113.9239
1.5 s 4.5 s 2.7 s 0.57 s
β¯ /5.5 β¯ /4.5 β¯ /7. β¯ /6.1
115
Ru Ru 117Ru 118Ru 119Ru 120Ru 45Rh 89Rh 90Rh 91Rh 92Rh 93Rh 94mRh
114.928 115.930 116.935 117.937
≈0.74 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
94
93.9217
106
Ru Ru
107
Ru
Ru Ru
112
116
Rh
102.90550(2) 88.9494 89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257
95m
Rh
95
Rh
96m
Rh
94.9159
0.0394/100
0+
2.1/ 3.2/
1.2/
0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967
0+
0.127/24 (0.053-0.180) β¯ /8.
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs 25.8 s
β+ /
1.18 m
β+ /9.6
1.96 m
I.T./88/ β+ ,EC/12/
5.0 m
β+ /5.1
1.51 m
I.T./60 /0.052 β+ ,EC/40/
β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 8+
6.4/
3+
1/2+
3.2
9/2+
2+ 4.70/
11-64
(0.138-1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326
482_Frame_11.020b Page 65 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
96
Rh
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
95.91452
97m
Rh
97
Rh
96.91134
98m
Rh
98
Rh
97.91072
99m
Rh
99
Rh
98.90820
100m
Rh
100
Rh
99.90812
101m
Rh
101
Rh
102m
Rh
100.90616
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
9.6 m
β+/6.45 EC/
3.3/
5+
46.m
I.T./5 / β+,EC/95 /
2.6/
1/2-
31.0m
β+ /3.52
2.1/
9/2+
3.5 m
β+ /
5+
8.7 m
β+ /90 /5.06
3.4/
2+
4.7 h
β+ /8 / EC/92 /
9/2+
5.67
16. d
β+/4 /2.10 EC/97 /
0.54/
1/2-
4.7 m
I.T./99 / β+ /0.4 /
20.8 h
β+ /3.63 EC/
.74/
0.68/
5+
2.62/
1-
+5.51
2.07/
4.35 d
EC/92 / I.T./8 /0.1573
9/2+
3.3 y
EC/0.54
1/2-
3.74 y
EC/2.323 IT/0.0419
6+
11-65
4.04
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4 - 3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.3892 0.4515 0.8398 0.8788 (0.2 - 3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6154 0.6524 0.7452 ann.rad./ 0.6524 0.7623 ann.rad./ 0.2766/ 0.3408 0.6178 1.2612 ann.rad./ 0.0894/ 0.3530 0.5277 (0.1 - 2.0) ann.rad./ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 0.4462 0.5396 0.5882 0.8225 1.5534 2.3761 Rh k x-ray 0.1272/ 0.3069 0.5451 Ru k x-ray 0.1272 0.1980 0.3252 0.4751 0.6313 0.6975 0.7668
482_Frame_11.020b Page 66 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
102
Rh
Atomic Mass or Weight
101.906842
103m
Rh Rh 104mRh 103
104
Rh
100.
103.906655
Rh
Rh
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
207. d
EC/62 β¯ /19/ β+ /14/
56.12 m
IT
4.36 m
I.T./99+ / β¯
1.3/
β¯/99+/2.441 EC/0.4/1.141
2.44/98
104.905692
42.3 s
43. s
I.T./1.296
35.4 h
β¯ /0.567
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
7/2+ 1/25+
4.54 -0.0884
1.88/2
1+
0.247/30
7/2+
Rh
2.18 h
β¯ /
0.92/
6+
106
105.90729
29.9 s
β¯ /3.54
2.4/2 3.0/12 3.54/79
1+
107
106.90675
21.7 m
β¯ /1.51
1.20/65 1.5/17
7/2+
6.0 m
β¯ /
1.57/
Rh
Rh
108m
Rh
108
107.9087
17. s
β¯ /4.5
109
108.90874
1.34 m
β¯ /2.59
2.25/
29. s
β¯ /
[.6/
Rh
Rh
110m
Rh
1+
11-66
7/2+
+2.58
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0466 1.1032 ann.rad./ 0.4686 0.4751 0.5566 0.6280 1.1032 (0.4 - 1.6)
1/2-
0.567/70 106m
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.5
102.905504
105m
105
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
+4.45
Rh k x-ray 0.0514 0.0971 0.5558 0.3581 0.5558 1.2370 (0.35 - 1.8) Rh k x-ray 0.1296 0.2801 0.3061 0.3189 0.2217 0.4510 0.5119 0.6162 0.7173 0.7484 1.0458 1.5277 0.51186/ 0.61612 0.62187 (0.05 - 3.04) 0.2776 0.3028 0.3925 0.4339 0.4973 0.6189 0.4046 0.4339 0.4973 0.5811 0.6146 0.9014 0.9471 0.1134 0.1780 0.2914 0.3254 0.3268 0.4261 (0.1 - 1.6) 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967
482_Frame_11.020b Page 67 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
110
109.9110
3.1 s
β¯ /5.4
111
Rh Rh 112Rh 113Rh 114mRh 114Rh 115Rh 116mRh 116Rh 117Rh
110.9117
115.9228 116.925
11. s 6.8 s 3.5 s 0.9 s 1.8 s 1.8 s 0.99 s 0.9 s 0.7 s 0.44 s
β¯ /3.7 β¯ / β¯ /6.2 β¯ /4.9 β¯ / β¯ /6.5 β¯ /6.0 β¯ / β¯ /8.0 β¯ /7.
118
Rh Rh 120Rh 121Rh 122Rh 46Pd 91Pd 92Pd 93Pd
117.929 118.931 119.936 120.938
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
106.42(1) 90.949 91.9404 92.9359
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 0.9 s
β+,p
94
93.9288
9. s
EC,β+ /≈ 6.6
95m
94.92684
13.4 s
EC,β+ /10.2
95.9182
2.03 m
EC,β+ /3.5
1.15/
97
96.9165
3.1 m
β+ ,EC/4.8
3.5/
98
97.91273
17.7 m
β+ /1.87 EC/
99
98.91181
21.4 m
β+ /49 /3.37 EC/51 /
2.18/
100
99.90851
3.7 d
EC/0.36
0+
101
100.90829
8.4 h
β+ /5 /1.980 EC/95 /
0.776/
101.905607 102.906087
16.99 d
EC/0.543
Rh
112m
111.9140 112.9154 113.9173 114.9201
119
Pd
Pd Pd 96Pd
5.5/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
1+
0.3737 0.4400 0.5463 0.6877 0.8381 0.9045 0.275
1+
0.3489 0.1285
1+ 0.3405 1+ 0.0346 0.1317
0.240/81 0.382-0.864 0.5582 (0.0546-0.798) 21/2+
95
Pd
Pd
Pd
Pd
Pd
102
Pd Pd
103
1.02(1)
5/2+
0+
0+ 5/2+
11-67
5/2+
5/2+
-0.66
0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2 - 2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904 Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575
482_Frame_11.020b Page 68 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4971
104
Pd 105Pd 106Pd 107mPd
11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)
107
Pd Pd 109mPd 108
26.46(9)
109
Pd
110
Pd Pd
103.904034 104.905083 105.903484
106.90513 107.903895
108.905954 11.72(9)
20.9 s
I.T./0.2149
6.5x106y
β¯ /0.033
4.75 m
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-
5/2+
I.T./0.1889
13.5 h
β¯ /1.116
1.028
5/2+
5.5 h
I.T./73 /0.172 β¯ /27 /
11/2-
23.4 m
β¯ /2.19
2.2/95
5/2+
112
Pd Pd 113Pd
111.90731
β¯ /0.29 β¯ / β¯ /3.34
0.28/
0+ 5/2+
112.91015
21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m
114
113.91037
2.48 m
β¯ /1.45
115
114.9137
47. s
β¯ /4.58
116
115.9142
12.7 s
β¯ /2.61
117
116.9178
4.4 s
β¯ /5.7
118
117.9189
2.4 s
β¯ /4.1
Pd
Pd
Pd
Pd
0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1 - 1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.2473
0.35 0.77
110.90764
113m
Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08 - 1.0)
0+
111
Pd
+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)
0.03/ 0+ 11/2-
109.905153
111m
-0.642
0+
0.077-0.403 Pd
0.1254 0.028-0.596
119
Pd
118.9227
0.9 s
β¯ /6.5
0.2566 0.070-0.326
120
Pd
119.9240
0.5 s
β¯ /5.0
0.1581 0.053-0.595
121
Pd Pd 123Pd 124Pd 47Ag 93Ag 94Ag 95Ag 96Ag 122
120.9282 121.9298 122.934
>0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs
107.8682(2) 93.9428 94.9355 95.9307
0.42 s 2.0 s 5.1 s
β+, p/ β+, p/ β+ /11.6 EC/
(0.539-2.025) ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066-1.416)
11-68
482_Frame_11.020b Page 69 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
97
96.9240
19. s
β+ /7.0 EC/
98
97.9218
47. s
β+ /8.4 EC/
5+
11. s
I.T./100/
1/2-
2.07 m
β+ /87 /5.4 EC/13 /
2.3 m
β+ / EC/
2.0m
β+/7.1 EC/
3.1 s
I.T./0.23
1/2-
11.1 m
β+ /69 /4.2 EC/31 /
2.7/
9/2+
2+
+4.14
5+
4.6
1.7
7/2+
+4.47
2+
+3.7
Ag
Ag
99m
Ag
99
Ag
98.9176
100m
Ag
100
Ag
99.9161
101m
Ag
101
Ag
100.9128
9/2+
2+
4.7/
5+
5.7
2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/
102m
Ag
102
Ag
101.91197
103m
Ag
103
Ag
104m
Ag
102.90897
7.8 m
β+ /38 / EC/13 / I.T./49 /
13.0 m
β+ /78 /5.92 EC/22 /
2.26/
5.7 s
I.T./0.134
1/2-
1.10 h
β+ /28 /2.69 EC/72 /
33. m
β+ /64/ EC/36/
3.4
1.3 2.71/
11-69
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352-3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153-1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2 - 3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2 - 3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.7194 0.8354 1.2571 1.5816 1.7446 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558
482_Frame_11.020b Page 70 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
I.T./0.07/ 104
Ag
103.90863
105m
Ag
105
Ag
104.90653
106m
Ag
106
Ag
105.90667
107m
Ag
107
Ag Ag
51.839(8)
108
Ag
107.905954
Ag 48.161(8)
Ag
I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2 /
41.3 d
EC/1.35
1/2-
0.1014
8.4 d
EC/
6+
3.71
+1.1
24.0 m
β+ /59 /2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093
/1.96
1+
+2.85
7/2+
+4.40
1.0
1/26+
-0.11357 3.580
+1.3
1.02/1.7
1+
+2.6884
7/2+
+4.40
+1.0
1/26+ 0.530
-0.13069 +3.60
+1.4
1+
+2.7271
0.2
418.y
EC/92 / I.T./8 /0.079
2.39 m
β¯ /97/1.65 EC/2/ β¯ /1/1.92
109.906111
111m
Ag
5+
3.92
7/2+
+4.41
1.65/96 0.88/0.3
39.8 s
I.T./0.088
249.8 d
β¯ /99 / I.T./1 /0.1164
0.087
24.6 s
β¯ /2.892
2.22/5 2.89/95
1.08 m
IT/99/0.0598 β¯ /1/
108.904756
110m
110
7.2 m
0.99/
106.905093
109m
Ag Ag
β+ /16 /4.28 EC/84 /
44.2 s
108m
109
69. m
7/2+
111
110.905295
7.47 d
β¯ /1.037
1.035/
1/2-
-0.146
112
111.90701
3.13 h
β¯ /3.96
3.94/ 3.4
2-
0.0547
1.14 m
I.T./80 /0.043 β¯ /20 /
Ag Ag
113m
Ag
7/2+ 1.5
11-70
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7657 (0.5 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18 - 2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1 - 1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447-1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4 - 2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923
482_Frame_11.020b Page 71 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
113
112.90657
5.3 h
β¯ /2.02
2.01/
1/2-
114
113.90881
4.6 s
β¯ /5.08
4.9/
1+
18.7 s
β¯ /
7/2+
20. m
β¯ /3.10
1/2-
10.5 s
I.T./2 / β¯ /98 /
3.2/ 2.9
5+
2.68 m
β¯ /6.16
5.3
2-
5.3 s
β¯ /
3.2/
7/2+
1.22 m
β¯ /4.18
2.3
1/2-
2.8 s
β¯ /59 / I.T./41 /0.1277
Ag Ag
115m
Ag
115
Ag
114.90876
116m
Ag
116
Ag
115.91137
117m
Ag
117
Ag
116.91171
118m
Ag
118
117.9145
4.0 s
β¯ /7.1
119
118.9157
2.1 s
β¯ /5.35
0.32 s
β¯ / I.T./
Ag
Ag
120m
Ag
120
119.9188
1.23 s
β¯ /8.2
121
120.9198
0.78 s
β¯ /6.4
121.9233 122.9249
1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s
β¯ / β¯ /9.2 β¯ /7.4
Ag
Ag
122m
Ag Ag 123Ag 122
7/2+
11-71
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 0.159
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13 - 2.49) 0.1027 0.2549 0.5134 0.7055 1.0289 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981 0.3868 0.1354 0.1571 0.3377 0.1277 0.4878 0.6771 0.7709 1.0586 0.4878 0.6771 3.2259 0.0674 0.3662 0.3991 0.6264 0.2030 0.5059 0.6978 0.8300 0.9258 0.5059 0.6978 0.8171 1.3231 0.1150 0.3148 0.3537 0.3696 0.5007 1.5105 (0.11 - 2.5)
482_Frame_11.020b Page 72 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.05 s
β¯ /10.1 βββββ-,n
112.411(8) 95.9398 96.9349 97.9276
3. s 9.2 s
Cd 100Cd
98.9250 99.9203
16. s 1.1 m
β+,(p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+ ,EC/6.9 β+ ,EC/3.9
101
100.9187
1.2 m
β+ /83 /5.5 EC/17 /
102
101.91474
5.8 m
β+ /27 /2.59 EC/73
103
102.91342
7.5 m
β+ /33 /4.14 EC/67 /
104
103.90985
58. m
EC/1.14
105
104.90947
55.5 m
β+ /26 /2.739 EC/74 /
105.90646 106.90661
>2.6x1017 y 6.52 h
124
Ag 125Ag 126Ag 127Ag 128Ag 129Ag 48Cd 96Cd 97Cd 98Cd
123.9285 124.9305 125.9345 126.9369
99
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
106
Cd Cd
1.25(6)
107
108
Cd
0.89(3)
109
Cd
110
Cd Cd
111
Cd Cd 113mCd 113Cd 114Cd 115mCd 112
115
Cd
12.80(12) 24.13(21)
110.904182 111.902758
12.22(12) 28.73(42)
112.904401 113.903359
114.905431
Spin (h/2)
4.5
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5/2+
0+
5/2+
-0.81
-0.8
0+
1.69/
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090-1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31 - 2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1 - 2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25 - 2.4)
5/2+
-0.7393
+0.43
5/2+
0+ -0.615055
+0.68
Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289
-0.827846
+0.69
Ag k x-ray 0.08804
β+,EC EC/99+ /1.417 β+ /
0+ 462.0 d
EC/0.214
5/2+
48.5 m
I.T./
0+ 11/2-
109.903006
111m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
/0.025
107.90418 108.904985
12.49(18)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
14.1 y 7.7x1015y
β¯ /99.9 /0.59 β-
0.59/99.9
44.6 d
β¯ /1.629
0.68/1.6 1.62/97
2.228 d
β¯ /1.446
0.593/42
11-72
Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454
1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-0.594886 -1.087 -0.622301
-0.71
0.2637
-1.042
-0.54
1/2+
-0.648426
0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141
482_Frame_11.020b Page 73 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1.11/58
116
Cd Cd
7.49(18)
115.904756
117m
2.3(1019 y 3.4 h
β-ββ¯ /2.66
117
116.907219
2.49 h
β¯ /2.52
118
117.90692
50.3 m 2.20 m
β¯ /0.52 β¯ /
Cd
Cd Cd
119m
0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780 0+
0.72/
11/2-
0.67/51 2.2/10
1/2+
118.90992
2.69 m
β¨ /3.8
≈ 3.5/
1/2+
120
119.90985
50.8 s 8. s
β¯ /1.76 β¯ /
1.5/
0+ 11/2-
Cd Cd
121m
121
120.9131
13.5 s
β¯ /4.9
(3/2+)
122
121.9135
5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s
β¯ /3.0 β¯ / β¯ /6.12 β¯ /4.17
0+
0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.27 s 0.20 s 68 ms 0.10 ms
β¯ / β¯ /7.16 β¯ /5.49 β¯ /8.5 β¯ /7.1 β¯ /5.9 β¯ / p/ p/
114.818(3) 97.9422 98.9346 99.9316 100.9266 101.9243
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 6. s 15. s 22. s
β+,(p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9
102.91991
34. s 1.1 m
Cd
Cd Cd 123Cd 124Cd 123m
122.91770 123.9177
125m
Cd Cd 126Cd 127Cd 128Cd 129Cd 130Cd 131Cd 132Cd 49In 98In 99In 100In 101In 102In 125
124.92129 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9323 129.9340
103m
In In
103
104m
In In
104
103.9183
16. s 1.84 m
0.1586 0.5529 0.37 - 2.42 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033
0+ 11/2-
119
Cd
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403
3+ 0+
0.0365 0.0628 0.1799
3/+ 0+ 3/+ 0+
0.2601 0.247 0.281
0+ /3.5 /60
β+ /8.9
(5)
β+ ,EC/6.05 EC
/45
IT/0.0935 β+ ,EC/7.9
4.8
11-73
0.1566 0.7767 (0.397-0.923)
4.2
9/2+
5+
+4.44
ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157-3.98) +0.7
ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020b Page 74 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:18 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Elem. Energy or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
105m
In
105
In
104.91467
106m
In
106
In
105.91346
107m
In
107
In
106.91029
108m
In
108
In
107.90971
109m
In
109
In
108.90715
110m
In
110
In
109.90717
111m
In
111
In
110.90511
112m
In
112
In
111.90553
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2)
43. s
I.T.
5.1 m
β+ ,EC/4.85
3.7
9/2+
5.3 m
β+ /85 / EC/15 /
4.90
3+
6.2 m
β+ /65 /6.52 EC/35 /
2.6
7+
51. s
I.T./0.6786
32.4 m
β+ /35 /3.43 E.C/65 /
2.20/
57. m
β+ /53 / EC/47 /
40. m
β+ /33 /5.15 EC/67 /
1.3 m
I.T./0.650
4.2 h
β+ /8 /2.02 EC/92 /
4.9 h
EC/
1.15 h
β+ /62 /3.88 EC/38 /
7.7 m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1/2+5.675
+0.83
+4.92
+0.97
9/2+
+5.59
+0.81
1.3
6+
+4.94
+0.47
3.49/
3+
+4.56
+1.01
9/2+
+5.54
+0.84
7+
+4.72
+1.00
2+
+4.37
+0.35
I.T./0.537
1/2-
+5.53
2.8049 d
EC/0.866
9/2+
+5.50
+0.80
20.8 m
I.T./0.155
4+
14.4 m
β+ /22 /2.586
1+
+2.82
+0.09
1/2-
1/20.79/
2.22/
11-74
-ray/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2 - 2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1 - 1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6 - 3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./
*
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (Revised 1996) Norman E. Holden Reactor Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973
This Table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities, which characterize the properties for scattering and absorption of neutrons. The neutron cross section is given for room temperature neutrons, 20.43° C, corresponds to a thermal neutron energy of 0.0253 electron volts (eV) or a neutron velocity of 2200 6 meters/second. The neutron resonance integral is defined over the energy range from 0.5 eV to 0.1 x 10 eV, or 0.1 MeV. Bound neutron scattering lengths and neutron cross sections averaged over a maxwellian spectrum at 30 keV for astrophysical applications are also presented. A list of the major references used is given below. The literature cutoff date is December 1996. Uncertainties are given in parentheses. Parentheses with two or more numbers indicate values to the excited state(s) and to the ground state of the product nucleus. Discussions with Frank Feiner and Harold Knox of KAPL on thermal cross sections and resonance integrals and the assistance of Felicia Kramer in assembling this file are gratefully acknowledged. TABLE LAYOUT Column No.
Column Title
Description
1
Isotope or Element
For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2.
2
Isotopic Abundance
in atom percent.
3
Half-life
Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minute; h = hours; d = days; and y = years.
4
Thermal Neutron Cross Section
Cross sections for neutron capture reactions in barns (10 cm ) or in millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by σp, σa, σf, respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production.
5
Neutron Resonance Integral
Resonance integrals for neutron capture reactions in barns (10 cm ) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by RIp, RIa, RIf, respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production.
6
Neutron Scattering Length
Bound Coherent scattering length for neutron scattering reactions in units of femtometer (fm), which is -13 equal to fermis (10 cm).
7
Maxwellian Averaged Cross Section
Astrophysical Cross Sections, averaged over a stellar neutron maxwellian spectrum characterized -24 2 by a thermal energy of 30 keV, expressed in barns (10 cm ), millibarns (mb) or microbarns (µb).
-24
2
-24
2
GENERAL NUCLEAR DATA REFERENCES
The following references represent the major sources of the neutron data presented: 1.
Mughabghab, S.F.; Divadeenam, M.; Holden, N.E.; Neutron Cross Sections, Vol. I Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections Part A Z=1-60. Academic Press Inc., New York, New York (1981); Mughabghab, S.F.; Part B, Z-61-100. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, Florida (1984).
2.
Parrington, J.R.; Knox, H.D.; Breneman, S.L.; Baum, E.M.; Feiner, F.: Chart of the Nuclides, 15 Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (Oct. 1996).
3.
Holden, N.E.; Fifty Years with Nuclear Fission Conference, Wash., D.C., Gaithersburg, Md. April 26-29, 1989, p. 946. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois (1989).
4.
Holden, N.E.; Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989) and Holden, N.E.; Thermal Neutron Cross Sections for the 1991 Table of the Isotopes, BNL-45255 (Feb. 1991).
5.
Tuli, J.K.; Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (July 1995).
6.
Holden, N.E.; Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990).
7.
Koester, L; Rauch, H.; Seymann, E.; Neutron Scattering Lengths: A Survey of Experimental Data and Methods, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 49, 65 (1991).
8.
Sears, V.F.; Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections, Neutron News 3, (3), 26 (1992).
th
*Research carried out under auspices of the US Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH00636
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
H
1
1
H H 3 H 2
99.985(1) 0.015(1) 12.32 y
He He
4
He
-6
7
92.5(2)
7
Be
14
99.634(9)
15
0.366(9)
O
8
18
O
4
343.(5)
5.30(4)
2
99.76(1) 0.04 0.20(1)
39(6) µb
7.79(1)
7.79(1)
5715. y
N
- 2.22(2)
3.9(2) mb
98.89(1) 1.11(1)
7
O O
3.9(2) mb
2.0(1)
1.52x10 y
C
16
8.8(4) mb
- 1.90(2)
σα ≈ 0.1 8.8(4) mb <1. mb
6
17
RIα=422.(4) 17.(2) mb 20.(2) mb
2
80.1(2)
N
σα=9.4(1)x10 39.(5) mb 45.(5) mb
7.6(1)x10
11
N
32.(1)
σp 16(4)
B
C C 14 C
*
8.(1) µb
4
6
19.9(2)
5.74(7)
RIp=1.75(5)x10
5
12
3
RIp=2.39(1)x10
σp=3.9(1)x10
100.
10
*
0.25(2) mb
3.26(3)
53.28 d
*
13
- 3.741(1) 6.671(4) 4.79(3)
2
Be
B
0.149(1) 0.23(2) mb
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
3.26(3)
4
B
0.332(2) 0.51(1)mb < 6. µb
71.(2) 7.5(2)
Be 10 Be
- 3.739(1)
≈ 100.
6
9
0.149(1)
3
Li
Li
0.332(2)
σp=5.33(1)x10 0.05(1) mb
1.37x10
3
Li
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
< 0.05
2
3
Resonance Integral (barns)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
2
σα=38.4(1)x10 0.3(1) σp=7.(1) mb σt=8.(2) mb 5.(3) mb
RIα=17.3(1)x10 0.13(4)
2(1) mb
6.65(4)
3.5(1) mb
1.6(1) mb
6.646(1)
3.5(1) mb 1.4(1) mb <1. µb
1.6(1) mb 1.7(2) mb
6.651(2) 6.19(9)
1.9(1)
0.85(5)
9.36(2)
σp=1.83(7) 0.080(1) 0.04(1) mb
RIp=0.82(3) 0.034(1) 0.11(3) mb
9.37(2) 6.44(3)
0.29(1) mb
0.40(4) mb
5.805(4)
0.19(1) mb σα=0.24(1) 0.54(7) mb 0.16(1) mb
0.36(4) mb 0.11(1) 0.39(5) mb 0.81(4) mb
5.805(5) 5.8(2)
34(4) µb * σα 3.9(5) mb
5.84(7)
7.2(6) µb
- 0.1(3)
*
16(1) µb 0.2(1) mb * 1.5(4) µb
*
σp 1.8(2) mb 0.04(7) mb * 4.9(5) µb
*
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Half-life
F
9
19
F
100.
Ne
10 20
Ne Ne 22 Ne 21
90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3)
Na
11 22
Na
23
Na
2.605 y 100.
Mg
12
24
Mg Mg 26 Mg 27 Mg 25
78.99(3) 10.00(1) 11.01(2) 9.45 m
Al
13 26
Al Al
27
100.
Si
14 28
Si Si 30 Si 31 Si 29
92.21(2) 4.69(2) 3.10(1) 2.62 h
P
15 31
P
100.
S
16 32
95.02(9)
33
0.75(4)
34
4.21(8) 0.02(1)
S
S
S 36 S Cl
17 35
Cl
75.77(7)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
9.5(7) mb
21.(3) mb
5.65(1)
9.5(7) mb
21.(3) mb
5.65(1)
42(5) mb
19(3) mb
4.566(6)
39(5) mb 0.7(1),σα<1.5 51(5) mb
18(3) mb 0.31(5) 23(3) mb
4.631(6) 6.7(2) 3.87(1)
0.12(1) mb ≈ 1.6 mb 60.(5) µb*
0.53(2)
0.32(2)
3.63(2)
2.3(2) mb
4
6.(1) mb
5
σp=2.8(3)x10 2 σα=2.6(4)x10 σm=0.43(3)
< 2x10 2 1.2(2) x 10 RIm=0.30(6)
3.63(2)
66(6) mb
38.(5) mb
5.375(4)
0.053(6) .20(1) .038(1) 0.07(2)
32.(4) mb 98.(15) mb 25.(2) mb 0.03(1)
5.7(2) 3.6(2) 4.9(2)
0.230(2)
0.17(1)
3.45(1)
σp ≈ 2.1 0.230(2)
0.17(1)
3.45(1)
0.166(9)
0.12(2)
4.15(1)
0.17(1) 0.12(1) 0.107(4) 73.(6) mb
0.11(2) 0.08(2) 0.62(6) 33.(3) mb
4.11(1) 4.7(1) 4.61(1)
0.17(1)
0.08(1)
5.13(1)
0.17(1)
0.08(1)
5.13(1)
0.54(2)
0.24(2)
2.847(1)
0.55(5) σα < 0.5 mb 0.46(3) σα = 0.12(1) σp = 2 mb 0.30(2) 0.23(2)
0.25(2)
2.804(2)
4.7(2) mb
0.21(2) RIα = 0.05(1)
4.7(2)
7.4(15) mb
0.13 0.26(3)
3.48(3)
σα = 0.18(1) 2.9(9) mb 0.17(1) mb
33.6(3)
15.(2)
9.58(1)
43.7(4);σp=0.44(1) σα ≈ 0.08 mb
20.(2);RIp=0.2
11.7(1)
4.2(2) mb 6.5(3) mb 66.(3) µb
0.14(2) 3.8(3) mb
1.8(2) mb 7.9(9) mb 6.4(6) mb
1.7(1) mb
10.(3) mb σp 1.7(2) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
36
Cl
Half-life 5
Cl
37
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
3.01x10 y
24.23(7)
Ar
18 36
Ar
0.337(3)
37
Ar
38
Ar Ar 40 Ar 41 Ar
35.0 d 0.063(1)
39
268. y 99.600(3) 1.82 h
K
19
39
93.2581(44)
40
0.0117(1)
41
6.7302(44)
K
K
K
9
1.26x10 y
Ca
20 40
Ca
96.941(18)
41
5
Ca
42
Ca Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 48 Ca
43
1.02x10 y 0.647(9) 0.135(6) 2.086(12) 162.7 d 0.004(3) 0.187(4)
Sc
21 45
Sc Sc
100.
46
83.81 d
Ti
22 46
Ti Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 47
8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
σp=46.(2) mb <10. σα = 0.59(7) mb
RIp=0.02
(0.05 + 0.38)
(0.04+0.26)
3.1(1)
0.66(3)
0.42(5)
1.91(1)
5(1);σp<1.5 mb σα 6(1) mb 3 σα=2.0(3)x10 σp = 69(14) 0.8(2) 2 6.(2)x10 0.64(3) 0.5(1)
2.(1)
0.41(5) 0.2(1)
1.83(1)
2.1(1)
1.0(1)
3.67(2)
2.1(2) σα = 4.3(5) mb σp < 0.05 mb 30.(8) σp=4.4(4) σα = 0.42(8) 1.46(3)
0.9(1)
3.74(2)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) σp 91.(8) mb σα 0.9(2) mb
RIα=900. RIp=31. 0.4(1)
2.15(8) mb
24.9(1)
3.5(35) 2.3(2)mb
11.8(4)mb
σp .7(1)mb σα 40(6)mb
13.(4) 2.0(2) 1.4(2)
2.69(8)
0.43(2)
0.23(2)
4.70(2)
0.41(3) σα 0.13(4) mb ≈ 4. σα = 0.19 0.65(10) 6.(1) 0.8(2) ≈ 15. 0.70(3) 1.1(1)
0.22(4)
4.80(2)
6.7(7)mb
0.39(4) 3.9(2) 0.56(1)
3.4(1) - 1.56(9) 1.42(6)
16.(2)mb 51.(6)mb 9.(1)mb
3.6(2) 0.39(9)
5.7(5)mb 1.0(2)mb
0.9(1) 0.5(1)
27.2(2)
12.(1)
12.3(1)
(10.+17.) 8.(1)
(5.6+6.4) 3.6(5)
12.3(1)
6.1(1)
2.8(2)
- 3.438(2)
0.6(2) 1.6(2) 7.9(9) 1.9(5) 0.179(3)
0.4(1) 1.6(2) 3.6(2) 1.2(2) 0.12(2)
4.93(6) 3.63(1) - 6.09(2) 1.04(5) 6.18(8)
22.0(7)mb
90.(6)mb
27.(3)mb 64.(8)mb 31.(5)mb 22.(2)mb 4.0(5)mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
V
23
50
0.250(4)
51
99.750(4)
V
V
17
>1.4x10 y
Cr
24 50
Cr Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr
4.345(13)
51
27.70 d 83.79(2) 9.50(2) 2.365(7)
Mn
25
53
Mn Mn 55 Mn
6
3.7x10 y 312.2 d
54
100.
Fe
26 54
Fe
5.85(4)
55
Fe
56
Fe Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57
2.73 y 91.75(4) 2.12(1) 0.28(1) 44.51 d
Co
27
58m
Co Co 59 Co 60m Co 60 Co
100. 10.47 m 5.271 y
28
Ni
58
Ni
68.077(9)
59
4
≈7.6x10 y
Ni
60
Ni Ni
61
62
Ni Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni
26.223(8) 1.140(1) 3.634(2)
63
Cu
29
100. y 0.926(1) 2.517 h
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
5.0(2)
2.8(1)
- 0.382(1)
21(4) σp = 0.7(4) mb 4.9(1)
50.(20)
7.6(6)
2.7(2)
- 0.402(2)
3.0(2)
1.7(1)
3.635(7)
15.(1) < 10. 0.8(1) 18.(2) 0.36(4)
8.(1)
- 4.5(1)
52.(1)mb
0.6(2) 9(1) 0.25(5)
4.91(2) - 4.2(1) 4.6(1)
8.8(4)mb 0.06(1) 7.(2)mb
13.3(1)
14.0(3)
- 3.75(2)
70.(10) < 10. 13.3(1)
32.(5) 14.0(3)
2.6(1)
1.4(2)
9.45(2)
2.7(5) σα = 10 µb 13.(2) σα = 0.03 2.6(2) 2.5(5) 1.3(1) 13.(3)
1.3(2) RIα = 1.1(1) mb 6.(1)
4.2(1)
29.(2)mb
1.4(2) 1.6(2) 1.3(2) 6.(1)
9.93(3) 2.3(1) 15.(7)
13.5(5)mb 35.(4)mb 13.(2)mb
37.19(8)
74.(2)
2.49(2)
5
9.1 h 70.88 d
58
(* - Extrapolated Value)
- 3.75(2)
42.(3)mb
40.(2)mb
5
1.4(1)x10 3 1.9(2)x10 (20.7+16.5) 58.(3) 2.0(2)
2.5(10)x10 3 7.(1)x10 (39.+35.) 230.(50) 4.3(10)
4.5(2)
2.3(2)
10.3(1)
4.6(4) σα < 0.03 mb σabs=92.(4) σα = 14(2) σp = 2(1) 2.9(3) 2.5(5) σα = 0.03 mb 15.(1) 20(5) 1.6(1) 22.(2)
2.3(2)
14.4(1)
3.8(1)
4.1(4)
2.49(2)
38.(4)mb
42.(3)mb
2
RIabs=1.4(1)x10
1.5(2) 1.5(4)
2.8(1) 7.60(6)
27.(2)mb 82.(1)mb
6.8(3) 9.(2) 1.(2) 10.(1)
- 8.7(2) 26.(8)mb - 0.37(7)
36.(4)mb
7.718(4)
10.(1)mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
63
Cu Cu 65 Cu 66 Cu
Natural Abundance (%)
Half-life
69.17(3)
64
12.701 h 30.83(3) 5.09 m
Zn
30
64
Zn
48.6(6)
65
Zn
243.8 d
66
27.9(3)
67
4.1(1)
68
18.8(5)
70
0.6(3)
Zn Zn Zn Zn
Ga
31
69
Ga Ga
71
60.11(3) 39.89(3)
Ge
32 70
Ge Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 72
21.23(4) 27.66(3) 7.73(1) 35.94(2) 7.44(2)
As
33 75
As
100.
Se
34 74
Se Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 80 Se 82 Se
0.89(4)
75
119.78 d 9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22)
Br
35 76
Br Br 81 Br
79
Kr
36
16.0 h 50.69(7) 49.31(7)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
4.5(2) ≈ 270. 2.17(3) 2 1.4(1)x10
Resonance Integral (barns)
5.(1)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
6.43(15)
0.09(1)
2.2(1) 60.(20)
10.61(19)
53(5)mb
1.1(2)
2.8(4)
5.680(5)
0.74(5) σp < 12 µb σα = 11(3) µb 66.(8) σα = 2.0(2) 0.9(3) σα < 0.02 mb 6.9(1.4) σα = 0.4 mb (0.072 + 0.8) σα <0.02 mb (8.1+83.) mb
1.4(3)
5.23(4)
59(5)mb
1.8(2)
5.98(5)
35(3)mb
25.(5)
7.58(8)
0.15(2)
(0.2 + 2.9)
6.04(3)
19(2)mb
30.(4)
0.9(2)
2.9(1)
22.(3)
7.288(2)
1.68(7) 4.7(2);σm=0.15(5)
16.(2) 31.(3)
7.88(4) 6.40(3)
2.2(1)
6.(2)
8.19(2)
(0.3 + 2.7) 0.9(2) 15.(1) (0.14 + 0.28) (0.09 + 0.06)
2.3(1) 0.8(3) 66.(20) (0.4+0.5) (1.3+0.6)
4.0(4)
61.(5)
6.58(1)
4.0(4)
61.(5)
6.58(1)
12.(1)
14.(3)
7.970(9)
50.(2) 2 3.3(10)x10 (22. + 63.) 42.(4),σα=0.97(3)µb σm=0.38(2) (0.06+0.35) (39.+ 5.2) mb
520(50)
0.8(3)
(9.+31.) 30.(5) RIm=4.3(4) (0.36+1.0) 39.(4)mb
6.8(2)
92.(8)
6.79(2)
224.(42) (2.5+8.3) (2.4+0.24)
(36.+96) 51.(5)
6.79(7) 6.78(7)
24.(1)
39.(6)
7.81(2)
10.0(1) 8.5(1) 5.02(4) 7.6(1) 8.2(15)
12.2(1) 8.25(8) 8.24(9) 7.48(3) 6.34(8)
0.15(1) 0.12(1)
86(5)mb 0.06(2) 0.28(8) 54(6)mb 16(1)mb
0.46(2)
164(8)mb 0.08 44.(3)mb
0.74(3) 0.24(1)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
78
Kr Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 85 Kr 86 Kr 80
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
0.35(1) 2.28(6) 11.58(14) 11.50(6) 56.99(4) 10.73 y 17.30(22)
Rb
37 84
Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85
32.9 d 72.17(2) 27.83(2)
18.65 d 10 4.88x10 y 17.7 m
Sr
38
84
Sr Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 86
0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 50.52 d 29.1 y
Y
39 89
Y Y 91 Y
100.
90
2.67 d 58.5 d
Zr
40
90
Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 96 Zr 91
51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 6
1.5x10 y 17.38(28) 2.80(9)
Nb
41 93
Nb Nb
100.
94
2.4x10 y
4
95
34.97 d
Nb
Mo
42
92
Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 94
14.84(35) 9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2)
Resonance Integral (barns)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
(0.17+6.) (4.6+7.) (14.+7.) 183.(30) σm=0.09;σm+g=0.11 1.7(2) 3.(2)mb
20.(1) 57.(6) 130.(13) 183.(20) 2.4(3) 1.8(10) ≈1. mb
0.39(4)
6.(3)
7.08(2)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
0.34(4) 0.24(1) 79(6)mb 0.24(2) (17+17)mb 8.1(3)
0.07(2) 3.5(3)mb
σp=12.(2) (0.06+0.38) <20. 0.10(1) 1.2(3)
(0.7+7.)
7.0(1)
240(9)mb
2.3(4) 0.5(1)
7.3(1)
18.0(5)mb
1.2(1)
10.(1)
7.02(2)
(0.6+0.2) σm=0.81(4) 16.(3) 5.8(4)mb 0.42(4) 9.7(7)mb
(9.+1.) RIm=4.(1) 118.(30) 0.07(3) 0.2 4. mb
1.25(5)
1.0(1)
7.75(2)
(0.001+1.25) <6.5 1.4(3)
(0.006+1.0)
7.75(2)
0.6(1)
0.19(1);σα<0.1mb
0.95(9)
7.16(3)
≈0.014 1.2(3) 0.2(1) <4. 0.049(6) 0.020(3)
0.2(1) 5.(2) 0.6(2) 16.(5) 0.25(3) 5.0(5)
6.4(1) 8.8(1) 7.5(2)
1.11(1);σα<0.1mb
8.5(6)
7.14(3)
1.1;σm=0.86 σm+g=15.(1) σm=0.6(1) <7.
(6.3+2.2) 126.(13)
7.14(3)
2.5(1),σα<0.1mb
26.(5)
6.72(2)
0.06,σm=0.2µb 0.02 13.4(3),σα=30.(4)µb 0.5
≈0.8 ≈0.8 109.(5) 17.(3)
6.93(8) 6.82(7) 6.93(6) 6.22(6)
5.68(5) 7.41(7) 7.16(6)
8.3(2) 5.5(1)
(48+22)mb 97.(5)mb 6.1(2)mb
19.(1)mb
21.(2)mb 60.(8)mb 33.(4)mb 0.10(1) 26.(1)mb 10.0(3)mb
266.(5)mb
<200.
0.29(1) 112.(5)mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 97
Mo Mo 100 Mo 98
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
9.55(8) 24.13(31) 9.63(23)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
2.5(2),σα=0.4(2)µb 0.14(1) 0.19(1)
14.(3) 7.2(7) 3.6(3)
7.26(8) 6.60(7) 6.75(7)
0.34(1) 99.(5)mb
σm = 0.9(2) 23.(2)
4.0(4)x10
6.8(3)
0.78(4)
2.6 (1)
48.(5)
7.03(3)
0.23(4) < 8. 4.(1) 5.8(6) 5.(1),σα<0.15µb 1.2(1) <20. 0.49(2) 0.29(3) 0.15(4)
7.(2) 195.(20) 11.(2) 2 1.1(3)x10 4.3(5) ≈30. 6.(2) 0.13(1) 2.0(6)
145.(2)
1.2(1)x10
(11.+ 134.) 800.(100) 40.(30) 4 1.1(3)x10
(0.08+1.1)x10
7.(1)
82.(8)
3.2(10) 22.(2),σα=0.5(2)µb (0.013+0.28) 1.8(2) (0.19+8.5) (0.033+0.7)
10.(2) 16.(2) 60.(20) (0.2+5.5) 108.(4) (2.+240.) (0.7+8.)
62.(1)
767.(60)
5.922(7)
(0.37+35.) (4.2 + 87.) 82.(11) 3.(2)
(1.2+105.) 2 (0.7+14.1)x10 20.(4)) 105.(20)
7.56(1) 4.17(1)
2.52(5)x10
73.(8)
4.87(5)
0.20(3) 1. ≈180.,σα<0.05 (0.06+11.) 3.5(20) (0.012+2.2) 4 2.06(4)x10 ,σα<1.µb
4.(1) 14.(3) 3 6.7(12)x10 (6.+34.) 51.(6) 15. 390.(40)
Tc
43 98
6
Tc Tc
4.2x10 y 5 2.13x10 y
99
Ru
44 96
Ru Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru 104 Ru 105 Ru 106 Ru 98
5.52(20) 1.86(9) 12.74(26) 12.60(19) 17.05(7) 31.57(31) 39.27 d 18.66(44) 4.44 h 1.020 y
Rh
45
103
Rh Rh 104 Rh 105 Rh
100.
104m
4.36 m 42.3 s 35.4 h
Pd
46
102
Pd Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 107 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 104
1.02(1) 11.14(11) 22.33(13) 27.33(6) 6
6.5x10 y 26.46(15) 11.72(16)
Ag
47
107
Ag Ag 110m Ag 111 Ag 109
51.839(8) 48.161(8) 249.8 d 7.47 d
106
Cd Cd 109 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 108
1.25(6) 0.89(3) 462.0 d 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12)
15
9x10 y
0.21(1) 1.00(4) 0.19(1) 0.16(1)
3
3
Cd
48
2
5.88(4) 3
5.88(4)
0.81(1)
4
1.7(4)x10
5.91(6)
5.5(3) 6.4(4) 4.1(3)
1.20(6) 0.25(3) 1.34(6) 0.20(2) 0.15(2)
0.80(2) 0.78(2)
5.4(1)
0.56(6) 0.41(7)
5.9(1) 6.5(1) 6.4(1) - 8.0(2)
0.25(3) 1.06(13) 0.23(3) 0.73(8)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 114
Cd Cd
116
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
28.73(42) 7.49(18)
In
49
113
In In
115
4.29(5) 95.71(5)
14
4.4x10 y
Sn
50
112
Sn Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn
0.97(1)
113
115.1 d 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.58(4) 32.59(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5)
Sb
51
121
Sb Sb 124 Sb 123
57.21(5) 42.79(5) 60.20 d
Te
52
120
Te Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te 130 Te 122
0.096(2) 2.603(4) 0.908(2) 4.816(6) 7.139(6) 18.952(11) 31.687(11) 33.799(10)
13
1.3x10 y
21
2.5x10 y
I
53
125
I I 128 I 129 I 130 I 131 I
127
59.4 d 100. 25.00 m 7 1.7x10 y 12.36 h 8.040 d
Xe
54
124
Xe Xe 126 Xe 127 Xe
0.09(1)
125
17.1 h 0.09(1) 36.4 d
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
(0.04+0.29) (26.+52.)mb
16.(7) 1.2
7.5(1) 6.3(1)
197.(4)
3.3(2)x10
4.07(2)
(3.1+5.0+3.9) (88.+73.+44.)
(220.+90) 3 (1.5+1.2+0.7)x10
5.39(6) 4.01(2)
0.61(3)
8.(2)
6.225(2)
(0.15+0.40) ≈ 9. ≈ 0.12 σα=0.06 mb (0.006+0.14) 1.1(1) σm=4. mb 2.(1) (0.001+0.13) (0.15+0.001) (0.13+0.005)
(8.+19.) 210.(50) 5.(1) 29.(6) (0.5+11.) 16.(5) 4.7(5) 2.9(5) 1.2(3) 0.81(4) RIm=8.0(2)
5.2(2)
169.(20)
5.57(3)
(0.4+5.6) (0.02+0.04+4.0) 17.(3)
(13.+192.) (1.+119.) ≈8.
5.71(6) 5.38(7)
4.2(1)
47.(3)
5.80(3)
(0.25+2.0) 2.4(5) 370.(40),σα=0.05mb (0.05+7.) 1.6(2) (0.12+0.8) (0.016+0.20) (0.03+0.20)
≈1. 80.(20) 3 4.5(3)x10 5.2(7) 21.(4) 8.2(6) (0.08+1.5) (0.08+0.34)
6.15(10)
148.(7)
900.(100) 6.15(10) 22.(4) (20.7+10.3) 18.(3) ≈ 0.7
1.4(2)x10 148.(7) ≈10. 36.(4) ≈8. 8.(4)
25.(1)
263.(50)
(28.+137.) σα≤<0.03 (0.45+3.) σα≤0.01
(0.6+3.0)x10
3
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 0.16(3) 0.09(1)
0.79(7) 0.74(7)
0.20(5) 6.2(3) 5.93(5) 6.48(5) 6.07(5) 6.12(5) 6.49(5) 5.74(5) 5.97(5)
5.3(5) 3.8(2) - 0.05 8.0(1) 5.02(8) 5.56(7) 5.89(7) 6.02(7)
134.(3) mb 0.34(1) 91.(2)mb 319.(7)mb 62.(1)mb 0.25(5) (0.5+36)mb
0.53(2) 0.30(1)
295.(3)mb 0.83(1) 155.(2)mb 431.(4)mb 81.(1)mb
5.28(2) 4
5.28(2)
0.44(2)
4.92(3) 3
(8.+52.)
0.64(3)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 128
Xe Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 133 Xe 134 Xe 135 Xe 136 Xe 129
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
1.92(3) 26.44(24) 4.08(2) 21.18(3) 26.89(6) 5.243 d 10.44(10) 9.10 h 8.87(16)
Cs
55
132
Cs Cs 134 Cs 135 Cs 137 Cs 133
6.48 d 100. 2.065 y 6 2.3x10 y 30.2 y
Ba
56
130
Ba Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 139 Ba 140 Ba
132
0.106(1) 0.101(1) 10.53 y 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 1.396 h 12.75 d
La
57
138
La La 140 La 139
0.090(1) 99.910(1)
11
1.06x10 y 1.678 d
Ce
58
136
Ce Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 143 Ce 144 Ce 138
0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(18) 32.50 d 11.114(17) 1.38 d 284.6 d
Pr
59
141
Pr Pr 143 Pr 142
Nd
60
100. 19.12 h 13.57 d
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
σm=0.48 22.(5) σm=0.45 90.(10) (0.05+0.4) 190.(90) (0.003 + 0.26) 6 2.65(11)x10 0.26(2)
RIm=38.(10) 250.(50) RIm=16.(4) 2 9.(1)x10 (0.9+3.7)
0.35(11) 0.76(7) 0.18(5) 0.45(8) 65.(5)mb
0.40(4) 3 7.6(5)x10 0.7(2)
20.(2)mb
30.4(8)
422.(50)
5.42(2)
σα< 0.15 (2.7+27.7) 140.(10) 8.9(5) 0.25(1)
(32.+390.) 54.(9) 90.(20) 0.36(7)
5.42(2)
1.3(2)
10.(2)
5.07(3)
(1.+8.) (0.84+9.7) 4.(1) (0.1+1.3) (0.014+5.8) (0.010+0.44) 5.(1) 0.41(2) 5.(1) 1.6(3)
(25.+200.) (4.7+24.) 85.(30) (5.6+18.) (0.47+131.) (0.1+1.5) 4.(1) 0.4(1) 2.2(5) 14.(1)
9.2(2)
12.(1)
57.(6) 9.2(2) 2.7(3)
4.1(9)x10 12.(1) 69.(4)
8.24(4)
0.64(4)
0.71(6)
4.84(2)
(1.0+6.5) (0.018+1.) 0.58(4) 29.(3) 0.97(3) 6.1(7) 1.0(1)
58.(12) (1.5+5.2) 0.50(5) 13.(2) 1.3(3) 2.7(3) 2.6(3)
5.80(9) 6.70(9) 4.84(9)
(28+272)mb 179.(5)mb 11.0(4)mb
4.75(9)
28.(1)mb
11.5(4)
14.(3)
4.58(5)
(4.+7.5) 20.(3) 90.(10)
14.(3) 9.(1) 190.(25)
4.58(5)
51.(2)
49.(5)
7.69(5)
0.9(1)mb
0.51(2)
- 3.6(6) 7.8(3) 5.7(1) 4.7(1) 4.91(8) 6.8(1) 4.84(8)
0.18(6) 0.30(6) 62.(2)mb 0.05(1) 4.1(2)mb
8.24(4) 2
38.(3)mb
0.12(2)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 142
Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd
143
Natural Abundance (%) 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.30(1) 17.2(3)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
15
2.1x10 y
10.98 d 5.7(1) 5.6(2)
19.(1) 330.(10),σα=17.mb 3.6(3) 47.(6),σα=12.µb 1.5(2) 440.(150) 2.4(1) 1.0(1)
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
34.(11) 128.(30) 3.9(5) 260.(40) 3.0(4) 200. 13.(2) 14.(2)
7.7(3)
(1000.+1280.)
12.6(4)
2.8(3) 8.7(2) 5.7(3) 5.3(2)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 46.(4)mb 0.24(1) 0.11(1) 0.49(10) 0.16(4) 0.19(4)
Pm
61
146
Pm Pm 148m Pm 148 Pm 149 Pm 151 Pm
5.53 y 2.6234 y 41.3 d 5.37 d 2.212 d 1.183 d
147
3
Sm
62
144
Sm Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm 154 Sm
3.08(7)
145
Eu Eu
63 151
14.99(17) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1)
340. d 11 1.06x10 y 15 7x10 y 16 10 y 90. y
26.74(14) 1.929 d 22.75(27)
47.81(6)
152m1
Eu Eu 153 Eu 154 Eu 155 Eu
9.30 h 13.5 y
152
52.19(6) 8.59 y 4.76 y
Gd Gd 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 158 Gd 160 Gd 161 Gd
0.20(1)
153
Tb
65
241.6 d 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 3.66 m
3
2.6(2.4)x10
3
5.6(1)x10
1.4(2)x10
1.6(1) 280.(20) 56.(4),σα=0.6mb 2.4(6) 40100.(600),σα=31.mb 102.(5) 15200.(300) 206.(15) 420.(180) 7.5(3)
2.4(3) 600.(90) 710.(50) 27.(14) 3100.(500) 290.(30) 3520.(60) 3000.(300)
4570.(100) (4.+3150.+6000.) σα=8.7(3)µb 68000.(15000) 11000.(2000) 300.(20),σα<1.µb 1500.(300) 3900.(200)
3.8(5)x10 (2000.+4000.)
32.(6)
14.(3)
14.(3)
0.97(1) 241.(2)mb 1.82(2) 422.(4)mb
- 5.0(6)
473.(4)mb
9.(1) 3
5.3(3) 4.4(2)
< 100000. 1600.(200) 1800.(400) 1600.(200) 16000.(2000)
8.2(1)
48.8(6)x10
400.(10)
9.5(2)
700.(200),σα<7.mb 20000.(10000),σα=0.03 (0.06+60.) 3 61.(1)x10 ,σα=.08mb ≈2.0 5 2.54(3)x10 ,σα<0.05 2.3(3) 1.5(7) 4 2.0(6)x10
700.(200)
1.05(7)
230.(50) 1540.(100) 104.(15) 800.(100) 73.(7) 6.(1)
0.88(3) 2.72(9) 0.64(6) 1.36(4) 0.22(2)
23.2(5)
420.(50)
3
Gd
64
152
3
8.4(1.7)x10 (84.+96.) 10600.(800) 3 ≈ 10 1400.(200) ≈ 150.
6.3(4) 9.(2) 9.15(5)
7.38(3)
3.2(3) 4.4(7)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 159
Tb Tb
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
100.
160
23.2(5) 570.(110)
72.3 d
2
Dy
66
156
Dy Dy 159 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 165 Dy 158
0.06(1) 0.10(1) 144. d 2.34(8) 18.91(24) 25.51(26) 24.90(16) 28.18(36) 1.26 m 2.33 h
Ho
67
165
Ho Ho
100.
166
3
1.2x10 y
Er
68
162
Er Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 171 Er 164
0.14(1) 1.61(3) 33.61(35) 22.93(17) 26.78(26) 14.93(27) 7.52 h
Tm
69
169
Tm Tm 171 Tm
100
170
128.6 d 1.92 y
0.13(1) 32.03 d 3.04(15) 14.3(6) 21.8(7) 16.13(3) 31.8(9) 12.8(4)
Lu
71
Lu Lu 177m Lu 177 Lu 176
7.38(3) 3
16.9(3)
33.(3),σα<9mb 43.(6),σα<6mb 3 8.(2)x10 60.(10),σα<0.3mb 600.(50),σα<1µb 170.(20) 120.(10),σα<20µb 3 (1.7+1.0)x10 3 2.0(6)x10 3 3.5(3)x10
1000.(100) 120.(10)
6.1(5)
61.(2)
670.(40)
8.01(8)
(3.1+58.),σα<20µb 9140.(650)
(?+670.) 1140.(90)
8.01(8)
169.(20)
730.(10)
7.79(2)
19.(3),σα<11mb 13.(3),σα<1.2mb (15.+5.),σα<70µb 700.(200),σα=3µb 2.0(6),σα=0.09mb 6.(1) 370.(40)
480.(50) 105.(10) 96.(12) 2970.(70) 37.(5) 26.(4) 170.(20)
106.(5)
1.5(2)x10
(8.+98.) 100.(20) ≈ 160.
1.5(2)x10 460.(50) 118.(6)
1100.(200) 1100.(100) 2755.(300) 1600.(400) (420.+100.)
97.41(2) 2.59(2)
10
3.8x10 y 160.7 d 6.75 d
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 1.75(10)
6.7(4) 10.3(4) - 1.4(5) 5.0(4) 49.4(2)
0.77(4) 2.01(6) 0.47(5) 1.14(4) 0.27(3)
4
2.2(3)x10
1.32(7)
8.8(2) 8.2(2) 10.6(2) 3.0(3) 7.4(4) 9.6(5)
3
7.07(3)
3
7.07(3)
0.71(6) 0.61(6) 1.5(2) 0.37(4) 0.22(3)
1.13(6)
2
52.(10)
169
175
420.(50)
1.5(2)x10
Yb
Yb Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
9.5(2)x10
70
168
Resonance Integral (barns)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
1.7(2)x10 4
2.4(2)x103,σα<0.1mb 3 3.6(3)x10 12.(2),σα<10µb 53.(5),σα<1.5µb ≈ 1.3,σα<1µb 16.(2),σα<1µb (46.+74.),σα<0.02mb 3.1(2),σα<1µb
2.0(5)x10 5200.(500) 320.(30) 315.(30) 25.(3) 380.(30) (13.+47.) 8.(2)
78.(7)
8.3(7)x10
7.21(3)
(16.+8.) (2.+2100.) 3.2(3) 1000.(300)
(550.+270.) (3.+1100.) 1.4(2)
7.24(3) 6.1(2)
2
12.43(3)
-4.07(2) 6.8(1) 9.7(1) 9.4(1) 9.56(7) 19.3(1) 8.7(1)
0.74(3) 1.41(5) 0.41(3) 0.87(7) 0.18(2)
1.18(4) 1.54(6)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
Hf
72
174
Hf Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 181 Hf
176
0.162(3) 5.206(5) 18.606(13) 27.297(4) 13.629(6) 35.100(7)
15
2.0x10 y
42.4 d
Ta
73
180m
Ta Ta 182 Ta 181
0.012(2) 99.998(2)
15
> 1.2x10 y 114.43 d
W
74
180
W W 183 W 184 W 185 W 186 W 187 W 182
0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 74.8 d 28.43(19) 23.9 h
Re
75
185
Re Re
187
37.40(2) 62.60(2)
10
4.4x10 y
Os
76
184
Os Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 191 Os 192 Os 193 Os 186
0.020(3) 1.58(2) 1.6(4) 13.3(1) 16.1(1) 26.4(2)
2.x10 y
15.4 d 41.0(3) 30.5 h
191
Ir Ir 193 Ir 194 Ir
37.3(2)
192
73.83 d 62.7(2) 19.3 h
Pt
78
190
Pt
2
19.7(5)x10
600.(50) 23.(4) (1.+375.),σα<20µb (53.+32.) (0.43+46.) 13.(1),σα<13µb 30.(25)
400.(50) 700.(100) 7170.(200) (340.+1500.) (6.8+620.) 32.(2)
20.(1)
650(20.)
6.91(7)
≈ 560. (0.012 + 20),σα<1µb 8200.(600)
1350.(100) (0.4+650.) 900.(90)
6.91(7)
18.(1)
3.6(3)x10
≈ 4. 20.(1) 10.5(3) (0.002 + 2.0) ≈ 3.3 37.(2) 70.(10)
210.(30) 600.(90) 340.(50) 15.(2) 300.(50) 510.(50) 2760.(550)
90.(4)
8.4(2)x10
9.2(3)
(0.33+110.) (2.+72.)
1700.(50) (9.+310.)
9.0(3) 9.3(3)
17.(1)
1.5(1)x10
2
2
2
3.3(3)x10 ,σα<10mb ≈ 80.,σα<0.1mb 2 2.(1)x10 ,σα<0.1mb ≈ 5.,σα<30µb (0.00026+40),σα<10µb (9.+4.),σα<20µb 2 3.8(6)x10 3.(1),σα<10µb 40.(10) 2
Ir
77
0.014(1)
11
6.5x10 y
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
106.(3)
3
15
Resonance Integral (barns)
11.(1) 6.6(2) 5.9(2) 7.5(2) 13.2(3)
0.46(2) 1.37(6) 0.31(1) 0.99(3) 175.(5)mb
0.77(2)
4.86(2)
6.97(4) 6.53(4) 7.48(6)
274.(8)mb 0.52(2) 0.23(1)
- 0.72(4)
176.(5)mb
1.54(6) 1.16(6)
10.7(2)
3
1.4(1)x10 280.(40) 500.(70) 150.(20) (0.013+670.) (22.+8.) 6.(1) 3
12(2) 7.6(3) 10.7(3) 11.0(3)
0.42(2) 0.87(3) 0.40(2) 1.17(5) 0.30(5)
11.5(4)
0.31(5)
2.8(4)x10
(660.+260.) 1450.(250) (6.+110.) 3 1.5(3)x10
(1000.+4200.) 4800.(700) 1400.(200)
10.(1)
1.3(1)x10
9.60(1)
70.(10)
9(1)
2
2
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
7.8(1)
4.2(1)x10
1.5(1)x10 ,σα<8mb
(* - Extrapolated Value)
10.6(3) 1.35(7) 0.86(4)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 192
Pt Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt 198 Pt 199 Pt 194
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
0.782(7) 32.97(10) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.16(6) 30.8 m
Au
79
197
Au Au 199 Au
100.
198
2.694 d 3.14 d
196
Hg Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 204 Hg 198
0.15(1) 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26) 6.87(15)
Tl
81
203
Tl Tl 205 Tl
29.52(1)
204
3.78 y 70.48(1)
Pb
82
204
Pb Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb
1.4(1)
205
7
1.51x10 y 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1) 22.6 y
Bi
83
209
Bi Bi
210m
100. 6
3.0x10 y
115.(20) (4.+?) 365.(50) 7.(2) (0.5+56.)
98.7(1)
1.55(3)x10
98.7(1) 3 26.5(15)x10 ≈ 30.
1.55(3)x10 4 ≈ 4.x10
7.63(6)
582.(9)mb
(53.+410.) (1.7+70.) 435(20) 2.1(5) 30.(3) 4.5(2) 0.8(2)
30.(1)
3.3(1)
12.5(8)
8.776(5)
11.(1),σα<0.3mb 22.(2) 0.11(2)
41.(2) 90.(20) 0.6(2)
7.0(2)
124.(8)mb
9.52(7)
54.(4)mb
0.172(2)
0.14(4)
9.402(2)
0.68(7) ≈ 5. 0.030(1) 0.70(1) 0.49(3)mb,σα<8µb < 0.5
2.0(2)
10.6(20)
90.(6)mb
0.10(1) 0.38(1) 2.0(2) mb
9.23(5) 9.28(4) 9.50(6)
14.(1)mb 8.4(4)mb 0.36(2)mb
0.034(1)
0.19(2)
8.532(2)
(11+23)mb,σα<0.3µb 54(4)mb
0.19(2) 0.20(3)
8.532(2)
138.38 d
σm<0.5mb,σα< 2.mb σg<30.mb,σf< 0.1
55.6 s 3.8235 d
<0.2 0.74(5)
Rn
86
Rn Rn
3
(105.+3000.) (0.017+2.) 3 2.1(2)x10 < 60. < 60. 4.9(5) 0.4(1)
At
222
7.63(6)
12.69(2)
85
220
3
0.20(6) 0.37(8) 0.9(2) 0.20(2)
87.(5)
Po Po
9.9(5) 10.55(8) 8.8(1) 9.89(8) 7.8(1)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
3.7(1)x10
84
210
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
(2.0+6.),σα<0.2mb (0.1+1.1),σα< 5µb 28.(1),σα< 5µb (0.045+0.55) (0.027+3.6) ≈ 16.
2
Hg
80
Resonance Integral (barns)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
16.9(4)
0.17(2) 0.37(2) 0.12(1) 0.26(1) 74.(6)mb 42.(4)mb
3.1(3)mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
Ra
88
223
Ra Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 224
2
11.435d 3.66 d 1599. y 5.76 y
1.3(2)x10 ,σf<0.7 12.0(5) ≈ 13.,σf< 7.µb 36.(5),σf<2.
21.77 y
8.8(7)x10 ,σf<.35 mb
1.5(4)x10
7.4
85.(3)
280.(50)
10.(1)
Ac
89
227
Ac
2
Th
90
227
Th Th 229 Th
18.72 d 1.913 y 3 7.9x10 y
230
7.54x10 y
228
4
Th
232
Th
100.
10
1.4x10 y
233
22.3 m
234
24.10 d
Th Th
3
10.31(3)
2
σf=2.0(2)x10 2 1.2(2)x10 ,σf<0.3 ≈ 60. σf=30(3) 23.4(5) σf<0.5mb 7.37(4) σf=3.(1) µb σα<1. µb 3 1.5(1)x10 σf=15.(2) 1.8(5) σf<0.01
1014.(400) 3 1.0(2)x10 RIf=466.(75) 3 1.0(1)x10 85.(3)
10.31(3) 2
4.(1)x10
Pa
91
230
Pa Pa
17.4 d 4 3.25x10 y
231
232
1.31 d
233
27.0 d
Pa Pa
3.4(3);σf=4.2(1)
U
92
230
U U 232 U
20.8 d 4.2 d 68.9 y
233
1.59x10 y
231
5
U
234
U
3
1.5(3)x10 2 2.0(1)x10 σf=20.(1) mb 2 4.6(10)x10 2 σf=7.(1)x10 39.(2) σm=20.(4) σg=19.(3) σf< 0.1
0.0055(5)
5
2.45x10 y
σf≈ 25. σf≈ 250. 73.(2) σf=74.(8) 47.(2) 2 σf=5.3(1)x10 σα<0.2 mb 96.(2) σf< 5. mb
750.(80) RIf=0.05(1) 300.(70)
9.1(3)
(460.+440)
280.(20),RIf=2.0
280.(15) RIf=350.(30) 137.(6) RIf=760.(17) 660.(70) RIf=6.5
8.417(5)
10.1(2)
12.(4)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 235
U
Natural Abundance (%) 0.720(1)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life 8
7.04x10 y
236
2.34x10 y
7
237
6.75 d
U U
238
U
239
U
99.2745(15)
9
4.46x10 y
23.5 m
95.(5) σf=586.(2) σα< 0.1 mb 5.1(3) σf=0.04 2 ≈ 10 σf< 0.35 2.7(1) σf≈3.µb σα=1.4(5) µb 22.(2) σf=15.(3)
Resonance Integral (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
144.(6) RIf=275(5)
10.47(4)
360.(15) RIf=4.38(50) 1200.(200) 277.(3) 1.54(15) mb
8.402(5)
Np
93
234
Np Np 236m Np 236 Np 237 Np
4.4 d 1.085 y 22.5 h 5 1.55x10 y 6 2.14x10 y
238
2.117 d 2.355 d
235
Np Np
239
2
σf=9.(3)x10 2 1.6(1)x10 3 σf=2.7(2)x10 3 σf=2.6(5)x10 160.(10) σf=20.(1)mb 3 σf=2.1(1)x10 (32.+19.) σf<1.
700.(400) 1030.(100) 2 8.(2)x10 RIf=0.32 2 9.(1)x10
10.6(1)
Pu
94
236
2
Pu Pu 238 Pu
2.87 y 45.7 d 87.74 y
239
2.411 x 10 y
240
6537. y
241
14.4 y
242
3.76 x 10 y
243
4.956 h
244
8.2x10 y 10.5 h
237
Pu
Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu
245
4
5
7
σf=1.6(3)x10 3 σf=2.3(3)x10 2 5.1(2)x10 σf=17.(1) 2 2.7(1)x10 σf=752.(3) σα≤0.3 mb 2 2.9(1)x10 σf≈44.mb 2 3.7(1)x10 ,σα<0.2mb 3 σf=1.01(1)x10 19.(1) σf<0.2 <100. 2 σf=2.0(2)x10 1.7(1) 2 1.5(3)x10
1000.(60) 2
1.6(2)x10 RIf=33.(5) 2 2.0(2)x10 2 3.0(1)x10
14.1(5)
3
3.5(1)
7.7(1)
8.4(3)x10 RIf=2.4 2 1.6(1)x10 2 5.7(4)x10 3 1.1(1)x10 RIf=0.23
8.1(1)
41.(3) 220(40)
Am
95
241
Am
432.2 y
242m
141. y
242
16.02 h 3 7.37x10 y
Am
Am Am
243
2
(0.5+5.7)x10 σf=3.1(2) 3 1.7(4)x10 3 σf=7.0(3)x10 3 σf=2.1(2)x10 (75.+5.) σf=74.(4) mb
2
(2.0+12.3)x10 14.(1) ≈ 200. 3 RIf=1.8(1)x10 RIf=< 300. 2 (17.1+1.0)x10 RIf=0.056
8.3(2)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued)
Elem. or Isot. 244m
Natural Abundance (%)
Thermal Neut. Cross Section (barns)
Half-life
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
3
≈ 26. m 10.1 h
σf=1.6(3)x10 3 σf=2.2(3)x10
242
162.8 d
243
28.5 y
244
18.11 y
245
8.5x10 y
246
4.78x10 y
247
1.56x10 y
248
3.4x10 y
249
64.15 m 3 ≈ 9.7x10 y
≈ 20. σf≈ 5. 2 1.3(1)x10 2 σf=6.2(2)x10 15.(1) σf=1.1(2) 2 3.5(2)x10 3 σf=2.1(1)x10 1.2(2) σf=0.16(7) 60.(30) σf=82.(5) 2.6(3) σf=0.36(7) ≈1.6 ≈80.
Am Am
244
Resonance Integral (barns)
Cm
96
Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm
Cm Cm Cm Cm
250
3
3
7
5
120.(50) 214.(20) 3 RIf=1.6(1)x10 640.(50) RIf=10.8(8) 110(10) 2 RIf=8.(1)x10 120.(10) 13.(2) 2 5.(1)x10 2 7.3(7)x10 270.(30) 13.(2)
Bk
97
249
320. d
250
3.217 h
Bk
Bk
2
7.(1)x10 σf≈0.1 3 σf=1.0(2)x10
2
9.(1)x10
Cf
98
249
351. y
250
13.1 y
251
9.0x10 y
252
2.65 y
253
17.8 d
254
60.5 d
Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf
2
2
2
5.0(3)x10 3 σf=1.7(1)x10 3 2.0(2)x10 σf=110.(90) 3 2.9(2)x10 3 σf=4.5(5)x10 20.(2) σf=32.(4) 18.(2) 3 σf=1.3(2)x10 4.5(10)
7.7(4)x10 3 RIf=2.1(3)x10 3 12.(2)x10 RIf=160.(40) 3 1.6(1)x10 3 RIf=5.5(3)x10 43.(3) 2 RIf=1.1(3)x10 8.(1)
(180.+5.8) 3 σf=1.8(1)x10 28.(3) 3 σf=1.8(2)x10 ≈ 55.
(37.5+1.1)x10
26.(3) 3 σf=3.3(2)x10 3 σf=3.0(2)x10
14.(2)
2.
Es
99
253
Es Es 254 Es
20.47 d 1.64 d 276. d
255
40. d
254m
Es
2
18.(2) 3 RIf=1.2(3)x10
Fm
100 255
20.1 h
257
100.5 d
Fm Fm
9.5(3)
9.3(2)
7.7(2)
(* - Extrapolated Value)
σ(30KEV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
COSMIC RADIATION A.G. Gregory and R.W. Clay The Nature of Cosmic Rays Primary cosmic radiation, in the form of high energy nuclear particles, electrons and photons from outside the solar system and from the Sun, continually bombards our atmosphere. Secondary radiation, resulting from the interaction of the primary cosmic rays with atmospheric gas, is present at sea-level and throughout the atmosphere. The secondary radiation is collimated by absorption and scattering in the atmosphere and consists of a number of components associated with different particle species. High energy primary particles can produce large numbers of secondary particles forming an extensive air shower. Thus, a number of particles may then be detected simultaneously at sea-level. Primary particle energies accessible in the vicinity of the earth range from ~108 eV to ~1020 eV. At the lower energies, the limit is determined by the inability of charged particles to traverse the heliosphere to us through the outward-moving solar wind. The upper energy limit is set by the practicality of building detectors to record particles with the extremely low fluxes found at those energies (J.G. Wilson, 1976; O.C. Allkofer, 1975a).
Primary Cosmic Rays Primary Particle Energy Spectrum Figure 1 shows the spectrum of primary particle energies. This includes all particle species. In differential form it is roughly a power law of intensity versus energy with an index of ~ –3. There appears to be a knee (a steepening) at a little above 1015 eV and an ankle (a flattening) above ~1018 eV. Figure 2 emphasizes the features in the spectrum at the highest energies through multiplying the flux with a strongly rising power law of energy. This figure should be used with caution as errors for the two axes are not now independent. Data on the high energy cosmic ray spectrum are uncertain largely because of limited event statistics due to the very low flux which might best be measured in particles per square kilometer per century. The highest energy event recorded to 1995 had an energy of 3 × 1020 eV (D.J. Bird et al., 1993). It is expected that the highest energy cosmic rays will interact with the 2.7 K cosmic microwave background through photoproduction or photodisintegration. These interactions will appreciably reduce the observed flux of cosmic rays with energies above 5 × 1019 eV if they travel further than ~150 million light years. This process is known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz’min (GZK) cut off (P. Sokolsky, 1989). At energies below ~1013 eV, solar system magnetic fields and plasma can modulate the primary component and Figure 3 shows the extent of this modulation between solar maximum and minimum (E. Juliusson, 1975; J. Linsley, 1981). Primary Particle Energy Density If the above spectrum is corrected for solar effects, the energy density above a particle energy of 109 eV outside the solar system is found to be ~5 × 105 eV m–3. As the threshold energy is increased, the energy density decreases rapidly, being 2 × 104 eV m–3 above 1012 eV and 102 eV m–3 above 1015 eV. The energy density at lower energies outside the heliosphere is unknown but may be substantially greater if the particle rest mass energy is included together with the kinetic energy (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979). Primary Particle Isotropy This is measured as an anisotropy (Imax – Imin)/(Imax + Imin) × 100%, where I, the intensity (m–2s–1sr –1), is usually measured with an angular resolution of a few degrees. The measured anisotropy is small and energy dependent. It is roughly constant in amplitude at between 0.05 and 0.1% (with a phase of 0 to 6 hours in right ascension) for energies between 1011 eV and 1014 eV and appears to increase at higher energies roughly as 0.4 × (Energy(eV)/1016)0.5% up to ~1018 eV. The latter rise may well be an artifact of the progressively more limited statistics as the flux drops rapidly with energy. It appears possible that a real anisotropy has been observed at the highest energies (above a few times 1019 eV) with a directional preference for the supergalactic plane (this plane reflects the directions of galaxies within about 100 million light years) (A.W. Wolfendale, 1979; R.W. Clay, 1987; T. Stanev et al., 1995). Primary Particle Composition The composition of low energy cosmic rays is close to universal nuclear abundances except where propagation effects are present. For example, Li, Be, and B which are spallation products, are over-abundant by about six orders of magnitude. Composition at 1011 eV per nucleus Charge % Composition (10% uncertainty)
1 50
2 25
(3–5) 1
(6–8) 12
(10–14) 7
(16–24) 4
(26–28) 4
≥30 0.1
Measurements at higher energies indicate that there is an increase in the relative abundances of nuclei with charge greater than 6 at energies above 50 TeV/nucleus (K. Asakimori et al., 1993) (1 TeV = 1012 eV). Cosmic ray composition at low energies is often quoted at a fixed energy per nucleon. When presented in this way, protons constitute roughly 90% of the flux, helium nuclei about 10% and the remainder sum to a total of about 1%. Certain radioactive isotopic ratios show lifetime effects. The ratio of Be10/B9 abundances is used to measure an “age” of cosmic rays since Be10 is unstable with a half life of about 1.6 × 106 years. A ratio of 0.6 is expected in the absence of Be10 decay and a ratio of about 0.2 is found experimentally (E. Juliusson, 1975; P. Meyer, 1981).
11-167
Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)
10-12
FIGURE 1. The energy spectrum of cosmic ray particles. This spectrum is of a differential form and can be converted to an integral spectrum by integration over all energies above a required threshold (E). Insofar as the spectrum approximates a power law of index –3, a simple conversion to the integral at an energy E/1.8 is obtained by multiplying the differential flux by the energy and dividing by 0.62.
10-20
10-28
10-36 13
14
15 16 17 18 log (primary energy (eV))
19
20
J(E)E3(m-2s-1sr-1eV2)
1025
FIGURE 2. Energy spectrum at the highest energies. This spectrum (after Yoshida et al., 1995) has the differential spectrum multiplied by energy cubed. It is from a compilation of a number of measurements and indicates the good general agreement at the lower energies and a spread due to inadequate statistics at the highest energies. 1024 17
18
19 log (energy (eV))
20
10-4 a
Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)
b 10-8 c d
FIGURE 3. Energy spectrum of particles at lower energies. (a) Solar minimum proton energy spectrum. (b) Solar maximum proton energy spectrum. (c) Gamma-ray energy spectrum. (d) Local interstellar electron spectrum.
10-12
10-16
8
9 10 11 12 13 log (primary kinetic energy (eV))
11-168
At higher energies, composition determinations are indirect and are rather contradictory and controversial. Experiments aim to differentiate between broad composition models. The measurement technique is based on studies of cosmic ray shower development. A rather direct technique for such studies is to use fluorescence observations of the shower development to determine the atmospheric depth of maximum development of the shower. Such observations suggest a heavy composition (large atomic number) at energies ~1017 eV which changes with increasing energy to a light composition (perhaps protonic) above ~1019 eV (T. K. Gaisser et al., 1993). Primary Electrons Primary electrons constitute about 1% of the cosmic ray beam. The positron to negative electron ratio is about 10% (J. M. Clem et al., 1995). Antimatter in the Primary eam The ratio of antiprotons to protons in the primary cosmic ray beam (at about 400 MeV) is about 10–5. At about 10 GeV the ratio is about 10–3. At the highest measured energies (10 TeV), the upper limit to the ratio is about 20% (S. Orito et al., 1995; M. Amenomori et al., 1995). Primary Gamma-Rays The flux of primary gamma-rays is low at high energies. At 1 GeV the ratio of gamma-rays to protons is about 10–6. The arrival directions of these gamma-rays are strongly concentrated in the plane of the Milky Way although there is a diffuse, near isotropic background flux and some point sources have been detected. Since the absorption cross section for gamma-rays above 100 MeV is approximately 20 mbarn/electron, less than 10% of gamma-rays reach mountain altitudes (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979; P. F. Michelson, 1994).
Sea Level Cosmic Radiation The sea level cosmic ray dose is 300 millirad⋅yr–1 and the sea level ionization is 2.2 × 106 ion pairs m–3s–1. The sea level flux has a soft component, which can be absorbed in about 100 mm of lead (about 100 g⋅cm–2 of absorber) and a more penetrating (largely muon) hard component. The sea level radiation is largely produced in the atmosphere and is a secondary component from interactions of the primary particles. The steep primary energy spectrum means that most secondaries at sea level are from rather low energy primaries. Thus the secondary flux is dependent on the solar cycle and the geomagnetic latitude of the observer. Absolute Flux of the Hard Component Vertical Integral Intensity I(0) ~100 m–2s–1sr–1 Angular dependence I(θ) ~ I(0) cos2(θ) Integrated Intensity ~200 m–2s–1 (O.C. Allkofer, 1975b). Flux of the Soft Component In free air, the soft component comprises about one third of the total cosmic ray flux. Latitude Effect The geomagnetic field influences the trajectories of lower energy cosmic rays approaching the Earth. As a result, the background flux is reduced by about 7% at the geomagnetic equator. The effect decreases towards the poles and is negligible at latitudes above about 40°. Flux of Protons The proton component is strongly attenuated by the atmosphere with an attenuation length (reduction by a factor of e) of about 120 g⋅cm–2. It constitutes about 1% of the total vertical sea level flux. Absorption The soft component is absorbed in about 100 g⋅cm–2 of matter. The hard component is absorbed much more slowly: Absorption in lead, 6% per 100 g⋅cm–2 Absorption in rock, 8.5% per 100 g⋅cm–2 Absorption in water, 10% per 100 g⋅cm–2 (Absorption for depths less than 100 g⋅pd cm–2 is given by K. Greisen, 1943.) Altitude Dependence The cosmic ray background in the atmosphere has a maximum intensity of about 15 times that at sea level at a depth of about 150 g⋅cm–2 (15 km altitude). At maximum intensity, the soft and hard components contribute roughly equally but the hard component is then attenuated more slowly (S. Hayakawa, 1969).
Cosmic Ray Showers High energy cosmic rays produce particle cascades in the atmosphere which can be detected at sea level provided that their energy exceeds about 100 GeV (such low energy cascades may be detected by using the most sensitive atmospheric Cerenkov detectors). The primary particle progressively loses energy which is transferred through the production of successive generations of secondary particles to a cascade of hadrons, an electromagnetic shower component (both positively and negatively charged electrons and gamma-rays) and muons. The secondary particles are relativistic and all travel effectively at the speed of light. As a result, they reach sea level at approximately the same time but, due to Coulomb scattering (for the electrons) and
11-169
production angles (for the pions producing the muons), are spread laterally into a disk-like shower front with a characteristic lateral width of several tens of meters and thickness (near the central shower core) of 2 to 3 m. The number of particles at sea level is roughly proportional to the primary particle energy: Number of particles at sea level ~10–10 × energy (eV). At altitudes below a few kilometers, the number of particles in a shower attenuates with an attenuation length of about 200 g⋅cm–2. i.e., particle number = original number × exp(–(depth increase)/200) The above applies to an individual shower. The rate of observation of showers of a given size (particle number at the detector) at different depths of absorber attenuates with an absorption length of about 100 g⋅cm–2 (J.G. Wilson, 1976).
Atmospheric Background Light from Cosmic Rays Cosmic ray particles produce Cerenkov light in the atmosphere and produce fluorescent light through the excitation of atmospheric molecules. Cerenkov Light High energy charged particles will cause the emission of Cerenkov light in air if their energies are above about 30 MeV (electrons). This threshold is pressure (and hence altitude) dependent. A typical Cerenkov light pulse (at sea level, 100 m from the central shower core) has a time spread of a few nanoseconds. Over this time, the photon flux between 430 and 530 nm would be ~1014 m–2s–1 for a primary particle energy of 1016 eV. For comparison, the night sky background flux is ~6 × 1011 photons m–2s–1sr–1 in the same wavelength band (J.V. Jelley, 1967). Fluorescence Light Cosmic ray particles in the atmosphere excite atmospheric molecules which then emit fluorescence light. This is weak compared to the highly collimated Cerenkov component when viewed in the direction of the incident cosmic ray particle but is emitted isotropically. Typical pulse widths are longer than 50 ns and may be up to several microseconds for the total pulse from distant large showers (R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., 1985).
Effects of Cosmic Rays Cerenkov Effects in Transparent Media Background cosmic ray particles will produce Cerenkov light in transparent material with a photon yield between wavelengths λ1 and λ2 ~ (2 π / 137) sin 2 (θ c )
∫
λ2
λ1
d λ / λ2 photons (unit length) –1
where θc (the Cerenkov angle) = cos–1 (1/refractive index). This background light is known to affect light detectors, e.g., photomultipliers, and can be a major source of background noise (R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, 1977). Effects on Electronic Components If background cosmic ray particles pass through electronic components, they may deposit sufficient energy to affect the state of, e.g., a transistor flip-flop. This effect may be significant where reliability is of great importance or the background flux is high. For instance, it has been estimated that, in communication satellite operation, an error rate of about 2 × 10–3 per transistor per year may be found. Permanent damage may also result. A significant error rate may be found even at sea level in large electronic memories. This error rate is dependent on the sensitivity of the component devices to the deposition of electrons in their sensitive volumes (J.F. Ziegler, 1981). Biophysical Significance When cosmic rays interact with living tissue, they produce radiation damage. The amount of the damage depends on the total dose of radiation. At sea level, this dose is small compared with doses from other sources but both the quantity and quality of the radiation change rapidly with altitude. Approximate dose rates under various conditions are: Dose rates (mrem⋅yr–1) Sea level cosmic rays, 30 Cosmic rays at 10 km (subsonic jets), 2000 Cosmic rays at 18 km (supersonic transports), 10,000 (c.f., mean total sea level dose, 300) Astronauts would be subject to radiation from galactic (0.05 rads per day) and solar (a few hundred rads per solar flare) cosmic rays as well as large fluxes of low energy radiation when passing through the Van Allen belts (about 0.3 rads per traverse). Both astronauts and SST travellers would be subject to a small flux of low energy heavy nuclei stopping in the body. Such particles are capable of destroying cell nuclei and could be particularly harmful in the early stages of the development of an embryo. The rates of heavy nuclei stopping in tissue in supersonic transports and spacecraft are approximately as follows:
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Stopping nuclei ((cm3 tissue)–1 hr–1) Supersonic transport (16 km), 0.0005 Supersonic transport (20 km), 0.005 Spacecraft, 0.15 (O. C. Allkofer, 1975a; O. C. Allkofer et al., 1974). Carbon Dating Radiocarbon is produced in the atmosphere due to the action of cosmic ray slow neutrons. Solar cycle modulation of the very low energy cosmic rays causes an anticorrelation of the atmospheric 14C activity with sunspot number with a mean amplitude of about 0.5%. In the long term, modulation of cosmic rays by a varying magnetic field may be important (A.A. Burchuladze et al., 1979).
Practical Uses of Cosmic Rays There are few direct practical uses of cosmic rays. Their attenuation in water and snow have, however, enabled automatic monitors of water and snow depth to be constructed. A search for hidden cavities in pyramids has been carried out using a muon “telescope”.
Other Effects Stellar X-rays have been observed to affect the transmission times of radio signals between distant stations by altering the depth of the ionospheric reflecting layer. It has also been suggested that variations in ionization of the atmosphere due to solar modulation may have observable effects on climatic conditions.
REFERENCES O.C. Allkofer, (1975a) Introduction to Cosmic Radiation, Verlag Karl Thiemig, Munchen, Germany. O.O. Allkofer, (1975b) J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys., 1, L51. O.C. Allkofer and W. Heinrich, (1974) Health Phys., 27, 543. M. Amenomori et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 85. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. K. Asakimori et al., (1993) Proc. 23rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Calgary, 2, 25, University of Calgary, Canada. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., (1985) Nucl. Inst. Meth., A420, 410. D.J. Bird et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 3401. A.A. Burchuladze, S.V. Pagava, P. Povinec, G. I. Togonidze, S. Usacev, (1979) Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Kyoto, 3, 201, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan. R.W. Clay, (1987) Aust. J. Phys., 40, 423. R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, (1977) J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 10, 135. J.M. Clem et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 5, Universita La Sapienza, Roma. T.K. Gaisser et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. D, 47, 1919. K. Greisen, (1943) Phys. Rev., 63, 323. S. Hayakawa, (1969) Cosmic Ray Physics, Wiley-Interscience, New York. J.V. Jelley, (1967) Prog. in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, 9, 41. E. Juliusson, (1975) Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Munich, 8, 2689, Max Planck Institute fur Extraterrestriche Physik, Munchen, Germany. J. Linsley, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 53, D. Reidel Publishing Co Dordrecht, Holland. P. Meyer, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 7, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dordrecht, Holland. P.F. Michelson (1994) in Towards a Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Detector III, 257, Ed. T. Kifune, Universal Academy Press Inc., Tokyo, Japan. P. Sokolsky, (1989) Introduction to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company. T. Stanev et al., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 3056. S. Orito et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 76. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. J.G. Wilson, (1976) Cosmic Rays, Wykeham Pub. (London) Lt., U.K. A.W. Wolfendale, (1979) Pramana, 12, 631. S.Yoshida et al., (1995) Astroparticle Phys., 3, 105. J.F. Ziegler, (1981) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, ED-28, 560.
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TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ENERGY STATES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
H.P.R.Frederikse The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grown into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the many tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devices and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution. In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface analysis techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, information about the composition and the properties of the material being probed. The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also penetrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powder, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described.
Technique
Sample
In
Out
Depth
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
Ref.
OPTICAL AND MASS SPECTROSCOPIES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
12-1
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ICP-AES Induct. Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Dynamic SIMS Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Static SIMS Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SNMS Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectroscopy
SALI Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization 7. LIMS Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy 8. SSMS Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy 9. GDMS Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy 10. ICPMS Induct. Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy
Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, etc.) Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, ICP, etc.)
Light e.g., glow discharge —
Surface
Ion beam (1–20 keV)
Surface
Ion beam (0.5–20 keV)
Surface, bulk
Plasma discharge; noble gases: 0.5–20 keV
Surface
e-beam, ion-beam, or laser for sputtering u.v. laser (ns pulses)
Surface, bulk
Sample in the form of two electrodes Sample forms the cathode for a D.C. glow discharge Liquid-dissolved sample carried by gas stream into R.F. induction coil
High voltage R.F. spark produces ions Sputtered atoms ionized in plasma Ions produced in argon plasma
Absorption spectrum
—
—
Emission spectrum
—
—
Secondary ions; analysis with mass spectrometer Secondary ions, analysis with mass spectrometer Sputtered atoms ionized by atoms or electrons; then mass analyzed Sputtered atoms ionized by laser; then mass analyzed Ionized species; analyzed with mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in quadrupole mass spectrometer
2 nm–1 µm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm
0.50 nm
0.1–0.5 nm (or deeper: ion milling)
1 cm
0.1–0.5 nm up to 3 µm in milling mode 50–150 nm
60 nm
Surface analysis; depth profiling
7
5 µm–1 mm
Elemental (micro)analysis; detection limits: 1–100 ppm
8
1–5 µm
—
9
0.1–100 µm
3–4 mm
—
—
Survey of trace elements; detection limit: 0.01–0.05 ppm (Bulk) trace element analysis; detection limit: sub-ppb High sensitivity analysis of trace elements
10 µm
Concentration of atomic species (quantitative, using standards) Concentration of atomic species (quantitative, using standards) Elemental and isotopic analysis; depth profile (all elements); detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis of surface layers; molecular analysis; detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis Z ≥ 3; depth profile; detection limit: ppm
1,2 3
4
4
4,6
9,10 11
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
Sample
In
Out
Depth
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
Ref.
PHOTONS — ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND ELECTRON EMISSION 11. IRS Infrared Spectroscopy
Thin crystal, glass, liquid
I.R. light (W-filament, globar, Hg-arc)
I.R. spectrum
—
—
12. FTIR Fourier Transform I.R. Spectroscopy 13. ATR Attenuated Total Reflection 14. (µ)-RS (Micro-) Raman Spectroscopy
Solid, liquid; transmission or reflection
White light (all frequencies)
—
—
Surface or thin crystal
—
Fourier Transform of spectrum (interferometer) —
µm’s
—
Solid, liquid (1 µm–1 cm)
Raman spectra
0.5 µm
15. CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy 16. Ellipsometry
Solid, liquid (50 µm–3 cm)
Laser beam, e.g., Ar-line, YAG-line Pump beam (ω0)+ probe beam (ωs)
Anti-Stokes spectrum
Polarized light
12-2
17. UPS Ultraviolet Photo-electron Spectroscopy 18. PSD Photon Stimulated Desorption
Transparent films, crystals, adsorbed layers Surfaces, adsorbed layers
Surfaces with adsorbed species
Electronic transitions (mainly in semiconductors and superconductors); vibrational modes (in crystals and molecules) Spectra obtained at higher speed and resolution
12,13, 14
15
16
0.5 µm
Atomic or molecular spectra of surfaces and films Molecular and crystal vibrations
—
—
High resolution Raman spectra
14
Change in polarization
0.05 nm–5 µm
Refractive index and absorption
18,19
u.v. light, 10–100 eV; 200 eV (synchrotron)
Electrons
0.2–10 nm
25 µm (or sample thickness) 0.1–10 nm
Energies of electronic states of surfaces and free molecules
20,21
Far u.v. light E > 10 eV
Ions — analyzed with mass spectrometer
0.1–2 nm
—
Structure and desorption kinetics of adsorbed atoms and molecules
22
Identification of crystallographic structures; all elements (low Z difficult) Elemental analysis; all elements except H, He, Li — (EDS also used in XRD, SEM, TEM and EPMA) Local atomic structure: order/disorder in vicinity of absorbing atom
23,24
12,14, 17
X-RAYS 19. XRD X-Ray Diffraction
Single crystals, powders films
20. XRF/EDS X-Ray Fluorescence/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 21. EXAFS Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 22. XPS/ESCA X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy/Electron Spect. for Chemical Analysis
Thin films, single layer
Films, foils
Surfaces, thin films (≈20 atomic layers)
X-rays: λ = 0.05–0.2 nm (6–17 keV) Prim. X-ray beam λ = 0.02–0.1 nm 12–80 keV High intensity X-rays (synchrotron)
Diffracted X-ray beam
1–1000 µm
0.1–10 mm
Fluorescent X-rays
1–100 µm
10 mm
Spectrum near absorption edge
nm–µm
—
Soft X-rays (1–20 keV)
Core electrons; valence electrons
0.5–10 nm
5 nm–50 µm
(Quantitative) identification of all elements in surface layer or film
28,29
1 nm–2 µn
1 or 2 µm
30
—
—
Energy levels of impurities and point defects Identification of surface species
25,26
27
ELECTRONS 23. CL Cathode Luminescence 24. APS Appearance Potential Spectroscopy
Insulators, semiconductors Surface (≈20 atomic layers)
Electrons 5–50 keV Electrons (energy scan) 50–2000 eV
Photons 0.1–5 eV X-rays to pinpoint electron energy threshold
21, see also C
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
Sample
In
Out
Depth
Lateral resolution
12-3
25. AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Thin films, surfaces
Electrons 3–10 keV
Auger electrons 20–2000 eV
0.3–3 nm
≈30 nm
26. EELS Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 27. EXELFS Extended Electron Energy Loss Fine Structure 28. ESD Electron Stimulated Desorption 29. ESDIAD ESD-Ion Angular Distribution
Very thin samples (<200 nm)
Electrons (100–400 keV)
(Retarded) electrons; minus 1–1000 eV
<200 nm
1–100 nm
Thin films
Electrons (100–400 keV)
<200 nm
1–100 nm
Adsorbed species
—
—
(See ESD)
Electrons E > 10 eV (See ESD)
—
—
30. EPMA Electron Probe (X-Ray) Micro Analysis 31. LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction
Solid conductors and insulators <1 cm thick
Electrons 5–30 keV
Electrons energies 0–30 eV above edge Ions — analyzed with mass spectrometer Directional dependence of emitted ions Characteristic X-ray 0.1–15 keV
100 nm–5 µm
Surface
Diffracted electrons
32. RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction 33. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
Surface
34. (S)TEM (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy 35. FEM Field Emission Microscopy
Thin specimen — <200 nm
Mono-energetic electron beam 10–1000 eV Electron beam at grazing angle 5–50 keV High energy electrons usually ~30 keV High energy electrons typically 300 keV —
36. STM Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 37. SPM Scanned Probe Microscopy 38. AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
Bulk, films (conducting)
Metals, alloys (sharp point) Polished or cleaved surface (conducting) Very flat surface Very flat surface
Information obtained Elemental composition of surface (except H, He); detection limit 0.1–1% Local elemental concentration; electronic structure, chem. bonding; interatomic distances Density of states of valence electrons (above Fermi level)
Ref. 28,29
31
27,32
Structure and desorption properties of adsorbed atoms and molecules Geometries of adsorbed species (atoms or molecules)
22
1 µm
Elemental analysis, Z ≤ 4, major, minor and trace amounts
33,34
0.4–2 nm
<5 µm
Crystallographic structure of surface; resolution: 0.01 nm
35
Reflected electrons
0.2–10 nm
<5 µm
Surface symmetry
36,37
Secondary and backscattered electrons Transmitted and diffracted electrons
1 nm–5 µm
1–20 nm
33,34
(Sample thickness)
2–20 nm
Surface image, defect structure; resolution 5–15 nm; magnification 300,000× (Defect) structure of cryst. solids; microchemistry; high resol.: 0.2 nm
≈0.5 nm
10–100 nm
Surface image, crystallographic structure
34
1–5 nm
2–10 nm
39
1–100 nm
1–100 nm
0.5–5 nm
0.2–130 nm
Atomic-scale relief map of surface; resolution: vert. 0.002 nm, hor. 0.2 nm Surface-magnetic field, surfacethermal conductivity, etc. Surface topography with atomic resolution; interatomic force
Sputtered ions (energy analysis)
0.1–0.5 nm
1–100 µm
Elemental analysis (better for low Z) detection limits: 0.01–1%
41
He ions + high electric field produce image Backscattered ions
≈0.1 nm
0.1–2 nm
Atomic structure of surface
34,42
10 nm–1 µm
1 mm
Element identification (Li to U) detection limit: 0.01–1%
46
Electron emission (with appl. electric field — 50 kV) Tunneling current controls distance between sample and very sharp tip Any field: e.g. mechan. vibration recorded with laser probe; same with magnetic, electric or thermal field Similar to STM; force measured with cantilever spring
22
33
39a 40
IONS AND NEUTRONS 39. ISS (or LEIS) Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (Low Energy Ion Scattering) 40. FIM Field Ion Microscopy 41. RBS Rutherford Back Scattering
Surface
Surface: metals, alloys; very sharp tip Solids, thin films
Ion beam He+ or Ne+ <3 keV (He gas above sample) Mono-energetic ions (H+ or He++) 0.5–3 MeV
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
Sample
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
In
Out
Depth
Ref.
Mono-energetic ions (Li, Be, B, etc.) 200 keV–6 MeV High energy ions (H+ or He++)
Protons, deuterons 3He, α-particles, γ-rays Characteristic X-rays
0.1–5 µm
10 µm– 10 mm
Element identification (all) detection limit: 10–12–10–2
47
<10 µm
1 µm–2 mm
Trace impurities: Z >3 detection limit: 0.1–100 ppm (depending on sample thickness) Energies of valence electrons
48
Trace concentrations (of isotopes) of elements: trans. metals, Pt-group; detection limit: 108–1014 atoms/cm3 Crystallographic structure; porosity, particle size Average size of inhomogeneities; range: 1 nm–1 mm
43
42. NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis
Solids, thin films
43. PIXE Particle Induced X-ray Emission
Thin films, surface layers
44. INS Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy 45. NAA Neutron Activation Analysis
Surface
He-ions (≈5 eV)
Electrons
—
—
Bulk, >0.5 g
Thermal neutrons
Characteristic γ-rays, (≈1 MeV)
Bulk
—
Crystalline solids
Thermal neutrons E ≈0.0025 eV Thermal neutrons 2 θ = 10–2–10–4
Diffracted neutrons
Bulk
—
Scattered neutrons
1–25 mm
—
µm–cm
0.1–20 mm
Defect structure; thickness measurement
50
Bulk
—
Phase transitions, crystallization
51
Bulk
—
Phase transitions, crystallization; activation energies
51
Bulk
—
Decomposition, non-stoichiometry, kinetics of reaction
52
Microwave absorption (at resonance) Microwave absorption (at resonance) Mössbauer spectrum (Doppler shifted (lines) R.F. absorption
Bulk
—
53,54
Bulk
—
Local environment of paramagnetic ion; concentration of paramagnetic, species; detection limit: 1011 spins/cm3 Electronic energy bands, effective masses
50 m
1 cm
<1 cm
1 cm
Microwave absorption
—
—
46. N(P)D Neutron (Powder) Diffraction 47. SANS Small Angle Neutron Scattering
Inhomogeneous solids; powders; porous samples
49
44 45
ACOUSTIC 48. SLAM Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy
Bulk, film
Acoustic wave produced by laser 1 MHz–1 GHz
Reflected acoustic wave
12-4
THERMAL 49. DTA Differential Thermal Analysis 50. DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Specimen and reference sample Specimen and ref. sample
Uniform heating
51. TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
Bulk, 1–100 g
Controlled heating
Controlled heating
Temperature difference Measure heat required for equal temperature Weight as function of temperature (and time)
RESONANCE 52. EPR (ESR) Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) Resonance 53. ECR Electron Cyclotron Resonance 54. Mössbauer Effect
Paramagnetic solids or liquids Semiconductors, metals; free electrons (low temperature) Source and absorber
55. NMR (MRI) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Solids, liquids
56. ENDOR Electron Nuclear Double Resonance
Solids, liquids
Microwave radiation in magnetic field 3–300 GHz; 1–100 kG Microwave radiation in magnetic field 10–30 GHz; 5–10 kG Mono-energetic γ-rays: 5–100 keV R.F. radiation + magnetic field; e.g. for protons: 60 MHz, 14 kG R.F. + microwave radiation in magn. field.
Interaction between nucleus and its environment (local electric, magnetic fields; bonds; valency; diffusion, etc.) Quant. analysis; local magnetic environment; diffusion; imaging
Hyperfine interaction → local atomic structure
55
56
58
54
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
57. NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
Sample
Solids
In
R.F. radiation 0.5–1000 MHz
Out
R.F. absorption
Depth
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
Ref.
—
—
Asymmetry of the charge distribution at the nucleus
55,59
—
—
Surface area measurement
60
OTHER 58. BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
(Large) surface area 1–20 m2/g
Adsorbed gas (e.g., N2 at low temp.) as function of pressure (monolayer coverage)
REFERENCES General References A. B. C. D.
Wachtman, J. B., Characterization of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1993. Brundle, C. R., Evans, C. A., and Wilson, S., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992. Woodruff, D. P. and Delchar, T. A., Modern Techniques of Surface Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 10, Materials Characterization, Whan, R. E., Coordinator, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986.
Specific References
12-5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Slavin, M., Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978. Schrenk, W. G., Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 1975. Dean, J. A. and Rains, T. E., Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Vols. 1—3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969. Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F. G., and Werner, H. W., Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S., Eds., in Ion Beams for Materials Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 515—537. Smith, G. C., Quantitative Surface Analysis for Materials Science, The Institute of Metals, London, 1991. Becker, E. H., in Ion Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis, Czanderna, A. W. and Hercules, D. M., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 273. Simons, D. S., Int. J. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 55, 15, 1983. White, F. A. and Wood, G. M., Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Harrison, W. W. and Bentz, B. L., Prog. Anal. Spectrometry, 11, 53, 1988. Bowmans, P. W. J. M., Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Parts I and II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Brame, Jr., E. G. and Grasselli, J., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Practical Spectroscopy Series, Vol. I, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Turrell, G., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. Griffith, P. R. and Haseth, J. A., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications, Academic Press, New York, 1976. Long, D. A., Raman Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. Azzam, R. M. A., Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1987. Brundle, C. R., in Molecular Spectroscopy, West, A. R., Ed., Heyden, London, 1976. Park, R. L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B. and Dawson, P. T., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1—39. Madey, T. E. and Stockbauer, R., in Solid State Physics: Surfaces, Vol. 22 of Methods of Experimental Physics, Park, R.L. and Lagally, M. G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1985. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978. Schwartz, L. H. and Cohen, J. B., Diffraction from Materials, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued)
12-6
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 39a. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
deBoer, D. K. G., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 34, Barrett, C. S. et. al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991. Birks, L. S., X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969. Bonnelle, C. and Mande, C., Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photo-Electric Spectroscopy, Briggs, D. and Seah, M. P., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Powell, C. J. and Seah, M. P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, Vol. 8, 735, 1990. Yacobi, G. G. and Holt, D. B., Cathodeluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. Egerton, R. F., Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. Disko, M. M., Krivanek, O. L., and Rez, P., Phys. Rev., B25, 4252, 1982. Goldstein, J. I., et. al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. Murr, L. E., Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. Armstrong, R. A., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B., and Dawson, P. T.,Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976. Dobson, P. J. et. al., Vacuum, 33, 593, 1983. Rymer, T. B., Electron Diffraction, Methuen, London, 1970. Reimer, L., Transmission Election Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H., Kluwer, Eds., Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1990. Wikramasinghe, H.K., Scientific American, Vol. 261, No. 4, pp. 98—105, Oct. 1989. Rugar, D. and Hansma, P., Physics Today, 43(10), pp. 23—30, 1990. Feldman, C. C. and Mayer, J. W., Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986. Muller, E. W. and Tsong, T. T., Field Ion Microscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969. Amiel, S., Nondestructive Activation Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. Bacon, G. E., Neutron Diffraction, 3rd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. Neutron Scattering, Part A., in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 23, Skold, K. and Price, D. L., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1986. Chu, W. K., Mayer, J. W., and Nicolet, M. A., Backscattering Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1987. Rickey, F. A., in High Energy and Heavy Ion Beams in Materials Analysis, Tesmer, J. R., et. al., Eds., MRS, 1990, pp. 3—26. Johansson, S. A. E. and Campbell, J. L., PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. Hagstrum, H. D., in Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions, Tolk, N. H. et. al., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 1—46. Nikoonahad, M., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. VI, Sharpe, R.S., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 217—257. Gallagher, P. K., Characterization of Materials by Thermoanalytical Techniques, MRS - Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 23—27, 1988. Earnest, C. M., Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry, ASTM Special Technical Publication 997, 1988. Poole, C. P., Electron Spin Resonance — A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Atherton, N. M., Principles of Electron Spin Resonance, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1993. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, p. 196. Gibb, T. C., Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Chapman & Hall, London, 1976. Slichter, C. P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. NMR Spectroscopy Techniques, Dybrowski, C. and Lichter, R. L., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987. Das, T. P. and Hahn, E. L., Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1958. Somorjai, G. A., Principles of Surface Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, p. 216.
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS L. I. Berger
The ability of a body to coincide with itself in its different positions regarding a coordinate system is called its symmetry. This property reveals itself in iteration of the parts of the body in space. The iteration may be done by reflection in mirror planes, rotation about certain axes, inversions and translations. These actions are called the symmetry operations. The planes, axes, points, etc., are known as symmetry elements. Essentially, mirror reflection is the only truly primitive symmetry operation. All other operations may be done by a sequence of reflections in certain mirror planes. Hence, the mirror plane is the only true basic symmetry element. But for clarity, it is convenient to use the other symmetry operations, and accordingly, the other aforementioned symmetry elements. The symmetry elements and operations are presented in Table 1. The entire set of symmetry elements of a body is called its symmetry class. There are thirty-two symmetry classes that describe all crystals which have ever been noted in mineralogy or been synthesized (more than 150,000). The denominations and symbols of the symmetry classes are presented in Table 2. There are several known approaches to classification of individual crystals in accordance with their symmetry and crystallochemistry. The particles which form a crystal are distributed in certain points in space. These points are separated by certain distances (translations) equal to each other in any chosen direction in the crystal. Crystal lattice is a diagram that describes the location of particles (individual or groups) in a crystal. The lattice parameters are three non-coplanar translations that form the crystal lattice. Three basic translations form the unit cell of a crystal. August Bravais (1848) has shown that all possible crystal lattice structures belong to one or another of fourteen lattice types (Bravais lattices). The Bravais lattices, both primitive and non-primitive, are the contents of Table 3. Among the three-dimensional figures, there is a group of polyhedrons that are called regular, which have all faces of the same shape and all edges of the same size (regular polygons). It has been shown that there are only five regular polyhedrons. Because of their importance in crystallography and solid state physics, a brief description of these polyhedrons is included in Table 4. The systematic description of crystal structures is presented primarily in the well known Structurbericht. The classification of crystals by the Structurbericht does not reflect their crystal class, the Bravais lattice, but is based on the crystallochemical type. This makes it inconvenient to use the Structurbericht categories for comparison of some individual crystals. Thus, there have been several attempts to provide a more convenient classification of crystals. Table 5 presents a compilation of different classifications which allows the reader to correlate the Structurbericht type with the international and Schoenflies point and space groups and with Pearson’s symbols, based on the Bravais lattice and chemical composition of the class prototype. The information included in Table 5 has been chosen as an introduction to a more detailed crystallophysical and crystallochemical description of solids.
TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements
Symmetry operation
Name
Reflection in a plane
Plane
Rotation by angle α = 360°/n about an axis
Rotation about an axis and inversion in a symmetry center lying on the axis
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Axis
Inversion (improper) axis
Symmetry element Symbol International (Hermann-Mauguin) m
Schoenflies Cs
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6
Cn
n=2
C2
n=3
C3
n=4
C4
n=6
C6
n = 3, 4, 6
Cni
n=3
C3i
n=4
C4i
Presentation on the stereographic projection Parallel Perpendicular
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements (continued)
Symmetry operation
Symmetry element Symbol International (Hermann-Mauguin)
Name
Inversion in a point
Center
Parallel translation
Translation vector ➛ ➛➛ a, b, c Glide– plane
Reflection in a plane and translation parallel to the plane Rotation about an axis and translation parallel to the axis Rotation about an axis and reflection in a plane perpendicular to the axis
Presentation on the stereographic projection Parallel Perpendicular
Schoenflies
n=6
C6i
1
Ci
a, b, c, n, d
Screw axis
nm (m = 1, 2, .., n – 1)
Rotatoryreflection axis
ñ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ñ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Sn
TABLE 2 The Thirty-Two Symmetry Classes
Primitive Crystal symbol Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Cubic a
Int
Sch
Int
1
C1
1
Ci
C3 C4 C6 T
3 4/m 6/m m3
C3i C4h C6h Th
Planal
Class namea Axial
Planeaxial and its symbol — International (Int) and Schoenflies (Sch) Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch
3 4 6 23
Central
m mm2
Cs C2v
2 222
C2 D2
2/m mmm
C2h D2h
3m 4mm 6mm 43m
C3v C4v C6v Td
32 422 622 432
D3 D4 D6 O
3m 4/mmm 6/mmm m3m
C3d D4h D6h Oh
Per Fedorov Institute of Crystallography, USSR Academy of Sciences, nomenclature.
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Inversion primitive Int
4 6
Sch
S4 C3h
Inversionplanal Int
42m 6m2
Sch
D2d D3h
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SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 4 The Five Possible Regular Polyhedrons
Polyhedron
Symmetry (Schoenflies) Class Elements
Tetrahedron
T
4C33C2
Cube (hexahedron) Octahedron
O O
3C44C36C2 3C44C36C2
Pentagonal dodecahedron Icosahedron
J
6C510C315C2
J
6C510C315C2
a
Form of faces Equilateral triangle Square Equilateral triangle Regular pentagon Equilateral triangle
Faces (F)
Number ofa Edges (E)
Vertices (V)
4
6
4
6 8
12 12
8 6
12
30
20
20
30
12
Per formula by Leonhard Euler: F + V – E = 2
TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A13 A15 A20 B1 B2 B3 B4 B81 B82 B9 B10 B11 B13 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B27 B31 B32 B34
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Structure name 2 Cu W Mg C Sn In As Se Hg Ga α-Mn β-Mn OW3 α-U ClNa ClCs SZn SZn AsNi InNi2 HgS OPb γ-CuTi NiS GeS PtS CuS AuCd FeSi BFe MnP NaTl Pds
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fm3m Im3m P63/mmc Fd3m If1/amd I4/mmm R3m P3121 or P3221 R3m Cmca I43m P4132 Pm3n Cmcm Fm3m Pm3m F43m P63mc P63/mmc P63/mmc P3121 or P3221 P4/nmm P4/nmm R3m Pnma P42/mmc P63/mmc Pmma P213 Pnma Pnma Fd3m P42/m
O4h O9h D46h O7h D194h D174h D53d D43 (D63) D53d D182h T3 d O7 O3h D172h O5h O1h T2 d C46v D46h D46h D43 or D63 D74h D74h D53d D162h D94h D46h D52h T4 D162h D162h O7h C24h
Pearson symbola 5 cF4 cI2 hP2 cF8 tI4 tI2 hR2 hP3 hR1 oC8 cI58 cP20 cP8 oC4 cF8 cP2 cF8 hP4 hP4 hP6 hP6 tP4 tP4 hR6 oP8 tP4 hP12 oP4 cP8 oP8 oP8 cF16 tP16
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F B H F U U R H R Q B C C Q F C F H H H H T T R O T H O C O O F T
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Strukturbericht symbol 1 B35 B37 Be Bf (B33) Bg Bh Bi C1 C1b C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C11a C11b C12 C14 C15 C15b C16 C18 C19 C22 C23 C32 C33 C34 C36 C38 C40 C42 C44 C46 C49 C54 Cc Ce DO2 DO3 DO9 DO11 DO18 DO19 DO20 DO21 DO22 DO23 DO24 DOc DOe D13 D1a
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Structure name 2 CoSn SeTl CdSb ξ-BCr BMo CW γ′-CMo (AsTi) CaF2 AgAsMg FeS2 Cu2O O2Ti CdI2 MoS2 C2Ca MoSi2 CaSi2 MgZn2 Cu2Mg AuBe5 Al2Cu FeS2 CdCl2 Fe2P Cl2Pb AlB2 Bi2STe2 AuTe2 MgNi2 Cu2Sb CrSi2 SiS2 GeS2 AuTe2 Si2Zr Si2Ti Si2Th CoGe2 As3Co BiF3 O3Re CFe3 AsNa3 Ni3Sn Al3Ni Cu3P Cu3P Al3Zr Ni3Ti SiU3 Ni3P Al4Ba MoNi4
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 P6/mmm D16h I4/mcm D184h Pbca D152h Cmcm D172h I41/amd D194h P6m2 D13h P63/mmc D46h Fm3m F43m Pa3 Pn3m P42/mnm P3m1 P63/mmc I4/mmm I4/mmm R3m P63/mmc Fd3m F43m or F23 I4/mcm Pnnm R3m P26m Pnma P6/mmm R3m C2/m (P2/m) P63/mmc P4/nmm P6222 Ibam Fdd2 Pma2 Cmcm Fddd I41/amd Aba2 Im3 Fm3m Pm3m Pnma P63/mmc P63/mmc Pnma P3c1 I4/mmm I4/mmm P63/mmc I4/mcm I4 I4/mmm I4/m
O5h T2d T6h O4h D144h D33d D46h D174h D174h D53d D46h O7h T2d or T2 D184h D122h D53d D13h D162h D16h D53d C32h (C12h) D46h D74h D46 D262h C192v C42v D172h D242h D194h C172v T5h O5h O1h D162h D46h D46h D162h D43d D174h D174h D46h D184h S24 D174h C54h
Pearson symbola 5 hP6 tI16 oP16 oC8 tI4 hP2 hP8 cF12 cF12 cP12 cP6 tP6 hP3 hP6 tI6 tI6 hR6 hP12 cF24 cF24 tI12 oP6 hR3 hP9 oP12 hP3 hR5 mC6 hP24 tP6 hP9 oI12 oF72 oP24 oC12 oF24 tI12 oC23 cI32 cF16 cP4 oP16 hP8 hP8 oP16 hP24 tI8 tI16 hP16 tI16 tI32 tI10 tI10
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 H U O Q U H H F F C C T H H U U R H F F U O R H O H R N H T H P S O Q S U Q B F C O H H O H U U H U U U U
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Strukturbericht symbol 1 D1b D1c D1e D1f D21 D23 D2b D2c D2d D2f D2h D51 D52 D53 D58 D59 D510 D513 D5a D5c D71 D73 D7b D81 D82 D83 D84 D85 D86 D88 D89 D810 D811 D8a D8b D8e D8f D8h D8i D8l D8m D101 D102 E01 E11 E21 E24 E3 E93 E9a E9b F01 F51 F56
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Structure name 2 Al4U PtSn4 B4Th BMn4 B6Ca NaZn13 Mn12Th MnU6 CaCu5 B12U Al6Mn α-Al2O3 La2O3 Mn2O3 S3Sb2 P2Zn3 C2C3 Al3Ni2 Si2U3 C3Pu2 Al4C3 P4Th3 B4Ta3 Fe3Zn10 Cu5Zn8 Al4Cu9 C6Cr23 Fe7W6 Cu15Si4 Mn5Si3 Co9S8 Al8Cr5 Al5Co2 Mn23Th6 σ-phase of Cr-Fe (Al,Zn)49Mg32 Ge7Ir3 B5W2 B5Mo2 B3Cr5 Si3W5 C3Cr7 Fe3Th7 ClFPb CuFeS2 CaO3Ti S3Sn2 Al2CdS4 SiFe3W3 Al7Cu2Fe AlLi3N2 NiSSb CrNaS2 CuS2Sb
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Imma D282h Aba2 C172v P4/mbm D54h Fddd D242h Pm3m O1h Fm3m O5h I4/mmm D174h I4/mcm D184h P6/mmm D16h Fm3m O5h Cmcm D172h R3c D63d P3m1 D33d Ia3 T7 h Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h Pnma D162h P3m1 D33d P4/mbm D54h I43d T6 d R3m D53d I43d T6 d Immm D252h Im3m O9h I43m T3 d P43m T1 d Fm3m O5h R3m D53d I43m T3 d P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h R3m C53v P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h p42/mnm D144h
Pearson symbola 5 oI20 oC20 tP20 oF40 cP7 cF112 tI26 tI28 hP6 cF52 oC28 hR10 hP5 cI80 oP20 tP40 oP20 hP5 tP10 cI40 hR7 cI28 oI14 cI52 cI52 cP52 cF116 hR13 cI76 hP16 cF68 hR26 hP28 cF116 tP30
T5 h O9h D46h D53d D184h D184h C43v C46v D74h D122d O1h D162h S24 O7h D64h T7 h T4 D53d or D73 D162h
cI162 cI40 hP14 hR7 tI32 tI32 hP80 hP20 tP6 tI16 cP5 oP20 tI14 cF112 tP40 cI96 cP12 hR4 oP16
Im3 Im3m P63/mmc R3m I4/mcm I4/mcm P31c P63mc P4/nmm I42d Pm3m Pnma I4 Fd3m P4/mnc Ia3 P213 R3m or R32 Pnma
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 P Q T S C F U U H F Q R H B O T O H T B R B P B B C F R B H F R H F T B B H R U U H H T U C O U F T B C R O
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued)
Strukturbericht symbol 1 H11 H24 H25 L10 L12 L21 L22 L′2b L′3 L60 a
b
Structure name 2 Al2MgO4 Cu3S4V AsCu3S4 AuCu AlCu3 AlCu2Mn Sb2Tl7 H2Th Fe2N CuTi3
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fd3m P43m Pmn21 P4/mmm Pm3m Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm P63/mmc P4/mmm
O7h T1d C72v D14h O1h O5h O9h D174h D46h D14h
Pearson symbola 5 cF56 cP8 oP16 tP4 cP4 cF16 cI54 tI6 hP3 tP4
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F C O T C F B U H T
The first letter denotes the crystal system: triclinic (a), monoclinic (m), orthorhombic (o), tetragonal (t), hexagonal (h) and cubic (c). Trigonal (rhombohedral) system is presented by combination hR. The second letter of Pearson’s symbol denotes lattice type: primitive (P), edge(base-) centered (C), body-centered (I) or face-centered (F). The following number denotes amount of atoms in the crystal unit cell. Standard ASTM E157-82a has the Bravais lattices designations as following: C — primitive cubic; B — body-centered cubic; F — face-centered cubic; T — primitive tetragonal; U — body-centered tetragonal; R — rhombohedral; H — hexagonal; O — primitive orthorhombic; P — bodycentered orthorhombic; Q — base-centered orthorhombic; S — face-centered orthorhombic; M — primitive monoclinic; N — centered monoclinic; A — triclinic. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
A. Schoenflies, Kristallsysteme und Kristallstructur, Leipzig, 1891. E. S. Fedorow, Zusammenstellung der kristallographischen Resultate, Zs. Krist., 20, 1892. P. Groth, Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Krystallographie, R. Oldenbourg, München/Berlin, 1921. N. V. Belov, Class Method of Deriving Space Groups of Symmetry, Trudy Instituta Kristallodraffi imeni Fedorova (Transactions of the Fedorov Inst. of Crystallography), 5, 25, 1951, in Russian. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1958; Vol. 2, 1967. Ch. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1956. G. S. Zhdanov, Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Solid State Physics), Moscow University Press, 1962, in Russian. M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography, John Wiley & Sons, 1963. F. D. Bloss, Crystallography & Crystal Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. T. Janssen, Crystallographic Groups, North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1973. M. P. Shaskolskaya, Kristallografiya (Crystallography), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1976, in Russian. T. Hahn, Ed., Internat. Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston, 1983. Crystal Data. Determinative Tables, Volumes 1—6, 1966—1983, JCPDS-Intern Centre for Diffraction Data and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. R. W. G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Volumes 1–6, Interscience, New York, 1963. C.J. Bradley and A.P. Cracknell, The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A, Space–Group Symmetry, T. Hahn, Ed., 1989; Volume B, Reciprocal Space, U. Schmueli, Ed.; Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, A. J. C. Wilson, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. M. Senechal, Crystalline Symmetries: An Informal Mathematical Introduction, Adam Hilger Publ., Bristol, 1990. C. Hammond, Introduction to Crystallography, Oxford University Press, 1990. N.W. Alcock, Bonding and Structure: Structural Principles in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Ellis Norwood Publ., 1990. T. C. W. Mak and G. D. Zhou. Crystallography in Modern Chemistry: A Resource Book of Crystal Structures, Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1992. S. C. Abrahams, K. Mirsky, and R. M. Nielson, Acta Cryst, B52, 806 (1996); B52, 1057 (1996). C. Marcos, A. Panalague, D. B. Morciras, S. Garcia–Granda and M. R. Dias. Acta Cryst, B52, 899 (1996).
Crystallographic Computing 24. A. C. Larson, Crystallographic Computing, Manksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970. 25. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS86. Crystallographic Computing 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986; SHELXL93. Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen Press, 1993. 26. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, CD–ROM. Sci. Inf. Service. E-mail: [email protected].
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IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS Ionic radii are a useful tool for predicting and visualizing crystal structures. This table lists a set of ionic radii Ri in Å units for the most common coordination numbers CN of positive and negative ions. The values are based on experimental crystal structure determinations, supplemented by empirical relationships, and theoretical calculations. The notation sq after the coordination number indicates a square configuration, while py indicates pyramidal. The advice of Howard T. Evans and Marvin J. Weber in preparing this table is appreciated. REFERENCES 1. Shannon, R. D., Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751, 1976. 2. Jia, Y.Q., J. Solid State Chem. 95, 184, 1991. Ion Anions F-1 Cl-1 Br-l I-l OH-1 O-2
S-2 Se-2 Te-2 Cations Ac+3 Ag+1
Ag+2 Al+3
Am+3 Am+4 As+3 As+5 Au+1 Au+3 Ba+2
Be+2 Bi+3
Bi+5 Bk+3 Bk+4 Br+5 Br+7
CN
Ri/Å
6 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 8 6 6 6
1.33 1.81 1.96 2.20 1.35 1.37 1.21 1.40 1.42 1.84 1.98 2.21
6 4 6 8 4sq 6 4 5 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 6 4sq 6 6 8 12 4 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 8 3py 4 6
1.12 1.00 1.15 1.28 0.79 0.94 0.39 0.48 0.54 0.98 1.09 0.85 0.95 0.58 0.34 0.46 1.37 0.64 0.85 1.35 1.42 1.61 0.27 0.45 0.96 1.03 1.17 0.76 0.96 0.83 0.93 0.31 0.25 0.39
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
C+4
4 6 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 8 3py 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 4sq 6 6 8 6 8
0.15 0.16 1.00 1.12 1.23 1.34 0.78 0.95 1.10 1.31 1.01 1.14 1.25 1.34 0.87 0.97 1.07 1.14 0.95 0.82 0.92 0.12 0.08 0.97 0.85 0.95 0.56 0.65 0.90 0.55 0.73 0.62 0.41 0.55 0.26 0.44 1.67 1.74 1.81 1.88 0.46 0.60 0.77 0.57 0.73 1.07 1.19 0.91 1.03
Er+3
6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 2 4 6 8 3py 6 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 4 6
0.89 1.00 1.17 1.25 1.35 0.95 1.07 0.08 0.63 0.61 0.92 0.49 0.55 0.78 1.80 0.47 0.62 0.94 1.05 0.73 0.39 0.53 0.58 0.71 0.83 1.19 0.69 0.96 1.02 1.14 0.44 0.95 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.80 0.68 0.63 0.57 1.37 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.36 0.59 0.76
Ca+2
Cd+2
Ce+3
Ce+4
Cf+3 Cf+4 Cl+5 Cl+7 Cm+3 Cm+4 Co+2
Co+3 Cr+2 Cr+3 Cr+4 Cr+6 Cs+1
Cu+1
Cu+2 Dy+2 Dy+3
12-14
Eu+2
Eu+3 F+7 Fe+2
Fe+3
Fr+1 Ga+3 Gd+3 Ge+2 Ge+4 Hf+4
Hg+1 Hg+2
I+5 I+7 In+3 Ir+3 Ir+4 Ir+5 K+1
La+3
Li+1
IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion Lu+3 Mg+2
Mn+2
Mn+3 Mn+4 Mn+5 Mn+6 Mn+7 Mo+3 Mo+4 Mo+5 Mo+6
N+3 N+5 Na+1
Nb+3 Nb+4 Nb+5
Nd+3
Ni+2 Ni+3 Np+3 Np+4 Np+5 Np+6 Os+4 Os+5 Os+6 Os+8 P+5 Pa+3 Pa+4 Pa+5 Pb+2
Pb+4
CN
Ri/Å
8 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 7 6 6 4 6 8 9 12 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 9 12 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 4
0.92 0.86 0.97 0.57 0.72 0.89 0.66 0.83 0.96 0.58 0.39 0.53 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.69 0.65 0.46 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.73 0.16 0.13 0.99 1.02 1.18 1.24 1.39 0.72 0.79 0.68 0.48 0.64 0.74 0.98 1.12 1.16 1.27 0.49 0.69 0.56 1.01 0.87 0.75 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.39 0.17 0.38 1.04 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.49 0.65
Ion
Pd+2 Pd+3 Pd+4 Pm+3 Po+4 Pr+3 Pr+4 Pt+2 Pt+4 Pu+3 Pu+4 Pu+5 Pu+6 Ra+2 Rb+1
Re+4 Re+5 Re+6 Re+7 Rh+3 Rh+4 Rh+5 Ru+3 Ru+4 Ru+5 Ru+7 Ru+8 S+4 S+6 Sb+3 Sb+5 Sc+3 Se+4 Se+6 Si+4 Sm+2 Sm+3
Sn+4
CN
Ri/Å
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 8 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4py 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8
0.78 0.94 0.64 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.97 1.09 0.97 0.99 1.13 0.85 0.96 0.60 0.80 0.63 1.00 0.86 0.74 0.71 1.48 1.70 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.38 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.12 0.29 0.76 0.76 0.60 0.75 0.87 0.50 0.28 0.42 0.26 0.40 1.19 1.27 0.96 1.08 1.24 0.55 0.69 0.81
Sr+2
6 8 10 12 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 7 6 8 6 6 8 12 6 2 4 6 8 6 6 5 6 8 4 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 6 8 9
1.18 1.26 1.36 1.44 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.92 1.04 0.76 0.88 0.65 0.66 0.97 0.43 0.56 0.94 1.05 1.13 1.21 0.86 0.67 0.42 0.61 0.74 1.50 1.59 1.70 0.75 0.89 0.98 1.01 1.09 0.88 0.99 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 0.76 0.45 0.52 0.73 0.86 0.79 0.64 0.53 0.58 0.72 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.66 0.62 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.90 1.02 1.08
12-15
Ta+3 Ta+4 Ta+5 Tb+3 Tb+4 Tc+4 Te+4 Te+6 Th+4
Ti+2 Ti+3 Ti+4
Tl+1
Tl+3
Tm+2 Tm+3 U+3 U+4
U+5 U+6
V+2 V+3 V+4
V+5
W+4 W+5 W+6
Y+3
IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion
CN
Ri/Å
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
Yb+2
6 8 8 9
1.02 1.14 0.99 1.04
Zn+2
4 6 8 4
0.60 0.74 0.90 0.59
Yb+3
Zr+4
12-16
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
6 8 9
0.72 0.84 0.89
POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse The polarization of a solid dielectric medium, P, is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume averaged over the volume of a crystal cell. A component of P can be expanded as a function of the electric field E: Pi = Σ a j E j + Σ b jk E j Ek j
jk
For relatively small electric fields in isotropic substances P = χeE, where χe is the electric susceptibility. If the medium is made up of N atoms (or ions) per unit volume, the polarization is P = N pm where pm is the average dipole moment per atom. The polarizability α can be defined as pm = αE0 , where E0 is the local field at the position of the atom. Using the Lorentz method to calculate the local field one finds: P = Nα( E + 4 πP ) = χ e E Together with the definition of the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) , ε = 1+ 4πχe, this leads to:
α=
3 ε –1 4 πN ε + 2
This expression is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation. The total polarization associated with atoms, ions, or molecules is due to three different sources: 1. Electronic polarization arises because the center of the local electronic charge cloud around the nucleus is displaced under the action of the field: Pe = NαeE0 where αe is the electronic polarizability. 2. Ionic polarization occurs in ionic materials because the electric field displaces cations and anions in opposite directions: Pi = NαiE0, where αi is the ionic polarizability. 3. Orientational polarization can occur in substances composed of molecules that have permanent electric dipoles. The alignment of these dipoles depends on temperature and leads to an orientational polarizability per molecule: αor = p2/3kT, where p is the permanent dipole moment per molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Because of the different nature of these three polarization processes the response of a dielectric solid to an applied electric field will strongly depend on the frequency of the field. The resonance of the electronic excitation in insulators (dielectrics) takes place in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; the characteristic frequency of the lattice vibrations is located in the infrared, while the orientation of dipoles requires fields of much lower frequencies (below 1010 Hz). This response to electric fields of different frequencies is shown in Figure 1. Values of the electronic polarizabilities for selected atoms and ions are given in Table 1. REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971. 2. Lerner, R.G., and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.
12-17
POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS (continued) Real part of polarizability
Orientation
Ionic
Electronic
Frequency 1MHz
1GHz
1THz
1PHz
Figure 1. Schematic graph of the frequency dependence of the different contributions to polarizability.
TABLE 1 Electronic Polarizabilities in Units of 10–24 cm3 He 0.201 Li+ 0.029
Be2+ 0.008
B3+ 0.003
C4+ 0.0013
O2– 3.88
F– 1.04
Ne 0.39
Na+ 0.179
Mg2+ 0.094
Al3+ 0.052
Si4+ 0.0165
S2– 10.2
Cl– 3.66
Ar 1.62
K+ 0.83
Ca2+ 0.47
Sc3+ 0.286
Ti4+ 0.185
Se2– 10.5
Br– 4.77
Kr 2.46
Rb+ 1.40
Sr2+ 0.86
Y3+ 0.55
Zr4+ 0.37
Te2– 14.0
I– 7.1
Xe 3.99
Cs+ 2.42
Ba2+ 1.55
La3+ 1.04
Ce4+ 0.73
Data from Pauling, L., Proc. R. Soc. London, A114, 181, 1927. See also Jaswal, S.S. and Sharma, T.P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 509, 1973. Values are appropriate for cgs units. To convert to SI, use the relation α(SI)/C m2V-1 = 1.11265.10-16 α(cgs)/cm3
12-18
LATTICE ENERGIES H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT, of crystalline salts, MaXb,. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol-1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data which are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle: (+/ 0D;E F D0E J E;D J
( I+R 0D;E F
D( I+R 0E J E( I+R ;D J
D0 VV E; VV
where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation: ∆HL = a∆fHo(Mb+, g) + b∆fHo(Xa-, g) - ∆fHo(MaXb, c) and is futher related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship: n n ∆H L = U POT + a M − 2 + b X − 2 RT 2 2
where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.
METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation5 can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol-1): U POT =
121.4 z a z b v 0.0345 1 − (ra + rb ) (ra + rb )
where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in hte lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt6 radius. To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH4+][HF2-] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH4+ to be 0.136 nm and that for HF2- (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol-1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol-1and the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol-1.
REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev., 10, 283-294., 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.-Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982. 7. Jenkins, H. D. B., Roobottom, H. K., Passmore, J., and Glasser, L., J. Chem. Education, in press.
12-22
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO) Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2 Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2 Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2 Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3 Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
828 749 715 682
843 807 726 -
2911 2788 2647
2902 2782 2652
861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 -
875 784 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300
821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290
847 748 660 631 658 -
820 741 707 678 -
656 573 522 520 577
5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489
— -
Substance TbB6 DyB6 HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6 Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4 Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4 Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3 Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2
12-23
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
7489 7489 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167
-
778 703 655 648 628
694 638 -
699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473
749 674 616 590 565 497 486 -
2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728
2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 3273 3052 2750
849 807 726 692 661 724
816 734 -
874 766 692 638 601 2268
759 686 2240
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2) Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4 Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3 Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
2138 2001 617 (741) 2809 2583
2009 691 935 2817 2591
865 791 713 685 651 715
804 722 -
7991 7301 6987 6653
7306 6643
883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 975 883 820 791 761
880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 -
1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632
1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 -
Substance FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2
12-24
Calc. UPOT 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897 881 1013 1029 1027 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 -
UPOTBHFC 996 978 966 974 918 905 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2 FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3
Calc. UPOT 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640
UPOTBHFC 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 2551 2482 2967 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 2664 2639 2624 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 -
Substance YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3 CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3
12-25
Calc. UPOT 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966
UPOTBHFC 4524 4258 5153 5023 4791 4758 4591 5329 5224 5136 6065 5529 5294 5253 5436 5347 5257 5232 5235 5665 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3 PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl
Calc. UPOT 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 4322 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795
UPOTBHFC 5496 5183 5117 5001 5278 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 4242 3986 4348 4061 4387 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 9908 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 9603 9500 8930 8852 -
Substance CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2 Hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2
12-26
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736
5429 5370 756 689 685
916 807 711 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414
918 807 713 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 1108 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3 Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2 Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092
2405 2394 2389 2651 2738 2864 2999 5969 4910 4493 -
703 644 623 598
732 712 689 669
768 723 655 628 661 2184 2063 1979
862 771 682 657 718 (2171) (1956)
1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 2909 2653 2786 2832 2870 1006
1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 -
Substance AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4 Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4 Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3 CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 Nitrides ScN LaN TiN
12-27
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188
845 874 3151 2909 2721 5602 6299 6368 9879
3293 3146 2975
-
3945 3766 3376 3243 3137
-
848 755 685 662 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 2560 2376 2238 2155 2067
854 763 694 671 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208
7547 6876 8130
7506 6793 8033
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance ZrN VN NbN CrN Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2 Oxides Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
7633 8283 7939 8269
7723 8233 8022 8358
774 699 724 690
772 687 765 -
2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703
2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745 3865 3910 4010 4050 3971 13708 -
Substance
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4 Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2
12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217
14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 15220 -
709 643 599 564 636 583 1958 1862 1795
715 641 595 576 550 580 1971 1862 1769
661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778
-
12-28
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4 Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3 Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4 MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4 Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2S
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381
11407 10479 10075 9654 7300 7507 -
2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176
2862 -
2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460
1916 1749 1675 2148 2998 2588 2451
2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448 2895 2632 2489
-
2464 2192 1979
2472 2203 (2052)
Substance Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4 Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6 Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6
12-29
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298
1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 2258
2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 2489 2577 2469 2920
2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825
1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449 1426 1343
1550 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 1493 1343
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6
Calc. UPOT 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412
UPOTBHFC 1471 1881 2070 1392 2276 1442 1375 1765 1673 1498 1390 1363 1344 1320 1447
Substance Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6 Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6 Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3
12-30
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
1415 1402 1560 1379 1341 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339
1416 1384 1553 1379 1331 1306 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 1307
2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721
2095 2683 2600 2172 3081 -
764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058
(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 -
810 761 686 657 628
-
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3NCONbCl6-
Radius
0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317 0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338
± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049
Ion NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2NO3O2O3OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42-
12-31
Radius 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187 0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241
± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229
± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52-
Radius 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364 0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
Ion S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64-
12-32
Radius 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374 0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
0.256 0.237 0.374
± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3-
Radius 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342 0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273
± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038
0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
Ion Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+ O2+ O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+
12-33
Radius 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153 0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178
± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)(SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+
Radius 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290 0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221
± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
Ion XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+ Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+ Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+
Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.
12-34
Radius 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186
± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290
± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035
0.442 0.453
± 0.051 ± 0.034
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 3 ANCILLARY THERMOCHEMICAL DATA (kJ mol-1) Species AsO43BrO3ClO4CNCO32Fe(NO3)2 HF2HfCl62IO2F2IO3IrCl62LiCH3O2 NbCl62NH2CH2CO2O22PdCl62PO4PtCl62ReBr62ReCl62Ti(OH)2
State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c
12-35
∆fHo (289) -145 -344 66 -321 (-448) -774 -1640 -693 -208 -785 (-745) -1224 -564 553 -749 291 -774 -689 -919 -778
THE MADELUNG CONSTANT AND CRYSTAL LATTICE ENERGY If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena
U= Substance
b c
r
(1 – 1 / n)
Ion type M+, X– M+, X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– 2M+, X– – M++, X– – M++, X– – M++, X– – M4+, 2X– – M4+, 2X– – M4+, 2X– – 2M3+, 3X– –
Sodium chloride, NaCl Cesium chloride, CsCl Calcium chloride, CaCl2 Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2 Cadmium chloride, CdCl2 Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2 Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O Zinc oxide, ZnO Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS Wurtzite, ZnS Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2 Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2 β-Quartz, SiO2 Corundum, Al2O3 a
N M zi z j e 2
Crystal formb FCC BCC Cubic Cubic Hexagonal Hexagonal Tetragonal Cubic Hexagonal FCC Hexagonal Tetragonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Rhombohedral
M 1.74756 1.76267 2.365 2.51939 2.244c 2.355c 2.381c 2.22124 1.4985c 1.63806 1.64132c 2.400c 2.408c 2.2197c 4.1719
N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions(in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cationanion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J). FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic. For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.
The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type He, Li+ Ne, Na+, F– Ar, K+, Cu+, Cl– Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br– Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–
n 5 7 9 10 12
For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).
12-34
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1 below. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
CUBIC CRYSTALS Name Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum
Formula Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo
ρ/g cm–3 2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284
T/K
Ref.
298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37
12-35
C11
C12
C44
1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637
0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578
0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) CUBIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name Nickel Niobium Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide
Formula Ni Nb Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC
ρ/g cm–3 8.91 8.578 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606
T/K 298 300 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298
12-36
Ref. 15 38 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63
C11
C12
C44
2.481 2.4650 2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720
1.549 1.3450 1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987
1.242 0.2873 0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593
TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS Name
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
NH4H2AsO4
2.3110
298
69
0.6747
-0.106
NH4H2PO4 BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O
1.8030 5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070
293 298 298 RT RT RT
69 70 79 71 72 73
0.6200 2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209
-0.050 1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315
KH2AsO4
2.867
RT
12
0.530
-0.060
KH2PO4
2.388
RT
71
0.7140
-0.049
RbH2PO4 TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4
2.800 4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70
298 298 RT 288 RT
74 75 76 77 78
0.5562 2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585
-0.064 1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791
C16
C33
C44
C66
0.1652
0.3022
0.0685
0.0639
0.1400 1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209
0.3000 1.6486 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931
0.0910 0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156
0.0610 1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779
0.370
0.120
0.070
0.1290
0.5620
0.1270
0.0628
0.0279 1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542
0.4398 4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805
0.1142 1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733
0.0350 1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113
-0.020
0.134
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)
12-37
Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon
ρ/g cm–3
Formula
ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
C22
C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3
1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630
293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT
80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73
0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030
0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194
0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169
0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448
0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548
LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O
1.71
RT
12
0.3864
0.1655
0.0875
0.5393
MgSO4·7H2O (Na,Al)SiO3
1.68 2.25
RT RT
86 78
0.325 0.716
0.174 0.261
0.182 0.297
NiSO4·7H2O (MgFe)SiO4
1.948 3.324
RT RT
86 87
0.353 3.240
0.198 0.590
KB5O8·4H2O K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4
1.74 2.665 1.79 3.621
RT 293 RT 293
71 81 71 81
0.582 0.5357 0.255 0.5029
NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O Na2C4H4O6·2H2O
1.587 1.794
RT RT
12 12
2.25 2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453
RT RT 293 RT 293
1.970
RT
Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O
C23
C33
C44
C55
C66
0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359
0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835
0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193
0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736
0.2007
0.3624
0.1190
0.0667
0.2326
0.288 0.632
0.182 0.297
0.315 1.378
0.078 0.196
0.156 0.248
0.090 0.423
0.201 0.790
0.311 1.980
0.201 0.780
0.335 2.490
0.091 0.667
0.172 0.810
0.099 0.793
0.229 0.1999 0.141 0.1965
0.174 0.2095 0.116 0.1999
0.359 0.5653 0.381 0.5098
0.231 0.1990 0.146 0.1925
0.255 0.5523 0.371 0.4761
0.164 0.195 0.134 0.1626
0.046 0.1879 0.032 0.1589
0.057 0.1424 0.098 0.1407
0.3685 0.461
0.2725 0.286
0.3083 0.320
0.5092 0.547
0.3472 0.352
0.5541 0.665
0.1058 0.124
0.0303 0.031
0.0870 0.098
12 12 81 82 88
0.4391 0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486
0.1037 0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622
-0.149 0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176
0.3484 0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983
-0.014 0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764
0.3746 0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763
0.1538 0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479
0.1075 0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379
0.1724 0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454
86
0.3320
0.1720
0.2000
0.2930
0.1980
0.3200
0.0780
0.1530
0.0830
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)
12-38
Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
ρ/g cm–3
Formula
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
C15
C22
(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10
3.50 1.258
RT RT
89 90
1.858 0.0852
0.685 0.0672
0.707 0.0590
0.098 -0.0192
1.813 0.1170
CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6
1.948 3.31
RT RT
86 91
0.335 2.040
0.205 0.884
0.158 0.0883
0.016 -0.193
0.378 1.750
KHC4H4O6
1.97
RT
12
0.4294
0.1399
0.3129
-0.0105
0.3460
KAlSi3O8
2.56
RT
92
0.664
0.438
0.259
-0.033
1.710
FeSO4·7H2O
1.898
RT
86
0.349
0.208
0.174
-0.020
0.376
Li2SO4·H2O C10H8
2.221 1.127
RT RT
32 93
0.5250 0.0780
0.1715 0.0445
0.1730 0.0340
-0.0196 -0.006
0.5060 0.0990
K2C4H4O6
1.987
RT
32
0.3110
0.1720
0.1690
0.0287
0.3900
Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4
1.7499 1.60
RT RT
12 94
0.3323 0.0930
0.1814 0.0570
0.1875 0.0670
0.0225 -0.003
0.2953 0.0920
1.68
RT
32
0.4550
0.1720
0.1980
-0.030
0.3210
Formula
Name
C23
C25
C33
C35
C44
C46
C55
C66
Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
0.626 0.0375
0.094 -0.0170
2.344 0.1522
0.214 -0.0187
0.692 0.0272
0.077 0.0138
0.510 0.0242
0.474 0.0399
0.158 0.482
-0.018 -0.196
0.371 2.380
-0.047 -0.336
0.060 0.675
0.016 -0.113
0.058 0.588
0.101 0.705
0.0961
-0.0044
0.1270
0.0841
0.1173
0.0176
0.6816
0.0294
0.192
-0.148
1.215
-0.131
0.143
-0.015
0.238
0.361
0.172
-0.019
0.360
-0.014
0.064
0.001
0.056
0.096
0.0368 0.0230
0.0571 -0.0270
0.5400 0.1190
-0.0254 0.0290
0.1400 0.0330
-0.0054 -0.0050
0.1565 0.0210
0.2770 0.0415
0.1330
0.0182
0.5540
0.0710
0.0870
0.0072
0.1040
0.0826
0.1713 0.0485
0.0983 -0.005
0.4590 0.0790
-0.0678 -0.005
0.0569 0.0325
-0.0268 0.0050
0.1070 0.0640
0.0598 0.0245
0.2080
-0.0036
0.2630
-0.0500
0.0950
-0.0026
0.1110
0.0620
12-39
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be
3.218 2.68 1.8477
RT RT 300
12 12 95
1.667 2.800 2.923
BeO Cd
3.01 8.652
RT 300
96 97
CdSe
5.655
298
4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95 4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505
Name Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium
Formula
CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2 Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr
C13
C33
C55
0.131 0.990 0.267
0.655 0.670 0.140
1.396 2.480 3.364
0.663 0.658 1.625
4.70 1.1450
1.68 0.3950
1.19 0.3990
4.94 0.5085
1.53 0.1985
68
0.7046
0.4516
0.3930
0.8355
0.1317
298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298
98 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102
0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240
0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200
0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900
0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070
0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670
RT 300 295 298 298 298
107 108 109 110 96 102
6.90 0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434
4.10 0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728
3.20 0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653
4.40 0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648
2.50 0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320
TRIGONAL CRYSTALS Name Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline
ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
C14
Al2O3
3.986
300
111
4.9735
1.6397
1.1220
-0.2358
4.9911
1.4739
AlPO4 Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3
2.556 6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70
RT 295 295 300 RT RT
73 112 112 113 82 114
1.0503 1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030
0.2934 0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530
0.6927 0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750
-0.1271 0.2090 0.0717 -0.2058 -0.1247 0.090
1.3353 0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450
0.2314 0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600
LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3
7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05
RT 298 300 RT RT
114 115 116 12 82
2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066
0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927
0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872
-0.110 -0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 -0.0774
2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070
0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682
Formula
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Thomas, J. F., Phys. Rev., 175, 955-962, 1968. Bolef, D. I. and M. Menes, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 1426-1427, 1960. Garland, C. W. and C. F. Yarnell, J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1112-1120, 1966. Garland, C. W. and R. Renard, J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1130-1139, 1966.
12-40
C33
C44
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
Gsänger, M., H. Egger and E. Lüscher, Phys. Letters, 27A, 695-696, 1968. Wong, C. and D. E. Schuele, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 29, 1309-1330, 1968. Haussühl, S., Phys. Stat. Sol., 3, 1072-1076, 1963. Wong, C. and D. E. Schuele, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 1225-1231, 1967. McSkimin, H. J. and D. G. Thomas, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 56-59, 1962. Kollarits, F. J. and J. Trivisonno, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 29, 2133-2139, 1968. Slagle, D. D. and H. A. McKinstry, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 446-458, 1967. Hearmon, R. F. S., Adv. Phys., 5, 323-382, 1956. Sumer, A. and J. F. Smith, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2691-2694, 1963. Alexandrov, K. S. et. al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State, 10, 1316-1321, 1968. Epstein, S. G. and O. N. Carlson, Acta Metal., 13, 487-491, 1965. McSkimin, H. J., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4127-4128, 1968. McSkimin, H. J., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 2362-2364, 1967. Weil, R. and W. O. Groves, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4049-4051, 1968. Bateman, T. B., J. Appl. Phys., 37, 2194-2195, 1966. Bogardus, E. H., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 2504-2513, 1965. Golding, B., S. C. Moss and B. L. Averbach, Phys. Rev., 158, 637-645, 1967. Bateman, T. B., H. J. McSkimin and J. M. Whelan, J. Appl. Phys., 30, 544-545, 1959. Gerlich, D., J. Appl. Phys., 35, 3062, 1964. Hickernell, F. S. and W. R. Gayton, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 462, 1966. MacFarlane, R. E., et. al., Phys. Letters, 20, 234-235, 1966. Leese, J. and A. E. Lord Jr., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 3986-3988, 1968. Miller, R. A. and D. E. Schuele, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 30, 589-600, 1969. Wasilik, J. H. and M. L. Wheat, J. Appl. Phys., 36, 791-793, 1965. Haussühl, S., Phys. Stat. Sol., 3, 1072-1076, 1963. Houston, B., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 3913-3916, 1968. Trivisonno, J. and C. S. Smith, Acta Metal., 9, 1064-1071, 1961. Alexandrov, K. S. and T. V. Ryzhova, Sov. Phys. Cryst., 6, 228-252, 1961. Lewis, J. T., A. Lehoczky and C. V. Briscoe, Phys. Rev., 161, 877-887, 1967. Drabble, J. R. and R. E. B. Strathen, Proc. Phys. Soc., 92, 1090-1995, 1967. Oliver, D. W., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 893, 1969. Alper, T., and G. A. Saunders, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 1637-1642, 1967. Dickinson, J. M. and P. E. Armstrong, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 602-606, 1967. Bolef, D. I., J. Appl. Phys., 32, 100-105, 1961. Rayne, J. A., Phys. Rev., 112, 1125-1130, 1958. MacFarlane, R. E., et. al., Phys. Letters, 18, 91-92, 1965. Smith, P. A. and C. S. Smith, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 279-289, 1965. Norwood, M. H. and C. V. Briscoe, Phys. Rev., 112, 45-48, 1958. Simmons, G. and F. Birch, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2736-2738, 1963. Gutman, E. J. and J. Trivisonno, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 28, 805-809, 1967. Ghafelehbashi, M., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 41, 652-666, 1970. McSkimin, H. J. and P. Andreatch Jr., J. Appl. Phys., 35, 2161-2165, 1964. Neighbours, J. R. and G. A. Alers, Phys. Rev., 111, 707-712, 1958. Hidshaw, W., J. T. Lewis, and C. V. Briscoe, Phys. Rev., 163, 876-881, 1967. Daniels, W. B., Phys. Rev., 119, 1246-1252, 1960. Viswanathan, R., J. Appl. Phys., 37, 884-886, 1966. Miller, R. A. and C. S. Smith, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 25, 1279-1292, 1964. Claytor, R. N. and B. J. Marshall, Phys. Rev., 120, 332-334, 1960. Schreiber, E., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 2508-2511, 1967. Gerlich, D., Phys. Rev., 136, A1366-A1368, 1964. Johnston, D. L., P. H. Thrasher and R. J. Kearney, J. Appl. Phys., 41, 427-428, 1970. Poindexter, E. and A. A. Giardini, Phys. Rev., 110, 1069, 1958. Soga, N., J. Appl. Phys., 37, 3416-3420, 1966. Bartlett, R. W. and C. W. Smith, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5428-5429, 1967. Morse, G. E. and A. W. Lawson, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 28, 939-950, 1967. Armstrong, P. E., O. N. Carlson and J. F. Smith, J. Appl. Phys., 30, 36-41, 1959. Macedo, P. M., W. Capps and J. B. Wachtman, J. Am. Cer. Soc., 47, 651, 1964. Beattie, A. G., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4818-4821, 1969. Chang, R. and L. J. Graham, J. Appl Phys., 37, 3778-3783, 1966. Lowrie, R. and A. M. Gonas, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 4505-4509. 1967. Graham, L. J., H. Nadler and R. Chang, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 1572-1573, 1963.
12-41
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
Wachtman, J. B. Jr., et. al., J. Nucl. Mat., 16, 39-41, 1965. Bolef, D. I., J. Appl. Phys., 32, 100-105, 1961. Berlincourt, D., H. Jaffe and L. R. Shiozawa, Phys. Rev., 129, 1009-1017, 1963. Adhav. R. S. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 43, 835-838, 1968. Berlincourt, D. and H. Jaffe, Phys. Rev., 111, 143-148, 1958. Huntington, H. B., in Solid State Pysics, Vol. 7, Seitz, F., and Turnbull, D., Ed., pp. 213-285; Academic Press, New York 1958. Cutler, H. R., J. J. Gibson and K. A. McCarthy, Sol. State Comm., 6, 431-433, 1968. Mason, W. P., Piezoelectric Crystals and Their Application to Ultrasonics, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, 1950. Adhav, R. S., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2725-2727, 1969. Manghnani, M. H., J. Geophys. Res., 74, 4317-4328, 1969. Uchida, N. and Y. Ohmachi, J. Appl Phys., 40, 4692-4695, 1969. House, D. G. and E. Y. Vernon, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 254-259, 1960. Ryzhova, T. V., et. al., Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Earth Phys. Ser., English Transl., no. 2, 111-113, 1966. Alton, W. J. and A. J. Barlow, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3817-3820, 1967. Michard, F., et. al., C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 265, 565-567, 1967. Haussühl, S., Acta Cryst., 18, 839-842, 1965. Hearmon, R. F. S., Rev. Mod. Phys., 18, 409-440, 1946. Heseltine, J. C. W., D. W. Elliott and O. B. Wilson, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 2584-2587, 1964. Schwerdtner, W. M., et. al., Canad. J. Earth Sci., 2, 673-683, 1965. Kumazawa, M. and O. L. Anderson, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5961-5972, 1969 . Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 7, 753-755, 1963. Verma, R. K., J. Geophys. Soc., 65, 757-766, 1960. McSkimin, H. J. and E. S. Fisher, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 1627-1639, 1960. Alexandrov, K. S. and T.V. Ryzhova, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., English Transl., no.8, 871-875, 1961. Afanaseva, G. K., et. al, Phys. Stat. Sol., 24, K61-K63, 1967. Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 8, 589-591, 1964. Alexandrov, K. S. and T. V Ryzhova, Bull Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., English Transl., no.2, 129-131, 1962. Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 8, 164-166, 1963. Teslenko, V. F., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 10, 744-747, 1966. Smith, J. F. and C. L. Arbogast, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 99-102, 1960. Cline, C. F., H. L. Dunegan and G. M. Henderson, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 1944-1948, 1967. Chang, Y. A. and L. Himmel, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 3787-3790, 1966. Gerlich, D., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 2575-2579, 1967. McSkimin, H. J., J. Appl. Phys., 26, 406-409, 1955. Fisher, E. S. and D. Dever, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 239, 48-57, 1967. Fisher, E. S. and D. Dever, Proc. Conf. Rare Earth Res., 6th, Gatlinburg, Tenn., 522-533, 1967. Fisher, E. S. and C. J. Renken, Phys. Rev., 135, A482-A494, 1964. Proctor, T. M. Jr., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 39, 972-977, 1966. Chandrasekhar, B. S. and J. A. Rayne, Phys. Rev., 124, 1011-1041, 1961. Wazzan, A. R. and L. B. Robinson, Phys. Rev., 155, 586-594, 1967. Ferris, R. W., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 34, 768-770, 1963. Gilman, J. J. and B. W. Roberts, J. Appl. Phys., 32, 1405, 1961. Smith, J. F. and J. A. Gjevre, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 645-647, 1960. Alers, G. A. and J. R. Neighbours, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 7, 58-64, 1908. Bateman, T. B., J. Appl. Phys., 33, 3309-3312, 1962. Tefft, W. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 70A, 277-280, 1966. DeBretteville, Jr., A. et. al., Phys. Rev., 148, 575-579, 1966. Dandekar, D. P. and A. L. Ruoff, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 6004-6009, 1968. Warner, A. W., M. Onoe and G. A. Coquin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 42, 1223-1231, 1967. McSkimin, H. J., P. Andreatch and R. N. Thurston, J. Appl. Phys., 36, 1624-1632, 1965. Mort, J., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3414-3415, 1967.
12-42
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183—322, 1983; 13, 1069—1096, 1984; 13, 1097—1130, 1984, 13, 1131—1172, 1984. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147—1298, 1979. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339—438, 1979; 8, 439—498, 1979. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IN 10–8 Ω m T/K
Aluminum
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18
T/K
Gold
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500
0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97
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Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216 Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1
Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7 Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7
Calcium
Cesium
0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4
0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0
Lead
4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3
Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4
Chromium
1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86
Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued) T/K
Gold
600 700 800 900
4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86
T/K
Molybdenum
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2
T/K
Sodium
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93
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Hafnium 78.5
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
32.9 44.0 57.1
Nickel
9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4 Palladium
Platinum
0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6
0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4
0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0
Strontium
Tantalum
Tungsten
0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6
0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1
0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5
151 152
Potassium
Rubidium
0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47
0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3
Vanadium
0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7
Manganese
Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49
Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued)
Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
T/K
Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m
273 273 273 290—300 298 273 290—300 290—300 290—300 290—300 273 290—300 273 273 290—300 290—300 298 290—300 273 273 273 290—300 290—300 273 273 273 273 290—300 290—300 290—300 273 273 290—300 273 273 273 290—300 290—300
39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference. Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10-8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here. REFERENCE C.Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183-322, 1983. Aluminum-Copper
Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00
2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3
2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6
3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8
3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2
8.71 7.92 3.22
10.8 9.43 4.46
2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60
11.1 9.68 4.65
11.7 10.2 5.00
12.3 10.7 5.37
Aluminum-Magnesium
Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78
2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92
3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25
3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37
3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20
4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03
Copper-Gold
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00
1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40
1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57
1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62
2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03
2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45
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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Copper-Nickel
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81
2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23
2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08
2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37
3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63
3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18
Copper-Palladium
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97
2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90
2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67
2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93
2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82
2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68
Copper-Zinc
Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08
1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87
1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08
2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15
2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67
2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19
Gold-Palladium
Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64
2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70
2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94
2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02
3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63
3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23
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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Gold-Palladium (continued)
Wt % Au 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01
27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07
27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85
27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12
28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99
29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80
Gold-Silver
Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627
2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69
2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80
2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84
3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12
400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42
Iron-Nickel
Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
400 K
3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66
10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17
12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94
12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12
18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8
Silver-Palladium
Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91
1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01
2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13
2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17
2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47
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400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Silver-Palladium (continued) 100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97
14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06
14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82
14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08
14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92
400 K
Wt % Ag 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a
Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. c Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. d Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. e Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. f Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. g Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. h Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. i Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. j Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. k Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. m Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. a
b
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15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70
CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse The following table lists the major ferroelectric crystals and their Curie temperatures, TC.
REFERENCE Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.
Name or acronym
Formula
TC/K
KH2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2 PO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2PO4 RbD2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4
123 97 213 162 146 111 218 178 159 143 212
NaKC4H4O6⋅4H2O NaKC4H2D2O6⋅4H2O NaNH4C4H4O6⋅4H2O LiNH4C4H4O6⋅H2O
255-297 251-308 109 106
(NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SeO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2BeF4 (NH4)2BeF4 HNH4(ClCH2COO)2
322 295 346 176 128
BaTiO3 PbTiO3 KNbO3 KTa2/3Nb1/3O3 LiNBO3 LiTaO3 Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 Ba2NaNb5O15 KIO3 LiIO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3
406, 278, 193 765 712 241, 220, 170 1483 891 521 833 485, 343, 257-263, 83 529 397 548 437-487
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate group KDP KDA KDDP KDDA RDP RDA RDDP RDDA CDP CDA CDDA
Rochelle salt group Rochelle salt Deuterated Rochelle salt Ammonium Rochelle salt LAT
Triglycine sulfate group TGS TGSe TGFB AFB HADA Perovskites and related compounds Barium titanate Lead titanate Potassium niobate Potassium tantalate niobate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium titanium niobate Ba-Na niobate (“Bananas”) Potassium iodate Lithium iodate Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Rubidium nitrate
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CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name or acronym
Formula
TC/K
Miscellaneous compounds Cesium trihydrogen selenite Lithium trihydrogen selenite Potassium selenate Methyl ammonium alum (MASD) Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Colemanite Cadmium pyroniobite Gadolinium molybdate
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CsH3(SeO3)2 LiH3(SeO3)2 K2SeO4
143 TC > Tmp 93
CH3NH3Al(SO4)2⋅12H2O (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 CaB3O4(OH)3⋅H2O Cd2Nb2O7 Gd2(MoO4)3
177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432
PROPERTIES OF ANTIFERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie Temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie-Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie Temperature: ε = const./(T - T0) Name or acronym
Formula
TC/K
ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate
NH4H2PO4 NH4H2 AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6
148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245
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T0/K
378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245
DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF GLASSES
Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a
Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20°C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 4.1 (1 MHz)
Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.
12-59
Volume resistivity (350°C megohm-cm)
Loss factora
10 0.13 100 2,500 — 80 16 25 13 1,300 — 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000—30,000 —
0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts
The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions. The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicative of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive.
Ho ρ
–4πM
Normal
Hc Superconducting
0 (a)
Tc
Tc
0 (b)
0
Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)
Hc2
Hc3
FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors. The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a high-field superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials. High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat.
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PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 1 Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Element
Tc(K)
Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)
1.175 ± 0.002 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 1.083 ± 0.001 5.9, 6.2 7 7.85 0.128 4.154 ± 0.001 3.949 3.408 ± 0.001 0.1125 ± 0.001 4.88 ± 0.02 6.00 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.03 0.915 ± 0.005 9.25 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.03 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 1.697 ± 0.006 0.49 ± 0.015 3.722 ± 0.001 4.47 ± 0.04 7.8 ± 0.1 1.38 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.04 2.38 ± 0.02 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 0.0154 ± 0.0005 0.85 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.15 0.65, 0.95
θD(K)
Ho(oersted)
γ(mJ mol–1K–1)
104.9 ± 0.3
420
1.35
28 ± 1 58.3 ± 0.2 560 950, HFa 815, HF 12.7 411 ± 2 339 281.5 ± 2 16 ± 0.05 800 ± 10 1096, 1600 350 ± 50 96 ± 3 2060 ± 50, HF 70
209 325
0.21 0.69 0.60
2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3
87, 71.9 93 109 425 151 139 460 276 500
1.83 7.80 2.35
803 ± 1 200 ± 5 69 ± 2 305 ± 2 829 ± 6 1410, HF 1.60 ± 3 56 178 ± 2
96 4.5 580 195 258 411 165 415 78.5
3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47
1408 1.15 ± 0.03 54 ± 0.3 47
383 383 310 290
9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77
TABLE 2 Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Usually at Low Temperatures Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a
Tc Range (K) 1.15—5.7 5—9.75 6.17—6.6 0.79—0.91 0.53—0.59 2.5—8.5 3.87—4.5 2.2—5.6 3.55—6.74 3.3—8.0
Comments HFa HF
HF HF
HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.
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Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn
Tc Range (K) 2.0—10.1 1.8—7.5 1.7—7 3.5—6 <1.7—4.51 4.6—7.7 1.3 Max 2.33—2.96 1.8—6.02 <1.0—4.1 0.77—1.9
Comments
HFa
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 3 Elements Exhibiting Superconductivity Under or After Application of High Pressure Tc Range (K)
Pressure (kbar)
Ba II III IV Bi II III IV V VI VII(?) Ce (α) Ce (α′) Cs V Ga II II′
1.98—0.075 0.31—0.5 0.2—0.25 1—1.8 1.8—5 4.5—5.4 3.9 6.55—7.25 7.0, 8.7—6.0 6.7, 8.3 8.55 8.2 0.020—0.045 1.9—1.3 1.5 6.38 7.5
Ge La Lu P
5.35 5.5—12.9 0.022—1.0 5.8
0—62 220—140 140—100 55—85 85—144 144—190 25—27 28—38 43, 43—62 48—80 90, 92—101 30 20—35 45—125 >125 ≥35 ≥35 then P removed 115 0—210 45—190 170
Element Al As
Element
Tc Range (K)
Pb II Re II
3.55 2.3 Max.
Sb (prepared 120 kbar, held below 77K) Sb II Se II Si Sn II III Te II
2.6—2.7
IV () Tl (cubic form) (hexagonal form) U Y Zr (omega form, metastable)
3.55—3.40 6.75, 6.95 6.7—7.1 5.2—4.85 5.30 2.4—5.1 4.1—4.2 4.72—4 3.3—2.8 1.45 1.95 2.4—0.4 1.7—2.5 1—1.7
Pressure (kbar) 160 “Plastic” compression
85—150 130 120—130 125—160 113 38—55 53—62 63—80 100—260 35 35 10—85 110—160 60—130
TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys All compositions are denoted on an atomic basis, i.e., AB, AB2, or AB3 for compounds, unless noted. Solid solutions or odd compositions may be denoted as AzB1–z or AzB. A series of three or more alloys is indicated as AxB1–x or by actual indication of the atomic fraction range, such as A0— 0.6B1—0.4. The critical temperature of such a series of alloys is denoted by a range of values or possibly the maximum value. The selection of the critical temperature from a transition in the effective permeability, or the change in resistance, or possibly the incremental changes in frequency observed by certain techniques is not often obvious from the literature. Most authors choose the mid-point of such curves as the probable critical temperature of the idealized material, while others will choose the highest temperature at which a deviation from the normal state property is observed. In view of the previous discussion concerning the variability of the superconductive properties as a function of purity and other metallurgical aspects, it is recommended that appropriate literature be checked to determine the most probable critical temperature or critical field of a given alloy. A very limited amount of data on critical fields, HO, is available for these compounds and alloys; these values are given at the end of the table. A. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc< 10 K Substance Ag3.3Al AgxAlyZn1-x-y AgBi2 Ag7F0.25N0.75O10.25 Ag2F Ag7FO8 Ag0.8—0.3Ga0.2—0.7 Ag4Ge Ag0.438Hg0.562 AgIn2
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Tc, K 0.34 0.15 2.87—3.0 0.85—0.90 0.0.066 0.3 6.5—8 0.85 0.64 ~2.4
Crystal structure type A12-cI58 (Mn) Cubic
Cubic Hex., c.p. D82 C16
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Ag0.1In0.9Te (n = 1.4 × 1022)* Ag0.2In0.8Te (n = 1.07 × 1022) AgLa AgLa (9.5 kbar) AgLu AgMo4S5 Ag1.2Mo6Se8 Ag7NO11 AgxPb1-x Ag4Sn AgxSn1-x AgxSn1–x (film) AgTe3 AgTh AgTh2 Ag0.03Tl0.97 Ag0.94Tl0.06 AgY AgxZn1-x AlAu4 Al2Au Al2CMo3 Al2CaSi Al0.131Cr0.088V0.781 AlGe2 Al2Ge2U AlLa3 Al2La Al2Lu Al3Mg2 AlMo3 AlMo6Pd AlN Al2NNb3 Al3Nb AlOs Al3Os AlPb (film) Al2Pt Al5Re24 AlSb Al2Sc Al2Si2U AlTh2 Al3Th AlxTiyV1-x-y Al0.108V0.892 Al2Y Al3Yb AlxZn1-x AlZr3 AsBiPb AsBiPbSb AsHfOs AsHfRu
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Tc, K 1.2—1.89 0.77—1.00 0.94 1.2 0.33 9.1 5.9 1.04 7.2 max. 0.1 1.5—3.7 2.0—3.8 2.6 2.2 2.26 2.67 2.32 0.33 0.5—0.845 0.4—0.7 0.1 9.8—10.2 5.8 1.46 1.75 1.6 5.57 3.23 1.02 0.84 0.58 2.1 1.55 1.3 0.64 0.39 5.90 1.2—7 0.48—0.55 3.35 2.8 1.02 1.34 0.1 0.75 2.05—3.62 1.82 0.35 0.94 0.5—0.845 0.73 9.0 9.0 3.2 4.9
Crystal structure type B1 B1 B2-cP2 (CsCl) B2 B2-cP2 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Cubic h**
Cubic C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16
B2-cP2 (CsCl) Like A13 C1-cF12 (CaF2) A13+trace 2nd. phase) Cubic LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) DO19 C15 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) F.C.C. A15 B4 A13 tI8 (Al3Ti) B2
C1 A12 B4-tI4 (Sn) C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) DO19 Cubic Cubic C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) LI2
C22-hP9 (Fe2P) same
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance As0.33InTe0.67 (n = 1.24 ×1022) As0.5InTe0.5 (n = 0.97 × 1022) As4La3 AsNb3 As0.50Ni0.06Pd0.44 AsNi0.25Pd0.75 AsOsZr AsPb AsPd2 (low-temp. phase) AsPd2 (high-temp. phase) AsPd5 As3Pd5 AsRh AsRh1.4—1.6 AsSn AsSn (n = 2.14 × 1022) As~2Sn~3 As3Sn4 (n = 0.56 × 1022) AsV3 Au5Ba AuBe Au2Bi Au5Ca AuGa2 AuGa Au0.40—0.92Ge0.60—0.08 AuIn2 AuIn AuLu AuNb3 AuPb2 AuPb2 (film) AuPb3 AuPb3 (film) Au2Pb AuSb2 AuSn AuxSn1-x (film) Au5Sn AuTa4.3 Au3Te5 AuTh2 AuTl AuV3 AuxZn1-x AuZn3 AuxZry AuZr3 B2Ba0.67Pt3 BCMo2 BCMo2 B2Ca0.67Pt3 B4ErIr4 B4ErRh4 B4ErRh4
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Tc, K 0.85—1.15 0.44—0.62 0.6 0.3 1.39 1.6 8.0 8.4 0.60 1.70 0.46 1.9 0.58 < 0.03—0.56 4.10 3.41—3.65 3.5—3.6; 1.21—1.17 1.16—1.19 0.20 0.4—0.7 2.64 1.80 0.34—0.38 1.6 1.2 <0.32—1.63 0.2 0.4—0.6 <0.35 1.2 3.15 4.3 4.40 4.25 1.18; 6—7 0.58 1.25 2.0—3.8 0.7—1.1 0.55 1.62 3.08 1.92 0.74 0.50—0.845 1.21 1.7—2.8 0.92 5.60 5.4 5.3—7.0 1.57 2.1 4.3 8.7
Crystal structure type B1 B1 cI28 (Th3P4) L12-tP32 C2 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Hexagonal C22 Complex B31 Hexagonal B1 Rhombohedral A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D2d B20 C15 C15b C1-cF12 (CaF2) B31 Complex C1-cF12 Complex B2 A2
C15 C2 B81 A3 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Cubic C16 A15 Cubic A3 A15 hP12 (B2BaPt3) Orthorhombic Same hP12 tP18 (B4CeCo4) oC108 (B4LuRh4) tP18 (B4CeCo4)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance BHf B4HoIr4 B4HoRh4 B2Ir3La B2Ir3Th B4Ir4Tm B6La B2LaRh3 B12Lu B2LuOs B2LuOs3 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4LuRu4 BMo BMo2 BNb B4NdRh4 B2OsSc B2OsY B2Pt3Sr0.67 BRe2 B4Rh3.4Ru0.6 B4Rh4Sm B4Rh4Th B4Rh4Tm B4Rh4Tm B0.3Ru0.7 B4Ru4Sc B2Ru3Th B2Ru3Y B2Ru Y B4Ru4Y B12Sc BTa BTa2 B6Th BW2 B6Y B12Y BZr B12Zr BaBi3 Ba2Mo15Se19 BaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 4.2 ×1019) Ba0.13O3W Ba0.14O3W BaRh2 Be22Mo Be8Nb5Zr2 Be0.98—0.92Re0.02—0.08 (quenched) Be0.957Re0.043 BeTc Be22W
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Tc, K
Crystal structure type
3.1 2.0 1.4 1.65 2.09 1.6 5.7 2.82 0.48 2.66 4.62 6.2 9.86 2.0 0.5 (extrapol.) 4.74 8.25 5.3 1.34 2.22 2.78 2.80; 4.6 8.38 2.7 4.3 9.8 5.4 2.58 7.2 1.79 2.85 7.80 1.4 0.39 4.0 3.12 0.74 3.1 6.5—7.1 4.7 3.4 5.82 5.69 2.75 <0.1—0.55 1.9 <1.25—2.2 6.0 2.51 5.2
Cubic tP18 oC108 hP6 (CaCu5) Same tP18
9.5—9.75 9.62 5.21 4.12
Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re)
hP6 oP16 (B2LuRu) hP6 oC108 oP16 tI72 (B4LuRu4) C16 Bf tP18 oP16 oP16 hP12 (B2BaPt3) tI72 tP18 Same Same oC108 D102 tI72 hP6 Same oP16 tI72 Bf C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16
Cubic Tetragonal hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Tetragonal Hexagonal C15 Cubic (Be22Re)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Be13W Bi3Ca Bi0.5Cd0.13Pb0.25Sn0.12 (weight fractions) BiCo Bi2Cs BixCu1-x (electrodeposited) BiCu Bi3Fe Bi0.019In0.981 Bi0.05In0.95 Bi0.10In0.90 Bi0.15—0.30In0.85—0.70 Bi0.34—0.48In0.66—0.52 Bi3In5 BiIn2 Bi2Ir Bi2Ir (quenched) BiK Bi2K BiLi Bi4—9Mg Bi3Mo BiNa BiNb3 BiNb3 (high pressure and temperature) BiNi Bi3Ni BiNi0.5Rh0.5 Bi0.5NiSb0.5 Bi1-0Pb0-1 Bi1-0Pb0-1 (film) Bi0.05—0.40Pb0.95—0.60 Bi2Pb BiPbSb Bi0.5Pb0.31Sn0.19 (weight fractions) Bi0.5Pb0.25Sn0.25 BiPd2 Bi0.4Pd0.6 BiPd Bi2Pd Bi2Pd BiPd0.45Pt0.55 BiPdSe BiPdTe BiPt Bi0.1PtSb0.9 BiPtSe BiPtTe Bi2Pt Bi2Rb BiRe2 BiRh
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Tc, K 4.1 2.0 8.2 0.42—0.49 4.75 2.2 1.33—1.40 1.0 3.86 4.65 5.05 5.3—5.4 4.0—4.1 4.1 5.65 1.7—2.3 3.0—3.96 3.6 3.58 2.47 0.7—~1.0 3—3.7 2.25 4.5 3.05 4.25 4.06 3.0 2.0 7.26—9.14 7.25—8.67 7.35—8.4 4.25 8.9 8.5 8.5 4.0 3.7—4 3.7 1.70 4.25 3.7 1.0 1.2 1.21 2.05; 1.5 1.45 1.15 0.155 4.25 1.9—2.2 2.06
Crystal structure type Tetragonal
C15
m** α-phase Same α- and β-phases β-phase
C15 L1o, α-phase
L1o A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) A15 B81 Orthorhombic B81-hP4 (AsNi) Same
H.C.P. to ε-phase t**
Hexagonal, ordered Orthorhombic Monoclinic, α-phase Tetragonal, β-phase B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 B81 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 Hexagonal C15 B81
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Bi3Rh Bi4Rh BiRu Bi3Sn BiSn BixSny Bi3Sr Bi3Te Bi5Tl3 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi2Y3 Bi3Zn Bi0.3Zr0.7 BiZr3 BrMo6Se7 Br3Mo6Se5 CCsx CFe3 CGaMo2 CHf0.5Mo0.5 CHf0.3Mo0.7 CHf0.25Mo0.75 CHf0.7Nb0.3 CHf0.6Nb0.4 CHf0.5Nb0.5 CHf0.4Nb0.6 CHf0.25Nb0.75 CHf0.2Nb0.8 CHf0.9—0.1Ta0.1—0.9 CK (excess K) C8K C2La C2Lu C0.40—0.44Mo0.60—0.56 C3MoRe C0.6Mo4.8Si3 CMo0.2Ta0.8 CMo0.5Ta0.5 CMo0.75Ta0.25 CMo0.8Ta0.2 CMo0.85Ta0.15 CMoxV1-x CMoxZr1-x C0.984Nb CNb2 CNbxTi1-x CNb0.1—0.9Zr0.9—0.1 CRbx (Au) CRe0.06W CRu C0.987Ta C0.848—0.987 CTa (film) CTa2
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Tc, K 3.2 2.7 5.7 3.6—3.8 3.8 3.85—4.18 5.62 0.75—1.0 6.4 4.4 4.15 2.25 0.8—0.9 1.51 2.4—2.8 7.1 7.1 0.020—0.135 1.30 3.7—4.1 3.4 5.5 6.6 6.1 4.5 4.8 5.6 7.0 7.8 5.0—9.0 0.55 0.39 1.66 3.33 9—13 3.8 7.6 7.5 7.7 8.5 8.7 8.9 2.9—9.3 9.8 9.8 9.1 <4.2—8.8 4.2—8.4 0.023—0.151 5.0 2.00 9.7 2.04—9.7 5.09 3.26
Crystal structure type Orthorhombic (NiB3) Hexagonal m**
L12
Cubic, disordered L12, ordered (?)
hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Hexagonal DO11-oP16 (Fe3C) Hexagonal B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal Hexagonal tI6 (CaC2) Same B1-cF8 D88 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal hP2 (CW)
B1 L′3
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance CTa0.4Ti0.6 Cta1—0.4W0—0.6 CTa0.2—0.9Zr0.8—0.1 CTc (excess C) CTi0.5—0.7W0.5—0.3 CW CW2 CW2 C2Y Ca3Co4Sn13 Ca3Ge13Rh4 CaHg CaHg3 CaIr2 Ca3Ir4Sn13 CaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 3.7—11 × 1019) Ca0.1O3W CaPb CaRh2 CaRh1.2Sn4.5 CaTl3 Cd0.3—0.5Hg0.7—0.5 CdHg Cd0.0075—0.05In0.9925—0.95 Cd0.97Pb0.03 CdSn Cd0.17Tl0.83 Cd0.18Tl0.82 CeCo2 CeCo1.67Ni0.33 CeCo1.67Rh0.33 CexGd1-xRu2 CeIr3 CeIr5 Ce0.005La0.995 CexLa1-x CexPr1-xRu2 CexPt1-x CeRu2 Ce3Mo6Se5 Ce2Mo6Te6 CoxFe1-xSi2 CoHf2 CoLa3 Co4La3Sn13 CoLu3 CoxLuSny Co0—0.01Mo0.8Re0.2 Co0.02—0.10Nb3Rh0.98—0.90 CoxNi1-xSi2 Co0.5Rh0.5Si2 CoxRh1-xSi2 Co~0.3So~0.7 Co4Sc5Si10 CoSi2
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Tc, K 4.8 8.5—10.5 4.6—8.3 3.85 6.7—2.1 1.0 2.74 5.2 3.88 5.9 2.1 1.6 1.6 6.15 7.1 < 0.1—0.55 1.4—3.4 7.0 6.40 8.7 2.0 1.70—1.92 1.77; 2.15 3.24—3.36 4.2 3.65 2.3 2.54 0.84 0.46 0.47 3.2—5.2 3.34 1.82 4.6 1.3—6.3 1.4—5.3 0.7—1.55 6.0 5.7 1.7 1.4 (max.) 0.56 4.28 2.8 ~0.35 1.5 2—10 2.28—1.90 1.4 (max.) 2.5 3.65 (max.) ~0.35 5.0 1.40; 1.22
Crystal structure type B1 B1 B1 Cubic B1 L′3 F.C.C. tI6 (CaC2) cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Same B2-cP2 (CsCl) hP8 (Ni3Sn) C15 cP40 Hexagonal C15 cP40 B2-cP2 Tetragonal Tetragonal
C15 C15 C15 C15
C15 C15 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same C1 E93 cP40 cP40 A15 C1
tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) C1
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance CoxSnyYb Co3Th7 CoxTi1-x CoxTi1-x CoTi2 CoTi CoU CoU6 Co0.28Y0.72 CoY3 CoZr2 Co0.1Zr0.9 Cr0.6Ir0.4 Cr0.65Ir0.35 Cr0.7Ir0.3 Cr0.72Ir0.28 Cr3Ir Cr0—0.1Nb1—0.9 Cr0.80Os0.20 Cr3Os CrxRe1-x Cr0.4Re0.6 Cr0.8—0.6Rh0.2—0.4 Cr3Rh Cr3Ru (annealed) Cr2Ru Cr3Ru2 Cr0.1—0.5Ru0.9—0.5 CrxTi1-x CrxTi1-x Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 Cr0.0175U0.9825 Cs0.32O3W Cu0.15In0.85 (film) Cu0.04—0.08In0.94—0.92 CuLa Cu2Mo6O2S6 Cu2Mo6Se8 CuxPb1-x CuS CuS2 CuSSe CuSe2 CuSeTe CuxSn1-x CuxSn1-x (film, made at 10K) CuxSn1-x (film, made at 300K) CuTe2 CuTh2 Cu0—0.027V CuY CuxZn1-x DyMo6S8 ErxLa1-x ErMo6S8
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Tc, K 2.5 1.83 2.8 (max.) 3.8 (max.) 3.44 0.71 1.7 2.29 0.34 <0.34 6.3 3.9 0.4 0.59 0.76 0.83 0.45 4.6—9.2 2.5 4.68 1.2—5.2 2.15 0.5—1.10 0.3 3.3 2.02 2.10 0.34—1.65 3.6 (max.) 4.2 (max.) 5.6 0.75 1.12 3.75 4.4 5.85 9 5.9 5.7—7.7 1.62 1.48—1.53 1.5—2.0 2.3—2.43 1.6—2.0 3.2—3.7 3.6—7 2.8—3.7 <1.25—1.3 3.49 3.9—5.3 0.33 0.5—0.845 2.1 1.4—6.3 2.2
Crystal structure type cP40 D102 Co in α-Ti Co in β-Ti E93 A2 B2, distorted D2c
C16 A3 H.C.P. H.C.P. H.C.P. A15 A2 Cubic A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D8b A3 A15-cP8 A15 D8b D8b-tP30 (CrFe) A3 Cr in α-Ti Cr in β-Ti β-phase Hexagonal
hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same B18 C18 C18 C18 C18
C18 C16 A2 B2-cP2 (CsCl) hR15 hR15
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc, K
ErMo6Se8 Fe3Lu2Si5 Fe0—0.04Mo0.8Re0.2 Fe0.05Ni0.05Zr0.90 Fe3Re2 Fe3Sc2Si5 Fe3Si5Tm Fe3Si5Y2 Fe3Th7 FexTi1-x FexTi1-x FexTi0.6V1-x FeU6 Fe0.1Zr0.9 Ga0.5Ge0.5Nb3 Ga2Ge2U GaHf2 GaLa3 Ga3Lu Ga2Mo GaMo3 GaN (black) Ga0.7Pt0.3 GaPt GaSb (120kbar, 77K, annealed) GaSb (unannealed) Ga0—1Sn1—0 (quenched) Ga0—1Sn1—0 (annealed) GaTe Ga5V2 GaV4.5 Ga3Zr Ga3Zr5 GdxLa1-x GdMo6S8 GdMo6Se8 GdxOs2Y1-x GdxRu2Th1-x Ge10As4Y5 GeIr GeIrLa Ge10Ir4Lu5 Ge10Ir4Y5 Ge2La
6.2 6.1 1—10 ∼3.9 6.55 4.52 1.3 2.4 1.86 3.2 (max.) 3.7 (max.) 6.8 (max.) 3.86 1.0 7.3 0.87 0.21 5.84 2.3 9.5 0.76 5.85 2.9 1.74 4.24 ~5.9 3.47—4.18 2.6—3.85 0.17 3.55 9.15 1.38 3.8 < 1.0—5.5 3.5 5.6 1.4—4.7 3.6 (max.) 9.06 4.7 1.64 2.60 2.62 1.49; 2.2
GeLaPt Ge13Lu3Os4 Ge10Lu5Rh4 Ge13Lu3Ru4 GeMo3 GeNb2 Ge0.29Nb0.71 GePt Ge3Rh5
3.53 3.6 2.79 2.3 1.43 1.9 6 0.40 2.12
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Crystal structure type hR15 tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5)
D8b-tP30 (FeCr) tP40 Same Same D10 Fe in α-Ti Fe in β-Ti D2c A3 A15 B2-cP2 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) B2-cP2 A15 B4 C1 B20 A5
mC24 (GaTe) Tetragonal (Mn2Hg5)
D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) hR15 hR15 C15 tP38 (C04Sc5Si10) B31 tI12 (LaPtSi) tP38 tP38 Orthorhombic, distorted (Mn2Hg5) tI12 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) tP38 cP40 A15 A15 B31 Orthorhombic, related to InNi2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance GeRh Ge13Rh4Sc3 Ge10Rh4Y5 Ge13Ru4Y3 Ge2So GeTa3 Ge3Te4 (n = 1.06 × 1022) GexTe1-x (n = 8.5—64 × 1020) GeV3 Ge2Y Ge1.62Y Ge2Zr GeZr3 H0.33Nb0.67 H0.1Nb0.9 H0.05Nb0.95 H0.12Ta0.88 H0.08Ta0.92 H0.04Ta0.96 HfIrSi HfMo2 HfN0.989 Hf0—0.5Nb1—0.5 Hf0.75Nb0.25 HfOs2 HfOsP HfPRu HfRe2 Hf0.14Re0.86 Hf0.99—0.96Rh0.01—0.04 Hf0—0.55Ta1—0.45 HfV2 HgxIn1-x HgIn Hg2K Hg3K Hg4K Hg8K Hg3Li HgMg3 Hg2Mg Hg3Mg5 Hg2Na Hg4Na HgxPb1-x HgSn HgxTl1-x Hg5Tl2 HoxLa1-x Ho1.2Mo6Se8 In1—0.86Mg0—0.14 In2Mo6Te6 InNb3 (high pressure and temp.) In0.5Nb3Zr0.5 In0.11O3W
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Tc, K 0.96 1.9 1.35 1.7 1.3 8.0 1.55—1.80 0.07—0.41 6.01 3.80 2.4 0.30 0.4 7.28 7.38 7.83 2.81 3.26 3.62 3.50 0.05 6.6 8.3—9.5 > 4.2 2.69 6.1 9.9 4.80 5.86 0.85—1.51 4.4—6.5 8.9—9.6 3.14—4.55 3.81 1.20 3.18 3.27 3.42 1.7 0.17 4.0 0.48 1.62 3.05 4.14—7.26 4.2 2.30—4.19 3.86 1.3—6.3 6.1 3.395—3.363 2.6 4—8; 9.2 6.4 < 1.25—2.8
Crystal structure type B31-oP8 (MnP) c P40 tP38 cP40 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Rhombohedral R1 A15 Cc oC12 (ZrSi2) L12-tP32 (Ti3P) B.C.C. Same Same B.C.C. Same Same C37-cP12 (Co2Si) hP24 (Ni2Mn) B1 A2 C14 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 A12 A2 C15
Orthorhombic
Hexagonal hP8 (Na3As) tI6 (MoSi2) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) Hexagonal
D102-hR12 (Be3Nb) hR15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 Hexagonal
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance In0.95—0.85Pb0.05—0.15 In0.98—0.91Pb0.02—0.09 InPb InPd InSb (quenched from 170 kbar into liquid N2) InSb (InSb)0.95—0.10Sn0.05—0.90 (various heat treatments) (InSb)0—0.07Sn1—0.93 In3Sn InxSn1-x In0.82—1Te (n = 0.83—1.71 × 1022) In1.000Te1.002 In3Te4 (n = 4.7 × 1021) InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 In0.62Tl0.38 In0.78—0.69Tl0.22—0.31 In0.69—0.62Tl0.31—0.38 Ir2La Ir3La Ir3La7 Ir5La IrLaSi2 IrLaSi3 Ir2Lu Ir3Lu Ir4Lu5Si10 IrMo IrMo3 IrMo3 IrNb3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 Ir0.37Nb0.63 IrNb Ir1.15Nb0.85 Ir0.02Nb3Rh0.98 Ir0.05Nb3Rh0.95 Ir0.287O0.14Ti0.573 Ir0.265O0.035Ti0.65 IrxOs1-x Ir1.5Os0.5 IrOsY IrSiY IrSiZr Ir2Sc Ir2.5Sc Ir4Sc5Si10 Ir2Si2Th IrSi3Th IrSiTh Ir2Si2Y Ir4Si10Y5 Ir3Si5Y2
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Tc, K
Crystal structure type
3.6—5.05 3.45—4.2 6.65 0.7
B2
4.8 2.1
Like A5 B4
3.8—5.1 3.67—3.74 ~5.5 3.4—7.3 1.02—3.45 3.5—3.7 1.15—1.25 2.7—3.374 3.223 2.760 3.18—3.32 2.98—3.3 0.48 2.32 2.24 2.13 2.03 2.7 2.47 2.89 3.9 < 1.0 9.6 6.8 1.9 9.8 2.32 7.9 4.6 2.43 2.38 5.5 2.30 0.3—0.98 2.4 2.6 2.70 2.04 2.07 2.46 8.46 2.14 1.75 6.50 2.60 3.10 2.83
B1 B1 Rhombohedral
Tetragonal F.C.C. C15 D102 D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) tI10 (BaNiSn3) C15 C15 tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) A3 A15 D8b A15 D8b D8b D8b oP12 (IrTa) A15 A15 E93 E93 C14 C15 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C15 C15 tP38 tI10 tI10 tI12 (LaPtSi) tI10 (Al4Ba) tP38 oI40
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance IrSn2 Ir2Sr Ir7Ta13 Ir0.5Te0.5 IrTe3 IrTh Ir2Th Ir3Th Ir3Th7 Ir5Th IrTi3 IrV2 IrW3 Ir0.28W0.72 Ir2Y Ir0.69Y0.31 Ir0.70Y0.30 Ir2Y3 Ir3Y IrxY1-x Ir2Zr Ir0.1Zr0.9 K2Mo15S19 K0.27—0.31O3W K0.40—0.57O3W La0.55Lu0.45 La0.8Lu0.2 LaMg2 LaMo6S8 LaN LaOs2 LaPt2 La0.28Pt0.72 LaPtSi LaRh3 LaRh5 La7Rh3 LaRhSi2 La2Rh3Si5 LaRhSi3 LaRh2Si2 LaRu2 La3S4 La3Se4 LaSi2 LaxY1-x LaZn Li2Mo6S8 LiPb LuOs2 Lu0.275Rh0.725 LuRh5 Lu5Rh4Si10 LuRu2 Mg1.14Mo6.6S8
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Tc, K 0.65—0.78 5.70 1.2 ~3 1.18 < 0.37 6.50 4.71 1.52 3.93 5.40 1.39 3.82 4.49 2.18; 1.38 1.98; 1.44 2.16 1.61 3.50 0.3—3.7 4.10 5.5 3.32 0.50 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.05 7.1 1.35 6.5 0.46 0.54 3.48 2.60 1.62 2.58 3.42 4.45 2.7 3.90 1.63 6.5 8.6 2.3 1.7—5.4 1.04 4.2 7.2 3.49 1.27 0.49 3.95 0.86 3.5
Crystal structure type C1 C15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) C2 Bf C15 D102 D2d A15 A15
C15 C15 C15 D102-hR13 (Be3Nb) C15 A3 hR15 Hexagonal Tetragonal Hexagonal, La type Same C15 hR15 C15 C15 C15 tI12
D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) oI40 (Co3Si5U2) tl10 (BaNiSn3) tl10 (Al4Ba) C15 D73 D73 Cc B2 hR15 C14 C15 tP38 (Co4So5Si10) C14 hR15
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Mg2Nb Mg~0.47Tl~0.53 MgZn MnxTi1-x MnxTi1-x MnU6 Mo2N Mo6Na2S8 MoxNb1-x Mo5.25Nb0.75Se8 Mo6NdSa8 Mo3Os Mo0.62Cs0.38 Mo3P Mo6Pb1.2Se8 Mo0.5Pd0.5 Mo6PrSe8 MoRe MoRe3 MoxRe1-x Mo0.42Re0.58 MoRh MoxRh1-x MoRu Mo0.61Ru0.39 Mo0.2Ru0.8 Mo3Ru2 Mo4Ru2Te8 Mo6S8 Mo6S8Sc Mo6S8Sm1.2 Mo6S8Tb Mo6S8Tl Mo6S8Tm1.2 Mo6S8Y1.2 Mo6S8Yb Mo6.6S8Zn11 Mo3Sb4 Mo6Se8 Mo6Se8Sm1.2 Mo6Se8Sn1.2 Mo6Se8Tb Mo3Se3Tl Mo6Se8Tm1.2 Mo6Se8Yb Mo3Si MoSi0.7 MoxSiV3-x Mo5.25Ta0.75Te8 Mo6Te8 Mo0.16Ti0.84 Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.04Ti0.96 Mo0.025Ti0.975 MoxU1-x
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Tc, K 5.6 2.75 0.9 2.3 (max.) 1.1—3.0 2.32 5.0 8.6 0.016—9.2 6.2 8.2 7.2 5.65 5.31 6.75 3.52 9.2 7.8 9.25; 9.89 1.2—12.2 6.35 1.97 1.5—8.2 9.5—10.5 7.18 1.66 7.0 1.7 1.85 3.6 2.9 2.0 8.7 2.1 3.0 9.2 3.6 2.1 6.3 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.0 6.3 6.2 1.30 1.34 4.54—16.0 1.7 1.7 4.18; 4.25 2.95 2.0 1.8 0.7—2.1
Crystal structure type
B2 A3-oP4 (AuCd) Mn in -Ti Mn in -Ti D2c F.C.C. hR15 hR15 hR15 A15 D8b DOe hR15 A3 hR15 D8b-tP30 A12 D8b A3 B.C.C. A3 D8b A3 D8b-tP30 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hP14 hR15 hR15 A15 A15 hR15 hR15
Cubic
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance MoxV1-x Mo2Zr NNb (film) NxOyTiz NxOyVz N0.34Re NTa (film) N0.6—0.987Ti N0.82—0.99V NZr N0.906—0.984Zr Na0.28—0.35O3W Na0.28Pb0.72 NbO NbOs2 Nb3Os Nb0.6Os0.4 Nb3Os0.02—0.10Rh0.98—0.90 Nb3P NbPRh Nb0.6Pd0.4 Nb3Pd0.02—0.10Rh0.92—0.90 Nb0.62Pt0.38 Nb5Pt3 Nb3Pt0.02—0.98Rh0.98—0.02 NbRe3 Nb0.38—0.18Re0.62—0.82 NbRe NbReSi Nb3Rh Nb0.6Rh0.40 Nb0.9Rh1.1 Nb3Rh0.98—0.90Ru0.02—0.10 NbxRu1-x NbRuSi NbS2 NbS2 Nb3Sb Nb3Sb0—0.7Sn1—0.3 NbSe2 Nb1—1.05Se2 Nb3Se4 Nb3Si Nb3SiSnV3 NbSn2 Nb6Sn5 NbSnTaV NbSnV2 Nb2SnV NbxTa1-x Nb3Te4 NbxTi1-x Nb0.6Ti0.4 NbxU1-x Nb0.88V0.12
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Tc, K 0—~5.3 4.25—4.75 6—9 2.9—5.6 5.8—8.2 4—5 4.84 < 1.17—5.8 2.9—7.9 9.8 3.0—9.5 0.56 7.2 1.25 2.52 1.05 1.89; 1.78 2.42—2.30 1.8 4.08 1.60 2.49—2.55 4.21 3.73 2.52—9.6 5.27 2.43—9.70 3.8 5.1 2.64 4.21 3.07 2.42—2.44 1.2—4.8 2.65 6.1—6.3 5.0—5.5 0.2 6.8—18 5.15—5.62 2.2—7.0 2.0 1.5 4.0 2.60 2.8 6.2 5.5 9.8 4.4—9.2 1.8 0.6—9.8 9.8 1.95 (max.) 5.7
Crystal structure type C15 B1 Cubic Cubic F.C.C. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Tetragonal
A12 A15 D8b A15 L12tP32 (Ti3P) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) D8f plus cubic A15 D8b D8b A15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A15 D8b-tP30 oI36 (FeTiSi) A15 D8b plus other A3-oP4 (AuCd) A15 oI36 Hexagonal, NbSe2 type Hexagonal, three-layer type L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 Hexagonal Same hP14 L12 Orthorhombic oI44 (Sn5Ti6) A15 A15 A15 A2 hP14
A2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Nb0.5V1.5Zr Ni0.3Th0.7 NiZr2 Ni0.1Zr0.9 O3Rb0.27—0.29W OSn O3SrTi (n = 1.7—12.0 × 1019) O3SrTi (n = 1018—1021) O3SrTi (n = 1020) O3Sr0.08W OTi O3Tl0.30W OV3Zr3 OW3 (film) OsPti OsPZr OsReY Os2Sc OsTa Os3Th7 OsxW1-x OsW3 Os2Y Os2Zr OsxZr1-x PPb OsW2 PPd3.0—3.2 P3Pd7 (high temperature) P3Pd7 (low temperature) PRh PRh2 P4Rh5 PRhTa PRhZr PRuTi PRuZr PW3 Pb2Pd Pb4Pt Pb2Rh PbSb PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Pb) PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Te) PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04 Pb1—0.26Tl0—0.74 PbTl2 Pb3Zr5 PbZr3 Pd0.9Pt0.1Te2 Pd0.05Ru0.05Zr0.9
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Tc, K 4.3 1.98 1.52 1.5 1.98 3.81 0.12—0.37 0.05—0.47 0.47 2—4 0.58 2.0—2.14 7.5 3.35; 1.1 1.2 7.4 2.0 4.6 1.95 1.51 0.9—4.1 ~3 4.7 3.0 1.5—5.6 7.8 3.81 <0.35—0.7 1.0 0.70 1.22 1.3 1.22 4.41 1.55 1.3 3.46 2.26 2.95 2.80 2.66 6.6 5.19 5.24—5.27 6.43 6.73 6.88 6.98 7.06 7.20—3.68 3.75—4.1 4.60 0.76 1.65 ~9
Crystal structure type C15-hP12 (MgZn2) D102 A3 Hexagonal tP4 (PbO)
Hexagonal Hexagonal E93 A15 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 C14 A12 D102
C14 C14
D8b-tP30 (FeCr) DO11 Rhombohedral Complex C1 oP28 (CaFe2O4) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C22-hP9 (Fe2P) C37-oP12 DOe C16 Related to C16 C16
D88 A15 C6
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Pd2.2S (quenched) PdSb2 PdSb PdSbSe PdSbTe Pd4Se Pd6–7Se Pd2.8Se PdxSe1-x PdSi PdSn PdSn2 Pd2Sn Pd3Sn Pd2SnTm Pd2SnY Pd2SnYb PdTe PdTe1.02—1.08 PdTe2 PdTe2.1 PdTe2.3 Pd1.1Te Pd3Te PdTh2 Pd0.1Zr0.9 PtSb PtSi PtSn PtSn4 Pt3Ta7 PtTa3 PtTe PtTh Pt3Th7 Pt5Th PtTi3 Pt0.02U0.98 PtV2.5 PtV3 PtV3.5 Pt0.5W0.5 PtxW1-x Pt2Y3 Pt2Y Pt3Y7 PtZr Re2Sc Re24Sc5 ReSiTa Re3Si5Y2 Re3Ta2 Re0.64Ta0.36 Re3Ta Re24Ti5
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Tc, K 1.63 1.25 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.42 0.66 2.3 2.5 (max.) 0.93 0.41 3.34 0.41 0.47—0.64 1.77 4.92 1.79 2.3; 3.85 2.56—1.88 1.69 1.89 1.85 4.07 0.76 0.85 7.5 2.1 0.88 0.37 2.38 1.5 0.4 0.59 0.44 0.98 3.13 0.58 0.87 1.36 2.87—3.20 1.26 1.45 0.4—2.7 0.90 1.57; 1.70 0.82 3.0 4.2 2.2 4.4 1.76 1.4 1.46 6.78 6.60
Crystal structure type Cubic C2 B81 C2 C2 Tetragonal Like Pd4Te
B31 B31 C37 B82 DO3-cF16 (BiF3) Same Same B81 B81 C6 C6 C6 B81 cI2 (W) C16 A3 B81 B31 B81 C16-oC20 (PdSn4) D8b-tP30 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Orthorhombic Bf D102 A15 β-phase A15 A15 A15 A1
C15 D102 A3 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) A12-cI58 (Mg) oI36 (FeTiSi) tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5) D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A12 A12-cI58 (Mn) A12
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance RexTi1-x Re0.76V0.24 Re3V Re0.92V0.08 Re0.6W0.4 Re0.5W0.5 Re13W12 Re3W Re2Y Re2Zr Re3Zr Re6Zr Rh17S15 Rh~0.24Sc~0.76 Rh4Sc5Si10 Rh4Sc3Sn13 RhxSe1-x RhSi3Th Rh0.86Sc1.04Th Rh2Si2Y Rh3Si5Y2 Rh4Sn13Sr3 RhxSnyTh RhxSnyTm Rh4Sn13Y3 Rh2Sr Rh0.4Ta0.6 RhTe2 Rh0.67Te0.33 RhxTe1-x RhTh Rh3Th7 Rh5Th RhxTi1-x Rh0.02U0.98 RhV3 RhW RhY3 Rh2Y3 Rh3Y Rh5Y Rh3Y7 Rh0.005Zr (annealed) Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 Rh0.1Zr0.9 Ru2Sc RuSiTa Ru3Si2Th Ru3Si2Y Ru1.1Sn3.1Y Ru2Th RuTi Ru0.05Ti0.95 Ru0.1Ti0.9 RuxTi0.6Vy
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Tc, K 6.6 (max.) 4.52 6.26 6.8 6.0 5.12 5.2 9.0 1.83 5.9 7.40 7.40 5.8 0.88; 0.92 8.54 4.5 6.0 (max.) 1.76 6.45 3.11 2.70 4.3 1.9 2.3 3.2 6.2 2.35 1.51 0.49 1.51 (max.) 0.36 2.15 1.07 2.25—3.95 0.96 0.38 ~3.4 0.65 1.48 1.07 0.56 0.32 5.8 2.1—10.8 9.0 1.67 3.15 3.98 3.51 1.3 3.56 1.07 2.5 3.5 6.6 (max.)
Crystal structue type D8b D8b-tP30 A3 D8b D8b-tP30 A12-cI58 C14 C14 A12-cI58 Same Cubic tP38 cP40 tI10 tI12 tI10 oI40 cP40 cI2 (W) cP40 cP40 C15 D8b C2
Bf D102
A15 A3
C15 hP20 (Fe3Th7)
H.C.P. C14 oI36 hP12 hP12 cP40 C15 B2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Ru3U Ru0.45V0.55 RuW Ru2Y Ru2Zr Ru0.1Zr0.9 STh SbSn SbTa3 SbTi3 Sb2Ti7 Sb0.01—0.03V0.99—0.97 SbV3 SeTh SiMo3 Si2Th Si2Th SiV2.7Ru0.3 Si2W3 SiZr3 Sn0.174—0.104Ta0.826—0.896 SnTa3 SnTa3 SnTaV2 SnTa2V SnxTe1-x (n = 10.5—20 × 1020) Sn3Th SnTi3 SnxTl1-x SnV3 Sn0.02—0.057V0.98—0.943 SnZr3 Ta0.025Ti0.975 Ta0.05Ti0.95 Ta0.05—0.75V0.95—0.25 Ta0.8—1W0.2—0 Tc0.1—0.4W0.9—0.6 Tc0.50W0.50 Tc0.60W0.40 Tc6Zr TeY ThTl3 Th0—0.55Y1—0.45 Ti0.70V0.30 TixV1-x Ti0.5Zr0.5 (annealed) Ti0.5Zr0.5 (quenched) Tl3Y V2Zr V0.26Zr0.74 W2Zr YZn
* n denotes current carriers concentration in cm–3.
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Tc, K 0.15 4.0 7.5 1.52 1.84 5.7 0.5 1.30—1.42 0.72 5.8 5.2 3.76—2.63 0.80 1.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.8; 2.84 0.5 6.5—< 4.2 8.35 6.2 2.8 3.7 0.07—0.22 3.33 5.80 2.37—5.2 3.8 2.87—~1.6 0.92 1.3 2.9 4.30—2.65 1.2—4.4 1.25—7.18 7.52 7.88 9.7 1.02 0.87 1.2—1.8 6.14 0.2—7.5 1.23 2.0 1.52 8.80 5.9 2.16 0.33
Crystal structue type L12-cP4 B2 A3 C14 C14 A3 B1-cF8 (NaCl) B1 or distorted A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Same A2 A15 B1-cF8 A15-cP8 Cc, α-phase C32, β-phase A15 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 A15, highly ordered A15, partially ordered A15 A15 B1 L12-cP4 A15-cP8 A15 A2 A15-cP8 Hexagonal Hexagonal A2 A2 Cubic α plus plus α A12 B1-cF8 L12-cP4 Cubic
L12-cP4 C15 C15 B2-cP2 (CsCl)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) B. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc > 10Κ Substance
Tc,K
Al2CMo3 Al0.5Ge0.5Nb Al~0.8Ge~0.2Nb3 AlNb3 AlNb3 A1xNb1–x A1xNb1–x A10.27Nb0.73—0.48V0—0.25 A1 NbxV1–x A10.1Si0.9V3 A1V3 AuNb3 Au0—0.3Nb1—0.7 Au0.02—0.98Nb3Rh0.98—0.02 AuNb3(1–x)V3x B0.03C0.51Mo0.47 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4Rh4Y B0.1Si0.9V3 BaBi0.2O3Pb0.8 Ba2CaCu2O8T12 Ba2Cu3LaO6 Ba2Cu3O7Tm Ba2Cu3O7Y (Ba,La)2CuO4 Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2 Br2Mo6S6 C3La CMo CMo2 C0.5MoxNb1–x CMoxTi1–x CMo0.83Ti0.17 C0—0.38N1—0.62Ta CNb (whiskers) CNb C0.7—1.0Nb0.3—0 CNbxTa1–x CNb0.6—0.9W0.4—0.1 C0.1Si0.9V3 CTa CTa1—0.4W0—0.6 C0.66Th0.13Y0.21 C3Y2 CW (Ca,La)2CuO4 Cu(La,Sr)2O4 Cu1.8Mo6S8 Cr0.3SiV2.7 GaNb3 GaxNb3Sn1–x
10.0 12.6 20.7 18.0 12.0 <4.2—13.5 12—17.5 14.5—17.5 4.4—13.5 14.05 11.8 11.5 1.1—11.0 2.53—10.9 1.5—11.0 12.5 11.7 10 11.3 15.8 13.2 120 80 101 90 36 110 13.8 11.0 14.3 12.2 10.8—12.5 10.2(max) 10.2 10.0—11.3 7.5—10.5 11.5 6—11 8.2—13.9 12.5—11.6 16.4 10.3 8.5—10.5 17 11.5 10 18 39 10.8 11.3 14.5 14—18.37
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Crystal structure type A13 A15 A15 A15
(Cr3Si) (FeCr)
D8b A15 A15
A15 A15
(Cr3Si)
A15 A15 (B4CeCo4) (B4CeCo4) A15
A15
B1
(K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (C3Pu2) (NaC1) o**
B1 B1 B1
B1 B1 B1 A15 B1 B1 (C3Pu2) (C3Pu2) B1 (K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) A15 A15 A15
(Cr3Si)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance GaV3 GaV2.1—3.5 GeNb3 GeNb3 (quenched) GexNb3Sn1–x Ge0.5Nb3Sn0.5 Ge0.1Si0.9V3 GeV3 InLa3 InLa3 (0—35 kbar) In0—0.3Nb3Sn1—0.7 InV3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 LaMo6Se8 LiO4Ti2 MoN Mo3Os Mo6Pb0.9S7.5 Mo3Re MoxRe1–x Mo0.52Re0.48 Mo0.57Re0.43 Mo~0.60Re0.395 MoRu Mo3Ru Mo6Se8T1 Mo0.3SiV2.7 Mn3Si Mo3Tc Mo0.3Tc0.7 MoxTc1–x MoTc3 NNb (whiskers) NNb (diffusion wires) N0.988Nb N0.824—0.988Nb N0.7—0.795Nb NNbxOy NNbxOy N100—42w/oNb0—58w/oTi N100—75w/oNb0—25w/oZr NNbxZr1–x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 NTa NZr Nb3Pt Nb0.18Re0.82 Nb3Si Nb0.3SiV2.7 Nb3Sn Nb0.8Sn0.2 NbxSn1–x (film) Nb3Sn2 NbSnTa2 Nb2SnTa
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Tc,K 16.8 6.3—14.45 23.2 6—17 17.6—18.0 11.3 14.0 11 9.83; 10.4 9.75—10.55 18.0—18.19 13.9 10 11.4 13.7 12; 14.8 12.7 15.2 10.0; 15 1.2—12.2 11.1 14.0 10.6 9.5—10.5 10.6 12.2 11.7 12.5 15 12.0 10.8—15.8 15.8 10—14.5 16.10 14.9; 17.3 14.4—15.3 11.3—12.9 13.5—17.0 6.0—11 15—16.8 12.5—16.35 9.8—13.8 13.8 12—14 10.7 10.9 10 19 12.8 18.05 18.18; 18.5 2.6—18.5 16.6 10.8 16.4
Crystal structure type A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 LI2
(AuCu3)
A15 A15 (FeCr) (Mo6PbS8) (A12MgO4) h* A15 (Mo6PbS8) A15
A3 A15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 A15 A15 A15
B1 B1 B1
B1 B1 B1 B1 A15 (Mn) A15 A15 A15 A15 o* t* A15 A15
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc,K
Nb2.5SnTa0.5 Nb2.75SnTa0.25 Nb3xSnTa3(1–x) Nb2SnTa0.5V0.5 NbTc3 Nb0.75Zr0.25 Nb0.66Zr0.33 PbTa3 RhTa3 RhZr2 Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 SiTi0.3V2.7 SiV3 SiV2.7Zr0.3
Crystal structure type
17.6 17.8 6.0—18.0 12.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 17 10 10.8; 11.3 2.1—10.8 10.9 17.1 13.2
A15 A15 A15 A12
A15 A15 C16
(A12Cu)
A15 A15 A15
TABLE 5 Critical Field Data Ho oersteds
Substance Ag2F Ag7NO11 Al2CMo3 BaBi3 Bi2Pt Bi3Sr Bi5Tl3 CdSn CoSi2 Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 In1-0.86Mg0-0.14
Ho oersteds
Substance
2.5 57 1700 740 10 530 >400 >266 105 1360 272.4—259.2
InSb InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 Mg0.47Tl0.53 Mo0.16Ti0.84 NbSn2 PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04
1100 252—284 252 220 <985 620 756 796 849 880 864
TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys Substance Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)
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Tc, K
Hc1, kOe
9.8—10.2
0.091 0.375 0.0039 max.
<0.1—0.55 7.35—8.4 8.8
0.122 max.
0.29 0.46
6.4 0.55
Hc2, kOe
Hc3, kOe
Tobs, Ka
156
1.2
>24 30 max. 15 2.32 2.8 0.73 >25 0—0.032 >5.6 0.160 (H⊥c) 0.730 (Hc)
3.06 4.2 4.2
3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc, K
C8K
0.39
C0.44Mo0.56 CNb CNb0.4Ta0.6 CTa CaxO3Sr1-xTi Cd0.1Hg0.9 (by weight) Cd0.05Hg0.95 Cr0.10Ti0.30V0.60 GaN GaxNb1-x GaSb (annealed) GaV1.95 GaV2.1-3.5 GaV3
12.5—13.5 8—10 10—13.6 9—11.4 <0.1—0.55
GaV4.5 HfxNby HfxTay Hg0.05Pb0.95 Hg0.101Pb0.899 Hg0.15Pb0.85 In0.98Pb0.02 In0.96Pb0.04 In0.94Pb0.06 In0.913Pb0.087 In0.316Pb0.684 In0.17Pb0.83 In1.000Te1.002 In0.95Tl0.05 In0.90Tl0.10 In0.83Tl0.17 In0.75Tl0.25 LaN La3S4 La3Se4 Mo0.52Re0.48
9.15
Mo0.6Re0.395
10.6
5.6 5.85
Hc1, kOe
0.087 0.12 0.19 0.22 0.002—0.004 0.23 0.28 0.071 0.725
4.24 5.3 6.3—14.45 0.4
0.235 0.23 6.75 3.45 3.68 3.90 4.2
0.1 0.1 0.095 ∼l0.17 0.155
3.5—3.7
1.35 6.5 8.6 11.1
0.263 0.257 0.242 0.216 0.45 ≈0.15 ≈0.2
Mo0.5Ti0.5 Mo0.16Ti0.84
4.18
0.028
Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.1-0.3U0.9-0.7 Mo0.17Zr0.83 N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)
2.95 1.85—2.06
0.060
NNbxO1-x
13.5—17.0
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15.2 16.1
Hc2, kOe
Hc3, kOe
Tobs, Ka
0.025 (H⊥c) 0.250 (Hc) 98.5 16.9 14.1 4.6
0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2
0.34
2.04
0.31 84.4
2.16 0 4.2 4.2 3.5
>28 2.64 73e 230—300d 350e 500d 121c >52—>102 >28—>86 2.3 4.3 >13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14—21 18—28 14—20 19—26 75c 98.7c 36—38 15 >25 30 >9.5 153c 132 95 53 38
0 0 0 1.2 1.2
0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5
22—33 37—43 20—37 26—37
4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2
13.2 0 4.2 8 12
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb
Tc, K
Hc1, kOe
9.8—13.8 13.8 0.19 0.28 9.15
Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn
0.4—1.1 1.1—1.8 1.25—1.92 2.48
Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x
0.084
Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x
1.98
O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)
Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585
Hc2, kOe
0.170
0.43 0.33
0.0049c 0.00195c
0.45 0.53 7.20—3.68 6.73
17.0
0.55 0.00043—0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090
4.4—7.8 3.3 5.75—7.88
0.25c
5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49
0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078
6—9.1 6.0—8.7 ≈10
1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
0 0 3.7
2.7 199c 172c 34 28 25
Tobs, Ka 4.2 4.2
8—44
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4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3—5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70—>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2—6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005—0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14—138 138
Hc3, kOe
0.012—0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc, K
Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94 Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V
5.31
V0.26Zr0.74
≈5.9
W (film)
1.7—4.1
a b c d e
Hc1, kOe
0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165
Hc2, kOe 17.3 14.3 8.2 3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2
>34
Hc3, kOe
Tobs, Ka
28.1 16.4 12.7 6.8
4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1
Temperature of critical field measurement. w/o denotes weight percent. Extrapolated. Linear extrapolation. Parabolic extrapolation. REFERENCES 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160—231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less–Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D., Blaugher in Superconductivity in d– and f–Band Metals, D. H. Douglass,Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d– and f–Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982. 28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982.
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PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.
G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less–Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. You–Xian Zhao and Shou–An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. You–Xian Zhao and Shou–An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. R. N. Shelton, J. Less–Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. G. Venturini, M. Meot–Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. W. Rong–Yao, L. Qi–Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. W. Xian–Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1—3, ASM, 1985. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. W. Rong–Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. W. Rong–Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H–C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H–C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992.
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HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high temperature superconductors so far studied. Table 2 gives energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Ginsburg, D.M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I—III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989—1992. Rao, C.N.R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. Shackelford, J.F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98—99 and 122—123. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTc-Superconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. Malik, S.K. and Shah, S.S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et. al., Physica, C230, 231—238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E.V. et. al., Physica, C215, 1—10, 1993.
Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7
Structure Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753
12-87
Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors (continued) Material SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10
Structure
Tc/K (maximum value)
I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008
84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126
Table 2 Superconducting Properties Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant
Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4 * †
Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic
Energy gap (∆) 2∆pp/kBTc* 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 5–6 8–9 6–7 7–9 8
Obtained from peak to peak value. Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.
12-88
4–5 5.5–6.5 4–6 4–6 4–5
10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2
λab/Å
30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)
1400 2700 2000
0.2 (film)
Table 3 Normal State Properties ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane:
Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane
ρab/µΩ cm Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8
12-89
Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17 x = 0.15 * ** ***
At 200 K ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K
Form Single Crystal film Single Crystal film Single Crystal Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Single Crystal Single Crystal film Single Crystal film
300 K 110 200–300 75 100–200 300 150 300–400 ∗∗∗ 900 400 400 500 140–180
100 K 35 60–100 20 20–50 150 50 50–75 ∗∗ 350 200 160 275 35
ρc/mΩ cm 300 K
dρc/dT
5
+ve
10
–ve
5000 >1000 200–300
–ve –ve +ve
200 80
+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K
10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K 11–16 5–9 14 22 6 4 3.1 2.5 10 8.4 53 32
4–6 2–3 17 5 3 2.5 ≈ 2*
6.3 17 11
k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120
3
60
8
50 (for x = 0.04)
20
250 (for x = 0.15)
ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS H.P.R. Frederikse Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3). REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Williams, Jack M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.
Table 1 Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors
a b
Material
Pc/kbar
Tc/K
(TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3
6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6
Material
Pc/kbar
β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2
Converted form ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar.
From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission.
Table 2 List of Symbols and Abbreviations TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc
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tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition
0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7
Tc/K 2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5
ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) H 3C
Se
Se
CH3
S
S
H3C
Se
Se
CH3
S
S
TMTSF
TTF
Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Tetrathiafulvalene
H H H H
Me
Se
S
S
Me
Se
S
S
BEDT − TTF or ET
DMET
Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene
S
S
S
S S
C
S
C S C S
S
S
S
S M
C
n–
S C S
S C S
MDT − TTF
M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–
Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene
Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione
FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.
(001)
(010)
(100)
a b FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.
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ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 3 Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60 Lattice parameter(s) (Å) Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60
14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)
Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3
a
Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et. al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.
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REFERENCES 1. Beer, A. C., Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors, Academic Press, 1963. 2. Goryunova, N. A., The Chemistry of Diamond-Like Semiconductors, The MIT Press, 1965. 3. Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F., Poretskaya, L. E., Shelimova, L. E., and Skudnova, E. V., Semiconducting II-VI, IV-VI, and V-VI Compounds, Plenum Press, 1969. 4. Berger, L. I. and Prochukhan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Cons. Bureau/Plenum Press, 1969. 5. Shay, J. L. and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties, and Applications, Pergamon Press, 1975. 6. Bergman, R., Thermal Conductivity in Solids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1976. 7. Handbook of Semiconductors, Vol. 1, Moss, T. S. and Paul, W., Eds., Band Theory and Transport Properties; Vol. 2, Moss, T. S. and Balkanski, M., Eds., Optical Properties of Solids; Vol. 3, Moss, T. S. and Keller, S. P., Eds., Materials Properties and Preparation, North Holland Publ. Co., 1980. 8. Böer, K. W., Survey of Semiconductor Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. 9. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997. 11. Glazov, V. M., Chizhevskaya, S. N., and Glagoleva, N. N., Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 12. Phillips, J. C., Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1973. 13. Harrison, W. A., Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, Freeman Publ. House, San Francisco, 1980. 14. Balkanski, M., Ed., Optical Properties of Solids, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980. 15. Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group III: Crystal and Solid State Physics, Hellwege, K.-H., and Madelung, O., Eds., Volumes 17 and 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984 (and further). 16. Shklovskii, B. L., and Efros, A. L., Electronic Processes in Doped Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 17. Cohen, M. L., and Chelikowsky, J. R., Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, New York, 1988. 18. Glass, J. T., Messier, R. F., and Fujimori, N., Eds., Diamond, Silicon Carbide, and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, MRS Symposia Proc. 1652, Mater. Res. Soc., Pittsburgh, 1990. 19. Palik, E., Ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, Academic Press, New York, 1991. 20. Reed, M., Ed., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Volume 35, Academic Press, Boston, 1992. 21. Haug, H., and Koch, S. W., Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors, 2nd Edition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 22. Lockwood, D. J., Ed., Proc. 22nd Intl. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Vancouver, 1994, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. 23. Morelli, D. T., Caillat, T., Fleurial, J.-P., Borschchevsky, A., Vandersande, J., Chen, B., and Uher, C., Phys. Rev., B51, 9622, 1995. 24. Caillat, T., Borshchevsky, A., and Fleurial, J.-P., J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4442, 1996. 25. Fleurial, J.-P., Caillat, T., and Borshchevsky, A., Proc. XVI Intl. Conf. Thermoelectrics, Dresden, Germany, August 26–29, 1997 (in print). 26. Borshchevsky A. et al., U.S. Patents 5,610,366 (March 1997) and 5,831,286 (March 1998).
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS B. L. Sharma The diffusion coefficient D in many semiconductors may be expressed by an Arrhenius-type relation D = Do exp(–Q/kT) where Do is a frequency factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This table lists Do and Q for various diffusants in common semiconductors. Abbreviations used in the table are AES — Auger Electron Spectroscopy DLTS — Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy SEM — Scanning Electron Microscopy SIMS — Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry D(c) — Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient Dmax — Maximum Diffusion Coefficient
Semiconductor Si
Diffusant
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
(f) — Fast Diffusion Component (i) — Interstitial Diffusion Component (s) — Slow Diffusion Component (\) — Parallel to c Direction (⊥) — Perpendicular to c Direction
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
H Li Na
6 × 10–1 2.5 × 10–3 1.65 × 10–3
1.03 0.65 0.72
120—1207 25—1350 530—800
K
1.1 × 10–3
0.76
740—800
Cu
4 × 10–2 4.7 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2.4 × 10–4 2.75 × 10–3 (D ∼ 10–7) (D ~ 6 × 10–14) 1 × 10–1 2.46 2.4 × 101 1.38 1.8 3.74 × 10–1 6 × 101 7.85 × 10–1 1.94 × 101 1.37 1.65 × 101 8 × 10–2 (D ~ 3.9 × 10–13) 2.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–12 2 × 10–3 8 × 10–3 2.8 × 10–5 1.45 × 10–2 3.3 × 10–1 1.54 × 102 1.6 × 103 3.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 103 7.55 × 103 3.2 × 101
Ag Au Be Ca Zn B Al Ga In Tl Sc Ce Pr Pm Er Tm Yb Ti C Si (self) Ge
Sn
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
1.0 0.43 (i) 1.6 0.39 (i) 2.05 (s) — — 1.4 3.59 3.87 3.41 3.2 3.39 3.89 3.63 3.86 3.7 3.9 3.2 — 1.74 1.2 (s) 0.13 (f) 2.9 3.0 0.95 1.79 2.92 4.65 4.77 3.92 4.97 5.08 4.25
Method of measurement
Ref. 1 2
800—1100 300—700 1100—1350 700—1300
Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical and flame photometry Electrical and flame photometry Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
1050 1100 980—1270 1100—1250 840—1250 1119—1390 1025—1175 1143—1393 900—1050 1180—1389 1150—1242 1244—1338 1105—1360 1100—1250 1050 1100—1280 730—1270
Electrical Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive SIMS Electrical Radioactive
8 1 9 10 11 12 13 12 14 12 15 12 16 1 1 1 1
1100—1250 1100—1280 947—1097 950—1200 1070—1400 855—1175 1200—1400 855—1000 1030—1302 1100—1300 1050—1294
Radioactive Radioactive Neutron activation DLTS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Neutron activation
1 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23
3 3 4 5 6 7
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Diffusant N P
As
Sb Bi Cr Mo W O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Ni Ru
Ge
Rh Pd Pt Os Ir Li Na Cu
Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd B Al Ga In Tl Si Ge (self) Sn P
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Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
2.7 × 10–3 2.02 × 101 1.1 7.4 × 10–2 6.0 × 101 6.55 × 10–2 2.29 × 101 1.29 × 101 2.14 × 10–1 1.03 × 103 1.08 1 × 10–2 (D ~ 2 × 10–10) (D ~ 10–12) 7 × 10–2 1.4 × 10–1 5.95 × 10–3 9.5 × 10–1 5 × 10–1 6.9 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 (D ∼ 5 × 10–7 — 5 × 10–6) (D ∼ 10–6—10–4) 2.95 × 10–4 1.5 × 102 (D ∼ 2 × 10–6) 4.2 × 10–2 1.3 × 10–3 9.1 × 10–3 3.95 × 10–1 1.9 × 10–4 4 × 10–2 4 × 10–3 4.4 × 10–2 4 × 10–2 2.25 × 102 5 × 10–1 (D ~ 8 × 10–9) 5
2.8 3.87 3.4 3.3 4.2 3.44 4.1 3.98 3.65 4.64 3.85 1 — — 2.44 2.53 1.83 2.6 3.34 0.63 0.68 0.69 0.47 —
800—1200 1100—1250 900—1200 1130—1405 950—1350 1167—1394 900—1250 1190—1398 1190—1405 1220—1380 1190—1394 1100—1250 1000 1100 700—1250 700—1160 975—1200 1050—1250 900—1250 900—1200 30—1250 700—1300 800—1300 1000—1280
Out Diffusion; SIMS Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive DLTS DLTS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
1 10 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 16 27 30 1 1 31 32 33 34 1 35 36 37 38 1
— 0.22 (i) 2.22 — 1.3 0.46 0.57 2.03 0.18 (i) 0.99 (s) 0.33 (i) 1.0 (i) 2.23 (s) 2.5 2.5 — 2.7
1000—1200 702—1320 800—1000 1280 950—1250 350—800 800—500 700—850 750—900 600—700 350—750 700—900 800—900 600—900 720—900 900 600—900
Electrical Nuclear Activation Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive
39 1 1 40 41 42 43 44 45 5 46, 47 48 49 50 1
1.75 × 109 1.8 × 109 1.0 × 103 ∼1.6 × 102 1.4 × 102 3.4 × 101 1.8 × 104 3.3 × 101 1.7 × 103 2.4 × 10–1 2.48 × 101 7.8 1.7 × 10–2 3.3
4.4 4.55 3.45 ∼3.24 3.35 3.1 3.67 3.02 3.4 2.9 3.14 2.95 1.9 2.5
760—915 600—900 554—905 750—850 554—916 600—900 554—919 700—855 800—930 650—900 549—891 766—928 — 600—900
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive and electrical Radioactive Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive (γ) resonance Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
51 52 51 53 54 55 51 56 57 58 59 60 61 45 51
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
GaAs
Diffusant As Sb
2.1 3.2 1.0 × 101
Bi O S Se Te Fe Co Ni Li Cu
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
2.39 2.41 2.5
700—900 700—855 600—900
3.3 4 × 10–1 (D ∼ 10–9) (D ∼ 10–10) 5.6 1.3 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–1 8 × 10–1 5.3 × 10–1
2.57 2.08 — — 2.43 1.08 1.12 0.9 1.0
650—850 — 920 920 750—900 750—900 750—850 670—900 250—500
0.53 0.98 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 2.49 3.0 2.2 2.43 —
100—500 450—750 800—1000 500—1150 740—1025 800—990 800—1200 600—980 750—1000 800—1100 868—1149 1100
P
3 × 10–2 6 × 10–2 1.5 × 10–3 4 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 7.3 × 10–6 4 × 10–5 1.5 × 101 2.5 × 10–1 1.3 × 10–3 5 × 10–2 (D ∼ 5 × 10–14) (D ∼ 4 × 10–18— 10–14) 4 × 10–5 1 × 107 (D ∼ 7 × 10–11) (D ∼ 1.04 × 10–16) 1.1 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–5 6 × 10–4 1 × 10–5 (D ∼ 10–12—10–10)
4.3 2.6 5.6 — — 2.5 2.06 2.5 2 2.9
850—1100 1025—1100 1125—1230 1000 825 850—1050 650—850 1060—1200 800—1000 800—1150
As (self) Cr
7 × 10–1 2.04 × 10–6
Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd Hg Al Ga (self) In C Si Ge Sn
Tm Li
7.9 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–2 1.1 × 101 3 × 103 1.5 × 10–1 6.5 × 10–1 4.2 × 10–2 2.2 × 10–3 5 × 102 1.2 × 10–1 2.3 × 10–16 2.3 × 10–4
3.2 0.83 (f) 1.7 (s) 2.2 1.1 2.6 2.95 4.16 3.5 2.49 1.8 2.32 2.5 2.64 1.0 1.9 (s)
— 750—1000 700—900 800—1100 700—900 1000—1300 750—900 1025—1200 1000—1150 850—1100 850—1150 750—1050 800—1000 750—1050 800—1000 527—657
Cu
1.2 × 10–1 4.7 × 10–3
0.7 (f) 0.9
277—657 470—650
O S Se Te Mn Fe Co
GaSb
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Method of measurement
Ref.
Electrical Radioactive Radioactive and electrical — Optical — — Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical and chemical Radioactive Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
62 57
AES Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Reflectance measurements Radioactive SIMS
70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Chemical analysis Mass spectroscopy Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and flame photometry
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Radioactive
69
51 63 64 65 65 66 67 47 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
69 69 69
69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Diffusant Zn Cd Ga (self) In Sn Sb (self) Se Te Fe
GaP
Ag Au
Be Mg Zn Ge Cr S Mn
InP
Fe Co Cu Ag Au Zn
Cd
In (self) Sn P (self) Cr S Se Mn Fe
InAs
Co Cu Ag Au Mg Zn
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s) (D ∼ 2 × 10–13— 1 × 10–11) 1.5 × 10–6 3.2 × 103 1.2 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 3.4 × 104 (D ∼ 2.4 × 10–13— 1.37 × 10–11) 3.8 × 10–4 5 × 10–2 5 × 102 — 8 20 (Dmax ∼ 2.4 × 10–9— 8.5 × 10–8) 5 × 10–5 1.0 — 6.2 × 10–4 3.2 × 103 2.1 × 109 1.1 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–1 2.8 × 10–3 3.8 × 10–3 3.6 × 10–4 1.32 × 10–5 1.37 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 (D ∼ 2 × 10–9— 4 × 10–8) 1.8 1.1 × 10–7 (D ∼ 7 × 10–13— 2 × 10–10) 1 × 105 (D ∼ 3 × 10–8) 7 × 1010 — 3.6 × 10-4 (D ∼ 2 × 10–8) — 3 6.8 × 105 9 × 10–1 3.6 × 10–3 2.2 × 10–2 7.3 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–3 1.98 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–3 3.11 × 10–3
Activation energy, Q (eV)
2 0.72 3.15 0.53 0.8 1.1 3.45
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
510—600 640—800 658—700 320—650 320—650 500—650 658—700
Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69
— 1.20 1.9 (I) 2.3 (II) — 2.5 (I) 2.4 (II)
400—500 320—650 500—650 500—650 1000—1300 1050—1250 1100—1250
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69
—
900—1000
1.4 2.1 — 1.2 4.7 4.7 0.9 2.3 2.9 0.69 0.59 0.48 0.73 0.3
700—1050 700—1300 900—1000 900—1130 1120—1305 T < 950 950—1130 980—1180 850—1100 600—900 500—900 600—820 600—900 750—900
Radioactive Radioactive Diffusion (I) A face and (II) B face Atomic absorption analysis Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
69 69 69 69 69 69 69
— 1.9 0.72
700—900 700—900 700—900
Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
69 69 69
— 3.85 —
450—650 830—990 550
69 69
5.65 — 1.94 — 2.9 2 3.4 1.8 0.52 0.54 0.26 0.65 1.17 0.96 1.17
900—1000 600—900 585—708 550 650—750 600—950 600—700 600—950 342—875 525—890 450—900 600—900 600—900 600—900 600—900
Electrical Radioactive Etching and cathodoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Cathodoluminescence SIMS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical
69 69 69 69 69 69 69
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
InSb
Diffusant Cd Hg In (self) Ge Sn As (self) S Se Te Li Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg In (self) Sn Pb Sb (self)
AlAs
AlSb
ZnS
S Se Te Fe Co Ga Zn Cu Zn Cd Al (self) Sb (self) Cu
Au Zn (self)
Cd Al In S (self)
ZnSe
Se Mn Li Cu Ag
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s) 7.4 × 10–4 1.45 × 10–5 6 × 105 3.74 × 10–6 1.49 × 10–6 3 × 107 6.78 12.6 3.43 × 10–5 7 × 10–4 9 × 10–4 3 × 10–5 1 × 10–7 7 × 10–4 5 × 10–1 — 1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–4 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–7 1.8 × 1013 5.5 × 10–8 (D ∼ 2.7 × 10–15) 5.35 × 10–4 3.1 × 1013 9 × 10–2 1.6 1.7 × 10–7 1 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–11 (D ∼ 2 × 10–18— 10–15) (D ∼ 9 × 10–11) 3.5 × 10–3 3.3 × 10–1 D(c) ∼ 4 × 10–12— 3 × 10–10 2 1 2.6 × 10–3 4.3 × 10–4 9.75 × 10–3 1.75 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 1.5 × 104 1 × 1016 (D ∼ 10–10) 5.69 × 10–4 3 × 101 2.16 × 104 8 × 10–5 (D ∼ 5 × 10–13) 2.3 × 103 2.66 × 10–6 1 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–2
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
1.15 1.32 4.0 1.17 1.17 4.45 2.2 2.2 1.28 0.28 1.08 0.37 0.25 0.32 1.35 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.17 1.45 4.3 0.75 — 1.91 4.3 1.4 1.87 0.57 0.25 0.39
650—900 650—850 740—900 600—900 600—900 740—900 600—900 600—900 600—900 0—210 200—500 230—490 440—510 140—510 362—508 355—455 250—500 360—500 425—500 400—500 475—517 390—512 500 400—500 475—517 360—500 380—500 300—500 440—510 420—500
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 71 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
3.6 — 0.36 1.93
850—1100 557 150—500 660—860
AES SEM Radioactive Radioactive
70 69 69 69
— 1.88 1.7 0.79 0.64 1.04 1.16 1.5 3.26 6.5 — 1.28 2.2 3.15 2.2 — 2.46 0.49 0.66 0.56 1.18
900 570—620 570—620 470—750 250—1200 400—800 500—800 925
Radioactive X-ray X-ray Radioactive Electroluminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Luminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray microprobe Radioactive Electrical Luminescence Radioactive Luminescence
72 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Diffusant Zn (self) Cd Al Ga In S Se (self) Ni
ZnTe
Li
Zn (self)
CdS
Al In Te (self) Li Na Cu
Ag Au Zn Cd (self) Ga In
P S (self)
CdSe
Se Te Cl I Ni Yb Ag Cd (self)
P Se (self) CdTe
Li Cu Ag
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
9.8 6.39 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–2 1.81 × 102 — (D ∼ 2 × 10–12) (D ∼ 8 × 10–12) 1.3 × 101 2.3 × 10–1 (D ∼ 1.5 × 10–8— 1.7 × 10–7) 2.9 × 10–2
3.0 1.87 1.8 3.0 1.3 — — 2.5 2.7
760—1150 700—950 800—1100 900—1100 700—850 940 1060 860—1020 1000—1050
Radioactive Photoluminescence Luminescence Luminescence Electron probe — X-ray microprobe Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
— 1.22 (s)
740—910 400—700
Luminescence Nuclear and chemical analysis
69
1.7 × 10–4 2.34 1.4 × 101 — 4 2 × 104 3 × 10–6 (D ∼ 3 × 10–7) 1.5 × 10–3 1.2 × 10–2 8 × 10–5 2.5 × 101 2.4 × 10–1 2 × 102 1.27 × 10–9 1.22 × 10–8 3.4 — 6 × 101
0.78 (f) 2.56 2.69 2.0 1.96 3.8 0.68 — 0.76 1.05 0.72 1.2 (s) 0.8 (f) 1.8 0.86 (s) 0.66 (f) 2.0 — 2.3 (\)
760—860 667—1077 700—1000 1100—1300 727—977 610—960 800 400—700 300—700 20—200 300—500
Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and optical Radioactive Radioactive Microhardness Radioactive Radioactive Ultrasonic Electrical Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
500—800 720—1000
Radioactive Radioactive
69 69
700—1100 667—967 650—930
Radioactive Optical and microprobe Radioactive, optical and microprobe
69 69
1 × 101 6.5 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–2 — (D ∼ 1.2 × 10–9) 1.3 × 10–7 (D ∼ 3 × 10–10) (D ∼ 5 × 10–12) 6.75 × 10–3 (D ∼ 1.3 × 10–9) 2 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–3 6.3 × 10–2 4.12 × 10–2
2.03 (⊥) 1.6 2.05 2.4 — 10.4 — — 10.9 — 0.53 1.5 1.25 (I) 2.18 (II)
800—1100 800—900 750—1050 900 700—1000 800 1000 570—900 960 22—400 700—1000 600—900 600—900
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Luminescence Photoluminescence Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Se pressure
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
(D ∼ 5.3 × 10–12— 6 × 10–11) 2.6 × 103
— 1.55
900—1000 700—1000
69
(D ∼ 1.5 × 10–10) 3.7 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–8 —
— 0.67 0.64 —
300 97—300 290—350 700—800
Radioactive Radioactive; saturated Se pressure Ion microprobe Radioactive Ion backscattering Electrical and photo-
69
69
69 69 69 69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Au Cd (self)
6.7 × 101 1.26 3.26 × 102 1.58 × 101
2.0 2.07 2.67 (I) 2.44 (II)
600—1000 700—1000 650—900
In
8 × 10–2 1.17 × 2 6.48 × 10–4
1.61 2.21 (I) 1.15 (II)
650—1000 500—850
Sn P As O
8.3 × 10–2 (D ∼ 1.2 × 10–10) — 5.6 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–4 8.54 × 10–7
2.2 — — 1.22 0.29 1.35 1.42 (I)
700—925 900 850 200—650 650—900 700—1000 600—900
1.66 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–2 (D ∼ 4 × 10–8) 6.3 × 10–5 — 6 × 10–4 5 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–4 2 × 10–8 6 × 10–6 1.72 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–3 10–6 1.5 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–4 5 × 10–3 8.6 × 10–5 6.8 × 10–5 1.78 × 101 1.5 × 101 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 7.4 × 10–4 4.98 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–1 2.1 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–8 (D ∼ 1 × 10–10) 1.7 × 10–1 3.1 × 10–2 2.9 × 10–5 4.9 × 10–2 2.7 × 10–6 (D > 2.3 × 10–10) (D > 1 × 10–6)
1.38 (II) 1.6 0.77 0.85 — 0.8 0.6 0.66 0.6 0.9 0.66 (s) 0.80 (f) 1.4 1.3 0.36 0.31 1.52 1.38 0.95 1.74 (s) 0.4 (f) 0.31 0.35 0.83 2.0 1.2 0.45 — 1.91 1.56 0.6 1.54 0.75 — —
Diffusant
Se Te (self)
HgSe HgTe
Cl Fe Sb Se (self) Ag Zn Cd Hg (self) In Sn
PbS
Te (self) Mn Cu
PbSe
Pb (self) S (self) Ni Na
PbTe
Cu Ag Pb (self) Sb Se (self) Cl Ni Na Sn Pb (self) Sb Te Cl Ni
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Method of measurement
Ref.
luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive — Mass spectrometry
69 69 69 69
Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure
69
500—800 520—800 900 540—630 200—400 250—350 250—350 250—350 200—350 200—300 200—300
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
200—400 250—350 150—450 100—400 500—800 500—750 200—500 400—850
Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
93—520 400—850 400—800 650—850 650—850 400—850 700 600—850 500—800 250—500 500—800 500—800
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
700 700
Radioactive Radioactive
69 69
69
69 69 69 69 69
69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
N. A. Stolwijk and H. Bracht, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 2-1. E. M. Pell, Phys. Rev., 119, 1960; 119, 1014, 1960. L. Svob, Solid State Electron, 10, 991, 1967. B. I. Boltaks and I. I. Sosinov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 3, 1958. R. N. Hall and J. N. Racette, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 379, 1964. B. I. Boltaks and Hsueh Shih-Yin, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 2, 2383, 1961. W. R. Wilcox and T. J. LaChapelle, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 240, 1964. E. A. Taft and R. O. Carlson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 711, 1970. R. Sh. Malkovich and N. A. Alimbarashvili, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1725, 1963. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Solid State Electron, 15, 1113, 1972. C. Hill, Semiconductor Silicon 1981, H. R. Huff, R. J. Kreiger, and Y. Takeishi, Eds., p. 988, Electrochem. Soc., 1981. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2507, 1971. W. Rosnowski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 957, 1978. J. S. Makris and B. J. Masters, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3750, 1971. M. F. Millea, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 315, 1965 (refer Reference 2). C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27, 544, 1956. S. Hocine and D. Mathiot, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1269, 1988. R. C. Newman and J. Wakefield, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 230, 1961. L. Kalinowski and R. Seguin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35, 211, 1979; Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 171, 1980. R. F. Peart, Phys. Stat. Sol., 15, K 119, 1966. G. Hettich, H. Mehrer and K. Maler, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 46, 500, 1979. M. Ogina, Y. Oana and M. Watanabe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 72, 535, 1982. T. H. Yeh, S. M. Hu, and R. H. Kastl, Appl. Phys., 39, 4266, 1968. I. Franz and W. Langheinrich, Solid State Electron, 14, 835, 1971. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Hys. Rev. B, 3, 389, 1971. B. J. Masters and J. M. Fairfield, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2390, 1969. R. N. Goshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 397, 1971. R. S. Fair and J. C. C. Tsai, J. Electrochem. Soc., 122, 1689, 1975. J. J. Rohan, N. E. Pickering and J. Kennedy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 106, 705, 1969. W. Wuerker, K. Roy, and J. Hesse, Matsr. Res. Bull., 9, 971, 1974. J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 336, 1982. S. Tang Lee and D. Nicols, Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1001, 1985. P. L. Gruzin, S. V. Zemskii, A. D. Bullkin, and N. M. Makarov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 7, 1241, 1974. N. S. Zhdanovich and Yu. I. Kozlov, Svoistva Legir, Poluprovodn., V. S. Zemskov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 115-120; Fiz Tekh. Poluprovod., 9, 1594, 1975. D. Gilles, W. Bergholze, and W. Schroeter, J. Appl. Phys., 59, 3590, 1986. E. R. Weber, Appl. Phys. A, 30, 1, 1983. E. R. Weber, Properties of Silicon, EMIS Datareviews Ser. No. 4, INSPEC Publications, 1988, 409-451. M. K. Bakhadyrkhanov, S. Zainabidinov, and A. Khamidov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 14, 243, 1980. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, F. K. Khatamkulov, and G. Nasyrov, Poluprovod., N. Kh. Abrikosov and V. S. Zemskov, Eds., Nauka, Moscow, 1975, 21-23. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, G. Nurkuziev, and F. R. Karimov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 12, 981, 1978. S. A. Azimov, B. V. Umarov, and M. S. Yunusov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 10, 842, 1976. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, Phys. Rev., 91, 193, 1953. B. Pratt and F. Friedman, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1893, 1966. M. Stojic, V. Spiric, and D. Kostoski, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 31, 304, 1976. B. I. Boltaks, Diffusion in Semiconductors, Inforsearch, London, 1963, 162. A. A. Bugai, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miselyuk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 67, 1957. L. Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 18, 162, 1961. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 42, 1962. W. C. Dunlap, Jr., Phys. Rev., 97, 614, 1955 Yu. I. Belyaev and V. A. Zhidkov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 3, 133, 1961. W. C. Dunlap, Jr. Phys. Rev., 94, 1531, 1954. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 1, 1481, 1960. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Acta Metall., 30, 941, 1982. W. Meer and D. Pommerrening, Z. Agnew. Phys., 23, 369, 1967. U. Sodervall, H. Odelius, A. Lodding, U. Roll, B. Predel, W. Gust, and P. Dorner, Phil. Mag. A, 54, 539, 1986. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Z. Metalkd., 73, 325, 1982.
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DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
P. V. Pavlov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 8, 2377, 1967. V. I. Tagirov and A. A. Kuliev, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 196, 1962. J. Raisanen, J. Hirvonen, and A. Anttila, Solid State Electron., 24, 333, 1981. C. Vogel, G. Hettich, and H. Mehrer, J. Phys. C., 16, 6197, 1983. H. Letaw, Jr., W. M. Portnoy, and L. Slifkin, Phys. Rev., 102, 363, 1956. W. Bosenberg, Z. Naturforsch., 10a, 285, 1955. V. M. Glazov and V. S. Zemskov, Physicochemical Principles of Semiconductor Doping, Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1968. J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald, and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 873, 1964. W. W. Tyler, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 59, 1959. V. D. Ignatkov and V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1193, 1962. A. A. Bugal, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miseluk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 210, 1957. F. van der Maesen and J. A. Brenkman, Phillips Res. Rep., 9, 255, 1954. M. B. Dutt and B. L. Sharma, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 3-1. L. L. Chang and A. Koma, Appl. Physics Lett., 29, 138, 1976. D. L. Kendall, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds., Academic, 1968, 255. H. J. Biter and F. Williams, J. Luminescence, 3, 395, 1971.
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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS H. P. R. Frederikse Glossary of Symbols Units Quantity
Symbol
Magnetic field Magnetic induction Magnetization Spontaneous magnetization Saturation magnetization Magnetic flux Magnetic moment Coercive field Remanence Saturation magnetic polarization Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability of free space Saturation magnetostriction Curie temperature Néel temperature
H B M Ms M0 Φ m, µ Hc Br Js χ µ µ0 λ (∆l/l) TC TN
SI A m-1 T (tesla) A m-1 A m-1 A m-1 Wb (weber) A m2 A m-1 T T
emu Oe (oersted) G (gauss) emu cm-3 emu cm-3 emu cm-3 maxwell erg/G Oe G G
H m-1 (henry/meter) H m-1 K K
K K
Magnetic moment µ = γhJ = g µB J where γ = gyromagnetic ratio; J = angular momentum; g = spectroscopic splitting factor (~2) µΒ = bohr magneton = 9.2741⋅10-24 J/T = 9.2741⋅10-21 erg/G Earth’s magnetic field H = 56 A m-1 = 0.7 Oe For iron: M0 = 1.7⋅106 A m-1; Br = 0.8⋅106 A m-1 1 Oe = (1000/4π) A m-1; 1 G = 10-4 T; 1 emu cm-3 = 103 A m-1 1 maxwell = 10-8 Wb µ0 = 4π⋅10-7 H m-1
Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field B (b)
+Br (a) (c) -Hc
+Hc
H
-Br (c) (a) = Domain growth (b) = Field removal (c) = Hysteric curve on field
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Figure 1. Typical curve representing the dependence of magnetic induction B on magnetic field H for a ferromagnetic material. When H is first applied, B follows curve a as the favorably oriented magnetic domains grow. This curve flattens as saturation is approached. When H is then reduced, B follows curve b, but retains a finite value (the remanence Br) at H = 0. In order to demagnetize the material, a negative field -Hc (where Hc is called the coercive field or coercivity) must be applied. As H is further decreased and then increased to complete the cycle (curve c), a hysteresis loop is obtained. The area within this loop is a measure of the energy loss per cycle for a unit volume of the material.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field (continued) B
Hard
Figure 2. Schematic curve illustrating the B vs. H dependence for hard and soft magnetic materials. Hard materials have a larger remanence and coercive field, and a correspondingly large hysteresis loss.
Soft H
REFERENCE Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976, p. 577, 582. With permission.
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements
Figure 3. Molar susceptibility of the elements at room temperature (cgs units of 10-6 cm3/mol). Values are not available for Z=9, 61, and 84–89; Fe, Co, and Ni (Z = 26–28) are ferromagnetic. Data taken from the table “Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds” in Section 4. REFERENCE Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224. With permission.
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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Ground State of Ions with Partly Filled d or f Shells Z
Element
n
S
22 23 23 23 24 25 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 29
Ti3+ V4+ V3+ V2+ Cr3+ Mn4+ Cr2+ Mn3+ Mn2+ Fe3+ Fe2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+
1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9
1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3/2 2 2 5/2 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2
L
J
2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 3 2
3/2 3/2 2 3/2 3/2 3/2 0 0 5/2 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2
Gr. state 2D 3/2 2D 3/2 3F 2 4F 3/2 4F 3/2 4F 3/2 5D 0 5D 0 6S 5/2 6S 5/2 5D 4 4F 9/2 3F 4 2D 5/2
pcalca 1.73 1.73 2.83 3.87 3.87 3.87 4.90 4.90 5.92 5.92 4.90 3.87 2.83 1.73
pcalcb 1.55 1.55 1.63 0.77 0.77 0.77 0 0 5.92 5.92 6.70 6.54 5.59 3.55
pmeas 1.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.9 5.0 5.9 5.9 5.4 4.8 3.2 1.9
pcalcc 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 a b c
Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Pm3+ Sm3+ Eu3+ Gd3+ Tb3+ Dy3+ Ho3+ Er3+ Tm3+ Yb3+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2
3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3
5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2
2F 5/2 3H 4 4I 9/2 5I 4 6H 5/2 7F 0 8S 7/2 7F 6 6H 15/2 5I 8 4I 15/2 3H 6 2F 7/2
2.54 3.58 3.62 2.68 0.84 0.0 7.94 9.72 10.63 10.60 9.59 7.57 4.54
pcalc = 2[S(S + 1)]1/2 pcalc = 2[J(J + 1)]1/2 pcalc = g[J(J + 1)]1/2 REFERENCES 1. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991, p. 243. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, pp. 405—406. 3. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 652.
Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 0 K nB is the number of Bohr magnetons per atom TC is the Curie temperature TN is the Néel temperature M0/gauss Fe Co Ni Cr Mn Ce Nd
1752 1446 510
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nB 2.22 1.72 0.62
TC/K
TN/K
Comments
1043 1388 627 311 100 12.5 19.2
c-Axis antiferromagnetic Basal plane modulation on hexagonal sites
2.4 3.5 3.5 1.5 3.4 8.0 9.5 10.6 10.4 9.5 7.3 4.5
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements (continued) M0/gauss
nB
TC/K
Comments
7.8 106 13.8 90.5
Sm Eu Gd Tb
TN/K
1980
7 9
Cubic sites order (periodicity different from high-T phase) Ordering on hexagonal sites Cubic site order Spiral along cube axis
293 220
Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Bunched cone structure Basal plane spiral c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure
230.2 Dy
10
87
Ho
10
20
Er
9
32
Tm
7
32
176 133 80 56 REFERENCES
1. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p.652. 2. Gschneidner, K.A., and Eyring, L., Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978.
Selected Ferromagnetic Compounds M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 293 K TC is the Curie temperature Compound
M0/gauss
TC/K
Crystal system
MnB MnAs MnBi MnSb M4N MnSi CrTe CrBr3 CrI3 CrO2 EuO EuS GdCl3 FeB Fe2B FeBe5 Fe3C FeP
152 670 620 710 183
578 318 630 587 743 34 339 37 68 386 77 16.5 2.2 598 1043 75 483 215
orthorh(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB)
247 270 515 1910* 1184* 550*
cub(FeSi) hex(NiAs) hex(BiI3) hex(BiI3) tetr(TiO2) cub cub orthorh orthorh tetr (CuAl2) cub(MgCu2) orthorh orthorh (MnP)
* At T = 0 K REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 2. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976.
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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Magnetic Properties of High-Permeability Metals and Alloys (Soft) µi is the initial permeability µm is the maximum permeability Hc is the coercive force Js is the saturation polarization WH is the hysteresis loss per cycle TC is the Curie temperature Composition (mass %)
Material Iron Iron Silicon-iron Silicon-iron (110) [001] Silicon-iron {100} <100> Mild steel Hypernik Deltamax {100} <100> Isoperm {100} <100> 78 Permalloy Supermalloy Mumetal Hyperco Permendur 2V-Permendur Supermendur 25Perminvar 7Perminvar Perminvar (magnet. annealed) Alfenol (or Alperm) Alfer Aluminum-Iron Sendust
µi/µ0
Commercial 99Fe Pure 99.9Fe 96Fe-4Si 97Fe-3Si 97Fe-3Si Fe-0.1C-0.1Si-0.4Mn 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 78Ni-22Fe 79Ni-16Fe-5Mo 77Ni-16Fe-5Cu-2Cr 64Fe-35Co-0.5Cr 50Fe-50Co 49Fe-49Co-2V 49Fe-49Co-2V 45Ni-30Fe-25Co 70Ni-23Fe-7Co 43Ni-34Fe-23Co 84Fe-16Al 87Fe-13Al 96.5Fe-3.5Al 85Fe-10Si-5Al
200 25000 500 9000 800 4000 500 90 4000 100000 20000 650 500 800 400 850 3000 700 500 36000
µm/µ0 6000 350000 7000 40000 100000 1100 70000 200000 100 100000 1000000 100000 10000 6000 4000 60000 2000 4000 400000 55000 3700 19000 120000
Hc/A m–1
Js/T
WH/J m–3
TC/K
70 0.8 40 12 6 200 4 16 480 4 0.15 4 80 160 160 16 100 50 2.4 3.2 53 24 1.6
2.16 2.16 1.95 2.01 2.01
500 60 50-150 35-140
1043 1043 1008 1015 1015
1.60 1.55 1.60 1.05 0.79 0.75 2.42 2.46 2.45 2.40 1.55 1.25 1.50 0.8 1.20 1.90 0.89
22
753 773
50 2 20 300 1200 600 1150
651 673 673 1243 1253 1253 1253
REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 42. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224.
Applications of High-Permeability Materials Applications
Requirements POWER APPLICATIONS
Distribution and power transformers
Low core losses, high permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization
High-quality motors and generators, stators and armatures, switched-mode power supplies INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS Audiofrequency transformers Pulse transformers
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Low core losses, high permeability, high magnetic polarization High permeability
723 673 753
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Applications of High-Permeability Materials (continued) Applications
Requirements CORES FOR INDUCTOR COILS
Audiofrequency Carrier frequency Radiofrequency
Low hysteresis, high permeability Very low hysteresis and eddy current loss High permeability at low fields MISCELLANEOUS
Relays, switches Earth leakage circuit Magnetic shielding Magnetic recording heads Magnetic amplifiers Saturable reactors Saturable transformers Transformer cores Magnetic shunts for temperature compensation in magnetic circuits Electromagnets in indicating instruments, fire detection, quartz watches, electromechanical devices Magnetic yokes in permanent magnet devices, such as lifting and holding magnets, loudspeakers
High permeability, low remanence, low coercivity
}
Low core loss for AC applications High initial permeability, low or zero remanence
}
Rectangular hysteresis loops, low hysteresis loss
Low Curie temperature, appropriate decrease in permeability with increase in temperature High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization
REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.
Saturation Magnetostriction of Selected Materials The tabulated parameter λs is related to the fractional change in length ∆l/l by ∆l/l = (3/2)λs(cos2θ–1/3), where θ is the angle of rotation. λs × 106
Material Iron Fe - 3.2% Si Nickel Cobalt 45 Permalloy, 45% Ni - 55% Fe Permalloy, 82% Ni - 18% Fe Permendur, 49% Co - 49% Fe - 2% V Alfer, 87% Fe - 13% Al Magnetite, Fe3O4 Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 SmFe2 TbFe2 Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93 (Terfenol D) Fe66Co18B15Si (amorphous) Co72Fe3B6Al3 (amorphous)
-7 +9 -33 -62 +27 0 +70 +30 +40 -110 -1560 +1753 +2000 +35 0
REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 91; additional data provided by A.E. Clark, Adelphi, MD.
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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Properties of Various Permanent Magnetic Materials (Hard) Br is the remanence BHc is the flux coercivity iHc is the intrinsic coercivity (BH)max is the maximum energy product TC is the Curie temperature Tmax is the maximum operating temperature
Composition
3 BHc/10 A m–1
Br/T
Alnico1 20Ni;12Al;5Co Alnico2 17Ni;10Al;12.5Co;6Cu Alnico3 24-30Ni;12-14Al;0-3Cu Alnico4 21-28Ni;11-13Al;3-5Co;2-4Cu Alnico5 14Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu Alnico6 16Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu;2Ti Alnico8 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico9 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico12 13.5Ni;8Al;24.5Co;2Nb BaFe12O19 (Ferroxdur) SrFe12O19 LaCo5 CeCo5 PrCo5 NdCo5 SmCo5 Sm(Co0.76Fe0.10Cu0.14)6.8 Sm(Co0.65Fe0.28Cu0.05Zr0.02)7.7 Nd2Fe14B sintered Fe;52Co;14V (Vicalloy II) Fe;24Cr;15Co;3Mo (anisotropic) Fe;28Cr;10.5Co (Chromindur II) Fe;23Cr;15Co;3V;2Ti Cu;20Ni;20Fe (Cunife) Cu;21Ni;29Fe (Cunico) Pt;23Co Mn;29.5Al;0.5C (anisotropic)
0.72 0.72 0.5-0.6 0.55-0.75 1.25 1.05 0.83 1.10 1.20 0.4 0.4 0.91 0.77 1.20 1.22 1.00 1.04 1.2 1.22 1.0 1.54 0.98 1.35 0.55 0.34 0.64 0.61
53 1.6 1.45 1.6 2.95
7.9 4.8 10 8.4 42 67 32 4 4 0.5 4 2.16
3 iHc/10 A m–1
35 40-50 40-54 36-56 54 75 160 1.45 64 192 3.3
696 5 16 1120
2.4
(BH)max/ kJ m–3 25 13-14 10 11-12 40 52 45 75 76.8 29 30 164 117 286 295 196 212 264 280 28 76 16 44 12 8 76 56
TC/°C
Tmax/°C
850
520
850
520
450 450 567 380 620 637 700 800 800 300 700 630 630 630 410
400 400
250 300 300 100 500 500 500 500 350
480 300
350 120
REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 204. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-165. 3. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991.
Selected Ferrites Js is the saturation magnetic polarization TC is the Curie temperature ∆H is the line width
Material Spinels γ-Fe2O3 Fe3O4 NiFe2O4 MgFe2O4 NiZnFe2O4 MnFe2O4
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Js/T
0.52 0.60 0.34 0.14 0.50 0.50
TC/°C
∆H/ kA m–1
575 585 575 440 375 300
350 70 120 50
Applications
Microwave devices Transformer cores Microwave devices
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Selected Ferrites (continued) Material
Js/T
NiCoFe2O4 NiCoAlFe2O4 NiAl0.35Fe1.65O4 NiAlFe2O4 Mg0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 Ni0.5Zn0.5Al0.8Fe1.2O4 CuFe2O4 CoFe2O4 LiFe5O8 Garnets Y3Fe5O12 Y3Fe5O12 (single crys.) (Y,Al)3Fe5O12 (Y,Gd)3Fe5O12 Sm3Fe5O12 Eu3Fe5O12 GdFe5O12 Hexagonal crystals BaFe12O19 Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 Ba3Co1.35Zn0.65Fe24O41 Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 SrFe12O19
∆H/ kA m–1
TC/°C
0.31 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.17 0.53 0.39
590 450 430 1860 290
0.178 0.178 0.12 0.06 0.170 0.116 0.017
280 292 250 250 305 293 291
55 0.5 80 150
Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices
0.45 0.34 0.28
430 470 130 390 500 450
1.5 12 25 16 8
Permanent magnets Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Permanent magnets
0.16 0.4
140 330 67 32 56 17
Applications
455 520 670
Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Electromechanical transducers Microwave devices
REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994.
Spinel Structure (AB2O4)
A
B
Figure 4. Arrangement of metal ions in the two octants A and B, showing tetrahedrally (A) and octahedrally (B) coordinated sites. (Reprinted from McCurrie, R.A., Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.) A B O2-
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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Selected Antiferromagnetic Solids TN is the Néel temperature Material Binary oxides MnO FeO CoO NiO α-Mn2O3 CuO UO2 Er2O3 Gd2O3 Perovskites LaCrO3 LaMnO3 LaFeO3 NdCrO3 NdFeO3 YbCrO3 CaMnO3 EuTiO3 YCrO3 BiFeO3 KCoF3 KMnF3 KFeF3 KNiF3 NaMnF3 NaNiF3 RbMnF3 Spinels Co3O4 NiCr2O4 ZnCr2O4 ZnFe2O4 GeFe2O4 MgV2O4 MnGa2O4
Structure
TN/K
cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub monocl cub cub cub
122 198 291 525 90 230 30.8 3.4 1.6
orth orth orth orth orth orth cub cub orth cub* cub cub* cub cub cub* orth cub
282 100 750 224 760 118 110 5.3 141 673 125 88.3 115 275 60 149 82
cub tetr cub cub cub cub cub
40 65 15 9 10 45 33
Material NiAs and related structures CrAs CrSb CrSe MnTe NiS CrS Rutile and related structures CoF2 CrF2 FeF2 MnF2 NiF2 CrCl2 MnO2 FeOF Corundum and related structures Cr2O3 α-Fe2O3 FeTiO3 MnTiO3 CoTiO3 VF3 and related structures CoF3 CrF3 FeF3 MnF3 MoF3 Miscellaneous K2NiF4 MnI2 CoUO4 CaMn2O4 CrN CeC2 FeSn Mn2P
Structure
orth hex hex hex hex monocl
300 705-723 300 320-323 263 460
tetr monocl tetr tetr tetr orth tetr tetr
38 53 79 67 83 20 84 315
rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb
318 948 68 41 38
rhomb rhomb rhomb monocl rhomb
460 80 394 43 185
tetr hex orth orth cub* tetr hex hex
97 3.4 12 225 273 33 373 103
* Distorted. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-168 to 183. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 3. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 697.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
TN/K
ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample. Since Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range. This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean surface. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear: TE — Thermionic emission PE — Photoelectric effect FE — Field emission CPD — Contact potential difference polycr — Polycrystalline sample amorp — Amorphous sample Values in parentheses are only approximate. REFERENCES 1. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics, Höhler, G., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 2. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science, Vol.1, Green, M., Editor, Decker, New York, 1969. 3. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729, 1977. Element
Plane
Φ/eV
Ag
100 110 111 100 110 111 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 polycr 100 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr liquid polycr 100 110 111
4.64 4.52 4.74 4.20 4.06 4.26 (3.75) 5.47 5.37 5.31 (4.45) 2.52 4.98 4.34 (5.0) 2.87 4.08 2.9 5.0 4.5 1.95 5.10 4.48 4.94 4.53 2.5 4.67 4.81 4.32 2.90 5.0 3.9 4.475 4.09 5.67 5.42 5.76
Al
As Au
B Ba Be Bi C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu
Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Hg In Ir
Method PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH PE PE CPD PE CPD PE PE PE PE FE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE CPD CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE
Element
K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo
Na Nb
Nd Ni
Os Pb Pd Pt
Rb Re Rh
Plane
Φ/eV
210 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 114 332 polycr 001 110 111 112 113 116 310 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr 111 polycr 110 111 320 331 polycr polycr polycr
5.00 2.29 3.5 2.93 (3.3) 3.66 4.1 4.53 4.95 4.55 4.36 4.50 4.55 2.36 4.02 4.87 4.36 4.63 4.29 3.95 4.18 3.2 5.22 5.04 5.35 5.93 4.25 5.22 5.6 5.64 5.84 5.93 5.22 5.12 2.261 4.72 4.98
12-124
Method PE PE PE FE CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH TH TH TH TH TH PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE FE FE FE FE PE TE PE
Element
Plane
Φ/eV
Method
Ru Sb
polycr amorp 100 polycr polycr n p 100 p 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 113 polycr polycr 100 110 111 113 116 polycr polycr polycr polycr
4.71 4.55 4.7 3.5 5.9 4.85 (4.91) 4.60 2.7 4.42 (2.59) 4.25 4.15 4.80 4.00 3.0 4.95 3.4 4.33 (3.84) 3.63 3.73 3.90 3.67 4.3 4.55 4.63 5.22 4.45 4.46 4.32 3.1 3.63 (4.9) 4.05
PE
Sc Se Si
Sm Sn Sr Ta
Tb Te Th Ti Tl U
V W
Y Zn Zr
PE PE CPD CPD PE PE CPD TH TH TH TH TH PE PE TH PE CPD PE PE PE PE PE CPD FE FE FE FE TH PE PE CPD PE
SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION The secondary emission yield, or secondary emission ratio, δ, is the average number of secondary electrons emitted from a bombarded material for every incident primary electron. It is a function of the primary electron energy Ep. The maximum yield δmax corresponds to a primary electron energy Epmax (see figure). The two primary electron energies corresponding to a yield of unity are denoted the first and second crossovers (EI and EII). An insulating target, or a conducting target that is electrically floating, will charge positively or negatively depending on the primary electron energy. For EI < Ep < EII, δ > 1 and the surface charges positively provided there is a collector present that is positive with respect to the target. For Ep < EI or Ep > EII, δ < 1, and the surface charges negatively with respect to the potential of the source of primary electrons.
1.5 δmax δ 1.0 0.5
Ep EII EI max Primary Electron Energy (Ep)
Element
δmax
Epmax (eV)
EI (eV)
EII (eV)
Ag Al Au B Ba Bi Be C (diamond) C (graphite) C (soot) Cd Co Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hg K
1.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.5 2.8 1.0 0.45 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.55 1.15 1.3 0.7
800 300 800 150 400 550 200 750 300 500 450 600 400 600 400 500 500 600 200
200 300 150 50 None None None None 300 None 300 200 None 200 120 75 150 350 None
>2000 300 >2000 600 None None None >5000 300 None 700 None None 1500 1400 None 900 >1200 None
Compound Alkali halides CsCl KBr (crystal) KCl (crystal) KCl (layer) KI (crystal) KI (layer) LiF (crystal) LiF (layer) NaBr (crystal) NaBr (layer) NaCl (crystal)
δmax
6.5 14 12 7.5 10 5.6 8.5 5.6 24 6.3 14
Epmax (eV)
Element Li Mg Mo Na Nb Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Ta Th Ti Tl W Zr
Compound NaCl (layer) NaF (crystal) NaF (layer) NaI (crystal) NaI (layer) RbCl (layer) Oxides Ag2O Al2O3 (layer) BaO (layer) BeO CaO
1800 1600 1200 1600
700 1800 1200
12-125
δmax
Epmax (eV)
EI (eV)
EII (eV)
0.5 0.95 1.25 0.82 1.2 1.3 1.1 >1.3 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.35 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.1
85 300 375 300 375 550 500 >250 700 350 600 250 500 600 800 280 650 650 350
None None 150 None 150 150 250 120 350 None 250 125 None 250 None None 70 250 None
None None 1200 None 1050 >1500 1000 None 3000 None 2000 500 None >2000 None None >1500 >1500 None
δmax 6.8 14 5.7 19 5.5 5.8 1.0 2—9 2.3—4.8 3.4 2.2
Epmax (eV) 600 1200 1300
400 2000 500
SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION (continued) Compound Cu2O MgO (crystal) MgO (layer) MoO2 SiO2 (quartz) SnO2 Sulfides MoS2 PbS WS2 ZnS
δmax 1.2 20—25 3—15 1.2 2.1—4 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.8
Epmax (eV) 400 1500 400—1500 400 640
500 350
12-126
Compound
δmax
Epmax (eV)
Others BaF2 (layer) CaF2 (layer) BiCs3 BiCs GeCs Rb3Sb SbCs3 Mica Glasses
4.5 3.2 6 1.9 7 7.1 6 2.4 2—3
1000 1000 700 450 700 350 300—450
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/E. To compute the dielectric function ˜ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex index of refraction N˜ = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: • • •
Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. Edited by E. D. Palik, published by Academic Press, Inc. American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, Coord. Editor D. E. Gray, published by McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972.
The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time of the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconductors are listed at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for identifying the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths:
Energy (eV)
n
Aluminium1 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600 1.700 1.800 1.900 2.000
98.595 74.997 62.852 53.790 45.784 39.651 34.464 24.965 18.572 14.274 11.733 8.586 6.759 5.438 4.454 3.072 2.273 1.770 1.444 1.264 1.212 1.201 1.260 1.468 2.237 2.745 2.625 2.143 1.741 1.488 1.304
k
203.701 172.199 150.799 135.500 123.734 114.102 105.600 89.250 76.960 66.930 59.370 48.235 40.960 35.599 31.485 25.581 21.403 18.328 15.955 14.021 12.464 11.181 10.010 8.949 8.212 8.309 8.597 8.573 8.205 7.821 7.479
λ
E/eV
λ
E/eV
1 mm 500 µm 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm 5 µm 1 µm
0.00124 0.00248 0.01240 0.02480 0.12398 0.24797 1.240
6000 Å 5000 Å 4000 Å 3000 Å 2000 Å 1000 Å 400 Å
2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.398 30.996
R(φ φ = 0)
0.9923 0.9915 0.9906 0.9899 0.9895 0.9892 0.9889 0.9884 0.9882 0.9879 0.9873 0.9858 0.9844 0.9834 0.9826 0.9817 0.9806 0.9794 0.9778 0.9749 0.9697 0.9630 0.9521 0.9318 0.8852 0.8678 0.8794 0.8972 0.9069 0.9116 0.9148
Energy (eV) 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000 4.200 4.400 4.600 4.800 5.000 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 11.000 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000
n
k
1.018 0.826 0.695 0.598 0.523 0.460 0.407 0.363 0.326 0.294 0.267 0.244 0.223 0.205 0.190 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.048
6.846 6.283 5.800 5.385 5.024 4.708 4.426 4.174 3.946 3.740 3.552 3.380 3.222 3.076 2.942 2.391 2.173 1.983 1.814 1.663 1.527 1.402 1.286 1.178 1.076 0.979 0.883 0.791 0.700 0.609 0.517 0.417
12-133
R(φ φ = 0) 0.9200 0.9228 0.9238 0.9242 0.9241 0.9243 0.9245 0.9246 0.9247 0.9248 0.9248 0.9249 0.9249 0.9249 0.9244 0.9257 0.9260 0.9262 0.9265 0.9269 0.9272 0.9277 0.9282 0.9286 0.9293 0.9298 0.9283 0.9224 0.9118 0.8960 0.8789 0.8486
Energy (eV) 14.200 14.400 14.600 14.800 15.000 15.200 15.400 15.600 15.800 16.000 16.200 16.400 16.750 17.000 17.250 17.500 17.750 18.000 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 20.500 21.000 21.500 22.000 22.500 23.000 23.500 24.000 24.500 25.000
n 0.053 0.058 0.067 0.086 0.125 0.178 0.234 0.280 0.318 0.351 0.380 0.407 0.448 0.474 0.498 0.520 0.540 0.558 0.591 0.620 0.646 0.668 0.689 0.707 0.724 0.739 0.753 0.766 0.778 0.789 0.799 0.809
k 0.373 0.327 0.273 0.211 0.153 0.108 0.184 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018
R(φ φ = 0) 0.8312 0.8102 0.7802 0.7202 0.6119 0.4903 0.3881 0.3182 0.2694 0.2326 0.2031 0.1789 0.1460 0.1278 0.1129 0.1005 0.0899 0.0809 0.0664 0.0554 0.0467 0.0398 0.0342 0.0296 0.0258 0.0226 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0126 0.0113
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 25.500 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 72.500 75.000 77.500 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 150.000 160.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 200.000 220.000 240.000 260.000 280.000 300.000
n 0.817 0.826 0.840 0.854 0.865 0.876 0.915 0.940 0.957 0.969 0.979 0.987 0.995 1.006 1.025 1.011 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.005 0.999 0.991 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995
Carbon (diamond)2 0.06199 2.3741 0.06888 2.3741 0.07749 2.3745 0.08856 2.3750 0.1033 2.3757 0.1240 2.3765 0.1550 2.3772 0.1907 0.2066 2.3779 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 2.3787 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38
k 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002
R(φ φ = 0) 0.0102 0.0092 0.0076 0.0063 0.0053 0.0044 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 3.1 E-05 5.7 E-05 1.21E-04 2.36E-04 3.82E-04 5.21E-04 2.96E-04 4.39E-04 2.75E-04 7.82E-05 1.32E-04 1.30E-04 1.11E-04 2.99E-05 1.89E-05 2.11E-05 2.47E-05 2.80E-05 3.11E-05
0.166
0.167
Energy (eV) 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.4133 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240 1.378 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.771 1.889 1.926 2.066 2.105 2.271 2.480 2.650 2.845 3.100 3.434 3.576 3.961 4.160 4.511 4.8187 5.00 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.55 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.15 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.25 8.50
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
3.67E-05 3.58E-05 3.25E-05 2.3795
0.167 2.94E-05 2.87E-05 3.14E-05 3.62E-05 3.22E-05 1.57E-05 6.17E-06
2.3801 2.3813 2.3837 2.3905 2.3934 2.3953 2.3975 2.4003 2.4036 2.4073 2.4084 2.4133 2.4147 2.4210 2.4299 2.4380
0.167 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.169 0.169 0.169 0.170 0.170 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175 3.82E-07
2.4627 2.4849 2.4955
0.178 0.182 0.183 8.97E-07
2.5465 2.6205 2.6383
2.740 2.780 2.826 2.852 2.879 2.910 2.944 2.985 3.031 3.085 3.146 3.220 3.322 3.444 3.464 3.437 3.376 3.335 3.321 3.306 3.276 3.251 3.232 3.228
0.190 1.29E-06 1.47E-06 2.98E-06 6.45E-06 1.04E-05 3.41E-05 5.48E-04 1.48E-03 5.02E-03 7.99E-03 8.62E-03 9.30E-03 9.74E-03 9.87E-03 1.10E-02 1.47E-02 2.20E-02 3.44E-02 5.24E-02 9.35E-02 0.210 0.307 0.388 0.473 0.515 0.533 0.592 0.659 0.712 0.765 0.806
12-134
0.200 0.203
0.216 0.222 0.228 0.231 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.254 0.261 0.268 0.277 0.289 0.304 0.308 0.307 0.303 0.300 0.299 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.301 0.303
Energy (eV) 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00
n 3.247 3.272 3.308 3.348 3.398 3.453 3.514 3.565 3.600 3.582 3.507 3.346 3.090 2.736 2.383 1.983 1.532 1.312 1.223 1.129 1.070 1.018 0.972 0.917 0.861 0.805 0.753 0.707 0.665 0.626 0.589 0.557 0.527 0.487 0.518 0.597 0.586 0.562 0.538 0.516 0.501 0.494 0.493
Cesium (evaporated)3 2.145 0.264 2.271 0.278 2.845 0.425 3.064 0.540 3.397 0.671 3.966 0.827 4.889 0.916 Chromium4 0.06 21.19 0.10 11.81 0.14 15.31 0.18 8.73 0.22 5.30 0.26 3.91 0.30 3.15 0.42 3.47 0.54 3.92 0.66 3.96 0.78 4.13
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.855 0.910 0.978 1.055 1.147 1.258 1.403 1.581 1.813 2.078 2.380 2.693 2.986 3.228 3.354 3.382 3.265 2.953 2.722 2.379 2.178 2.034 1.929 1.845 1.767 1.692 1.619 1.546 1.476 1.408 1.341 1.273 1.203 1.052 0.888 0.850 0.829 0.787 0.736 0.679 0.616 0.552 0.490
0.308 0.314 0.322 0.331 0.342 0.355 0.371 0.389 0.411 0.434 0.460 0.488 0.518 0.551 0.580 0.610 0.641 0.627 0.604 0.557 0.526 0.504 0.489 0.482 0.477 0.474 0.471 0.467 0.463 0.459 0.455 0.449 0.442 0.413 0.330 0.270 0.268 0.265 0.260 0.252 0.239 0.221 0.201
1.123 0.950 0.438 0.320 0.233 0.174 0.143
0.631 0.561 0.235 0.127 0.057 0.018 0.007
42.00 29.76 26.36 25.37 20.62 17.12 14.28 8.97 7.06 5.95 5.03
0.962 0.955 0.936 0.53 0.954 0.951 0.943 0.862 0.788 0.736 0.680
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.46 1.77 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.50 9.0 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00
n 4.43 4.47 4.53 4.50 4.42 4.31 3.84 3.48 3.18 2.75 2.22 1.80 1.54 1.44 1.39 1.26 1.12 1.02 0.94 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.83 0.92 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.31 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82
k 4.60 4.43 4.31 4.28 4.30 4.32 4.37 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.36 4.06 3.71 3.40 3.24 3.12 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.80 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33 1.23 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
R(φ φ = 0) 0.650 0.639 0.631 0.629 0.631 0.632 0.639 0.644 0.656 0.677 0.698 0.703 0.695 0.670 0.657 0.661 0.660 0.651 0.639 0.620 0.607 0.598 0.586 0.572 0.557 0.542 0.523 0.503 0.466 0.443 0.437 0.444 0.446 0.447 0.444 0.439 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.378 0.347 0.315 0.278 0.235 0.170 0.132 0.120 0.112 0.103 0.100 0.101 0.108 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.142 0.143 0.141 0.139 0.134 0.132 0.130 0.129 0.130 0.131
Energy (eV) 20.00 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 30.0
n
k
0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78
→ Cobalt, single crystal, E 㛳 0.10 6.71 0.15 4.66 0.20 3.55 0.25 3.98 0.30 4.04 0.40 4.24 0.50 4.41 0.60 4.91 0.70 5.24 0.80 5.17 0.90 4.94 1.00 4.46 1.10 4.07 1.20 3.81 1.30 3.60 1.40 3.37 1.50 3.10 1.60 2.84 1.70 2.66 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.31 2.00 2.21 2.10 2.13 2.20 2.07 2.30 2.01 2.40 1.95 2.50 1.88 2.60 1.81 2.70 1.73 2.80 1.66 2.90 1.61 3.00 1.55 3.20 1.46 3.40 1.38 3.60 1.31 3.80 1.28 4.00 1.26 4.20 1.25 4.40 1.24 4.60 1.24 4.80 1.23 5.00 1.22 5.20 1.21 5.40 1.19
R(φ φ = 0)
0.64 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21
0.130 0.129 0.121 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.030
cˆ 5 37.87 25.47 18.78 14.59 12.16 9.13 7.19 6.13 5.85 5.89 5.95 5.86 5.61 5.36 5.20 5.09 4.96 4.77 4.57 4.41 4.18 4.00 3.85 3.70 3.59 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.80 2.64 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.77
0.982 0.973 0.962 0.933 0.907 0.847 0.782 0.729 0.713 0.716 0.720 0.722 0.715 0.706 0.701 0.701 0.701 0.697 0.690 0.687 0.675 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.634 0.627 0.622 0.618 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.594 0.579 0.563 0.544 0.519 0.495 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399
12-135
Energy (eV) 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00
n 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.75 1.73 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09
0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.286 0.269 0.253 0.239
→ Cobalt, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 5 0.10 5.83 32.36 0.15 4.24 21.37 0.20 3.87 15.53 0.30 4.34 10.01 0.40 4.66 7.39 0.50 5.17 5.75 0.60 5.77 5.17 0.70 6.15 5.20 0.80 6.08 5.61 0.90 5.57 5.93 1.00 4.83 5.94 1.10 4.31 5.60 1.20 4.02 5.34 1.30 3.78 5.16 1.40 3.55 5.05 1.50 3.26 4.93 1.60 3.03 4.74 1.70 2.83 4.60 1.80 2.61 4.45 1.90 2.41 4.27 2.00 2.25 4.09 2.10 2.13 3.89 2.20 2.04 3.72 2.30 1.99 3.56 2.40 1.95 3.44 2.50 1.90 3.34 2.60 1.86 3.26 2.70 1.79 3.19 2.80 1.72 3.11 2.90 1.66 3.03 3.00 1.60 2.94 3.20 1.50 2.78 3.40 1.42 2.62 3.60 1.36 2.47 3.80 1.33 2.33 4.00 1.31 2.21 4.20 1.28 2.12 4.40 1.27 2.03 4.60 1.26 1.95 4.80 1.25 1.90 5.00 1.24 1.84 5.20 1.22 1.80 5.40 1.21 1.78 5.60 1.17 1.76 5.80 1.11 1.74 6.00 1.04 1.69 6.20 0.98 1.62 6.40 0.94 1.54 6.60 0.92 1.46 6.80 0.91 1.38
0.979 0.965 0.042 0.865 0.785 0.709 0.682 0.685 0.702 0.715 0.721 0.711 0.701 0.694 0.692 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.646 0.632 0.620 0.611 0.605 0.602 0.596 0.591 0.586 0.571 0.553 0.533 0.511 0.488 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80
0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13
0.326 0.305 0.285 0.269 0.253
Copper6 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00
29.69 1.71 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.47 0.83 1.04 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.47 1.38 1.28 1.18 1.10 1.04 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.92
71.57 17.63 8.48 5.26 4.43 4.25 4.04 3.85 3.67 3.24 2.81 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.50 2.36 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.72 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.78 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.37 1.20 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40
0.980 0.979 0.976 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.952 0.947 0.943 0.910 0.814 0.673 0.618 0.602 0.577 0.545 0.509 0.468 0.434 0.407 0.387 0.364 0.336 0.329 0.334 0.345 0.366 0.380 0.389 0.391 0.389 0.380 0.329 0.271 0.230 0.206 0.189 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.118 0.111 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.097 0.084 0.071 0.059 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.044
Energy (eV) 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
Energy (eV) 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02852 0.02976 0.03100 0.03224 0.03348 0.03472 0.03596 0.03720 0.03844 0.03968 0.04092 0.04215 0.04339 0.04463 0.04587 0.04711 0.04835 0.04959 0.05083 0.05207 0.05331 0.05455 0.05579 0.05703 0.05827 0.05951 0.06075 0.06199 0.06323 0.06447 0.06571 0.06695 0.06819 0.06943 0.07067 0.07191 0.07315 0.07439 0.07514 0.07749 0.07999 0.08266 0.08551 0.08920 0.09460 0.09840 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
0.88 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96
0.38 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08
0.043 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
Gallium (liquid)7 1.425 2.40 1.550 2.09 1.771 1.65 2.066 1.25 2.480 0.89 3.100 0.59
9.20 8.50 7.60 6.60 5.60 4.50
0.900 0.898 0.898 0.897 0.898 0.896
Germanium, single crystal8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.01860 1.50E-03 0.01984 1.60E-03
12-136
0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361
n
3.9827
(3.9900)
(3.9930)
(3.9955)
3.9992
(4.0000)
4.0009 4.0011 4.0013 4.0015
4.0063 4.0108 4.0246 4.0429 (4.074) (4.104) 4.180 4.275 4.285 4.325 4.385 4.420 4.495
k 1.60E-03 1.55E-03 1.53E-03 1.50E-03 1.25E-03 8.50E-04 6.50E-04 7.00E-04 8.50E-04 1.55E-03 2.75E-03 3.55E-03 3.05E-03 2.75E-03 2.70E-03 2.90E-03 2.95E-03 3.20E-03 6.30E-03 3.40E-03 2.50E-03 2.10E-03 2.00E-03 8.00E-04 1.40E-03 1.35E-03 1.10E-03 8.00E-04 6.00E-04 9.0 E-04 6.5 E-04 4.6 E-04 4.0 E-04 3.98E-04 4.0 E-04 4.3 E-04 4.4 E-04 4.3 E-04 3.1 E-04 3.3 E-04 3.8 E-04 3.3 E-04 2.5 E-04 1.9 E-04 1.58E-04 9.55E-05 1.71E-04 9.78E-05 5.77E-05 3.98E-05 4.59E-05 3.51E-05 3.70E-05
6.58E-07 1.27E-04 5.67E-03 7.45E-02 8.09E-02 0.103 0.123 0.167
R(φ φ = 0)
0.358
0.359
0.359
0.360
0.360
0.360
0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360
0.361 0.361 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.370 0.377 0.385 0.386 0.390 0.395 0.398 0.405
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0
n 4.560 4.635 4.763 4.897 5.067 5.380 5.588 5.748 5.283 5.062 4.610 4.340 4.180 4.082 4.035 4.037 4.082 4.141 4.157 4.128 4.070 4.020 3.985 3.958 3.936 3.920 3.905 3.869 3.745 3.338 2.516 1.953 1.720 1.586 1.498 1.435 1.394 1.370 1.364 1.371 1.383 1.380 1.360 1.293 1.209 1.108 1.30 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93
k 0.190 0.298 0.345 0.401 0.500 0.540 0.933 1.634 2.049 2.318 2.455 2.384 2.309 2.240 2.181 2.140 2.145 2.215 2.340 2.469 2.579 2.667 2.759 2.863 2.986 3.137 3.336 3.614 4.009 4.507 4.669 4.297 3.960 3.709 3.509 3.342 3.197 3.073 2.973 2.897 2.854 2.842 2.846 2.163 2.873 2.813 2.34 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.86 0.237 0.179 0.144 0.110 0.0747 0.1020 0.0999 0.0856 0.0740 0.0651
R(φ φ = 0) 0.411 0.418 0.428 0.439 0.453 0.475 0.495 0.523 0.516 0.519 0.508 0.492 0.480 0.471 0.464 0.461 0.463 0.471 0.482 0.490 0.497 0.502 0.509 0.517 0.527 0.539 0.556 0.579 0.612 0.659 0.705 0.713 0.702 0.690 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.636 0.622 0.609 0.600 0.598 0.602 0.479 0.632 0.641 0.517 0.489 0.448 0.348 0.282 0.262 0.167
Energy (eV) 40.0
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.0604
Gold, electropolished, Au (110)9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.30 0.99 27.82 0.40 0.59 20.83 0.50 0.39 16.61 0.60 0.28 13.78 0.70 0.22 11.75 0.80 0.18 10.21 0.90 0.15 9.01 1.00 0.13 8.03 1.20 0.10 6.54 1.40 0.08 5.44 1.60 0.08 4.56 1.80 0.09 3.82 2.00 0.13 3.16 2.10 0.18 2.84 2.20 0.24 2.54 2.40 0.50 1.86 2.50 0.82 1.59 2.60 1.24 1.54 2.70 1.43 1.72 2.80 1.46 1.77 2.90 1.50 1.79 3.00 1.54 1.80 3.10 1.54 1.81 3.20 1.54 1.80 3.30 1.55 1.78 3.40 1.56 1.76 3.50 1.58 1.73 3.60 1.62 1.73 3.70 1.64 1.75 3.80 1.63 1.79 3.90 1.59 1.81 4.00 1.55 1.81 4.10 1.51 1.79 4.20 1.48 1.78 4.30 1.45 1.77 4.40 1.41 1.76 4.50 1.35 1.74 4.60 1.30 1.69 4.70 1.27 1.64 4.80 1.25 1.59 4.90 1.23 1.54 5.00 1.22 1.49 5.20 1.21 1.40 5.40 1.21 1.33 5.60 1.21 1.27 5.80 1.21 1.20 6.00 1.22 1.14 6.20 1.24 1.09 6.40 1.25 1.05 6.60 1.27 1.01 6.80 1.30 0.97 7.00 1.34 0.95 7.20 1.36 0.95 7.40 1.38 0.96 7.60 1.38 0.98 7.80 1.35 0.99 8.00 1.31 0.96 8.20 1.30 0.92 8.40 1.30 0.89 8.60 1.31 0.88
12-137
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.979 0.953 0.925 0.880 0.647 0.438 0.331 0.356 0.368 0.368 0.369 0.371 0.368 0.362 0.356 0.349 0.346 0.351 0.360 0.366 0.369 0.368 0.367 0.368 0.370 0.370 0.364 0.354 0.344 0.332 0.319 0.295 0.275 0.256 0.236 0.218 0.203 0.190 0.177 0.167 0.162 0.161 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.144
Energy (eV) 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00
n 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.44 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
0.140 0.133 0.126 0.122 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.125 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.109 0.115 0.127 0.137 0.140 0.140 0.139 0.135 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.114 0.111 0.109 0.109 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.156 0.162 0.164 0.163 0.157 0.149 0.138 0.125 0.113 0.101 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.071 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.064 0.064
→ Hafnium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 10 0.52 1.48 4.11
0.747
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 0.56 0.60 0.66 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00
n 1.84 2.34 3.21 3.70 4.31 4.61 4.71 4.64 4.54 4.45 4.28 4.08 3.87 3.72 3.60 3.52 3.52 3.57 3.63 3.65 3.64 3.53 3.34 3.15 2.99 2.83 2.68 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.14 2.00 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.40
k 3.29 2.62 2.13 2.03 2.10 2.31 2.70 2.85 2.96 3.00 3.08 3.10 3.04 2.95 2.85 2.73 2.61 2.56 2.59 2.67 2.81 2.99 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.00 2.95 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.01
R(φ φ = 0) 0.615 0.486 0.428 0.441 0.476 0.504 0.533 0.541 0.545 0.545 0.547 0.544 0.536 0.525 0.514 0.500 0.488 0.485 0.489 0.498 0.511 0.526 0.534 0.537 0.540 0.542 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.538 0.528 0.517 0.503 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.455 0.442 0.431 0.420 0.407 0.394 0.382 0.373 0.364 0.356 0.341 0.324 0.314 0.308 0.295 0.278 0.258 0.240 0.224 0.212 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.183 0.179
Energy (eV) 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60
n 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10
k 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31
→ Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.60 2.84 2.89 0.66 3.71 2.35 0.70 4.26 2.21 0.76 4.97 2.33 0.80 5.41 2.62 0.86 5.46 3.36 0.90 5.22 3.62 0.95 4.95 3.72 1.00 4.76 3.76 1.10 4.43 3.80 1.20 4.07 3.74 1.30 3.79 3.55
12-138
R(φ φ = 0) 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.193 0.201 0.211 0.222 0.230 0.235 0.238 0.240 0.241 0.242 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.236 0.232 0.225 0.218 0.205 0.186 0.172 0.167 0.153 0.132 0.111 0.114 0.105 0.089 0.077 0.064 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024
0.723 0.623 0.512 0.469 0.482 0.521 0.554 0.593 0.601 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.594 0.578
Energy (eV) 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60
n 3.61 3.55 3.58 3.63 3.66 3.63 3.51 3.35 3.18 2.99 2.78 2.65 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.20 2.08 1.94 1.83 1.74 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19
k 3.36 3.13 3.01 2.98 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.35 3.26 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.88 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20
R(φ φ = 0) 0.561 0.540 0.529 0.526 0.530 0.541 0.551 0.558 0.563 0.568 0.569 0.562 0.560 0.559 0.558 0.558 0.561 0.560 0.555 0.547 0.538 0.529 0.519 0.510 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.474 0.462 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.415 0.402 0.389 0.379 0.367 0.349 0.335 0.322 0.313 0.302 0.285 0.265 0.244 0.230 0.217 0.206 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.174 0.173 0.173 0.174 0.178 0.184 0.193 0.204 0.214 0.223 0.230 0.234 0.235 0.237
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 Iridium11 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09
1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30
0.237 0.237 0.237 0.236 0.235 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.219 0.211 0.196 0.177 0.160 0.154 0.140 0.119 0.099 0.102 0.092 0.077 0.065 0.053 0.041 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022
28.49 15.32 9.69 6.86 5.16 4.11 3.42 3.05 2.98 2.79 2.93 3.14 3.19 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.85 2.72 2.65 2.68 2.69 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.40 2.29 2.18
60.62 45.15 35.34 28.84 24.25 20.79 18.06 15.82 14.06 11.58 9.78 8.61 7.88 7.31 6.84 6.41 6.07 5.74 5.39 5.08 4.92 4.81 4.68 4.57 4.48 4.38 4.26
0.975 0.973 0.972 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.960 0.954 0.944 0.925 0.895 0.862 0.840 0.822 0.808 0.791 0.779 0.767 0.750 0.728 0.716 0.710 0.704 0.699 0.697 0.695 0.692
Energy (eV) 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20
n 2.07 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.18 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.28
k 4.14 4.00 3.86 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.43 3.26 3.05 2.81 2.69 2.68 2.71 2.68 2.60 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.86 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.34 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.83
12-139
R(φ φ = 0) 0.689 0.682 0.673 0.665 0.655 0.646 0.640 0.629 0.610 0.573 0.541 0.535 0.549 0.561 0.567 0.570 0.559 0.543 0.522 0.499 0.474 0.454 0.427 0.401 0.375 0.345 0.318 0.290 0.262 0.241 0.208 0.191 0.179 0.171 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.187 0.193 0.200 0.206 0.208 0.208 0.206 0.203 0.199 0.191 0.181 0.173 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.131 0.129 0.127 0.131
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
1.30 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76
0.87 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.22
0.140 0.154 0.166 0.176 0.187 0.197 0.205 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.222 0.228 0.232 0.228 0.223 0.218 0.209 0.200 0.192 0.181 0.174 0.166 0.158 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.140 0.119 0.091 0.059 0.044 0.034
Iron5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80
6.41 6.26 3.68 4.98 4.87 4.68 4.42 4.14 3.93 3.78 3.65 3.52 3.43 3.33 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.05 3.00 2.98 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.65 2.56 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.12
33.07 22.82 18.23 13.68 12.05 10.44 9.75 8.02 6.95 6.17 5.60 5.16 4.79 4.52 4.26 4.07 3.87 3.77 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.30 3.25 3.23
0.978 0.956 0.958 0.911 0.892 0.867 0.858 0.817 0.783 0.752 0.725 0.700 0.678 0.660 0.641 0.626 0.609 0.601 0.585 0.577 0.573 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.563 0.567 0.567 0.570 0.576 0.575 0.580
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 5.17 5.33 5.50 5.67 5.83 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.50 6.67 6.83 7.00 7.17 7.33 7.50 7.67 7.83 8.00 8.17 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.83 9.00 9.17 9.33 9.50 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.17 10.33 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.00 11.17 11.33 11.50 11.67 11.83 12.00 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.67 12.83 13.00
n 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.85
k 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.39 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.75 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80
R(φ φ = 0) 0.580 0.583 0.580 0.576 0.572 0.565 0.556 0.548 0.542 0.534 0.527 0.510 0.494 0.482 0.470 0.451 0.435 0.425 0.408 0.401 0.383 0.373 0.366 0.365 0.365 0.358 0.351 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.298 0.288 0.279 0.272 0.265 0.258 0.251 0.246 0.240 0.236 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.221 0.218 0.213 0.203 0.196 0.189 0.179 0.170 0.162 0.159 0.159 0.160 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.165 0.164 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.162
Energy (eV) 13.17 13.33 13.50 13.67 13.83 14.00 14.17 14.33 14.50 14.67 14.83 15.00 15.17 15.33 15.50 15.67 15.83 16.00 16.17 16.33 16.50 16.67 16.83 17.00 17.17 17.33 17.50 17.67 17.83 18.00 18.17 18.33 18.50 18.67 18.83 19.00 19.17 19.33 19.50 19.67 19.83 20.00 20.17 20.33 20.50 20.67 20.83 21.00 21.17 21.33 21.50 21.67 21.83 22.00 22.17 22.33 22.50 22.67 22.83 23.00 23.17 23.33 23.50 23.67 23.83
n 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74
k 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27
12-140
R(φ φ = 0) 0.161 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.154 0.151 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.131 0.238 0.126 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.112 0.110 0.107 0.106 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.068 0.067 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.050 0.049 0.047
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
24.00 24.17 24.33 24.50 24.67 24.83 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00
0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82
0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13
0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014
Lithium12 0.14 0.54 0.75 1.05 1.35 1.65 1.95 2.25 2.55 2.85 3.15 3.45 3.75 4.05 4.35 4.65 4.95 5.25 5.55 5.85 6.15 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.35 7.65 7.95 8.25 8.55 8.85 9.15 9.45 9.75 10.1 10.4 10.6
0.659 0.661 0.561 0.448 0.338 0.265 0.221 0.206 0.217 0.247 0.304 0.334 0.345 0.346 0.333 0.317 0.302 0.299 0.310 0.342 0.376 0.408 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.517 0.545 0.572 0.601 0.624 0.657 0.680 0.708 0.726 0.743 0.753
38.0 12.6 7.68 5.58 4.36 3.55 2.94 2.48 2.11 1.82 1.60 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.11 1.01 0.906 0.795 0.688 0.594 0.522 0.460 0.407 0.364 0.320 0.282 0.246 0.214 0.189 0.163 0.144 0.130 0.119 0.108 0.102 0.080
0.998 0.984 0.963 0.946 0.935 0.925 0.913 0.892 0.854 0.797 0.715 0.656 0.611 0.578 0.557 0.540 0.520 0.484 0.434 0.365 0.306 0.256 0.214 0.183 0.155 0.131 0.109 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.034 0.029 0.025 0.022
3.71 3.47 2.92 2.65 2.05 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 0.95 0.40
0.880 0.843 0.805 0.777 0.681 0.894 0.832 0.765 0.693 0.722 0.730 0.419
Magnesium (evaporated)13 2.145 0.48 2.270 0.57 2.522 0.53 2.845 0.52 3.064 0.52 5.167 0.10 5.636 0.15 6.200 0.20 6.889 0.25 7.750 0.20 8.857 0.15 10.335 0.25
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)
n
Manganese14 0.64 0.77 0.89 1.02 1.14 1.26 1.39 1.51 1.64 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.13 2.26 2.38 2.50 2.63 2.75 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.25 3.37 3.50 3.62 3.74 3.87 3.99 4.12 4.24 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.74 4.86 4.98 5.11 5.23 5.36 5.48 5.60 5.73 5.85 5.98 6.10 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.60
3.89 3.78 3.65 3.48 3.30 3.10 2.97 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.11 2.06 2.00 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.55 1.48
Mercury (liquid)15 0.2 13.99 0.3 11.37 0.4 9.741 0.5 8.528 0.6 7.574 0.8 6.086 1.0 4.962 1.2 4.050 1.4 3.324 1.6 2.746 1.8 2.284 2.0 1.910 2.2 1.620
k
R(φ φ = 0)
5.95 5.41 5.02 4.74 4.53 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.91 3.78 3.65 3.54 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47
0.738 0.710 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.653 0.643 0.634 0.627 0.617 0.606 0.596 0.585 0.577 0.567 0.559 0.552 0.545 0.536 0.528 0.518 0.509 0.498 0.484 0.475 0.463 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.417 0.406 0.395 0.388 0.378 0.372 0.362 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.337 0.331 0.325 0.319 0.313 0.307 0.301 0.295 0.292 0.288
14.27 11.95 10.65 9.805 9.195 8.312 7.643 7.082 6.558 6.054 5.582 5.150 4.751
0.869 0.846 0.830 0.818 0.808 0.796 0.789 0.786 0.785 0.783 0.782 0.782 0.780
Energy (eV) 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5
n
k
1.384 1.186 1.027 0.898 0.798 0.713 0.644 0.589 0.542 0.507 0.477 0.452 0.431 0.414 0.401 0.394 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.385 0.386 0.388 0.390 0.399 0.412 0.428 0.436 0.438 0.459 0.510 0.585 0.663 0.717 0.769 0.817 0.860 0.893 0.929 0.946 0.952 0.953 0.956 0.965 0.975 0.988 1.009 1.044 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.045 1.041 1.039 1.039 1.050 1.064 1.078 1.092 1.104 1.115 1.125 1.135 1.146 1.159 1.170
4.407 4.090 3.802 3.538 3.294 3.074 2.860 2.665 2.502 2.341 2.195 2.058 1.929 1.806 1.687 1.569 1.454 1.396 1.341 1.287 1.232 1.176 1.118 1.058 1.002 0.949 0.898 0.836 0.756 0.676 0.617 0.589 0.584 0.575 0.574 0.580 0.597 0.623 0.639 0.645 0.638 0.624 0.607 0.588 0.568 0.548 0.541 0.557 0.567 0.569 0.561 0.550 0.537 0.523 0.491 0.467 0.445 0.430 0.416 0.404 0.394 0.383 0.374 0.368 0.367
12-141
R(φ φ = 0) 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777 0.773 0.770 0.763 0.755 0.749 0.738 0.727 0.715 0.701 0.685 0.666 0.642 0.617 0.601 0.585 0.569 0.551 0.531 0.510 0.481 0.450 0.418 0.392 0.367 0.320 0.255 0.191 0.148 0.128 0.111 0.100 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.098 0.099 0.097 0.093 0.087 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.037 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034
Energy (eV) 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5
n 1.177 1.184 1.191 1.195 1.200 1.208
Molybdenum16 0.10 18.53 0.15 8.78 0.20 5.10 0.25 3.36 0.30 2.44 0.34 2.00 0.38 1.70 0.42 1.57 0.46 1.46 0.50 1.37 0.54 1.35 0.58 1.34 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.43 0.70 1.48 0.74 1.51 0.78 1.60 0.82 1.64 0.86 1.70 9.90 1.74 1.00 1.94 1.10 2.15 1.20 2.44 1.30 2.77 1.40 3.15 1.50 3.53 1.60 3.77 1.70 3.84 1.80 3.81 1.90 3.74 2.00 3.68 2.10 3.68 2.20 3.76 2.30 3.79 2.40 3.59 2.50 3.36 2.60 3.22 2.70 3.13 2.80 3.08 2.90 3.05 3.00 3.04 3.10 3.03 3.20 3.05 3.30 3.06 3.40 3.06 3.50 3.06 3.60 3.05 3.70 3.04 3.80 3.04 3.90 3.04 4.00 3.01 4.20 2.77 4.40 2.39 4.60 2.06 4.80 1.75 5.00 1.46 5.20 1.22
k 0.367 0.366 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.364
68.51 47.54 35.99 28.75 23.80 20.84 18.44 16.50 14.91 13.55 12.36 11.34 10.44 9.67 8.99 8.38 7.83 7.35 6.89 6.48 5.58 4.85 4.22 3.74 3.40 3.30 3.41 3.51 3.58 3.58 3.52 3.45 3.41 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.42 3.33 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.40 3.51 3.77 3.88 3.84 3.76 3.62 3.42
R(φ φ = 0) 0.034 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.985 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.971 0.966 0.960 0.952 0.942 0.932 0.921 0.906 0.892 0.876 0.859 0.805 0.743 0.671 0.608 0.562 0.550 0.562 0.570 0.576 0.576 0.571 0.565 0.562 0.578 0.594 0.591 0.582 0.573 0.565 0.566 0.550 0.544 0.540 0.540 0.541 0.543 0.546 0.550 0.554 0.564 0.576 0.610 0.640 0.658 0.678 0.695 0.706
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.50
n 1.07 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.71
k 3.20 2.99 2.80 2.64 2.50 2.36 2.24 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.49 1.41 1.33 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.31
R(φ φ = 0) 0.706 0.700 0.688 0.674 0.660 0.641 0.619 0.592 0.568 0.548 0.542 0.552 0.542 0.530 0.512 0.495 0.475 0.450 0.420 0.385 0.355 0.320 0.285 0.250 0.217 0.188 0.162 0.138 0.125 0.123 0.125 0.135 0.145 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.182 0.179 0.179 0.184 0.194 0.216 0.233 0.257 0.270 0.283 0.284 0.275 0.264 0.245 0.234 0.215 0.207 0.195 0.185 0.166 0.151 0.124 0.106 0.085 0.072 0.060
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
0.73 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83
0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23
0.050 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.025
Nickel17 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60
9.54 5.45 4.12 4.25 4.19 4.03 3.84 4.03 3.84 3.59 3.38 3.18 3.06 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.65 2.53 2.43 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.71 1.63
45.82 30.56 22.48 17.68 15.05 13.05 11.43 9.64 8.35 7.48 6.82 6.23 5.74 5.38 5.10 4.85 4.63 4.47 4.31 4.18 4.01 3.82 3.65 3.48 3.33 3.19 3.06 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.36 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.98 1.98 2.01 2.06 2.09
0.983 0.978 0.969 0.950 0.934 0.918 0.900 0.864 0.835 0.813 0.794 0.774 0.753 0.734 0.721 0.708 0.695 0.688 0.679 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.649 0.634 0.620 0.605 0.590 0.575 0.557 0.542 0.525 0.509 0.495 0.480 0.467 0.454 0.441 0.428 0.416 0.405 0.397 0.393 0.392 0.396 0.409 0.421
12-142
Energy (eV) 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00
n 1.53 1.40 1.27 1.16 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92
k 2.11 2.10 2.04 1.94 1.83 1.73 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44
R(φ φ = 0) 0.435 0.449 0.454 0.449 0.435 0.417 0.371 0.345 0.325 0.308 0.291 0.282 0.273 0.265 0.256 0.248 0.242 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.211 0.203 0.194 0.185 0.175 0.166 0.155 0.145 0.129 0.123 0.115 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.107 0.106 0.105 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.077 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.051
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 68.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 90.00 Niobium18 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06
0.052 0.051 0.051 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.022 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002
15.99 7.25 5.47 4.26 3.11 2.28 1.83 1.57 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 2.54 2.69 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.83 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.64 2.53
53.20 34.14 28.88 24.95 20.03 15.58 12.67 10.59 9.00 7.74 6.70 5.86 5.18 4.63 4.13 3.68 3.37 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.86 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.90 2.86 2.80 2.68 2.60 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.33 2.42 2.56
0.979 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947 0.935 0.918 0.893 0.857 0.814 0.768 0.715 0.650 0.595 0.552 0.527 0.510 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.506 0.509 0.512 0.511 0.507 0.500 0.485 0.475 0.465 0.453 0.442 0.435 0.428 0.426 0.427 0.429 0.434 0.447 0.467
Energy (eV) 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.20 17.40 17.80 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00
n 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.63 1.49 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.08 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85
k 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.62 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.49 2.38 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.69 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.62 0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.33
12-143
R(φ φ = 0) 0.470 0.465 0.475 0.487 0.505 0.518 0.522 0.520 0.512 0.496 0.480 0.460 0.441 0.430 0.427 0.430 0.428 0.412 0.390 0.365 0.340 0.328 0.315 0.290 0.265 0.245 0.227 0.209 0.194 0.187 0.185 0.190 0.195 0.200 0.204 0.207 0.209 0.210 0.209 0.204 0.200 0.201 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.234 0.238 0.247 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.236 0.230 0.217 0.209 0.185 0.170 0.150 0.137 0.119 0.100 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.038
Energy (eV) 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.20 36.00 37.50 39.50 40.50
n 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.95 0.92
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.47
0.029 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.059
Osmium (Polycrystalline)9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.20 2.44 25.11 0.25 2.35 19.99 0.30 2.23 16.54 0.35 2.33 14.06 0.40 2.45 12.32 0.45 2.43 11.02 0.50 2.41 9.97 0.55 2.33 9.12 0.60 2.21 8.37 0.65 2.11 7.68 0.70 2.02 7.04 0.75 2.00 6.46 0.80 2.00 5.95 0.85 2.01 5.51 0.90 2.03 5.10 0.95 2.05 4.74 1.00 2.09 4.41 1.10 2.15 3.84 1.20 2.16 3.35 1.30 2.25 2.77 1.40 2.49 2.23 1.50 2.84 1.80 1.60 3.36 1.62 1.70 3.70 1.75 1.80 3.78 1.83 1.90 3.81 1.75 2.00 3.98 1.60 2.10 4.26 1.54 2.20 4.58 1.62 2.30 4.84 1.76 2.40 5.10 2.01 2.50 5.28 2.38 2.60 5.36 2.82 2.70 5.30 3.29 2.80 5.07 3.78 2.90 4.65 4.18 3.00 4.05 4.40 3.20 3.29 3.96
0.994 0.990 0.985 0.977 0.969 0.955 0.940 0.927 0.913 0.901 0.890 0.877 0.862 0.842 0.820 0.796 0.769 0.742 0.712 0.651 0.592 0.506 0.419 0.369 0.379 0.411 0.423 0.418 0.418 0.432 0.457 0.479 0.506 0.532 0.557 0.580 0.603 0.624 0.639 0.614
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60
n 2.93 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.53 2.24 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.58 1.46 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.05
k 3.79 3.45 3.32 3.34 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.88 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.00 1.91 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.40 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11
R(φ φ = 0) 0.607 0.577 0.562 0.565 0.584 0.599 0.598 0.592 0.596 0.597 0.593 0.589 0.582 0.575 0.571 0.562 0.548 0.532 0.514 0.497 0.476 0.451 0.426 0.400 0.375 0.344 0.319 0.296 0.274 0.255 0.238 0.229 0.217 0.209 0.203 0.201 0.200 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.213 0.217 0.223 0.216 0.211 0.205 0.191 0.183 0.174 0.170 0.169 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.140 0.147 0.157 0.167 0.178 0.189 0.200 0.210 0.219 0.227
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84
1.10 1.09 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.239 0.240 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.230 0.226 0.220 0.217 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.199 0.195 0.189 0.183 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.134 0.128 0.121 0.111 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.026
Palladium19 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.60 0.72 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40
4.13 3.13 3.07 3.11 3.56 3.98 4.27 4.27 4.10 3.92 3.80 3.51 3.35 2.99 2.81 2.65 2.50 2.34 2.17 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.47
54.15 35.82 26.59 20.15 17.27 14.41 13.27 12.11 11.44 10.49 9.96 8.70 8.06 6.89 6.46 6.10 5.78 5.50 5.22 4.95 4.72 4.54 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.88 3.75 3.61
0.994 0.990 0.983 0.971 0.955 0.932 0.916 0.902 0.896 0.883 0.876 0.854 0.840 0.811 0.800 0.790 0.781 0.774 0.767 0.755 0.745 0.737 0.729 0.721 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693
12-144
Energy (eV) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00
n 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.03 0.99
k 3.48 3.36 3.25 3.13 3.03 2.94 2.85 2.77 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.70 1.62 1.54 1.45 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.13 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.67
R(φ φ = 0) 0.685 0.676 0.668 0.658 0.648 0.639 0.630 0.622 0.613 0.602 0.591 0.581 0.570 0.558 0.547 0.537 0.510 0.493 0.476 0.470 0.472 0.474 0.463 0.449 0.437 0.418 0.397 0.375 0.350 0.316 0.287 0.255 0.223 0.195 0.163 0.133 0.117 0.114 0.097 0.094 0.090 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.092 0.093 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.086 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.103
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 25.00 26.40 27.80 29.20 Platinum20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.82
0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.43 0.38 0.35
0.103 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.091 0.086 0.084 0.066 0.052 0.046
13.21 8.18 5.90 4.70 3.92 3.28 2.81 3.03 3.91 4.58 5.13 5.52 5.71 5.57 5.31 5.05 4.77 4.50 4.25 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.10 2.92 2.76 2.63 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.10 2.03 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36
44.72 31.16 23.95 19.40 16.16 13.66 11.38 9.31 7.71 7.14 6.75 6.66 6.83 7.02 7.04 6.98 6.91 6.77 6.62 6.24 5.92 5.61 5.32 5.07 4.84 4.64 4.43 4.26 4.07 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.42 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.01 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.47
0.976 0.969 0.962 0.954 0.945 0.936 0.922 0.882 0.813 0.777 0.753 0.746 0.751 0.759 0.762 0.763 0.765 0.763 0.762 0.753 0.746 0.736 0.725 0.716 0.706 0.697 0.686 0.678 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.636 0.626 0.616 0.605 0.595 0.585 0.575 0.565 0.546 0.527 0.507 0.491 0.472 0.452 0.432 0.415 0.392 0.372 0.350 0.332 0.315 0.295
Energy (eV) 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00
n 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.11 1.03 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75
k 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60
12-145
R(φ φ = 0) 0.276 0.261 0.246 0.236 0.231 0.230 0.231 0.228 0.225 0.221 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.207 0.209 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.203 0.199 0.194 0.188 0.183 0.177 0.173 0.165 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.155 0.151 0.146 0.142 0.138 0.135 0.142 0.157 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.212 0.226 0.238 0.240 0.235 0.226 0.213 0.201 0.187 0.174 0.162 0.150 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.125
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00
0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73
0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.121 0.118 0.120 0.124
Potassium21 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.40 3.71 3.97 4.00 4.065 4.133 4.203 4.275 4.350 4.428 4.509 4.592 4.679 4.769 4.862 4.959 5.061 5.166 5.276 5.391 5.510 5.637 5.767 6.048 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.085 7.293 7.514 7.749 7.999 8.260 8.551 8.856 9.184 9.537 9.919
0.139 0.119 0.106 0.091 0.079 0.066 0.056 0.044 0.040 0.040 0.044 0.050 0.053 0.049 0.046 0.043 0.043 0.041 0.041 0.052 0.089 0.287 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
7.10 6.72 6.32 5.79 5.30 4.75 4.19 3.58 3.04 2.56 2.19 1.84 1.62 1.43 1.28 1.14 1.02 0.898 0.799 0.549 0.288 0.091 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04
0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.979 0.970 0.955 0.943 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.919 0.913 0.905 0.852 0.719 0.310 0.245 0.204 0.177 0.145 0.125 0.101 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.049 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.33 11.0 12.0
n 0.94
k 0.03 0.03 0.028
→ Rhenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.20 4.16 25.36 0.25 4.03 20.10 0.30 4.37 16.69 0.35 4.50 14.53 0.40 4.53 12.96 0.45 4.53 11.78 0.50 4.53 10.88 0.55 4.50 10.26 0.60 4.29 9.75 0.65 4.07 9.35 0.70 3.80 8.94 0.75 3.48 8.55 0.80 3.21 8.10 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.90 2.73 7.24 0.95 2.56 6.79 1.00 2.45 6.36 1.10 2.38 5.61 1.20 2.35 5.02 1.30 2.39 4.54 1.40 2.44 4.13 1.50 2.50 3.79 1.60 2.59 3.49 1.70 2.70 3.27 1.80 2.82 3.10 1.90 2.90 3.00 2.00 2.97 2.91 2.10 3.03 2.86 2.20 3.06 2.84 2.30 3.07 2.82 2.40 3.06 2.81 2.50 3.02 2.80 2.60 2.96 2.77 2.70 2.89 2.68 2.80 2.89 2.57 2.90 2.99 2.47 3.00 3.11 2.57 3.20 2.90 2.68 3.40 2.83 2.50 3.60 2.93 2.48 3.80 2.86 2.56 4.00 2.81 2.51 4.20 2.86 2.55 4.40 2.81 2.74 4.60 2.56 2.83 4.80 2.41 2.71 5.00 2.39 2.68 5.20 2.34 2.75 5.40 2.20 2.81 5.60 2.02 2.84 5.80 1.83 2.80 6.00 1.65 2.71 6.20 1.54 2.59 6.40 1.45 2.50 6.80 1.32 2.31 7.00 1.26 2.23 7.20 1.20 2.15 7.40 1.16 2.06
R(φ φ = 0) 0.001
0.991 0.984 0.975 0.962 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.861 0.856 0.853 0.850 0.846 0.841 0.835 0.826 0.813 0.778 0.742 0.702 0.662 0.624 0.587 0.557 0.535 0.520 0.510 0.504 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.493 0.482 0.468 0.457 0.470 0.482 0.459 0.457 0.467 0.460 0.466 0.489 0.504 0.493 0.488 0.500 0.515 0.530 0.538 0.541 0.532 0.526 0.508 0.500 0.493 0.480
Energy (eV) 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00
n 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.57
k 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33
12-146
R(φ φ = 0) 0.470 0.454 0.435 0.411 0.386 0.360 0.336 0.317 0.301 0.281 0.274 0.264 0.252 0.246 0.242 0.242 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.252 0.252 0.249 0.244 0.237 0.230 0.222 0.215 0.209 0.204 0.213 0.225 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.269 0.275 0.286 0.300 0.311 0.321 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.332 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.340 0.341 0.338 0.334 0.329 0.319 0.207 0.296 0.282 0.270 0.255 0.240 0.225 0.208 0.193 0.176 0.145 0.114
Energy (eV) 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00
n 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.65
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.29 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16
0.086 0.065 0.054 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055
→ Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.20 3.28 20.66 0.25 3.47 16.27 0.30 3.73 13.44 0.35 3.93 11.54 0.40 3.99 10.15 0.45 4.17 9.03 0.50 4.34 8.26 0.55 4.45 7.73 0.60 4.53 7.40 0.65 4.44 7.26 0.70 4.13 7.09 0.75 3.77 6.75 0.80 3.55 6.32 0.85 3.39 5.95 0.90 3.26 5.61 0.95 3.17 5.27 1.00 3.09 4.96 1.10 3.05 4.39 1.20 3.08 3.89 1.30 3.20 3.56 1.40 3.23 3.38 1.50 3.23 3.12 1.60 3.29 2.88 1.70 3.38 2.72 1.80 3.47 2.59 1.90 3.54 2.50 2.00 3.63 2.43 2.10 3.74 2.40 2.20 3.83 2.38 2.30 3.93 2.44 2.40 4.00 2.55 2.50 4.01 2.70 2.60 3.90 2.84 2.70 3.74 2.92 2.80 3.57 2.88 2.90 3.49 2.75 3.00 3.53 2.71 3.20 3.55 2.84 3.40 3.34 2.88 3.60 3.25 2.83 3.80 3.24 2.84 4.00 3.19 2.94
0.991 0.984 0.971 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.875 0.846 0.821 0.801 0.788 0.784 0.784 0.779 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.719 0.701 0.658 0.613 0.578 0.559 0.532 0.507 0.491 0.480 0.473 0.469 0.470 0.472 0.481 0.492 0.505 0.514 0.517 0.511 0.497 0.493 0.506 0.508 0.501 0.502 0.513
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40
n 3.05 2.88 2.67 2.44 2.25 2.10 1.96 1.84 1.73 1.61 1.51 1.42 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.06 0.95 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56
k 3.06 3.15 3.18 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.88 2.81 2.74 2.64 2.56 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.08 1.98 1.93 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95
R(φ φ = 0) 0.526 0.539 0.548 0.554 0.556 0.555 0.553 0.551 0.549 0.549 0.545 0.541 0.526 0.517 0.508 0.493 0.468 0.463 0.443 0.418 0.397 0.372 0.351 0.327 0.309 0.290 0.273 0.258 0.244 0.234 0.233 0.238 0.245 0.253 0.259 0.264 0.266 0.266 0.264 0.257 0.251 0.245 0.236 0.225 0.214 0.207 0.218 0.234 0.251 0.270 0.288 0.297 0.314 0.334 0.346 0.355 0.360 0.363 0.369 0.364 0.357 0.349 0.342 0.336 0.328
Energy (eV) 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 Rhodium11 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.90
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64
0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.16
0.325 0.322 0.317 0.314 0.309 0.303 0.295 0.286 0.276 0.263 0.249 0.231 0.216 0.198 0.164 0.129 0.097 0.072 0.060 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055
18.48 8.66 5.85 4.74 4.20 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.51 3.26 3.01 2.78 2.60 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.80 1.63
69.43 37.46 25.94 19.80 16.07 13.51 11.72 10.34 9.36 8.67 8.26 7.94 7.63 7.31 6.97 6.64 6.33 6.02 5.76 5.51 5.30 5.11 4.94 4.78 4.65 4.55 4.49 4.36
0.986 0.977 0.967 0.955 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.887 0.867 0.848 0.837 0.832 0.829 0.827 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.789 0.780 0.772 0.765 0.756 0.748 0.743 0.742 0.748
12-147
Energy (eV) 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.60 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00
n 1.53 1.41 1.30 1.20 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.10 1.00 0.91 0.86 0.83
k 4.29 4.20 4.09 3.97 3.84 3.71 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.23 3.12 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.14 2.06 2.00 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.00 0.95
R(φ φ = 0) 0.753 0.760 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.768 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.747 0.739 0.722 0.706 0.684 0.659 0.635 0.613 0.591 0.573 0.561 0.556 0.544 0.534 0.518 0.498 0.476 0.452 0.423 0.394 0.363 0.329 0.288 0.252 0.212 0.179 0.148 0.125 0.110 0.102 0.098 0.098 0.106 0.113 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.138 0.144 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.145 0.155 0.172 0.193 0.213 0.230 0.234 0.228 0.219
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00
n 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75
k 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25
→ Ruthenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.30 4.33 18.50 0.40 3.60 13.97 0.50 3.18 11.04 0.60 3.28 8.89 0.70 3.62 7.73 0.80 3.42 7.02 0.90 3.25 6.12 1.00 3.39 5.33 1.10 3.66 4.83 1.20 3.84 4.57 1.30 3.94 4.38 1.40 4.02 4.19 1.50 4.16 4.07 1.60 4.33 4.08 1.70 4.42 4.21 1.80 4.40 4.38 1.90 4.29 4.61 2.00 4.04 4.81 2.10 3.69 4.90 2.20 3.35 4.82 2.30 3.09 4.70 2.40 2.89 4.55 2.50 2.74 4.40 2.60 2.64 4.25 2.70 2.58 4.14 2.80 2.54 4.05 2.90 2.48 4.03 3.00 2.38 4.03 3.10 2.26 4.00 3.20 2.13 3.96 3.30 2.00 3.91 3.40 1.87 3.83 3.50 1.76 3.74 3.60 1.66 3.65 3.70 1.57 3.55 3.80 1.49 3.45 3.90 1.42 3.35 4.00 1.37 3.24
R(φ φ = 0) 0.214 0.213 0.214 0.210 0.208 0.202 0.195 0.188 0.176 0.168 0.159 0.152 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.110 0.074 0.058 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.041
0.984 0.970 0.953 0.933 0.909 0.865 0.822 0.801 0.766 0.715 0.675 0.654 0.638 0.624 0.614 0.615 0.624 0.636 0.651 0.667 0.679 0.683 0.681 0.677 0.671 0.663 0.656 0.650 0.650 0.656 0.661 0.666 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.668 0.661
Energy (eV) 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00
n 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.32 1.26 1.18 1.11 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 3.08 2.93 2.79 2.67 2.56 2.46 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.46 1.39 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.93 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69
12-148
R(φ φ = 0) 0.649 0.639 0.628 0.617 0.607 0.600 0.593 0.576 0.559 0.545 0.531 0.521 0.510 0.500 0.489 0.472 0.455 0.433 0.411 0.391 0.366 0.342 0.318 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.217 0.190 0.167 0.144 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.094 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.123 0.136 0.155 0.173 0.185 0.192 0.199 0.208 0.212 0.209 0.203 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.163
Energy (eV) 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83
k 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22
→ Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.30 4.94 18.92 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.50 3.27 11.63 0.60 2.98 9.54 0.70 2.82 7.99 0.80 2.73 6.71 0.90 2.82 5.54 1.00 3.17 4.59 1.10 3.69 3.91 1.20 4.28 3.66 1.30 4.66 3.72 1.40 4.86 3.79 1.50 4.99 3.89 1.60 5.08 4.03 1.70 5.12 4.22 1.80 5.10 4.45 1.90 4.96 4.78 2.00 4.61 5.06 2.10 4.21 5.09 2.20 3.94 5.00 2.30 3.69 4.97 2.40 3.44 4.88 2.50 3.27 4.77 2.60 3.14 4.66 2.70 3.06 4.59 2.80 2.99 4.59 2.90 2.87 4.64 3.00 2.64 4.69 3.10 2.40 4.64 3.20 2.18 4.55 3.30 2.00 4.43 3.40 1.84 4.30 3.50 1.71 4.16 3.60 1.60 4.03 3.70 1.50 3.90 3.80 1.41 3.77 3.90 1.35 3.64 4.00 1.29 3.53 4.20 1.21 3.31 4.40 1.16 3.13 4.60 1.13 2.97 4.80 1.09 2.86 5.00 1.03 2.75 5.20 0.97 2.64 5.40 0.91 2.52 5.60 0.88 2.40
R(φ φ = 0) 0.154 0.140 0.124 0.107 0.097 0.084 0.070 0.058 0.048 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.024 0.022
0.983 0.966 0.950 0.933 0.915 0.888 0.856 0.815 0.751 0.670 0.604 0.585 0.593 0.601 0.609 0.618 0.629 0.642 0.660 0.677 0.682 0.681 0.684 0.684 0.681 0.677 0.674 0.676 0.686 0.701 0.710 0.717 0.721 0.723 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.718 0.713 0.707 0.694 0.679 0.662 0.652 0.648 0.643 0.635 0.622
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00
n 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.65
k 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.15 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.31
R(φ φ = 0) 0.605 0.591 0.576 0.564 0.556 0.545 0.538 0.527 0.513 0.496 0.476 0.454 0.430 0.403 0.378 0.346 0.317 0.286 0.251 0.216 0.185 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.115 0.108 0.104 0.102 0.101 0.102 0.104 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.132 0.133 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.145 0.158 0.175 0.190 0.200 0.205 0.212 0.219 0.228 0.234 0.234 0.233 0.229 0.218 0.205 0.194 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.123 0.114 0.093 0.077
Energy (eV) 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79
k 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22
→ Selenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.02604 3.380 0.02728 1.16E-02 0.02976 7.96E-03 0.03224 8.57E-03 0.03472 2.70E-02 0.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.04463 1.13E-02 0.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.05703 1.56E-03 0.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.06819 5.79E-04 0.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.08059 4.41E-04 0.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.09299 2.44E-04 0.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.3720 3.427 1.90E-04 0.4959 3.442 1.41E-04 0.6199 3.462 1.12E-04 0.7439 3.486 9.42E-05 0.8679 3.516 8.07E-05 0.9919 3.551 7.11E-05 1.116 3.592 6.37E-05 1.240 3.640 5.81E-05 1.50 1.33E-04 1.60 1.59E-04 1.70 6.27E-04 1.80 4.46 2.20E-02 2.0 4.79 0.76 2.2 4.49 1.19 2.4 4.28 1.21 2.6 4.40 1.32 2.8 4.59 1.70 3.0 4.44 2.29 3.2 3.92 2.59 3.4 3.69 2.76 3.6 3.39 3.01 3.8 (3.00) 4.0 (2.65) 4.2 (2.30) 4.5 1.92 2.78 5.0 1.50 2.31 6.0 1.57 1.49
12-149
R(φ φ = 0) 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028
0.242 0.272 0.282 0.287 0.290 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295
0.297 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.301 0.302 0.304 0.307 0.310 0.314 0.319 0.324
0.402 0.438 0.431 0.417 0.430 0.462 0.490 0.493 0.502 0.521
0.528 0.482 0.288
Energy (eV) 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
n 1.84 1.35 1.35 0.92 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.87
→ Selenium, single crystal, E 0.01364 2.854 0.01488 2.932 0.01612 3.140 0.01736 2.959 0.01860 2.111 0.01984 2.356 0.02108 2.462 0.02232 2.502 0.02356 2.543 0.02480 2.550 0.02604 2.582 0.02728 2.600 0.02976 2.576 0.03224 2.598 0.03472 2.607 0.03720 2.613 0.04463 0.04959 2.627 0.05703 0.06199 2.632 0.06819 0.07439 2.635 0.08059 0.08679 2.636 0.09299 0.09919 2.637 0.1116 2.638 0.1240 2.639 0.2480 2.645 0.3720 2.652 0.4959 2.654 0.6199 2.675 0.7439 2.692 0.8679 2.713 0.9919 2.739 1.116 2.772 1.240 2.816 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 3.32 2.00 3.38 2.20 3.07 2.40 2.93 2.60 3.00 2.80 3.12 3.00 3.30 3.20 3.35 3.40 3.22
k 1.45 1.68 1.64 1.07 1.10 0.91 0.61 0.48 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 ⊥ cˆ 22 0.0239 0.0325 0.1750 1.3300 0.2550 0.0746 0.0276 0.0442 0.0097 0.0239 0.0101 9.95E-03 1.16E-02 1.68E-02 1.54E-02 1.17E-02 3.58E-03 8.65E-04 2.07E-03 2.89E-04 1.59E-04 1.35E-04 1.42E-04 1.04E-04 8.95E-05 8.84E-05 8.51E-05 5.97E-05 5.44E-05 4.58E-05 3.82E-05 3.32E-05 2.96E-05 2.69E-05 2.48E-05 2.31E-05 7.37E-05 8.63E-05 3.60E-04 0.11 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.58 0.70 1.01 1.24
R(φ φ = 0) 0.276 0.353 0.342 0.238 0.232 0.211 0.160 0.120 0.076 0.030 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.008
0.231 0.241 0.269 0.321 0.133 0.164 0.178 0.184 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.194 0.197 0.199 0.199 0.201 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.213 0.216 0.221 0.226
0.289 0.310 0.282 0.259 0.263 0.279 0.305 0.328 0.334
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00
n 3.06 2.84 2.51 2.18 1.75 1.25 1.32 1.62 1.81 1.66 1.72 1.25 0.98 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79
Silicon, single crystal23 0.01240 3.4185 0.01488 3.4190 0.01736 3.4192 0.01984 3.4195 0.02480 3.4197 0.03100 3.4199 0.04092 3.4200 0.04463 0.04959 3.4201 0.05703 0.06199 3.4204 0.06943 0.07439 0.08059 (3.4207) 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1054 0.1116 0.1178 0.1240 3.4215 0.1364 0.1488 0.1612 0.1736 (3.4230) 0.1798 0.1860 0.1922 0.1984 0.2046 0.2108 (3.4244) 0.2170 0.2232 0.2294 0.2356 0.2418 0.2480 3.4261 0.3100 3.4294 0.3626 3.4327 0.4568 3.4393 0.6199 3.4490 0.8093 3.4784
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.47 1.66 1.81 1.83 1.94 1.50 0.73 0.61 0.69 1.02 0.95 1.02 0.92 0.96 0.65 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.14
0.344 0.351 0.356 0.352 0.382 0.316 0.107 0.105 0.135 0.182 0.171 0.181 0.178 0.274 0.191 0.094 0.060 0.046 0.036 0.023 0.020
2.90E-04 2.30E-04 1.90E-04 1.70E-04
0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
1.08E-04 9.15E-05 1.56E-04 2.86E-04 3.84E-04 7.16E-04 1.52E-04 1.02E-04 2.59E-04 1.77E-04 1.53E-04 2.02E-04 1.22E-04 6.76E-05 5.49E-05 2.41E-05 2.49E-05 1.68E-05 2.45E-05 2.66E-06 1.74E-06 8.46E-07 5.64E-07 4.17E-07 4.05E-07 3.94E-07 3.26E-07 2.97E-07 2.82E-07 1.99E-07
2.50E-09
0.300 0.300
0.300
0.300
0.300
0.300
0.300 0.301 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.306
Energy (eV) 1.033 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.14
n
k
3.5193 (3.5341)
3.673 3.714 3.752 3.796 3.847 3.906 3.969 4.042 4.123 4.215 4.320 4.442 4.583 4.753 4.961 5.222 5.570 6.062 6.709 6.522 5.610 5.296 5.156 5.065 5.016 5.010 5.020 4.888 4.086 3.120 2.451 1.988 1.764 1.658 1.597 1.570 1.571 1.589 1.579 1.471 1.340 1.247 1.180 1.133 1.083 1.010 0.847 0.682 0.563 0.478 0.414 0.367 0.332 0.306 0.257 0.275 0.345 0.455 0.567 0.675
1.30E-05 1.80E-04 2.26E-03 7.75E-03 5.00E-03 8.00E-03 1.00E-02 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.030 0.032 0.048 0.060 0.073 0.090 0.130 0.163 0.203 0.269 0.387 0.630 1.321 2.705 3.014 2.987 3.058 3.182 3.346 3.587 3.979 4.639 5.395 5.344 5.082 4.678 4.278 3.979 3.749 3.565 3.429 3.354 3.353 3.366 3.302 3.206 3.112 3.045 2.982 2.909 2.73 2.45 2.21 2.00 1.82 1.66 1.51 1.38 0.963 0.641 0.394 0.219 0.0835 0.0405
12-150
R(φ φ = 0) 0.311 0.312
0.327 0.331 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.351 0.357 0.364 0.372 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.412 0.426 0.442 0.461 0.486 0.518 0.561 0.592 0.575 0.564 0.563 0.568 0.577 0.591 0.614 0.652 0.703 0.726 0.740 0.742 0.728 0.710 0.693 0.675 0.658 0.646 0.647 0.663 0.673 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.688 0.691 0.693 0.691 0.688 0.683 0.672 0.661 0.590 0.460 0.297 0.159 0.079 0.038
Energy (eV)
n
24.31 26.38 28.18 30.24 31.79 34.44 36.47 38.75 40.00
0.752 0.803 0.834 0.860 0.877 0.899 0.913 0.925 0.930
Silver6 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.77 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00
9.91 2.84 1.41 0.91 0.67 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.53 0.73 1.30 1.61 1.73 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.45 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.33 1.46 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.42 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.90
k 0.0243 0.0178 0.0152 0.0138 0.0132 0.0121 0.0113 0.0104 0.0100
90.27 45.70 30.51 22.89 18.32 9.03 5.79 4.18 3.09 2.27 1.86 1.42 1.13 0.77 0.40 0.30 0.36 0.60 0.85 1.06 1.13 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.18 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74
R(φ φ = 0) 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001
0.995 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.987 0.969 0.944 0.914 0.864 0.816 0.756 0.671 0.475 0.154 0.053 0.040 0.103 0.153 0.194 0.208 0.238 0.252 0.257 0.257 0.246 0.225 0.196 0.157 0.114 0.074 0.082 0.088 0.100 0.112 0.141 0.152 0.156 0.151 0.139 0.124 0.111 0.103 0.112 0.124 0.141 0.157 0.163 0.165 0.165 0.160 0.154 0.144 0.133
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 60.00 62.00 64.00 66.00 68.00 70.00 72.00 74.00 76.00 78.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00
0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87
0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04
0.121 0.109 0.099 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.055 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.031 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005
Sodium24 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.20 3.40 3.71 3.97 6.199
0.262 0.241 0.207 0.175 0.147 0.123 0.099 0.078 0.064 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.055 0.049 0.390
9.97 9.45 8.80 8.09 7.42 6.67 5.82 5.11 4.35 3.72 3.22 2.76 2.48 2.23 2.07 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.33 1.13 1.01
0.990 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.987 0.986 0.983 0.978 0.971 0.961 0.953 0.943 0.936 0.928 0.921 0.921 0.916 0.908 0.908 0.193
Energy (eV) 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.130 7.328 7.583 7.847 8.015 8.634 9.143 9.709 10.20 11.08 11.83 12.73 13.05 13.42 13.73 14.07 14.83 15.05 15.46 16.21 18.10 21.12 25.51 26.95 27.68 28.37 29.52
n
k
0.454 0.485 0.533 0.574 0.616 0.641 0.674 0.700 0.710 0.762 0.800 0.819 0.843 0.870 0.887 0.907 0.913 0.914 0.917 0.922 0.934 0.936 0.942 0.948 0.964 0.979 0.993 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02
Tantalum16 0.10 10.14 0.15 9.45 0.20 5.77 0.26 3.67 0.30 2.87 0.38 2.03 0.50 1.37 0.58 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.78 0.89 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.93 1.20 0.98 1.30 1.00 1.40 1.04 1.50 1.09 1.60 1.15 1.70 1.24 1.80 1.35 1.90 1.57 2.00 1.83 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.36 2.30 2.56 2.40 2.68 2.50 2.75 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.84 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.84 3.00 2.81
R(φ φ = 0) 0.141 0.120 0.093 0.073 0.056 0.048 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
66.39 46.41 35.46 27.53 23.90 18.87 14.26 12.19 9.92 8.77 7.38 6.47 5.75 5.14 4.62 4.15 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.60 2.24 1.99 1.84 1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.24
12-151
0.984 0.9834 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.978 0.974 0.970 0.962 0.956 0.942 0.992 0.899 0.872 0.842 0.805 0.762 0.707 0.640 0.560 0.460 0.388 0.354 0.351 0.365 0.378 0.388 0.395 0.405 0.412 0.420 0.425
Energy (eV) 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60
n 2.73 2.61 2.49 2.40 2.36 2.35 2.39 2.45 2.53 2.58 2.52 2.31 2.06 1.83 1.63 1.48 1.37 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55
k 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.06 2.01 2.00 2.06 2.20 2.44 2.61 2.67 2.63 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.91 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.44
R(φ φ = 0) 0.432 0.435 0.430 0.418 0.406 0.392 0.384 0.384 0.394 0.416 0.450 0.480 0.501 0.510 0.515 0.512 0.504 0.492 0.478 0.462 0.445 0.425 0.406 0.390 0.370 0.350 0.332 0.317 0.301 0.294 0.289 0.287 0.285 0.285 0.286 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.292 0.293 0.294 0.295 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.289 0.286 0.272 0.272 0.285 0.293 0.301 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.296 0.274 0.254 0.236 0.207 0.185 0.153
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 0.57 0.64 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95
→ Tellurium, E 㛳 cˆ 25 0.01364 4.82 0.01488 5.26 0.01612 5.47 0.01736 5.59 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 5.94 0.03968 0.04339 5.96 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 5.98 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.12400 6.246 0.15500 6.253 0.20660 6.286 0.24800 6.316 0.31 6.372 0.35 0.41 0.5 6.53 0.6 6.71
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.39 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29
0.127 0.089 0.081 0.058 0.043 0.033 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023
0.118 0.0505 0.0278 0.0174 0.0796 0.0696 0.0749 0.1900 0.2220 0.0716 0.0682 0.0832 0.0149 2.14E-03 1.71E-02 3.71E-03 2.44E-03 1.59E-03 7.85E-04 7.38E-04 3.89E-04 3.09E-04 2.52E-04 2.96E-04 3.68E-04 3.34E-04
0.431 0.463 0.477 0.485
7.48E-05 1.18E-05 4.93E-04 6.74E-03 2.30E-02 7.50E-02
0.507 0.508
0.509
0.524 0.525 0.526 0.528 0.531
0.539 0.549
Energy (eV) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
n 7.00 7.23 7.48 7.70 6.99 7.11 6.75 6.89 4.67 4.94 3.94 3.25 2.73 2.30 1.69 1.33 1.32 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.54 1.55 0.99 1.47 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.74 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90
→ Tellurium, E ⊥ cˆ 25 0.01364 2.61 0.01488 3.65 0.01612 4.10 0.01736 4.63 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 (4.42) 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 4.71 0.03968 0.04339 4.74 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 4.77 0.07439 0.08679
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.24 0.48 0.94 1.56 2.22 2.46 2.91 3.70 4.67 5.16 5.08 4.77 4.42 4.16 3.44 2.64 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.45 1.36 1.36 1.51 1.37 1.23 0.93 1.25 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.090 0.045
0.563 0.574 0.589 0.606 0.593 0.604 0.606 0.637 0.654 0.681 0.686 0.681 0.674 0.674 0.646 0.571 0.428 0.312 0.302 0.276 0.257 0.257 0.289 0.260 0.226 0.179 0.233 0.181 0.165 0.164 0.146 0.147 0.160 0.035 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.003
0.2980 0.0894 0.0535 0.4990 0.1170 0.0343 0.0421 0.1060 0.0880 0.0458 0.0928 0.0886 0.0232 3.06E-03 1.25E-02 2.65E-03 1.89E-03 1.41E-03 8.38E-04 6.79E-04 1.59E-04 1.16E-04 7.23E-05 5.34E-05
0.204 0.325 0.370 0.420
12-152
0.398
0.422 0.425
0.427
Energy (eV) 0.09919 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
n
4.796 4.809 4.838 4.864 4.929
4.90 4.93 4.95 5.10 5.22 5.35 5.17 5.56 5.88 6.10 5.94 5.10 4.24 3.57 3.03 2.51 1.72 1.32 1.28 1.47 1.74 1.94 2.19 2.48 2.60 2.59 2.39 1.11 2.08 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.46
k 4.28E-05 3.18E-05
2.19E-05 3.18E-05 7.89E-02 0.149
0.11 0.13 0.22 0.45 0.63 0.63 1.15 1.80 2.69 3.61 3.77 3.75 3.63 3.39 2.70 2.01 1.28 0.82 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.40 0.69 0.91 1.00 1.24 1.11 1.04 1.01 0.87 0.87 0.55 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.088
Titanium (Polycrystalline)14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.20 2.12 11.34 0.25 2.05 8.10 0.30 6.39 9.94 0.35 2.74 6.21 0.40 2.49 4.68 0.45 3.35 3.25 0.50 4.43 3.22 0.60 4.71 3.77 0.70 4.38 3.89 0.80 4.04 3.82 0.90 3.80 3.65 1.00 3.62 3.52
R(φ φ = 0)
0.429 0.430 0.432 0.434 0.439
0.437 0.439 0.441 0.452 0.461 0.472 0.462 0.488 0.517 0.545 0.571 0.594 0.593 0.591 0.588 0.578 0.532 0.440 0.251 0.132 0.104 0.118 0.148 0.192 0.226 0.245 0.235 0.259 0.224 0.215 0.237 0.182 0.282 0.144 0.161 0.165 0.110 0.113 0.127 0.135 0.140
0.965 0.954 0.939 0.890 0.833 0.792 0.708 0.545 0.555 0.597 0.603 0.596 0.582 0.570
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80
n 3.47 3.35 3.28 3.17 2.98 2.74 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.80
k 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.23 3.11 2.99 2.88 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.47 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.45 1.33 1.29 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76
R(φ φ = 0) 0.560 0.550 0.546 0.549 0.557 0.559 0.557 0.550 0.540 0.530 0.520 0.509 0.495 0.483 0.471 0.462 0.456 0.451 0.447 0.444 0.442 0.442 0.442 0.443 0.443 0.441 0.436 0.430 0.423 0.413 0.389 0.333 0.284 0.265 0.244 0.236 0.228 0.228 0.234 0.241 0.244 0.240 0.232 0.212 0.198 0.182 0.175 0.167 0.165 0.165 0.169 0.171 0.175 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.182 0.181 0.179 0.179 0.180 0.178 0.175 0.167 0.162
Energy (eV) 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.60 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 30.0 Tungsten27 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.84
0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.22
0.152 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.132 0.106 0.097 0.087 0.077 0.069 0.058 0.052 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.165 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.022
14.06 3.87 2.56 1.83 1.71 1.86 1.92 1.69 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.59 1.83 2.12 2.36
54.71 28.30 22.44 18.32 15.71 13.88 12.63 11.59 10.52 9.45 8.44 7.52 6.78 6.13 5.52 5.00 4.61
0.983 0.981 0.980 0.979 0.973 0.963 0.954 0.952 0.952 0.948 0.938 0.917 0.888 0.856 0.810 0.759 0.710
12-153
Energy (eV) 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00
n 2.92 3.11 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.05 3.00 3.12 3.29 3.48 3.67 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.49 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.96 2.95 3.02 3.13 3.24 3.33 3.40 3.27 2.92 2.43 2.00 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.13
k 4.37 4.44 4.43 4.36 4.32 4.04 3.64 3.24 2.96 2.79 2.68 2.79 2.91 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.70 2.67 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.33 2.32 2.41 2.57 2.85 3.27 3.58 3.70 3.61 3.42 3.24 3.04 2.87 2.70 2.56 2.43 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.38 1.34
R(φ φ = 0) 0.661 0.660 0.658 0.653 0.649 0.627 0.590 0.545 0.515 0.500 0.494 0.507 0.518 0.518 0.512 0.506 0.497 0.494 0.493 0.487 0.480 0.472 0.466 0.461 0.459 0.460 0.465 0.476 0.485 0.488 0.482 0.476 0.468 0.460 0.451 0.440 0.442 0.455 0.475 0.505 0.548 0.586 0.618 0.637 0.643 0.646 0.640 0.631 0.619 0.607 0.593 0.573 0.556 0.533 0.505 0.481 0.449 0.422 0.401 0.388 0.369 0.352 0.329 0.307 0.287
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 1.19 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80
k 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33
R(φ φ = 0)
Energy (eV)
0.274 0.270 0.274 0.282 0.290 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.333 0.332 0.325 0.312 0.296 0.276 0.255 0.246 0.249 0.260 0.273 0.289 0.304 0.317 0.330 0.340 0.347 0.353 0.354 0.350 0.342 0.331 0.318 0.303 0.287 0.272 0.263 0.252 0.234 0.213 0.191 0.171 0.150 0.132 0.117 0.105 0.099 0.085 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.040 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045
Vanadium9 0.10 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.68 0.76 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.33 8.66 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00
n
12.83 3.90 2.13 1.54 1.28 1.16 1.10 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.18 1.34 1.60 1.93 2.25 2.48 2.57 2.57 2.52 2.45 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.23 2.15 2.02 1.89 1.74 1.61 1.48 1.36 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.88
k
45.89 24.30 17.35 13.32 10.74 8.93 7.59 6.54 5.67 5.30 4.50 3.80 3.26 2.88 2.71 2.72 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.80 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.73 2.55 2.37 2.17 1.96 1.76 1.60 1.47 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.55
12-154
R(φ φ = 0)
Energy (eV)
n
0.978 0.975 0.973 0.966 0.957 0.945 0.929 0.909 0.882 0.864 0.811 0.730 0.632 0.543 0.498 0.491 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.515 0.514 0.509 0.506 0.510 0.516 0.528 0.540 0.552 0.561 0.569 0.577 0.582 0.585 0.586 0.575 0.547 0.503 0.449 0.400 0.355 0.326 0.304 0.271 0.258 0.235 0.223 0.212 0.199 0.185 0.175 0.170 0.162 0.155 0.146 0.145 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.126 0.112 0.091 0.089 0.086 0.082
13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 → Zinc, E 㛳 cˆ 28 0.7514 0.827 0.866 0.952 0.992 1.033 1.078 1.127 1.181 1.240 1.305 1.377 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.722 1.823 1.937 1.984
0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95
0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13
0.079 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.056 0.054 0.051 0.048 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005
1.9241 1.7921 1.5571 1.4824 1.5762 1.5407 1.5853 1.7768 1.9808 2.8821 3.2039 2.9459 3.2523 3.8086 3.7577 3.5908 3.4234 3.0132 1.8562
7.5619 6.9973 6.7753 6.2296 5.8843 5.3192 4.9013 4.5307 4.2004 3.4766 3.0042 3.5761 4.2447 4.6212 4.6239 4.4614 4.3232 3.9974 3.9706
0.883 0.874 0.881 0.868 0.847 0.823 0.793 0.748 0.701 0.575 0.520 0.584 0.640 0.657 0.659 0.650 0.642 0.624 0.690
k
R(φ φ = 0)
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 2.066 2.094 2.119 2.275 2.445 2.666 2.917 3.220 3.594 4.065 4.678
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.4856 1.2525 1.0017 0.7737 0.6395 0.4430 0.3589 0.3069 0.2737 0.2510 0.2354
4.0555 3.9961 3.8683 3.9129 3.4013 3.1379 2.8140 2.5088 2.1737 1.8528 1.6357
0.737 0.762 0.789 0.832 0.821 0.851 0.853 0.847 0.828 0.799 0.776
→ Zinc, E ⊥ cˆ 28 0.751 1.4469 0.827 1.4744 0.866 1.3628 0.952 1.3165 0.992 1.3835 1.033 1.2889 1.078 1.3095 1.127 1.6897 1.181 1.9701 1.240 2.8717 1.305 3.3991 1.377 3.1807 1.459 3.5064 1.550 4.1241 1.653 4.0269 1.722 3.9369 1.823 3.7549 1.937 3.4512 1.984 3.2515 2.066 2.0802 2.094 1.7084 2.119 1.3329 2.275 0.9725 2.455 0.7568 2.666 0.5470 2.917 0.4774 3.220 0.3911 3.594 0.3147 4.065 0.3013 4.678 0.2806
7.4158 6.9688 6.6886 6.2212 5.8910 5.4001 4.9025 4.4062 4.0176 3.2873 2.7684 3.4709 4.1994 4.7768 4.8027 4.6356 4.3042 4.1942 4.2980 4.7231 4.7923 4.4751 4.2879 3.7627 3.4277 3.0476 2.7463 2.3041 2.0077 1.7997
0.905 0.892 0.892 0.881 0.863 0.850 0.822 0.746 0.684 0.555 0.497 0.569 0.630 0.664 0.667 0.657 0.635 0.631 0.644 0.738 0.774 0.791 0.825 0.824 0.845 0.834 0.835 0.821 0.789 0.770
Zirconium (Polycrystalline)28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.20 2.34 1.08 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.30 2.59 1.14 0.36 3.17 1.26 0.40 3.09 1.24 0.46 3.36 1.30 0.50 4.13 1.44 0.56 5.01 1.58 0.60 5.18 1.61 0.70 4.54 1.51
0.300 0.123 0.058 0.052 0.073 0.110 0.105 0.123 0.175 0.231 0.242 0.202
Energy (eV) 0.80 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00
n 4.03 3.74 3.69 3.66 3.65 3.53 3.25 3.10 3.02 2.88 2.68 2.49 2.14 1.99 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.34 0.30 1.26 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.87 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 0.67 1.68 1.68 1.66 1.65
k 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91
12-155
R(φ φ = 0) 0.168 0.149 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.134 0.116 0.106 0.100 0.091 0.078 0.067 0.047 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.025
Energy (eV) 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00
n 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.82
k 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
R(φ φ = 0) 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 22, 1612, 1980. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I, p.665. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 27, 395, 1937. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 2, 4567, 1970. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 19, 3850, 1979. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742, 1975. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 64, 1957. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I, p.465. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 15, 4115, 1977. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.345. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend., 264, 935, 1967. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 9, 5056, 1974. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II, p.461. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 10, 501, 1973. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun., 9, 2195, 1971. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 7, 4311, 1973. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 3509, 1975. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev.,Sect. B, 11, 1416, 1975. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.364. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 691. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I, p. 547. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.354. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 709. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 11, 3671, 1975. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 1293, 1975. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc., 83, 1059, 1964.
12-156
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in general dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in terms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix):
x 2 y2 z2 + + =1 n x2 n y2 n z2 or
∑ Bij xi y j = 1
(i, j = 1, 2, 3)
ij
where 1 1 Bij = = 2 ε ij n ij ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity Bij has the name impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by 1 1 ∆ = ∆ 2 = ∑ Pijkl Skl ε ij n ij kl where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is proportional to the square of the electric field, E: 1 n 2 = ∑ K ijkl Ek El = ∑ gijkl Pk Pl ij k,l =1,2,3 k,l =1,2,3 where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electrooptic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezo-electric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is known as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field 1 ∆ 2 = ∑ rij,k Ek n ij k The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote respectively the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: rijT = rijS + qikE e jk = rijS + PikE d jk
where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezo-electric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation. It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF, is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H:
θ F = VlH where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted⋅cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F = KM In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) In the tables which follow, the properties are presented in groups: • Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) • Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) • Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) • Magneto-optic coefficients: • Verdet constants • Faraday rotation parameters Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables.
ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Sodium fluoride Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Rubidium chloride Rubidium bromide Rubidium iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium chloride Ammonium chloride Cadmium telluride Calcium fluoride Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper iodide Diamond Germanium Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Strontium fluoride Strontium titanate KRS-5 KRS-6 Zinc sulfide Rare Gases Neon (T = 24.3 K) Argon (T = 82.3 K) Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Xenon (T = 160.5 K) Garnets GGG YIG YGG YAG
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula
λ/µm
NaF 0.633 NaCl 0.589 NaBr 0.589 NaI 0.589 KF 0.546 KCl 0.633 KBr 0.589 KI 0.590 RbCl 0.589 RbBr 0.589 RbI 0.589 LiF 0.589 LiCl 0.589 NH4Cl 0.589 CdTe 1.06 CaF2 0.55-0.65 CuCl 0.633 CuBr 0.633 CuI 0.633 C 0.540-0.589 Ge 3.39 GaAs 1.15 GaP 0.633 SrF2 0.633 0.633 SrTiO3 Tl(Br,I) 0.633 Tl(Br,Cl) 0.633 Zn 0.633 Formula Ne Ar Kr Xe Formula Gd3Ga5O12 Y3Fe5O12 Y3Ga5O12 Y3Al5O12
λ/µm 0.488 0.488 0.488 0.488 λ/µm 0.514 1.15 0.633 0.633
p11
p12
p44
p11-p12
Ref.
0.08 0.115 0.148 — 0.26 0.22 0.212 0.212 0.288 0.293 0.262 0.02 — 0.142 -0.152 0.038 0.120 0.072 0.032 -0.278 -0.151 -0.165 -0.151 0.080 0.15 -0.140 -0.451 0.091
0.20 0.159 0.184 — 0.20 0.16 0.165 0.171 0.172 0.185 0.167 0.13 — 0.245 -0.017 0.226 0.250 0.195 0.151 0.123 -0.128 -0.140 -0.082 0.269 0.095 0.149 -0.337 -0.01
-0.03 -0.011 -0.0036 0.0048 -0.029 -0.025 -0.022 — -0.041 -0.034 -0.023 -0.045 -0.0177 0.042 -0.057 0.0254 -0.082 -0.083 -0.068 -0.161 -0.072 -0.072 -0.074 0.0185 0.072 -0.0725 -0.164 0.075
-0.12 -0.042 -0.035 -0.0141 0.06 0.06 0.047 0.041 0.116 0.108 0.095 -0.11 -0.0407 -0.103 -0.135 -0.183 -0.130 -0.123 -0.119 -0.385 -0.023 -0.025 -0.069 -0.189 — -0.289 -0.114 0.101
p11
p12
p44
p11-p12
Ref.
0.157 0.256 0.34 0.284
0.168 0.302 0.34 0.370
0.004 0.015 0.037 0.029
-0.011 -0.046 0 -0.086
21 22 21 22
p11
p12
p44
p11-p12
Ref.
-0.086 0.025 0.091 -0.029
-0.027 0.073 0.019 0.0091
-0.078 0.041 0.079 -0.0615
-0.059 — — -0.038
23 15 17 15
1 2 1 3 1 4 5 6 7,8 7,8 7,8 5 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18,20 19,20 15
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) continued) Name λ/µm
Cubic (23, m3)
Formula
Barium nitrate Lead nitrate Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate Strontium nitrate
Ba(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 NaBrO3 NaClO3 Sr(NO3)2
Hexagonal (mmc,6mm)
Formula
λ/µm
p11
p12
Be3Al2Si6O18 CdS ZnO ZnS
0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633
0.0099 -0.142 ±0.222 -0.115
0.175 -0.066 ±0.099 0.017
Beryl Cadmium sulfide Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide
p11
0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.41
Formula
λ/µm
Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium
Al2O3 CaCO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 HgS SiO2 Ag3AsS3 NaNO3 Te
0.644 0.514 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 10.6
Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
p44
p11-p22 = 0.992 0.24 0.218 0.24 0.362
— 0.162 0.185 0.162 0.178
Trigonal (3m,32,3m)
Trigonal (3m,32,3m) (continued)
p12
p13
-0.0205 -0.0198 -0.0139 -0.0198 -0.014
p13
0.191 -0.057 -0.111 0.025
Ref.
p11-p13 = 0.713 0.20 0.213 0.20 0.316
13 24,25 26 26 27
p31
p33
p44
Ref.
0.313 -0.041 ±0.088 0.0271
0.023 -0.20 -0.235 -0.13
-0.152 -0.099 0.0585 -0.0627
28 15,2 30 31
p11
p12
p13
p14
p31
-0.23 0.062 ±0.034 -0.081
-0.03 0.147 ±0.072 0.081
0.00 -0.011 ±0.066 -0.026
-0.04 0.241 ±0.178 0.089
0.16 ±0.10
0.27 ±0.19 ±0.21 0.130
0.02 0.186 ±0.139 0.093 ±0.445 0.27 ±0.22 ±0.215 —
-0.030
0.29 ±0.24 ±0.25 —
0.155
p33
p41
p44
-0.20 0.139 +-0.060 -0.044 +-0.115 0.10 +-0.20
0.01 -0.036 ±0.154 -0.085 — -0.047 — 0.055 —
-0.10 -0.058 ±0.300 0.028 — -0.079 — -0.06 —
±0.027 —
Ref.
15,32 33 15,34 15,35 36 37 38 39 15
Formula
λ/µm
p11
p12
p13
p31
ADP BaTiO3 CDA MgF2 Hg2Cl2 KDP RDA RDP Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 TeO2 TiO2
0.589 0.633 0.633 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633
0.319 0.425 0.267 — ±0.551 0.287 0.227 0.273 0.16 0.06 0.0074 0.017
0.277 — 0.225 — ±0.440 0.282 0.239 0.240 0.10 0.08 0.187 0.143
0.169 — 0.200 — ±0.256 0.174 0.200 0.218 0.08 0.17 0.340 -0.139
0.197 — 0.195 — ±0.137 0.241 0.205 0.210 0.11 0.09 0.090 -0.080
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) (continued) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate
0.167 — 0.227 — ±0.010 0.122 0.182 0.208 0.47 0.23 0.240 -0.057
Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate
Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz Orthorhombic (222,m22,mmm) (continued) Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic Acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz Monoclinic (2,m,2/m) Taurine
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
-0.058 — — ±0.0776 — -0.019 — — — — -0.17 -0.009
Ref.
-0.091 — — ±0.0488 ±0.047 -0.064 — — — — -0.046 -0.060
40 41 42 43 44 45 41 41 46 46 47 48
λ/µm
p11
p12
p13
p16
p31
CdMoO4 PbMoO4 NaBi(MoO4)2
0.633 0.633 0.633
0.12 0.24 0.243
0.10 0.24 0.205
0.13 0.255 0.25
— 0.017 —
0.11 0.175 0.21
p33
p44
p45
0.18 0.300 0.29
— 0.067 —
— -0.01 —
λ/µm
Formula
NH4ClO4 (NH4)2SO4 NaKC4H4O6 HIO3 S BaSO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2
p11
0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.589 —
p31
0.19 0.20 0.36 0.251 0.203 0.28 0.095
p66
Formula
Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) (continued)
Orthorhombic (222,m22,mmm)
p44
p33
p32
0.18 ±0.26 0.35 0.345 0.232 0.22 0.085
— 0.26 0.35 0.302 0.324 0.21 -0.085 p33
±0.02 0.26 0.36 0.336 0.270 0.31 -0.083
Formula
λ/µm
C2H7NO3S
0.589
p61
— 0.013 — p12
0.24 0.19 0.41 0.496 0.307 0.25 0.069 p44
<±0.02 0.015 -0.030 0.084 0.143 0.002 -0.095
p11 = 0.313 p12 = 0.251 p13 = 0.270 p15 = -0.10
p66
Ref.
— 0.05 —
49 52 —
p13
p21
0.18 ±0.260 0.42 0.339 0.268 0.16 0.052
0.23 ±0.230 0.37 0.263 0.272 0.34 0.095
p22
p23
— ±0.27 0.28 0.412 0.301 0.24 -0.120
0.20 ±0.254 0.34 0.304 0.310 0.19 0.065
p55
p66
Ref.
— ±0.0015 0.0046 -0.030 0.019 -0.012 -0.031
±0.04 0.012 -0.025 0.098 0.118 0.037 0.098
51 52 53 54 54 55 28
p25 = -0.0025 p31 = 0.362 p32 = 0.275 p33 = 0.308
p51 = -0.014 p52 = 0.006 p53 = 0.0048 p55 = 0.047
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Monoclinic (2,m,2/m)
Formula
λ/µm p21 = 0.281 p22 = 0.252 p23 = 0.272
Taurine (continued)
Isotropic Fused silica Water Polystyrene Lucite Orpiment Tellurium oxide Laser glasses
Dense flint glasses (examples)
Formula SiO2 H2O
As2S3-glass TeO2-glass LGS-247-2 LGS-250-3 LGS-1 KGSS-1621 LaSF SF4 U10502 TaFd7
p35 = -0.003 p44 = 0.0025 p46 = -0.0056
p64 = 0.0024 p66 = 0.0028
λ/µm
p11
p12
p44
Ref.
0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 1.15 0.633 0.488
0.121 ±0.31 ±0.30 ±0.30 0.308 0.257 ±0.168 ±0.135 ±0.214 ±0.205 0.088 0.215 0.172 0.099
0.270 ±0.31 ±0.31 0.28 0.299 0.241 ±0.230 ±0.198 ±0.250 ±0.239 0.147 0.243 0.179 0.138
-0.075
15 15 25 25 15 56 57
0.633
0.0045 0.0079
-0.030 -0.014 -0.004 -0.020
58
REFERENCES A. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981; pp. 290-293. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986; pp. 324-331. Petterson, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1243, 1973. Burstein, E. and Smith, P. L., Phys. Rev., 74, 229, 1948. Pakhnev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 18, 1662, 1975. Feldman, A., Horovitz, D., and Waxler, R. M., Appl. Opt., 16, 2925, 1977. Iyengar, K. S., Nature (London), 176, 1119, 1955. Bansigir, K. G. and Iyengar, K. S., Acta Crystallogr., 14, 727, 1961. Pakhev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 20, 648, 1975. Bansigir, K. G., Acta Crystallogr., 23, 505, 1967. Krishna Rao, K. V. and Krishna Murty, V. G., Ind. J. Phys., 41, 150, 1967. Weil, R. and Sun, M. J., Proc. Int. Symp. CdTe (Detectors), Strasbourg Centre de Rech. Nucl., 1971, XIX-1 to 6, 1972. Schmidt, E. D. D. and Vedam, K., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1563, 1966. Biegelsen, D. K., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 14, 3578, 1976. Helwege, K. H., Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Group III, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1979. Feldman, A., Waxler, R. M., and Horovitz, D., J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2589, 1978. Dixon, R. W., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5149, 1967. Shabin, O. V., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 13, 3141, 1972. Reintjes, J. and Schultz, M. B., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 5254, 1968. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 8, 404, 1973. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 11, 296, 1974. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. J. Opt. Technol., 46, 663, 1979. Rand, S. C., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 19, 4205, 1979. Sipe, J. E., Can J. Phys., 56, 199, 1978. Christyi, I. L., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 922, 1975. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Curr. Sci. (India), 23, 149, 1954. Smith, T. M. and Korpel, A., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., QE-1, 283, 1965. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., A40, 164, 1954. Rabman, A., Bhagarantam Commem. Vol., Bangalore Print. and Publ., 173, 1969. Eppendahl, R., Ann. Phys. (IV), 61, 591, 1920. Laurenti, J. P. and Rouzeyre, M., J. Appl. Phys., 52, 6484, 1981. Sasaki, H., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 47, 2046, 1976. Uchida, N. and Saito, S., J. Appl. Phys., 43, 971, 1972.
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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
Waxler, R. M. and Farabaugh, E. M., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., A74, 215, 1970. Nelson, D. F., Lazay, P. D., and Lax, M., Phys. Rev., B6, 3109, 1972. O’Brien, R. J., Rosasco, G. J., and Weber, A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 716, 1970. Avakyants, L. P., et al., Sov. Phys., 18, 1242, 1976. Sapriel, J., Appl. Phys. Litt., 19, 533, 1971. Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 682, 1969. Zubrinov, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 15, 1921, 1974. Kachalov, O. V. and Shpilko, I. O., Sov. Phys. JETP (transl.), 35, 957, 1972. Narasimhamurty, T. S., et al., J. Mater. Sci., 8, 577, 1973. Tada, K. and Kikuchi, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 19, 1311, 1980. Aleksandrov, K. S., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 19, 1090, 1977. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 2006, 1975. Silvestrova, I. M., et al., Sov. Phys. Cryst. (transl.), 20, 649, 1975. Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Mater. Sci., 10, 1019, 1975. Venturini, E. L., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 1622, 1969. Vehida, N. and Ohmachi, Y., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4692, 1969. Grimsditch, M. H. and Ramdus, A. K., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 4094, 1980. Schinke, D. P. and Viehman,W., unpublished Data. Coquin, G. A., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2162, 1971. Vasquez, F., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 37, 451, 1976. Luspin, Y. and Hauret, G., C.R.Ac. Sci. Paris, B274, 995 1972. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Phys. Rev., 186, 945, 1969. Haussühl, S. and Weber, H. J., Z. Kristall., 132, 266, 1970. Vedam, K., Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., A34, 161, 1951. Yano, T., Fukumoto, A., and Watanabe, A., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3674, 1971. Manenkov, A. A. and Ritus, A. I., Sov. J. Quant. Electr., 8, 78, 1978. Eschler, H. and Weidinger, F., J. Appl. Phys., 46, 65, 1975.
LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Name
Cubic (43m)
Formula
λ/µm
r41 pm/V
Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cuprous iodide Eulytite (BSO) Germanium eulytite (BGO) Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Hexamethylenetetramine Sphalerite Zinc selenide Zinc telluride Cadmium telluride
CuBr CuCl CuI Bi4Si3O12 Bi4Ge3O12 GaAs GaP C6H12N4 ZnS ZnSe ZnTe CdTe
0.525 0.633 0.55 0.63 0.63 10.6 0.56 0.633 0.65 0.546 3.41 3.39
0.85 3.6 -5.0 0.54 1.0 1.6 -1.07 0.78 2.1 2.0 4.2 6.8
Cubic (23) Ammonium chloride (77 K) Ammonium cadmium langbeinite Ammonium manganese langbeinite Thallium cadmium langbeinite Potassium magnesium langbeinite Bismuth monogermanate Bismuth monosilicate Sodium chlorate Sodium uranyl acetate
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Formula NH4Cl (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3 Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 K2Mg2(SO4)3 Bi12GeO20 Bi12SiO20 NaClO3 NaUO2(CH3COO)3
λ/µm — 0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546 — — 0.589 0.546
r41 pm/V 1.5 0.70 0.53 0.37 0.40 3.3 3.3 0.4 0.87
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Cubic (23)
N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HBr N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HCl
Trenhydrobromide Trenhydrochloride
Tetragonal (42m)
Greenockite Greenockite (const. strain) Wurzite Zincite
CdS CdS ZnS ZnO
Hexagonal (6)
Formula
Lithium iodate Lithium potassium sulfate
LiIO3 LiKSO4
r63 pm/V
24.5 — — — — 8.6 8.8 12.5 — — — —
-8.5 11.9 9.2 18.6 36.6 -10.5 23.8 10.9 18.2 15.5 13.0 21.4
r13 pm/V
Ttran K 406 693 765 330 602
BaTiO3 K3Li2Nb5O15 PbTiO3 Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.46Ba0.54Nb2O6
Formula
r41 pm/V
148 242 — 143 212 123 222 97 162 147 110 178
Formula
Barium titanate Potassium lithium niobate Lead titanate Strontium barium niobate (SBN75) Strontium barium niobate (SBN46)
1.5 1.7
Ttran K
NH4H2PO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4 KH2PO4 KD2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2AsO4
Tetragonal (4mm)
Hexagonal (6mm)
— —
Formula
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (AD*P) Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CsDA) Cesium dideuterium arsenate (CsD*A) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD*P) Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KD*A) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dideuterium arsenate (RD*A)
r41 pm/V
λ/µm
Formula
r33 pm/V
8 8.9 13.8 6.7 ~180
28 5.9 5.9 1340 35
r13 pm/V
r33 pm/V
r42 pm/V
r51 pm/V
3.1 1.1 0.9 -1.4
2.9 2.4 1.8 +2.6
2.0 — — —
3.7 — — —
r13 pm/V 4.1 r13-r33 = 1.6
r33 pm/V
r42 pm/V
r51 pm/V
6.4 —
1.4 —
3.3 —
Trigonal (3m)
Formula
Ttran K
r13 pm/V
r22 pm/V
r33 pm/V
Cesium nitrate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Lithium sodium sulfate Tourmaline
CsNO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 LiNaSO4 —
425 1483 890 — —
— 8.6 8.4 — —
0.43 7.0 — <0.02 0.3
— 30.8 30.5 — —
Trigonal (32) Cesium tartrate Cinnabar
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Formula
Ttran K
Cs2C4H4O6 HgS
— 659
r11 pm/V
r41 pm/V
1.0 3.1
— 1.5
r51 pm/V — — — 42 —
r42 pm/V — 28 — — —
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Formula
Ttran K
r11 pm/V
r41 pm/V
K2S2O6 SrS2O6⋅4H2O SiO2 Se
— — 1140 398
0.26 0.1 -0.47 2.5
— — 0.2
Trigonal (32) Potassium dithionate Strontium dithionate Quartz Selenium
Orthorhombic (222)
(NH4)2C2O4⋅4H2O KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O
Ammonium oxalate Rochelle salt
Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Potassium niobate
— Tu = 297 Tl = 255
r41 pm/V
r52 pm/V
r63 pm/V
230 -2.0
330 -1.7
250 +0.32
Formula
Ttrans K
r13 pm/V
r23 pm/V
r33 pm/V
Ba2NaNbO15 KNbO3
833 476
15 28
13 1.3
48 64
Orthorhombic (mm2)
Formula
Ttrans K
r22 pm/V
r32 pm/V
Ca2Nb2O7 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4
— 322
0.33 7.2
13.7 13.6
Monoclinic (2) Calcium pyroniobate Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
Ttran K
Formula
r42 pm/V
r51 pm/V
92 380
90 105
REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 405-407. 2. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 258-278.
QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Kerr Constants of Ferroelectric Crystals1,2
Name Barium titanate Strontium titanate Potassium tantalate niobate Potassium tantalate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium sodium niobate (BSN)
Formula BaTiO3 SrTiO3
λ µm
Ttran K
g11 1010 esu
g12 1010 esu
g11-g12 1010 esu
406 —
0.633 0.633
1.33 —
-0.11 —
1.44 1.56
KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 KTaO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3
330 13 1483 938
0.633 0.633 — —
1.50 — 0.94 1.0
-0.42 — 0.25 0.17
1.92 1.77 0.7 0.8
Ba0.8Na0.4Nb2O6
833
1.55
0.44
1.11
—
g44 1010 esu
— 1.63 1.33 0.6 0.7
Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids2 K is the Kerr constant at a wavelength of 589 nm and at room temperature; ε is the static dielectric constant; Tm is the melting point; and Tb is the normal boiling point
Name Carbon disulfide Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone
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Molecular formula CS2 C3H6O C4H8O
K 10–7 esu
ε
Tm °C
°C
+3.23 +16.3 +13.6
2.63 21.0 18.56
-111.5 -94.8 -86.67
+46.3 +56.1 +79.6
Tb
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids (continued)2 Molecular formula
Name Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate o-Dichlorobenzene Benzenesulfonyl chloride Nitrobenzene Ethyl 3-aminocrotonate Paraldehyde
C5H5N C5H7NO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5ClO2S C6H5NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12O3
Benzaldehyde
C7H6O
p-Chlorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Benzyl alcohol
C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8O
m-Cresol
C7H8O
+21.2
m-Chloroacetophenone Acetophenone
C8H7ClO C8H8O
+69.1 +66.6
Quinoline Ethyl salicylate Carvone Ethyl benzoylacetate Water
C9H7N C9H10O3 C10H14O C11H12O3 H2O
+15.0 +19.6 +23.6 +16.0 +4.0
a
ε
Tm °C
°C
13.26 31.6 10.12 28.90 35.6 — 14.7 12.0a 17.85 14.1a 6.25 26.26 24.95 22.2 11.92 10.8a 12.44 5.0a
-42 -22.5 -16.7 +14.5 +5.7 +33.9 +12.6
+115.23 205 180 247 210.8 210 124
-26
179.05
+7.5 -10 +15.5 +51.6 -15.3
162.4 222.3 232 238.3 205.8
+11.8
202.27
17.44 15.8a 9.16 8.48 11.2 13.50 80.10
+19.7
202.3
-14.78 +1.3 <0 <0 0.00
237.16 231.5 230 270 100.0
K 10–7 esu +20.4 +38.8 +42.6 +89.9 +326 +31.0 -23.0 +80.8 +23.0 +174 +177 +222 -15.4
Dielectric constant at radiofrequencies (108-109 Hz). REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 408. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., AIP Handbook of Physics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-241.
MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals1 V is the Verdet constant; n is the refractive index; and λ is the wavelength
Material Al2O3 BaTaO3
Bi4Ge3O12
C (diamond) CaCO3 CaF2 Cd0.55Mn0.45Te
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T K
λ nm
n
V min/Oe cm
300 300 403 403 403 403 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
546.1 589.3 427 496 620 826 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 632.8
1.771 1.768
0.0240 0.0210 0.95 0.38 0.18 0.072 0.289 0.099 0.026 0.0233 0.019 0.0088 6.87
2.077 2.048 2.031 2.417 1.658 1.434
Tb
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals (continued)1
Material CuCl GaSe KAl(SO4)2⋅12H2O KBr KCl KI KTaO3
LaF3 (H\c)
MgAl2O4 NH4AlSO4⋅12H2O NH4Br NH4Cl NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NiSO4⋅6H2O SiO2 SrTiO3
ZnS ZnSe
T K
λ nm
300 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 296 296 296 296 296 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 297 297 300 300 298 298 298 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
546.1 632.8 589.3 546.1 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 352 413 496 620 826 325 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 413 496 620 826 546.1 589.3 476 496 514 587 632.8
n 1.93 1.456 1.564 1.560 1.490 1.673 1.666
1.639 1.615 1.601 1.592 1.718 1.459 1.711 1.643
1.544 1.515 1.511 1.546 1.544 2.627
2.368 2.826 2.759 2.721 2.627 2.592
V min/Oe cm 0.20 0.80 0.0124 0.0500 0.0425 0.0275 0.083 0.070 0.44 0.19 0.096 0.051 0.022 0.054 0.028 0.012 0.006 0.021 0.0128 0.0504 0.0410 0.0362 0.0621 0.0410 0.0345 0.0105 0.0081 0.0256 0.0221 0.0195 0.0166 0.78 0.31 0.14 0.066 0.287 0.226 1.50 1.04 0.839 0.529 0.406
Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths1 The absorption coefficient α for these materials ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 cm–1 at 300 K
Material Tb2Al5O12
Dy3Al5O12 Ho3Al5O12
T/K 300 77 4.2 1.45 300 300
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λ = 405 nm -2.266
-1.241 -0.709
450 nm
480 nm
-1.565 -102.16
-1.290 -83.45
-200.95 -0.942 -0.320
-172.52 -0.803 -0.260
V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm -1.039 -3.425 -64.80 -139.28 -0.667 -0.335
-0.912 -3.051 -58.35 -125.07 -0.592 -0.304
578 nm -0.787 -2.603 -53.77 -111.27 -0.518 -0.299
635 nm -0.620 -2.008 48.39 97.47 -0.411
670 nm -0.542 -1.815 -45.15 -93.42 -0.359 -0.206
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths (continued)1
Material
T/K
λ = 405 nm
450 nm
480 nm
V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm
578 nm
635 nm
670 nm
Er3Al5O12 Tm3Al5O12 Yb3Al5O12
300 300 298 77
-0.189 +0.151 0.287 0.718
-0.240 +0.103 0.215 0.540
-0.154 +0.093 0.186 0.481
-0.162 0.076 0.140 0.393
-0.145 +0.059 0.116 0.302
-0.105 +0.048 0.094 0.239
-0.089
-0.157 0.069 0.133 0.342
Verdet Constants of Gases2 Values refer to T = 0°C and P = 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg); nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm
Verdet Constants for KDP-Type Crystals1 Measurements refer to T = 298 K and λ = 632.8 nm, with k \ [001] V min/Oe cm
Material KH2PO4 (KDP) KH0.3D1.7PO4 (KD*P) NH4H2PO4 (ADP) KH2AsO4 (KDA) KH0.1D1.9AsO4 (KD*A) NH4H2AsO4 (ADH)
0.0124 0.145 0.138 0.238 0.245 0.244
106 × V min/Oe cm
(nD – 1) × 103
Gas He Ar H2 N2 O2 Air Cl2 HCl H2S NH3 CO CO2 NO CH4 n-C4H10
0.036 2.81
+0.40 +9.36 +6.29 +6.46 +5.69 +6.27 +31.9 +21.5 +41.5 +19.0 +11.0 +9.39 -58 +17.4 +44.0
0.297 0.272 0.293 0.773 0.447 0.63 0.376 0.34 0.45 0.297 0.444
Verdet Constants of Liquids2 nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm and a temperature of 20°C, unless otherwise indicated. V is the Verdet constant
Liquid P S H2 O D2 O H3PO4 CS2 CCl4 SbCl5 TiCl4 TiBr4 Methanol Acetone Toluene Benzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Bromoform
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λ/nm
T/°C
102 × V min/Oe cm
589 589 589 589 578 589 578-589 578 578 578 589 578-589 578-589 578-589 589 589 589
33 114 20 19.7 97.4 20 25.1 18 17 46 18.7 20.0 15.0 15.0 15 15 17.9
+13.3 +8.1 +1.309 +1.257 +1.35 +4.255 +1.60 +7.45 -1.65 -5.3 +0.958 +1.116 +2.71 +3.00 +2.92 +2.17 +3.13
nD
1.929 (110°C) 1.3328 1.3384 1.6255 1.463 (15°C) 1.601 (14°C) 1.61 1.3289 1.3585 1.4950 1.5005 1.5246 1.5523 1.5960
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare Earth Paramagnetic Crystals1 n is the refractive index, and V is the Verdet constant at the wavelength and temperature indicated Rare Earth
Host
T/K
λ/nm
n
Ce3+(30%)
CaF2
Ce3+
CeF3
CaF2
Nd3+(2.9%) Nd3+
CaF2 NdF3
Eu3+(3%)
CaF2
Eu2+
EuF2
Tb3+
KTb3F10
Tb3+
LiTbF4
Tb3+
Tb3Ga5O12
325 442 633 1064 442 633 633 1064 266 325 442 633 1064 426 442 633 633 1064 430 440 450 500 550 600 650 1064 325 442 633 633 1064 325 442 633 1064 500 570 633 830 1060
1.516 1.502 1.494 1.489 1.613 1.598
Pr3+(5%)
300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 4.2 300 290 77 300 4.2 4.2 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
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1.589 1.471 1.461 1.451 1.445 1.441 1.60 1.59 1.58
1.531 1.518 1.510 1.505 1.493 1.481 1.473 1.469 1.989 1.981 1.976 1.967 1.954
V min/Oe cm -0.956 -0.297 -0.111 -0.035 -1.05 -0.406 -1.418 -0.113 -0.172 -0.0818 -0.0089 -0.0168 -0.0045 -0.19 -0.553 -0.209 -0.755 -0.097 29 22 -4.5 -2.6 -1.6 -1.1 -0.8 -0.19 -2.174 -0.933 -0.386 -1.94 -0.114 -1.9 -0.98 -0.44 -0.13 -0.749 -0.581 -0.461 -0.21 -0.12
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MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Paramagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Rare earth phosphate glasses of composition R2O3⋅xP2O5, where x is given in the second column
R La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
x
λ = 405 nm
λ = 436 nm
λ = 480 nm
Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm λ = 500 λ = 520 λ= 546 nm nm nm
λ= 578 nm
λ= 600 nm
λ= 635 nm
λ= 670 nm
2.67 3.09 2.92 2.87 2.93 3.01 2.94 2.51 2.94 3.01 2.79 3.01
0.037 -0.672 -0.447 -0.250 0.026 -0.025 0.018 -0.560 -0.540 -0.299 -0.139 0.019 0.087
0.030 0.510 -0.332 -0.209 0.024 -0.017 0.015 -0.458 -0.453 -0.313 -0.121 0.013 0.072
0.024 -0.366 -0.283 -0.167 0.020 -0.010 0.014 -0.357 -0.359 -0.156 -0.100 0.012 0.056
0.022 -0.326 -0.261 -0.155 0.020 -0.006 0.012 -0.323 -0.331 -0.153 -0.111 0.009 0.050
0.015 -0.217 -0.182 -0.094 0.014 -0.004 0.011 -0.226 -0.237 -0.119 -0.060 0.005 0.036
-0.014 -0.197 -0.170 -0.080 0.012 -0.003 0.010 -0.206 -0.217 -0.110 -0.057 0.004 0.032
0.013 -0.173 -0.150 -0.080 0.011 -0.002 0.009 -0.190 -0.197 -0.098 -0.051 0.004 0.029
— -0.150 -0.132 -0.071 0.010 -0.002 0.009 -0.164 -0.173 -0.084 -0.044 0.007 0.024
0.019 -0.153 -0.100 0.017 0.019 0.018 -0.205 -0.193 -0.104 -0.042 0.023 0.046 -0.380 -0.358 -0.334
0.018 -0.146 -0.059 0.016 -0.016 0.017 -0.186 -0.177 -0.096 -0.040 0.021 0.043 -0.348 -0.332 -0.317
0.016 -0.128 -0.056 0.014 0.014 0.015 -0.167 -0.159 — -0.035 0.018 0.037 -0.306 -0.290 -0.271
0.014 -0.110 -0.046 0.012 -0.012 0.013 -0.142 -0.138 -0.074 -0.034 0.016 0.033 -0.265 -0.252 -0.243
0.020 -0.287 -0.236 -0.136 0.017 -0.006 0.012 -0.295 -0.301 -0.138 -0.095 0.008 0.045
0.018 -0.253 -0.208 -0.134 0.015 -0.005 0.011 -0.261 0.268 -0.138 -0.062 0.006 0.041
The following are rare earth borate glasses with composition: for La and Pr: R2O3⋅xP2O5; for Tb-Pr and Dy-Pr: R2O3⋅xB2O3; and for other elements: R2O3⋅0.85La3O3⋅xB2O3. La Pr-La Nd-La Sm-La Eu-La Gd-La Tb-La Dy-La Ho-La Er-La Tm-La Yb-La Tb-Pr Dy-Pr Pr
3.04 5.44 5.41 4.97 4.69 4.71 4.73 4.88 4.36 4.50 4.75 8.58 4.99 4.63 2.56
0.043 -0.380 -0.180 0.032 -0.081 0.032 -0.512 -0.436 -0.269 -0.093 0.060 0.115 -0.940 -0.850 -0.843
0.036 -0.307 -0.147 0.030 -0.060 0.026 -0.419 -0.361 -0.252 -0.078 0.046 0.094 -0.786 — -0.646
0.029 -0.230 -0.120 0.025 -0.038 0.024 -0.319 -0.299 -0.123 -0.068 0.039 0.073 -0.560 — -0.471
0.026 -0.220 -0.111 0.024 -0.033 0.022 -0.288 -0.273 -0.131 -0.082 0.034 0.066 -0.536 -0.497 -0.480
0.023 -0.201 -0.096 0.022 -0.029 0.021 -0.262 -0.246 -0.112 — 0.031 0.060 -0.489 -0.465 -0.432
0.022 -0.178 -0.094 0.019 -0.024 0.020 -0.234 -0.220 -0.128 -0.045 0.026 0.054 -0.436 -0.413 -0.390
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Diamagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm Glass type SiO2 B2O3 CdO ZnO TeO2 ZrF4
Bi2O3 PbO
Tl2O
SnO TeO3
Sb2O3
Composition (wt. %) 100% SiO2 100% B2O3 47.5% CdO, 52.5% P2O5 36.4% ZnO, 63.6% P2O5 88.9% TeO2, 11.1% P2O5 63.1% ZrF4, 14.9% BaF2, 7.2% LaF3, 1.9% AlF3, 9.1% PbF2, 3.8% LiF
λ = 325 nm
0.079 0.072
95% Bi2O3, 5% B2O3 95% PbO, 5% B2O3 82% PbO, 18% SiO2 50% PbO, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 95% Tl2O, 5% B2O3 82% Tl2O, 18% SiO2 50% Tl2O, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 76% SnO, 13% B2O3, 11% SiO2 75% TeO2, 25% Sb2O3 80% TeO2, 20% ZnCl2 84% TeO2, 16% BaO 70% TeO2, 30% WO3 20% TeO2, 80% PbO 25% Sb2O3, 75% TeO2 75% Sb2O3, 75% Cs2O, 5% Al2O3 75% Sb2O3, 10% Cs2O, 10% Rb2O, 5% Al2O3
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
λ = 442 nm
0.033 0.044 0.196
λ = 633 nm 0.013 0.010 0.022 0.020 0.076 0.011
λ = 1064 nm
0.022
λ = 700 nm
λ = 853 nm
λ = 1060 nm
0.086 0.093 0.077 0.032 0.092 0.100 0.036 0.071 0.076 0.073 0.056 0.052 0.128 0.076 0.074 0.078
0.051 0.061 0.045 0.020 0.061 0.067 0.022 0.046 0.052 0.046 0.041 0.035 0.075 0.050 0.044 0.052
0.033 0.031 0.027 0.011 0.032 0.043 0.012 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.022 0.048 0.032 0.025 0.030
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Commercial Glasses1 This table gives the density, ρ, refractive index at 589 nm, nD, and Verdet constant, V, for the wavelengths indicated; the data refer to room temperature V in min/Oe cm Glass type
ρ g/cm3
BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF
2.49 2.53 2.87 3.23 3.48 3.56 3.63 3.9
nD 1.5096 1.5189 1.5406 1.5785 1.6047 1.6122 1.6203 1.6533
λ = 365.0 nm
λ = 404.7 nm
0.0499 0.0561 0.0609 0.1143 0.1112 0.0662 0.1473 0.1725
λ = 435.8 nm
0.0392 0.0440 0.0477 0.0850 0.0832 0.0517 0.1076 0.1248
λ = 546.1 nm
0.0333 0.0372 0.0403 0.0693 0.0685 0.0435 0.0872 0.1007
λ = 578.0 nm
0.02034 0.0225 0.0245 0.0394 0.0393 0.0261 0.0485 0.0556
0.01798 0.01995 0.0216 0.0344 0.0344 0.0231 0.0423 0.0483
The composition of the glasses in weight percent is: Glass type
SiO2
B2O3
K2O
CaO
Al2O3
As2O3
BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF
69.6 72.0 57.1 52.5 45.2 36.2 46.3 40.6
6.7 — 1.8 — — 7.7 — —
20.5 10.1 13.7 9.5 7.8 0.2 1.1 7.5
2.9 11.4 0.3 0.3 — 0.2 0.3 0.2
0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 — 3.5 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2
Na2O
BaO
— 6.1 — — — — 5.0 0.1
— — 26.9 — 16.0 44.6 — —
ZnO
PbO
— — — — 8.3 6.7 — —
— — — 37.6 22.2 — 47.0 51.5
REFERENCES 1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, p. 299-310. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-230.
FARADAY ROTATION Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids Tc K
4 π Ms gauss
F deg/cm
α cm–1
Fe
1043
21,800
Co
1390
18,200
Ni
633
6,400
Permalloy (Ni/Fe = 82/18)
803
10,700
4.4 × 105 6.5 × 105 7 × 105 7 × 105 2.9 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 0.8 × 105 2.6 × 105 1.5 × 105 1 × 105 1.2 × 105
6.5 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.5 × 105 — 6.1 × 105 4.5 × 105 3.6 × 105 — 5.8 × 105 4.8 × 105 4.1 × 105 6 × 105
Material
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
2 F/α 1.4 2.6 3.3 4.0 — 1.8 2.4 2.7 — 0.9 0.6 0.25 0.4
T K 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
λ nm 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued)
Material Ni/Fe = 100/0 Ni/Fe = 80/20 Ni/Fe = 60/40 Ni/Fe = 40/60 Ni/Fe = 20/80 Ni/Fe = 0/100 MnBi
Tc K
639
4 π Ms gauss
F deg/cm
6,000 10,800 14,900 14,400 19,400 21,600 7,700
1.2 × 105 2.2 × 105 2.9 × 105 2.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 3.5 × 105 4.2 × 105 7.5 × 105 0.44 × 105 0.62 × 105 0.5 × 105 0.4 × 105 0.9 × 105 2400 1250 750 175 -2000 -1050 -300 -80 2.0 × 104 -1.0 × 104 -120 +75 +110 2.75 × 104 3.6 × 104 -2.5 × 104 -60 0 +35 -440 +10 +110 +135 -50 +75 +150 +165 90 75 360 70 310 75 180 3400 1600 620 300 670 180 2000
MnAs
313
—
CrTe
334
1015
FeRh Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)
333 560
— 2500
Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG)
Tn = 564 T = 286
7300
NiFe2O4
858
3350
CoFe2O4
793
4930
MgFe2O4
593-713e
1450e
Li0.5Fe2.5O4
863-953e
3240e to 3900
BaFe12O19
723
—
Ba2Zn2Fe12O19
—
—
RbNiF3
220
1250
RbNi0.75Co0.25F3 RbFeF3
109 102
— —
FeF3
365
CrCl3
16.8
40 at 300 K 3880
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
α cm–1
2 F/α
T K
λ nm
7.05 × 105 7.10 × 105 7.54 × 105 8.17 × 105 8.10 × 105 8.13 × 105 6.1 × 105 4.2 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.4 × 105 2.0 × 105 1.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 1500 1400 450 <0.06
0.34 0.62 0.77 0.54 0.81 0.86 1.4 3.6 0.174 0.28 0.5 0.7 0.56 3.2 1.8 3.3 >3 × 103
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 348 300 300 300 300
6000 900 100 70 5.9 × 104 10 × 104 38 15 32 12 × 104 17 × 104 6 × 104 100 12 6 150 85 44 80 -38 20 20 22 120 65 35 10 70 25 9 7 3 1.5 2.5 14 4.4 200
0.6 2.3 6.0 2.3 0.7 0.2 6 10 7 0.5 0.4 0.8 1 0 11 6 0.2 5 3 3 7.5 15 15 1.5 2.0 20 14 9 6 40 900 1100 830 240 95 82 20
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 77 77 77 77 82 82 82 82 300 300 1.5
632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 450 900 500 900 550 900 700 555 625 770 5000 to 1500 500 600 800 1000 286 500 1500 3000 5000 286 400 660 2500 4000 6000 1500 3000 5000 7000 2000 3000 5000 7000 5000 7000 450a 600a 800a 1000a 600b 300c 400c 600c 800c 349d 522.5d 410
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued)
Material
Tc K
4 π Ms gauss
CrBr3
32.5
3390
CrI3
68
2690
FeBO3
348
EuO
69
115 at 300 K 23700
EuS
16.3
—
EuSe
7.0
13,200
a b c d e
F deg/cm
α cm–1
-500 -1000 3 × 105 1.6 × 105 1.1 × 105 0.8 × 105 3200 450 -1.0 × 105 5 × 105 0.5 × 105 3 × 104 660 -1.6 × 105 -9.6 × 105 +5.5 × 105 1.45 × 105 0.95 × 105
300 70 3 × 103 1.4 × 104 6.3 × 103 3 × 103 140 38 0.5 × 104 9.7 × 104 7.8 × 104 >0.5 >1.0 0 3.3 × 104 1.2 × 105 80 60
2 F/α 3 30 200 23 35 53 45 24 40 10 1.3 ∼105 1300 — 58 9.2 3600 3170
T K
λ nm
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 300 300 5 5 5 20 20 6 6 6 4.2 4.2
450 590 478 500 970 1000 500 700 1100 700 500 2500 10600 825 690 563 750 800
Measured along the C-axis (magnetic hard axis). Measured along the C-axis (magnetic easy axis). Measured along the C-axis ([100]-direction at room temperature). Strong natural birefringence interferes with the Faraday effect. Depends on heat treatment. REFERENCE 1. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 288-296.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS H. P. R. Frederikse The relation between the polarization density P of a dielectric medium and the electric field E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E acquires values comparable with interatomic electric fields (105 to 108 V/cm). Under these conditions the relation between P and E can be expanded in a Taylor’s series P = ε 0 χ(1) E + 2 χ(2 ) E 2 + 4 χ(3) E 3 + L
(1)
where εo is the permittivity of free space, while χ(1) is the linear and χ(2), χ(3) etc. the nonlinear optical susceptibilities. If we consider two optical fields, the first Ejω1 (along the j-direction at frequency ω1) and the second Ekω2 (along the k-direction at frequency ω2) one can write the second term of the Taylor’s series as follows
Pi (ω 1ω 2 ) = 2 χ ijk3
ω =ω 1 ±ω 2
ω
ω2
E j 1 Ek
When ω1 ≠ ω2 the (parametric) mixing of the two fields gives rise to two new polarizations at the frequencies ω3 = ω1 + ω2 and ω3′ = ω1 – ω2. When the two frequencies are equal, ω1 = ω2 = ω, the result is Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) χijk(2ω, ω, ω), while equal and opposite frequencies, ω1 = ω and ω2 = –ω leads to Optical Rectification (OR): χijk(0,ω,–ω). In the SHG case the following convention is adopted: the second order nonlinear coefficient d is equal to one half of the second order nonlinear susceptibility
dijk = 1 / 2 χ ( 2 ) Because of the symmetry of the indices j and k one can replace these two by a single index (subscript) m. Consequently the notation for the SHG nonlinear coefficient in reduced form is dim where m takes the values 1 to 6. Only noncentrosymmetric crystals can possess a nonvanishing dijk tensor (third rank). The unit of the SHG coefficients is m/V (in the MKSQ/SI system). In centrosymmetric media the dominant nonlinearity is of the third order. This effect is represented by the third term in the Taylor’s series (Equation 1); it is the result of the interaction of a number of optical fields (one to three) producing a new frequency ω4 = ω1 + ω2 + ω3. The third order polarization is given by ω3 Pj (ω 1ω 2ω 3 ) = g4 χ jklm Ek 1 El 2 Em ω
ω
Third Harmonic Generation (THG) is achieved when ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = ω. In this case the constant g4 = 1/4. The third order nonlinear coefficient C is related to the third order susceptibility as follows
C jklm = 1 / 4 χ jklm This coefficient is a fourth rank tensor. In the THG case the matrices must be invariant under permutation of the indices k, l, and m; as a result the notation for the third order nonlinear coefficient can be simplified to Cjn. The unit of Cjn is m2·V–2 (in the MKSQ/SI system). Applications of second order nonlinear optical materials include the generation of higher (up to sixth) optical harmonics, the mixing of monochromatic waves to generate sum or difference frequencies (frequency conversion), the use of two monochromatic waves to amplify a third wave (parametric amplification) and the addition of feedback to such an amplifier to create an oscillation (parametric oscillation). Third order nonlinear optical materials are used for THG, self-focusing, four wave mixing, optical amplification, and optical conjugation. Many of these effects — as well as the variation and modulation of optical propagation caused by mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields (see the preceeding table on “Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants”) are used in the areas of optical communication, optical computing, and optical imaging. REFERENCES (NONLINEAR OPTICS) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. 111, Part 1; Ed.: Marvin J. Weber, Publ.: CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1986. Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. Shen, Y.R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1984. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1988. Bloembergen, N., Nonlinear Optics, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J.E., Applied Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1973. Hopf, F.A. and Stegeman, G.I., Applied Classical Electrodynamics, Volume 2: Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1986. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Eds.: D.S. Chemla and J. Zyss, Publ.: Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987. Optical Phase Conjugation, Ed.: R.A. Fisher, Publ.: Academic Press, New York, 1983. Zyss, J., Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Devices and Physics, Academic Press, Boston, 1994. Nonlinear Optics, 5 articles in Physics Today, (Am. Inst. of Phys.), Vol. 47, No. 5, May, 1994.
12-168
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals* Symmetry class
dim × 1012 m/V
λ µm
GaAs GaP InAs
43 m 43 m 43 m
ZnSe
43 m
β-ZnS
43 m
ZnTe
43 m
CdTe Bi4GeO12 N4(CH2)6 (hexamine) LiIO3
43 m 43 m 43 m 6
ZnO
6 mm
α-ZnS
6 mm
CdS
6 mm
CdSe
6 mm
BaTiO3
4 mm
PbTiO3
4 mm
K3Li2Nb5O15
4 mm
K0.8Na0.2Ba2Nb5O15 SrBaNb5O15
4 mm 4 mm
NH4H2PO4 (ADP)
42 m
KH2PO4 (KDP)
42 m
KD2PO4 (KD*P)
42 m
KH2AsO4 (KDA)
42 m
CdGeAs2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 (NH2)2CO (urea) AlPO4 Se
42 m 42 m 42 m 42 m 32 32
d14 = 134.1 ± 42 d14 = 71.8 ± 12.3 d14 = 364 ± 47 d14 = 210 d14 = 78.4 ± 29.3 d36 = 26.6 ± 1.7 d14 = 30.6 ± 8.4 d36 = 20.7 ± 1.3 d14 = 92.2 ± 33.5 d14 = 83.2 ± 8.4 d36 = 89.6 ± 5.7 d14 = 167.6 ± 63 d14 = 1.28 d14 = 4.1 d33 = –7.02 d31 = –5.53 ± 0.3 d33 = –5.86 ± 0.16 d31= 1.76 ± 0.16 d15 = 1.93 ± 0.16 d33 = 11.37 ± 0.07 d33 = 37.3 ± 12.6 d31 = –18.9 ± 6.3 d15 = 21.37 ± 8.4 d33 = 25.8 ± 1.6 d31 = –13.1 ± 0.8 d15 = 14.4 ± 0.8 d33 = 54.5 ± 12.6 d31 = –26.8 ± 2.7 d33 = 6.8 ± 1.0 d31 = 15.7 ± 1.8 d15 = 17.0 ± 1.8 d33 = 7.5 ± 1.2 d31 = 37.6 ± 5.6 d15 = 33.3 ± 5 d33 = 11.2 ± 1.6 d31 = 6.18 ± 1.28 d15 = 5.45 ± 0.54 d31 = 13.6 ± 1.6 d33 = 11.3 ± 3.3 d31 = 4.31 ± 1.32 d15 = 5.98 ± 2 d36 = 0.53 d36 = 0.85 d36 = 0.44 d36 = 0.47 ± 0.07 d36 = 0.38 ± 0.016 d36 = 0.34 ± 0.06 d14 = 0.37 d36 = 0.43 ± 0.025 d36 = 0.39 ± 0.4 d36 = 351 ± 105 d36 = 18 ± 2.7 d36 = 37.4 ± 6.0 d36 = 1.3 d11 = 0.35 ± 0.03 d11 = 97 ± 25
10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.058 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694 1.064 0.694 1.058 0.694 1.058 1.06 0.694 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.06 1.058 10.6
Material
12-169
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals (continued)*
Material
Symmetry class
Te SiO2 (quartz) HgS (C6H5CO)2 [benzil] β-BaB2O4 [BBO]
32 32 32 32 3m
LiNbO3
3m
LiTaO3
3m
Ag3AsS3 [proustite]
3m
Ag3SbS3 [pyrargerite]
3m
α-HIO3 NO2 · CH3NOC5H4 · (POM) Ba2NaNb5O15 [Banana]
222 222 mm 2
C6H4(NO2)2 [MDB]
mm 2
Gd2(MoO4)3
mm 2
KNbO3
mm 2
KTiOPO4 [KTP]
mm 2
NO2C6H4 · NH2 [mNA]
mm 2
C10H12N3O6 [MAP]
2
(NH2CH2COOH)3H2SO4 [TGS]
2
*
dim × 1012 m/V d11 = 650 ± 30 d11 = 0.335 d11 = 50.3 ± 17 d11 = 3.6 ± 0.5 d22 = 2.22 ± 0.09 d31 = 0.16 ± 0.08 d33 = 34.4 d31 = –5.95 d22 = 2.76 d33 = –16.4 ± 2 d31 = –1.07 ± 0.2 d22 = +1.76 ± 0.2 d31 = 11.3 ± 2.5 d22 = 18.0 ± 2.5 d31 = 12.6 ± 4 d22 = 13.4 ± 4 d36 = 5.15 ± 0.16 d36 = 6.4 ± 1.0 d33 = –17.6 ± 1.28 d31 = –12.8 ± 1.28 d33 = 0.74 d32 = 2.7 d31 = 1.78 d33 = –0.044 ± 0.008 d32 = +2.42 ± 0.36 d31 = –2.49 ± 0.37 d33 = –19.58 ± 1.03 d32 = +11.34 ± 1.03 d31 = –12.88 ± 1.03 d33 = 13.7 d32 = ± 5.0 d31 = ± 6.5 d33 = 13.12 ± 1.28 d32 = 1.02 ± 0.22 d31 = 12.48 ± 1.28 d23 = 10.67 ± 1.3 d22 = 11.7 ± 1.3 d21 = 2.35 ± 0.5 d25 = –0.35 ± 0.3 d23 = 0.32
These data are taken from References 1 and 2.
12-170
λ µm 10.6 1.064 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected THG Coefficients of Some NLO Materials*
Material
NLO process
NH4H2PO4 [ADP]
(–3ω,ω,ω,ω)
C6H6 [benzene] CdGeAs2 p-type: 5 × 1016 cm–3
(–3ω,ω,ω,ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,ω)
C40H56 [β-carotene] GaAs high-resistivity Ge LiIO3
(–3ω,ω,ω,ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
KBr
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
KCl
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
KH2PO4 [KDP] Si p-type: 1014 cm–3 NaCl
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
NaF
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
*
(–3,ω,ω,ω,–ω)
These data are taken from Reference 1.
12-171
Cjn × 1020 m2/V–2
λ µm
C11 = 0.0104 C18 = 0.0098 C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.0042 C11 = 182 ± 84 C16 = 175 C18 = –35 C11 0.263 ± 0.08 C11 = 62 ± 31
1.06 1.06 1.89 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.89 1.06
C11 = 23.5 ± 12 C12 = 0.2285 C35 = 6.66 ± 1 C11 = 0.0392 C18/C11 = 0.3667 C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.28 C11–3C18 = 0.04 C11 = 82.8 ± 25
1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.4133 C11 = 0.0035
1.06 1.06 1.06
PHASE DIAGRAMS H. P. R. Frederikse A phase is a structurally homogeneous portion of matter. Regardless of the number of chemical constituents of a gas, there is only one vapor phase. This is true also for the liquid form of a pure substance, although a mixture of several liquid substances may exist as one or several phases, depending on the interactions among the substances. On the other hand a pure solid may exist in several phases at different temperatures and pressures because of differences in crystal structure (Reference 1). At the phase transition temperature, Ttr, the chemical composition of the solid remains the same, but often a change in the physical properties will take place. Such changes are found in ferroelectric crystals (example BaTiO3) which develop a spontaneous polarization below Ttr, in superconductors (example Pb) which loose all electrical resistance below the transition point, and in many other classes of solids. In quite a few cases it is difficult to bring about the phase transition, and the high- (or low-) temperature phase persists in its metastable form. Many liquids remain in the liquid state for shorter or longer periods of time when cooled below the melting point (supercooling). However, often the slightest disturbance will cause solidification. Persistence of the high temperature phase in solid-solid transitions is usually of much longer duration. An example of this behavior is found in white tin; although gray tin is the thermodynamically stable form below Ttr (286.4 K), the metal remains in its undercooled, white tin state all the way to T = 0 K, and crystals of gray tin are very difficult to produce. A phase diagram is a map which indicates the areas of stability of the various phases as a function of external conditions (temperature and pressure). Pure materials, such as mercury, helium, water, and methyl alcohol are considered one-component systems and they have unary phase diagrams. The equilibrium phases in two-component systems are presented in binary phase diagrams. Because many important materials consist of three, four, and more components, many attempts have been made to deduce their multicomponent phase diagrams. However, the vast majority of systems with three or more components are very complex, and no overall maps of the phase relationships have been worked out. It has been shown during the last 20 to 25 years that very useful partial phase diagrams of complex systems can be obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling (References 2, 3). Especially for complicated, multicomponent alloy systems the CALPHAD method has proved to be a successful approach for producing valuable portions of very intricate phase diagrams (Reference 4). With this method thermodynamic descriptions of the free energy functions of various phases are obtained which are consistent with existing (binary) phase diagram information and other thermodynamic data. Extrapolation methods are then used to extend the thermodynamic functions into a ternary system. Comparison of the results of this procedure with available experimental data is then used to fine-tune the phase diagram and add ternary interaction functions if necessary. In principle this approximation strategy can be extended to four, five, and more component systems. The nearly two dozen phase diagrams shown below present the reader with examples of some important types of single and multicomponent systems, especially for ceramics and metal alloys. This makes it possible to draw attention to certain features like the kinetic aspects of phase transitions (see Figure 22, which presents a time-temperature-transformation, or TTT, diagram for the precipitation of α-phase particles from the β-phase in a Ti-Mo alloy; Reference 1, pp.358-360). The general references listed below and the references to individual figures contain phase diagrams for many additional systems. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Chapters 16 and 17, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. 2. Kaufman, L., and Bernstein, H., Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Kattner, U.R., Boettinger, W.J.B., and Coriell, S.R., Z. Metallkd., 87, 9, 1996. 4. Dinsdale, A.T., Editor, CALPHAD, Vol. 1–20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977–1996 and continuing. 5. Baker, H., Editor, ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Massalski, T.B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 7. Roth. R.S., Editor, Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vol. I (1964) to Volume XI (1995), American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH. REFERENCES TO INDIVIDUAL PHASE DIAGRAMS Figure 1. Carbon: Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8930. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Si-Ge : Ref.5, p. 2.231. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. H2O (ice): See figure. Figure 4. SiO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9174. Reprinted with permission. Figure 5. Fe-O: Darken, L.S., and Gurry, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 798, 1946. Reprinted with permission. Figure 6. Ti-O: Reference 5, p. 2.324. Reprinted with permission. Figure 7. BaO-TiO2: Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4302. Reprinted with permission. Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9239. Reprinted with permission. Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9348. Reprinted with permission. Figure 10. Si-N-Al-O (Sialon): Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8759. Reprinted with permission. Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT): Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4587. Reprinted with permission. Figure 12. Al-Si-Ca-O: Reference 7 (1964), Vol. I, Figure 630. Reprinted with permission. Figure 13. Y-Ba-Cu-O: Whitler, J.D., and Roth, R.S., Phase Diagrams for High Tc Superconductors, Figure S-082, American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH, 1990. Reprinted with permission. Figure 14. Al-Cu: Reference 5, p. 2.44. Reprinted with permission. Figure 15. Fe-C: Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Figure 16.13 , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Reprinted with permission. Figure 16. Fe-Cr: Reference 5, p. 2.152. Reprinted with permission.
12-200
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17. Cu-Sn: Reference 5, p. 2.178. Reprinted with permission. Figure 18. Cu-Ni: Reference 5, p. 2.173. Reprinted with permission. Figure 19. Pb-Sn (solder): Reference 5, p. 2.335. Reprinted with permission. Figure 20. Cu-Zn (brass): Subramanian, P.R., Chakrabarti, D.J., and Laughlin, D.E., Editors, Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys, p. 487, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21. Co-Sm: Reference 5, p. 2.148. Reprinted with permission. Figure 22. Ti-Mo: Reference 5, p. 2.296; Reference 1, p. 359. Reprinted with permission. Figure 23: Fe-Cr-Ni: Reference 5, Figure 48. Reprinted with permission. Figure 1 200
P/GPa
150
Diamond 100
50 Liquid A B 0
C
Figure 1. Phase diagram of carbon. (A) Martensitic transition: hex graphite → hex diamond. (B) Fast graphite-to-diamond transition. (C) Fast diamond-tographite transition.
Graphite
0
2000
4000 T/K
6000
Figure 2
Figure 2. Si-Ge system.
Phase (Ge,Si) High-pressure phases GeII SiII
Composition, mass % Si
Pearson symbol
0 to 100
cF8
– Fd3 m
— —
tI4 tI4
I41/amd I41/amd
12-201
Space group
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) FIGURE 3 200
Liquid
150
VII
100
t /°C
50
VI
0 V
III
VIII
I -50 II
Figure 3. Diagram of the principal phases of ice. Solid lines are measured boundaries between stable phases; dotted lines are extrapolated. Ice IV is a metastable phase which exists in the region of ice V. Ice IX exists in the region below -100°C and pressures in the range 200–400 MPa. Ice X exists at pressures above 44 GPa. See Table 1 for the coordinates of the triple points, where liquid water is in equilibrium with two adjacent solid phases.
-100
-150 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
P/GPa
Table 1. Crystal Structure, Density, and Transition Temperatures for the Phases of Ice Phase
Crystal system
Ih Ic II III IV V
Hexagonal Cubic Rhombohedral Tetragonal Rhombohedral Monoclinic
VI VII VIII IX X
Tetragonal Cubic Tetragonal Tetragonal Cubic
Cell parameters a = 4.513; c = 7352 a = 6.35 a = 7.78; α = 113.1° a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 7.60; α = 70.1° a = 9.22; b = 7.54, c = 10.35; β = 109.2° a = 6.27; c = 5.79 a = 3.41 a = 4.80; c = 6.99 a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 2.83
Z
n
ρ/g cm-3
Triple ponts
4 8 12 12 16 28
4 4 4 4 4 4
0.93 0.94 1.18 1.15 1.27 1.24
I-III: -21.99°C, 209.9 MPa
10 2 8 12 2
4 8 8 4 8
1.31 1.56 1.56 1.16 2.51
III-V: -16.99°C, 350.1 MPa V-VI: 0.16°C, 632.4 MPa VI-VII: 82°C, 2216 MPa
REFERENCES 1. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. 2. Lerner, R.G. and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H.M, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 4. Hobbs, P.V., Ice Physics,Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974.
12-202
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 4
2000
Liq. Crist βQuartz
t/°C
M
1300° 34 kbars
1190° 1.43 kbars
Cal cula ted
1500
Trid
1000
Coesite
500
αQuartz Stishovite
0
0
20
40
60 80 P/kbar
100
120
Figure 4. SiO2 system. Crist = cristobalite; Trid = tridymite.
Figure 5 Atom % Oxygen 54
56
A B
58
Liq. iron + Liq. oxide
Liquid oxide
C
R´ Liquid oxide + magnetite
δ-Iron + liq. oxide
I H
G
S
60 Liquid oxide + oxygen
V
Liq. iron
1600
1400
52
50
R
Magnetite
Liq. iron
3000
Magnetite + oxygen
Y
Z 2600
γ-Iron + liq. oxide
N J .. Wustite γ-Iron .. + wustite
Hematite + oxygen
t/°C
1200
1000
.. Wustite + magnetite
L
2200
°F 1800
Magnetite + hematite
800 α-Iron .. + wustite
1400
600
Q
1000 α-Iron + magnetite
FeO 400
0 .2 .4 22
24
26 Mass % Oxygen
Fe3O4 28
12-203
Fe3O3 Z´ 30
Figure 5. Fe-O system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 5 (continued)
a
Point
t/°C
%O
pCO2/pCO
A B C G H I J L N
1539 1528 1528 1400a 1424 1424 1371 911a 1371
0.16 22.60 22.84 25.60 25.31 23.16 23.10 22.91
0.209 0.209 0.263 16.2 16.2 0.282 0.447 0.282
Point
t/°C
%O
pCO2/pCO
Q R R′ S V Y Z Z′
560 1583 1583 1424 1597 1457 1457
23.26 28.30 28.07 27.64 27.64 28.36 30.04 30.6
1.05
pO2/atm
1 1 16.2 0.0575 1 1
Values for pure iron.
Figure 6
2200
Mass Percent Oxygen 10 20
0
30
40 TinO2n-1
2000 ~1885°C
L
1842°C 1870°C
1800
γTiO
(βTi)
t/°C
1400 ~1250°C 1200
βTiO
(αTi)
1000
940°C
Ti3O
600
βTi1-xO
αTiO
882°C
Ti3O2
800
TiO2 (rutile) higher Magneli phases
1600
βTi2O3
1720°C 1670°C
αTi1-xO
Ti2O 400 0
10
20
Ti
Phase (βTi) (αTi) Ti3O Ti2O γTiO Ti3O2 βTiO αTiO βTi1–xO αTi1–xO βTi2O3 αTi2O3 βTi3O5 αTi3O5 α′Ti3O5
30 40 Atomic Percent Oxygen
50
Composition, mass % O
60
Pearson symbol
0 to 3 0 to 13.5 ∼8 to ∼13 ∼10 to 14.4 15.2 to 29.4 ∼18 ∼24 to ∼29.4 ∼25.0 ∼29.5 ∼29.5 33.2 to 33.6 33.2 to 33.6 35.8 35.8 35.8
cI2 hP2 hP∼16 hP3 cF8 hP∼5 c** mC16 oI12 tI18 hR30 hR30 m** mC32 mC32
12-204
70
Figure 6. Ti-O system. Space group – Im3 m P63/mmc – P3 c – P3 m1 – Fm3 m P6/mmm — A2/m or B*/* I222 I4/m – R3 c – R3 c — C2/m Cc
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 6 (continued) Composition, mass % O
Phase γTi4O7 βTi4O7 αTi4O7 γTi5O9 βTi6O11 Ti7O13 Ti8O15 Ti9O17 Rutile TiO2 Metastable phases Anatase Brookite High-pressure phases TiO2-II TiO2-III
Pearson symbol
Space group
36.9 36.9 36.9 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.7 40.1
aP44 aP44 aP44 aP28 aC68 aP40 aC92 aP52 tP6
– P1 – P1 – P1 – P1 – A1 – P1 – A1 – P1 P42/mnm
— —
tI12 oP24
I41/amd Pbca
— —
oP12 hP∼48
Pbcn —
FIGURE 7
1600
TiO2 + Liq.
1500
Liquid
1400 BaTiO3 + Liq.
~1357°
TiO2 + BaTi4O9
~1330°
~1320°
~1300°
1200
60 BaO
70
80
Ba2Ti9O20
BaTi4O9
BaTiO3 + Ba6Ti17O40
Ba4Ti13O30
1300 Ba6Ti17O40
t /°C
1428°
TiO2 + Ba2Ti9O20
90
Mol %
12-205
100 TiO2
Figure 7. BaO-TiO2 system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 8
2800
2600
2400 Spinel s s + Liquid
Periclase s s + Liquid 2200
t/°C
2105° 2000
Periclase ss
1995° Spinel ss
1800 Periclase s s + Spinel ss 1600 ~1500° Periclase + Spinel 1400 0 MgO
10
20
30
40 Mol %
50
70 Al2O3
60
Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3 system.
Figure 9
Liquid
2800 Hss
Css + Liq. 2400 Yss + Hss 2000
Css
Css + Yss Yss
1700°C
(28%)
Css + 6:1
1375°
1325°±25°
Tetss + Css
(55%)
1200
800
6:1ss
Tetss
4:3 + 1:6ss Css + 4:3 (95.5%) 490°
Zr3Y4O12
t/°C
1650°±50°
1600
400
Monss Monss + Css
0
0 Y2O3
20
40
60
80
Mol %
12-206
100 ZrO2
Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2 system. Css = cubic ZrO2 ss (fluorite-type ss); Yss = cubic Y2O3 ss; Tetss = tetragonal ZrO2 ss; Monss = monoclinic ZrO2 ss; Hss = hexagonal Y2O3 ss; 3:4 = Zr3Y4O12; 1:6 = ZrY6O11 ss.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 10 3(SiO2) 100
2(Al2O3)
Al6Si4O13 ss
Liquid ALON ss
X
80
1700°C
Mol %
60
8H
40 β´
O´
R 15
Si2ON2
H 12
20
R 21 R 27 δ 2H
0 0 Si3N4
20
40
60
80
Mol %
100 4(AIN)
Figure 10. 3(SiO2)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al2O3) system. “Behavior” diagram at 1700°C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2Hδ indicate defect AlN polytypes. β′ = 3-sialon (Si6–xAlxOxN8–x); O′ = sialon of Si2ON2 type; X = SiAlO2N (“nitrogen mullite”). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately Al7O9N to Al3O3N.
Figure 11
PbO
1100°C
Liq. + (PT-PZ)ss (PT-PZ)ss(rhom) (PZ-PT)ss(orth)
(PT-PZ)ss(tet) PbTiO3
PbZrO3 ZT
Zss + (PT-PZ)ss
(PT -PZ )s
)ss
Tss +
-PZ PT
s
+(
TiO2 (8%)
Tss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss
40
Zss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss
TiZrO4 Mol %
60
80 (86%)
12-207
ZrO2
Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO 2 (PZT) system, subsolidus at 1100°C. P = PbO; T = TiO2; Z = ZrO2.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 12
Figure 12. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (temperatures in °C).
Crystalline Phases Notation
Oxide formula
Cristobalite Tridymite Pseudowollastonite Rankinite Lime Corundum Mullite Anorthite Gehlenite
}
SiO2 CaO⋅SiO2 3CaO⋅2SiO2 CaO Al2O3 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 CaO⋅Al2O3⋅2SiO2 2CaO⋅Al2O3⋅SiO2
Temperatures up to approximately 1550°C are on the Geophysical Laboratory Scale; those above 1550°C are on the 1948 International Scale.
12-208
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 13
BaO(BaCO3)
c1 P ss
Ba4Y2O7
Ba2CuO3
~4:1:2
~5:1:3
Ba2Y2O5
BaCuO2 b2
Ba3Y4O9
a2
2:1:3
BaY2O4 1:2:1 a1
Y2Cu2O3 0 1/2(Y2O3)
20
40
b1 Mol %
60
Figure 13. BaO-Y2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO5; 4:1:2 = Ba4YCu2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide.
c2 100 CuO
80
Figure 14
1100
0
Atomic Percent Copper 20 30 40
10
50
60
70
80
90 100 1084.87°
β0
1000 γ0
L 900
β
ε1
t/°C
800
700
γ1 660.452°C ε2
600
δ
η1
548.2°C
500
ζ1
567°C
η2
400
θ
(Al)
(Cu) ζ2
300 0 Al
10
20
30
40 50 60 Mass Percent Copper
12-209
70
α2
80
90
100 Cu
Figure 14. Al-Cu system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 14 (continued) Composition, wt % Cu
Phase (Al) θ η1 η2 ζ1 ζ2 ε1 ε2 δ γ0 γ1 β0 β α2 (Cu) Metastable phases θ′ β′ Al3Cu2
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 5.65 52.5 to 53.7 70.0 to 72.2 70.0 to 72.1 74.4 to 77.8 74.4 to 75.2 77.5 to 79.4 72.2 to 78.7 77.4 to 78.3 77.8 to 84 79.7 to 84 83.1 to 84.7 85.0 to 91.5 88.5 to 89 90.6 to 100
cF4 tI12 oP16 or oC16 mC20 hP42 (a) (b) hP4 (c) (d) cP52 (d) cI2 (e) cF4
– Fm3 m I4/mcm Pban or Cmmm C2/m P6/mmm — — P63/mmc – R3 m — – P4 3m — – Im3 m — – Fm3 m
— — 61 to 70
tP6 cF16 hp5
— – Fm3 m – P3 m1
(a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice. Figure 15 0
10
Atomic Percent Carbon 20 30
L
2000
(δFe)
L + C(graphite)
1500 1394°C
t/°C
(γFe), austenite
1153°C 2.1
4.2
1000 912°C
740°C 0.65 500 (αFe), ferrite
0
0
2
4
6 8 Mass Percent Carbon
Phase (δFe) (γFe) (αFe) (C) Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) Martensite
10
Composition, mass % C
12
Figure 15. Fe-C system.
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 0.09 0 to 2.1 0 to 0.021 100
cI2 cF4 cI2 hP4
– Im3 m – Fm3 m – Im3 m P63/mmc
0 < 2.1
hP2 tI4
P63/mmc I4/mmm
12-210
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 15 (continued) Composition, mass % C
Phase Fe4C Fe3C (θ) Fe5C2 (χ) Fe7C3 Fe7C3 Fe2C (η) Fe2C (ε) Fe2C (C)
5.1 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 100
Pearson symbol
Space group
cP5 oP16 mC28 hP20 oP40 oP6 hP* hP* cF8
– P4 3m Pnma C2/c P63mc Pnma Pnnm P6322 – P3 m1 – Fd3 m
Figure 16 Atomic Percent Chromium 0
1900
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 1863°C
L 1700 1538°C 1500
1513°C 19.8
1394°C
t/°C
1300 (γFe) 1100 11.2 846°C
912°C 900
13.4 (αFe,δFe)
830°C 45
6.5 T C
770°C
σ
700
(Cr)
500 47.2 300
0
Fe
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cr
Mass Percent Chromium
Figure 16. Fe-Cr system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Cr
Pearson symbol
Space group
(aFe, Cr) (γFe) σ
0 to 100 0 to 11.2 42.7 to 48.2
cI2 cF4 tP30
– Im3 m – Fm3 m P42/mnm
12-211
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17 1200 0
10
1100
20
Atomic Percent Tin 30 40 50
60
70
80 90 100
1084.87°C
1000 900 800
t/°C
L
755°C 13.5
796°C 22
700
β
25.6 30.6 676°C
γ
(Cu)
500
586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0
400
~350°C
600
ε
ζ
δ
640°C
58.6
582°C 59
11
300
32.55
415°C
η 60.9
200 100
189°C
1.3
0 Cu
92.4
227°C 186°C
60.3
η´
10
20
30
40 50 60 Mass Percent Tin
70
80
99.3
231.9681°C
(Sn) 90 100 Sn
Figure 17. Cu-Sn system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Sn
Pearson symbol
Space group
α β γ δ ζ ε η η′ (βSn) (αSn)
0 to 15.8 22.0 to 27.0 25.5 to 41.5 32 to 33 32.2 to 35.2 27.7 to 39.5 59.0 to 60.9 44.8 to 60.9 ∼100 100
cF4 cI2 cF16 cF416 hP26 oC80 hP4 (a) tI4 cF8
– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Fm3 m – F4 3m P63 Cmcm P63/mmc — I41/amd – Fd3 m
(a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure.
12-212
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 18
Figure 18. Cu-Ni system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Ni
Pearson symbol
Space group
(Cu, Ni) (above 354.5°C)
0 to 100
cF4
– Fm3 m
Figure 19 Atomic Percent Tin 350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
327.502°C
L
300
250 231.9681°C (Pb)
200
t/°C
183°C 18.3
97.8
61.9
150
100
(βSn)
50
0
0
Pb
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Mass Percent Tin
90
100
Sn
12-213
Figure 19. Pb-Sn system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 19 (continued) Phase
Composition, mass % Sn
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 18.3 97.8 to 100 100
cF4 tI4 cF8
– Fm3 m I41/amd – Fd3 m
52 to 74 52
hP1 hP2
P6/mmm P63/mmc
(Pb) (βSn) (αSn) High-pressure phases ε(a) ε′(b)
(a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350°C and 5500 MPa. Figure 20
1100
0
10
20
Mass Percent Zinc 40 50 60
30
70
80
90
100
1064.62°C A
1000 D 36.8
900
31.9 902 B
L H 834°C
36.1 C
55.8 G
800
59.1
β 69.2 L
t/°C
700 600
γ
α or (Cu)
500
454°C X 468 57 38.27 48.2 Y 44.8 E F
400
N 700°C 79.8 M 72.45
Q δ 76 P 87.9 O 598°C S 78 70 T 78 R 73.5 98.25 560°C 88
ε U
β´
425°C 97.17 W 419.58°C V
η or (Zn)
300 200 100
0 Cu
10
20
30
40 50 60 Atomic Percent Zinc
70
80
90
100 Zn
Phase
Composition, mass % Zn
Pearson symbol
Space group
α or (Cu) β β′ γ δ ε η or (Zn)
0 to 38.95 36.8 to 56.5 45.5 to 50.7 57.7 to 70.6 73.02 to 76.5 78.5 to 88.3 97.25 to 100
cF4 cI2 cP2 cI52 hP3 hP2 hP2
– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Pm3 m – I4 3m – P6 P63/mmc P63/mmc
12-214
Figure 20. Cu-Zn system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 21 Atomic Percent Samarium 20 30 40 50
10
1495°C 1325°C
1260°C
βCo7Sm2
1074°C (γSm) 922°C
Co3Sm
αCo7Sm2
Co5-xSm
600
L
1200°C 1074°C
(βSm) Co3Sm
800 αCo17Sm2
575°C
400 200 0
0 Co
(εCo)
10
20
30
695°C
734°C
605
595°C ~93
~82
Co4Sm9
t/°C
1000
1100°C α→βCo19Sm5
(αCo)
βCo17Sm2
1240°C
1200
70 80 90100
40 50 60 70 Mass Percent Samarium
80
CoSm3
1400
60
Co5+xSm
1600
0
(αSm)
90
100 Sm
Figure 21. Co-Sm system.
Composition, mass % Sm
Pearson symbol
Space group
(αCo) (εCo) βCo17Sm2 αCo17Sm2
0 to ~3.7 ∼0 ∼23.0 ∼23.0
Co5 + xSm Co5 - xSm Co19Sm5
∼33 to 34 ∼34 to 35 ∼40.1
αCo7Sm2 βCo7Sm2 Co3Sm Co2Sm
∼42.1 ∼42.1 46 56.0
Co4Sm9 CoSm3 (γSm) (βSm) (αSm) Other reported phases Co5Sm Co2Sm5
∼85.1 88 ∼100 ∼100 ∼100
cF4 hP2 hP38 hR19 hP8 — — hR24 hP48 hR18 hP36 hR12 hR4 cF24 o** oP16 cI2 hP2 hR3
– Fm3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc – R3 m P6/mmm — — – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m – R3 m – Fd3 m — Pnma – Im3 m P63/mmc – R3 m
∼33.8 ∼86.4
hP6 mC28
P6/mmm C2/c
Phase
12-215
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 22
Atomic Percent Molybdenum 10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 2623°
2600
L
2400 2200 2000
t/°C
1800 1600 1670°C 1400
(βTi,Mo)
1200 1000
882°C
~650°C
800
~695°C
600 400
~21
(αTi) 0
10
20
30
Ti
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mo
Mass Percent Molybdenum
Figure 22. Ti-Mo system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Mo
Pearson symbol
Space group
(βTi, Mo) (αTi) α′ α″ ω
0 to 100 0 to 0.8 (a) (a) (a)
cI2 hP2 hP2 oC4 hP3
– Im3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc Cmcm P6/mmm
(a) Metastable.
to 800 Sta
β
rt
700
sh Fini
t/°C
β + α´ (β + α)eqm
600
MS
500
400
β + α´ 0.1
1.0
10 Time in Minutes
100
12-216
1000
Experimental time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of the isothermal precipitation reaction vary with temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation is complete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents the athermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic transformation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 23 Cr
10
90
20
80
rce Pe Ma
40
σ + (γFe,Ni)
r)
e γF +(
,N
10
20
ium
Fe
rom
ss
Ch
σ
60
30
i)
20
18-8 Stainless steel
90
50
nt
(C
(Cr) + (γFe,Ni)
50
70
80
60
rce
nt
(Cr) + σ
Pe
(Cr)
ss
40
70 Ma
Iro n
30
30
(γFe,Ni)
40 50 60 Mass Percent Nickel
10
70
12-217
80
90
Ni
Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652°F) of the iron-chromiumnickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stainless steel.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 13
BaO(BaCO3)
c1 P ss
Ba4Y2O7
Ba2CuO3
~4:1:2
~5:1:3
Ba2Y2O5
BaCuO2 b2
Ba3Y4O9
a2
2:1:3
BaY2O4 1:2:1 a1
Y2Cu2O3 0 1/2(Y2O3)
20
40
b1 Mol %
60
Figure 13. BaO-Y2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO5; 4:1:2 = Ba4YCu2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide.
c2 100 CuO
80
Figure 14
1100
0
Atomic Percent Copper 20 30 40
10
50
60
70
80
90 100 1084.87°
β0
1000 γ0
L 900
β
ε1
t/°C
800
700
γ1 660.452°C ε2
600
δ
η1
548.2°C
500
ζ1
567°C
η2
400
θ
(Al)
(Cu) ζ2
300 0 Al
10
20
30
40 50 60 Mass Percent Copper
12-209
70
α2
80
90
100 Cu
Figure 14. Al-Cu system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 14 (continued) Composition, wt % Cu
Phase (Al) θ η1 η2 ζ1 ζ2 ε1 ε2 δ γ0 γ1 β0 β α2 (Cu) Metastable phases θ′ β′ Al3Cu2
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 5.65 52.5 to 53.7 70.0 to 72.2 70.0 to 72.1 74.4 to 77.8 74.4 to 75.2 77.5 to 79.4 72.2 to 78.7 77.4 to 78.3 77.8 to 84 79.7 to 84 83.1 to 84.7 85.0 to 91.5 88.5 to 89 90.6 to 100
cF4 tI12 oP16 or oC16 mC20 hP42 (a) (b) hP4 (c) (d) cP52 (d) cI2 (e) cF4
– Fm3 m I4/mcm Pban or Cmmm C2/m P6/mmm — — P63/mmc – R3 m — – P4 3m — – Im3 m — – Fm3 m
— — 61 to 70
tP6 cF16 hp5
— – Fm3 m – P3 m1
(a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice. Figure 15 0
10
Atomic Percent Carbon 20 30
L
2000
(δFe)
L + C(graphite)
1500 1394°C
t/°C
(γFe), austenite
1153°C 2.1
4.2
1000 912°C
740°C 0.65 500 (αFe), ferrite
0
0
2
4
6 8 Mass Percent Carbon
Phase (δFe) (γFe) (αFe) (C) Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) Martensite
10
Composition, mass % C
12
Figure 15. Fe-C system.
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 0.09 0 to 2.1 0 to 0.021 100
cI2 cF4 cI2 hP4
– Im3 m – Fm3 m – Im3 m P63/mmc
0 < 2.1
hP2 tI4
P63/mmc I4/mmm
12-210
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 15 (continued) Composition, mass % C
Phase Fe4C Fe3C (θ) Fe5C2 (χ) Fe7C3 Fe7C3 Fe2C (η) Fe2C (ε) Fe2C (C)
5.1 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 100
Pearson symbol
Space group
cP5 oP16 mC28 hP20 oP40 oP6 hP* hP* cF8
– P4 3m Pnma C2/c P63mc Pnma Pnnm P6322 – P3 m1 – Fd3 m
Figure 16 Atomic Percent Chromium 0
1900
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 1863°C
L 1700 1538°C 1500
1513°C 19.8
1394°C
t/°C
1300 (γFe) 1100 11.2 846°C
912°C 900
13.4 (αFe,δFe)
830°C 45
6.5 T C
770°C
σ
700
(Cr)
500 47.2 300
0
Fe
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cr
Mass Percent Chromium
Figure 16. Fe-Cr system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Cr
Pearson symbol
Space group
(aFe, Cr) (γFe) σ
0 to 100 0 to 11.2 42.7 to 48.2
cI2 cF4 tP30
– Im3 m – Fm3 m P42/mnm
12-211
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17 1200 0
10
1100
20
Atomic Percent Tin 30 40 50
60
70
80 90 100
1084.87°C
1000 900 800
t/°C
L
755°C 13.5
796°C 22
700
β
25.6 30.6 676°C
γ
(Cu)
500
586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0
400
~350°C
600
ε
ζ
δ
640°C
58.6
582°C 59
11
300
32.55
415°C
η 60.9
200 100
189°C
1.3
0 Cu
92.4
227°C 186°C
60.3
η´
10
20
30
40 50 60 Mass Percent Tin
70
80
99.3
231.9681°C
(Sn) 90 100 Sn
Figure 17. Cu-Sn system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Sn
Pearson symbol
Space group
α β γ δ ζ ε η η′ (βSn) (αSn)
0 to 15.8 22.0 to 27.0 25.5 to 41.5 32 to 33 32.2 to 35.2 27.7 to 39.5 59.0 to 60.9 44.8 to 60.9 ∼100 100
cF4 cI2 cF16 cF416 hP26 oC80 hP4 (a) tI4 cF8
– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Fm3 m – F4 3m P63 Cmcm P63/mmc — I41/amd – Fd3 m
(a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure.
12-212
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 18
Figure 18. Cu-Ni system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Ni
Pearson symbol
Space group
(Cu, Ni) (above 354.5°C)
0 to 100
cF4
– Fm3 m
Figure 19 Atomic Percent Tin 350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
327.502°C
L
300
250 231.9681°C (Pb)
200
t/°C
183°C 18.3
97.8
61.9
150
100
(βSn)
50
0
0
Pb
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Mass Percent Tin
90
100
Sn
12-213
Figure 19. Pb-Sn system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 19 (continued) Phase
Composition, mass % Sn
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 18.3 97.8 to 100 100
cF4 tI4 cF8
– Fm3 m I41/amd – Fd3 m
52 to 74 52
hP1 hP2
P6/mmm P63/mmc
(Pb) (βSn) (αSn) High-pressure phases ε(a) ε′(b)
(a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350°C and 5500 MPa. Figure 20
1100
0
10
20
Mass Percent Zinc 40 50 60
30
70
80
90
100
1064.62°C A
1000 D 36.8
900
31.9 902 B
L H 834°C
36.1 C
55.8 G
800
59.1
β 69.2 L
t/°C
700 600
γ
α or (Cu)
500
454°C X 468 57 38.27 48.2 Y 44.8 E F
400
N 700°C 79.8 M 72.45
Q δ 76 P 87.9 O 598°C S 78 70 T 78 R 73.5 98.25 560°C 88
ε U
β´
425°C 97.17 W 419.58°C V
η or (Zn)
300 200 100
0 Cu
10
20
30
40 50 60 Atomic Percent Zinc
70
80
90
100 Zn
Phase
Composition, mass % Zn
Pearson symbol
Space group
α or (Cu) β β′ γ δ ε η or (Zn)
0 to 38.95 36.8 to 56.5 45.5 to 50.7 57.7 to 70.6 73.02 to 76.5 78.5 to 88.3 97.25 to 100
cF4 cI2 cP2 cI52 hP3 hP2 hP2
– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Pm3 m – I4 3m – P6 P63/mmc P63/mmc
12-214
Figure 20. Cu-Zn system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 21 Atomic Percent Samarium 20 30 40 50
10
1495°C 1325°C
1260°C
βCo7Sm2
1074°C (γSm) 922°C
Co3Sm
αCo7Sm2
Co5-xSm
600
L
1200°C 1074°C
(βSm) Co3Sm
800 αCo17Sm2
575°C
400 200 0
0 Co
(εCo)
10
20
30
695°C
734°C
605
595°C ~93
~82
Co4Sm9
t/°C
1000
1100°C α→βCo19Sm5
(αCo)
βCo17Sm2
1240°C
1200
70 80 90100
40 50 60 70 Mass Percent Samarium
80
CoSm3
1400
60
Co5+xSm
1600
0
(αSm)
90
100 Sm
Figure 21. Co-Sm system.
Composition, mass % Sm
Pearson symbol
Space group
(αCo) (εCo) βCo17Sm2 αCo17Sm2
0 to ~3.7 ∼0 ∼23.0 ∼23.0
Co5 + xSm Co5 - xSm Co19Sm5
∼33 to 34 ∼34 to 35 ∼40.1
αCo7Sm2 βCo7Sm2 Co3Sm Co2Sm
∼42.1 ∼42.1 46 56.0
Co4Sm9 CoSm3 (γSm) (βSm) (αSm) Other reported phases Co5Sm Co2Sm5
∼85.1 88 ∼100 ∼100 ∼100
cF4 hP2 hP38 hR19 hP8 — — hR24 hP48 hR18 hP36 hR12 hR4 cF24 o** oP16 cI2 hP2 hR3
– Fm3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc – R3 m P6/mmm — — – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m – R3 m – Fd3 m — Pnma – Im3 m P63/mmc – R3 m
∼33.8 ∼86.4
hP6 mC28
P6/mmm C2/c
Phase
12-215
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 22
Atomic Percent Molybdenum 10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 2623°
2600
L
2400 2200 2000
t/°C
1800 1600 1670°C 1400
(βTi,Mo)
1200 1000
882°C
~650°C
800
~695°C
600 400
~21
(αTi) 0
10
20
30
Ti
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mo
Mass Percent Molybdenum
Figure 22. Ti-Mo system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Mo
Pearson symbol
Space group
(βTi, Mo) (αTi) α′ α″ ω
0 to 100 0 to 0.8 (a) (a) (a)
cI2 hP2 hP2 oC4 hP3
– Im3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc Cmcm P6/mmm
(a) Metastable.
to 800 Sta
β
rt
700
sh Fini
t/°C
β + α´ (β + α)eqm
600
MS
500
400
β + α´ 0.1
1.0
10 Time in Minutes
100
12-216
1000
Experimental time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of the isothermal precipitation reaction vary with temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation is complete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents the athermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic transformation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 23 Cr
10
90
20
80
rce Pe Ma
40
σ + (γFe,Ni)
r)
e γF +(
,N
10
20
ium
Fe
rom
ss
Ch
σ
60
30
i)
20
18-8 Stainless steel
90
50
nt
(C
(Cr) + (γFe,Ni)
50
70
80
60
rce
nt
(Cr) + σ
Pe
(Cr)
ss
40
70 Ma
Iro n
30
30
(γFe,Ni)
40 50 60 Mass Percent Nickel
10
70
12-217
80
90
Ni
Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652°F) of the iron-chromiumnickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stainless steel.
HEAT CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS This table gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of representative metals, semiconductors, and other crystalline solids as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 600 K. REFERENCES 1. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere Press, New York, 1987. 3. DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1987.
Name Aluminum Aluminum oxide Anthracene Benzoic acid Beryllium Biphenyl Boron Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Cesium chloride Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper oxide Copper sulfate Germanium Gold Graphite Hexachlorobenzene Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Lithium chloride Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Naphthalene Potassium Potassium chloride Silicon Silicon dioxide Silver Sodium Sodium chloride Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium
200 K
250 K
21.33 51.12 138.6 102.7 9.98 131.0 5.99 24.54 66.50 33.64 50.13 19.86 22.23 22.63 34.80 77.01
23.08 67.05 173.9 123.5 13.58 162.5 8.82 25.41 75.66 38.59 51.34 22.30 23.98 23.77
5.01 162.7 51.57 21.59 25.87 21.57 43.35 22.72
6.82 183.6 53.24 23.74 26.36 23.42 46.08 24.02
23.05 105.8 27.00 48.44 15.64 32.64
24.95 134.1 28.01 50.10 18.22 39.21
22.45 46.89 24.08 22.37 22.49 21.88 24.05 23.87
27.01 48.85 24.86 24.07 23.69 23.70 25.02 24.69
89.25
Cp in J/mol K 300 K 350 K 24.25 79.45 210.7 147.4 16.46 197.2 11.40 25.94 83.82 42.18 52.48 23.47 24.83 24.48 42.41 99.25 23.25 25.41 8.58 202.4 54.51 25.15 26.85 24.64 48.10 24.90 37.38 26.35 167.8 29.60 51.37 20.04 44.77 25.36 28.20 50.21 25.31 25.28 24.30 24.93 25.45 25.22
12-190
400 K
500 K
25.11 88.91 248.8 172.0 18.53
25.78 96.14 288.4
26.84 106.17
27.89 112.55
19.95
21.94
23.34
13.65 26.32 91.51 45.07 53.58 24.39 25.68 24.95 44.95 107.65 23.85 25.37 10.24
15.69 26.87 96.97 46.98 54.68 25.23 26.53 25.33 46.78 114.93 24.31 25.51 11.81
18.72 28.49 104.52 49.33 56.90 26.63 28.20 25.91 49.19 127.19 24.96 26.06 14.62
20.78 30.38 109.86 50.72 59.10 27.72 29.66 26.48 50.83 136.31 25.45 26.65 16.84
58.60 26.28 27.30 25.96 49.66 25.57 40.59 27.52 204.1
27.39 27.72 27.60 50.97 26.14 42.77 28.53
29.70 28.55 29.28 53.34 27.17 45.56 30.29
32.05 29.40 55.59 28.18 47.30 31.90
53.08 22.14 53.43 25.79
54.71 23.33 59.64 26.36
56.35 24.15 64.42 26.99
52.14 25.84 26.86 24.92 26.23 26.35 25.93
53.96 26.35 27.88 25.36 26.94 27.39 26.56
55.81 26.84 28.60 25.79 27.49 28.59 27.28
52.31 21.28 49.47 25.55 30.14 51.25 25.60 26.17 24.65 25.68 25.88 25.61
600 K
THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS This table gives the following properties for the metallic elements: tm: tb: ∆fus H: ρ25: α: cp: λ:
Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C, at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 Torr) Enthalpy of fusion at the melting point in J/g Density at 25°C in g/cm3 Coefficient of linear expansion at 25°C in K-1 (the quantity listed is 106 × α) Specific heat capacity at constant pressure at 25°C in J/g K Thermal conductivity at 27°C in W/cm K REFERENCES
1. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 (melting points, enthalpy of fusion). 2. Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975 (coefficient of expansion, density). 3. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, Suppl. 1, 1974 (thermal conductivity). 4. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989 (heat capacity). 5. Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Substances, VINITI, Moscow, (enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity). 6. Wagman, D. D., et. al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1982 (heat capacity). 7. Chase, M. W., et. al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985 (heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion). 8. Gschneidner, K. A., Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 11, 216—224, 1990 (various properties of the rare earth metals). 9. Hellwege, K. H., Ed., Landolt Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions in Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Vol. 2, Part 1, Mechanical-Thermal Properties of State, 1971 (density). 10. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol. 1–5, Encyclopedy Publishing House, Moscow, 1960–66.
Metal (symbol) Actinium (Ac) Aluminum (Al) Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bismuth (Bi) Cadmium (Cd) Calcium (Ca) Cerium (Ce) Cesium (Cs) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Dysprosium (Dy) Erbium (Er) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Gallium (Ga) Gold (Au) Hafnium (Hf) Holmium (Ho) Indium (In) Iridium (Ir) Iron (Fe) Lanthanum (La) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Lutetium (Lu) Magnesium (Mg)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Atomic weight
°C
tm
°C
26.98 121.76 137.33 9.01 208.98 112.41 40.08 140.11 132.91 52.00 58.93 63.55 162.50 167.26 151.96 157.25 69.72 196.97 178.49 164.93 114.82 192.22 55.85 138.91 207.20 6.94 174.97 24.30
1051 660.32 630.63 727 1287 271.40 321.07 842 798 28.44 1907 1495 1084.62 1412 1529 822 1313 29.76 1064.18 2233 1474 156.60 2446 1538 918 327.46 180.5 1663 650
3198 2519 1587 1897 2471 1564 767 1484 3443 671 2671 2927 2562 2567 2868 1529 3273 2204 2856 4603 2700 2072 4428 2861 3464 1749 1342 3402 1090
tb
∆fus H J/g
ρ25 g/cm3
α × 106 K-1
cp J/g K
λ W/cm K
399.9 162.5 51.8 876.0 53.3 55.2 213.1 39.0 15.7 404 272.5 203.5 68.1 119 60.6 63.6 80.0 64.6 152.4 103a 28.6 213.9 247.3 44.6 23.1 432 126a 348.9
10 2.70 6.68 3.62 1.85 9.79 8.69 1.54 6.77 1.93 7.15 8.86 8.96 8.55 9.07 5.24 7.90 5.91 19.3 13.3 8.80 7.31 22.5 7.87 6.15 11.3 0.534 9.84 1.74
23.1 11.0 20.6 11.3 13.4 30.8 22.3 6.3 97 4.9 13.0 16.5 9.9 12.2 35.0 9.4b 18 14.2 5.9 11.2 32.1 6.4 11.8 12.1 28.9 46 9.9 24.8
0.897 0.207 0.204 1.825 0.122 0.232 0.647 0.192 0.242 0.449 0.421 0.385 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.236 0.371 0.129 0.144 0.165 0.233 0.131 0.449 0.195 0.129 3.582 0.154 1.023
2.37 0.243 0.184 2.00 0.0787 0.968 2.00 0.113 0.359 0.937 1.00 4.01 0.107 0.145 0.139a 0.105 0.406 3.17 0.230 0.162 0.816 1.47 0.802 0.134 0.353 0.847 0.164 1.56
THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS (continued) Metal (symbol) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Neodymium (Nd) Neptunium (Np) Nickel (Ni) Niobium (Nb) Osmium (Os) Palladium (Pd) Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Polonium (Po) Potassium (K) Praseodymium (Pr) Promethium (Pm) Protactinium (Pa) Radium (Ra) Rhenium (Re) Rhodium (Rh) Rubidium (Rb) Ruthenium (Ru) Samarium (Sm) Scandium (Sc) Silver (Ag) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tantalum (Ta) Technetium (Tc) Terbium (Tb) Thallium (Tl) Thorium (Th) Thulium (Tm) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W ) Uranium (U) Vanadium (V) Ytterbium (Yb) Yttrium (Y) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) a b
Estimated. At 100°C.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Atomic weight 54.94 200.59 95.94 144.24 58.69 92.91 190.23 106.42 195.08
39.10 140.91 231.04 186.21 102.91 85.47 101.07 150.36 44.96 107.87 22.99 87.62 180.95 158.93 204.38 232.04 168.93 118.71 47.88 183.84 238.03 50.94 173.04 88.91 65.39 91.22
tm
°C 1246 -38.83 2623 1021 644 1455 2477 3033 1554.9 1768.4 640 254 63.38 931 1042 1572 700 3186 1964 39.30 2334 1074 1541 961.78 97.72 777 3017 2157 1356 304 1750 1545 231.93 1668 3422 1135 1910 819 1522 419.53 1855
tb
°C 2061 356.73 4639 3074 2913 4744 5012 2963 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000a
∆fus H J/g 235.0 11.4 390.7 49.5 13.5 290.3 323 304.1 157.3 113.6 11.6 59.6 48.9 53.4
5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 2162 883 1382 5458 4265 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 1196 3345 907 4409
324.5 258.4 25.6 381.8 57.3 314 104.6 113.1 84.8 202.1 339.7 67.9 20.3 59.5 99.7 60.4 295.6 284.5 38.4 422 44.3 128 108.1 230.2
ρ25 g/cm3
α × 106 K-1
cp J/g K
λ W/cm K
7.3 13.5336 10.2 7.01 20.2 8.90 8.57 22.59 12.0 21.5 19.7 9.20 0.89 6.77 7.26 15.4 5 20.8 12.4 1.53 12.1 7.52 2.99 10.5 0.97 2.64 16.4 11 8.23 11.8 11.7 9.32 7.26 4.51 19.3 19.1 6.0 6.90 4.47 7.14 6.52
21.7 60.4 4.8 9.6
0.479 0.140 0.251 0.190
13.4 7.3 5.1 11.8 8.8 46.7 23.5 83.3 6.7 11a
0.444 0.265 0.130 0.246 0.133
0.0782 0.0834 1.38 0.165 0.063 0.907 0.537 0.876 0.718 0.716 0.0674 0.20 1.024 0.125 0.15a
6.2 8.2
0.757 0.193 0.19a
6.4 12.7 10.2 18.9 71 22.5 6.3
0.137 0.243 0.363 0.238 0.197 0.568 0.235 1.228 0.301 0.140
10.3 29.9 11.0 13.3 22.0 8.6 4.5 13.9 8.4 26.3 10.6 30.2 5.7
0.182 0.129 0.113 0.160 0.228 0.523 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.155 0.298 0.388 0.278
0.479 1.50 0.582 1.17 0.133 0.158 4.29 1.41 0.353 0.575 0.506 0.111 0.461 0.540 0.169 0.666 0.219 1.74 0.276 0.307 0.385 0.172 1.16 0.227
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table gives the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of several metals and of carbon, germanium, and silicon. For graphite, separate entries are given for the thermal conductivity parallel (\) and perpendicular (⊥) to the layer planes. The thermal conductivity of all these materials is very sensitive to impurities at low temperatures, especially below 100 K. Therefore, the values given here should be regarded as typical values for a highly purified specimen; the thermal conductivity of different specimens can vary by more than an order of magnitude in the lowtemperature range. See Reference 2 for details. REFERENCES 1. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 279, 1972. 2. White, G. K., and Minges, M. L., Thermophysical Properties of Some Key Solids, CODATA Bulletin No. 59, 1985.
Thermal Conductivity in W/cm K Carbon (C)
T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Ag 39.4 78.3 115 147 172 187 193 190 181 168 96.0 51.0 19.3 10.5 7.0 5.5 4.97 4.71 4.60 4.50 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.27 4.25 4.19 4.12 3.96 3.79 3.61*
Al
Au
41.1 81.8 121 157 188 213 229 237 239 235 176 117 49.5 24.0 13.5 8.5 5.85 4.32 3.42 3.02 2.48 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.40 2.36 2.31 2.18
5.46 10.9 16.1 20.9 25.2 28.5 30.9 32.3 32.7 32.4 24.6 15.8 7.55 5.15 4.21 3.74 3.48 3.32 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.23 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.11 3.04 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
I
0.0138* 0.0461 0.108 0.206 0.344 0.523 0.762 1.05 1.40 3.96 7.87 18.8 29.4 35.3 37.4 36.9 35.1 32.7 30.0 19.5 14.1 11.0 8.95 7.55* 6.5*
Diamond (type) IIa
0.033* 0.111 0.261 0.494 0.820 1.24 1.77 2.41 3.17 8.65 16.8 38.9 65.9 92.1 112 119 117 109 100 60.2 40.3 29.7 23.0 18.5* 15.4*
Pyrolytic graphite IIb
0.0200* 0.0676 0.160 0.307 0.510 0.778 1.12 1.53 2.03 5.66 11.2 26.5 44.0 59.1 67.5 69.1 65.7 60.0 54.2 32.5 22.6 17.0 13.5 11.1* 9.32*
|
0.811 4.20 9.86 16.4 23.1 29.8 36.6 42.8 47.5 49.7 45.1 32.3 24.4 19.5 16.2 13.9 10.8 8.92 6.67 5.34 4.48 3.84 3.33 2.93 2.62
⊥
0.0116 0.0397 0.0786 0.120 0.152 0.173 0.181 0.181 0.176 0.168 0.125 0.0923 0.0711 0.0570 0.0477 0.0409 0.0322 0.0268 0.0201 0.0160 0.0134 0.0116 0.0100 0.00895 0.00807
Cr 0.402* 0.803 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.39 2.27 3.14 3.50 3.85 5.24 5.93 5.49 4.25 3.17 2.48 2.07 1.84 1.69 1.59 1.29 1.11 1.00 0.937 0.929 0.909 0.860 0.807 0.713 0.654 0.619 0.588 0.556 0.526* 0.494*
Cu 42.2 84.0 125 162 195 222 239 248 249 243 171 108 44.5 21.7 12.5 8.29 6.47 5.57 5.08 4.82 4.29 4.13 4.06 4.01 3.96 3.93 3.86 3.79 3.66 3.52 3.39
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) T/K
Fe
Gea
Mg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1.71 3.42 5.11 6.77 8.39 9.93 11.4 12.7 13.9 14.8 17.0 15.4 10.0 6.23 4.05 2.85 2.16 1.75 1.50 1.34 1.04 0.94 0.865 0.802 0.744 0.695 0.613 0.547 0.433 0.323 0.283 0.312 0.330 0.345*
0.274 2.06 5.35 8.77 11.6 13.9 15.5 16.6 17.3 17.7 17.3 14.9 10.8 7.98 6.15 4.87 3.93 3.25 2.70 2.32 1.32 0.968 0.749 0.599 0.495 0.432 0.338 0.273 0.198 0.174 0.174
9.86 19.6 29.0 37.6 45.0 50.8 54.7 56.7 57.0 55.8 41.1 27.2 12.9 7.19 4.65 3.27 2.49 2.02 1.78 1.69 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.46*
a
*
Values below 300 K are typical values. Extrapolated.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Ni
Pb
Pt
2.17 4.34 6.49 8.59 10.6 12.5 14.2 15.8 17.1 18.1 19.5 16.5 9.56 5.82 4.00 3.08 2.50 2.10 1.83 1.64 1.22 1.07 0.975 0.907 0.850 0.802 0.722 0.656 0.676 0.718 0.762 0.804
27.9 44.6 35.8 22.2 13.8 8.10 4.86 3.20 2.30 1.78 0.845 0.591 0.477 0.451 0.436 0.425 0.416 0.409 0.403 0.397 0.379 0.367 0.360 0.353 0.347 0.340 0.328 0.314
2.31 4.60 6.79 8.8 10.5 11.8 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.3 8.41 4.95 2.15 1.39 1.09 0.947 0.862 0.815 0.789 0.775 0.740 0.726 0.718 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.723 0.732 0.756 0.787 0.826 0.871 0.919 0.961 0.994*
Sia 0.0693* 0.454 1.38 2.97 5.27 8.23 11.7 15.5 19.5 23.3 41.6 49.8 48.1 35.3 26.8 21.1 16.8 13.4 10.8 8.84 4.09 2.64 1.91 1.48 1.19 0.989 0.762 0.619 0.422 0.312 0.257 0.235 0.221
Sn 183 323 297 181 117 76 52 36 26 19.3 6.3 3.2 1.79 1.33 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.915 0.880 0.853 0.779 0.733 0.696 0.666 0.642 0.622 0.596
Ti 0.0144* 0.0288* 0.0432 0.0575 0.0719 0.0863 0.101 0.115 0.129 0.143 0.212 0.275 0.365 0.390 0.374 0.355 0.340 0.326 0.315 0.305 0.270 0.245 0.229 0.219 0.210 0.204 0.197 0.194 0.197 0.207 0.220 0.236 0.253 0.270*
W 14.4 28.7 42.8 56.3 68.7 79.5 88.0 93.8 96.8 97.1 72.0 40.5 14.4 6.92 4.27 3.14 2.58 2.29 2.17 2.08 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.46 1.37 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.98
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOYS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table lists the thermal conductivity of selected alloys at various temperatures. The indicated compositions refer to weight percent. Since the thermal conductivity is sensitive to exact composition and processing history, especially at low temperatures, these values should be considered approximate. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 959, 1978.
Thermal conductivity in W/m K Alloy Aluminum: 1100 2024 3003 5052 5083, 5086 Duralumin Bismuth: Rose metal Wood’s metal Copper: electrolytic tough pitch free cutting, leaded phosphorus, deoxidized brass, leaded bronze, 68% Cu; 32% Zn beryllium german silver silicon bronze A manganin constantan Ferrous: commercial pure iron plain carbon steel(AISI 1020) plain carbon steel(AISI 1095) 3% Ni; 0.7% Cr; 0.6% Mo 4% Si stainless steel 27% Ni; 15% Cr Gold: colbalt thermocouple 65% Au; 35% Ag Indium: 85.5% In; 14.5% Pb Lead: 60% Pb; 40% Sn (soft solder) 64.35% Pb; 35.65% In Nickel: 80% Ni; 20% Cr contracid inconel monel Platinum: 90% Pt; 10% Ir 90% Pt; 10% Rh Silver: silver solder normal Ag thermocouple Tin: 60% Sn; 40% Pb Titanium: 5.5% Al; 2.5% Sn;0.2% Fe 4.7% Mn; 3.99% Al; 0.14% C
4K
20 K
77 K
194 K
273 K
50 3.2 11 4.8 3 5.5
240 17 58 25 17 30 5.5 17 1300 800 42 12 16 17 7.5 3.4 3.2 8.6 72 20 8.5 6
270 56 140 77 55 91 8.3 23 550 460 120 39 48 36 17 11 14 17 106 58 31 22
220 95 150 120 95 140 14
220 130 160 140 120 160 16
400 380 190 70 92 70 20 23 17 19 82 65 41
8 55 20 24 24 44 9.1
13
0.8
2 1.7 8.6 12 7.8 28 3.26
390 380 220 120 110 90 23 30 22 22 76 65 45 33 20 14 11
0.2 0.5 0.9
2 4.2 7.1
7.3 12.5 15
12 230 55 1.8 1.7
34 310 51 4.3 4.5
4 330 200 7.5 2.3 2.3 2 0.75 0.48 0.9 15 13
0.3 1.2 1.9
48 16
12-195
61
373 K
573 K
973 K
380
370
350
113 25
172 30
40
66
54
34
35 24 16 12
36 28 19 16
30 26 25 21
14
17
23
16 24 31.4 30.5
19 30
26 43
180
89
41
9.5 13 20
20.2 12 13 15 21 31 30.1
58
6.4 6.5
7.8 8.5
8.4
10.8
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS This table lists the thermal conductivity of a number of crystalline dielectrics, including some which find use as optical materials. Values are given at temperatures for which data are available. REFERENCE Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Material AgCl
Al,B silicate (tourmaline) || to c axis Al,Be silicate (beryl) Al,F silicate (topaz) || to c axis Al,Fe silicate (garnet)
Al2O3 (sapphire): 36° to c axis
⊥ to c axis
Al2O3 (sintered)
Ar
As2S3 (glass)
BN
BaF2
BaTiO3
T/K
Ther. cond. W/m K
223 273 323 373 398 540 723 315 315 358 417 315 358 377
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.9 3.2 3.5 6.4 17.7 15.6 13.3 35.8 35.4 35.6
4.2 20 35 77 373 523 773 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 973 8 10 20 77 283 323 373 1047 1475 1928 2111 225 260 305 370 5 30 40 100 250 300
110 3500 6000 1100 2.6 3.9 5.8 0.5 23 150 48 35 26 8 6.0 3.7 1.4 0.31 0.16 0.21 0.27 36.2 22.7 21.9 18.5 20 13.4 10.9 10.5 4.2 24.0 25.0 12.0 4.8 6.2
Material BeO
Bi2Te3
C (diamond) type I
CaCO3 || to c axis ⊥ to c axis
CaF2
CaWO4 (scheelite) CdTe
CsBr
CsI
Cu2O (cuprite)
Fe3O4 (magnetite)
Glass: phoenix
12-196
T/K 4.2 20 77 373 573 1273 80 204 303 370 4.2 20 77 194 273 83 273 83 194 273 373 83 223 273 323 373 422 160 297 422 223 273 323 373 223 273 323 373 102 163 299 360 4.5 20.5 126.5 304 4.2 20 77
Ther. cond. W/m K 0.3 16 270 210 120 29 6.4 2.8 3.6 4.6 13 800 3550 1450 1000 25 5.5 17 6.5 4.6 3.6 39 18 10 9.2 9 11.3 7.0 3.6 2.9 1.2 0.94 0.81 0.77 1.4 1.2 1 0.95 3.74 7.76 5.58 4.86 27.4 293.0 7.4 7.0 0.095 0.13 0.37
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS (continued)
Material
T/K
Ther. cond. W/m K
plastic perspex
4.2 20 77 194 273 2.5 3 4 6 10 173 223 273 0.6 1 1.5 2 0.5 0.8 1 2 300 325 350 2 4.2 100 273 323 373 4.2 25 80 194 273 323 373 4.2 80 194 273 4.2 10 20 77 78 197 274 4.2 20 77 373 773 4.2 40 120 573
0.058 0.074 0.44 0.88 1 100 150 200 30 3 3.5 2.8 2.2 25 2 0.57 0.21 42 120 24 0.18 0.45 0.42 0.4 150 360 12 5 4.8 4.8 500 140 35 10 7.0 6.5 6.3 700 13 4.6 3.1 0.48 1.7 1.2 0.36 7.8 5.0 5.4 620 1800 150 13 8.5 0.25 55 8 3.5
pyrex
H2 (para + 0.5% ortho)
H2O (ice)
He3 (high pressure)
He4 (high pressure)
I2
KBr
KCl
KI
Kr
LaF3
LiF
MgO⋅Al2O3 (spinel) MnO
Material NaCl
NaF
Ne
NH4Cl
NH4H2PO4 || to optic axis ⊥ to optic axis NiO
SiO2 (quartz) || to c axis
⊥ to c axis
SiO2 (fused silica)
SrTiO3
TlBr TlCl TiO2 (rutile) || to optic axis
⊥ to optic axis
12-197
T/K 4.2 20 77 273 323 373 5 50 100 2 3 4.2 10 20 77 194 230 273
Ther. cond. W/m K 440 300 30 6.4 5.6 5.4 1100 250 90 3.0 4.6 4.2 0.8 0.3 17 23 38 27
315 339 313 342 4.2 40 194
0.71 0.71 1.26 1.34 5.9 400 82
20 194 273 20 194 273 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 673 5 30 40 100 250 300 316 311
720 20 12 370 10 6.8 0.25 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 21.0 19.2 18.5 12.5 11.2 0.59 0.75
4.2 20 273 4.2 20 273
200 1000 13 160 690 9
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS Thermal conductivity values for ceramics, refractory oxides, and miscellaneous insulating materials are given here. The thermal conductivity refers to samples with density indicated in the second column. Since most of these materials are highly variable, the values should only be considered as a rough guide. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Perry, R. H., and Green, D., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
Material Alumina (Al2O3)
Dens. g/cm3 3.8
3.5 Al2O3 + MgO
Asbestos
0.4
Asbestos + 85% MgO Asphalt Beryllia (BeO)
0.3 2.1 2.8
1.85
Brick, dry Brick, refractory: alosite aluminous
1.54
1.99
diatomaceous
0.77 0.4
fireclay
2
silicon carbide
2
vermiculite
0.77
Calcium oxide
Cement mortar Charcoal Coal Concrete Cork
2 0.2 1.35 1.6 0.05 0.35
Cotton wool
0.08
t
°C 100 400 1300 1800 100 800 100 400 1000 -100 100 0 30 20 100 400 1000 1800 50 200 600 0 1000 400 1000 100 500 100 500 400 1000 200 600 200 600 100 400 1000 90 20 20 0 0 100 0 100 30
Ther. cond. W/m K 30 13 6 7.4 17 7.6 15 10 5.6 0.07 1 0.09 0.08 0.06 210 90 20 15 64 40 23 0.04 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.24 0.08 0.1 1 1.2 2 2.4 0.26 0.31 16 9 7.5 0.55 0.055 0.26 0.8 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04
Material Diatomite
Dens. g/cm3 0.2 0.5
Ebonite Felt, flax Fuller’s earth Glass wool
Graphite 100 mesh 20-40 mesh Linoleum cork Magnesia (MgO)
1.2 0.2 0.3 0.53 0.2
0.48 0.7 0.54
MgO + SiO2
Mica: muscovite
phlogopite Canadian Micanite Mineral wool Perlite, expanded Plastics: bakelite celluloid polystyrene foam mylar foil nylon
0.15 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.05 0.05
polytetrafluoroethylene
urethane foam Porcelain
12-198
0.07
°C
t
Ther. cond. W/m K
0 400 0 400 0 30 30 30 -200 to 20 50 100 300
0.05 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.1 0.005 0.04 0.05 0.08
40 40 20 100 400 1200 1700 100 400 1500
0.18 1.29 0.08 36 18 5.8 9.2 5.3 3.5 2.3
100 300 600 100 300 600 30 30 -200 to 20
0.72 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.19 0.2 0.3 0.04 0.002
20 30 -200 to 20 -200 to 20 -253 -193 25 -253 -193 25 230 20 90
1.4 0.02 0.033 0.0001 0.10 0.23 0.30 0.13 0.16 0.26 2.5 0.06 1
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS (continued)
Material Rock: basalt chalk granite limestone sandstone slate, ⊥ slate, || Rubber: sponge 92 percent Sand, dry Sawdust Shellac Silica aerogel Snow Steel wool Thoria (ThO2)
Titanium dioxide
Dens. g/cm3
t
Ther. cond. W/m K
°C
Material
Dens. g/cm3
Uranium dioxide
2.8 2 2.2
0.2 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.1
20 20 20 20 20 95 95 20 25 20 30 20 -200 to 20 0 55 100 400 1500 100 400 1200
2 0.92 2.2 1 1.3 1.4 2.5 0.05 0.16 0.33 0.06 0.23 0.003 0.16 0.09 10 5.8 2.4 6.5 3.8 3.3
Wood: balsa, ⊥ fir, ⊥ fir, || oak plywood pine, ⊥ pine, || walnut, ⊥ Wool Zinc oxide Zirconia (ZrO2) Zirconia + silica
12-199
0.11 0.54 0.54
0.45 0.45 0.65 0.09
t
°C
Ther. cond. W/m K
100 400 1000
9.8 5.5 3.4
30 20 20 20 20 60 60 20 30 200 800 100 400 1500 200 600 1500
0.04 0.14 0.35 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.26 0.14 0.04 17 5.3 2 2 2.5 5.6 4.6 3.7
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES This table gives the composition of various types of glasses and the thermal conductivity k as a function of temperature. Because of the variability of glasses, the data should be regarded as only approximate.
Composition Type of glass
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
Vitreous silica
100
Vycor glass
96
B2O3
Pyrex type chemicallyresistant borosilicate glasses
80–81
Borosilicate crown glasses
Zinc crown glasses (i)
Zinc crown glasses (ii)
t
°C
k W/m K
–150 –100 –50 0 50 100
0.85 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50
3
–100 0 100
1.00 1.25 1.40
B2O3 Na2O Al
12–13 4 2
–100 0 100
0.90 1.10 1.25
60–65
B2O3
15–20
–100 0 100
0.65–0.75 0.90–0.95 1.00–1.05
65–70
B2O3
10–15
–100 0 100
0.75–0.80 0.95–1.00 1.05–1.15
70–75
B3O3
5–10
–100 0 100
0.80–0.85 1.05–1.10 1.15–1.20
55–65
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
5–15
–100 0 100
0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.25
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
5–15
–100 0 100
0.60–0.70 0.70–0.90 0.85–0.95
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
15–25
–100 0 100
0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.20
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
15–25
–100 0 100
0.65–0.80 0.85–0.95 0.90–1.05
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
5–15
–100 0 100
0.88–0.92 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.30
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
5–15
–100 0 100
0.70–0.85 0.90–1.05 1.00–1.15
65–75
12-200
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
t
°C
k W/m K
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
15–25
–100 0 100
0.90–0.95 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.25
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
15–25
–100 0 100
0.65–0.85 0.85–1.00 1.05–1.20
31
B2O3 Al2O3 BaO
12 8 48
–100 0 100
0.55 0.70 0.80
41
B2O3 Al2O3 ZnO BaO
6 2 8 43
–100 0 100
0.60 0.75 0.85
47
B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO
4 1 7 8 32
–100 0 100
0.65 0.75 0.90
65
B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO
2 5 15 2 10
–100 0 100
0.70 0.90 1.00
Borate glasses Borate flint glass
9
B2O3 Na2O K2O PbO Al2O3 ZnO
36 1 2 36 10 6
–100 0 100
0.55 0.65 0.80
Borate flint glass
0
B2O3 Al2O3 PbO
56 12 32
–100 0 100
0.50 0.65 0.85
Borate flint glass
0
B2O3 Al2O3 PbO
43 5 52
–100 0 100
0.40 0.55 0.70
Borate glass
4
B2O3 Al2O3 PbO K2O ZnO
55 14 11 4 12
–100 0 100
0.65 0.80 0.90
Borate crown glass
0
B2O3 Na2O K2O BaO PbO Al2O3
64 8 3 4 3 18
–100 0 100
0.50 0.65 0.85
Barium crown glasses
12-201
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
t
°C
k W/m K
Light borate crown glass
0
B2O3 Na2O BaO Al2O3
69 8 5 18
–100 0 100
0.55 0.70 0.90
Zinc borate glass
0
B2O3 ZnO
40 60
–100 0 100
0.65 0.75 0.85
Phosphate crown glasses Potash phosphate glass
0
P2O5 B2O3 K2O Al2O3 MgO
70 3 12 10 4
0 100
0.75 0.85
Baryta phosphate glass
0
P2O5 B2O3 Al2O3 BaO
60 3 8 28
45
0.75
Soda-lime glasses
75
Na2O CaO
17 8
–100 0 100
0.75 0.95 1.10
75
Na2O CaO
12 13
–100 0 100
0.90 1.10 1.15
72
Na2O CaO Al2O3
15 11 2
–100 0 100
0.80 1.00 1.15
65
Na2O CaO
25 10
–100 0 100
0.65 0.85 0.95
65
Na2O CaO
15 20
–100 0 100
0.85 1.00 1.10
60
Na2O CaO
20 20
–100 0 100
0.75 0.90 1.00
75
Na2O K2O CaO
9 11 5
–100 0 100
0.80 1.00 1.10
68
Na2O ZnO PbO
16 3 13
–100 0 100
0.65 0.85 1.00
Other crown glasses Crown glass
High dispersion crown glass
12-202
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass Miscellaneous flint glasses (i) Silicate flint glasses Light flint glasses
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
t
°C
k W/m K
65
PbO Others
25 10
–100 0 100
0.65–0.70 0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05
55
PbO Others
35 10
–100 0 100
0.60–0.65 0.75–0.85 0.88–0.92
Ordinary flint glass
45
PbO Others
45 10
–100 0 100
0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75 0.80–0.85
Heavy flint glass
35
PbO Others
60 5
–100 0 100
0.45–0.50 0.60–0.65 0.70–0.75
Very heavy flint glasses
25
PbO Others
73 2
–100 0 100
0.40–0.45 0.55–0.60 0.63–0.67
20
PbO
80
–100 0 100
0.40 0.50 0.60
(ii) Borosilicate flint glass
33
B2O3 PbO Al2O3 K2O Na2O
31 25 7 3 1
–100 0 100
0.65 0.85 0.95
(iii) Barium flint glass
50
BaO PbO K2O Na2O ZnO Sb2O3
24 6 8 3 8 1
–100 0 100
0.60 0.70 0.85
59
K2O CaO
33 8
50
63
Fe2O3 Na2O MgO CaO Al2O3
10 17 4 3 2
–100 0 100
67
Fe2O3 Na2O3
15 18
0 100
0.88—0.92 1.00—1.05
62
Fe2O3 Na2O
20 18
0 100
0.85—0.90 0.95—1.00
0 100
1.35 1.25
Other glasses Potassium glass
Iron glasses
Rock glasses Obsidian Artificial diabase
12-203
0.88–0.92
0.80 0.95 1.05
COMMERCIAL METALS AND ALLOYS This table gives typical values of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of several common commercial metals and alloys. Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25°C). All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for individual specimens can vary widely. REFERENCES 1. ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. 2. Lynch, C. T., CRC Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Shackelford, J. F., and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
Common name Ingot iron Plain carbon steel AISI-SAE 1020 Stainless steel type 304 Cast gray iron Malleable iron Hastelloy C Inconel Aluminum alloy 3003, rolled Aluminum alloy 2014, annealed Aluminum alloy 360 Copper, electrolytic (ETP) Yellow brass (high brass) Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper 25 Cupronickel 30% Red brass, 85% Chemical lead Antimonial lead (hard lead) Solder 50-50 Magnesium alloy AZ31B Monel Nickel (commercial) Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan) Titanium (commercial) Zinc (commercial) Zirconium (commercial)
Thermal conductivity W/cm K
Density g/cm3
Coeff. of linear expansion 10-6/°C
0.7 0.52
7.86 7.86
11.7 11.7
0.15 0.47 0.12 0.15
7.9 7.2 7.3 8.94 8.25
17.3 10.5 12 11.3 11.5
1.9
2.73
23.2
1.9 1.5 3.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.35 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.8 1.1 0.2
2.8 2.64 8.94 8.47 7.8 8.23 8.94 8.75 11.34 10.9 8.89 1.77 8.84 8.89 8.9 4.5 7.14 6.5
23.0 21.0 16.5 20.3 16.4 17.8 16.2 18.7 29.3 26.5 23.4 26 14.0 13.3 18.8 8.5 32.5 5.85
12-204
Electrical resistivity µΩ cm 9.7 18
Modulus of elasticity GPa
Tensile strength MPa
Approx. melting point °C
205 205
450
1540 1515
195 90 170 200 200
550 180 345 780 800
1425 1175 1230 1350 1370
3.7
70
110
650
3.4 7.5 1.7 6.4 12 7
70 70 120 100 120 130 150 90 13 20 45 180 200 160 110 95
72 67 30 125 103
11 21 23 15 9 58 10 49 43 6 41
185 325 300 300-800 400-600 500-1400 400-600 300-700 17 47 42 260 545 460 330-500 130 450
650 565 1080 930 1050 925 1200 1000 327 290 215 620 1330 1440 1260 1670 419 1855
HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS There are several hardness scales for describing the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This table lists a number of common materials in order of increasing hardness. Values are given, when available, on three different hardness scales: the original Mohs Scale (range 1 to 10); the modified Mohs Scale (range 1 to 15), and the Knoop Hardness Scale. In the last case, a load of 100 g is assumed. REFERENCE Shackelford, J. F. and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
Material Graphite Talc Alabaster Gypsum Halite (rock salt) Stibnite (antimonite) Galena Mica Calcite Barite Marble Aragonite Dolomite Fluorite Magnesia Apatite Opal Feldspar (orthoclase) Augite Hematite Magnetite Rutile Pyrite Agate Uranium dioxide Silica (fused) Quartz Flint Silicon Andalusite Zircon Zirconia Aluminum nitride Beryl Beryllia Topaz Garnet Emery Zirconium nitride Zirconium boride Titanium nitride Zirconia (fused) Tantalum carbide Tungsten carbide Corundum (alumina) Zirconium carbide Alumina (fused) Beryllium carbide
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula C 3MgO⋅4SiO2⋅H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O NaCl Sb2S3 PbS CaCO3 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 MgO CaF2⋅3Ca3(PO4)2 K2O⋅Al2O⋅6SiO2 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 TiO2 FeS2 SiO2 UO2 SiO2 SiO2 Si Al2OSiO4 ZrSiO4 ZrO2 AlN Be3Al2Si6O18 BeO Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Al2O3⋅3FeO⋅3SiO2 Al2O3 (impure) ZrN ZrB2 TiN ZrO2 TaC WC Al2O3 ZrC Al2O3 Be2C
Mohs 0.5 1 1.7 2 2 2.0 2.5 2.8 3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7 7 7 7.5 7.5
Modified mohs
Knoop
1 2
32
3
135
4 5
163 370 430
6
560 750
600 7 8
820
1200 1225 7.8 8
9 10
8 8+
1300 1340 1360 1510 1560 1770
9 11
1800 1880 2025 2150
9 12
2400
HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS (continued)
Material Titanium carbide Carborundum (silicon carbide) Aluminum boride Tantalum boride Boron carbide Boron Titanium boride Diamond
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula TiC SiC AlB TaB2 B4C B TiB2 C
Mohs
Modified mohs
9.3
13
Knoop
14
2470 2500 2500 2600 2800
15
2850 7000
9.5 10
ORGANIC MAGNETS J.S. Miller Magnetic ordering, e.g., ferromagnetism, like superconductivity, is a property of a solid, not of an individual molecule or ion, and very rarely occurs for organic compounds. In contrast to superconductivity, where all electron spins pair to form a perfect diamagnetic material, magnetic ordering requires unpaired electron spins; hence, superconductivity and ferromagnetism are mutually exclusive. The vast majority of organic compounds are diamagnetic (i.e., all electron spins are paired), and a relative few possess unpaired electrons (designated by an arrow, ↑) and are paramagnetic (PM), i.e., they are oriented in random directions. A few organic solids, however, exhibit strong magnetic behavior and magnetically order as ferromagnets (FO) with all spins aligned in the same direction. In some cases the spins align in the opposite direction and compensate to form an antiferromagnet (AF). In some cases these spins are not opposed to each other and do not compensate and lead to a canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF). If the number of spins that align in one direction differs from the number of spins that align in the opposite direction, the spins cannot compensate and a ferrimagnet (FI) results. Metamagnets (MM) are antiferromagnets in which all the spins become aligned like a ferromagnet in an applied magnetic field. Above the ordering or critical temperature, Tc, all magnets are paramagnets (PM). Organic magnets all possess electron spins in p-orbitals, but these may be in conjunction with metal ion-based spins.
Paramagnet (PM) (random) arrangement of spins
Ferromagnetic (FO) ordering of spins
Antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of spins
Ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering of spins
Canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF) ordering of spins Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the different types of magnetic behavior.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued) Summary of the Critical Temperature, Tc, Saturation Magnetization, Ms, Coercive Field, Hcr, and Remanent Magnetization, Mr, for Selected Organic-Based Magnets Magnet
Type
Tc/K
Ms/A m-1
FO
1.48
48,300
<0.00001
—
0.6 4.8 8.8 3.65 2.55 3.0 0.38 35.5 7.8 7.6 46 13 ~400 75 97 44
22,300 37,600 58,200 46,300 34,200 21,600 20,700 45 39,400 42,400 24,400 18,400 28,200 52,000 46,300 22,000
0.00008 0.10 0.12 — — — — 0.00009 0.03 <0.0005 — 2.4 0.0015 - 0.006 0.002 0.23 0.65
<200 2,300 3,700 — — — — — 27,600 <420 — 10,300 1,650 270 3 —
α-1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantaneN,N’-doxyl β-2-(4'-Nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide {FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {MnIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {CrIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] α-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] β-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] Tanol subarate NCC6F4CN2S2 MnII(hfac)2NITC2H5 MnII(hfac)2NIT(i-C3H8) [Mn(hfac)2]3[{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2} [MnTPP][TCNE].2C6H5CH3 V[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Mn[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Fe[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Co[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5)
FO FO FO FO MM FO MM WF FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI
Hcr/T
Mr/A m-1
List of Symbols and Abbreviations Ms Hcr Tc Mr TCNE TCNQ hfac NIT FO FI MM WF
Saturation magnetization at 2 K Coercive Field Critical Temperature Remanent magnetization at 2 K Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane Hexafluoroacetonate Nitronyl nitroxide Ferromagnet Ferrimagnet Metamagnet Weak ferromagnet
1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
2-(4’-Nitrophyenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide
ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued)
M[C5(CH3)5]2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe)
TCNE
TCNQ
Mn(hfac)2
Tanol subarate
NITR (R = C2H5, i-C3H8, n-C3H8)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2}
ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued)
MnTPP
NCC6F4CN2S2
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 33, 385, 1994. Chiarelli, R., Rassat, A., Dromzee, Y., Jeannin, Y., Novak, M. A., and Tholence, J. L., Phys. Scrip., T49, 706, 1993. Kinoshita, M., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 33, 5718, 1994. Gatteschi, D., Adv. Mat., 6, 635, 1994. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1319, 1998. Broderick, W. E., Eichorn, D. M., Lu, X., Toscano, P. J., Owens, S. M. and Hoffman, B. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 3641, 1995. Banister, A. J., Bricklebank, N., Lavander, I., Rawson, J., Gregory, C. I., Tanner, B. K., Clegg, W. J., Elsegood, M. R., and Palacio, F., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 35, 2533, 1996.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
12.138 frame Page 157 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative permittivity) of a material is equal to ε ( ω ) = ε′ ( ω ) – jε″ ( ω ), where ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a nonabsorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = (εµ)1/2, where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, k, and the reflectivity, R. The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n 1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 99.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, neff = (ε′)1/2 = n – jk, where ε′ = ε – jδ/ω εo, δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and εo = 8.8542·10-12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For example, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, start playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, existence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave through a material. The wave intensity, I, after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to I = I 0 exp ( – αx ), where I0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k, which is equal to λ -----k = α 4π , where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in materials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, ( N1 – N2 ) -------------------------2 , R = ( N1 + N2 ) where N1 = n1/cosθ1 and N2 = n2/cosθ2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N1 = n1cosθ1 and N2 = n2cosθ2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is R = [ ( n1 – n2 ) ⁄ ( n1 + n2 ) ]
2
For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is 2 ( n1 – n2 ) + k2 --------------------------------2 R = 2. ( n1 + n2 ) + k2 In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air (n ≈ 1), and hence, 2 (1 – n) + k ----------------------------2 R = 2. (1 + n) + k The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R, has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E, wavenumber ν , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.
12-157
12.138 frame Page 158 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µm
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Ra
Rc
0.27 0.26 0.26
0.24 0.24 0.24
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.088 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.40
0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.29 0.48 0.60 0.36 0.31
Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1]* 2.194 2.168 2.141 2.123 2.098 2.094 2.091 2.073 2.060 2.049 2.036 2.023 2.013 2.009 2.000 1.987 1.977 1.974 1.962 1.953 1.949 1.937 1.925 1.922 1.905 1.893 1.881 1.859 1.848 1.845 1.842 1.831 1.826 1.821 1.818 1.815 1.807 1.802 0.06199 0.05904 0.05636 0.05391 0.04592 0.04428 0.04275 0.04133 0.03542 0.03100 0.03061 0.03024 0.02883 0.02850 0.02818 0.02755 0.02480 0.02254
17700 17480 17270 17120 16920 16890 16860 16720 16610 16530 16420 16310 16230 16210 16130 16030 15940 15920 15820 15750 15720 15630 15530 15500 15360 15270 15170 14990 14900 14880 14860 14770 14730 14680 14660 14640 14580 14530 500.0 476.2 454.5 434.8 370.4 357.1 344.8 333.3 285.7 250.0 247.0 244.0 232.6 229.9 227.3 222.2 200.0 181.8
0.565 0.572 0.579 0.584 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.598 0.602 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.616 0.617 0.620 0.624 0.627 0.628 0.632 0.635 0.636 0.640 0.644 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.659 0.667 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.686 0.688 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.5 41.0 43.0 43.5 44.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.13
0.10 0.079
0.26 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12
0.050 0.097 0.082 0.063 0.031 0.051 0.038 0.030 0.020 0.022 0.017 0.012 8.6·10–3 6.4 5.2 3.1 1.7·10–3 2.0 1.3·10–3
1.2·10–3 9.0·10–4 6.4 4.7
8.6·10–4 3.4
3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.2 6.5 4.5
2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.5
12-158
5.5 4.1 1.7·10–3 2.1·10–3 2.5·10–3 3.0·10–3 6.3·10–3 7.6·10–3 0.0092 0.011
3.3 2.5 3.6 0.17
1.8·10–3 2.2·10–3 2.6·10–3 3.1·10–3 6.4·10–3 7.7·10–3 0.0093 0.011 0.037 0.38 0.33 0.41 2.2 2.8 2.0 3.3 0.26 0.10
0.034 1.0 0.95 0.46 0.94 1.4
12.138 frame Page 159 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.02066 0.01907 0.01771 0.01653 0.01550 0.01459 0.01378 0.01305 0.01240 0.01181 0.01127 0.01033 0.009537 0.008856 0.007749 0.006888 0.006199
ν /cm–1
λ/µm
166.7 153.8 142.9 133.3 125.0 117.6 111.1 105.3 100.0 95.24 90.91 83.33 76.92 71.43 63.50 55.55 50.0
60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0
n
na
nc
4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.2 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8
3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.7 3.0 5.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6
k
ka
kc
0.089 0.097 0.19 0.41 0.29 0.20 0.43 1.5 0.22 0.094 0.059 0.034 0.024 0.019 0.014 0.011 0.0091
0.10 0.16 0.30 0.44 0.40 0.34 0.49 1.5 0.81 3.9 0.70 0.13 0.069 0.048 0.032 0.024 0.019
R
*Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field parallel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1] 2.056 2.026 2.006 1.990 1.925 1.826 1.810 1.794 1.771 1.715 1.701 1.647 1.629 1.596 1.579 1.562 1.544 1.529 1.512 1.494 1.476 1.378 1.240 1.127 1.051 1.033 0.2555 0.2380 0.2344 0.1345 0.1339 0.1333 0.1308 0.1215 0.1203 0.1196
16580 16340 16180 16050 15530 14730 14600 14470 14290 13830 13720 13280 13140 12870 12740 12590 12450 12330 12200 12050 11910 11110 10000 9091 8475 8333 1980 1919 1890 1085 1080 1075 1055 980 970 965
0.603 0.612 0.618 0.623 0.644 0.679 0.685 0.691 0.700 0.723 0.729 0.753 0.761 0.777 0.785 0.794 0.803 0.811 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.20 5.05 5.21 5.29 9.22 9.26 9.30 9.48 10.20 10.31 10.36
3.07 3.06 3.05 3.05 3.04 3.03 3.03 3.02 3.01 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.88
0.12 0.11 0.099 9.0 5.6 1.4 0.012 0.0089 6.2 2.6 0.0022 0.00046 4.0 2.7 1.9 0.00013 0.000094 6.3 4.2 2.8 1.8
1.6·10–7 9.9·10–8 1.1·10–7 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 8.9 9.9·10–7 1.0·10–6
12-159
0.62 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.64 0.50 0.38
Ra
Rc
0.36 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34
0.27 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.62 0.47 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32
12.138 frame Page 160 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1178 0.1116 0.1004 0.09919 0.09795 0.09671 0.09299 0.08555 0.08431 0.08059 0.07811 0.07687 0.07563 0.07439 0.07315 0.07191 0.07067 0.06943 0.06633 0.06571 0.06509 0.06447 0.06075 0.06024 0.05331 0.05269 0.05207 0.05145 0.05083 0.05021 0.04959 0.04862 0.04679 0.04592 0.04509 0.04428 0.03875 0.03815 0.03757 0.02988 0.02952 0.02725 0.02362 0.01937 0.01922 0.01907 0.01734 0.01653 0.01642 0.01494 0.01246 0.007606 0.006199 0.004592 0.002799 0.001826 0.001273 0.0006491
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
950 900 810 800 790 780 750 690 680 650 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 535 530 525 520 490 485.9 430 425 420 415 410 405 400 392.2 377.4 370.4 363.6 357.1 312.5 307.7 303.0 241.0 238.1 219.8 190.5 156.2 155.0 153.8 139.9 133.3 132.5 120.5 100.5 61.35 50.00 37.04 22.57 14.73 10.27 5.236
10.53 11.11 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 13.33 14.49 14.71 15.38 15.87 16.13 16.39 16.67 16.95 17.24 17.54 17.86 18.69 18.87 19.05 19.23 20.41 20.58 23.26 23.53 23.81 24.10 24.39 24.69 25.0 25.5 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 32.0 32.5 33.0 41.5 42.0 45.5 52.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 71.5 75.0 75.5 83.0 99.5 163.0 200.0 270.0 443.0 679.0 974.0 1910.0
n
na
nc
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
12-160
k
ka
kc
R
1.1 1.8 4.9 7.0·10–6 1.0·10–5 1.5 3.7 6.9 5.9 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.8 9.3·10–5 1.2·10–4 1.4 1.8 2.8 5.2 7.2·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.7 4.9 5.2 1.4 1.1·10–3 8.5·10–4 7.3 8.3 9.4·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.6 5.0 8.0·10–3 1.2·10–2 1.7 8.2 9.3·10–3 0.11 0.89 1.0 1.8 0.30 0.10 9.6·10–2 9.4 8.7 9.4 0.096 0.15 0.60 0.12
0.22 0.32 0.37 0.50 0.73 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.73 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.84 0.87 0.21 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.87 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29
0.072 4.5 2.8 2.1 1.1·10–2
0.26 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.25
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 161 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.0004376 0.0002903 0.0001716 0.00009047 0.00005621 0.00002774 0.00001439
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
3.530 2.341 1.384 0.7297 0.4534 0.2237 0.1161
2833.0 4271.0 7224.0 13704 22056 44699 86153
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
na
nc
k 7.5·10–3 5.0 3.1 1.6·10–3 9.9·10–4 5.2 2.6
ka
kc
R 0.25 0.71 0.53 0.25 0.25 0.72 0.47
Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 4.959 3.100 2.48 1.879 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.1736 0.1240 0.09299 0.07439 0.04959 0.03757 0.03100 0.02480 0.02066 0.01771 0.01550 0.01378 0.01240 0.008183 0.004029 0.002418 0.001984 0.001048 0.0001033 4.129·10–12
40000 25000 20000 15150 10000 5000 2500 2000 1400 1000 750 600 400.0 303.0 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.9 125.0 111.1 100 66 32.5 19.5 16 8.45 0.833 3.33·10–8
0.2500 0.40 0.4999 0.66 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.143 10.00 13.33 16.67 25.0 33.0 40.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 152 308 513 625 1180 12000 3·10–11
2.48 3.09 2.83 2.59 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.31 1.79 3.59 2.98 2.66 2.64 2.99 2.89 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73
1.21 0.34 0.013 1.7·10–6 2.4·10–7
7.4·10–7 1.3·10–4 3.0·10–3 4.6·10–4 0.2 1.4 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.072 0.044 0.031 0.025 8.8·10–3 1.3·10–3
0.27 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.085 0.38 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.755 2.75 2.610 2.5 2.25 1.771 1.512 1.50 1.475 1.47 1.465
39520 33070 31460 28230 25000 24200 22220 22180 21050 20160 18150 14290 12200 12100 11900 11860 11820
0.2530 0.3024 0.3179 0.3542 0.4000 0.4133 0.45 0.4509 0.475 0.4959 0.5510 0.70 0.82 0.8266 0.840 0.8434 0.8463
2.48 2.33 2.57 2.89 3.43 3.37 3.080 3.23 3.045 3.14 3.05 2.861 2.880 2.98 2.905
2.04 1.59 1.90 1.52 1.02 0.861 0.485 0.636
0.39 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.29
0.525 0.411 0.210 0.040 0.319 0.00134 0.000671 3.37
0.28 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.24
12-161
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 162 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 1.46 1.459 1.455 1.45 1.445 1.442 1.44 1.43 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.06819 0.0573 0.05 0.0469 0.04592 0.04133 0.04092 0.03720 0.03647 0.03596 0.03493 0.03472 0.03100 0.02917 0.02852 0.02728 0.02604 0.02480 0.02384 0.01798 0.01736 0.01550 0.01364 0.01240 0.009919 0.008679 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.023015 0.001550
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
11780 11760 11740 11690 11650 11630 11610 11530 10490 10000 9679 8872 8065 7259 6452 5646 4839 4033 3226 2420 1613 806.5 725.9 550 462 403.3 378 370.3 333.3 330 300 294.1 290 281.7 280 250 235.3 230 220 210 200 192.3 145 140 125 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 18.563 12.50
0.8492 0.850 0.8521 0.8551 0.8580 0.860 0.8610 0.8670 0.9537 1.0 1.033 1.127 1.240 1.378 1.550 1.771 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.40 13.78 18.18 21.6 24.80 26.5 27 30 30.30 33.33 34.00 34.48 35.5 35.71 40 42.5 43.48 45.45 47.62 50.00 52.0 68.97 71.43 80.0 90.91 100 125 142.9 166.7 200 250 333.3
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
1.89 2.948 2.9565
0.24 1.08·10–4 5.10·10–5 2.73
2.952 2.9479 2.9402 2.8720 2.840 2.8353 2.8050 2.7793 2.7537 2.7384 2.7223 2.7086 2.6972 2.6878 2.6800 2.6722 2.6535 2.6482 2.623
1.37
0.24 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20
3.8·10–6 2.5801
2.55916 2.531 2.494 2.478 2.459 2.378 2.289 2.224 2.137 2.013 1.8 6.778 4.598 3.868 3.649 3.415 3.348 3.299 3.263 3.236 3.217 538.71
0.19 8.0·10–5 9.88·10–5 2.86·10–4 3.34 4.97 8.93 5.77·10–3 7.91 6.76 1.18·10–2 6.93 1.87 2.47·10–2 3.4·10–2 4.97·10–2 6.21 5.2 4.50 0.294 9.47·10–2 5.68·10–2 0.0262 0.0189 1.39 1.03 7.52·10–3 3.2096 6.18
800
12-162
0.19 0.57 0.73 0.18 0.83 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.66 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.28
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 163 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 155 145 130 110 90 70 40 23 7.0 6.0 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.100 0.090 0.070 0.060 0.0495 0.03968 0.03496 0.02976 0.02066 0.01550 0.008266 0.002480 0.001240
48390 40330 32260 24200 20160 16130 14520 12900 12100 11290 9679 8065 6452 4033 2016 1210 806.5 725.9 564.6 483.9 399.2 320 282 240 166.7 125 66.67 20 10
0.007999 0.008551 0.009537 0.01127 0.01378 0.01771 0.03100 0.05391 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8888 0.7749 0.8266 0.8856 1.033 1.240 1.550 2.480 4.959 8.266 12.40 13.78 17.71 20.66 25.05 31.25 35.46 41.67 60 80 150 500 1000
1.037 1.063 1.264 2.273 3.601 4.509 4.333 3.878 3.785 3.700 3.666 3.6140 3.4920 3.4232 3.3737 3.3240 3.2978 3.2831 3.2597 3.2493 3.2081 3.1609 3.058 2.495 0.307 4.57 3.77 3.681 3.62 3.607 3.606
0.0181 0.0203 0.0224 0.0278 0.0323 0.0376 0.0426 0.228 1.838 2.472 4.084 1.920 1.948 0.441 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.080 1.69·10–3
4.93·10–6 1.64·10–5 2.32·10–4 3.45·10–3 2.07·10–3 2.43·10–2 294·10–2 4.26·10–2 3.89·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.14·10–3 1.3·10–3
0.61 0.67 0.42 0.47 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32
Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 154.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 27.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 5.5 4.68 3.50 3.00 2.78
44360 37750 28230 24200 22420
0.00805 0.0113 0.0124 0.0155 0.0248 0.0459 0.0496 0.0620 0.0826 0.2254 0.2649 0.3542 0.4133 0.4460
0.748 1.543 4.181 5.050 4.081 3.904
1.7·10–2 2.15·10–2 215·10–2 3.0·10–2 4.7·10–2 9.3·10–2 0.122 0.180 0.628 3.556 2.634 0.819 0.224 0.103
12-163
0.68 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.35
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 164 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 2.621 2.480 2.18 2.000 1.6 1.240 0.6888 0.4769 0.1907 0.1550 0.1240 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.01727 0.01168 0.006199 0.004133 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
21140 20000 17580 16130 12900 10000 5556 3846 1538 1250 1000 500 250 200 139.27 94.21 50.00 33.33 10.00
0.473 0.500 0.5687 0.62 0.7749 1.0 1.8 2.6 6.5 8.0 10 20 40 50 71.80 106.1 200 300 1000
3.73 3.590 3.411 3.3254 3.209 3.1192 3.0439 3.0271 2.995 2.984 2.964 2.615 3.594 3.461 3.3922 3.3621 3.3447 3.3413 3.3319
na
nc
k 6.37·10–3 2.47·10–3 2.8·10–7
4.29·10–4
7.16·10–3 1.81·10–2 5.77·10–3 4.34·10–3 4.26·10–3 1.3·10–4
ka
kc
R 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 155 60 25 24 15 10 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.34 2.84 1.80 1.50 0.6 0.2480 0.1907 0.1653 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.02244 0.02207 0.02033 0.01054 0.005579 0.001860 0.001240
40330 36290 32260 26940 22910 14520 12100 4839 2000 1538 1333 500 250 200 181 178 164 85 45 15 10
0.007999 0.02066 0.04959 0.05166 0.08266 0.1240 0.2480 0.2755 0.3100 0.3712 0.4366 0.6888 0.8266 2.066 5.0 6.5 7.5 20.00 40.00 50.00 55.25 56.18 60.98 117.6 222.2 666.7 1000
1.15 1.15 0.97 0.74 1.307 1.443 2.632 3.528 3.340 4.909 4.418 4.03 4.14 4.30 4.18 3.869 2.98 2.22 3.05 9.61 4.94 2.12 1.02 6.03 10.7
4.77·10–3 7.30·10–2 .015 0.18 0.230 0.88 2.441 2.894 3.694 2.280 2.021 1.396 0.643 9.1·10–2 6.3·10–2 2.7·10–2 2.0·10–3 2.6·10–3 0.165 7.59 4.20 0.140 0.423 5.59 17.9 24.0
0.53 0.60 0.61 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.70 0.44 0.14 0.88 0.93 0.94
Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 25 20 15 10 6 5.0
48390 40330
0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2066 0.2480
1.139 1.125 0.894 0.835 2.112 2.871
1.434 1.524
12-164
0.168 0.225 0.336 1.071 0.45 0.58
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 165 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.44 1.86 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.1240 0.06199 0.04959 0.04339 0.03720 0.03100 0.02765 0.02480 0.01984 0.01860 0.01736 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
32260 28230 24200 20160 19680 15000 14520 13710 12900 12100 9679 8065 4839 2823 2581 1613 1000 500 400 350 300 250 222 200 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10
0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.5081 0.6666 0.6888 0.7293 0.7749 0.8266 1.033 1.240 2.066 3.542 3.875 6.199 10.00 20.00 25.00 28.57 33.33 40.00 44.84 50.00 62.50 66.67 71.43 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000
3.313 3.008 3.197 4.364 4.489 3.889 3.851 3.798 3.755 3.714 3.613 3.548 3.608 3.512 3.427 3.402 3.334 3.264 3.182 2.988 1.970 5.90 6.91 5.27 5.27 3.99 3.91 3.85 3.817 3.793 3.778 3.769 3.766
na
nc
k 1.799 1.754 2.034 1.786 1.446 0.554 0.530 0.493 0.463 0.432
0.161 9.58·10–3 1.23·10–4
5.46·10–3 6.37·10–2 6.53 0.30 0.41 0.51 1.1·10–2 6.6·10–3 4.3·10–3
ka
kc
R 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34
Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 20 15 10 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.25 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.03992 0.03496 0.03100 0.02728
44360 40330 32260 24200 16130 12100 10085 8068 4034 2420 806.8 605.1 484.1 403.4 322 282 250 220
0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2254 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.6199 0.8266 0.9915 1.239 2.479 4.131 12.39 16.53 20.66 24.79 31.06 35.46 40.00 45.45
0.793 0.695 0.806 1.426 2.131 3.141 4.395 3.549 3.456 3.324 3.220 3.114 3.089 3.012 2.932 2.780 2.429 0.307 3.89 4.27 3.93
0.494 0.574 1.154 2.562 3.495 1.730 1.247 0.317 0.203
1.46·10–2 3.35·10–2 3.57 0.282 3.0·10–2 1.3·10–2
12-165
0.79 0.61 0.38 0.43 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.35
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 166 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.02480 0.02418 0.02232 0.01860 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
200 195 180 150 100 80 60 40 20 10
50.0 51.28 55.56 66.67 100 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000.0
3.81 3.19 3.19 3.65 3.57 3.551 3.538 3.529 3.523 3.522
na
nc
k 8.7·10–3
ka
kc
R 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 14.5 10 5 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.32 0.20 0.1190 0.09919 0.07935 0.05951 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.01984 0.009919 0.007935 0.004959 0.002480 0.001736 0.001240
40330 16130 13310 12100 8065 6049 5001 3871 3226 2581 1613 960 800 640 480 400 320 240 160 80 64 40 20 14 10
0.08551 0.1240 0.2480 0.6199 0.7514 0.8266 1.240 1.653 2.000 2.583 3.100 3.875 6.199 10.42 12.50 15.63 20.83 25.00 31.25 41.67 62.50 125.0 156.3 250.0 500.0 714.3 1000
0.72 0.68 0.54 3.65 4.51 4.64 4.65 4.59 4.90 4.91 4.98 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.68 4.59 4.49 4.31 3.89 2.34 1.73 2.91 11.2 12.6 14.1 17.4
0.20 0.50 1.2 2.9 1.73 2.64 1.1 0.269 0.770
0.173 1.20·10–3 2.09·10–3 4.12·10–3 1.00·10–2 1.77·10–2 3.62·10–2 9.61·10–2 0.56 7.38 10.1 14.6 12.2 16.6 21.1
0.51 0.46 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.18 0.88 0.90 0.88
Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 150 125 100 80 60 25 18.0 14.0 10.0 4.95 4.0 3.00 2.90 2.75 2.55
39920 32260 24200 23390 22180 20570
0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01550 0.02066 0.04959 0.06888 0.08856 0.1240 0.2505 0.3100 0.4133 0.4275 0.4509 0.4862
0.845 0.846 0.651 0.879 1.52 1.73 3.88 4.12 4.25 4.35
3.86·10–3 5.59·10–3 1.54·10–2 2.88·10–2 6.17·10–2 0.171 0.294 0.665 1.050 2.10 2.83 3.00 2.70 2.33 2.00
12-166
0.43 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 167 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 2.00 1.60 1.24 1.03 0.650 0.496 0.400 0.3100 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08059 0.06819 0.04959 0.03720 0.02480 0.01378 0.01240 0.008856 0.006199 0.003100 0.001653 0.001240 0.0006199
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
16130 12910 10000 8333 5263 4000 3226 2500 2000 1000 833.3 650 550 400 300 200.0 111.1 100.0 71.43 50.0 25.00 13.33 10.00 5.000
0.6199 0.7749 1.00 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.0 5 10 12 15.38 18.18 25.00 33.33 50 90 100 140 200 400 750 1000 2000
4.29 4.62 4.43 4.30 4.24 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.115 4.01 3.90 3.90 3.81 3.53 2.99 0.514 1.175 1.79 17.41 16.27 12.96 12.44 12.35 12.27
na
nc
k 1.48 0.94 0.597 0.458 0.318 0.235 2.27·10–2 6.38·10–4 9.25·10–4 6.32·10–3 1.14·10–2
1.59 8.48 10.51 17.94 2.20 0.495 0.228 0.167 0.0815
ka
kc
R 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72
Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 150 125 100 75 50 30 15 10 7.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1017 0.08927 0.06943 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.009919 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720
40330 24200 20160 12100 8065 6452 4839 3226 2420 1613 1210 820 720 560 400 320 240 80 60 50 40 30
0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01653 0.02480 0.04133 0.08266 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.4133 0.4959 0.8266 1.240 1.550 2.066 3.100 4.133 6.199 8.266 12.20 13.89 17.86 25.00 31.25 41.67 125.0 166.7 200.0 250.0 333.3
0.72 0.66 0.8 0.72 1.0 1.35 3.8 4.55 6.25 6.10 6.075 5.95 5.77 5.76 5.47 5.38 5.13 4.50 3.58 1.01 2.95 4.9 6.9 11.6 27.7
2.37·10–3 9.71·10–3 4.39·10–2 6.43·10–2 6.87·10–2 7.77·10–2 0.17 0.60 0.92 1.0 2.2 2.86 3.1 2.2 0.71 0.521 0.331 3.55·10–2
9.16·10–3 1.37·10–2 3.06·10–2 9.6·10–2 0.23 1.9 16.6 22.5 27.2 34.8 35.7
12-167
0.61 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.95
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 168 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.002480 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
20 10
500.0 1000
27.6 45.1
na
nc
k 39.1 57.8
ka
kc
R 0.95 0.97
Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 2000 1496 1016 725 504 303 250 200 150 100 75 50 25 20 15.1 13 12.0 11.0 10.00 9 7 4.959 4.000 2.952 2.000 0.9919 0.7999 0.4959 0.4000 0.3100 0.2480 0.2000 0.1698 0.1494 0.1240 0.1127 0.1033 0.09537 0.08679 0.07439 0.06199 0.05579 0.04959 0.03720 0.03100 0.02480 0.01240 0.06199 0.04959 0.02480 0.01378 4.798·10–4 1.464·10–4
40000 32260 23810 16130 8000 6452 4000 3226 2500 2000 1613 1370 1205 1000 909.1 833.3 769.2 700 600 500 450 400 300 250 200 100.0 50.0 40.00 20.00 11.11 3.870 1.181
6.199·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.220·10–3 1.710·10–3 2.460·10–3 4.092·10–3 4.959·10–3 6.199·10–3 8.265·10–3 1.240·10–2 1.653·10–2 2.480·10–2 4.959·10–2 6.199·10–2 8.211·10–2 9.537·10–2 0.1033 0.1127 0.12398 0.1375 0.1771 0.250 0.31 0.42 0.62 1.25 1.55 2.5 3.1 4.0 5.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 33.33 40.00 50.00 100 200 250 500 900 2584 8469
0.9999347 0.999883 0.999757 0.999643 0.999162 0.99752 0.99632 0.9899 0.9801
0.558 1.20 1.08 1.04 2.28 1.77 1.606 1.53 1.46 1.4189 1.4073 1.3978 1.3915 1.3851 1.3858 1.3731 1.3650 1.3493 1.3266 1.2912 1.2499 1.2036 1.1005 1.0208
0.508 0.124 0.306 0.191 0.208 8.76 4.64 3.69 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.023 3.023
4.33·10–6 1.28·10–5 5.18·10–5 1.62·10–4 4.96·10–5 3.12·10–4 6.17·10–5 2.12·10–3 3.54·10–3 1.32·10–2 2.63·10–2 7.89·10–2 0.521 0.58 0.68 1.64 0.11 8.07·10–7 7.70·10–7
0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
1.8·10–6
2.6·10–3 8.0·10–3 1.9·10–2 3.7·10–2 7.74·10–2 0.804 1.47 1.88 2.71 3.91 0.287 0.102 0.106 4.0·10–2 2.2·10–2 6.3·10–3 3.1·10–3 1.19·10–3 6.20·10–4
12-168
0.02
0.68 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.25 0.25
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 169 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
4.053·10–5 1.861·10–7 3.718·10–8
0.3269 1.501·10–3 2.999·10–4
30590 6.662·106 3.335·107
3.023 3.018 3.018
na
nc
k 2.63·10–4 1.6·10–5 1.6·10–5
ka
kc
R 0.25
Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 2860.3 2855.3 2849.3 2835.8 2832.3 2829.8 2828.3 219 215 212.5 211 185.1 109.7 43 40 29.9 20.1 15.1 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.199 4.959 3.999 2.952 2.695 2.616 2.384 2.066 1.550 1.033 0.5166 0.2480 0.2000 0.1512 0.09999 0.07560 0.04959 0.03999 0.02976 0.02728 0.02232 0.01860 0.01612 0.01240 0.008679 0.006199 0.001240 0.0006199 0.0004133
50000 40000 32260 23810 21740 21100 19230 16670 12500 8333 4167 2000 1.613 1220 806.5 609.8 400.0 322.6 240 220 180 150 130 100 70 50 10.00 5.000 3.333
4.3347·10–4 4.3423·10–4 4.3514·10–4 4.3721·10–4 4.3775·10–4 4.3814·10–4 4.3837·10–4 5.661·10–3 5.767·10–3 5.834·10–3 5.876·10–3 6.7·10–3 1.13·10–2 0.02883 0.03179 0.04147 0.06168 0.08211 0.1240 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.42 0.46 0.474 0.52 0.60 0.80 1.2 2.4 5.0 6.2 8.2 12.4 16.4 25.0 31.0 41.67 45.45 55.56 66.67 76.92 100.0 142.9 200.0 1000 2000 3000
3.93·10–6 3.39·10–6 4.61·10–6 5.85·10–6 5.85·10–6 1.57·10–6 4.19·10–7 1.82·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.19·10–3 1.82·10–3 0.99874 0.99578 0.96 0.925 0.756 0.910 0.965 1.16 1.99 1.15 2.0 1.71739 1.58972 1.54005 1.50701 1.50115
1.01·10–3 4.22·10–3 3.0·10–2 1.8·10–2 0.145 0.495 0.344 0.38 0.50 0.46 8.46·10–7
0.035 0.13 0.048 0.11 0.070
0.040 7.6·10–11
1.49501 1.48969 1.48291 1.47813 1.47464 1.47048 1.46796 1.46260 1.44611 1.42295 1.34059 1.2431 0.85 0.53 0.31 0.44 4.1 2.7 2.4 2.2
6.57·10–4 0.16 0.35 1.05 4.0 0.32 0.11 9.2·10–2 9.0·10–3 3.7·10–3 2.0·10–3
12-169
0.039 0.038 0.037 0.037 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.021 0.012
0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 170 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 2000 1860 1609 1496 1204 1093 1016 798 597 396 303 201 151.2 99.99 49.59 40.00 31.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 4.9939 4.1034 3.0640 2.5504 2.4379 2.2705 2.1489 2.1411 2.1102 2.1041 1.9257 1.8892 1.8566 1.7549 1.4550 1.0985 0.60243 0.35354 0.2976 0.2728 0.2480 0.2232 0.1984 0.1736 0.1674 0.1612 0.1500 0.1401 0.1302 0.1209
48390 40278.4 33096.1 24712.3 20570.5 19662.5 18312.5 17332.3 17269.2 17019.5 16970.4 15531.6 15237.6 14974.2 14153.9 11735.6 8860.06 4858.9 2851.4 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1350 1300 1210 1130 1050 975
6.199·10–4 6.665·10–4 7.705·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.134·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.554·10–3 2.077·10–3 3.131·10–3 4.092·10–3 6.168·10–3 8.2·10–3 1.24·10–2 2.50·10–2 3.10·10–2 4.00·10–2 0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.09537 0.1127 0.1240 0.1378 0.1771 0.2066 0.248272 0.302150 0.404656 0.486133 0.508582 0.546074 0.576959 0.579065 0.587561 0.589262 0.643847 0.656272 0.667815 0.706519 0.852111 1.12866 2.0581 3.5070 4.176 4.545 5.000 5.556 6.250 7.143 7.407 7.692 8.265 8.850 9.524 10.26
0.99993 0.99991 0.99989 0.99987 0.99980 0.99975 0.99971 0.99954 0.99917 0.99812 0.99678 0.99269 0.9871 0.9813 0.9164 0.907 0.851 0.733 0.859 1.168 1.368 1.739 2.330 1.904 1.600 1.543 1.50841 1.48719 1.46961 1.46313 1.46187 1.46008 1.45885 1.45877 1.45847 1.45841 1.45671 1.45637 1.45608 1.45515 1.45248 1.44888 1.43722 1.40568 1.383 1.365 1.342 1.306 1.239 1.053 0.9488 0.7719 0.4530 0.3563 2.760 2.448
1.503·10–5 1.936·10–5 9.941·10–6 1.308·10–5 2.916·10–5 4.155·10–5 5.423·10–5 1.289·10–4 3.560·10–4 4.04·10–4 9.91·10–4 3.63·10–3 7.3·10–3 7.0·10–3 6.5·10–2 9.2·10–2 0.156 0.325 0.585 0.711 0.747 0.569 0.323 1.89·10–2
1.07·10–4 2.56·10–4 3.98·10–3 5.63·10–3 6.52·10–3 1.06·10–2 1.48·10–2 3.72·10–2 0.704 1.53 1.65 0.231
12-170
0.10 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.097 0.053 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.021
0.30 0.66 0.35 0.18
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 171 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1091 0.09919 0.08989 0.06943 0.06199 0.04959 0.03720 0.01240 0.007439 0.002480
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
880 800 725 560 500 400 300 100 60 20
11.36 12.50 13.79 17.86 20.00 25.0 33.33 100.0 166.7 500.0
1.784 1.753 1.698 1.337 0.6616 2.739 2.210 1.967 1.959 1.955
na
nc
k
ka
7.75·10–2 0.343 0.175 0.298 0.397 6.7·10–2 1.59·10–2 8.62·10–3 7.96·10–3
kc
R 0.079 0.089 0.071 0.036 0.882 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.10
Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.2066 0.1771 0.1653 0.1459 0.1305 0.1240 0.1181 0.1153 0.1127 0.1078 0.1033 0.09537 0.08856
40330 32260 24200 22580 20970 19360 17740 16130 14520 12900 10000 5000 2500 2000 1667 1492 1333 1176 1053 1000 952.4 930.2 909.1 869.6 833.3 769.2 714.3
0.04959 0.06199 0.07085 0.08266 0.09919 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4428 0.4769 0.5166 0.5636 0.6199 0.6888 0.7749 1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500 8.500 9.500 10.00 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00
0.8690 0.8853 0.9825 1.132 1.283 1.378 1.593 2.001 2.141 2.116 2.085 2.053 2.021 1.994 1.969 1.948 1.929 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.42 0.90 1.20 2.00 2.85 2.86 2.82 2.50 2.13 2.04 2.01
0.2717 0.4919 0.5961 0.6651 0.6523 0.6843 0.7473 0.6052 0.4006 0.1211 0.08374 0.05544 0.03533 0.02153 0.01175 0.00523 0.00151
0.18 1.20 1.38 0.90 0.58 0.40 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.30
0.092 0.090 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.074 0.067 0.053
0.024 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12
Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
0.05166 0.05391 0.05636 0.05904 0.06199 0.06526 0.06888 0.07293
0.655 0.625 0.611 0.617 0.635 0.676 0.735 0.810
0.420 0.481 0.560 0.647 0.743 0.841 0.936 1.03
12-171
0.28 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.25
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 172 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 16 15 14 13 12 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7 6 5 4.75 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
96790 88720 84690 80650 76620 72590 64520 56460 48390 40330 38310 36290 32260 28230 24200 20160 16130 12100 8065
0.07749 0.08266 0.08856 0.09537 0.1033 0.1127 0.1181 0.1240 0.1305 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.2610 0.2755 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240
0.902 1.001 1.111 1.247 1.417 1.657 1.827 2.000 2.162 2.326 2.651 2.752 2.541 2.278 2.234 2.198 2.141 2.099 2.066 2.041 2.022 2.008 1.998
na
nc
k 1.11 1.18 1.26 1.35 1.43 1.52 1.53 1.49 1.44 1.32 0.962 0.493 0.102 4.9·10–3 1.2·10–3 2.2·10–4
ka
kc
R 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 209.5 206 203 200 26.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.1 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.00 6.00 5.00 2.952 2.480 2.214 2.000 1.771 1.675 1.550 1.240 1.033 0.6888 0.4959 0.4000 0.3263 0.2952 0.2755 0.2480
48390 40330 23810 20000 17860 16130 14290 13510 12500 10000 8333 5556 4000 3226 2632 2381 2222 2000
5.918·10–3 6.019·10–3 6.107·10–3 6.199·10–3 0.04769 0.04959 0.05636 0.06199 0.06888 0.07700 0.08856 0.1033 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.42 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.80 1.00 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.0
0.83 0.83 0.83 0.88 0.89 0.74 0.98 1.22 1.55 1.38 1.75 1.65 1.56324 1.55157 1.54613 1.54228 1.53865 1.53728 1.53560 1.53200 1.53000 1.52712 1.52531 1.52395 1.52226 1.52121 1.52036 1.51883
2.54·10–3 2.62·10–3 2.08·10–3 1.92·10–3 0.15 0.18 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.45 0.89 0.79 0.71 1.10
(1.8±0.2) ·10–9
12-172
0.015 0.018 0.057 0.036 0.033 0.084 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.074 0.060 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.042
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 173 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1240 0.1033 0.08856 0.07749 0.06888 0.06199 0.04959 0.04215 0.03720 0.03410 0.03286 0.03224 0.02480 0.02108 0.01984 0.01922 0.01860 0.01736 0.01612 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.07439 0.04959 0.002480 0.001240 0.001033 0.0006888 0.0006199 0.0004959 0.0004797 0.0003875 0.0001464 0.00004053
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
1000 833.3 714.3 625.0 555.5 500.0 400 340 300 275 265 260 200 170 160 155 150 140 130 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 8.333 5.556 5.000 4.000 3.869 3.125 1.181 0.3269
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.41 33.33 36.36 37.74 38.46 50.00 58.82 62.50 64.52 66.67 71.43 76.92 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.00 500.0 1000 1200 1800 2000 2500 2584 3200 8469 30590
1.49473 1.48000 1.46188 1.4399 1.41364 1.3822 1.27 1.12 0.85 0.59 0.42 0.45 0.14 1.35 6.92 5.50 4.52 3.72 3.31 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.48 2.44 2.43 2.43
na
nc
k
3.5·10–3 1.7·10–2 0.85 0.22 0.50 0.45 1.99 6.03 2.14 0.87 0.380 0.219 0.135 0.110 0.087 0.077 0.055 0.041 0.024 0.006 8.8·10–3 5.4·10–3
2.43
ka
kc
R 0.039 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.014 0.0032 0.18 0.084 0.26 0.22 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17
0.17 4.4·10–3 2.1·10–3 3.3·10–3 5.8·10–4 2.5·10–4
2.43 2.43 2.43
0.17 0.17
Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 2000 1204 1016 901 798 707 597 377 201 100 61.99 41.33 31.00 24.80 17.71 13.78 12.40 9.919 8.266 6.199 6.00
48390
6.199·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.376·10–3 1.554·10–3 1.754·10–3 2.077·10–3 9.50·10–3 6.168·10–3 1.240·10–2 2.000·10–2 3.000·10–2 4.000·10–2 5.000·10–2 7.000·10–2 9.000·10–2 0.1000 0.125 0.150 0.200 0.2066
0.999904 0.999777 0.999838 0.999647 0.999520 0.999372 0.999160 0.99789 0.99553 0.99061 0.964 0.941 0.847 0.796 0.747 0.758 0.862 1.02 1.41 2.32 2.24
1.76·10–5 1.00·10–4 3.61·10–5 5.42·10–5 8.28·10–5 1.25·10–4 2.19·10–4 9.50·10–4 4.82·10–3 1.17·10–2 3.32·10–2 5.10·10–2 9.95·10–2 0.171 0.431 0.824 0.876 1.36 1.47 1.62 1.65
12-173
6.2·10–4
2.2·10–2 7.7·10–2 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.59
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 174 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.75 1.55 1.40 1.240 1.00 0.80 0.6199 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.1550 0.1240 0.100 0.09 0.07999 0.07 0.06075 0.05 0.03546 0.03472 0.02480 0.01240 0.004955 0.004339 0.003720 0.003100 0.002480 0.001860
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
32260 24200 20160 18550 16130 14110 12500 11290 10000 8065 6452 5000 3629 2420 1613 1250 1000 806.5 725.9 645.2 564.6 490 403.3 286 280 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15
0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.5391 0.6199 0.7085 0.7999 0.8856 1.000 1.240 1.550 2.000 2.755 4.133 6.199 8.0 10.00 12.4 13.78 15.5 17.71 20.41 24.80 34.97 35.71 50.00 100.0 250.0 285.7 333.3 400.0 500.0 666.7
2.70 2.54 2.42 2.3950 2.3576 2.3319 2.3146 2.3033 2.2907 2.2795 2.2706 2.2631 2.2587 2.2529 2.2443 2.2213 2.1986 2.1969 2.1793 2.1518 2.1040 2.03 1.6866 3.29 9.54 3.48 3.06 2.903 2.899 2.896 2.894 2.892 2.890
na
nc
k 0.44 4·10–2 3·10–2
3.50·10–6 3.02·10–6
6.2·10–6
4.5·10–6 8.8·10–6
3.82·10–3 8.0·10–3 8.3·10–2 5.2·10–2 3.1·10–2 5.8·10–3 6.2·10–3 7.0·10–3
ka
kc
R 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.065 0.28 0.66 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 4.960 4.769 4.593 4.426 4.276 4.133 4.000 3.875 3.758 3.647 3.543 3.444 3.351 2.255 2.067 1.378 1.305 1.078 1.033 0.9920 0.9538 0.9185
40000 38462 37037 35714 34483 33333 32258 31250 30303 29412 28571 27778 27027 18182 16667 11111 10526 8696 8333 8000 7692 7407
0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.550 0.600 0.900 0.950 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350
0.970 0.972 0.975 0.978 0.980 0.983 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.988
12-174
Ra
Rc
12.138 frame Page 175 Tuesday, October 16, 2001 8:47 AM
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.8857 0.8552 0.8267 0.8000 0.7750 0.7515 0.7294 0.7086 0.6889 0.6703 0.6526 0.6359 0.6200 0.6049 0.5905 0.5767 0.5636 0.5511 0.5487 0.5439 0.5415 0.5368 0.5345 0.5322 0.5299 0.5277 0.5232 0.5188 0.5167 0.5061 0.4960
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
7143 6897 6667 6452 6250 6061 5882 5714 5556 5405 5263 51282 5000 4878 4762 4651 4545 44444 44247 4386 4367 4329 4310 4292 4274 4255 4219 4184 4167 4082 4000
1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000 2.050 2.100 2.150 2.200 2.250 2.260 2.280 2.290 2.310 2.320 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.370 2.390 2.400 2.450 2.500
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Ra
Rc
0.988 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.980 0.978 0.978 0.970 0.959 0.951 0.946 0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.956 0.954 0.951 0.950 0.949 0.947 0.946 0.945
REFERENCES 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. B16, 4511 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). 3. Cadmium Telluride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 409. D. T. F. Marple and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Lett. 8, 87 (1962). T. H. Myers, S. W. Edwards, and J. F. Schetzina, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4231 (1981). D. T. F. Marple, Phys. Rev. 150, 728 (1966). A. N. Pikhtin and A. D. Yas’kov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 12, 622 (1978).
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L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. Christensen, R. Joiner, S. K. T. Nieh, and W. H. Steier, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4957 (1974). R. H. Stolen, Phys. Rev. B 11, 767 (1975); Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 74 (1969). 5. Gallium Phosphide A. Borghesi and G. Guizzetti in HOCS, 1985, p. 445. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, E. E. Koch, M. Skibowski, B. Sonntag, and P. Yu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 659 (1970). S. E. Stokowski and D. D. Sell, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1636 (1972). S. A. Abagyan, G. A. Ivanov, Y. E. Shanurin, and V. I. Amosov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 889 (1971). P. G. Dean, G. Kaminsky, and R. B. Zetterstorm, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3551 (1967). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). 6. Indium Antimonide R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 491. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Comm., Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). T. S. Moss, S. D. Smith, and T. D. F. Hawkins, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 70B, 776 (1957). H. Yoshinaga and R. A. Oetjen, Phys. Rev. 101, 526 (1956). R. B. Sanderson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 803 (1965). 7. Indium Arsenide E. D. Palick and R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 479. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). B. O. Seraphin and H. E. Bennett in Semiconductors and Semimetals (R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds.), vol. 3, Academic, 1967, p. 499. D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). J. R. Dixon and J. M. Ellis, Phys. Rev. 123, 1560 (1961). A. Memon, T. J. Parker, and J. R. Birch, Proc. SPIE, 289, 20 (1981). 8. Indium Phosphide O. J. Glembocki and H. Piller in HOCS, 1985, p. 503. M. Cardona, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 958 (1961); 36, 2181 (1965). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10. Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970).
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M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11. Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12. Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969). A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). 13. Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). 14. Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). 15. Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). 16. Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). 17. Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev. 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). 18. Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597.
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B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 110, 323 (1958). 19. Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication.
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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS Robert B. Fox and Edward S. Wilks Organic polymers have traditionally been named on the basis of the monomer used, a hypothetical monomer, or a semi-systematic structure. Alternatively, they may be named in the same way as organic compounds, i.e., on the basis of a structure as drawn. The former method, often called “source-based nomenclature” or “monomer-based nomenclature”, sometimes results in ambiguity and multiple names for a single material. The latter method, termed “structure-based nomenclature”, generates a sometimes cumbersome unique name for a given polymer, independent of its source. Within their limitations, both types of names are acceptable and well-documented.1 The use of stereochemical descriptors with both types of polymer nomenclature has been published.2
Traditional Polymer Names Monomer-Based Names “Polystyrene” is the name of a homopolymer made from the single monomer styrene. When the name of a monomer comprises two or more words, the name should be enclosed in parentheses, as in “poly(methyl methacrylate)” or “poly(4-bromostyrene)” to identify the monomer more clearly. This method can result in several names for a given polymer: thus, “poly(ethylene glycol)”, “poly(ethylene oxide)”, and “poly(oxirane)” describe the same polymer. Sometimes, the name of a hypothetical monomer is used, as in “poly(vinyl alcohol)”. Even though a name like “polyethylene” covers a multitude of materials, the system does provide understandable names when a single monomer is involved in the synthesis of a single polymer. When one monomer can yield more than one polymer, e.g. 1,3-butadiene or acrolein, some sort of structural notation must be used to identify the product, and one is not far from a formal structure-based name. Copolymers, Block Polymers, and Graft Polymers. When more than one monomer is involved, monomer-based names are more complex. Some common polymers have been given names based on an apparent structure, as with “poly(ethylene terephthalate)”. A better system has been approved by the IUPAC.1 With this method, the arrangement of the monomeric units is introduced through use of an italicized connective placed between the names of the monomers. For monomer names represented by A, B, and C, the various types of arrangements are shown in Table 1.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Table 1. IUPAC Source-Based Copolymer Classification Copolymer Type Connective Unspecified or unknown Random (obeys Bernoullian distribution) Statistical (obeys known statistical laws) Alternating (for two monomeric units) Periodic (ordered sequence for 2 or more monomeric units) Block (linear block arrangement) Graft (side chains connected to main chains)
-co-ran-stat-alt-per-block-graft-
Example
poly(A-co-B) poly(A-ran-B) poly(A-stat-B) poly(A-alt-B) poly(A-per-B-per-C) polyA-block-polyB polyA-graft-polyB
Table 2 contains examples of common or semi-systematic names of copolymers. The systematic names of comonomers may also be used; thus, the polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polymer in Table 2 may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrile)-block-polybuta1,3-diene-block-poly(ethenylbenzene). IUPAC does not require alphabetized names of comonomers within a polymer name; many names are thus possible for some copolymers. These connectives may be used in combination and with small, non-repeating (i.e. non-polymeric) junction units; see, for example, Table 2, line 8. A long dash may be used in place of the connective -block-; thus, in Table 2, the polymers of lines 7 and 8 may also be written as shown on lines 9 and 10. Table 2. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature No. Copolymer name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
poly(propene-co-methacrylonitrile) poly[(acrylic acid)-ran-(ethyl acrylate)] poly(butene-stat-ethylene-stat-styrene) poly[(sebacic acid)- alt-butanediol] poly[(ethylene oxide)- per-(ethylene oxide)- per-tetrahydrofuran] polyisoprene-graft-poly(methacrylic acid) polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polystyrene-block-dimethylsilylene- block-polybutadiene polyacrylonitrile—polybutadiene—polystyrene polystyrene—dimethylsilylene—polybutadiene
IUPAC also recommends an alternative scheme for naming copolymers that comprises use of “copoly” as a prefix followed by the names of the comonomers, a solidus (an oblique stroke) to separate comonomer names, and addition before “copoly” of any applicable connectives listed in Table 2 except -co-. Table 3 gives the same examples shown in Table 2 but with the alternative format. Comonomer names need not be parenthesized.
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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Table 3. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature (Alternative Format) No. Polymer name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
copoly(propene/methacrylonitrile) ran-copoly(acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate) stat-copoly(butene/ethylene/styrene) alt-copoly(sebacic acid/butanediol) block-copoly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) per-copoly(ethylene oxide/ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran) graft-copoly(isoprene/methacrylic acid)
Source-based nomenclature for non-linear macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies is covered by a 1997 IUPAC document.11 The types of polymers in these classes, together with their connectives, are given in Table 4; the terms shown may be used as connectives, prefixes, or both to designate the features present. Table 4. Connectives for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies No. Type Connective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Branched (type unspecified) Branched with branch point of functionality f Comb Cross-link Cyclic Interpenetrating polymer network Long-chain branched Network Polymer blend Polymer-polymer complex Semi-interpenetrating polymer network Short-chain branched Star Star with f arms
branch f-branch comb ι (Greek iota) cyclo ipn l-branch net blend compl sipn sh-branch star f-star
Non-linear polymers are named by using the italicized connective as a prefix to the source-based name of the polymer component or components to which the prefix applies; some examples are listed in Table 5. Table 5. Non-Linear Macromolecules No.
Polymer Name
1 2
poly(methacrylic acid)-comb-polyacrylonitrile comb-poly[ethylene-stat-(vinyl chloride)]
3 4 5 6 7 8
polybutadiene-comb-(polyethylene; polypropene) star-(polyA; polyB; polyC; polyD; polyE) star-(polyA-block-polyB-block-polyC) star-poly(propylene oxide) 5-star-poly(propylene oxide) star-(polyacrylonitrile; polypropylene) (Mr 10000: 25000)
Polymer Structural Features Comb polymer with a poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and polyacrylonitrile side chains Comb polymer with unspecified backbone composition and statistical ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer side chains Comb polymer with butadiene backbone and side chains of polyethylene and polypropene Star polymer with arms derived from monomers A, B, C, D, and E, respectively Star polymer with every arm comprising a tri-block segment derived from comonomers A, B, and C A star polymer prepared from propylene oxide A 5-arm star polymer prepared from propylene oxide A star polymer containing polyacrylonitrile arms of MW 10000 and polypropylene arms of MW 25000
Macromolecular assemblies held together by forces other than covalent bonds are named by inserting the appropriate italicized connective between names of individual components; Table 6 gives examples.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Table 6. Examples of Polymer Blends and Nets Polymer Name polyethylene-blend-polypropene poly(methacrylic acid)-blend-poly(ethyl acrylate) net-poly(4-methylstyrene- ι-divinylbenzene) net-poly[styrene-alt-(maleic anhydride)]- ι-(polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol) net-poly(ethyl methacrylate)-sipn-polyethylene [net-poly(butadiene-stat-styrene)]-ipn-[net-poly(4-methylstyrene- ι-divinylbenzene)]
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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Structure-Based Polymer Nomenclature Regular Single-Strand Polymers Structure-based nomenclature has been approved by the IUPAC4 and is currently being updated; it is used by Chemical Abstracts.5 Monomer names are not used. To the extent that a polymer chain can be described by a repeating unit in the chain, it can be named “poly(repeating unit)”. For regular single-strand polymers, “repeating unit” is a bivalent group; for regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) polymers, “repeating unit” is usually a tetravalent group.9 Since there are usually many possible repeating units in a given chain, it is necessary to select one, called the “constitutional repeating unit” (CRU) to provide a unique and unambiguous name, “poly(CRU)”, where “CRU” is a recitation of the names of successive units as one proceeds through the CRU from left to right. For this purpose, a portion of the main chain structure that includes at least two repeating sequences is written out. These sequences will typically be composed of bivalent subunits such as -CH2-, -O-, and groups from ring systems, each of which can be named by the usual nomenclature rules.6,7 Where a chain is simply one long sequence comprising repetition of a single subunit, that subunit is itself the CRU, as in “poly(methylene)” or “poly(1,4-phenylene)”. In chains having more than one kind of subunit, a seniority system is used to determine the beginning of the CRU and the direction in which to move along the main chain atoms (following the shortest path in rings) to complete the CRU. Determination of the first, most senior, subunit, is based on a descending order of seniority: (1) heterocyclic rings, (2) hetero atoms, (3) carbocyclic rings, and, lowest, (4) acyclic carbon chains. Within each of these classes, there is a further order of seniority that follows the usual rules of nomenclature. Heterocycles: A nitrogen-containing ring system is senior to a ring system not containing nitrogen.4,9 Further descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) the largest number of hetero atoms (iv) the greatest variety of hetero atoms Hetero atoms: The senior bivalent subunit is the one nearest the top, right-hand corner of the Periodic Table; the order of seniority is: O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Hg. Carbocycles: Seniority4 is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) degree of ring saturation; an unsaturated ring is senior to a saturated ring of the same size Carbon chains: Descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) chain length (longer is senior to shorter) (ii) highest degree of unsaturation (iii) number of substituents (higher number is senior to lower number) (iv) ascending order of locants (v) alphabetical order of names of substituent groups Among equivalent ring systems, preference is given to the one having lowest locants for the free valences in the subunit, and among otherwise identical ring systems, the one having least hydrogenation is senior. Lowest locants in unsaturated chains are also given preference. Lowest locants for substituents are the final determinant of seniority. Direction within the repeating unit depends upon the shortest path, which is determined by counting main chain atoms, both cyclic and acyclic, from the most senior subunit to another subunit of the same kind or to a subunit next lower in seniority. When identification and orientation of the CRU have been accomplished, the CRU is named by writing, in sequence, the names of the largest possible subunits within the CRU from left to right. For example, the main chain of the polymer traditionally named “poly(ethylene terephthalate)” has the structure shown in Figure 1. O ...CH 2
CH2 O
C
*
C
O
O CH2 CH2
C O
O CH 2
O
O C O
CH2
O
C O ... C
O Figure 1. Structure-based name: poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl); traditional name: poly(ethylene terephthalate)
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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) The CRU in Figure 1 is enclosed in brackets and read from left to right. It is selected because (1) either backbone oxygen atom qualifies as the “most senior subunit”, (2) the shortest path length from either -O- to the other -O- is via the ethylene subunit. Orientation of the CRU is thus defined by (1) beginning at the -O- marked with an asterisk, and (2) reading in the direction of the arrow. The structure-based name of this polymer is therefore “poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl)”, not much longer than the traditional name and much more adaptable to the complexities of substitution. As organic nomenclature evolves, more systematic names may be used for subunits, e.g. “ethane-1,2-diyl” instead of “ethylene”. IUPAC still prefers “ethylene” for the -CH2-CH2- unit, however, but also accepts “ethane-1,2-diyl”. Structure-based nomenclature can also be used when the CRU backbone has no carbon atoms. An example is the polymer traditionally named “poly(dimethylsiloxane)”, which on the basis of structure would be named “poly(oxydimethylsilylene)” or “poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl)”. This nomenclature method has also been applied to inorganic and coordination polymers8 and to double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers.9 Irregular Single-Strand Polymers Polymers that cannot be described by the repetition of a single CRU or comprise units not all connected identically in a directional sense can also be named on a structure basis.10 These include copolymers, block and graft polymers, and star polymers. They are given names of the type “poly(A/B/C...)”, where A, B, C, etc. are the names of the component constitutional units, the number of which are minimized. The constitutional units may include regular or irregular blocks as well as atoms or atomic groupings, and each is named by the method described above or by the rules of organic nomenclature. The solidus denotes an unspecified arrangement of the units within the main chain.10 For example, a statistical copolymer derived from styrene and vinyl chloride with the monomeric units joined head-to-tail is named “poly(l-chloroethylene/l-phenylethylene)”. A polymer obtained by 1,4- polymerization and both head-to-head and head-to-tail 1,2- polymerization of 1,3-butadiene would be named “poly(but-1-ene-l,4-diyl/l-vinylethylene/2-vinylethylene)”.12 In graphic representations of these polymers, shown in Figure 2, the hyphens or dashes at each end of each CRU depiction are shown completely within the enclosing parentheses; this indicates that they are not necessarily the terminal bonds of the macromolecule.
Figure 2. Graphic Representations of Copolymers A long hyphen is used to separate components in names of block polymers, as in “poly(A)—poly(B)—poly(C)”, or “poly(A)—X—poly(B)” in which X is a non-polymeric junction unit, e.g. dimethylsilylene. In graphic representations of these polymers, the blocks are shown connected when the bonding is known (Figure 3, for example); when the bonding between the blocks is unknown, the blocks are separated by solidi and are shown completely within the outer set of enclosing parentheses (Figure 4, for example).10,13
Figure 3. polystyrene—polyethylene—polystyrene
Figure 4. poly[poly(methyl methacrylate)—polystyrene—poly(methyl acrylate)] Graft polymers are named in the same way as a substituted polymer but without the ending “yl” for the grafted chain; the name of a regular polymer, comprising Z units in which some have grafts of “poly(A)”, is “poly[Z/poly(A)Z]”. Star polymers are treated as a central unit with substituent blocks, as in “tetrakis(polymethylene)silane”.10,13
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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Other Nomenclature Articles and Publications In addition to the Chemical Abstracts and IUPAC documents cited above and listed below, other articles on polymer nomenclature are available. A 1999 article lists significant documents on polymer nomenclature published during the last 50 years in books, encyclopedias, and journals by Chemical Abstracts, IUPAC, and individual authors.14 A comprehensive review of source-based and structure-based nomenclature for all of the major classes of polymers,15 and a short tutorial on the correct identification, orientation, and naming of most commonly encountered constitutional repeating units were both published in 2000.16 References and Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Stereochemical Definitions and Notations Relating to Polymers (Recommendations 1980), Pure Appl. Chem., 53, 733-752 (1981). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Source-Based Nomenclature for Copolymers (Recommendations 1985), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427-1440 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1975), Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976). Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1999 Index Guide. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1993), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand and Quasi-Single-Strand Inorganic and Coordination Polymers (Recommendations 1984), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 149-168 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1993), Pure Appl. Chem., 65, 1561-1580 (1993). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Structure-Based Nomenclature for Irregular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1994), Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 873-889 (1994). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Source-Based Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies (Recommendations 1997).” Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2511-2521 (1997). Poly(1,3-butadiene) obtained by polymerization of 1,3-butadiene in the so-called 1,4- mode is frequently drawn incorrectly in publications as -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n-; the double bond should be assigned the lowest locant possible, i.e. the structure should be drawn as –(CH=CH-CH2-CH2)n-. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Graphic Representations (Chemical Formulae) of Macromolecules (Recommendations 1994).” Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2469-2482 (1994). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 17: “Whither Nomenclature?” Polym. Prepr. 40(2), 6-11 (1999); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html. Wilks, E. S. “Polymer Nomenclature: The Controversy Between Source-Based and Structure-Based Representations (A Personal Perspective).” Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 9-100 (2000). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 18: “SRUs: Using the Rules.” Polym. Prepr. 41(1), 6a-11a (2000); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html; a .pdf format version is also available.
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13-6
SOLVENTS FOR COMMON POLYMERS Abbreviations: HC: hydrocarbons; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone; THF: tetrahydrofuran; DMF: dimethylformamide; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide Polyethylene (HDPE) Polypropylene (atactic) Polybutadiene Polystyrene Polyacrylates Polymethacrylates Polyacrylamide Poly(vinyl ethers) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Polyacrylonitrile Poly(oxyethylene) Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polyurethanes (linear) Polyureas Polysiloxanes Poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phosphazene]
HC and halogenated HC HC and halogenated HC HC, THF, ketones ethylbenzene, CHCl3, CCl4, THF, MEK aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, ketones aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, MEK water halogenated HC, MEK, butanol glycols (hot), DMF aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, DMF THF, DMF, DMSO THF (hot), dioxane, DMF DMF, DMSO (hot) DMF, DMSO aromatic HC, CHCl3, alcohols, esters, DMF aromatic HC, halogenated HC phenol, DMSO (hot) aromatic HC, THF, DMF phenol, formic acid HC, THF, DMF THF, ketones, ethyl acetate
13-3
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS Robert B. Fox Polymer names are based on the IUPAC structure-based nomenclature system described in the table “Naming Organic Polymers”. Within each category, names are listed in alphabetical order. Source-based and trivial names are also given (in italics) for the most common polymers. The table does not include polymers for which Tg is not clearly defined because of variability of structure or because of reactions taking place near the glass transition. All values of Tg cited in this table have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) except those values indicated by: (D) (Dil) (M)
dynamic method dilatometry mechanical method
Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name ACYCLIC CARBON CHAINS Polyalkadienes Poly(alkenylene) Polyalkadiene –[CH=CHCH2CH2]– Poly(cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(1-chloro-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-chloro-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-methyl-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1-methyl-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1,4,4-trifluoro-1-butenylene)
171 215 253 233 200 207 238
Polyalkenes Poly(alkylethylene) Poly(alkylethylene) -[RCHCH2]Poly(1-benzylethylene) Poly(1-butylethylene) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (atactic) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (isotactic) Poly(1,1-dimethylethylene) Polyisobutylene [PIB] Poly(ethylene) Poly(methylene) Poly(1-phenethylethylene) Poly(propylene) (isotactic) Poly(propylene) (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(2-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly(1-vinylethylene)
333 223 393 406 (D) 200 148 155 283 272 ca. 265 377 415 273
Polyacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)ethylene) Poly(alkyl acrylate) –[(ROCO)CHCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(butyl acrylate) [PBA]
279 219 (M)
13-4
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-cyanoethylene] Poly[1-(butylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-carbamoylethylene) Polyacrylamide [PAM] Poly(1-carboxyethylene) Poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyanomethoxycarbonyl)ethylene)] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(ethyl acrylate) [PEA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-fluoroethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(methyl acrylate) [PMA] Poly[1-(2-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-naphthyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(pentachlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(m-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(o-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,2,2-trifluorethoxycarbonyl)ethylene]
251 358 319 (M) 438 379 326 331 317 277 433 Dil 363 292 333 362 249 316 303 297 310 223 218 267-270 283 319 311 340 223 324 198 358 420 270 330 298 325 316 263
Polymethacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(alkyl methacrylate) –[(ROCO)(Me)CCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-bromoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[(1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(butyl methacrylate) [PBMA] Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] Poly[1-(2-chloroethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic)
327 325 293 333 391 ca 315 364 428 356 324
13-5
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name Poly[1-(dimethylaminoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-ethylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) [PEMA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (isotactic) Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(hexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isobutoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (atactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene]
292 300 338 285 339 268 326 354 378 311 378 379 391 397 299 383
Polyvinyl ethers, alcohols, and ketones Poly(1-alkoxyethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ether) –[ROCHCH2]– Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) –[HOCHCH2]– Poly(1-alkanoylethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ketone) –[RCOCHCH2]– Poly(1-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-sec-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-tert-butoxyethylene) Poly[1-(butylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-ethoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] Poly(hydroxymethylene) Poly(1-isopropoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methoxyethylene) Poly(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE] Poly[1-(methylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-propoxyethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethoxy)trifluoroethylene]
218 253 361 253 230 325 358 (D) 407 270 319 (M) 242 272 224 268
Polyvinyl halides and nitriles Poly(1-haloethylene) Poly(vinyl halide) –[XCHCH2]– Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Poly(acrylonitrile) –[NCCHCH2]– Poly(1-chloroethylene) Poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Polyacrylonitrile [PAN] Poly(1-cyano-1-methylethylene) Polymethacrylonitrile Poly(1,1-dichloroethylene) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(1-fluoroethylene) Poly(vinyl fluoride)
354 373 370 393 255 ca 233 314 (M)
13-6
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly(1-hexafluoropropylene) Poly[1-(2-iodoethyl)ethylene] Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylene]
425 343 (160) 300
Polyvinyl esters Poly[1-(alkanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly(vinyl alkanoate) –[RCOOCHCH2]– Poly(1-acetoxyethylene) Poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] Poly[1-(benzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-isopropylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(propionoyloxy)ethylene]
305 344 365 335 338 357 349 (M) 343 326 342 338 ca 317 360 343 395 283 (M)
Polystyrenes Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene –[C6H5CHCH2]– Poly[1-(4-acetylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-benzoylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Pol[(1-(4-butylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-iodophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly[1-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene [PS]
389 (M) 371 (M) 391 ca 320 (M) 349 (M) 279 386 (M) 392 363 383 406 379 440 401 385 398 (M) ca 359 (M) 367 (M) 368 429 386 386 (M) 373 462 (M) 373
13-7
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly[1-(4-propoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-propoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-o-tolylethylene)
343 (M) 365 (M) 409
CHAINS WITH CARBOCYCLIC UNITS Poly(arylenealkylene) –[–Ar–(CH2)n]– Poly[1-(2-bromo-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyano-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-naphthylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-phenylene)ethylene]
353 (M) 343 (M) 363 (M) 373 (M) 298 (M) 433 (M) ca 353 (M)
CHAINS WITH HETEROATOM UNITS Main chain oxide units Poly(oxyalkylene) Poly(alkylene oxide) –[O(CH2)n]– Poly[oxy(1,1-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(bromomethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(butoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-tert-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(chloromethyl)ethylene)] Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1,1-dimethylethylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-ethylethylene)] Poly(oxyethylidene) Polyacetaldehyde Poly[oxy(1-(methoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-methyltrimethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyltrimethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylene) Poly(phenylene oxide) [PPO] Poly[oxy(1-phenylethylene)] Poly(oxytetramethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) [PTMO] Poly(oxytrimethylene)
265 259 194 203 308 251 440 264 482 493 203 243 211 428 223 (D) 218 358 313 189 195
Main-chain ester or anhydride units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxyalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanedioate)-–[O(CH2)mOCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(oxyadipoyloxydecamethylene) Poly(oxyadipoyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Bisphenol A polycarbonate Poly(oxycarbonylpentamethylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene)
13-8
217 341 422 213 395 333
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxysebacoyl] Poly(oxyethylenecarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl) (trans) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,4-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,5-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,6-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,7-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] Poly(oxyisophthaloyl) Poly(oxy(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyltrimethylene)) Poly(pivalolactone) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxysebacoyl) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene) [PEEK] Poly(oxypropyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly[oxyterephthaloyloxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-(D)phenylene)] Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxyoctamethylene) Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(bisphenol A terephthalate) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(butylene terephthalate) [PBT]
318 291 337 344 386 392 342 403 (D) 263 280 416 341 498 318 (D) 478 323
Main-chain amide units Poly(iminoalkyleneiminoalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanediamide)–[NH(CH2)mNHCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(iminoadipoyliminodecamethylene) Nylon 10,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminooctamethylene) Nylon 8,6 Poly[iminoadipoyliminotrimethylene(methylimino)trimethylene] Poly(iminocarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly[iminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)iminohexamethylene] Poly(iminoethylene-1,4-phenyleneethyleneiminosebacoyl) Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminoazelaoyl) Nylon 6,9 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminododecanedioyl) Nylon 6, 12 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminopimeloyl) Nylon 6,7 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosebacoyl) Nylon 6,10 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosuberoyl) Nylon 6,8 Poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminohexamethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,3-phenylenemethylene) Poly[iminomethylene(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)methyleneiminosuberoyl] Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminooctamethyleneiminodecanedioyl) Nylon 8,10 Poly(iminooxalyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,2 Poly[imino(1-oxohexamethylene)] Nylon 6
13-9
313 ca 323 318 278 466 377 378 (D) 331 319 331 323 330 558 390 481 438 (M) 351 598 578 333 430 326
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly[imino(1-oxodecamethylene)] Nylon 10 Poly[imino(1-oxoheptamethylene)] Nylon 7 Poly[imino(1-oxo-3-methyltrimethylene] Poly[imino(1-oxononamethylene)] Nylon 9 Poly[imino(1-oxooctamethylene)] Nylon 8 Poly[imino(1-oxotrimethylene)] Nylon 3 Poly(iminopentamethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 5,6 Poly[iminopentamethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminopimeloyliminoheptamethylene) Nylon 7,7 Poly(iminoterephthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminotetramethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 4,6 Poly[iminotetramethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(iminotrimethyleneiminoadipoyliminotrimethylene) Poly[iminotrimethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl-imino-1,4-phenylene) Poly(sulfonylimino-1,4-phenyleneiminoadipoylimino-1,4-phenylene)
315 325 369 319 323 384 318 376 553 (M) 618 328 613 316 357 307 382 613 467
Main-chain urethane units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxycarbonyliminoalkyleneiminocarbonyl)–[O(CH2)mOCONH(CH2)nNHCO]– Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl)
329 325 412 332 305 364 331 337 352 332 315 382
Main-chain siloxanes Poly[oxy(dialkylsilylene)] Poly(dialkylsiloxane) –[O(R2Si)]– Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)] Poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)] Poly(diphenylsiloxane) Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)-1,3-phenylene] Poly[oxy((methyl)phenylsilylene)] Poly[oxy((methyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilylene]
13-10
148 363 (M) 318 (M) 238 ca 331 187 <193
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Main-chain sulfur-containing units Poly(dithioethylene) Poly(dithiomethylene-1,4-phenylenemethylene) Poly(oxy-4,4′-biphenylylene-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly[oxy(2-hydroxytrimethylene)oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxymethyleneoxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-4,4′-biphenylylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)isopropylidene (3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene(hexafluoroisopropylidene)1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(oxytetramethylenedithiotetramethylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,2-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thio-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly[thio(difluoromethylene)] Poly(thioethylene) Poly[thio(1-ethylethylene] Poly[thio(1-methyl-3-oxotrimethylene)] Poly[thio(1-methyltrimethylene)] Pol[(thio(1-oxohexamethylene)] Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thiopropylene) Main-chain heterocyclic units Poly(1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(vinyl formal) Poly[(2,6-dioxopiperidine-1,4-diyl)trimethylene] Poly[(2-methyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl acetal) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylcarbonyloxyethyleneoxycarbonyl) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylisophthaloyl) Poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(3,6-pyridazinediyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxy) Poly(2,5-pyridinediylcarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl)
13-11
223 296 503 (M) ca 383 220 (M) 428 214 478 (M) 438 (M) 487 533 508 (M) 478 (M) 478 (M) 449 453 (M) 448 (M) 522 197 401 381 497 221 155 223 218 285 214 292 370 226
378 363 355 333 465 (M) 322 453 (M) 322
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED POLYMERS This table lists typical values of the dielectric constant (more properly called relative permittivity) of some important polymers. Values are given for frequencies of 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz; in most cases the dielectric constant at frequencies below 1 kHz does not differ significantly from the value at 1 kHz. Since the dielectric constant of a polymeric material can vary with density, degree of crystallinity, and other details of a particular sample, the values given here should be regarded only as typical or average values. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, p. 5-132, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H.L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E.H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Name Polyacrylonitrile Polyamides (nylons) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polychloroprene (neoprene) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Mylar) Polyisoprene (natural rubber) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyoxymethylene (polyformaldehyde) Poly(phenylene oxide) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfones Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
t/°C
1 kHz
1 MHz
25 25 84 25 23 25 23 23 23 27 27 80 25 23 25 25 25 25 50 150 25 100 23 23
5.5 3.50 11 2.5 2.92 6.6 2.65 2.3 3.25 2.6 3.12 3.80 3.8 2.59 2.3 2.6 3.13 2.1
4.2 3.14 4.4
2.8 2.8
2.8 6.3 2.46
4.2 2.39
3.0 2.5 2.76 2.7
2.8 2.4 2.6 2.6
13-15
3.39 5.3 4.6 12.2
2.59 2.3 2.6 2.10 2.1 3.5 8.3 2.9 3.3 3.2 8.9
1 GHz
2.3 2.6 2.1
2.8 2.7 2.7 4.7
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS Christian Wohlfarth
Numerous theoretical equations of state for polymer liquids have been developed. These, at the minimum, have to provide accurate fitting functions to experimental data. However, for the purpose of this table, the empirical Tait equation along with a polynomial expression for the zero pressure isobar is used. This equation is able to represent the experimental data for the melt state within the limits of experimental errors, i.e., the maximum deviations between measured and calculated specific volumes are about 0.001-0.002 cm3/g. The general form of the Tait equation is: V(P,T) = V(0,T){1 - C ln[1 + P/B(T)]} (1) where the coefficient C is usually taken to be a universal constant equal to 0.0894. T is the absolute temperature in K and P the pressure in MPa. The volume V is the specific volume in cm3/g. The Tait parameter B(T) has the very simple meaning that it is inversely proportional to the compressibility κ at constant temperature and zero pressure: κ(0,T) = -[1/V(0,T)](dV/dP) = C/B(T)
(2)
B(T) = B0 exp[-B1(T-273.15)]
(3)
B(T) = b0 + b1(T-273.15) + b2(T-273.15)2
(4)
V(0,T) = A0 + A1(T-273.15) + A2(T-273.15)2
(5)
The B(T) function is usually given by:
but, sometimes a polynomial expression is used:
The zero-pressure isobar V(0,T) is usually given by:
where A0, A1, A2 are specific constants for a given polymer (the expression T-273.15 is used because fitting to the zero-pressure isobar is usually done in terms of Celsius temperature). Other forms for V(0,T) are also found in the literature, such as V(0,T) = A3 exp[A4(T-273.15)]
(6)
V(0,T) = A5 exp(A6T1.5)
(7)
or
where A3 and A4 or A5 and A6 are again specific constants for a given polymer. The Tait equation is particularly useful to calculate derivative quantities, such as the isothermal compressibility and the thermal expansivity coefficients. The isothermal compressibility κ(P,T) is derived from equation (1) as:
and the thermal expansivity α(P,T) as:
κ(P,T) = -(1/V)(dV/dP) = 1/{[P + B(T)][1/C - ln(1 + P/B(T))]}
(8)
α(P,T) = (1/V)(dV/dT) = α(0,T) - PB1κ(P,T)
(9)
where α(0,T) represents the thermal expansivity at zero (atmospheric) pressure and is calculated from any suitable fit for the zero-pressure volume, such as equations (5) through (7) above. Because polymer melt PVT-behavior depends only slightly on polymer molar mass above the oligomeric region, usually no information is given in the original literature for the average molar mass of the polymers. Table 1 summarizes the polymers or copolymers considered here and the experimental ranges of pressure and temperature over which data are available. In Table 2 the Tait-equation functions, with parameters obtained from the fit, are given for 90 polymer or copolymer melts.
REFERENCES 1. Zoller, P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 23, 1051-1056, 1979. 2. Starkweather, H. W., Jones, G. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 26, 257-266,1988. 3. Fakhreddine, Y. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 29, 1141-1146, 1991. 4. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 1061-1080, 1993. 5. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 2075-2083, 1993. 6. Yi, Y. X., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 31, 779-788, 1993. 7. Callaghan, T. A., and Paul, D. R., Macromolecules 26, 2439–2450, 1993. 8. Wang, Y. Z., Hsieh, K. H., Chen, L. W.,and Tseng, H. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53, 1191-1201, 1994. 9. Privalko, V. P., Arbuzova, A. P., Korskanov, V. V., and Zagdanskaya, N. E., Polym. Intern. 35, 161-169, 1994. 10. Sachdev, V. K., Yashi, U., and Jain, R. K., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 36, 841-850, 1998.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants
Polymer Ethylene/propylene copolymer (50 wt%) Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 18 wt% vinyl acetate 25 wt% vinyl acetate 28 wt% vinyl acetate 40 wt% vinyl acetate Polyamide-6 Polyamide-11 Polyamide-66 cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Polybutadiene, 8% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 24% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 40% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 50% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 87% 1,2-content Poly(1-butene), isotactic Poly(butyl methacrylate) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Poly(ε-caprolactone) Polycarbonate-bisphenol-A Polycarbonate-bisphenol-chloral Polycarbonate-hexafluorobisphenol-A Polycarbonate-tetramethylbisphenol-A Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 1000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 4000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 6000 Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly(ether ether ketone) Poly(ethyl acrylate) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Polyethylene, high density Polyethylene, linear Polyethylene, linear, high MW Polyethylene, branched Polyethylene, low density Polyethylene, low density, type A Polyethylene, low density, type B Polyethylene, low density, type C Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(4-hexylstyrene) Polyisobutylene Polyisoprene, 8% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 14% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 41% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 56% 3,4-content Poly(methyl acrylate)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
T/K
P/MPa
Ref.
EP50
413-523
0.1-63
4
EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA
385-491 367-506 367-508 348-508 509-569 478-542 519-571 277-328 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 406-519 307-473 508-576 373-421 424-613 428-557 432-553 491-563 396-471 473-593 298-343 304-420 298-418 291-423 333-413 619-671 310-490 386-434 413-476 415-473 410-473 398-471 394-448 385-498 385-498 385-498 361-497 547-615 303-403 326-383 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 310-493
0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-284 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-160 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1- 68 0.1-196 30-100 0.1-100 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196
4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 4
Symbol
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants
Polymer Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly(o-methylstyrene) Polyoxymethylene Phenoxya Polysulfoneb Polyarylatec Polypropylene, atactic Polypropylene, isotactic Polystyrene Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2.7 wt% acrylonitrile 5.7 wt% acrylonitrile 15.3 wt% acrylonitrile 18.0 wt% acrylonitrile 40 wt% acrylonitrile 70 wt% acrylonitrile Styrene/butadiene copolymer 10 wt% styrene 23.5 wt% styrene 60 wt% styrene 85 wt% styrene Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer 20 wt% methyl methacrylate 60 wt% methyl methacrylate N-Vinylcarbazole/4-ethylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% ethylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-hexylstyrene copolymer 80 mol% hexylstyrene 67 mol% hexylstyrene 60 mol% hexylstyrene 50 mol% hexylstyrene 40 mol% hexylstyrene 33 mol% hexylstyrene 20 mol% hexylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-octylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% octylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-pentylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% pentylstyrene aPhenoxy
Symbol
T/K
P/MPa
PMMA P4MP PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF
387-432 514-592 473-533 412-471 463-493 341-573 475-644 450-583 353-393 443-570 388-469 603-645 335-439 308-373 373-423 303-471 451-521
0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-170 0.1-180 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1- 39 0.1- 78 0.1- 80 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200
4 4 7 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70
378-539 370-540 405-531 377-528 373-543 373-544
0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200
4 4 4 4 4 4
SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85
393-533 393-533 393-533 393-533
0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196
8 8 8 8
SMMA20 SMMA60
383-543 383-543
0.1-200 0.1-200
4 4
VCES50
393-443
30-100
9
VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20
313-423 333-423 383-453 373-443 423-493 463-523 473-523
30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
VCOS50
403-453
30-100
9
VCPS50
383-443
30-100
9
= Poly(oxy-2-hydroxytrimethyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) = Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) cPolyarylate = Poly(oxyterephthaloyl/isophthaloyl T/I=50/50)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene bPolysulfone
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Ref.
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts V(0,T)/cm3g-1
Polymer EP50 EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA PMMA P4MP
1.2291 + 5.799·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.964·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.02391 exp(2.173·10-5T1.5) 1.00416 exp(2.244·10-5T1.5) 1.00832 exp(2.241·10-5T1.5) 1.06332 exp(2.288·10-5T1.5) 0.7597 exp[4.701·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9581 exp[6.664·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7657 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.0970 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1004 + 6.718·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.584·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1049 + 6.489·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.099·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1013 + 6.593·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.776·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1037 + 5.955·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.789·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1094 + 6.729·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.470·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1417 exp[6.751·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9341 + 5.5254·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.5803·10-6(T-273.15)2 + 1.5691·10-10(T-273.15)3 0.9640 - 1.017·10-3(T-273.15) + 3.065·10-6(T-273.15)2 0.9049 exp[6.392·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.73565 exp(1.859·10-5T1.5) 0.6737 + 3.634·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.370·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.6111 + 4.898·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.730·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8497 + 5.073·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.832·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8793 + 4.0504·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 - 7.7534·10-10(T-273.15)3 0.78075 exp(2.151·10-5T1.5) 1.0079 exp[9.121·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8343 + 5.991·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.734·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8018 + 7.072·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.635·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8146 + 5.578·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.7216 exp[5.825·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7158 exp[6.690·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8756 exp[7.241·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8614 exp[7.468·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1595 + 8.0394·10-4(T-273.15) 0.9172 exp[7.806·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8992 exp[8.502·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9399 exp[7.341·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1944 + 2.841·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.872·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.1484 exp[6.950·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1524 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1516 exp[6.730·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8766 exp[7.087·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.6883 + 5.90·10-4(T-273.15) 0.8251 + 6.77·10-4T 1.0750 exp[5.651·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1030 + 6.488·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.125·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0943 + 6.293·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.231·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0951 + 6.188·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.629·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0957 + 6.655·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.661·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8365 exp[6.795·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8254 + 2.8383·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.792·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.4075 - 9.095·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.497·10-6(T-273.15)2
PαMS PoMS POM PH
0.89365 + 3.4864·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.0184·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9396 exp[5.306·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7484 exp[6.770·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.76644 exp(1.921·10-5T1.5)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
B(T)/MPa 487.0 exp[-8.103·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.2 exp[-4.537·10-3(T-273.15)] 184.4 exp[-4.734·10-3(T-273.15)] 183.5 exp[-4.457·10-3(T-273.15)] 205.1 exp[-4.989·10-3(T-273.15)] 376.7 exp[-4.660·10-3(T-273.15)] 254.7 exp[-4.178·10-3(T-273.15)] 316.4 exp[-5.040·10-3(T-273.15)] 177.7 exp[-3.593·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.0 exp[-4.606·10-3(T-273.15)] 193.0 exp[-4.519·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.0 exp[-4.437·10-3(T-273.15)] 183.0 exp[-4.425·10-3(T-273.15)] 175.0 exp[-4.538·10-3(T-273.15)] 167.5 exp[-4.533·10-3(T-273.15)] 226.7 exp[-5.344·10-3(T-273.15)] 263.0 exp[-3.444·10-3(T-273.15)] 189.0 exp[-3.931·10-3(T-273.15)] 310.0 exp[-4.078·10-3(T-273.15)] 363.4 exp[-4.921·10-3(T-273.15)] 236.6 exp[-5.156·10-3(T-273.15)] 231.4 exp[-4.242·10-3(T-273.15)] 295.2 exp[-5.220·10-3(T-273.15)] 227.8 exp[-4.290·10-3(T-273.15)] 89.4 exp[-5.701·10-3(T-273.15)] 542.63 exp[-6.69·10-3(T-273.15)] 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] 238.3 exp[-4.171·10-3(T-273.15)] 388.0 exp[-4.124·10-3(T-273.15)] 193.2 exp[-4.839·10-3(T-273.15)] 260.9 exp[-5.356·10-3(T-273.15)] 179.9 exp[-4.739·10-3(T-273.15)] 176.7 exp[-4.661·10-3(T-273.15)] 168.3 exp[-4.292·10-3(T-273.15)] 177.1 exp[-4.699·10-3(T-273.15)] 202.2 exp[-5.243·10-3(T-273.15)] 192.9 exp[-4.701·10-3(T-273.15)] 196.6 exp[-4.601·10-3(T-273.15)] 186.7 exp[-4.391·10-3(T-273.15)] 207.7 exp[-3.947·10-3(T-273.15)] 369.7 exp[-4.150·10-3(T-273.15)] 103.1 exp[-2.417·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.3 exp[-4.329·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.0 exp[-4.541·10-3(T-273.15)] 202.0 exp[-4.653·10-3(T-273.15)] 199.0 exp[-4.622·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.0 exp[-4.644·10-3(T-273.15)] 235.8 exp[-4.493·10-3(T-273.15)] 287.5 exp[-4.146·10-3(T-273.15)] 37.67 + 0.2134(T-273.15)] 7.0445·10-4(T-273.15)2 297.7 exp[-4.074·10-3(T-273.15)] 261.9 exp[-4.114·10-3(T-273.15)] 305.6 exp[-4.326·10-3(T-273.15)] 359.9 exp[-4.378·10-3(T-273.15)]
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts V(0,T)/cm3g-1
Polymer PSF PAr aPP iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70 SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85 SMMA20 SMMA60 VCES50 VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20 VCOS50 VCPS50
0.7644 + 3.419·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.126·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.73381 exp(1.626·10-5T1.5) 1.1841 - 1.091·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.286·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.1606 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9287 exp[5.131·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.3200 + 9.5862·10-4(T-273.15) 1.0043 exp[6.691·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.82496 + 5.820·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.940·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.7196 + 5.581·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.468·10-6(T-273.15)2 0.9585 exp[6.653·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.5790 exp[8.051·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9233 + 3.936·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.685·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9211 + 4.370·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.846·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9044 + 4.207·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.077·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9016 + 4.036·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.206·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8871 + 3.406·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.938·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8528 + 3.616·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.634·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9053 exp(2.437·10-5T1.5) 0.8986 exp(2.317·10-5T1.5) 0.8812 exp(2.031·10-5T1.5) 0.8704 exp(1.846·10-5T1.5) 0.9063 + 3.570·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.532·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8610 + 3.350·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.980·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.6676 + 6.63·10-4T 0.7753 + 6.17·10-4T 0.8028 + 6.50·10-4T 0.8213 + 6.23·10-4T 0.7827 + 5.05·10-4T 0.7805 + 4.92·10-4T 0.7710 + 4.86·10-4T 0.6416 + 5.42·10-4T 0.7081 + 7.40·10-4T 0.7814 + 4.36·10-4T
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
B(T)/MPa 365.9 exp[-3.757·10-3(T-273.15)] 296.9 exp[-3.375·10-3(T-273.15)] 162.1 exp[-6.604·10-3(T-273.15)] 149.1 exp[-4.177·10-3(T-273.15)] 216.9 exp[-3.319·10-3(T-273.15)] 425.2 exp[-9.380·10-3(T-273.15)] 178.6 exp[-4.223·10-3(T-273.15)] 204.9 exp[-4.346·10-3(T-273.15)] 294.2 exp[-5.321·10-3(T-273.15)] 215.8 exp[-4.588·10-3(T-273.15)] 244.0 exp[-5.210·10-3(T-273.15)] 239.8 exp[-4.376·10-3(T-273.15)] 226.9 exp[-4.286·10-3(T-273.15)] 238.4 exp[-3.943·10-3(T-273.15)] 240.4 exp[-3.858·10-3(T -273.15)] 289.3 exp[-4.431·10-3(T-273.15)] 335.4 exp[-3.923·10-3(T-273.15)] 530.3 exp[-3.99·10-3(T-273.15)] 551.6 exp[-4.17·10-3(T-273.15)] 486.0 exp[-4.34·10-3(T-273.15)] 356.7 exp[-4.24·10-3(T-273.15)] 232.0 exp[-4.143·10-3(T-273.15)] 261.0 exp[-4.611·10-3(T-273.15)] 5281.7 exp[-9.264·10-3(T-273.15)] 247.6 exp[-2.604·10-3(T-273.15)] 581.7 exp[-4.553·10-3(T-273.15)] 229.1 exp[-2.133·10-3(T-273.15)] 136.0 exp[-1.083·10-3(T-273.15)] 155.0 exp[-1.605·10-3(T-273.15)] 460.4 exp[-3.453·10-3(T-273.15)] 489.8 exp[-3.193·10-3(T-273.15)] 666.5 exp[-4.503·10-3(T-273.15)] 880.1 exp[-4.393·10-3(T-273.15)]
ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS Victor Abalakin The constants in this table are based primarilarly on the set of constants adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Updates have been made when new data were available. All values are given in SI Units; thus masses are expressed in kilograms and distances in meters. The astronomical unit of time is a time interval of one day (1 d) equal to 86400 s. An interval of 36525 d is one Julian century (1 cy). REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1990. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Defining constants k = 0.01720209895 m3 kg-1 s-2 c = 299792458 m s-1
Gaussian gravitational constant Speed of light Primary constants
τA = 499.004782 s ae = 6378140 m ae = 6378136 m J2 = 0.001082626 GE = 3.986005 × 1014 m3s-2 G = 6.672 × 10-11 m3kg-1s-2 µ = 0.01230002 1/µ = 81.300587
Light-time for unit distance (1 AU) Equatorial radius of earth Equatorial radius of earth (IUGG value) Dynamical form-factor for earth Geocentric gravitational constant Constant of gravitation Ratio of mass of moon to that of earth General precession in longitude, per Julian century, at standard epoch J2000 Obliquity of the ecliptic at standard epoch J2000
ρ = 5029″.0966 ε = 23°26′21″.448
Derived constants Constant of nutation at standard epoch J2000 Unit distance (AU = cτA) Solar parallax (π0 = arcsin(ae/AU)) Constant of aberration for standard epoch J2000 Flattening factor for the earth Heliocentric gravitational constant (GS = A3k2/D2) Ratio of mass of sun to that of the earth (S/E) = (GS)/(GE)) Ratio of mass of sun to that of earth + moon Mass of the sun (S = (GS)/G)
N = 9″.2025 AU = 1.49597870 × 1011 m π0 = 8″.794148 κ = 20″.49552 f = 1/298.257 = 0.00335281 GS = 1.32712438 × 1020 m3 s-2 S/E = 332946.0 (S/E)/(1 + µ) = 328900.5 S = 1.9891 × 1030 kg
Ratios of mass of sun to masses of the planets Mercury Venus Earth + moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
6023600 408523.5 328900.5 3098710 1047.355 3498.5 22869 19314 3000000
14-1
PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The following tables give various properties of the planets and characteristics of their orbits in the solar system. Certain properties of the sun and of the earth’s moon are also included. Explanations of the column headings: • • • •
Den.: mean density in g/cm3 Radius: radius at the equator in km Flattening: degree of oblateness, defined as (re-rp )/re , where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively Potential coefficients: coefficients in the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential U by the equation U(r,φ) = (GM/r) [1 – Σ Jn(a/r)n Pn(sin φ)]
• • • • • • • • • •
where G is the gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the planet, a the radius of the planet, M the mass, φ the latitude, and Pn the Legendre polynomial of degree n. Gravity: acceleration due to gravity at the surface Escape velocity: velocity needed at the surface of the planet to escape the gravitational pull Dist. to sun: semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit (1 AU = 1.496 × 108 km) ε: eccentricity of the orbit Ecliptic angle: angle between the planetary orbit and the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun Inclin.: angle between the equatorial plane and the plane of the planetary orbit Rot. period: period of rotation of the planet measured in earth days Albedo: ratio of the light reflected from the planet to the light incident on it Tsur: mean temperature at the surface Psur: pressure of the atmosphere at the surface The following general information on the solar system is of interest:
Mass of the earth = Me = 5.9742 × 1024 kg Total mass of planetary system = 2.669 × 1027 kg = 447 Me Total angular momentum of planetary system = 3.148 × 1043 kg m2/s Total kinetic energy of the planets = 1.99 × 1035 J Total rotational energy of planets = 0.7 × 1035 J Properties of the sun: Mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kg = 332946.0 Me Radius = 6.9599 × 108 m Surface area = 6.087 × 1018 m2 Volume = 1.412 × 1027 m3 Mean density = 1.409 g/cm3 Gravity at surface = 27398 cm/s2 Escape velocity at surface = 6.177 × 105 m/s Effective temperature = 5780 K Total radiant power emitted (luminosity) = 3.86 × 1026 W Surface flux of radiant energy = 6.340 × 107 W/m2 Flux of radiant energy at the earth (Solar Constant) = 1373 W/m2 REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Third Edition, Athlone Press, London, 1977.
14-2
PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (continued) Mass 1024 kg
Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
0.33022 4.8690 5.9742 0.073483 0.64191 1898.8 568.50 86.625 102.78 0.015
Den. g/cm3
Radius km
5.43 5.24 5.515 3.34 3.94 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76 1.1
2439.7 6051.9 6378.140 1738 3397 71492 60268 25559 24764 1151
Dist. to sun AU
Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
ε
Ecliptic angle
0.38710 0.72333 1.00000
0.2056 0.0068 0.0167
7.00° 3.39°
1.52369 5.20283 9.53876 19.19139 30.06107 39.52940
0.0933 0.048 0.056 0.046 0.010 0.248
1.85° 1.31° 2.49° 0.77° 1.77° 17.15°
Flattening
103 J2
0 0 0.00335364 0 0.00647630 0.0648744 0.0979624 0.0229273 0.0171 0
0.027 1.08263 0.2027 1.964 14.75 16.45 12 4
Potential coeffients 106 J3
-2.54
Albedo
0° 177.3° 23.45° 6.68° 25.19° 3.12° 26.73° 97.86° 29.56° 118°
58.6462 -243.01 0.99726968 27.321661 1.02595675 0.41354 0.4375 -0.65 0.768 -6.3867
0.106 0.65 0.367 0.12 0.150 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.3
Psur bar
CO2
N2
O2
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
440 730 288 218 129 97 58 56 50
2 × 10-15 90 1 0.007
96.4% 0.03% 95.32%
3.4% 78.08% 2.7%
69 ppm 20.95% 0.13%
Atmospheric composition H2O H2 2%
14-3
4.25 10.4 11.2 2.37 5.02 59.6 35.5 21.3 23.3 1.1
No. of satellites 0 0 1 2 16 18 15 8 1
Ar
Ne
CO
4 ppm 0.93% 1.6%
18 ppm 3 ppm
20 ppm 1 ppm 0.07%
98%
0.1% 0 to 3% 0.03% 86.1% 92.4% 89% 89%
1 × 10-5
He
Escape vel. km/s
370 887 980 162 371 2312 896 777 1100 72
36 -580 -1000
Rot. period d
Tsur K
Gravity cm/s2
-1.61
Inclin.
Planet
106 J4
13.8% 7.4% 11% 11%
SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS This table gives characteristics of the known satellites of the planets. The parameters covered are: • • • • • • • •
Orbital period in units of earth days. An R following the value indicates a retrograde motion. Distance from the planet, as measured by the semi-major axis of the orbit. Eccentricity of the orbit. Inclination of the satellite orbit with respect to the equator of the planet. Mass of the satellite relative to the planet. Radius of the satellite in km. Mean density of the satellite. Geometric albedo, which is a measure of the fraction of incident sunlight reflected by the satellite. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Burns, J. A., and Matthews, M. S., Eds., Satellites, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986.
Planet
14-4
Earth Mars Jupiter
Saturn
Satellite
I II I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Moon Phobos Deimos Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Amalthea Himalia Elara Pasiphae Sinope Lysithea Carme Ananke Leda Thebe Adrastea Metis Mimas Enceladus Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Phoebe
Orb. Period d
Distance 103 km
27.321661 0.31891023 1.2624407 1.769137786 3.551181041 7.15455296 16.6890184 0.49817905 250.5662 259.6528 735 R 758 R 259.22 692 R 631 R 238.72 0.6745 0.29826 0.294780 0.942421813 1.370217855 1.887802160 2.736914742 4.517500436 15.94542068 21.2766088 79.3301825 550.48 R
384.400 9.378 23.459 422 671 1070 1883 181 11480 11737 23500 23700 11720 22600 21200 11094 222 129 128 185.52 238.02 294.66 377.40 527.04 1221.83 1481.1 3561.3 12952
Eccentricity 0.054900489 0.015 0.0005 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.15798 0.20719 0.378 0.275 0.107 0.20678 0.16870 0.14762 0.015
0.0202 0.00452 0.00000 0.002230 0.00100 0.029192 0.104 0.02828 0.16326
Inclination 18.28-28.58° 1.0° 0.9-2.7° 0.04° 0.47° 0.21° 0.51° 0.40° 27.63° 24.77° 145° 153° 29.02° 164° 147° 26.07° 0.8°
1.53° 1.86° 1.86° 0.02° 0.35° 0.33° 0.43° 14.72° 177°
Rel. mass 0.01230002 1.5 × 10-8 3 × 10-9 4.68 × 10-5 2.52 × 10-5 7.80 × 10-5 5.66 × 10-5 3.8 × 10-9 5.0 × 10-9 4 × 10-10 1 × 10-10 0.4 × 10-10 0.4 × 10-10 0.5 × 10-10 0.2 × 10-10 0.03 × 10-10 4 × 10-10 0.1 × 10-10 0.5 × 10-10 8.0 × 10-8 1.3 × 10-7 1.3 × 10-6 1.85 × 10-6 4.4 × 10-6 2.38 × 10-4 3 × 10-8 3.3 × 10-6 7 × 10-10
Radius km 1738 13.5 × 10.8 × 9.4 7.5 × 6.1 × 5.5 1815 1569 2631 2400 135 × 83 × 75 93 38 25 18 18 20 15 8 55 × 45 12.5 × 10 × 7.5 20 196 250 530 560 765 2575 205 × 130 × 110 730 110
Den. g/cm3 3.34 <2 <2 3.55 3.04 1.93 1.83
1.44 1.13 1.20 1.41 1.33 1.88 1.15
Albedo 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.61 0.64 0.42 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.03
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.21 0.3 0.2 0.06
SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS (continued) Planet
Uranus
14-5 Neptune
Pluto
Satellite X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV I II III IV V VI VII VIII I
Janus Epimetheus Helene Telesto Calypso Atlas Prometheus Pandora Pan Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Miranda Cordelia Ophelia Bianca Cressida Desdemona Juliet Portia Rosalind Belinda Puck Triton Nereid Naiad Thalassa Despina Galatea Larissa Proteus Charon
Orb. Period d
Distance 103 km
0.6945 0.6942 2.7369 1.8878 1.8878 0.6019 0.6130 0.6285 0.5750 2.52037935 4.1441772 8.7058717 13.4632389 1.41347925 0.335033 0.376409 0.434577 0.463570 0.473651 0.493066 0.513196 0.558459 0.623525 0.761832 5.8768541 R 360.13619 0.294396 0.311485 0.334655 0.428745 0.554654 1.122315 6.38725
151.472 151.422 377.40 294.66 294.66 137.670 139.353 141.700 133.583 191.02 266.30 435.91 583.52 129.39 49.77 53.79 59.17 61.78 62.68 64.35 66.09 69.94 75.26 86.01 354.76 5513.4 117.6 73.6 52.6 62.0 50.0 48.2 19.6
Eccentricity
Inclination
0.007 0.009 0.005
0.14° 0.34° 0.0°
0.000 0.003 0.004
0.3° 0.0° 0.0°
0.0034 0.0050 0.0022 0.0008 0.0027 <0.001 0.010 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.000016 0.7512 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0014 <0.001 <0.001
0.3° 0.36° 0.14° 0.10° 4.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.2° 0.0° 0.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.3° 0.0° 0.31° 157.345° 27.6° 4.74° 0.21° 0.07° 0.05° 0.20° 0.55° 99°
Rel. mass
1.56 × 10-5 1.35 × 10-5 4.06 × 10-5 3.47 × 10-5 0.08 × 10-5
2.09 × 10-4 2 × 10-7
0.22
Radius km 110 × 100 × 80 70 × 60 × 50 18 × 16 × 15 17 × 14 × 13 17 × 11 × 11 20 × 10 70 × 50 × 40 55 × 45 × 35 10 579 586 790 762 240 13 15 21 31 27 42 54 27 33 77 1353 170 29 40 74 79 104 × 89 218 × 208 × 201 593
Den. g/cm3
1.55 1.58 1.69 1.64 1.25
2.05
Albedo 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.34 0.18 0.27 0.24 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.7 0.4 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.5
MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH This table is a collection of data on various properties of the Earth. Most of the values are given in SI units. Note that 1 AU (astronomical unit) = 149,597,870 km. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
Mass Major orbital semi-axis
M aorb
Distance from sun at perihelion Distance from sun at aphelion Moment of perihelion passage Moment of aphelion passage Siderial rotation period around sun
rπ rα Tπ Tα Porb
Mean rotational velocity Mean equatorial radius Mean polar compression (flattening factor) Difference in equatorial and polar semi-axes Compression of meridian of major equatorial axis Compression of meridian of minor equatorial axis Equatorial compression Difference in equatorial semi-axes Difference in polar semi-axes Polar asymmetry Mean acceleration of gravity at equator Mean acceleration of gravity at poles Difference in acceleration of gravity at pole and at equator Mean acceleration of gravity for entire surface of terrestrial ellipsoid Mean radius Area of surface Volume Mean density Siderial rotational period Rotational angular velocity Mean equatorial rotational velocity Rotational angular momentum Rotational energy Ratio of centrifugal force to force of gravity at equator Moment of inertia Relative braking of earth’s rotation due to tidal friction Relative secular acceleration of earth’s rotation Not secular braking of earth’s rotation Probable value of total energy of tectonic deformation of earth Secular loss of heat of earth through radiation into space Portion of earth’s kinetic energy transformed into heat as a result of lunar and solar tides in the hydrosphere
Uorb a α a–c αa αb ε a–b cN – cS η ge gp
5.9742·1027 1.000000 1.4959787·108 0.9833 1.0167 Jan. 2, 4 h 52 min July 4, 5 h 05 min 31.5581·106 365.25636 29.78 6378.140 1/298.257 21.385 1/295.2 1/298.0 1/30 000 213 ∼70 ~1.10–5 9.78036 9.83208
gp – ge
5.172
cm/s2
g R S V ρ P ω v L E
9.7978 6371.0 5.10·108 1.0832·1012 5.515 86,164.09 7.292116·10–5 0.46512 5.861·1033 2.137·1029
m/s2 km km2 km3 g/cm3 s rad/s km/s Js J
qc I
0.0034677 = 1/288 8.070·1037
kg m2
∆ωe/ω
–4.2·10–8
century–1
∆ωi/ω ∆ω/ω
+1.4·10–8 –2.8·10–8
century–1 century–1
Et
∼1·1023
J/century
∆′Ek
1·1023
J/century
∆″Ek
1.3·1023
J/century
14-6
g AU km AU AU
s d km/s km km
m m m/s2 m/s2
MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH (continued) Quantity Differences in duration of days in March and August Corresponding relative annual variation in earth’s rotational velocity Presumed variation in earth’s radius between August and March Annual variation in level of world ocean Area of continents
Symbol
Value
Unit
∆P
0.0025 (March-August)
∆*ω/ω
2.9·10–8 (Aug.-March)
∆*R ∆ho SC
cm cm km2 % of surface km2 % of surface m m
s
Area of world ocean
So
Mean height of continents above sea level Mean depth of world ocean Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the continents Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the ocean Mean rate of thickening of continental lithosphere Mean rate of horizontal extension of continental lithosphere Mass of crust Mass of mantle Amount of water released from the mantle and core in the course of geological time Total reserve of water in the mantle Present content of free and bound water in the earth’s lithosphere Mass of hydrosphere Amount of oxygen bound in the earth’s crust Amount of free oxygen Mass of atmosphere Mass of biosphere Mass of living matter in the biosphere Density of living matter on dry land Density of living matter in ocean Age of the earth Age of oldest rocks Age of most ancient fossils
hC ho
–9.2 (Aug.-March) ∼10 (Sept.-March) 1.49·108 29.2 3.61·108 70.8 875 3794
hc.l.
35
km
ho.l.
4.7
km
∆h/∆t
10 - 40
m/106 y
∆l/∆t ml
0.75 - 20 2.36·1022 4.05·1024
km/106 y kg kg
3.40·1021 2·1023
kg kg
2.4·1021 1.664·1021 1.300·1021 1.5·1018 5.136·1018 1.148·1016 3.6·1014 0.1 15·10–8 4.55·109 4.0·109 3.4·109
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg g/cm2 g/cm3 y y y
mh
ma mb
14-7
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Period or Epoch
Beginning and end, in 106 years
Key events
Cenozoic era Quaternian Contemporary Pleistocene Tertiary Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene
0–10,000 y ± 2,000 y 10,000–1,000,000 y ± 50,000 y
Homo Erectus breakout
1.8–5.3 5–25 25–37 37–55 55–67
Ape man fossils Origin of grass Rise of cats, dogs, pigs Debut of hoofed mammals Earliest primates Mesozoic era
Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic
67–138 138–208 208–245
Demise of dinosaurs First birds Appearance of dinosaurs Paleozoic era
Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian
245–290 290–360 360–410 410–435 435–520 520–570
Flowers, insect pollination First conifers First vertebrates ashore Spore-bearing plants First animals ashore Vertebrates appear Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian III (Proterozoic) Pre-Cambrian II (Archean) Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean)
570–2500 2500–3800 3800–4450
First plants, jellyfish Photosynthetic bacteria Earth formed 4600 million years ago
Reference: Calder, N., Timescale - An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking Press, New York, 1983.
14-8
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY The acceleration due to gravity is tabulated here as a function of latitude and height above the earth’s surface. Values were calculated from the expression g/(m/s2) = 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin2 φ –0.0000059 sin2 2 φ) –0.003086 H where φ is the latitude and H is the height in kilometers. REFERENCE Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 4th ed., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985, p. 14-17. φ
H=0
H = 1 km
H = 5 km
H = 10 km
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
9.78036 9.78075 9.78191 9.78381 9.78638 9.78956 9.79324 9.79732 9.80167 9.80616 9.81065 9.81501 9.81911 9.82281 9.82601 9.82860 9.83051 9.83168 9.83208
9.77727 9.77766 9.77882 9.78072 9.78330 9.78647 9.79016 9.79424 9.79858 9.80307 9.80757 9.81193 9.81602 9.81972 9.82292 9.82551 9.82743 9.82860 9.82899
9.76493 9.76532 9.76648 9.76838 9.77095 9.77413 9.77781 9.78189 9.78624 9.79073 9.79522 9.79958 9.80368 9.80738 9.81058 9.81317 9.81508 9.81625 9.81665
9.74950 9.74989 9.75105 9.75295 9.75552 9.75870 9.76238 9.76646 9.77081 9.77530 9.77979 9.78415 9.78825 9.79195 9.79515 9.79774 9.79965 9.80082 9.80122
14-9
DENSITY, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH WITHIN THE EARTH This table gives the density ρ, pressure p, and acceleration due to gravity g as a function of depth below the earth‘s surface, as calculated from the model of the structure of the earth in Reference 1. The model assumes a radius of 6371 km for the earth. The boundary between the crust and mantle (the Mohorovicic discontinuity) is taken as 21 km, while in reality it varies considerable with location. REFERENCES 1. 2.
Anderson, D. L., and Hart, R. S., J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1461, 1976. Carmichael, R. S., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, p.467, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
Depth km
ρ g/cm3
p kbar
g cm/s2
Depth km
Crust 0 3 3 21
1.02 1.02 2.80 2.80
0 3 3 5
1771 2071 2371 2671 2886
981 982 982 983
ρ g/cm3 4.96 5.12 5.31 5.45 5.53
p kbar 752 903 1061 1227 1352
g cm/s2 994 1002 1017 1042 1069
Outer core (liquid) Mantle (solid) 21 41 61 81 101 121 171 221 271 321 371 571 871 1171 1471
3.49 3.51 3.52 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.37 3.47 3.59 3.95 4.54 4.67 4.81
5 12 19 26 33 39 56 73 89 106 124 199 328 466 607
2886 2971 3371 3671 4071 4471 4871 5156
983 983 984 984 984 985 987 989 991 993 994 999 997 992 991
9.96 10.09 10.63 11.00 11.36 11.69 11.99 12.12
1352 1442 1858 2154 2520 2844 3116 3281
1069 1050 953 874 760 641 517 427
Inner core (solid) 5156 5371 5771 6071 6371
14-10
12.30 12.48 12.52 12.53 12.58
3281 3385 3529 3592 3617
427 355 218 122 0
OCEAN PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND LATITUDE The following table is based upon an ocean model which takes into account the equation of state of standard seawater and the dependence on latitude of the acceleration of gravity. The tabulated pressure value is the excess pressure over the ambient atmospheric pressure at the surface. REFERENCES 1. International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 40, Unesco, Paris, 1987. 2. Saunders, P.M., and Fofonoff, N.P., Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109-111, 1976. Pressure in MPa at the Specified Latitude Depth (meters) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000
0° 0.0000 5.0338 10.0796 15.1376 20.2076 25.2895 30.3831 35.4886 40.6056 45.7342 50.8742 56.0255 61.1882 66.3619 71.5467 76.7426 81.9493 87.1669 92.3950 97.6346 102.8800
15° 0.0000 5.0355 10.0832 15.1431 20.2148 25.2985 30.3940 35.5012 40.6201 45.7505 50.8924 56.0456 61.2100 66.3857 71.5724 76.7701 81.9788 87.1983 92.4284 97.6698 102.9170
30° 0.0000 5.0404 10.0930 15.1577 20.2344 25.3231 30.4236 35.5358 40.6598 45.7952 50.9421 56.1004 61.2700 66.4508 71.6427 76.8456 82.0594 87.2841 92.5194 97.7661 103.0185
45° 0.0000 5.0471 10.1064 15.1778 20.2613 25.3568 30.4641 35.5832 40.7140 45.8564 51.0102 56.1755 61.3521 66.5399 71.7388 76.9488 82.1697 87.4016 92.6440 97.8978 103.1572
14-11
60° 0.0000 5.0537 10.1198 15.1980 20.2882 25.3905 30.5047 35.6307 40.7683 45.9176 51.0785 56.2508 61.4344 66.6292 71.8352 77.0523 82.2804 87.5193 92.7689 98.0300 103.2961
75° 0.0000 5.0586 10.1296 15.2127 20.3080 25.4153 30.5345 35.6654 40.8082 45.9626 51.1285 56.3059 61.4947 66.6947 71.9059 77.1282 82.3614 87.6057 92.8606 98.1269 103.3981
90° 0.0000 5.0605 10.1333 15.2182 20.3153 25.4244 30.5453 35.6782 40.8229 45.9791 51.1469 56.3262 61.5168 66.7187 71.9318 77.1560 82.3911 87.6373 92.8941 98.1624 103.4355
PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of the dissolved constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is: S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2 , where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are: a0 = 0.080 a1 = -0.1692 a2 = 25.3851
Σ ai = 35.0000
a3 = 14.0941 a4 = -7.0261 a5 = 2.7081
Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly (S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36. The freezing point of seawater at normal atmospheric pressure varies with salinity as follows: S tf /°C
0 0.000
5 -0.274
10 -0.542
15 -0.812
20 -1.083
25 -1.358
30 -1.636
35 -1.922
40 -2.212
The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second gives electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the third lists typical concentrations of the main constituents of seawater as a function of salinity. REFERENCES 1. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables. 2. Kennish, M.J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-5, 50, 1981. Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S=35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure (100 kPa) ρ = density in g/cm3 β = (1/ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity α = (1/ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature (°C-1) κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP) cp = specific heat in J/kg v = speed of sound in m/s
t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ρ/g cm–3 1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934
107⋅β 7854 7717 7606 7516 7444 7385 7338 7300 7270
107⋅α/°C–1 526 1136 1668 2141 2572 2970 3341 3687 4004
κ/S cm–1 0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373
14-12
η/mPa s
cp/J kg–1 °C–1
1.892 1.610 1.388 1.221 1.085 0.966 0.871
3986.5
1449.1
3986.3
1489.8
3993.9
1521.5
4000.7
1545.6
4003.5
1563.2
v/m s–1
PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER (continued) Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C
S=5
S = 10
S = 15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.004808 0.005570 0.006370 0.007204 0.008068 0.008960 0.009877
0.009171 0.010616 0.012131 0.013709 0.015346 0.017035 0.018771
0.013357 0.015441 0.017627 0.019905 0.022267 0.024703 0.027204
S = 20 0.017421 0.020118 0.022947 0.025894 0.028948 0.032097 0.035330
S = 25
S = 30
S = 35
S = 40
0.021385 0.024674 0.028123 0.031716 0.035438 0.039276 0.043213
0.025257 0.029120 0.033171 0.037391 0.041762 0.046267 0.050888
0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373
0.032775 0.037734 0.042935 0.048355 0.053968 0.059751 0.065683
Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities Concentration of major constituents expressed as molality (moles per kilogram of H2O) Constituent
S = 30
S = 35
ClBrFSO42HCO3NaSO4KSO4Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr+ MgHCO3+ MgSO4 CaSO4 NaHCO3 H3BO3 Ionic strength (mol/kg)
0.482 0.00074
0.562 0.00087 0.00007 0.0114 0.00143 0.0108 0.00012 0.472 0.01039 0.0483 0.00143 0.00009 0.00036 0.00561 0.00115 0.00020 0.00037 0.6675
0.0104 0.00131 0.0085 0.00010 0.405 0.00892 0.0413 0.00131 0.00008 0.00028 0.00498 0.00102 0.00015 0.00032 0.5736
14-13
S = 40 0.650 0.00100 0.0122 0.00100 0.0139 0.00015 0.544 0.01200 0.0561 0.00154 0.00011 0.00045 0.00614 0.00126 0.00024 0.00042 0.7701
ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA This table gives the estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (in mg/kg, equivalent to parts per million by mass) and in seawater near the surface (in mg/L). Values represent the median of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude. REFERENCES 1. Carmichael, R. S., Ed., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Bodek,I., et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 3. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A.,“Earth’s Crust Geochemistry”, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Fairbridge, R. W.,Ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1969.
Element Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu F Fe Ga Gd Ge H He Hf Hg Ho I In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo
Abundance Crust mg/kg 5.5 × 10-10 7.5 × 10-2 8.23 × 104 3.5 1.8 4 × 10-3 1.0 × 101 4.25 × 102 2.8 8.5 × 10-3 2.4 2.00 × 102 4.15 × 104 1.5 × 10-1 6.65 × 101 1.45 × 102 2.5 × 101 1.02 × 102 3 6.0 × 101 5.2 3.5 2.0 5.85 × 102 5.63 × 104 1.9 × 101 6.2 1.5 1.40 × 103 8 × 10-3 3.0 8.5 × 10-2 1.3 4.5 × 10-1 2.5 × 10-1 1 × 10-3 2.09 × 104 1 × 10-4 3.9 × 101 2.0 × 101 8 × 10-1 2.33 × 104 9.50 × 102 1.2
Sea mg/L
Element N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O Os P Pa Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
4× 2 × 10-3 4.5 × 10-1 3.7 × 10-3 4 × 10-6 4.44 1.3 × 10-2 5.6 × 10-6 2 × 10-5 6.73 × 101 2.8 × 101 4.12 × 102 1.1 × 10-4 1.2 × 10-6 1.94 × 104 2 × 10-5 3 × 10-4 3 × 10-4 2.5 × 10-4 9.1 × 10-7 8.7 × 10-7 1.3 × 10-7 1.3 2 × 10-3 3 × 10-5 7 × 10-7 5 × 10-5 1.08 × 105 7 × 10-6 7 × 10-6 3 × 10-5 2.2 × 10-7 6 × 10-2 2 × 10-2 10-5
3.99 × 102 2.1 × 10-4 3.4 × 10-6 1.8 × 10-1 1.5 × 10-7 1.29 × 103 2 × 10-4 1 × 10-2
14-14
Abundance Crust mg/kg 1.9 × 101 2.36 × 104 2.0 × 101 4.15 × 101 5 × 10-3 8.4 × 101 4.61 × 105 1.5 × 10-3 1.05 × 103 1.4 × 10-6 1.4 × 101 1.5 × 10-2 2 × 10-10 9.2 5 × 10-3 9 × 10-7 9.0 × 101 7 × 10-4 1 × 10-3 4 × 10-13 1 × 10-3 3.50 × 102 2 × 10-1 2.2 × 101 5 × 10-2 2.82 × 105 7.05 2.3 3.70 × 102 2.0 1.2 1 × 10-3 9.6 5.65 × 103 8.5 × 10-1 5.2 × 10-1 2.7 1.20 × 102 1.25 3 × 10-5 3.3 × 101 3.2 7.0 × 101 1.65 × 102
Sea mg/L 5 × 10-1 1.08 × 104 1 × 10-5 2.8 × 10-6 1.2 × 10-4 5.6 × 10-4 8.57 × 105 6 × 10-2 5 × 10-11 3 × 10-5 1.5 × 10-14 6.4 × 10-7 8.9 × 10-11 1.2 × 10-1 4 × 10-6 6 × 10-16 7 × 10-7 9.05 × 102 2.4 × 10-4 6 × 10-7 2 × 10-4 2.2 4.5 × 10-7 4 × 10-6 7.9 2 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-7 1 × 10-6 1 × 10-3 1.9 × 10-5 1.7 × 10-7 3.2 × 10-3 2.5 × 10-3 1 × 10-4 5 × 10-5 1.3 × 10-5 8.2 × 10-7 4.9 × 10-3 3 × 10-5
SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE The solar luminosity (total radiant power emitted) is 3.86⋅1026 W, of which 1373 W/m2 reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere. To a zeroth approximation the sun can be considered a black body with an effective temperature of 5780 K, which implies a peak in the radiation at around 0.520 µm (5200 Å). The actual solar spectral emission is more complex, especially at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths. The graph below, which was taken from Reference 1, summarizes the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere in the range 0.3 to 10 µm. REFERENCES 1. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 2. Pierce, A.K., and Allen, R.G., “The Solar Spectrum between 0.3 and 10 µm”, in The Solar Output and its Variation, White, O.R., Ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977. 3. Lang, K.R., Astrophysical Data. Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
2000 1800
Irradiance in W m-2 µm-1
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 X10
200 0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
2
Wavelength in µm
14-15
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) A Standard Atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which is roughly representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions. Typical uses are to serve as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, meteorological diagrams, and various types of atmospheric modeling. The air is assumed to be dry and to obey the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic equation which, taken together, relate temperature, pressure, and density with vertical position. The atmosphere is considered to rotate with the earth and to be an average over the diurnal cycle, the semiannual variation, and the range from active to quiet geomagnetic and sunspot conditions. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 is an idealized, steady-state representation of mean annual conditions of the earth’s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45°N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values which have been standard for many decades: Temperature — 288.15 K (15°C) Pressure — 101325 Pa (1013.25 mbar, 760 mm of Hg, or 29.92 in. of Hg) Density — 1225 g/m3 (1.225 g/L) Mean molar mass — 28.964 g/mol The parameters included in this condensed version of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are: Z — Height (geometric) above mean sea level in meters T — Temperature in kelvins P — Pressure in pascals (1 Pa = 0.01 millibars) ρ — Density in kilograms per cubic meter (1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L) n — Number density in molecules per cubic meter ν — Mean collision frequency in collisions per second l — Mean free path in meters η — Absolute viscosity in pascal seconds (1 Pa s = 1000 cP) k — Thermal conductivity in joules per meter second kilogram (W/m K) vs — Speed of sound in meters per second g — Acceleration of gravity in meters per second square The sea-level composition (percent by volume) is taken to be: N2 — 78.084% O2 — 20.9476 Ar — 0.934 CO2 — 0.0314 Ne — 0.001818
He — 0.000524 Kr — 0.000114 Xe — 0.0000087 CH4 — 0.0002 H2 — 0.00005
The T and P columns for the troposphere and lower stratosphere were generated from the following formulas: T/K P/Pa H ≤ 1100 m 288.15 - 0.0065 H 101325(288.15/T)-5.25577 11000 m < H ≤ 20000 m 216.65 22632 e-0.00015768832(H-11000) 20000 m < H ≤ 32000 m 216.65 + 0.0010(H-20000) 5474.87(216.65/T)34.16319 where H = rZ/(r + Z) is the geopotential height in meters and r is the mean earth radius at 45° N latitude, taken as 6356766 m. For altitudes up to 32 km, ρ = 0.003483677(P/T) in the units used here. Formulas for the other quantities may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. COESA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 2. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.
14-16
T/K
P/Pa
-5000 -4500 -4000 -3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000
320.68 317.42 314.17 310.91 307.66 304.41 301.15 297.90 294.65 291.40 288.15 284.90 281.65 278.40 275.15 271.91 268.66 265.41 262.17 258.92 255.68 252.43 249.19 245.94 242.70 239.46 236.22 232.97 229.73 226.49 223.25 220.01 216.77 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65
1.778E+05 1.685E+05 1.596E+05 1.511E+05 1.430E+05 1.352E+05 1.278E+05 1.207E+05 1.139E+05 1.075E+05 1.013E+05 9.546E+04 8.988E+04 8.456E+04 7.950E+04 7.469E+04 7.012E+04 6.579E+04 6.166E+04 5.775E+04 5.405E+04 5.054E+04 4.722E+04 4.408E+04 4.111E+04 3.830E+04 3.565E+04 3.315E+04 3.080E+04 2.858E+04 2.650E+04 2.454E+04 2.270E+04 2.098E+04 1.940E+04 1.793E+04 1.658E+04 1.533E+04 1.417E+04 1.310E+04 1.211E+04 1.035E+04 8.850E+03 7.565E+03 6.467E+03
ρ/kg m-3 1.931 1.849 1.770 1.693 1.619 1.547 1.478 1.411 1.347 1.285 1.225 1.167 1.112 1.058 1.007 0.957 0.909 0.863 0.819 0.777 0.736 0.697 0.660 0.664 0.590 0.557 0.526 0.496 0.467 0.440 0.414 0.389 0.365 0.337 0.312 0.288 0.267 0.246 0.228 0.211 0.195 0.166 0.142 0.122 0.104
n/m-3
ν/s-1
4.015E+25 3.845E+25 3.680E+25 3.520E+25 3.366E+25 3.217E+25 3.102E+25 2.935E+25 2.801E+25 2.672E+25 2.547E+25 2.427E+25 2.311E+25 2.200E+25 2.093E+25 1.990E+25 1.891E+25 1.795E+25 1.704E+25 1.616E+25 1.531E+25 1.450E+25 1.373E+25 1.299E+25 1.227E+25 1.159E+25 1.093E+25 1.031E+25 9.711E+24 9.141E+24 8.598E+24 8.079E+24 7.585E+24 7.016E+24 6.486E+24 5.996E+24 5.543E+24 5.124E+24 4.738E+24 4.380E+24 4.049E+24 3.461E+24 2.959E+24 2.529E+24 2.162E+24
1.151E+10 1.096E+10 1.044E+10 9.933E+09 9.448E+09 8.982E+09 8.623E+09 8.106E+09 7.693E+09 7.298E+09 6.919E+09 6.556E+09 6.208E+09 5.874E+09 5.555E+09 5.250E+09 4.959E+09 4.680E+09 4.414E+09 4.160E+09 3.918E+09 3.687E+09 3.467E+09 3.258E+09 3.058E+09 2.869E+09 2.689E+09 2.518E+09 2.356E+09 2.202E+09 2.056E+09 1.918E+09 1.787E+09 1.653E+09 1.528E+09 1.412E+09 1.306E+09 1.207E+09 1.116E+09 1.032E+09 9.538E+08 8.153E+08 6.969E+08 5.958E+08 5.093E+08
l/m 4.208E-08 4.395E-08 4.592E-08 4.800E-08 5.019E-08 5.252E-08 5.447E-08 5.757E-08 6.032E-08 6.324E-08 6.633E-08 6.961E-08 7.310E-08 7.680E-08 8.073E-08 8.491E-08 8.937E-08 9.411E-08 9.917E-08 1.046E-07 1.103E-07 1.165E-07 1.231E-07 1.302E-07 1.377E-07 1.458E-07 1.545E-07 1.639E-07 1.740E-07 1.848E-07 1.965E-07 2.091E-07 2.227E-07 2.408E-07 2.605E-07 2.818E-07 3.048E-07 3.297E-07 3.566E-07 3.857E-07 4.172E-07 4.881E-07 5.710E-07 6.680E-07 7.814E-07
η/Pa s
k/J m-1s-1K-1
vs/m s-1
g/m s-2
1.942E-05 1.927E-05 1.912E-05 1.897E-05 1.882E-05 1.867E-05 1.852E-05 1.836E-05 1.821E-05 1.805E-05 1.789E-05 1.774E-05 1.758E-05 1.742E-05 1.726E-05 1.710E-05 1.694E-05 1.678E-05 1.661E-05 1.645E-05 1.628E-05 1.612E-05 1.595E-05 1.578E-05 1.561E-05 1.544E-05 1.527E-05 1.510E-05 1.493E-05 1.475E-05 1.458E-05 1.440E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05
0.02788 0.02763 0.02738 0.02713 0.02688 0.02663 0.02638 0.02613 0.02587 0.02562 0.02533 0.02511 0.02485 0.02459 0.02433 0.02407 0.02381 0.02355 0.02329 0.02303 0.02277 0.02250 0.02224 0.02197 0.02170 0.02144 0.02117 0.02090 0.02063 0.02036 0.02009 0.01982 0.01954 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953
359.0 357.2 355.3 353.5 351.6 349.8 347.9 346.0 344.1 342.2 340.3 338.4 336.4 334.5 332.5 330.6 328.6 326.6 324.6 322.6 320.6 318.5 316.5 314.4 312.3 310.2 308.1 306.0 303.9 301.7 299.5 297.4 295.2 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
9.822 9.830 9.819 9.818 9.816 9.814 9.813 9.811 9.810 9.808 9.807 9.805 9.804 9.802 9.801 9.799 9.797 9.796 9.794 9.793 9.791 9.790 9.788 9.787 9.785 9.784 9.782 9.781 9.779 9.777 9.776 9.774 9.773 9.771 9.770 9.768 9.767 9.765 9.764 9.762 9.761 9.758 9.754 9.751 9.748
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)
14-17
Z/m
T/K
P/Pa
ρ/kg m-3
n/m-3
ν/s-1
20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 33000 34000 35000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000 95000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
216.65 217.58 218.57 219.57 220.56 221.55 222.54 223.54 224.53 225.52 226.51 227.50 228.49 230.97 233.74 236.51 239.28 244.82 250.35 255.88 261.40 266.93 270.65 270.65 269.03 263.52 258.02 252.52 247.02 233.29 219.59 208.40 198.64 188.89 186.87 188.42 195.08 240.00 360.00 469.27 559.63 634.39 696.29 747.57 790.07
5.529E+03 4.729E+03 4.048E+03 3.467E+03 2.972E+03 2.549E+03 2.188E+03 1.880E+03 1.610E+03 1.390E+03 1.197E+03 1.031E+03 8.891E+02 7.673E+02 6.634E+02 5.746E+02 4.985E+02 3.771E+02 2.871E+02 2.200E+02 1.695E+02 1.313E+02 1.023E+02 7.978E+01 6.221E+01 4.834E+01 3.736E+01 2.872E+01 2.196E+01 1.093E+01 5.221 2.388 1.052 4.457E-01 1.836E-01 7.597E-02 3.201E-02 7.104E-03 2.538E-03 1.251E-03 7.203E-04 4.542E-04 3.040E-04 2.121E-04 1.527E-04
8.891E-02 7.572E-02 6.451E-02 5.501E-02 4.694E-02 4.008E-02 3.426E-02 2.930E-02 2.508E-02 2.148E-02 1.841E-02 1.579E-02 1.356E-02 1.157E-02 9.887E-03 8.463E-03 7.258E-03 5.367E-03 3.996E-03 2.995E-03 2.259E-03 1.714E-03 1.317E-03 1.027E-03 8.056E-04 6.390E-04 5.045E-04 3.963E-04 3.097E-04 1.632E-04 8.283E-05 3.992E-05 1.846E-05 8.220E-06 3.416E-06 1.393E-06 5.604E-07 9.708E-08 2.222E-08 8.152E-09 3.831E-09 2.076E-09 1.233E-09 7.815E-10 5.194E-10
1.849E+24 1.574E+24 1.341E+24 1.144E+24 9.759E+23 8.334E+23 7.123E+23 6.092E+23 5.214E+23 4.466E+23 3.828E+23 3.283E+23 2.813E+23 2.406E+23 2.056E+23 1.760E+23 1.509E+23 1.116E+23 8.308E+22 6.227E+22 4.697E+22 3.564E+22 2.738E+22 2.135E+22 1.675E+22 1.329E+22 1.049E+22 8.239E+21 6.439E+21 3.393E+21 1.722E+21 8.300E+20 3.838E+20 1.709E+20 7.116E+19 2.920E+19 1.189E+19 2.144E+18 5.107E+17 1.930E+17 9.322E+16 5.186E+16 3.162E+16 2.055E+16 1.400E+16
4.354E+08 3.716E+08 3.173E+08 2.712E+08 2.319E+08 1.985E+08 1.700E+08 1.458E+08 1.250E+08 1.073E+08 9.219E+07 7.925E+07 6.818E+07 5.852E+07 5.030E+07 4.331E+07 3.736E+07 2.794E+07 2.104E+07 1.594E+07 1.215E+07 9.318E+06 7.208E+06 5.620E+06 4.397E+06 3.452E+06 2.696E+06 2.095E+06 1.620E+06 8.294E+05 4.084E+05 1.918E+05 8.656E+04 3.766E+04 1.560E+04 6.440E+03 2.680E+03 5.480E+02 1.630E+02 7.100E+01 3.800E+01 2.300E+01 1.500E+01 1.000E+01 7.200
l/m 9.139E-07 1.073E-06 1.260E-06 1.477E-06 1.731E-06 2.027E-06 2.372E-06 2.773E-06 3.240E-06 3.783E-06 4.414E-06 5.146E-06 5.995E-06 7.021E-06 8.218E-06 9.601E-06 1.120E-05 1.514E-05 2.034E-05 2.713E-05 3.597E-05 4.740E-05 6.171E-05 7.913E-05 1.009E-04 1.272E-04 1.611E-04 2.051E-04 2.624E-04 4.979E-04 9.810E-04 2.035E-03 4.402E-03 9.886E-03 2.370E-02 5.790E-02 1.420E-01 7.880E-01 3.310 8.800 1.800E+01 3.300E+01 5.300E+01 8.200E+01 1.200E+02
η/Pa s
k/J m-1s-1K-1
vs/m s-1
g/m s-2
1.422E-05 1.427E-05 1.432E-05 1.438E-05 1.443E-05 1.448E-05 1.454E-05 1.459E-05 1.465E-05 1.470E-05 1.475E-05 1.481E-05 1.486E-05 1.499E-05 1.514E-05 1.529E-05 1.543E-05 1.572E-05 1.601E-05 1.629E-05 1.657E-05 1.685E-05 1.704E-05 1.703E-05 1.696E-05 1.660E-05 1.640E-05 1.612E-05 1.584E-05 1.512E-05 1.438E-05 1.376E-05 1.321E-05 1.265E-05
0.01953 0.01961 0.01970 0.01978 0.01986 0.01995 0.02003 0.02011 0.02020 0.02028 0.02036 0.02044 0.02053 0.02073 0.02096 0.02119 0.02142 0.02188 0.02233 0.02278 0.02323 0.02376 0.02397 0.02397 0.02384 0.02340 0.02296 0.02251 0.02206 0.02093 0.01978 0.01883 0.01800 0.01716
295.1 295.1 296.4 297.1 297.7 298.4 299.1 299.7 300.4 301.1 301.7 302.4 303.0 304.7 306.5 308.3 310.1 313.7 317.2 320.7 324.1 327.5 329.8 329.8 328.8 325.4 322.0 318.6 315.1 306.2 297.1 289.4 282.5 275.5
9.745 9.742 9.739 9.736 9.733 9.730 9.727 9.724 9.721 9.718 9.715 9.712 9.709 9.706 9.703 9.700 9.697 9.690 9.684 9.678 9.672 9.666 9.660 9.654 9.648 9.642 9.636 9.632 9.624 9.609 9.594 9.579 9.564 9.550 9.535 9.520 9.505 9.476 9.447 9.418 9.389 9.360 9.331 9.302 9.274
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)
14-18
Z/m
Z/m
825.16 854.56 899.01 929.73 950.99 965.75 976.01 983.16 988.15 991.65 994.10 995.83 998.22 999.24 999.67 999.85 999.93 999.97 999.98 999.99 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00
P/Pa
ρ/kg m-3
n/m-3
ν/s-1
1.127E-04 8.474E-05 5.015E-05 3.106E-05 1.989E-05 1.308E-05 8.770E-06 5.980E-06 4.132E-06 2.888E-06 2.038E-06 1.452E-06 6.447E-07 3.024E-07 1.514E-07 8.213E-08 4.887E-08 3.191E-08 2.260E-08 1.704E-08 1.342E-08 1.087E-08 8.982E-09 7.514E-09
3.581E-10 2.541E-10 1.367E-10 7.858E-11 4.742E-11 2.971E-11 1.916E-11 1.264E-11 8.503E-12 5.805E-12 4.013E-12 2.803E-12 1.184E-12 5.215E-13 2.384E-13 1.137E-13 5.712E-14 3.070E-14 1.788E-14 1.136E-14 7.824E-15 5.759E-15 4.453E-15 3.561E-15
9.887E+15 7.182E+15 4.040E+15 2.420E+15 1.515E+15 9.807E+14 6.509E+14 4.405E+14 3.029E+14 2.109E+14 1.485E+14 1.056E+14 4.678E+13 2.192E+13 1.097E+13 5.950E+12 3.540E+12 2.311E+12 1.637E+12 1.234E+12 9.717E+11 7.876E+11 6.505E+11 5.442E+11
5.200 3.900 2.300 1.400 9.300E-01 6.100E-01 4.200E-01 2.900E-01 2.000E-01 1.400E-01 1.000E-01 7.200E-02 3.300E-02 1.600E-02 8.400E-03 4.800E-03 3.100E-03 2.200E-03 1.700E-03 1.400E-03 1.200E-03 1.000E-03 8.700E-04 7.500E-04
l/m 1.700E+02 2.400E+02 4.200E+02 7.000E+02 1.100E+03 1.700E+03 2.600E+03 3.800E+03 5.600E+03 8.000E+03 1.100E+04 1.600E+04 3.600E+04 7.700E+04 1.500E+05 2.800E+05 4.800E+05 7.300E+05 1.000E+06 1.400E+06 1.700E+06 2.100E+06 2.600E+06 3.100E+06
η/Pa s
k/J m-1s-1K-1
vs/m s-1
g/m s-2 9.246 9.218 9.162 9.106 9.051 8.997 8.943 8.889 8.836 8.784 8.732 8.680 8.553 8.429 8.307 8.188 8.072 7.958 7.846 7.737 7.630 7.525 7.422 7.322
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)
14-19
190000 200000 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 360000 380000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000
T/K
14-20 FIGURE 3. Mean molecular weight as a function of geometric altitude. 1000
FIGURE 1. Temperature-height profile for U.S. Standard Atmosphere.
900
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km
800 700 600 500 400 300
O1 O2 N2 Ar H1 He TOTAL
200 100 0 8 10 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 NUMBER DENSITY, m-3
FIGURE 4. Number density of individual species and total number density as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 2. Total pressure and mass density as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 7. Mean air-particle speed as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 5. Collision frequency as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 6. Mean free path as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 8. Dynamic viscosity as a function of geometric altitude.
14-21
90 80
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
FIGURE 11. Molecular-diffusion and eddy-diffusion coefficients as a function of geometric altitude.
0 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, W/(m ⋅ K)
FIGURE 9. Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 12. Acceleration of gravity as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 10. Speed of sound as a function of geometric altitude.
14-22
GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION This table gives the amount of solar radiation reaching a unit area at the top of the earth’s atmosphere per day as a function of latitude and approximate date. It is based upon a solar constant (total energy per unit area at the earth’s average orbital distance) of 1373 W/m2. Absorption of radiation by the atmosphere is not taken into consideration. REFERENCE List, R.J., Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Seventh Edition, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1962.
Daily Solar Radiation in MJ/m2 Lat.
Mar. 21
Apr. 13
May 6
90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90
6.6 13.0 19.0 24.4 29.1 32.9 35.7 37.4 38.0 37.4 35.7 32.9 29.1 24.4 19.0 13.0 6.6
18.0 18.0 22.3 27.0 31.1 34.3 36.7 38.0 38.1 37.1 35.0 31.8 27.8 22.8 17.3 11.4 5.4 0.3
32.8 32.3 31.8 34.4 36.8 38.6 39.4 39.2 37.9 35.5 32.3 28.0 23.1 17.5 11.7 5.9 1.0
Lat.
Sep. 23
Oct. 16
Nov. 8
90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90
6.5 12.9 18.8 24.1 28.7 32.5 35.3 37.0 37.6 37.0 35.3 32.5 28.7 24.1 18.8 12.9 6.5
0.3 5.5 11.6 17.6 23.1 28.2 32.3 35.5 37.6 38.6 38.5 37.2 34.8 31.5 27.3 22.6 18.2 18.2
1.0 6.2 12.1 18.2 23.9 29.1 33.5 36.9 39.4 40.7 40.9 40.1 38.3 35.7 33.0 33.5 34.0
May 29 42.4 41.8 39.9 39.7 40.7 41.3 41.1 39.7 37.4 34.1 30.0 25.2 19.7 14.0 8.2 2.9
Nov. 30
3.1 8.7 14.8 20.9 26.6 31.8 36.1 39.5 42.0 43.3 43.6 43.1 41.9 42.2 44.2 44.8
14-23
Jun. 2
Jul. 15
45.7 45.0 43.0 41.6 42.0 42.1 41.4 39.7 37.1 33.5 29.2 24.1 18.5 12.6 7.0 2.0
42.2 41.6 39.7 39.4 40.5 41.1 40.8 39.5 37.2 34.0 29.9 25.1 19.7 13.9 8.2 2.9
Dec. 22
2.1 7.5 13.5 19.8 25.7 31.1 35.8 39.6 42.4 44.2 45.0 44.8 44.4 45.9 48.1 48.8
Jan. 13
3.1 8.7 14.9 21.0 26.7 31.9 36.3 39.7 42.2 43.5 43.8 43.2 42.1 42.4 44.4 45.1
Aug. 8
Aug. 31
32.5 32.0 31.5 34.0 36.5 38.3 39.1 38.9 37.6 35.2 32.0 27.8 22.8 17.4 11.6 5.9 1.0
17.7 17.7 22.0 26.7 30.8 33.9 36.3 37.5 37.7 36.6 34.6 31.5 27.4 22.6 17.2 11.3 5.3 0.3
Feb. 4
Feb. 26
1.0 6.2 12.3 18.4 24.1 29.3 33.8 37.3 39.7 41.1 41.3 40.5 38.6 36.0 33.3 33.8 34.4
0.3 5.6 11.7 17.8 23.5 28.4 32.7 35.9 38.0 39.1 39.0 37.7 35.2 31.9 27.7 22.9 18.4 18.4
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-1996 The data in this table were taken at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and represent averages adjusted to the 15th of each month. The concentration of CO2 is given in parts per million by volume. Data from other measurement sites may be found in the references.
REFERENCES 1. Keeling, C. D., and Whorf, T. P., Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center WWW site , August 1997. 2. Keeling, C. D., and Whorf, T. P., in Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, p.16, Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J., and Stoss, F. W., Editors, ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1994. Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
N/A 315.42 316.27 316.73 317.78 318.58 319.41 319.27 320.46 322.17 322.40 323.83 324.89 326.01 326.60 328.37 329.18 330.23 331.58 332.75 334.80 336.05 337.84 339.06 340.57 341.20 343.52 344.79 346.11 347.84 350.25 352.60 353.50 354.59 355.88 356.63 358.34 359.98 362.03
N/A 316.31 316.81 317.54 318.40 318.93 N/A 320.28 321.43 322.34 322.99 324.27 325.82 326.51 327.47 329.40 330.55 331.25 332.39 333.24 335.22 336.59 338.19 340.30 341.44 342.35 344.33 345.82 346.78 348.29 351.54 352.92 354.55 355.63 356.63 357.10 358.89 361.03 363.22
315.56 316.50 317.42 318.38 319.53 319.70 N/A 320.73 322.23 322.88 323.73 325.47 326.77 327.02 327.58 330.14 331.32 331.87 333.33 334.53 336.47 337.79 339.91 341.21 342.53 342.93 345.11 347.25 347.68 349.24 352.05 353.53 355.23 357.03 357.72 358.32 359.95 361.66 363.99
317.29 317.56 318.87 319.31 320.42 321.22 N/A 321.97 323.54 324.25 324.86 326.50 327.97 327.62 329.56 331.33 332.48 333.14 334.41 335.90 337.59 338.71 340.60 342.33 343.39 344.77 346.89 348.17 349.37 350.80 353.41 355.26 356.04 358.48 359.07 359.41 361.25 363.48 364.66
317.34 318.13 319.87 320.42 320.85 322.08 322.05 322.00 323.91 324.83 325.40 327.21 327.90 328.76 329.90 332.31 332.92 333.80 334.71 336.57 337.84 339.30 341.29 342.74 343.96 345.58 347.25 348.74 350.03 351.66 354.04 355.52 357.00 359.22 359.58 360.23 361.67 363.82 365.36
N/A 318.00 319.43 319.61 320.45 321.31 321.73 321.71 323.59 323.93 325.20 326.54 327.50 328.40 328.92 331.90 332.08 333.43 334.17 336.10 337.72 339.12 341.00 342.08 343.18 345.14 346.62 348.07 349.37 351.08 353.63 354.97 356.07 358.12 359.17 359.55 360.94 363.30 364.91
315.69 316.39 318.01 318.42 319.45 319.58 320.27 321.05 322.24 322.38 323.98 325.72 326.18 327.20 327.88 330.70 331.01 331.73 332.89 334.76 336.37 337.56 339.39 340.32 341.88 343.81 345.22 346.38 347.76 349.33 352.22 353.75 354.67 356.06 356.94 357.53 359.55 361.93 363.58
314.78 314.65 315.74 316.63 317.25 317.61 318.53 318.71 320.20 320.76 321.95 323.50 324.53 325.27 326.16 329.15 329.23 329.90 330.77 332.59 334.51 335.92 337.43 338.26 339.65 342.21 343.11 344.52 345.73 347.92 350.27 351.52 352.76 353.92 354.92 355.48 357.49 359.49 361.41
313.05 313.68 314.00 314.84 316.11 316.05 316.54 317.66 318.48 319.10 320.18 322.22 322.93 323.20 324.68 327.35 327.27 328.40 329.14 331.42 332.60 333.75 335.72 336.52 337.81 339.69 340.90 342.92 344.68 346.27 348.55 349.64 350.82 352.05 352.94 353.67 355.84 358.08 359.37
N/A 313.18 313.68 315.16 315.27 315.83 316.72 317.14 317.94 319.24 320.09 321.62 322.90 323.40 325.04 327.02 327.21 328.17 328.78 330.98 332.38 333.70 335.84 336.68 337.69 339.82 341.18 342.62 343.99 346.18 348.72 349.83 351.04 352.11 353.23 353.95 356.00 357.77 359.50
313.18 314.66 314.84 315.94 316.53 316.91 317.53 318.70 319.63 320.56 321.16 322.69 323.85 324.63 326.34 327.99 328.29 329.32 330.14 332.24 333.75 335.12 336.93 338.19 339.09 340.98 342.80 344.06 345.48 347.64 349.91 351.14 352.70 353.64 354.09 355.30 357.59 359.57 360.65
314.50 315.43 316.03 316.85 317.53 318.20 318.55 319.25 320.87 321.80 322.74 323.95 324.96 325.85 327.39 328.48 329.41 330.59 331.52 333.68 334.78 336.56 338.04 339.44 340.32 342.82 344.04 345.38 346.72 348.78 351.18 352.37 354.07 354.89 355.33 356.78 359.05 360.69 362.21
N/A 315.83 316.75 317.49 318.30 318.83 N/A 319.87 321.21 322.02 322.89 324.46 325.52 326.16 327.29 329.51 330.08 330.99 331.98 333.73 335.34 336.68 338.52 339.76 340.96 342.61 344.25 345.73 346.97 348.75 351.31 352.75 354.04 355.48 356.29 356.99 358.88 360.90 362.57
14-25
14-26
MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1992 Historical records of atmospheric temperatures have been analyzed to obtain mean temperatures in °C for 23 climatically distinct regions of the United States. The table below gives the average over these 23 regions, which cover completely the contiguous 48 states. Data for the individual regions and for other parts of the world may be found in the references. The data are presented as temperature anomalies, i.e., as deviations (in °C) from the average temperature at each individual recording station over a 1961-1990 reference period. The trend in the temperature anomaly thus gives an indication of the long-term variation in average temperatures. CY Mean: Calendar year mean (January-December) Winter: December-February Spring: March-May Summer: June-August Fall: September-November
REFERENCES 1. Karl, T. R., Easterling, D. R., Knight, R. W., and Hughes, P. Y., in Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, p. 686, Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J., and Stoss, F. W., Editors, ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1994. 2. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, WWW site . Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
CY Mean 0.46 -0.21 -0.14 -0.77 -0.72 -0.45 -0.04 -0.23 -0.11 -0.36 -0.14 0.02 -0.88 -0.23 -0.05 -0.11 -0.77 -1.34 -0.14 -0.16 -0.37 0.87 0.01 -0.10 -1.01 0.20 -0.01 0.20 -0.08 -0.68 -0.12 0.81 -0.14 0.35 0.86 0.12 -0.10 -0.13 0.71 0.38 0.06
Winter
Spring
0.07 -0.69 -0.84 -1.86 -1.86 0.23 1.09 0.73 0.82 -2.08 0.52 -1.50 -0.74 0.48 -0.37 -0.29 -1.93 -2.02 0.69 -0.83 1.56 -0.44 0.23 0.13 -0.44 0.97 1.11 -0.40 -1.94 0.07 1.16 1.75 -0.60 1.45 0.84 -2.23 -0.65 1.31 0.36 0.03
0.21 -0.46 0.48 0.10 -0.39 0.67 -0.69 -0.61 0.36 -1.06 0.95 0.20 -0.75 -0.65 0.04 -0.18 -0.36 -1.75 0.30 0.00 -0.96 0.83 0.15 -1.02 -1.27 0.57 -0.58 0.41 -0.28 0.30 0.09 -0.71 -0.58 -0.08 0.77 0.12 0.48 -0.24 0.98 0.34 -0.10
14-27
Summer 0.27 0.48 -0.58 -0.83 -0.92 -0.32 -0.42 -0.85 -0.64 0.06 -0.55 -0.19 -0.76 -0.07 0.14 -1.16 -0.30 -0.73 0.03 0.12 -0.67 0.52 0.16 -0.07 -0.64 0.05 -0.27 -0.83 -0.43 -0.39 -0.07 0.51 0.26 0.45 0.86 0.31 1.00 0.66 0.39 0.18 0.18
Fall 0.85 -0.28 0.12 -1.02 -0.21 -0.25 -0.10 -0.39 -0.59 0.01 0.13 -0.62 -0.51 0.22 0.32 0.31 -1.23 -1.04 -0.09 -0.13 0.02 0.32 0.41 -0.09 -0.53 -0.41 0.02 0.83 -0.08 -0.78 -0.25 1.41 -0.78 0.54 0.82 -0.47 -0.32 -0.03 0.08 0.15 0.12
MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1901-1992 (continued) Year 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
CY Mean 0.79 0.01 -0.17 0.04 -0.02 0.53 0.10 -0.22 0.05 -0.37 -0.45 0.03 0.61 0.57 -0.25 -0.05 0.45 0.14 0.12 -0.27 -0.01 -0.04 -0.06 -0.27 -0.03 -0.34 -0.13 -0.28 -0.06 -0.12 -0.04 -0.13 0.48 0.16 -0.09 -0.62 0.32 -0.37 -0.53 0.18 0.64 -0.08 0.40 0.21 -0.26 0.93 0.67 -0.07 -0.30 0.72 0.77
Winter
Spring
Summer
1.56 0.35 0.20 0.61 0.30 -0.26 0.47 -0.67 -0.77 0.39 0.05 0.68 1.91 1.47 -0.33 -0.16 1.02 0.93 -0.60 0.43 -0.02 -0.52 -1.35 -1.30 -0.07 -0.31 0.23 -0.31 -0.36 -0.17 -0.08 0.20 -0.23 0.52 0.63 0.88 -1.95 -1.31 -2.92 0.72 0.90 -0.86 2.33 -0.78 -0.78 0.22 1.52 -0.26 -0.28 0.41 0.32 2.48
0.44 0.22 -0.46 -0.38 0.25 1.21 -0.42 -0.01 0.39 -1.02 -0.69 -0.40 0.03 -0.22 0.12 -0.42 0.44 0.06 0.16 -0.98 -0.17 -0.09 0.61 -0.24 -0.56 -0.25 -0.05 -0.16 -0.54 -0.44 -0.99 0.26 0.47 0.74 -0.79 -0.09 1.07 0.23 0.09 -0.25 0.80 0.03 -0.36 -0.30 1.24 1.22 0.97 -0.06 0.36 0.72 1.36 0.82
0.28 0.08 0.54 -0.20 -0.47 -0.21 0.03 0.02 0.33 -0.86 -0.30 0.49 0.31 0.36 0.19 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.50 0.01 0.18 -0.41 0.12 -0.08 -0.42 -0.07 -0.37 -0.12 0.12 0.32 0.01 -0.19 0.22 -0.32 0.03 -0.54 0.60 0.09 -0.21 0.43 0.57 -0.11 0.58 0.31 -0.23 0.45 0.33 0.57 0.12 0.41 0.56 -0.70
14-28
Fall 0.85 0.06 -0.79 0.43 0.08 0.18 0.85 -0.15 0.23 0.13 -0.70 -1.22 0.31 0.70 -0.60 -0.37 -0.13 0.45 -0.52 0.56 -0.29 0.65 1.38 -0.40 0.28 -0.13 -0.32 0.01 -0.16 -0.07 0.56 0.05 0.90 -0.39 -0.20 -1.72 0.68 0.21 -0.07 -0.04 0.36 0.06 0.94 0.07 0.05 0.49 -0.17 0.04 -0.27 0.66 -0.31
GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND, 1866-1996 This table and graph summarize the trend in annual mean global temperature from 1886 to 1996. The temperatures were calculated from mean temperature anomalies by assuming an absolute global mean of 14.00 °C (which is the best estimate for the 1951-1980 period). The estimated uncertainty in the year-to-year change in the recent years is about 0.07 °C.
REFERENCES 1. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, World Wide Web site, www.giss.nasa.gov/data/gistemp/ 2. Hansen, J., and Wilson, H., Climatic Change, 25, 285, 1993. Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896
13.52 13.42 13.52 13.64 13.57 13.60 13.76 13.81 13.51 13.41 13.58 13.89 13.98 13.50 13.68 13.67 13.61 13.61 13.35 13.58 13.60 13.48 13.70 13.88 13.60 13.58 13.61 13.55 13.65 13.64 13.81
1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927
13.85 13.63 13.78 14.00 13.92 13.76 13.64 13.51 13.73 13.81 13.57 13.70 13.70 13.71 13.71 13.72 13.77 13.96 13.98 13.76 13.58 13.65 13.83 13.83 13.90 13.87 13.84 13.85 13.85 14.10 13.96
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
14.03 13.82 13.93 14.03 14.02 13.86 14.02 13.93 14.02 14.12 14.13 13.97 14.14 14.12 14.09 14.03 14.11 13.96 14.01 14.12 13.99 13.93 13.85 13.98 14.04 14.13 13.93 13.94 13.83 14.10 14.10
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
14.05 14.00 14.08 14.03 14.02 13.74 13.85 13.91 13.98 13.88 14.03 14.04 13.89 13.93 14.19 13.93 13.95 13.78 14.16 14.09 14.14 14.28 14.38 14.07 14.29 14.11 14.11 14.16 14.32 14.35 14.25
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
14.47 14.42 14.13 14.21 14.31 14.47 14.36
14-29
SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA The speed of sound in various solids, liquids, and gases is given in these tables. While only a single parameter v is needed for liquids and gases, sound propagation in isotropic solids is characterized by three velocity parameters. For a solid of infinite extent (or of finite extent if all dimensions are much larger than a wavelength, there are two relevant quantities, v1: velocity of longitudinal waves vs: velocity of shear waves. For a cylindrical rod with diameter much smaller than a wavelength, vext: velocity of extensional waves along the rod. (Torsional waves in the rod are propagated at the same speed as sheer waves in an infinite solid.) Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. Table 2 covers gases liquids and gases; values for cryogenic liquids are given at the normal boiling point. Table 3 gives the speed of sound in pure water and in seawater of salinity S = 3.5% as a function of temperature. All values are in meters per second and are given for normal atmospheric pressure. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. Anderson, H.L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Proeprties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. Mason, W.P., Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J., 1958. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/5, Molecular Acoustics, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1967.
TABLE 1 Speed of Sound in Solids at Room Temperature Name
v1/m s–1
vs/m s–1
vext/m s–1
Metals Aluminum, rolled Berylium Brass (70 Cu, 30 Zn) Constantan Copper, annealed Copper, rolled Duralumin 17S Gold, hard-drawn Iron, cast Iron, electrolytic Iron, Armco Lead, annealed Lead, rolled Magnesium, annealed Molybdenum Monel metal Nickel Platinum Silver Steel (1% C)
6420 12890 4700 5177 4760 5010 6320 3240 4994 5950 5960 2160 1960 5770 6250 5350 6040 3260 3650 5940
3040 8880 2110 2625 2325 2270 3130 1200 2809 3240 3240 700 690 3050 3350 2720 3000 1730 1610 3220
5000 12870 3480 4270 3810 3750 5150 2030 4480 5120 5200 1190 1210 4940 5400 4400 4900 2800 2680 5180
Name Steel, 347 Stainless Steel, K9 Tin, rolled Titanium Tungsten, annealed Tungsten, drawn Zinc, rolled Other materials Fused silica Glass, heavy silicate flint Glass, light borate crown Glass, pyrex Lucite Nylon 6-6 Polyethylene Polystyrene Rubber, butyl Rubber, gum Rubber, neoprene Tungsten carbide
14-38
v1/m s–1
vs/m s–1
vext/m s–1
5790 5940 3320 6070 5220 5410 4210
3100 3250 1670 3125 2890 2640 2440
5000 5250 2730 5090 4620 4320 3850
5968 3980 5100 5640 2680 2620 1950 2350 1830 1550 1600 6655
3764 2380 2840 3280 1100 1070 540 1120
5760 3720 4540 5170 1840 1800 920 1840
3980
6220
SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA (continued) TABLE 2 Speed of Sound in Liquids and Gases Name Liquids Acetone Argon Benzene Bromobenzene Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulphide Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane 1-Decene Diethyl ether Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Ethylene glycol Fluorobenzene Glycerol Helium Heptane 1-Heptene Hexane Hydrogen Iodobenzene Mercury Methane Methanol Nitrobenzene Nitrogen 1-Nonene Octane 1-Octene Oxygen 1-Pentadecene
t/°C
v/m s–1
20 -185.9 25 20 -0.5 20 25 20 19 20 25 -88.6 20 -103.8 25 20 25 -268.9 20 20 20 -252.9 20 25 -161.5 20 25 -195.8 20 20 20 -183.0 20
1203 813 1310 1169 1034 1258 1140 1311 1280 1250 976 1326 1162 1309 1658 1183 1904 180 1162 1128 1083 1101 1114 1450 1337 1121 1463 939 1218 1197 1184 906 1351
Name Pentane Propane 1-Propanol Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane 1-Undecene Water Water (sea, S = 3.5%) Gases at 1 atm Air, dry Ammonia Argon Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chlorine Deuterium Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulfide Methane Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Water (steam)
t/°C
v/m s–1
20 -42.1 20 25 25 20 25 25
1008 1158 1223 930 987 1275 1497 1535
25 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 27 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 0 10 27 0 27 0 100
346 415 323 338 259 206 890 312 331 965 1310 200 296 157 289 450 435 325 353 263 330 213 473
TABLE 3 Speed of Sound in Water and Seawater (S = 3.5%) at Different Temperatures t/°C 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80
v/m s–1 Water Seawater 1401.0 1447.8 1483.2 1497.4 1509.5 1528.4 1541.4 1549.5 1553.2 1552.8
14-39
1449.4 1490.4 1522.2 1535.1 1546.2
ATTENUATION AND SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR AS A FUNCTION OF HUMIDITY AND FREQUENCY This table gives the attenuation and speed of sound as a function of frequency at various values of relative humidity. All values refer to still air at 20°C. REFERENCES 1. Tables of Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air at 68°F (20°C), AD-738576, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 2. Evans, L. B., Bass, H. E., and Sutherland, L. C., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 51, 1565, 1972.
Frequency (Hz)
Attenuation (dB/km)
Speed (m/s)
Frequency (Hz)
0.51 1.07 1.26 1.43 1.67 1.84 1.96 2.11 2.27 2.82 4.14 8.84 14.89 26.28 35.81 52.15 75.37 267.01 644.66 1032.14
20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
343.477 343.514 343.525 343.536 343.550 343.559 343.561 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.564 343.565 343.566 343.566 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567
0.03 0.11 0.17 0.25 0.50 1.01 1.59 2.24 2.85 5.09 10.93 38.89 90.61 204.98 294.08 422.51 563.66 1110.97 1639.47 2083.08
0.02 0.06 0.09 0.15 0.34 0.99 1.94 2.57 2.94 4.01 6.55 18.73 42.51 101.84 155.67 247.78 373.78 1195.37 2220.64 2951.71
344.182 344.183 344.183 344.184 344.185 344.190 344.197 344.200 344.201 344.202 344.203 344.204 344.204 344.206 344.208 344.211 344.215 344.238 344.262 344.274
Relative humidity 100%
Relative humidity 30% 20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
Speed (m/s)
Relative humidity 60%
Relative humidity 0% 20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
Attenuation (dB/km)
20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
343.807 343.808 343.810 343.810 343.814 343.821 343.826 343.827 343.828 343.828 343.829 343.831 343.836 343.846 343.854 343.865 343.877 343.911 343.924 343.929
14-40
0.01 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.22 0.77 2.02 3.05 3.57 4.59 6.29 13.58 27.72 63.49 96.63 154.90 237.93 884.28 1973.62 2913.01
344.685 344.685 344.685 344.685 344.686 344.689 344.695 344.699 344.701 344.704 344.705 344.706 344.706 344.706 344.707 344.708 344.709 344.718 344.731 344.742
SPEED OF SOUND IN DRY AIR The values in this table were calculated from the equation of state for dry air (average molecular weight 28.96) treated as a real gas. Values refer to standard atmospheric pressure. The speed of sound varies only slightly with pressure; at two atmospheres and -100°C the value decreases by 0.13%, while at two atmospheres and 80°C the speed increases by 0.04%. REFERENCE Sytchev, V.V., Vasserman, A.A., Kozlov, A.D., Spiridonov, G.A., and Tsymarny, V.A., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. t/°C
vs/m s–1
t/°C
vs/m s–1
t/°C
vs/m s–1
-100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40
263.5 267.3 271.1 274.8 278.5 282.1 285.7 289.2 292.7 296.1 299.5 302.9 306.2
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
309.5 312.7 315.9 319.1 322.3 325.4 328.4 331.5 334.5 337.5 340.4 343.4 346.3
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
349.1 352.0 354.8 357.6 360.4 363.2 365.9 368.6 371.3 374.0 376.7
14-41
MUSICAL SCALES EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 440 Hz American Standard pitch. Adopted by the American Standards Association in 1936
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
C0 C#0 D0 D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1
16.35 17.32 18.35 19.45 20.60 21.83 23.12 24.50 25.96 27.50 29.14 30.87 32.70 34.65 36.71 38.89 41.20 43.65 46.25 49.00 51.91 55.00 58.27 61.74
C2 C#2 D2 D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3
65.41 69.30 73.42 77.78 82.41 87.31 92.50 98.00 103.83 110.00 116.54 123.47 130.81 138.59 146.83 155.56 164.81 174.61 185.00 196.00 207.65 220.00 233.08 246.94
C4 C#4 D4 D#4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#5 D5 D#5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 A5 A#5 B5
261.63 277.18 293.66 311.13 329.63 349.23 369.99 392.00 415.30 440.00 466.16 493.88 523.25 554.37 587.33 622.25 659.26 698.46 739.99 783.99 830.61 880.00 932.33 987.77
C6 C#6 D6 D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8
1046.50 1108.73 1174.66 1244.51 1318.51 1396.91 1479.98 1567.98 1661.22 1760.00 1864.66 1975.53 2093.00 2217.46 2349.32 2489.02 2637.02 2793.83 2959.96 3135.96 3322.44 3520.00 3729.31 3951.07 4186.01
EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 435 Hz International Pitch, adopted 1891
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
C0 C#0 D0
16.17 17.13 18.15
C2 C#2 D2
64.66 68.51 72.58
C4 C#4 D4
258.65 274.03 290.33
C6 C#6 D6
1034.61 1096.13 1161.31
D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1
19.22 20.37 21.58 22.86 24.22 25.66 27.19 28.80 30.52 32.33 34.25 36.29 38.45 40.74 43.16 45.72 48.44 51.32 54.38 57.61 61.03
D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3
76.90 81.47 86.31 91.45 96.89 102.65 108.75 115.22 122.07 129.33 137.02 145.16 153.80 162.94 172.63 182.89 193.77 205.29 217.50 230.43 244.14
D#4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#5 D5 D#5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 A5 A#5 B5
307.59 325.88 345.26 365.79 387.54 410.59 435.00 460.87 488.27 517.31 548.07 580.66 615.18 651.76 690.52 731.58 775.08 821.17 870.00 921.73 976.54
D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8
1230.37 1303.53 1381.04 1463.16 1550.16 1642.34 1740.00 1843.47 1953.08 2069.22 2192.26 2322.62 2460.73 2607.05 2762.08 2926.32 3100.33 3284.68 3480.00 3686.93 3906.17 4138.44
SCIENTIFIC OR JUST SCALE C4 = 256 Hz
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
C0 D0 E0 F0 G0 A0 B0 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A1 B1
16 18 20 21.33 24 26.67 30 32 36 40 42.67 48 53.33 60
C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 B2 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3 A3 B3
64 72 80 85.33 96 106.67 120 128 144 160 170.67 192 213.33 240
C4 D4 E4 F4 G4 A4 B4 C5 D5 E5 F5 G5 A5 B5
256 288 320 341.33 384 426.67 480 512 576 640 682.67 768 853.33 960
C6 D6 E6 F6 G6 A6 B6 C7 D7 E7 F7 G7 A7 B7 C8
1024 1152 1280 1365.33 1536 1706.67 1920 2048 2304 2560 2730.67 3072 3413.33 3840 4096
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING The human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies in the range from a few hertz to almost 20 kHz. Auditory response is usually expressed in terms of the loudness level of a sound, which is a measure of the sound pressure. The reference level, which is given in the unit phon, is a pure tone of frequency 1000 Hz with sound pressure of 20 mPa (in cgs units, 2 ·10-4 dyn/cm2 ); loudness level is usually expressed in decibels (dB) relative to this reference level. If a normal observer perceives an arbitrary sound to be equally loud as this reference sound, the sound is said to have the loudness level of the reference. The sensitivity of the typical human ear ranges from about 0 dB, the threshold loudness level, to about 140 dB, the level at which pain sets in. The minimum detectable level thus represents a sound wave of pressure 20 mPa and intensity (power density) 10-16 W/cm2. The following figure illustrates the frequency dependence of the threshold for an average young adult.
The relation between loudness level and frequency for a typical person is expressed by the following table:
Sound pressure level in dB relative to 20 mPa 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
125
500
Frequency in Hz 1000 4000
4 17 34 52 70 86 98 108
16 27 39 52 65 76 86 96 105
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
18 28 37 45 54 64 73 83 94 106
8000
10000
11 21 30 38 47 56 66 77 88
17 26 35 44 54 64 74 86
Thus, a 10,000 Hz tone at a pressure level of 50 dB seems equally loud as a 1000 Hz tone at a pressure of 35 dB. The term noise refers to any unwanted sound, either a pure tone or a mixture of frequencies. Since the sensitivity of the ear is frequency dependent, as illustrated by the above table, noise level is expressed in a frequency-weighted scale, known as A-weighting. Decibel readings on this scale are designated as dBa. Typical noise levels from various sources are illustrated in this table:
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Source
Noise level in dBa
Rocket engine Jet aircraft engine Light aircraft, cruising Tractor, 150 hp Electric motor, 100 hp at 2600 rpm Pneumatic drill Subway train Vacuum cleaner Heavy automobile traffic Conversational speech Whispered speech Background noise, recording studio
200 160 140 115 105 100 90 85 75 65 40 25-30
Recommended noise thresholds in the workplace have been established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygenists. Some examples of the maximum safe levels for different daily exposure times are given below. Duration of exposure
Max. level in dBa
24 h 8h 4h 1h 30 min 15 min 2 min 28 s 0.11 s
80 85 88 94 97 100 109 115 139
No exposure greater than 140 dBa is permitted. Further details may be found in Reference 3.
REFERENCES 1. Anderson, H. L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989, chap. 2. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, chap. 3. 3. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES Frank J. Lovas and Lewis E. Snyder A number of molecules have been detected in the interstellar medium, in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, and comae and tails of comets through observation of their microwave, infrared, or optical spectra. The following list gives the molecules and the particular isotopic species that have been reported so far. Molecules are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. REFERENCES 1. Lovas, F. J., “Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecule Microwave Transitions - 1991 Revision”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 181-272, 1992. 2. Snyder, L. E., “Cometary Molecules”, Internat. Astron. Union Symposium No. 150, Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, ed. P.D. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 427-434 (1992).
Molecular formula
Name
AlCl
Aluminum monochloride
AlF CH CH+ CHN
Aluminum monofluoride Methylidyne Methyliumylidene Hydrogen cyanide
CHN
Hydrogen isocyanide
CHNO
Isocyanic acid
CHNS CHO CHO+
Isothiocyanic acid Oxomethyl Oxomethylium
CHO+ CHOS+ CHO2+ CHS+ CH2 CH2N+ CH2N CH2N2 CH2O
Hydroxymethylidyne Protonated carbonyl sulfide Protonated carbon dioxide Thiooxomethylium Methylene Iminomethylium Methylene amidogen Cyanamide Formaldehyde
CH2O2
Formic acid
CH2S
Thioformaldehyde
Isotopic species
Molecular formula
AlCla Al37Cla AlFa CH CH+ HCN H13CN HC15N DCN HNC H15NC HN13C DNC D15NC HNCO DNCO HNCS HCO HCO+ H13CO+ HC17O+ HC18O+ DCO+ D13CO+ HOC+ HOCS+ HOCO+ HCS+ CH2 HCNH+ CH2N NH2CN H2CO H213CO H2C18O HDCO D2CO HCOOH H13COOH HCOOD DCOOH H2CS H213CS
14-6
Name
CH3 CH3N
Methyl Methanimine
CH3NO
Formamide
CH3O+ CH4 CH4O
Hydroxy methylium ion Methane Methanol
CH4S CH5N CMgN CMgN CN
Methanethiol Methylamine Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Cyanide radical
CN+ CNNa CO
Cyanide radical ion Sodium cyanide Carbon monoxide
CO+ COS
Carbon monoxide ion Carbon oxysulfide
CO2 CO2+ CP CS
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ion Carbon phosphide Carbon monosulfide
CSi
Silicon carbide
Isotopic species H2C34S HDCS CH3 a CH2NH 13CH NH 2 NH2CHO NH213CHO H2COH+ CH4 CH3OH 13CH OH 3 CH318OH CH2DOH CH3OD CH3SH CH3NH2 MgCNa MgNCa CN 13CN C15N CN+ b NaCNa CO 13CO C17O C18O 13C18O CO+ OCS OC34S O13CS 18OCS CO2 CO2+ b CPa CS C33S C34S C36S 13CS 13C34S SiCa
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular formula
Name
C2 C2H
Dicarbon Ethynyl
C2HN C2H2 C2H2N C2H2O C2H3N
Cyanomethylene Acetylene Cyanomethyl Ketene Acetonitrile
C2H3N C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2O C2S
Isocyanomethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Methyl formate Acetic acid Glycolaldehyde Ethane trans-Ethanol gauche-Ethanol Dimethyl ether Oxoethenylidene Thioxoethenylidene
C2Si
Silicon dicarbide
C3 C3H C3H C3HN
Tricarbon Cyclopropenylidyne Propenylidyne Cyanoacetylene
C3HN C3HN C3H2
Isocyanoacetylene 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-imino Cyclopropenylidene
C3H2 C3H2N+ C3H2O C3H3N C3H4
Propadienylidene Protonated cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal Acrylonitrile Propyne
C3H5N C3H6O C3N C3O
Propanenitrile Acetone Cyanoethynyl 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-oxo
Isotopic species
Molecular formula
C2 C2H 13CCH C13CH C2D HCCN HCCH CH2CN H2CCO CH3CN 13CH CN 3 CH313CN CH3C15N CH2DCN CH3NC CH3CHO c-C2H4O c CH3OCHO CH3COOH CH2OHCHO CH3CH3 t-CH3CH2OH g-CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 CCO CCS CC34S SiC2 29SiC 2 30SiC 2 Si13CC C3 c-C3H c l-C3H d HCCCN H13CCCN HC13CCN HCC13CN HCCC15N DCCCN HCCNC HNCCC c-C3H2 c H13CCCH HC13CCH C3HD H2CCC HCCCNH+ HCCCHO CH2CHCN CH3CCH CH3C13CH 13CH CCH 3 CH2DCCH CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO CCCN CCCO
C3S C3Si C4H C4H2 C4H2 C4H3N C4Si C5 C5H C5HN
1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-thioxo Silicon tricarbon 1,3-Butadiynyl radical Butatrienylidene 1,3-Butadiyne 2-Butynenitrile Silicon tetracarbide Pentacarbon 2,4-Pentadiynylidyne 2,4-Pentadiynenitrile
C5H4 C5N C6H C6H2 C6H2 C7H C7HN C8H C9HN C11HN ClH
1,3-Pentadiyne 1,3-Butadiynylium, 4-cyano 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl 1,3,5-Hexatriyne Hexatrienyl 2,4,6-Heptatriynylidyne 2,4,6-Heptatriynenitrile 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl 2,4,6,8-Nonatetraynenitrile Cyanodecapentyne Hydrogen chloride
ClK
Potassium chloride
ClNa
Sodium chloride
FH HLi HN HNO HN2+
Hydrogen fluoride Lithium Hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Hydrodinotrogen(1+)
HO
Hydroxyl
HO+ HS H2 H2N H2O
Hydroxyl ion Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water
H2O+ H2S
Oxoniumyl Hydrogen sulfide
H3+
Trihydrogen ion
H3N
Ammonia
14-7
Name
Isotopic species CCCS SiC3 HCCCC H2CCCC HCCCCH a CH3CCCN SiC4a C5a HCCCCC HCCCCCN H13CCCCCN HC13CCCCN HCC13CCCN HCCC13CCN HCCCC13CN DCCCCCN CH3C4H C5N HCCCCCC HCCCCCCH H2CCCCCC HCCCCCCC HC7N HC8 HC9N HC11N H35Cl H37Cl K35Cla K37Cl Na35Cla Na37Cla HF 7LiH HN HNO N2H+ 15NNH+ N15NH+ N2D+ OH 17OH 18OH HO+ b SH H2 NH2 H2O H218O HDO H2O+ H2S H234S HDS H3+ H2D+ NH3 15NH 3
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular formula
Name
H3O+ H4Si NO NP NS
Oxonium hydride Silane Nitric oxide Phosphorous nitride Nitrogen sulfide
NSi N2+ N2O OS
Silicon nitride Nitrogen ion Nitrous oxide Sulfur monoxide
Isotopic species
Molecular formula
NH2D NHD2 H3O+ SiH4a NO NP NS N34S SiNa N2+ b N2O SO 34SO 33SO S18O
Name
OS+ OSi
Sulfur monoxide ion Silicon monoxide
O2S
Sulfur dioxide
SSi
Silicon monosulfide
S2
Disulfur
l- before the isotopic species indicates a linear configuration, while c- indicates a cyclic molecule. Reported only in circumstellar clouds. b Reported only in comets. a
14-8
Isotopic species SO+ SiO 29SiO 30SIO SO2 33SO 2 34SO 2 OS18O SiS Si33S Si34S 29SiS 30SiS S2b
STANDARD ITS-90 THERMOCOUPLE TABLES The Instrument Society of America (ISA) has assigned standard letter designations to a number of thermocouple types having specified emf-temperature relations. These designations and the approximate metal compositions which meet the required relations, as well as the useful temperature ranges, are given below: Type B Type E Type J Type K Type N Type R Type S Type T
(Pt + 30% Rh) vs. (Pt + 6% Rh) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) Fe vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Ni + 2% Al + 2% Mn + 1% Si) (Ni + 14% Cr + 1.5% Si) vs. (Ni + 4.5% Si + 0. 1% Mg) (Pt + 13% Rh) vs. Pt (Pt + 10% Rh) vs. Pt Cu vs. (Cu + 43% Ni)
0 to 1820°C -270 to 1000°C -210 to 1200°C -270 to 1372°C -270 to 1300°C -50 to 1768°C -50 to 1768°C -270 to 400°C
The compositions are given in weight percent, and the positive leg is listed first. It should be emphasized that the standard letter designations do not imply a precise composition but rather that the specified emf-temperature relation is satisfied. The first set of tables below lists, for each thermocouple type, the emf as a function of temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The coefficients in the equation used to generate the table are also given. The second set of tables gives the inverse relationships, i.e., the coefficients in the polynomial equation which expresses the temperature as a function of thermocouple emf. The accuracy of these equations is also stated. Further details and tables at closer intervals may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W., Seroger, M. G., Strouse, G. F., Croarkin, M. C., and Guthrie, W.F., Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90, Nat. Inst. Stand. Tech. (U.S.) Monogr. 175, 1993. 2. Schooley, J. F., Thermometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
Type B thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002 -0.000 0.033 0.043 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.178 0.199 0.220 0.243 0.267 0.431 0.462 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.787 0.828 0.870 0.913 0.957
0.002 0.092 0.291 0.596 1.002
0.006 0.107 0.317 0.632 1.048
0.011 0.123 0.344 0.669 1.095
0.017 0.141 0.372 0.707 1.143
0.025 0.159 0.401 0.746 1.192
0.033 0.178 0.431 0.787 1.242
500 600 700 800 900
1.242 1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957
1.293 1.852 2.499 3.230 4.041
1.344 1.913 2.569 3.308 4.127
1.397 1.975 2.639 3.386 4.213
1.451 2.037 2.710 3.466 4.299
1.505 2.101 2.782 3.546 4.387
1.561 2.165 2.854 3.626 4.475
1.617 2.230 2.928 3.708 4.564
1.675 2.296 3.002 3.790 4.653
1.733 2.363 3.078 3.873 4.743
1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957 4.834
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
4.834 5.780 6.786 7.848 8.956
4.926 5.878 6.890 7.957 9.069
5.018 5.976 6.995 8.066 9.182
5.111 6.075 7.100 8.176 9.296
5.205 6.175 7.205 8.286 9.410
5.299 6.276 7.311 8.397 9.524
5.394 6.377 7.417 8.508 9.639
5.489 6.478 7.524 8.620 9.753
5.585 6.580 7.632 8.731 9.868
5.682 5.780 6.683 6.786 7.740 7.848 8.844 8.956 9.984 10.099
1500 1600 1700 1800
10.099 11.263 12.433 13.591
10.215 11.380 12.549 13.706
10.331 10.447 10.563 10.679 11.497 11.614 11.731 11.848 12.666 12.782 12.898 13.014 13.820
10.796 10.913 11.965 12.082 13.130 13.246
11.029 11.146 11.263 12.199 12.316 12.433 13.361 13.476 13.591
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. 0°C to 630.615°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 -2.465 081 834 6 × 10-4 5.904 042 117 1 × 10-6 -1.325 793 163 6 × 10-9 1.566 829 190 1 × 10-12 -1.694 452 924 0 × 10-15 6.299 034 709 4 × 10-19 ............ ............
630.615°C to 1820°C -3.893 816 862 1 2.857 174 747 0 × 10-2 -8.488 510 478 5 × 10-5 1.578 528 016 4 × 10-7 -1.683 534 486 4 × 10-10 1.110 979 401 3 × 10-13 -4.451 543 103 3 × 10-17 9.897 564 082 1 × 10-21 -9.379 133 028 9 × 10-25
Type E thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0 t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-8.825 -9.063 -9.274 -9.455 -9.604 -9.718 -5.237 -5.681 -6.107 -6.516 -6.907 -7.279 0.000 -0.582 -1.152 -1.709 -2.255 -2.787 0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-9.797 -7.632 -3.306
-9.835 -7.963 -3.811
60
70
80
90
100
-8.273 -8.561 -8.825 -4.302 -4.777 -5.237
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.591 1.192 1.801 2.420 3.048 3.685 6.319 6.998 7.685 8.379 9.081 9.789 10.503 13.421 14.164 14.912 15.664 16.420 17.181 17.945 21.036 21.817 22.600 23.386 24.174 24.964 25.757 28.946 29.747 30.550 31.354 32.159 32.965 33.772
4.330 11.224 18.713 26.552 34.579
4.985 11.951 19.484 27.348 35.387
5.648 12.684 20.259 28.146 36.196
6.319 13.421 21.036 28.946 37.005
500 600 700 800 900
37.005 45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787
42.671 50.718 58.659 66.473 74.115
43.479 51.517 59.446 67.246 74.869
44.286 52.315 60.232 68.017 75.621
45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787 76.373
1000
76.373
37.815 45.900 53.908 61.801 69.554
38.624 46.705 54.703 62.583 70.319
39.434 47.509 55.497 63.364 71.082
40.243 48.313 56.289 64.144 71.844
41.053 49.116 57.080 64.922 72.603
41.862 49.917 57.870 65.698 73.360
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C to to 0°C 1000°C c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 = c11 = c12 = c13 =
0.000 000 000 0 5.866 550 870 8 × 10-2 4.541 097 712 4 × 10-5 -7.799 804 868 6 × 10-7 -2.580 016 084 3 × 10-8 -5.945 258 305 7 × 10-10 -9.321 405 866 7 × 10-12 -1.028 760 553 4 × 10-13 -8.037 012 362 1 × 10-16 -4.397 949 739 1 × 10-18 -1.641 477 635 5 × 10-20 -3.967 361 951 6 × 10-23 -5.582 732 872 1 × 10-26 -3.465 784 201 3 × 10-29
0.000 000 000 0 5.866 550 871 0 × 10-2 4.503 227 558 2 × 10-5 2.890 840 721 2 × 10-8 -3.305 689 665 2 × 10-10 6.502 440 327 0 × 10-13 -1.919 749 550 4 × 10-16 -1.253 660 049 7 × 10-18 2.148 921 756 9 × 10-21 -1.438 804 178 2 × 10-24 3.596 089 948 1 × 10-28 ............ ............ ............
Type J thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0
t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-7.890 -8.095 -4.633 -5.037 -5.426 -5.801 -6.159 -6.500 0.000 -0.501 -0.995 -1.482 -1.961 -2.431
0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-6.821 -2.893
-7.123 -3.344
60
70
80
90
100
-7.403 -7.659 -7.890 -3.786 -4.215 -4.633
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.507 1.019 1.537 2.059 2.585 3.116 5.269 5.814 6.360 6.909 7.459 8.010 8.562 10.779 11.334 11.889 12.445 13.000 13.555 14.110 16.327 16.881 17.434 17.986 18.538 19.090 19.642 21.848 22.400 22.952 23.504 24.057 24.610 25.164
3.650 9.115 14.665 20.194 25.720
4.187 9.669 15.219 20.745 26.276
4.726 10.224 15.773 21.297 26.834
5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848 27.393
500 600 700 800 900
27.393 33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877
30.788 36.675 42.919 49.353 55.561
31.362 37.284 43.559 49.989 56.164
31.939 37.896 44.203 50.622 56.763
32.519 38.512 44.848 51.251 57.360
33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877 57.953
57.953 58.545 59.134 59.721 60.307 60.890 61.473 63.792 64.370 64.948 65.525 66.102 66.679 67.255 69.553
62.054 67.831
62.634 63.214 63.792 68.406 68.980 69.553
1000 1100 1200
27.953 33.689 39.755 46.141 52.500
28.516 34.279 40.382 46.786 53.119
29.080 34.873 41.012 47.431 53.735
29.647 35.470 41.645 48.074 54.347
30.216 36.071 42.281 48.715 54.956
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -210°C to 760°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 5.038 118 781 5 × 10-2 3.047 583 693 0 × 10-5 -8.568 106 572 0 × 10-8 1.322 819 529 5 × 10-10 -1.705 295 833 7 × 10-13 2.094 809 069 7 × 10-16 -1.253 839 533 6 × 10-19 1.563 172 569 7 × 10-23
760°C to 1200°C 2.964 562 568 1 × 102 -1.497 612 778 6 3.178 710 392 4 × 10-3 -3.184 768 670 1 × 10-6 1.572 081 900 4 × 10-9 -3.069 136 905 6 × 10-13 ............ ............ ............
Type K thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0
t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-5.891 -6.035 -6.158 -6.262 -6.344 -6.404 -3.554 -3.852 -4.138 -4.411 -4.669 -4.913 0.000 -0.392 -0.778 -1.156 -1.527 -1.889
0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-6.441 -5.141 -2.243
-6.458 -5.354 -2.587
60
70
-80
-90
-100
-5.550 -5.730 -5.891 -2.920 -3.243 -3.554
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.397 0.798 1.203 1.612 2.023 2.436 4.096 4.509 4.920 5.328 5.735 6.138 6.540 8.138 8.539 8.940 9.343 9.747 10.153 10.561 12.209 12.624 13.040 13.457 13.874 14.293 14.713 16.397 16.820 17.243 17.667 18.091 18.516 18.941
2.851 6.941 10.971 15.133 19.366
3.267 3.682 4.096 7.340 7.739 8.138 11.382 11.795 12.209 15.554 15.975 16.397 19.792 20.218 20.644
500 600 700 800 900
20.644 24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326
21.071 25.330 29.548 33.685 37.725
21.497 25.755 29.965 34.093 38.124
21.924 26.179 30.382 34.501 38.522
22.350 26.602 30.798 34.908 38.918
22.776 27.025 31.213 35.313 39.314
23.203 27.447 31.628 35.718 39.708
23.629 27.869 32.041 36.121 40.101
24.055 28.289 32.453 36.524 40.494
1000 1100 1200 1300
41.276 45.119 48.838 52.410
41.665 45.497 49.202 52.759
42.053 45.873 49.565 53.106
42.440 46.249 49.926 53.451
42.826 46.623 50.286 53.795
43.211 46.995 50.644 54.138
43.595 47.367 51.000 54.479
43.978 47.737 51.355 54.819
44.359 44.740 45.119 48.105 48.473 48.838 51.708 52.060 52.410
24.480 28.710 32.865 36.925 40.885
24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326 41.276
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t 2 + c3t 3 + ... cnt n, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. In the 0°C to 1372°C range there is also an exponential term that must be evaluated and added to the equation. The exponential term is of the form: c0exp[c1(t-126.9686)2] , where t is the temperature in °C and c0 and c1 are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175.
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10
= = = = = = = = = = =
-270°C to 0°C
0°C to 1372°C
0.000 000 000 0 3.945 012 802 5 × 10-2 2.362 237 359 8 × 10-5 -3.285 890 678 4 × 10-7 -4.990 482 877 7 × 10-9 -6.750 905 917 3 × 10-11 -5.741 032 742 8 × 10-13 -3.108 887 289 4 × 10-15 -1.045 160 936 5 × 10-17 -1.988 926 687 8 × 10-20 -1.632 269 748 6 × 10-23
-1.760 041 368 6 × 10-2 3.892 120 497 5 × 10-2 1.855 877 003 2 × 10-5 -9.945 759 287 4 ×10-8 3.184 094 571 9 × 10-10 -5.607 284 488 9 × 10-13 5.607 505 905 9 × 10-16 -3.202 072 000 3 × 10-19 9.715 114 715 2 × 10-23 -1.210 472 127 5 × 10-26 ...........
0°C to 1372°C (exponential term) 1.185 976 × 10-1 -1.183 432 × 10-4 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
Type N thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0 t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-3.990 -4.083 -4.162 -4.226 -4.277 -4.313 -2.407 -2.612 -2.808 -2.994 -3.171 -3.336 0.000 -0.260 -0.518 -0.772 -1.023 -1.269 0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-4.336 -3.491 -1.509
-4.345 -3.634 -1.744
60
70
-80
-90
-100
-3.766 -3.884 -3.990 -1.972 -2.193 -2.407 80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.261 0.525 0.793 1.065 1.340 2.774 3.072 3.374 3.680 3.989 4.302 5.913 6.245 6.579 6.916 7.255 7.597 9.341 9.696 10.054 10.413 10.774 11.136 12.974 13.346 13.719 14.094 14.469 14.846
1.619 1.902 4.618 4.937 7.941 8.288 11.501 11.867 15.225 15.604
2.189 2.480 2.774 5.259 5.585 5.913 8.637 8.988 9.341 12.234 12.603 12.974 15.984 16.366 16.748
500 600 700 800 900
16.748 20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371
19.059 22.958 26.883 30.807 34.707
19.835 23.742 27.669 31.590 35.482
1000 1100 1200 1300
17.131 21.003 24.919 28.847 32.761
17.515 21.393 25.312 29.239 33.151
17.900 21.784 25.705 29.632 33.541
18.286 22.175 26.098 30.024 33.930
18.672 22.566 26.491 30.416 34.319
36.256 36.641 37.027 37.411 37.795 38.179 40.087 40.466 40.845 41.223 41.600 41.976 43.846 44.218 44.588 44.958 45.326 45.694 47.513
19.447 23.350 27.276 31.199 35.095
38.562 38.944 42.352 42.727 46.060 46.425
20.224 24.134 28.062 31.981 35.869
39.326 39.706 40.087 43.101 43.474 43.846 46.789 47.152 47.513
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10
= = = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 2.615 910 596 2 × 10-2 1.095 748 422 8 × 10-5 -9.384 111 155 4 × 10-8 -4.641 203 975 9 × 10-11 -2.630 335 771 6 × 10-12 -2.265 343 800 3 × 10-14 -7.608 930 079 1 × 10-17 -9.341 966 783 5 × 10-20 .......... ..........
20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371 36.256
0°C to 1300°C 0.000 000 000 0 2.592 939 460 1 × 10-2 1.571 014 188 0 × 10-5 4.382 562 723 7 × 10-8 -2.526 116 979 4 × 10-10 6.431 181 933 9 × 10-13 -1.006 347 151 9 × 10-15 9.974 533 899 2 × 10-19 -6.086 324 560 7 × 10-22 2.084 922 933 9 × 10-25 -3.068 219 615 1 × 10-29
Type R thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C 0
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0.000 -0.051 -0.100 -0.145 -0.188 -0.226
t/°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408
0.054 0.723 1.558 2.498 3.512
0.111 0.800 1.648 2.597 3.616
0.171 0.879 1.739 2.696 3.721
0.232 0.959 1.831 2.796 3.827
0.296 1.041 1.923 2.896 3.933
0.363 1.124 2.017 2.997 4.040
0.431 1.208 2.112 3.099 4.147
0.501 1.294 2.207 3.201 4.255
0.573 1.381 2.304 3.304 4.363
0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408 4.471
500 600 700 800 900
4.471 5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205
4.580 5.697 6.861 8.073 9.333
4.690 5.812 6.980 8.197 9.461
4.800 5.926 7.100 8.321 9.590
4.910 6.041 7.220 8.446 9.720
5.021 6.157 7.340 8.571 9.850
5.133 5.245 6.273 6.390 7.461 7.583 8.697 8.823 9.980 10.111
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
10.506 11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040
10.638 11.986 13.367 14.770 16.181
10.771 12.123 13.507 14.911 16.323
10.905 12.260 13.646 15.052 16.464
11.039 12.397 13.786 15.193 16.605
11.173 12.535 13.926 15.334 16.746
1500 1600 1700
17.451 17.591 17.732 17.872 18.012 18.152 18.849 18.988 19.126 19.264 19.402 19.540 20.222 20.356 20.488 20.620 20.749 20.877
11.307 12.673 14.066 15.475 16.887
11.442 12.812 14.207 15.616 17.028
18.292 18.431 19.677 19.814 21.003
5.357 5.470 5.583 6.507 6.625 6.743 7.705 7.827 7.950 8.950 9.077 9.205 10.242 10.374 10.506 11.578 12.950 14.347 15.758 17.169
11.714 13.089 14.488 15.899 17.310
11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040 17.451
18.571 18.710 18.849 19.951 20.087 20.222
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C to 1064.18°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 00. 5.289 617 297 65 × 10-3 1.391 665 897 82 × 10-5 -2.388 556 930 17 × 10-8 3.569 160 010 63 × 10-11 -4.623 476 662 98 × 10-14 5.007 774 410 34 × 10-17 -3.731 058 861 91 × 10-20 1.577 164 823 67 × 10-23 -2.810 386 252 51 × 10-27
1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 2.951 579 253 16 -2.520 612 513 32 × 10-3 1.595 645 018 65 × 10-5 -7.640 859 475 76 × 10-9 2.053 052 910 24 × 10-12 -2.933 596 681 73 × 10-16 ............. ............. ............. .............
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.522 321 182 09 × 102 -2.688 198 885 45 × 10-1 1.712 802 804 71 × 10-4 -3.458 957 064 53 × 10-8 -9.346 339 710 46 × 10-15 ............. ............. ............. ............. .............
Type S thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C
t/°C 0
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0.000 -0.053 -0.103 -0.150 -0.194 -0.236
t/°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259
0.055 0.720 1.526 2.415 3.355
0.113 0.795 1.612 2.507 3.451
0.173 0.872 1.698 2.599 3.548
0.235 0.950 1.786 2.692 3.645
0.299 1.029 1.874 2.786 3.742
0.365 1.110 1.962 2.880 3.840
0.433 1.191 2.052 2.974 3.938
0.502 1.273 2.141 3.069 4.036
0.573 1.357 2.232 3.164 4.134
0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259 4.233
500 600 700 800 900
4.233 5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449
4.332 5.341 6.381 7.454 8.562
4.432 5.443 6.486 7.563 8.674
4.532 5.546 6.593 7.673 8.787
4.632 5.649 6.699 7.783 8.900
4.732 5.753 6.806 7.893 9.014
4.833 5.857 6.913 8.003 9.128
4.934 5.961 7.020 8.114 9.242
5.035 6.065 7.128 8.226 9.357
5.137 6.170 7.236 8.337 9.472
5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449 9.587
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
9.587 10.757 11.951 13.159 14.373
9.703 10.875 12.071 13.280 14.494
9.819 10.994 12.191 13.402 14.615
9.935 11.113 12.312 13.523 14.736
10.051 11.232 12.433 13.644 14.857
10.168 11.351 12.554 13.766 14.978
10.285 11.471 12.675 13.887 15.099
10.403 11.590 12.796 14.009 15.220
10.520 11.710 12.917 14.130 15.341
10.638 11.830 13.038 14.251 15.461
10.757 11.951 13.159 14.373 15.582
1500 1600 1700
15.582 15.702 15.822 15.942 16.062 16.182 16.777 16.895 17.013 17.131 17.249 17.366 17.947 18.061 18.174 18.285 18.395 18.503
16.301 16.420 17.483 17.600 18.609
16.539 16.658 16.777 17.717 17.832 17.947
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C to 1064.18°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 00 5.403 133 086 31 × 10-3 1.259 342 897 40 × 10-5 -2.324 779 686 89 × 10-8 3.220 288 230 36 × 10-11 -3.314 651 963 89 × 10-14 2.557 442 517 86 × 10-17 -1.250 688 713 93 × 10-20 2.714 431 761 45 × 10-24
1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 1.329 004 440 85 3.345 093 113 44 × 10-3 6.548 051 928 18 × 10-6 -1.648 562 592 09 × 10-9 1.299 896 051 74 × 10-14 ............. ............. ............. .............
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.466 282 326 36 × 10 2 -2.584 305 167 52 × 10-1 1.636 935 746 41 × 10-4 -3.304 390 469 87 × 10-8 -9.432 236 906 12 × 10-15 ............. ............. ............. .............
Type T thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0
t/°C 0 100 200 300 400
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-5.603 -5.753 -5.888 -6.007 -6.105 -6.180 -3.379 -3.657 -3.923 -4.177 -4.419 -4.648 0.000 -0.383 -0.757 -1.121 -1.475 -1.819
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.000 0.391 0.790 1.196 1.612 2.036 4.279 4.750 5.228 5.714 6.206 6.704 9.288 9.822 10.362 10.907 11.458 12.013 14.862 15.445 16.032 16.624 17.219 17.819 20.872
-60
-70
-6.232 -4.865 -2.153
-6.258 -5.070 -2.476
60
70
2.468 2.909 7.209 7.720 12.574 13.139 18.422 19.030
-80
-90
-100
-5.261 -5.439 -5.603 -2.788 -3.089 -3.379
80
90
100
3.358 3.814 4.279 8.237 8.759 9.288 13.709 14.283 14.862 19.641 20.255 20.872
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 4.419 443 434 7 × 10-5 1.184 432 310 5 × 10-7 2.003 297 355 4 × 10-8 9.013 801 955 9 × 10-10 2.265 115 659 3 × 10-11 3.607 115 420 5 × 10-13 3.849 393 988 3 × 10-15 2.821 352 192 5 × 10-17 1.425 159 477 9 × 10-19 4.876 866 228 6 × 10-22 1.079 553 927 0 × 10-24 1.394 502 706 2 × 10-27 7.979 515 392 7 × 10-31
0°C to 400°C 0.000 000 000 0 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 3.329 222 788 0 × 10-5 2.061 824 340 4 × 10-7 -2.188 225 684 6 × 10-9 1.099 688 092 8 × 10-11 -3.081 575 877 2 × 10-14 4.547 913 529 0 × 10-17 -2.751 290 167 3 × 10-20 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............
Type B thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
250°C to 700°C
700°C to 1820°C
emf Range:
0.291 mV to 2.431 mV
2.431 mV to 13.820 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
9.842 332 1 × 101 6.997 150 0 × 102 -8.476 530 4 × 102 1.005 264 4 × 103 -8.334 595 2 × 102 4.550 854 2 × 102 -1.552 303 7 × 102 2.988 675 0 × 101 -2.474 286 0
2.131 507 1× 102 2.851 050 4 × 102 -5.274 288 7 × 101 9.916 080 4 -1.296 530 3 1.119 587 0 × 10-1 -6.062 519 9 × 10-3 1.866 169 6 × 10-4 -2.487 858 5 × 10-6
= = = = = = = = =
Type E thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 1000°C
emf Range:
-8.825 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 76.373 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 1.697 728 8 × 101 -4.351 497 0 × 10-1 -1.585 969 7 × 10-1 -9.250 287 1 × 10-2 -2.608 431 4 × 10-2 -4.136 019 9 × 10-3 -3.403 403 0 × 10-4 -1.156 489 0 × 10-5 .......
0.000 000 0 1.705 703 5 × 101 -2.330 175 9 × 10-1 6.543 558 5 × 10-3 -7.356 274 9 × 10-5 -1.789 600 1 × 10-6 8.403 616 5 × 10-8 -1.373 587 9 × 10-9 1.062 982 3 × 10-11 -3.244 708 7 × 10-14
Type J thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-210°C to 0°C
0°C to 760°C
760°C to 1200°C
emf Range:
-8.095 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 42.919 mV
42.919 mV to 69.553 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 1.952 826 8 ×101 -1.228 618 5 -1.075 217 8 -5.908 693 3 × 10-1 -1.725 671 3 × 10-1 -2.813 151 3 × 10-2 -2.396 337 0 × 10-3 -8.382 332 1 × 10-5
0.000 000 1.978 425 × 101 -2.001 204 × 10-1 1.036 969 × 10-2 -2.549 687 × 10-4 3.585 153 × 10-6 -5.344 285 × 10-8 5.099 890 × 10-10 .......
-3.113 581 87 × 103 3.005 436 84 × 102 -9.947 732 30 1.702 766 30 × 10-1 -1.430 334 68 × 10-3 4.738 860 84 × 10-6 ....... ....... .......
Type K thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 500°C
500°C to 1372°C
emf Range:
-5.891 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 20.644 mV
20.644 mV to 54.886 mV
0.000 000 0 2.508 355 × 101 7.860 106 × 10-2 -2.503 131 × 10-1 8.315 270 × 10-2 -1.228 034 × 10-2 9.804 036 × 10-4 -4.413 030 × 10-5 1.057 734 × 10-6 -1.052 755 × 10-8
-1.318 058 × 102 4.830 222 × 101 -1.646 031 5.464 731 × 10-2 -9.650 715 × 10-4 8.802 193 × 10-6 -3.110 810 × 10-8 ....... ....... .......
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 2.517 346 2 × 101 -1.166 287 8 -1.083 363 8 -8.977 354 0 × 10-1 -3.734 237 7 × 10-1 -8.663 264 3 × 10-2 -1.045 059 8 × 10-2 -5.192 057 7 × 10-4 .......
Type N thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 600°C
600°C to 1300°C
emf Range:
-3.990 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 20.613 mV
20.613 mV to 47.513 mV
0.000 00 3.868 96 × 101 -1.082 67 4.702 05 × 10-2 -2.121 69 × 10-6 -1.172 72 × 10-4 5.392 80 × 10-6 -7.981 56 × 10-8 ......... .........
1.972 485 × 101 3.300 943 × 101 -3.915 159 × 10-1 9.855 391 × 10-3 -1.274 371 × 10-4 7.767 022 × 10-7 ......... ......... ......... .........
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 3.843 684 7 × 101 1.101 048 5 5.222 931 2 7.206 052 5 5.848 858 6 2.775 491 6 7.707 516 6 × 10-1 1.158 266 5 × 10-1 7.313 886 8 × 10-3
Type R thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-50°C to 250°C
250°C to 1200°C
1064°C to 1664.5°C
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C
emf Range:
-0.226 mV to 1.923 mV
1.923 mV to 13.228 mV
11.361 mV to 19.739 mV
19.739 mV to 21.103 mV
c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 =
0.000 000 0 1.889 138 0 × 102 -9.383 529 0 × 101 1.306 861 9 × 102 -2.270 358 0 × 102 3.514 565 9 × 102 -3.895 390 0 × 102 2.823 947 1 × 102 -1.260 728 1 × 102 3.135 361 1 × 101 -3.318 776 9
1.334 584 505 × 101 1.472 644 573 × 102 -1.844 024 844 × 101 4.031 129 726 -6.249 428 360 × 10-1 6.468 412 046 × 10-2 -4.458 750 426 × 10-3 1.994 710 149 × 10-4 -5.313 401 790 × 10-6 6.481 976 217 × 10-8 ..........
-8.199 599 416 × 101 1.553 962 042 × 102 -8.342 197 663 4.279 433 549 × 10-1 -1.191 577 910 × 10-2 1.492 290 091 × 10-4 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
3.406 177 836 × 104 -7.023 729 171 × 103 5.582 903 813 × 102 -1.952 394 635 × 101 2.560 740 231 × 10-1 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Type S thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-50°C to 250°C
250°C to 1200°C
1064°C to 1664.5°C
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C
emf Range:
-0.235 mV to 1.874 mV
1.874 mV to 11.950 mV
10.332 mV to 17.536 mV
17.536 mV to 18.693 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
1.291 507 177 × 101 1.466 298 863 × 102 -1.534 713 402 × 101 3.145 945 973 -4.163 257 839 × 10-1 3.187 963 771 × 10-2 -1.291 637 500 × 10-3 2.183 475 087 × 10-5 -1.447 379 511 × 10-7 8.211 272 125 × 10-9
0.000 000 00 1.849 494 60 × 102 -8.005 040 62 × 101 1.022 374 30 × 102 -1.522 485 92 × 102 1.888 213 43 × 102 -1.590 859 41 × 102 8.230 278 80 × 101 -2.341 819 44 × 101 2.797 862 60
-8.087 801 117 × 101 1.621 573 104 × 102 -8.536 869 453 4.719 686 976 × 10-1 -1.441 693 666 × 10-2 2.081 618 890 × 10-4 .......... .......... .......... ..........
5.333 875 126 × 104 -1.235 892 298 × 104 1.092 657 613 × 103 -4.265 693 686 × 101 6.247 205 420 × 10-1 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Type T thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 400°C
emf Range:
-5.603 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 20.872 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7
= = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 2.594 919 2 × 101 -2.131 696 7 × 10-1 7.901 869 2 × 10-1 4.252 777 7 × 10-1 1.330 447 3 × 10-1 2.024 144 6 × 10-2 1.266 817 1 × 10-3
0.000 000 2.592 800 × 101 -7.602 961 × 10-1 4.637 791 × 10-2 -2.165 394 × 10-3 6.048 144 × 10-5 -7.293 422 × 10-7 ..........
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS This table give properties of 200 organic solvents which are frequently used in laboratory and industrial applications. Compounds are listed in alphabetical order by the most common name; synonyms are given in some cases. The properties tabulated are: MF: CAS RN: Mr: tm: tb: ρ: cp: vp: µ:
Molecular formula Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Molecular weight Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C Density in g/cm3 at the temperature in °C indicated by the superscript Specific heat capacity of the liquid at constant pressure at 25°C in J/g K Vapor pressure at 25°C in kPa (1 kPa = 7.50 mmHg) Electric dipole moment in debye units. Values in parentheses are measurements on the pure liquid or in solution; these are less reliable than the other values, which were obtained in the gas phase. FP: Flash point temperature in °C. The fact that no flash point is listed does not necessarily mean that the substance is nonflammable, because some liquids will burn if the quantity is large or impurities are present. Fl. Lim.: Flammable (explosive) range in air in percent by volume Ign. Temp.: Autoignition temperature in °C TLV: Threshold limit for allowable airborne concentration, given in parts per million by volume at 25°C and atmospheric pressure (see table “Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants” in Section 16)
15-14
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lide, D.R., Handbook of Organic Solvents, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 10th Edition , National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1991. Urben, P.G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. Name
Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane) Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane)
MF C6H14O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O C2H3N C5H8O2 C3H3N C6H8N2 C3H6O C3H7N C4H11NO C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C6H6 C7H5N C7H7Cl CH2BrCl CHBr3
CAS RN 105-57-7 64-19-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 123-54-6 107-13-1 111-69-3 107-18-6 107-11-9 124-68-5 98-87-3 100-52-7 71-43-2 100-47-0 100-44-7 74-97-5 75-25-2
Mr 118.18 60.05 58.08 41.05 100.12 53.06 108.14 58.08 57.10 89.14 161.03 106.12 78.11 103.12 126.59 129.38 252.73
tm/°C -100 17 -95 -44 -23 -83.5 1 -129 -88.2 25.5 -17 -26 6 -12.7 -45 -87.9 8.0
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3
102.2 118 56 82 138 77.3 295 97.0 53.3 165.5 205 179.0 80 191.1 179 68.0 149
0.8254 20 1.0492 20 0.7899 20 0.7857 20 0.9721 25 0.8060 20 0.9676 20 0.8540 20 0.758 20 0.934 20 1.26 25 1.0415 10 0.8765 20 1.0093 15 1.1004 20 1.9344 20 2.899 15
cp/J g–1K–1 2.01 2.06 2.18 2.23 2.08 2.05 1.19 2.39
1.62 1.74 1.60 1.44 0.41 0.52
vp/kPa
µ/D
3.68 2.07 30.8 11.8 1.02 14.1 <0.01 3.14 33.1
(1.4) 1.70 2.88 3.92 (2.8) 3.87
0.06 0.17 12.7 0.11 0.16 19.5 0.73
(2.1) (3.0) 0 4.18 (1.8) (1.7) 0.99
1.60 1.2
FP/°C -21 39 -20 6 34 0 93 21 -29 67 63 -11 67 83
Fl. Lim. 2-10% 4-20% 3-13% 3-16%
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
3-17% 2-5% 3-18% 2-22%
230 463 465 524 340 481 550 378 374
1-8%
192 498
1%-
585
10 750 40 2 2 2
10 1 200 0.5
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-15
Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
MF C6H12O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C4H11N C6H12O C11H16 C4H6O2 C6H11NO CS2 CCl4 C2H3ClF2 C6H5Cl CHCl3 C2ClF5 C9H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H13N C5H10 C5H8O C10H14 C10H18 C10H18 C6H12O2 C2H4Br2 CHBr2F CH2Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C4H8Cl2O CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3
CAS RN 123-86-4 71-36-3 78-92-2 75-65-0 109-73-9 75-64-9 591-78-6 98-51-1 96-48-0 105-60-2 75-15-0 56-23-5 75-68-3 108-90-7 67-66-3 76-15-3 98-82-8 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 108-91-8 287-92-3 120-92-3 99-87-6 493-01-6 493-02-7 123-42-2 106-93-4 1868-53-7 74-95-3 124-73-2 111-92-2 95-50-1 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 156-59-2 156-60-5 111-44-4 75-09-2 78-87-5 76-14-2 111-42-2 109-89-7 105-58-8 111-46-6 111-96-6 111-90-0
Mr 116.16 74.12 74.12 74.12 73.14 73.14 100.16 148.25 86.09 113.16 76.14 153.82 100.50 112.56 119.38 154.47 120.19 84.16 100.16 98.14 99.18 70.13 84.12 134.22 138.25 138.25 116.16 187.86 191.83 173.83 259.82 129.25 147.00 98.96 98.96 96.94 96.94 96.94 143.01 84.93 112.99 170.92 105.14 73.14 118.13 106.12 134.18 134.18
tm/°C -78 -90 -114.7 26 -49 -67 -56 -52 -43.3 69 -112 -23 -131 -45 -64 -99 -96.0 7 25 -31 -18 -93.8 -51.3 -69 -42.9 -30.3 -44 9.9 -78 -52.5 -110.4 -62 -17 -97 -36 -122.5 -80 -50 -52 -95 -100 -94 28 -50 -43 -10 -68
tb/°C 126 118 99.5 82 77 44 128 190 204 270 46 77 -10 132 61 -38 152 81 161 155 134 49.3 130.5 177 195.8 187.3 168 131.6 64.9 97 47.3 160 180 57 84 31.6 60 49 179 40 96 4 269 55 126 246 162 196
ρ/g cm–3 0.8825 20 0.8098 20 0.8063 20 0.7887 20 0.7414 20 0.6958 20 0.8113 20 0.8612 20 1.1284 16 1.2632 20 1.5940 20 1.107 25 1.1058 20 1.4832 20 1.5678 -42 0.8618 20 0.7785 20 0.9624 20 0.9478 20 0.8191 20 0.7457 20 0.9487 20 0.8573 20 0.8965 20 0.8699 20 0.9387 20 2.1791 20 2.421 20 2.4969 20 2.149 25 0.7670 20 1.3059 20 1.1757 20 1.2351 20 1.213 20 1.2837 20 1.2565 20 1.22 20 1.3266 20 1.1560 20 1.518 4 1.0966 20 0.7056 20 0.9752 20 1.1197 15 0.9434 20 0.9885 20
cp/J g–1K–1 1.96 2.39 2.66 2.97 2.45 2.63 2.13
vp/kPa
µ/D (1.9) 1.66 (1.8) (1.7) 1.0 (1.3) (2.7) ≈0 4.27 (3.9) 0 0 2.14 1.69 1.04 0.52 0.79 ≈0
1.84 1.84 1.76 1.68 1.65 1.91 0.72
1.66 0.86 2.32 5.52 12.2 48.4 1.54 0.09 0.43 <0.01 48.2 15.2 351 1.6 26.2 912 0.61 13.0 0.10 0.53 1.20 42.3 1.55 0.19 0.10 0.16 0.22 1.55
0.61 0.69 2.27 1.10 1.28 1.30 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.54 1.19 1.32 0.96 2.22 2.31 1.80 2.31 2.04 2.24
6.12 43.4 0.34 0.18 30.5 10.6 80.0 26.8 44.2 0.14 58.2 6.62 215 <0.01 30.1 1.63 <0.01 0.31 0.02
1.43
1.64 1.38 1.00 0.85 1.30 1.33 0.96 1.19 1.75 1.84 2.08 1.86
2.87 (1.3) ≈0 3.3 ≈0 ≈0 ≈0 (3.2) (1.2)
(1.0) 2.50 2.06 (1.8) 1.34 1.90 0 (2.6) 1.60 (1.8) 0.5 (2.8) 0.92 1.10 (2.3) (2.0) (1.6)
FP/°C
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
22 37 24 11 -12 -9 25 68 98 125 -30
2-8% 1-11% 2-10% 2-8% 2-10% 2-9% 1-8%
425 343 405 478 312 380 423
1-50%
90
28
1-10%
593
36 -20 68 44 31 <-7 26 47
1-7% 1-8% 1-9% 1-9% 1-9% 2%-
424 245 300 420 293 361
1-6%
436
54 58
1-5% 2-7%
255 643
47 66 -17 13 -15 6 2 55 16 172 -23 25 124 67 96
1-6% 2-9% 5-11% 6-16% 7-16% 3-15% 6-13% 3%13-23% 3-15%
648 458 413 570 460 460 369 556 557
2-13% 2-10%
662 312
2-17%
224
150 50 100 100 5 5 10 5 10 5 10 10 1000 50 300 50 25 10 600
50
25 100 10 5 200 200 5 50 75 1000 0.46 5
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-16
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide Ethyl chloride Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol momomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol
MF
CAS RN
Mr
tm/°C
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3
C8H16O4
112-15-2
176.21
-25
218.5
1.0096 20
C5H12O3 C4H13N3 C4H10O C9H18O C6H14O C4H9NO C2H7N C2H6S2 C3H7NO C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H16 C3H5ClO C2H7NO C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C2H6O C2H7N C8H10 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C3H4O3 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C6H14O2 C4H10O2 C6H14O2 C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C3H8O2
111-77-3 111-40-0 60-29-7 108-83-8 108-20-3 127-19-5 124-40-3 624-92-0 68-12-2 67-68-5 123-91-1 646-06-0 7705-14-8 106-89-8 141-43-5 141-78-6 141-97-9 64-17-5 75-04-7 100-41-4 74-96-4 75-00-3 96-49-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 629-14-1 110-71-4 111-76-2 110-80-5 111-15-9 109-86-4
120.15 103.17 74.12 142.24 102.18 87.12 45.08 94.20 73.09 78.14 88.11 74.08 136.24 92.52 61.08 88.11 130.14 46.07 45.08 106.17 108.97 64.51 88.06 60.10 62.07 118.18 90.12 118.18 90.12 132.16 76.10
-39 -116 -42 -87 -20 -92 -85 -60 19 12 -95 -95.5 -26 11 -84 -45 -114 -81 -95 -118.6 -139 36.4 11 -13 -74 -58 -75 -70 -62 -85
193 207 34 169 69 165 7 109.8 153 189 101 78 178 116 171 77 180.8 78 17 136 38.5 12 248 117 197 119.4 85 168 135 156 124
1.035 20 0.9569 20 0.7138 20 0.8062 20 0.7241 20 0.9366 25 0.6804 0 1.0625 20 0.944 25 1.1014 20 1.0337 20 1.060 20 0.8402 21 1.1812 20 1.0180 20 0.9003 20 1.0368 10 0.7893 20 0.686 17 0.8670 20 1.4604 20 0.909 12 1.3214 39 0.8979 20 1.1088 20 0.8484 20 0.8691 20 0.9015 20 0.9297 20 0.9740 20 0.9647 20
C5H10O3 C3H6O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C7H16 C7H16O C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O2 C8H16O C6H12O2 C4H10O
110-49-6 109-94-4 110-00-9 98-01-1 98-00-0 56-81-5 142-82-5 111-70-6 110-54-3 111-27-3 107-41-5 111-13-7 110-19-0 78-83-1
118.13 74.08 68.08 96.09 98.10 92.09 100.20 116.20 86.18 102.18 118.18 128.21 116.16 74.12
-70 -80 -86 -37 -31 18 -91 -34 -95 -44.6 -50 -16 -99 -108
143 54 31 162 171 290 98 176.4 69 157.6 197 172.5 117 108
1.0074 19 0.9168 20 0.9514 20 1.1594 20 1.1296 20 1.2613 20 0.6837 20 0.8219 20 0.6548 25 0.8136 20 0.923 15 0.820 20 0.8712 20 0.8018 20
cp/J g–1K–1
µ/D
vp/kPa
FP/°C
0.03
(1.8)
110
2.26 2.46 2.33 2.09 2.12 2.02 3.05 1.55 2.06 1.96 1.74 1.59 1.83 1.42 3.20 1.94 1.91 2.44 2.88 1.73 0.93 1.62 1.52 2.87 2.41 2.19 2.14 2.38 2.34 2.85 2.25
0.02 0.03 71.7 0.23 19.9 0.07 203 3.82 0.44 0.08 4.95 14.6 0.26 2.2 0.05 12.6 0.09 7.87 142 1.28 62.5 160 <0.01 1.62 0.01 4.33 9.93 0.15 0.71 0.24 1.31
(1.6) (1.9) 1.15 (2.7) 1.13 (3.7) 1.01 (1.8) 3.82 3.96 0 1.19
96 98 -45 49 -28 70 20 24 58 95 12 2 45 31 86 -4 57 13 <-18 21
2.62 2.02 1.69 1.70 2.08 2.38 2.24 2.34 2.27 2.35 2.84 2.13 2.01 2.44
(1.8) (2.3) 1.78 1.69 1.22 0.59 2.03 2.05 (4.9) 1.99 2.28
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
425 1-23% 2-7% 2-36% 1-7% 1-8% 2-12% 3-14%
240 358 180 396 443 490 400
2-15% 3-42% 2-22%
445 215 180
4-21% 3-24% 2-12% 1-10% 3-19% 4-14% 1-7% 7-8% 4-15%
237 411 410 426 295 363 385 432 511 519
1000 5 100 5 1000
3-12% 3-22%
385 398
10 50
4-13% 3-18% 2-8% 2-14%
202 238 235 379 285
25 5 5 5
1 400 25 250 10 5 10 25
2 3 400
(2.1) (2.1) (2.2) 2.36
-50 143 40 111 35 -2 69 43 56 39
0.67 32.3 80.0 0.29 0.10 <0.01 6.09
(2.1) 1.9 0.66 (3.5) (1.9) (2.6) ≈0
49 -20 <0 60 75 199 -4
2-12% 3-16% 2-14% 2-19% 2-16% 3-19% 1-7%
392 455
5 100
316 491 370 204
2 10 400
20.2 0.11 <0.01
≈0
-22 63 102 52 18 28
1-8%
225
50
1-9%
306
25
1-11% 2-11%
421 415
150 50
2.39 1.39
(2.9) (2.7) (1.9) 1.64
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-17
Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine Mesitylene Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol Pentane 1-Pentanol Pentyl acetate 2-Picoline α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene
MF C4H11N C7H14O2 C9H14O C5H10O2 C3H8O C9H7N C10H16 C7H9N C9H12 C6H10O C3H6O2 C3H8O2 CH4O CH5N C8H8O2 C7H14 C4H8O C2H5NO C2H4O2 CH3I C6H12O C7H14O C6H14 C6H14O C7H14O C5H10O C5H9NO C4H9NO C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C8H18 C8H18O C2HCl5 C5H12O2 C5H12 C5H12O C7H14O2 C6H7N C10H16 C10H16 C5H11N C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H8O C3H9N C9H12
CAS RN
Mr
tm/°C
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3
78-81-9 123-92-2 78-59-1 108-21-4 67-63-0 119-65-3 5989-27-5 108-48-5 108-67-8 141-79-7 79-20-9 109-87-5 67-56-1 74-89-5 93-58-3 108-87-2 78-93-3 123-39-7 107-31-3 74-88-4 108-10-1 110-12-3 107-83-5 108-11-2 110-43-0 107-87-9 872-50-4 110-91-8 98-95-3 79-24-3 75-52-5 108-03-2 79-46-9 111-65-9 111-87-5 76-01-7 111-29-5 109-66-0 71-41-0 628-63-7 109-06-8 80-56-8 127-91-3 110-89-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 71-23-8 107-10-8 103-65-1
73.14 130.19 138.21 102.13 60.10 129.16 136.24 107.16 120.19 98.14 74.08 76.10 32.04 31.06 136.15 98.19 72.11 59.07 60.05 141.94 100.16 114.19 86.18 102.18 114.19 86.13 99.13 87.12 123.11 75.07 61.04 89.09 89.09 114.23 130.23 202.29 104.15 72.15 88.15 130.19 93.13 136.24 136.24 85.15 55.08 102.13 60.10 59.11 120.19
-87 -79 -8 -73 -90 26.47 -97 -6.1 -45 -59 -98 -105 -98 -93 -15 -127 -87 -3.8 -99 -66.4 -84
68 143 215 89 82 243.2 178 144.1 165 130 57 42 65 -6 199 101 80 199.5 32 42.5 116 144 60.2 132 151 102 202 128 211 114 101 131.1 120 126 195.1 160 239 36 138 149 129 156 166 106 97 102 97 47 159.2
0.724 25 0.876 15 0.9255 20 0.8718 20 0.7855 20 1.0910 30 0.8411 20 0.9226 20 0.8652 20 0.8653 20 0.9342 20 0.8593 20 0.7914 20 0.656 25 1.0933 15 0.7694 20 0.8054 20 1.011 19 0.9742 20 2.279 20 0.7978 20 0.888 20 0.650 25 0.8075 20 0.8111 20 0.809 20 1.0230 25 1.0005 20 1.2037 20 1.0448 25 1.1371 20 0.9961 25 0.9821 25 0.6986 25 0.8262 25 1.6796 20 0.9914 20 0.6262 20 0.8144 20 0.8756 20 0.9443 20 0.8539 25 0.860 25 0.8606 20 0.7818 20 0.8878 20 0.8035 20 0.7173 20 0.8620 20
-153.7 -90 -35 -77 -24 -5 6 -90 -29 -108 -91 -57 -15.5 -29 -18 -130 -79 -71 -67 -64 -61.5 -11 -93 -93 -126 -83 -99.5
cp/J g–1K–1 2.50 1.91 1.83 1.95 2.58 1.52 1.83 1.73 1.74 2.17 1.92 2.12 2.53 3.29 1.63 1.88 2.20 2.10 1.98 0.89 2.13 2.25 2.67 2.04 2.14 3.11 1.89 1.51 1.79 1.75 1.97 1.91 2.23 2.34 0.86 3.08 2.32 2.36 2.00 1.70
2.11 2.17 1.92 2.39 2.75 1.79
µ/D
vp/kPa 19.0 0.73 0.06 8.1 6.02 0.28 0.75 0.33 1.47 28.8 53.1 16.9 353 0.05 6.18 12.6 78.1 53.9 2.64 0.69 28.2 0.70 0.49 4.97 0.04 1.34 0.03 2.79 4.79 1.36 2.3 1.86 0.01 0.48 68.3 0.26 0.60 1.5 0.64 0.61 4.28 6.14 4.49 2.76 42.1
(1.3) (1.9)
1.56 2.73
FP/°C -9 25 84 2 12
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
2-12% 1-8% 1-4% 2-8% 2-13%
378 360 460 460 399
100 5 250 400
50 31 -10 -32 11 0 83 -4 -9
1-5% 1-7% 3-16% 2-14% 6-36% 5-21%
559 344 454 237 464 430
25 15 200 1000 200 5
1-7% 1-11%
250 404
400 200
-19
5-23%
449
18 36 <-29 41 39 7 96 37 88 28 35 36 24 13 81
1-8% 1-8% 1-7% 1-6% 1-8% 2-8% 1-10% 1-11% 2-9% 3-17% 7-22% 2%3-11% 1-7%
448 191 264
100 2 50 50
49 (1.7) 0 (2.8) 1.72 (0.7) 1.70 1.31 (1.9) ≈0 2.78 3.83 1.77 1.62
≈0 (2.6) (2.7) (4.1) 1.55 4.22 3.23 3.46 3.66 3.73 ≈0 (1.8) 0.92 (2.5) ≈0 (1.7) 1.75 1.85
(1.2) 4.05 (1.8) 1.55 1.17 ≈0
129 <-40 33 16 39 35 38 16 2 13 23 -37 30
2-8% 1-10% 1-8%
1-10% 3-14% 2-8% 2-14% 2-10% 1-6%
393 452 346 290 482 414 418 421 428 206
335 260 300 360 538 275 275 512 450 412 318 450
25 50 200 20 1 100 20 25 10 300
600 100
200 200
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-18
Propylene glycol Pseudocumene Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
MF
CAS RN
Mr
tm/°C
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3 1.0361 20
C3H8O2 C9H12 C5H5N C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C8H8 C4H8O2S C10H16
57-55-6 95-63-6 110-86-1 109-97-7 123-75-1 616-45-5 91-22-5 100-42-5 126-33-0 99-86-5
76.10 120.19 79.10 67.09 71.12 85.11 129.16 104.15 120.17 136.24
-60 -44 -42 -23.4 -57.8 25 -14.78 -31 28
188 169 115 129.7 86.5 251 237.1 145 287 174
0.8758 20 0.9819 20 0.9698 20 0.8586 20 1.120 20 1.0977 15 0.9060 20 1.2723 18 0.8375 19
C2Cl4F2
76-11-9
203.83
40.6
91.5
1.649 25
C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 C8H18O5 C4H8O C10H12 C5H10O C4H12Si C7H8 C7H9N C9H14O6 C12H27N C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F C2Cl3F3 C6H15NO3 C10H22O2 C6H14O4 C6H15O4P C3H9N C3H8O2 C3H9O4P C8H10O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
76-12-0 630-20-6 79-34-5 127-18-4 112-60-7 109-99-9 119-64-2 142-68-7 75-76-3 108-88-3 95-53-4 102-76-1 102-82-9 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 76-13-1 102-71-6 121-44-8 112-27-6 78-40-0 75-50-3 504-63-2 512-56-1 91-16-7 95-47-6 108-38-3 106-42-3
203.83 167.85 167.85 165.83 194.23 72.11 132.21 86.13 88.22 92.14 107.16 218.21 185.35 133.40 133.40 131.39 137.37 187.38 149.19 101.19 150.17 182.16 59.11 76.10 140.08 138.17 106.17 106.17 106.17
26 -70 -44 -22 -6.2 -108 -36 -45 -99.0 -95 -16.3 -78 -70 -30 -37 -85 -111 -35 21 -115 -7 -56.4 -117 -26.7 -46 22.5 -25 -48 13
93 131 146 121 328 65 208 88 26.6 111 200.3 259 217 74 114 87 24 48 335 89 285 215.5 3 214.4 197.2 206 144 139 138
1.6447 25 1.5406 20 1.5953 20 1.6227 20 1.1285 15 0.8892 20 0.9660 25 0.8814 20 0.648 19 0.8669 20 0.9984 20 1.1583 20 0.7770 20 1.3390 20 1.4397 20 1.4642 20 1.478 24 1.5635 25 1.1242 20 0.7275 20 1.1274 15 1.0695 20 0.627 25 1.0538 20 1.2144 20 1.0810 25 0.8802 10 0.8642 20 0.8611 20
cp/J g–1K–1 2.51 1.79 1.68 1.90 2.20 1.99 1.51 1.75 1.50
vp/kPa 0.02 0.30 2.76 1.10 8.40
0.81 <0.01
µ/D (2.2) ≈0 2.21 1.74 (1.6) (3.5) 2.29 (4.8)
FP/°C
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
99 44 20 39 3 129
3-13% 1-6% 2-12%
371 500 482
25 5
31 177
1-7%
480 490
50
7.36 0.85 0.92 0.97 0.86 2.21 1.72 1.65 1.82 2.31 1.70 1.96 1.76 1.08 1.13 0.95 0.89 0.91 2.61 2.17 2.18 2.33
7.51 1.6 0.62 2.42 21.6 0.05 9.54 94.2 3.79 0.04 <0.01 0.01 16.5 3.1 9.91 106 44.8 <0.01 7.70
215 0.11
1.75 1.72 1.71
0.88 1.13 1.19
500 500 5-12% 20-54%
1.32 0 1.75 ≈0 1.74 0 0.37 (1.6) (0.8) 1.76 (1.4) (0.8) 0.46 (3.6) 0.66 (3.1) 0.61 (2.5) (3.2) (1.3) 0.64 ≈0 0
182 -14 71 -20 4 85 138 86 32 32
179 -7 177 115 -7
1 50
2-12% 1-5%
321 385
200
1-7%
480 482 433
50 2
537 460 420
350 10 50 1000 1000 0.5 1
1%1-5% 8-13% 6-28% 8-11%
1-10% 1-8% 1-9% 2-12%
249 371 454 190 400
5
107 32 27 27
1-7% 1-7% 1-7%
463 527 528
100 100 100
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING POINT ON PRESSURE The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches standard atmospheric pressure, 101.325 kPa. The change in boiling point with pressure may be calculated from the representation of the vapor pressure by the Antoine Equation, ln p = A1 – A2/(T + A3) where p is the vapor pressure, T the absolute temperature, and A1, A2, and A3 are constants. This table, which has been calculated using the Antoine constants in Reference 1, gives values of ∆t/∆p for a number of liquids, in units of both °C/kPa and °C/mmHg. The correction to the boiling point is generally accurate to 0.1 to 0.2 °C as long as the pressure is within 10% of standard atmospheric pressure. A slightly less accurate estimate of ∆t/∆p may be obtained from the Claussius-Clapeyron equation, with the assumption that the change in volume upon vaporization equals the ideal-gas volume of the vapor. This leads to the equation ∆t/∆p = RTb2 /p0 ∆vapH(Tb) where R is the molar gas constant, p0 is 101.325 kPa, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute), and ∆vapH(Tb) is the molar enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point. Values of the last quantity may be obtained from the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. REFERENCE 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, pp. 4959. tb
Compound
°C
°C/kPa
Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Ammonia Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Chloroethane Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Decane Dibutyl ether Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Dipropyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane Hexafluorobenzene Hexane
20.1 117.9 56.0 81.6 -33.33 184.1 153.7 179.0 80.0 58.8 -0.5 117.7 46.2 -34.04 131.7 78.6 12.3 -13.3 80.7 160.8 155.4 174.1 140.2 39.6 34.5 189.0 101.5 90.0 78.2 77.1 197.3 98.5 80.2 68.7
0.261 0.324 0.289 0.316 0.198 0.378 0.367 0.392 0.321 0.300 0.267 0.278 0.304 0.224 0.365 0.321 0.262 0.241 0.328 0.344 0.382 0.388 0.363 0.276 0.278 0.379 0.321 0.326 0.249 0.300 0.331 0.336 0.305 0.314
∆t/∆p °C/mmHg 0.0348 0.0432 0.0385 0.0421 0.0264 0.0504 0.0489 0.0523 0.0428 0.0400 0.0356 0.0371 0.0405 0.0299 0.0487 0.0428 0.0349 0.0321 0.0437 0.0459 0.0509 0.0517 0.0484 0.0368 0.0371 0.0505 0.0428 0.0435 0.0332 0.0400 0.0441 0.0448 0.0407 0.0419
tb
Compound 1-Hexanol Hydrogen fluoride Iodomethane Isobutane Methanol Methyl acetate Methyl formate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Styrene Sulfur dioxide Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Trimethylamine Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
15-19
°C
°C/kPa
157.6 20.1 42.5 -11.7 64.6 56.8 31.7 196.2 199.5 210.8 101.1 195.1 36.0 137.9 181.8 -42.1 97.2 82.3 115.2 129.7 86.5 145.1 -10.05 121.3 76.8 110.6 87.2 61.1 2.8 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3
0.318 0.276 0.291 0.254 0.251 0.282 0.582 0.396 0.371 0.418 0.320 0.360 0.289 0.296 0.349 0.224 0.261 0.247 0.340 0.330 0.309 0.369 0.221 0.354 0.325 0.353 0.330 0.302 0.248 0.276 0.373 0.368 0.369
∆t/∆p °C/mmHg 0.0424 0.0368 0.0388 0.0339 0.0335 0.0376 0.0776 0.0528 0.0495 0.0557 0.0427 0.0480 0.0385 0.0395 0.0465 0.0299 0.0348 0.0329 0.0453 0.0440 0.0412 0.0492 0.0295 0.0472 0.0433 0.0471 0.0440 0.0403 0.0331 0.0368 0.0497 0.0491 0.0492
EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF BOILING POINT ELEVATION The boiling point Tb of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is elevated relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), the amount of elevation depends only on the number of particles of solute present. Hence the change in boiling point ∆Tb can be expressed as ∆Tb = Eb m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Eb is the Ebullioscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Ebullioscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Eb = R Tb2 M/∆vapH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆vapH the molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of the solvent at its normal boiling point. This table lists Eb values for some common solvents, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. Compound Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Decane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane
Eb/K kg mol–1
Compound Hexane Iodomethane Methanol Methyl acetate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Phenol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene
3.22 1.80 1.44 3.82 4.20 4.24 2.64 2.17 2.42 4.36 3.13 2.92 3.5 6.10 2.42 2.20 3.22 3.01 1.23 2.82 2.26 3.62
15-20
Eb/K kg mol–1 2.90 4.31 0.86 2.21 4.3 2.2 5.2 2.09 5.06 3.54 1.66 1.58 2.83 2.33 2.32 6.18 5.26 3.40 4.52 3.80 0.513 4.25
CRYOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION The freezing point Tf of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is depressed relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), this lowering is a function only of the number of particles of solute present. Thus the absolute value of the lowering of freezing point ∆Tf can be expressed as ∆Tf = Ef m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Ef is the Cryoscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Cryoscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Ef = R Tf2 M/∆fusH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the freezing point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆fusH the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion of the solvent. This table lists cryscopic constants for selected substances, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Fusion” in Section 6.
Compound Acetamide Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzophenone (+)-Camphor 1-Chloronaphthalene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Dibenzyl ether p-Dichlorobenzene Diethanolamine Dimethyl sulfoxide
Ef/K kg mol–1 3.92 3.63 5.16 5.23 5.07 5.35 8.58 37.8 7.68 5.92 7.76 7.20 20.8 42.2 6.42 4.70 6.17 7.57 3.16 3.85
15-21
Compound
Ef/K kg mol–1
1,4-Dioxane Diphenylamine Ethylene glycol Formamide Formic acid Glycerol Methylcyclohexane Naphthalene Nitrobenzene Phenol Pyridine Quinoline Succinonitrile 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Toluene p-Toluidine Tribromomethane Water p-Xylene
4.63 8.38 3.11 4.25 2.38 3.56 2.60 7.45 6.87 6.84 4.26 6.73 19.3 21.4 41.0 3.55 4.91 15.0 1.86 4.31
FREEZING POINT LOWERING BY ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION REFERENCE Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. Lowering of freezing point of water (in °C) as function of molality (mol/kg) Compound
0.05
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
CaCl2 CuSO4 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KNO3 K2SO4 LiCl MgSO4 NH4Cl NaCl NaNO3
0.25 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.18
0.49 0.23 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.43 0.35 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.36
1.27 0.47 0.90 0.88 0.96 0.92 0.86 0.78 1.01 0.88 0.55 0.85 0.85 0.80
2.66 0.96 1.86 1.80 1.95 1.78 1.68 1.47 1.87 1.80 1.01 1.70 1.68 1.62
4.28
6.35
10.78
15.27
20.42
28.08
2.90 2.78 3.04
4.02 3.80 4.28
6.63 5.98 7.35
9.94 8.34 11.35
10.95 16.32
13.92
2.49 2.11
3.29 2.66
4.88
6.50
8.14
9.77
2.08
3.41
2.78 1.50 2.55 2.60 2.63
1-22
3.10
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM DEW POINT The relative humidity of a water vapor-air mixture is defined as 100 times the partial pressure of water divided by the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. The relative humidity may be determined from the dew point tdew, which is the temperature at which liquid water first condenses when the mixture is cooled from an initial temperature t. This table gives relative humidity as a function of the dew point depression t - tdew for several values of the dew point. Values are calculated from the vapor pressure table in Section 6.
t - tdew
-10
0
tdew/°C 10
20
30
t - tdew
-10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0
100 99 97 95 94 92 91 90 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54
100 99 97 96 94 93 92 90 89 88 87 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57
100 99 97 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 60
100 99 98 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 63 62
100 99 98 97 96 94 93 92 91 90 89 89 87 86 85 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 75 74 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 66 65 65 64
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0
54 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 37 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 24 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
15-23
0 56 56 55 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 48 47 45 44 42 41 40 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14
tdew/°C 10
20
59 58 57 57 56 55 55 54 53 53 51 49 48 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
61 60 60 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 33 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
30 63 63 62 61 61 60 59 59 58 57 56 55 53 52 50 49 48 47 45 44
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM WET AND DRY BULB TEMPERATURES Relative humidity may be determined by comparing temperature readings of wet and dry bulb thermometers. The following table, extracted from more extensive U.S. National Weather Service tables, gives the relative humidity as a function of air temperature td (dry bulb) and the difference td - tw between dry and wet bulb temperatures. The data assume a pressure near normal atmospheric pressure and an instrumental configuration with forced ventilation.
td/°C
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
(td - tw)/°C 3.0 3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40
83 86 88 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97
67 71 74 77 79 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94
51 57 61 66 69 72 76 78 79 81 82 83 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91
35 43 49 55 60 64 68 71 73 75 77 78 79 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 88
19 29 37 44 50 55 60 63 66 69 71 73 75 76 77 78 80 80 81 82 83 84 85
15 25 33 40 46 52 57 60 63 66 68 70 71 73 74 76 77 78 78 79 81 82
12 22 29 37 43 48 51 55 58 60 63 65 66 68 69 71 72 73 75 77
12 21 29 36 41 46 50 53 56 58 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 74
13 22 29 35 40 44 48 51 54 57 59 61 62 64 65 67 69 72
5 14 22 29 35 39 43 47 50 53 55 57 59 61 62 64 67 69
7 16 24 29 34 39 42 46 49 51 54 56 58 59 61 64 67
td/°C
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
(td - tw)/°C 9.0 10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
9 17 24 29 34 38 42 45 48 50 53 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 64
11 19 24 29 34 38 41 44 47 49 51 53 55 57 58 59 61 62
5 14 20 25 30 34 38 41 44 46 49 51 52 54 56 57 58 59
8 15 21 26 30 34 37 40 43 46 48 50 51 53 54 56 57
10 16 22 26 30 34 37 40 43 45 47 49 51 52 54 54
6 12 18 23 27 31 34 37 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 53
8 14 18 22 26 29 32 35 37 39 41 43 44
7 12 17 20 24 27 30 32 35 37 39 40
6 11 15 19 22 25 28 30 33 35 36
6 10 14 18 21 24 26 29 31 33
5 10 13 17 20 23 25 27 29
15-24
8 23 31 38 44 49 54 57 60 63 65 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 76 78 80
5 10 15 20 24 28 31 34 37 39 41 43 45 47 48
CONSTANT HUMIDITY SOLUTIONS Anthony Wexler An excess of a water soluble salt in contact with its saturated solution and contained within an enclosed space produces a constant relative humidity and water vapor pressure according to RH = A exp(B/T) where RH is the percent relative humidity (generally accurate to ±2 %), T is the temperature in kelvin, and the constants A and B and the range of valid temperatures are given in the table below. The vapor pressure, p, can be calculated from p = (RH/100) × p0 where p0 is the vapor pressure of pure water at temperature T as given in the table in Section 6 titled “Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C”. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Environment, 25A, 2731, 1991. Greenspan, L., J. Res. National Bureau of Standards, 81A, 89, 1977. Broul, et al., Solubility of Inorganic Two-Component Systems, Elsevier, New York, 1981. Wagman, D. D. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
Compound
NaOH ⋅ H2O LiBr ⋅ 2H2O ZnBr2 ⋅ 2H2O KOH ⋅ 2H2O LiCl ⋅ H2O CaBr2 ⋅ 6H2O LiI ⋅ 3H2O CaCl2⋅ 6H2O MgCl2⋅ 6H2O NaI⋅ 2H2O Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O NaBr ⋅ 2H2O NH4NO3 KI SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O NaNO3 NaCl NH4Cl KBr (NH4)2SO4 KCl Sr(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O CsI KNO3 K2SO4
Temperature range (°C)
RH 25°C
15—60 10—30 5—30 5—30 20—65 11—22 15—65 15—25 5—45 5—45 10—30 5—35 0—35 10—40 5—30 5—30 10—40 10—40 10—40 5—25 10—40 5—25 5—25 5—25 5—25 0—50 10—50
6 6 8 9 11 16 18 29 33 38 51 53 58 62 69 71 74 75 79 81 81 84 85 90 91 92 97
15-25
A
B
5.48 0.23 1.69 0.014 14.53 0.17 0.15 0.11 29.26 3.62 1.89 25.28 20.49 3.54 29.35 31.58 26.94 69.20 35.67 40.98 62.06 49.38 28.34 69.99 70.77 43.22 86.75
27 996 455 1924 –75 1360 1424 1653 34 702 981 220 308 853 254 241 302 25 235 203 79 159 328 75 75 225 34
STANDARD SALT SOLUTIONS FOR HUMIDITY CALIBRATION Saturated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts are convenient secondary standards for calibration of instruments for measurement of relative humidity. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has recommended salt solutions for calibrations in the range of 10% to 90% relative humidity, and the American Society for Testing and Materials has published similar standards. The data in this table are taken from the IUPAC recommendations, except for K2CO3 and K2SO4, which are ASTM recommendations. Details on the preparation and use of these standards may be found in References 1 and 2. Data for other salts are given in Reference 3.
REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987, pp.157-162. 2. Standard Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions, ASTM Standard E 104-85, Reapproved 1991. 3. Greenspan, L., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 81A, 89, 1977. Relative Humidity in % t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
LiCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Mg(NO3)2
NaCl
KCl
K2SO4
11.31±0.31 11.30±0.27 11.28±0.24 11.25±0.22 11.21±0.21 11.16±0.21 11.10±0.22 11.03±0.23 10.95±0.26 10.86±0.29 10.75±0.33 10.64±0.38 10.51±0.44
33.66±0.33 33.60±0.28 33.47±0.24 33.30±0.21 33.07±0.18 32.78±0.16 32.44±0.14 32.05±0.13 31.60±0.13 31.10±0.13 30.54±0.14 29.93±0.16 29.26±0.18 28.54±0.21 27.77±0.25 26.94±0.29 26.05±0.34
43.1±0.7 43.1±0.5 43.1±0.4 43.2±0.3 43.2±0.3 43.2±0.4 43.2±0.5
60.35±0.55 58.86±0.43 57.36±0.33 55.87±0.27 54.38±0.23 52.89±0.22 51.40±0.24 49.91±0.29 48.42±0.37 46.93±0.47 45.44±0.60
75.51±0.34 75.65±0.27 75.67±0.22 75.61±0.18 75.47±0.14 75.29±0.12 75.09±0.11 74.87±0.12
88.61±0.53 87.67±0.45 86.77±0.39 85.92±0.33 85.11±0.29 84.34±0.26 83.62±0.25 82.95±0.25 82.32±0.25 81.74±0.28 81.20±0.31 80.70±0.35 80.25±0.41 79.85±0.48 79.49±0.57 79.17±0.66 78.90±0.77
98.8±2.1 98.5±0.9 98.2±0.8 97.9±0.6 97.6±0.5 97.3±0.5 97.0±0.4 96.7±0.4 96.4±0.4 96.1±0.4 95.8±0.5
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
LOW TEMPERATURE BATHS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT TEMPERATURE A liquid-solid slurry is a convenient means of maintaining a constant temperature environment below room temperature. The following is a list of readily available organic liquids suitable for this purpose, arranged in order of their melting (freezing) points tm. The normal boiling points tb are also given. Compound Isopentane (2-Methylbutane) Methylcyclopentane 3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride) Pentane Allyl alcohol Ethanol Carbon disulfide Isobutyl alcohol Toluene Acetone Ethyl acetate Dry ice + acetone p-Cymene Trichloromethane (Chloroform) N-Methylaniline Chlorobenzene Anisole Bromobenzene Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride) Benzonitrile
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tm/°C -159.9 -142.5 -134.5 -129.7 -129 -114.1 -111.5 -108 -94.9 -94.8 -83.6 -78 -68.9 -63.6 -57 -45.2 -37.5 -30.6 -23 -12.7
tb/°C 27.8 71.8 45.1 36.0 97.0 78.2 46 107.8 110.6 56.0 77.1 177.1 61.1 196.2 131.7 153.7 156.0 76.8 191.1
WIRE TABLES The resistance per unit length of wires of various metals is tabulated here. Values were calculated from resistivity values in the tables “Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals” and “Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys”, which appear in Section 12. In practice, resistance may vary because of differing heat treatments and metal composition. The values in the table refer to 20°C, but values at other temperatures may be calculated from the following resistivity data: Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m at temperature 20°C 25°C
0°C
Metal Aluminum Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni) Copper Nichrome (79% Ni, 21% Cr) Platinum Silver Tungsten
2.417 5.87 45.43 1.543 107.3 9.6 1.467 4.82
2.650 6.08 45.38 1.678 107.5 10.5 1.587 5.28
2.709 6.13 45.35 1.712 107.6 10.7 1.617 5.39
100°C 3.56 6.91 45.11 2.22 108.3 13.6 2.07 7.18
Resistance per unit length at 20°C in Ω/m B&S Gauge 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Diameter (mm)
Aluminum
Brass
Constantan
Copper
8.252 6.543 5.189 4.115 3.264 2.588 2.053 1.628 1.291 1.024 0.8118 0.6439 0.5105 0.4049 0.3211 0.2548 0.2019 0.1601 0.1270 0.1007 0.07988
0.000495 0.000788 0.00125 0.00199 0.00317 0.00504 0.00800 0.0127 0.0202 0.0322 0.0512 0.0814 0.129 0.206 0.327 0.520 0.828 1.32 2.09 3.33 5.29
0.00114 0.00181 0.00287 0.00457 0.00727 0.0115 0.0184 0.0292 0.0464 0.0738 0.117 0.187 0.297 0.472 0.751 1.19 1.90 3.02 4.80 7.63 12.1
0.00848 0.0135 0.0214 0.0341 0.0542 0.0863 0.137 0.218 0.347 0.551 0.877 1.39 2.22 3.52 5.60 8.90 14.2 22.5 35.8 57.0 90.5
0.000314 0.000499 0.000793 0.00126 0.00200 0.00319 0.00507 0.00806 0.0128 0.0204 0.0324 0.0515 0.0820 0.130 0.207 0.329 0.524 0.833 1.32 2.11 3.35
15-27
Nichrome
Platinum
Silver
Tungsten
0.0201 0.0320 0.0508 0.0808 0.128 0.204 0.325 0.516 0.821 1.30 2.08 3.30 5.25 8.35 13.3 21.1 33.6 53.4 84.9 135 214
0.00196 0.00312 0.00496 0.00789 0.0125 0.0200 0.0317 0.0504 0.0802 0.127 0.203 0.322 0.513 0.815 1.30 2.06 3.28 5.22 8.29 13.2 20.9
0.000297 0.000472 0.000750 0.00119 0.00190 0.00302 0.00479 0.00762 0.0121 0.0193 0.0307 0.0487 0.0775 0.123 0.196 0.311 0.496 0.788 1.25 1.99 3.17
0.00099 0.00157 0.00250 0.00397 0.00631 0.0100 0.0159 0.0254 0.0403 0.0641 0.102 0.162 0.258 0.410 0.652 1.03 1.65 2.62 4.17 6.63 10.5
DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS This table gives the range of density for miscellaneous solid materials whose characteristics depend on the source or method of preparation.
REFERENCES 1. Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. 2. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, Longman, London, 1995. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Material
ρ/ g cm-3
Material
ρ/ g cm-3
Material
ρ/ g cm-3
Agate Alabaster, carbonate sulfate Albite Amber Amphiboles Anorthite Asbestos Asbestos slate Asphalt Basalt Beeswax Beryl Biotite Bone Brasses Brick Bronzes Butter Calamine Calcspar Camphor Cardboard Celluloid Cement, set Chalk Charcoal, oak pine Cinnabar Clay Coal, anthracite bituminous Coke Copal Cork Corundum Diamond Dolomite Ebonite Emery Epidote Feldspar Flint Fluorite Galena Garnet Gelatin Glass, common lead
2.5-2.7
Pyrex Granite Graphite Gum arabic Gypsum Hematite Hornblende Ice Iron, cast Ivory Kaolin Leather, dry Lime, slaked Limestone Linoleum Magnetite Malachite Marble Meerschaum Mica Muscovite Ochre Opal Paper Paraffin Peat blocks Pitch Polyamides Polyethylene Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polytetrafluoroethylene Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Porcelain Porphyry Pyrite Quartz Resin Rock salt Rubber, hard soft pure gum Neoprene Sandstone Serpentine Silica, fused, Silicon carbide Slag Slate
2.23 2.64-2.76 2.30-2.72 1.3-1.4 2.31-2.33 4.9-5.3 3.0 0.917 7.0-7.4 1.83-1.92 2.6 0.86 1.3-1.4 2.68-2.76 1.18 4.9-5.2 3.7-4.1 2.6-2.84 0.99-1.28 2.6-3.2 2.76-3.00 3.5 2.2 0.7-1.15 0.87-0.91 0.84 1.07 1.15-1.25 0.92-0.97 1.19 0.91-0.94 1.06-1.12 2.28-2.30 1.19 1.39-1.42 2.3-2.5 2.6-2.9 4.95-5.10 2.65 1.07 2.18
Soapstone Solder Starch Steel, stainless Sugar Talc Tallow, beef Tar Topaz Tourmaline Tungsten carbide Wax, sealing Wood (seasoned) alder apple ash balsa bamboo basswood beech birch blue gum box butternut cedar cherry dogwood ebony elm hickory holly juniper larch locust logwood mahogany maple oak pear pine, pitch white yellow plum poplar satinwood spruce sycamore teak, Indian walnut water gum willow Wood’s metal
2.6-2.8 8.7-9.4 1.53 7.8 1.59 2.7-2.8 0.94 1.02 3.5-3.6 3.0-3.2 14.0-15.0 1.8
2.69-2.78 2.26-2.32 2.62-2.65 1.06-1.11 2.9-3.2 2.74-2.76 2.0-2.8 1.8 1.1-1.5 2.4-3.1 0.96-0.97 2.69-2.70 2.7-3.1 1.7-2.0 8.44-8.75 1.4-2.2 8.74-8.89 0.86-0.87 4.1-4.5 2.6-2.8 0.99 0.69 1.4 2.7-3.0 1.9-2.8 0.57 0.28-0.44 8.12 1.8-2.6 1.4-1.8 1.2-1.5 1.0-1.7 1.04-1.14 0.22-0.26 3.9-4.0 3.51 2.84 1.15 4.0 3.25-3.50 2.55-2.75 2.63 3.18 7.3-7.6 3.15-4.3 1.27 2.4-2.8 3-4
15-29
1.19 1.1 0.91-0.93 1.23-1.25 2.14-2.36 2.50-2.65 2.21 3.16 2.0-3.9 2.6-3.3
0.42-0.68 0.66-0.84 0.65-0.85 0.11-0.14 0.31-0.40 0.32-0.59 0.70-0.90 0.51-0.77 1.00 0.95-1.16 0.38 0.49-0.57 0.70-0.90 0.76 1.11-1.33 0.54-0.60 0.60-0.93 0.76 0.56 0.50-0.56 0.67-0.71 0.91 0.66-0.85 0.62-0.75 0.60-0.90 0.61-0.73 0.83-0.85 0.35-0.50 0.37-0.60 0.66-0.78 0.35-0.50 0.95 0.48-0.70 0.40-0.60 0.66-0.98 0.64-0.70 1.00 0.40-0.60 9.70
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF INSULATING MATERIALS L. I. Berger The loss of the dielectric properties by a sample of a gaseous, liquid, or solid insulator as a result of application to the sample of an electric field* greater than a certain critical magnitude is called dielectric breakdown. The critical magnitude of electric field at which the breakdown of a material takes place is called the dielectric strength of the material (or breakdown voltage). The dielectric strength of a material depends on the specimen thickness (as a rule, thin films have greater dielectric strength than that of thicker samples of a material), the electrode shape**, the rate of the applied voltage increase, the shape of the voltage vs. time curve, and the medium surrounding the sample, e.g., air or other gas (or a liquid — for solid materials only). Breakdown in Gases The current carriers in gases are free electrons and ions generated by external radiation. The equilibrium concentration of these particles at normal pressure is about 103 cm-3, and hence the electrical conductivity is very small, of the order of 10-16 - 10-15 S/cm. But in a strong electric field, these particles acquire kinetic energy along their free pass, large enough to ionize the gas molecules. The new charged particles ionize more molecules; this avalanche-like process leads to formation between the electrodes of channels of conducting plasma (streamers), and the electrical resistance of the space between the electrodes decreases virtually to zero. Because the dielectric strength (breakdown voltage) of gases strongly depends on the electrode geometry and surface condition and the gas pressure, it is generally accepted to present the data for a particular gas as a fraction of the dielectric strength of either nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride measured at the same conditions. In Table 1, the data are presented in comparison with the dielectric strength of nitrogen, which is considered equal to 1.00. For convenience to the reader, a few average magnitudes of the dielectric strength of some gases are expressed in kilovolts per millimeter. The data in the table relate to the standard conditions, unless indicated otherwise. Breakdown in Liquids If a liquid is pure, the breakdown mechanism in it is similar to that in gases. If a liquid contains liquid impurities in the form of small drops with greater dielectric constant than that of the main liquid, the breakdown is the result of formation of ellipsoids from these drops by the electric field. In a strong enough electric field, these ellipsoids merge and form a high-conductivity channel between the electrodes. The current increases the temperature in the channel, liquid boils, and the current along the steam canal leads to breakdown. Formation of a conductive channel (bridge) between the electrodes is observed also in liquids with solid impurities. If a liquid contains gas impurities in the form of small bubbles, breakdown is the result of heating of the liquid in strong electric fields. In the locations with the highest current density, the liquid boils, the size of the gas bubbles increases, they merge and form gaseous channels between the electrodes, and the breakdown medium is again the gas plasma. Breakdown in Solids It is known that the current in solid insulators does not obey Ohm’s law in strong electric fields. The current density increases almost exponentially with the electric field, and at a certain field magnitude it jumps to very high magnitudes at which a specimen of a material is destroyed. The two known kinds of electric breakdown are thermal and electrical breakdowns. The former is the result of material heating by the electric current. Destruction of a sample of a material happens when, at a certain voltage, the amount of heat produced by the current exceeds the heat release through the sample surface; the breakdown voltage in this case is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. The electrical breakdown results from the tunneling of the charge carriers from electrodes or from the valence band or from the impurity levels into the conduction band, or by the impact ionization. The tunnel effect breakdown happens mainly in thin layers, e.g., in thin p-n junctions. Otherwise, the impact ionization mechanism dominates. For this mechanism, the dielectric strength of an insulator can be estimated using Boltzmann’s kinetic equation for electrons in a crystal. In the following tables, the dielectric strength values are for room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, unless indicated otherwise.
* The unit of electric field in the SI system is newton per coulomb or volt per meter. ** For example, the U.S. standard ASTM D149 is based on use of symmetrical electrodes, while per U.K. standard BS2918 one electrode is a plane and the other is a rod with the axis normal to the plane.
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Table 1 Dielectric Strength of Gases
Material Nitrogen, N2 Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Oxygen, O2 Air Air (flat electrodes), kV/mm Air, kV/mm Air, kV/mm Neon, Ne Argon, Ar Chlorine, Cl2 Carbon monoxide, CO Carbon dioxide, CO2
Nitrous oxide, N2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2 (at 12.5 Torr) Thionyl fluoride, SOF2 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, kV/mm Perchloryl fluoride, ClO3F Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 Tetrafluoromethane, CF4 Methane, CH4 Bromotrifluoromethane, CF3Br Bromomethane, CH3Br Chloromethane, CH3Cl Iodomethane, CH3I Iodomethane, CH3I, at 370 Torr Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2 Chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3
Dielectric* Strength Ref. 1.00 0.50 0.15 0.92 0.97 3.0 0.4-0.7 1.40 0.25 0.16 0.18 1.55 1.02 1.05 0.88 0.82 0.84 1.24 2.63 2.68 1.02
1,2 1 2 6 3 4 5 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 2 2 6 1
2.50 2.50 2.63 8.50 9.8 2.73 6.33 6.21 1.01 1.00 1.13 1.35 1.97 0.71 1.29 3.02 2.20 1.92 2.42 2.63 1.43 1.53
1 1 2 7 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 7 2 1 2,6 1 2
*Relative to nitrogen, unless units of kV/mm are indicated.
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Material Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F
Dielectric* Strength Ref.
3.50 4.53 Trichloromethane, CHCl3 4.2 4.39 Methylamine, CH3NH2 0.81 Difluoromethane, CH2F2 0.79 Trifluoromethane, CHF3 0.71 3.84 Bromochlorodifluoromethane, CF2ClBr Chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2 1.40 1.11 Dichlorofluoromethane, CHCl2F 1.33 2.61 Chlorofluoromethane, CH2ClF 1.03 Hexafluoroethane, C2F6 1.82 2.55 Ethyne (Acetylene), C2H2 1.10 1.11 2.3 Chloropentafluoroethane, C2ClF5 3.0 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, C2Cl2F4 2.52 Chlorotrifluoroethylene, C2ClF3 1.82 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.55 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.05 Chloroethane, C2H5Cl 1.00 1,1-Dichloroethane 2.66 Trifluoroacetonitrile, CF3CN 3.5 Acetonitrile, CH3CN 2.11 Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH 1.04 Ethylamine, C2H5NH2 1.01 Ethylene oxide (oxirane), CH3CHO 1.01 Perfluoropropene, C3F6 2.55 Octafluoropropane, C3F8 2.19 2.47 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propene, CH2CHCF3 2.11 Pentafluoroisocyanoethane, C2F5NC 4.5 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne, CF3CCCF3 5.84 Octafluorocyclobutane, C4F8 3.34 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-Octafluoro-2-butene 2.8 Decafluorobutane, C4F10 3.08 5.5 Perfluorobutanenitrile, C3F7CN Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C5F8 5.5 Hexafluorobenzene, C6F6 2.11 Perfluorocyclohexane, C6F12, (saturated vapor) 6.18
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Table 2 Dielectric Strength of Liquids
Material Helium, He, liquid, 4.2 K Static Dynamic Nitrogen, N2, liquid, 77K Coaxial cylinder electrodes Sphere to plane electrodes Water, H2O, distilled Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 Hexane, C6H14 Two 2.54 cm diameter spherical electrodes, 50.8 µm space Cyclohexane, C6H12 2-Methylpentane, C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 Benzene, C6H6 Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, C8H18 Phenylxylylethane Heptane, C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane, C7H16 Toluene, C6H5CH3
Octane, C8H18
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
10 10 5 23
9 11 11 12
20 60 65-70 5.5 16.0 42.0
10 10 13 14 15 16
156 42-48 149 133 138 163 7.1 18.8 140 23.6 166 133 199 46 12.0 20.4 16.6
17,18 16 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 14 15 17,18 19 17,18 17,18 17,18 16 14 15 14
Material
Ethylbenzene, C8H10 Propylbenzene, C9H12 Isopropylbenzene, C9H12 Decane, C10H22 Synthetic Paraffin Mixture Synfluid 2cSt PAO Butylbenzene, C10H14 Isobutylbenzene, C10H14 Silicone oils—polydimethylsiloxanes, (CH3)3Si-O-[Si(CH3)2]x-O-Si(CH3)3 Polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid Dimethyl silicone Phenylmethyl silicone Silicone oil, Basilone M50 Mineral insulating oils Polybutene oil for capacitors Transformer dielectric liquid Isopropylbiphenyl capacitor oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Agip ITE 360 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons Fluorinert FC 6001 Fluorinert FC 77 Perfluorinated polyethers Galden XAD (Mol. wt. 800) Galden D40 (Mol. wt. 2000) Castor oil
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
20.4 179 226 250 238 192
15 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18
29.5 275 222
37 17,18 17,18
15.4 24.0 23.2 10-15 11.8 13.8 28-30 23.6 110.7 9-12.6
20 21,22 22 23 6 6 6 6 24 23
8.0 10.7
23 23
10.5 10.2 65
23 23 25
Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids
Material Sodium chloride, NaCl, crystalline Potassium bromide, KBr, crystalline Ceramics Alumina (99.9% Al2O3) Aluminum silicate, Al2SiO5 Berillia (99% BeO) Boron nitride, BN Cordierite, Mg2Al4Si5O18 Forsterite, Mg2SiO4 Porcelain Steatite, Mg3Si4O11•H2O Titanates of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb Barium titanate, glass bonded Zirconia, ZrO2 Glasses Fused silica, SiO2 Alkali-silicate glass Standard window glass Micas Muscovite, ruby, natural
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Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref
150 80
26 26
13.4 5.9 13.8 37.4 7.9 9.8 35-160 9.1-15.4 20-120 >30 11.4
6,27a 6 6,27b 6 6,27c 28 26 6 3 36 29
470-670 200 9.8-13.8
26 26 28
118
6
Material Phlogopite, amber, natural Fluorophlogopite, synthetic Glass-bonded mica Thermoplastic Polymers Polypropylene Amide polymer nylon 6/6, dry Polyamide-imide copolymer Modified polyphenylene oxide Polystyrene Polymethyl methacrylate Polyetherimide Amide polymer nylon 11(dry) Polysulfone Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polyethersulfone Polybutylene terephthalate Polystyrene-butadiene copolymer Acetal homopolymer Acetal copolymer
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref
118 118 14.0-15.7
6 6 6
23.6 23.6 22.8 21.7 19.7 19.7 18.9 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.0 15.0
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued)
Material
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Polyphenylene sulfide 15.0 Polycarbonate 15.0 Acetal homopolymer resin (molding resin) 15.0 Acetal copolymer resin 15.0 Thermosetting Molding Compounds Glass-filled allyl 15.7 (Type GDI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled epoxy, electrical grade 15.4 Glass-filled phenolic 15.0 (Type GPI-100 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled alkyd/polyester 14.8 (Type MAI-60 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled melamine 13.4 (Type MMI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Extrusion Compounds for High-Temperature Insulation Polytetrafluoroethylene 19.7 Perfluoroalkoxy polymer 21.7 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer 19.7 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 15.7 Polyvinylidene fluoride 10.2 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 19.3 copolymer Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 19.7 Extrusion Compounds for Low-Temperature Insulation Polyvinyl chloride Flexible 11.8-15.7 Rigid 13.8-19.7 Polyethylene 18.9 Polyethylene, low-density 21.7 300 Polyethylene, high-density 19.7 Polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer 23.6 Embedding Compounds Basic epoxy resin: 19.7 bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin polycondensate Cycloaliphatic epoxy: alicyclic 19.7 diepoxy carboxylate Polyetherketone 18.9 Polyurethanes Two-component, polyol-cured 25.4 Two-part solventless, 24.0 polybutylene-based Silicones Clear two-part heat curing eletrical 21.7 grade silicone embedding resin Red insulating enamel (MIL-E-22118) Dry 47.2 Wet 11.8 Enamels Red enamel, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 Immersion conditions 47.2 Black enamel Standard conditions 70.9 Immersion conditions 47.2
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Ref. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
30 30 28 6 31 6 6 6
6 30 6 6
6
6 6
6 6 6 6
Material
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Varnishes Vacuum-pressure impregnated baking type solventless polyester varnish Rigid, two-part 70.9 Semiflexible high-bond thixotropic 78.7 Rigid high-bond high-flash 68.9 freon-resistant Baking type epoxy varnish Solventless, rigid, low viscosity, 90.6 one-part Solventless, semiflexible, one-part 82.7 Solventless, semirigid, chemical 106.3 resistant, low dielectric constant Solvable, for hermetic electric motors 181.1 Polyurethane coating Clear conformal, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 Immersion conditions 47.2 Insulating Films and Tapes Low-density polyethylene film 300 (40 µm thick) Poly-p-xylylene film 410-590 Aromatic polymer films Kapton H (Du Pont) 389-430 Ultem (GE Plastic and Roem AG) 437-565 Hostaphan (Hoechst AG) 338-447 Amorphous Stabar K2000 404-422 (ICI film) Stabar S100 (ICI film) 353-452 Polyetherimide film (26 µm) 486 Parylene N/D (poly-p-xylylene/polydichloro-p-xylylene) 25 µm film 275 Cellulose acetate film 157 Cellulose triacetate film 157 Polytetrafluoroethylene film 87-173 Perfluoroalkoxy film 157-197 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene 197 copolymer film Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene film 197 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 197 copolymer film Polychlorotrifluoroethylene film 118-153.5 High-voltage rubber insulating tape 28 Composites Isophthalic polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 15.0 Gypsum, CaSO4 14.4 Alumina trihydrate 15.4 Clay 14.4 BPA fumarate polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate 6.1 Gypsum 5.9 Alumina trihydrate 11.8 Clay 12.6
Ref.
6 6 6
6 6 6 6
6 6 31 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
38 38 38 38
38 38 38 38
Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued)
Material Polysulfone resin—30% glass fiber Polyamid resin (Nylon 66)— 30% carbon fiber Polyimide thermoset resin, glass reinforced Polyester resin (thermoplastic)— 40% glass fiber Epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), glass reinforced Various Insulators Rubber, natural
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
16.5-18.7
38
13.0
38
12.0
39
20.0
38
16.0
40
100-215
26
Material Butyl rubber Neoprene Silicone rubber Room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber Ureas (from carbamide to tetraphenylurea) Dielectric papers Aramid paper, calendered Aramid paper, uncalendered Aramid with Mica
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
23.6 15.7-27.6 26-36 9.2-10.9
6 6 6 35
11.8-15.7
28
28.7 12.2 39.4
6 6 6
REFERENCES 1. Vijh, A. K. IEEE Trans., EI-12, 313, 1997. 2. Brand, K. P., IEEE Trans., EI-17, 451, 1982. 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary in Physics, Vedensky, B. A. and Vul, B. M., Eds., Vol. 4, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1965. 4. Kubuki, M., Yoshimoto, R., Yoshizumi, K., Tsuru, S., and Hara, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 92, 1997. 5. Al-Arainy, A. A. Malik, N. H., and Cureshi, M. I., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 305, 1994. 6. Shugg, W. T., Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 7. Devins, J. C., IEEE Trans., EI-15, 81, 1980. 8. Xu, X., Jayaram, S., and Boggs, S. A., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 836, 1996. 9. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Nayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 120, 1997. 10. Hayakawa, H., Sakakibara, H., Goshima, H., Hikita, M., and Okubo, H., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 127, 1997. 11. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Hayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 220, 1997. 12. Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. 13. Jones, H. M. and Kunhards, E. E., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1016, 1994. 14. Nitta, Y. and Ayhara, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-11, 91, 1976. 15. Gallagher, T. J., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 249, 1977. 16. Wong, P. P. and Forster, E. O., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 1, 1979. 17. Kao, K. C. IEEE Trans., EI-11, 121, 1976. 18. Sharbaugh, A. H., Crowe, R. W., and Cox, E. B., J. Appl. Phys., 27, 806, 1956. 19. Miller, R. L., Mandelcorn, L., and Mercier, G. E., in Proc. Intl. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Xian, China, June 24-28, 1985; cited in Ref. 6, p. 492. 20. Hakim, R. M., Oliver, R. G., and St-Onge, H., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 360, 1977. 21. Hosticka, C., IEEE Trans., 389, 1977. 22. Yasufuku, S., Umemura, T., and Ishioka, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 402, 1977. 23. Forster, E. O., Yamashita, H., Mazzetti, C., Pompini, M., Caroli, L., and Patrissi, S., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 440, 1994. 24. Bell, W. R., IEEE Trans., 281, 1977. 25. Ramu, T. C. and Narayana Rao, Y., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 37. 26. Skanavi, G. I., Fizika Dielektrikov; Oblast Silnykh Polei (Physics of Dielectrics; Strong Fields). Gos. Izd. Fiz. Mat. Nauk (State Publ. House for Phys. and Math. Scis.), Moscow, 1958. 27. Kleiner, R. N., in Practical Handbook of Materials Science, Lynch, C. T., Ed., CRC Press, 1989; 27a: p. 304; 27b: p.300; 27c: p. 316. 28. Materials Selector Guide. Materials and Methods, Reinhold Publ., New York, 1973. 29. Flinn, R. A. and Trojan, P. K., Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1981, p. 614. 30. Lynch, C. T., Ed., Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 31. Suzuki, H., Mukai, S., Ohki, Y., Nakamichi, Y., and Ajiki, K., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 238, 1997. 32. Mori, T., Matsuoka, T., and Muzitani, T., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 71, 1994. 33. Bjellheim, P. and Helgee, B., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 89, 1994. 34. Zheng, J. P., Cygan, P. J., and Jow, T. R., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 144, 1996. 35. Danukas, M. G., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1196, 1994. 36. Burn, I. and Smithe, D. H., J. Mater. Sci., 7, 339, 1972. 37. Hope, K.D., Chevron Chemical, Private Communication.
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38. Engineering Materials Handbook, vol. 1, Composites, C.A. Dostal, Ed., ASM Intl., 1987. 39. 1985 Materials Selector, Mater. Eng., (12) 1984. 40. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, v. 62 (No. 10A) 1985–1986. Review Literature on the Subject R1.Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W. S., HV Engineering Fundamentals, Pergamon, 1989. R2.Kok, J. A., Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Liquids, Phillips Tech. Library, Cleaver-Hum, Longon, 1961. R3.Gallagher, T. J., Simple Dielectric Liquids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975. R4.Meek, J. M. and Craggs, J. D., Eds., Electric Breakdown in Gases, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. R5.Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954.
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ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM In the United States the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has responsibility for assigning each portion of the radio spectrum (9 kHz to 300 GHz) for different uses. These assignments must be compatible with the rules of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), to which the United States is bound by treaty. The current assignments are given in a wall chart (Reference 1) and may also be found on the NTIA web site (Reference 2). The list below summarizes the broad features of the spectrum allocation, with particular attention to those sections of scientific interest. The references should be consulted for details of the allocations in the frequency bands listed here, which in some cases are quite complex. REFERENCES 1. United States Frequency Allocations, 1996 Spectrum Wall Chart, Stock No. 003-000-00652-2, U. S. Government Printing Office, P. O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. 2. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html Frequency range 9 - 19.95 kHz 19.95 - 20.05 kHz 20.05 - 535 kHz 535 - 1605 kHz 1605 - 3500 kHz 3.5 - 4.0 MHz 4.0 - 5.95 MHz 5.95 - 13.36 MHz 13.36 - 13.41 MHz 13.41 - 25.55 MHz 25.55 - 25.67 MHz 25.67 - 37.5 MHz 37.5 -38.25 MHz 38.25 - 50.0 MHz 50.0 - 54.0 MHz 54.0 - 72.0 MHz 72.0 - 73.0 MHz 73.0 - 74.6 MHz 74.6 - 76.0 MHz 76.0 - 88.0 MHz 88.0 - 108.0 MHz 108.0 - 118.0 MHz 118.0 - 174.0 MHz 174.0 - 216.0 MHz 216.0 - 400.05 MHz 400.05 - 400.15 MHz 400.15 - 406.1 MHz 406.1 - 410.0 MHz 410.0 - 470.0 MHz 470.0 - 512.0 MHz 512.0 - 608.0 MHz 608.0 - 614.0 MHz 614.0 - 806.0 MHz 806 -1400 MHz 1400 - 1427 MHz 1427 - 1660 MHz 1660 - 1710 MHz 1710 - 2655 MHz 2655 - 2700 MHz 2.7 - 4.99 GHz 4.99 - 5.0 GHz 5.0 - 10.6 GHz 10.6 - 10.7 GHz 10.7 - 15.35 GHz 15.35 - 15.4 GHz 15.4 - 22.21 GHz
Allocation Maritime communication, navigation Standard frequency and time signal (also at 60 kHz and 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 MHz) Maritime and aeronautical communication, navigation AM radio broadcasting Mobile communication and navigation, amateur radio (1800-1900 kHz) Amateur radio Mobile communication Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication Amateur TV channels 2-4 Mobile communication Radioastronomy Mobile communication TV channels 5-6 FM radio broadcasting Aeronautical navigation Mobile communication, space research, meteorological satellites TV channels 7-13 Mobile communication Standard frequency and time satellite (also 20 and 25 GHz) Meteorological aids (radiosonde) Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur TV channels 14-20 TV channels 21-36 Radioastronomy TV channels 38-69 Mobile communication, navigation Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research, meteorology Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications
15-36
ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM (continued) Frequency range
Allocation
22.21 - 22.5 GHz 22.25 - 23.6 GHz 23.6 - 24.0 GHz 24.0 - 31.3 GHz 31.3 - 31.8 GHz 31.8 - 42.5 GHz 42.5 - 43.5 GHz 43.5 - 51.4 GHz 51.4 - 54.25 GHz 54.25 - 58.2 GHz 58.2 - 59.0 GHz 59.0 - 64.0 GHz 64.0 - 65.0 GHz 65.0 - 72.77 GHz 72.77 - 72.91 GHz 72.91 - 86.0 GHz 86.0 - 92.0 GHz 92.0 - 105.0 GHz 105.0 - 116.0 GHz 116.0 - 164.0 GHz 164.0 - 168.0 GHz 168.0 - 182.0 GHz 182.0 - 185.0 GHz 185.0 - 217.0 GHz 217.0 - 231.0 GHz 231.0 - 265.0 GHz 265.0 - 275.0 GHz 275.0 - 300.0 GHz
Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Space research Radioastronomy, space research Satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Mobile communications
15-37
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives properties related to the flammability of about 900 chemical substances. The properties listed are: tB : Normal boiling point in °C ( at 101.325 kPa pressure). FP: Flash point, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is not an intrinsic physical property but depends on the conditions of measurement (see Reference 1). Fl. Limits: Flammable limits (often called explosive limits), which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable limit, the mixture is too rich. Values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions. A ? indicates that one of the limits is not known. IT: Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature), which is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. As in the case of flash point, the value depends on specified test conditions. Even in cases where very careful measurements of flash point have been replicated in several laboratories, observed values can differ by 3 to 6°C (Reference 4). For more typical measurements, larger uncertainties should be assumed in both flash points and autoignition temperatures. The absence of a flash point entry in this table does not mean that the substance is nonflammable, but only that no reliable value is available. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 2. Urben, P.G., Editor, Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 3. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 4. Report of Investigation: Flash Point Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. Mol. Form.
Name
tB/°C
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
-90 30 <0
1-98% 0.4-?
≈40 35 ≈20 ≈20 36 104 ≈20 ≈50
Compounds not containing carbon B2H6 B5H9 BrH3Si Br3HSi Cl2H2Si Cl3HSi GeH4 Ge2H6 H2 H2S H2S2 H2Te H3N H3P H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H6Si2 H8Si3 P
Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromosilane Tribromosilane Dichlorosilane Trichlorosilane Germane Digermane Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Disilane Trisilane Phosphorus (white)
-92.4 60 1.9 109 8.3 33 -88.1 30.8 -252.8 -59.55 70.7 -2 -33.33 -87.75 113.55 63.5 -111.9 -14.3 52.9 280.5
4.1-99% -50
4-74% 4-44%
260
<22 -50
38 -112 -14 <0
16-25% 1.8-? 5-100% 1.4-?
≈20 ≈20 ≈20 ≈20 38
Compounds containing carbon CHN CH2Cl2 CH2N2
Hydrogen cyanide Dichloromethane Cyanamide
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
26 40
-18 141
6-40% 13-23%
538 556
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CO COS CS2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3Si C2H3F C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5N C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6OS C2H6O2
Name Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Dichloromethylsilane Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon disulfide Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Difluoroethylene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichlorovinylsilane Fluoroethylene Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethaneperoxoic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethylene chlorohydrin Trichloroethylsilane Ethyleneimine Nitroethane Ethyl nitrite Ethyl nitrate Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether 2-Mercaptoethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C -19.1 101 3.5 -24.0 65.6 220 101.1 -161.5 41 64.6 5.9 -6.3 87.5 -191.5 -50 46 -27.8 -75.9 87.2 108 -84.7 31.6 60.1 48.7 -85.7 15.8 -13.3 -9.7 50.7 123.5 74.0 113.8 91.5 -72 81.6 39.5 -103.7 124.5 57.4 83.5 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 110 38.5 12.3 128.6 100.5 56 114.0 18 87.2 -88.6 70.3 78.2 -24.8 158 189 197.3
FP/°C 85 70 50
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
7.0-73% 7.0-73% 18-57% 10-16% 8.1-17.4% 7.6->20%
424 300 434 537 632 >404
7.3-? 5.0-15.0% 6.0-55% 6.0-36% 3.9-21.8% 4.9-20.7% 2.5-92% 12.5-74% 12-29% 1.3-50.0% 8.4-16.0% 10.0-50.0% 8-10.5%
418 537 316 464
2.5-100% 6.5-15.5% 3-15% 6-13% 5.5-21.3% 9-15% 3.6-33.0% 6-18%
305 570 460 460
8-10.5% 6-28%
500 460
6 -7
2.6-21.7% 3.0-16.0% 5.3-26% 2.7-36%
524 534 450
56 -17 13 -39 -20 39 -19 41
5.4-11.4% 6.2-16% 4.0-60% 3.0-100% 4.0-19.9% 4.5-23%
458 413 175 429 463 449
6.8-8.0% 3.8-15.4% 4.9-15.9%
511 519 425
3.3-54.8% 3.4-17% 4.0-50% 4-? 3.0-12.5% 3.4-9.5% 3.3-19% 3.4-27.0%
320 414 90
363 350
2.6-42% 3.2-22%
215 398
-9 154 35 -9 11 -18 0 -8
-30
430 194 609 90 200 420
66 -28 6 2
-78 4 76 32 21
-50 60 22 -11 28 -35 10 <21 13 -41 74 95 111
530 472 632 390
472
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3H3Br C3H3N C3H4 C3H4ClN C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl2NO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7Cl3Si C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2
Name Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 3-Bromo-1-propyne 2-Propenenitrile Propyne 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanoyl chloride 2-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane Propanenitrile 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol Dimethylcyanamide Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol Trichloropropylsilane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 35.1 37.3 109.8 16.5 6.8 171 117 63.9 -21.1 89 77.3 -23.2 175.5 94 113.6 52.6 141 162 248 70.1 22.6 45.1 118 80 185 95 129.5 145 157 117.5 97.1 221 -47.6 -32.8 142 96.4 176 163.5 97.0 5.5 48 56.0 35 141.1 54.4 56.8 78 90.5 114.5 71.1 46.5 35.7 133.5 127 123.5 53.3 153 131.1
FP/°C 83 -17 -37 24 -16 20 86 40 -15 10 0 76 15 36 -26 50 74 143 -1 -37 -32 31 12 107 16 57 66 71 35 2 129
62 57 21 74 71 21 -30 -20 -37 52 -20 -10 2 19 45 <-18 -32 52 52 37 -29 58 36
Fl. Limits 2.8-18.0% 2.2-19.7% 3.5-14% 2.8-14.4% 3.0-23.5% 2.5-12.0% 2-95% 6.6-32% 3.0-? 3.0-17.0% 2.1-12.5%
IT/°C 188 300 206 385 400 410 385 249 324 481
2.6-7.8% 2.8-31% 2.4-8.0% 2.9-?
220 438
4.4-7.3% 4.5-16% 2.9-11.1% 3.8-21.0%
295 485 411 500 500
7.5-18.5% 3.2-12.6% 3.1-14%
512
2.0-11.1% 2.4-10.4%
270 455 498
3.4-14.5%
557
2.5-18.0%
378 287 207 465 449 465 455 454
2.6-17% 2.5-12.8% 3.1-27.5% 2.9-12.1% 2.8-16.0% 3.1-16%
3.6-29% 2.6-11.1% 2.8-10.7%
414 490 520 593
2.2-22% 2.2-15.2% 2.2-?
374 445 421
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9O3P C3H9O4P C3H10N2 C4Cl6 C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O6 C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8
Name 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine Trimethyl phosphite Trimethyl phosphate 1,3-Propanediamine Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Vinyloxirane Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate L-Tartaric acid 1-Bromo-2-butene Ethyl bromoacetate 2-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 120.2 110 -42.1 97.2 82.3 7.4 187.6 214.4 124.1 42 290 67.5 60 47.2 31.7 2.8 187.5 159.4 158 111.5 197.2 139.8 215 202 5.1 266 31.5 126.1 84.0 59.4 120.5 90.3 129.7 -4.4 26.9 28.3 50 102.2 81.4 68 162.5 72.5 80.7 88 204 139.5 242 104.5 168.5 58.5 71.5 108 144.3 117.6 103.9 251 -6.2 3.7 0.8
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
24 20 -104 23 12 -37 99
2.6-11.0% 2-100% 2.1-9.5% 2.2-13.7% 2.0-12.7% 2.0-10.1% 2.6-12.5%
39 -32 199 -8 -28 -37 -37 -5 80 77 74 54 107 24
1.8-14% 2.2-13.8% 3-19%
102
1.4-7.1% 21-100%
132 -36 34 -1 -20 16 1 39 -31 <-30 <-7 13 -7 <-50 77 -8 -3 27 98 49 135 210
2.0-10.4% 2.0-11.6%
IT/°C 428 175 450 412 399 190 371 400 285 237 370 395 318 402 190 374
610 477
2.3-14.3%
4.0-20.0% 2-6.8% 2.0-12.0% 1.4-? 1.7-27%
420 360
2.1-15.5% 2.1-15.6%
232 491
1.6-8.8% 2.6-13.4% 2.8-25%
68 402 468
2.7-10.3%
316 425
4.6-12.0% 48 -19 -12 27 64 24 8 74 129
2.3-9.3% 3.2-8.1%
1.6-? 2.2-12.0%
501 482 688
1.6-10.0% 1.7-9.0% 1.8-9.7%
385 325 324
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10N2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S
Name Isobutene Cyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 3-Hydroxybutanal 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Methyl lactate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Butanal oxime 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane Piperazine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 2,2′-Thiodiethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C -6.9 12.6 124.1 161 178.5 121.5 114.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 64.5 79.5 65 147 163.7 154.4 80.9 68.2 77.1 79.8 101.5 287.3 144.8 188 101.6 91.2 78.6 68.2 68.5 50.9 148.5 86.5 205 165 154 152.5 128 133 -0.5 -11.7 146 117.7 99.5 107.8 82.4 34.5 39.1 190.5 207.5 235 182.5 135 85 282 245.8 208 98.5 85
FP/°C <10
Fl. Limits 1.8-9.6% 1.8-?
IT/°C 465 275
52 55 27 33 <-46 -22 -22 -18 -9 -14 42 72 56 -3 -6 -4 -2 66 12 177 49 102 18 21 -12 -10 -6 0 54 3 110 70 58 ≈70 37 179 36 -60 -87 81 37 24 28 11 -45 -20 40 121 121 43 -2 27 160 124 104 2 -23
2.7-? 4.2-35.3%
369 349
1.7-28% 1.7-19% 1.9-12.5% 1.6-10.6% 1.4-11.4% 2-11.8%
202 439 218 196 404 321
2.0-10.0% 2.0-9.2%
2.0-22%
443 481 455 485 426 469 250 180
2.2-?
385
2.6-6.6%
265
1.9-10.1%
240
2.0-11.5% 2.5-13%
2.0-8.7%
1.8-11.5%
490
1.4-11.2%
290 460
1.9-8.5% 1.8-8.4%
287 460
1.4-11.2% 1.7-9.8% 1.7-10.6% 2.4-8.0% 1.9-36.0% 2.0-14.8%
343 405 415 478 180
395
3-18%
402 235 202
2-17%
298 224 436
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10Se C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7N C5H7NO C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
Name 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl selenide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine 2-Amino-1-butanol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Furfural Pyridine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 2-Methylpyrazine 3-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Furanmethanamine Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Allyl acetate Isopropenyl acetate Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Methyl acetoacetate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 3-Ethoxypropanal Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 88.5 64.3 108 77.0 63.5 44.0 67.7 55.5 178 165.5 268.8 78 207 161.7 115.2 32 137 66 171 115 145.5 205 34.0 40.1 44.2 98 130.5 86 103.5 94 91.2 99.4 100.5 138 171.7 202 29.9 36.9 36.3 31.2 20.1 38.5 49.3 179 173 140.4 103 102.2 101.9 88 78 186.1 176.5 106.1 98.2 101.5 88.6 99.1 102.8 135.2 178
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
2 <-29 -12 -9 -9 -9 -23 74 67 172 -12 98 60 20 <-7 50 -30 75 16 37 110 -54 <-20 -29
2.5-? 1.7-9.8%
312
1.7-8.9% 2-12% 1.8-10.1%
380 378 312
2-13% 1.9-? 2-6.7% 2.1-19.3% 1.8-12.4%
662
1.8-16.3%
491
1.5-8.9%
395
358 316 482
395 1.8-9.0%
26 -18 22 26 1 10 10 34 77 96 -18 <-20 <-20 -20 -7 -20 -25 >27 65 51 12 7 13 -20 -11 96 18 5 13 2 12 14 38 75
374 432 1.4-14% 1.7-8.2%
372
1-10% 1.5-8.7%
340 280 346 275
1.5-9.1%
365
1.5-?
361
1.5-8.2% 1.6-?
222 452 450
1.7-8.2% 2-9% 1.7-8% 1.8-8% 1.9-11%
400 416 322 320 450 460 440
1.5-9.7%
282
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl3Si C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6H2Cl4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5NO2 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N
Name Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Trichloropentylsilane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine Isopentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Methylpiperazine Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2-Isopropoxyethanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Pentylamine Butylmethylamine 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Nitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2-Benzenediol Resorcinol p-Hydroquinone Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 126 143 154.5 129.8 107.8 85.6 98.9 172 106.2 81 116 99.2 36.0 27.8 9.4 138 176.5 137.9 119.3 116.2 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 113.5 63.2 239 145 208 193 126.6 104.3 91 244.5 315 213.5 242 180 173 174 210 156.0 131.7 174.9 220 272 201 84.7 210.8 85 80.0 332 181.8 245 287 184.1 129.3 145.3
FP/°C 25 49 46 32 13 <21 63 16 -14 24 -40 -51 -65 42 77 33 34 41 50 43 19 38 37 <-20 129 33 129 96 18 3 -1 13 155 194 105 127 66 72 66 114 51 28 64 121 166 91 -15 88 224 <-20 -11 199 79 127 127 165 70 39 57
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
1.5-12.3% 1.5-?
392 400
1.6-8.6% 1.5-7.4% 1.5-7.4%
260 345
1.4-8.0% 1.4-7.6% 1.4-7.5%
1.2-10.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0%
210 260 420 450
300 343 435 385 350 437
1.7-9.0% 335
1.38-22.7%
399 240
2.2-22%
2.0-22% 2.5-6.6%
571
2.2-9.2%
648
1.3-9.6%
565 593
1.8-?
482
1.5-? 1.2-7.8%
498
1.8-8.6%
715
1.4-?
608 516 615 538
1.3-11%
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H8ClN C6H8Cl2O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11NO C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2O2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2
Name Aniline, hydrochloride Hexanedioyl dichloride Adiponitrile o-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylfuran Dimethyl maleate 1,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-Hexyne Cyclohexene Diallyl ether Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate 2,5-Hexanedione Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Caprolactam Nitrocyclohexane 4-Acetylmorpholine 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 2-Methyl-2-pentene 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane cis-3-Hexen-1-ol Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Ethylbutanal 2-Methylpentanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C
295 257 243.5 155 93.5 202 65 75.8 76.5 84.5 82.9 94 155.4 130 116.7 136.5 117 194 180.8 170 337.5 185.7 190 142 270 205 63.4 68.8 62.1 53.9 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 73.3 80.7 71.8 70.8 67.3 232 156.5 94 83 131 117 127.6 123.5 116.5 160.8 205.2 195.6 194 130.4 126.1 112 116.5 122.5
FP/°C 193 72 93 156 88 64 7 113 -21 -12 -34 -10 -12 -7 44 31 20 2 20 79 57 63 196 76 88 32 125 88 113 -26 -21 -28 -7 -32 -29 <-20 <-20 <-20 -20 -29 -15 <-7 121 54 -9 -9 32 21 17 25 35 18 68 102 107 99 26 22 31 18 79
Fl. Limits
1.0-? 1.5-?
IT/°C
550
2.0-6.1%
1.2-?
310
1.1-9.4% 1.4-7.2% 1.4-8.8%
420 344
1.4-9.5% 1.3-9.5%
499 295 285 420
1.6-8.4%
482
1.2-6.9%
253 300 300
1.3-8% 1.0-8.35% 1.2-7.7%
315 360 401 245 258 210
255
1.2-7.7% 1-8% 1-8% 1.2-8.0% 1-9%
1.7-7.6% 1.7-9.8% 1.3-10.5%
199 423 448 300 380 378 400 425 421
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO2 C6H15NO3 C6H15N3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H4ClF3 C7H4F3NO2 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7NO2
Name Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Butylacetamide 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine N-Ethylmorpholine 4-Morpholineethanol Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Piperazineethanol 1-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2,5-Hexanediol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Hexylamine Butylethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Diisopropanolamine Triethanolamine 1-Piperazineethanamine Triethyl phosphate N,N-Diethylethylenediamine 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzoyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid o-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Nitrotoluene
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 121.5 110.1 167.9 156.4 124.3 158.9 135 134 229 146.6 138.5 227 68.7 60.2 63.2 49.7 57.9 246 157.6 149 131.6 147 90.0 68.5 92.3 218 197.1 168.4 102.2 119.4 196 162 285 132.8 107.5 109.3 83.9 89 250 335.4 220 215.5 144 232 152.2 202.8 197.2 213.5 221 102.1 179.0 249.2 197 181.7 184.3 179 222
FP/°C 24 13 58 56 36 43 35 31 116 44 32 99 -22 <-29 -7 -48 -29 124 63 54 41 57 21 -28 4 110 102 69 -21 27 191 96 67 149 177 29 18 17 -1 -7 127 179 93 115 46 135 59 103 72 88 127 12 207 63 121 78 157 79 85 67 106
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 463
1.8-6.9% 2-8% 1.3-?
643 379 238
1.9-9.4%
293
1.1-7.5% 1.0-7.0% 1.2-7.0% 1.2-7.0% 1.2-7.0%
225 264 278 405 405
1.1-9.65% 1.0-5.5%
310
1.3-7.0% 1.4-7.9%
188 443
1-9% 4-13% 1.6-10.4%
306 238 230 205
0.9-9.2%
371
1.1-7.1% 1.2-8.0%
299 316 249 374
1-10% 454
211
192 570 1.1-?
540
1.1-?
585
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O3S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H10O C7H10O4 C7H12 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15NO2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16N2O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C7H18N2 C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7ClO C8H7N C8H8
Name m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 4-Methoxyphenol p-Toluenesulfonic acid o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline o-Anisidine 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 4-Methylcyclohexene Butyl acrylate Isobutyl acrylate Cyclohexyl formate Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl N-butylcarbamate Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 4-Morpholinepropanamine 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Terephthalic acid α-Chloroacetophenone Benzeneacetonitrile Styrene
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 232 238.3 110.6 89.5 191.0 202.2 201.9 205.3 153.7 243 200.3 200.4 224 105 180 102.7 145 132 162 200 93.6 98 118.4 100.9 103.5 151.0 147 144 144 165 167.5 174.5 174.5 173 174 149.2 142.5 130.5 146.8 143.0 202 98.5 90.0 92 89.7 80.4 80.8 220 159 157 138.7 131 156 168.5 295
247 233.5 145
FP/°C 106 106 4 -21 81 86 86 93 52 132 184 85 87 118 57 82 -1 29 30 51 93 -1 <0 <21 -4 <21 39 46 49 36 65 65 70 70 70 70 16 25 32 32 37 92 -4 -1 -4 -56 -12 <0 104 71 60 49 <0 54 59 152 168 260 118 113 31
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
1.1-7.1%
480
1.4-? 1.1-? 1.1-?
599 558 558 436 475 421 482 482
1.7-9.9%
292 427
260 1.1-6.7% 1.2-6.7% 1.1-6.7% 1.1-7.9%
1.0-8.2%
1.1-7.5% 1.0-7.5%
250 260 393
191 296 296 295 295 295 295 360 360 426
1.05-6.7% 1.0-6.0% 1.1-6.7%
204 280 280 335 412
375
1.7-10.5%
570 496
0.9-6.8%
490
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O5 C8H14O6 C8H15ClO C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2
Name Phenyloxirane Benzeneacetaldehyde Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene Acetanilide Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 4-Methylanisole 2-Phenoxyethanol N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine α-Methylbenzylamine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline N-Phenylethanolamine o-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Butyl acetoacetate Ethyl succinate Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethyl tartrate Octanoyl chloride 1-Octene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate 2-Ethylbutyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 194.1 195 202 265.5 196 199 243.5 222.9 184.4 304 256 136.1 144.5 139.1 138.3 217.9 218.2 205 169.8 170 175.5 245 203.0 194.1 221.5 215 187 178.3 279.5 232.5 254 150.8 128 223 214 173 160 200 183 217.7 200 281 195.6 121.2 101.4 104.9 131.9 129.8 123.5 124.4 131 171 163 172.5 171.5 147.5 162.5 168.6 166
FP/°C 74 71 77 >100 80 83 118 96 64 169 >100 21 32 27 27 104 96 93 63 135 60 121 85 63 97 96 79 68 152 115 116 35 16 121 104 58 52 54 59 85 90 135 93 82 21 -5 2 35 16 11 16
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 498 570
454 530 0.8-6.7% 0.9-6.7% 1.1-7.0% 1.1-7.0%
432 463 527 528
371 1.0-?
1.1-6.6%
269 350 335 0.9-5.8% 1.0-6.2%
0.8-4.8% 0.9-6.6%
279 329
230 391 305 238 304 304 269
52 44 52 45 45 54 41 53
0.85-7.2%
190
378
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H23N5 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H12O3S C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16
Name Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol Pentyl lactate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylenepentamine Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Isopropenylbenzene 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Methyl 2-phenylacetate 4-Methylacetanilide Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene α−Ethylbenzyl alcohol Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate Amphetamine Phorone Isophorone Triacetin Octahydroindene
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 156.9 148.6 167 283 218.5 181.5 172 125.6 115.6 109.5 115.6 110 99.2 114.8 195.1 180 184.6 140.2 244 235 111 188 216 328 199.1 185 179.6 159.6 139.6 169.2 168.8 341.5 251 237.1 169.8 164 172.8 165.4 217.5 226 212 213 216.5 307 159.2 152.4 165.2 161.3 162 176.1 169.3 164.7 219 256 203 197.5 215.2 259 167
FP/°C 50 38 49 167 79 110 70 60 13 7 10 <21 <21 -12 <21 81 88 73 25 127 113 18 82 111 182 69 76 60 47 29 60 52 163 127
Fl. Limits 0.96-7.59%
IT/°C 432 316 425
1.0-6.5%
206 438 460 346 418 425
0.88-9.7% 1.5-7.6%
231 194 360 346
1.1-6%
321 0.9-9.5%
53 53 53 54 99 96 88 90 91 168 30 36
0.8-11.0% 0.8-11.0% 0.8-11.0% 1.9-6.1%
44 44 50 100 129 158 <100 85 84 138
0.8-6.6% 0.9-6.4% 1-5%
480 538 538 538 574
490 460
0.8-6.0% 0.9-6.5%
450 424 440 480 475 470 500 559 352
0.8-3.8% 1.0-?
460 433 296
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C9H16O2 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21NO3 C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H9N C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H11NO2 C10H12 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O2 C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO2 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O
Name Allyl hexanoate 1-Nonene Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane Butylcyclopentane 2-Nonanone Diisobutyl ketone Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Nonane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Triisopropyl borate Tripropylamine Triisopropanolamine 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine Safrole Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Acetoacetanilide 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Isopropyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Butyl phenyl ether 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine Dipentene d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene β-Phellandrene Camphor trans-Decahydronaphthalene Borneol Linalol α-Terpineol Cineole
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 186 146.9 156.7 154.8 156.6 195.3 169.4 186.4 179 150.8 140 133.8 124.0 146.3 136.7 140.2 133.0 140 156 259 217.9 285 300.8 234.5 283.7 282 288 207.6 216 227 183.3 173.3 169.1 172.7 177.1 205 198 196.8 184 181.1 183.7 210 285 243.5 216.3 178 178 156.2 166 171.5 207.4 187.3 198 220 176.4
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
66 26
60 49 57 59 53 31 24 <21 13 390 <21 <21 28 41 160 121 79 153 157 100 146 138 153 185 71 99 99 71 52 60 55 47 74 71 54 57 56 55 82 130 107 85 196 45 45 33 38 49 66 54 66 71 90 48
0.9-5.9% 0.8-7.1%
248 283 250 360 396
0.8-2.9%
205
0.7-?
280
0.7-5.7%
290
0.8-4.9%
430
0.9-5.9%
320 >558 526
0.9-?
490 518
0.8-5.0%
385
0.8-5.8% 0.8-6.9% 0.7-5.7% 0.8-6.0% 0.7-5.6%
410 418 450 427 436 427 427
0.7-6.0%
0.7-? 0.7-6.1%
0.6-3.5% 0.7-5.4%
395 450 430
630 387 237 237 255 275 466 255
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H19NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21N C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H23N C11H10 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16O C11H17N C11H20O2 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C12H9Br C12H10 C12H10Cl2Si C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H20O4 C12H22O4 C12H22O6 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H26 C12H26O
Name trans-Geraniol Dibutyl oxalate N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Citronellol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl octanoate N-Butylcyclohexanamine Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Ethyloctane 4-Ethyloctane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Dipentylamine 1-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl benzoylacetate Butyl benzoate p-tert-Butyltoluene Pentylbenzene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol p-tert-Pentylaniline 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Pentylcyclohexane 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 2-Undecanol 4-Bromo-1,1'-Biphenyl Biphenyl Dichlorodiphenylsilane o-Phenylphenol Diphenyl ether 2-Aminobiphenyl Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate Diethyl terephthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Pentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Dibutyl maleate Dimethyl sebacate Dibutyl tartrate Dicyclohexylamine 1-Dodecene Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 230 241 170.5 180.9 171.3 171.5 224 199 208.5 174.1 167.1 166.5 163.7 231.1 190 203.3 275.3 220.5 202.5 244.7 250.3 190 205.4 205 232 237 260.5 203.7 231.5 210 195.9 189.3 228 310 256.1 305 286 258.0 299 302 258.6 295 302 240.1 270 281 240 280 320 213.8 241.5 276 216.3 259
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
>100 104 96 <55
96 71 79 93 51
IT/°C
235 246 274 342 0.76-8.14%
268
0.8-5.4%
210 210 230 229 288 170
82 57 85 141 85 99 51
529 141 107 68 66 455 427
93 118 102 82
252 239
89 68 69 225 113 144 113 142 124 112
0.6-5.8%
0.8-1.5%
153 161 117 99 132 141 71 141 145 91 >99 79 >100 144 74 127
0.7-?
540 530 618 450 634 480 457
284
0.6-?
203 275
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H26S C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H12 C13H12 C13H14N2 C13H26 C13H26O C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H16 C14H16N2O2 C14H23N C14H28 C14H30 C14H30O C15H18 C15H24 C15H24O C15H26O6 C15H33N C16H14O C16H18 C16H22O4 C16H26 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H20N2O C17H34O C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H15O3P C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H32O7 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl3Si C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H14O4 C20H28 C20H42
2-Butyl-1-octanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Dodecanethiol Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate 2-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethane p,p′-Diaminodiphenylmethane 1-Tridecene 2-Tridecanone Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether 1-Butylnaphthalene o-Dianisidine N,N-Dibutylaniline 1-Tetradecene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Tributyrin Tripentylamine 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 2-Butyl-1,1'-biphenyl Dibutyl phthalate Decylbenzene Hexadecane Dioctyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine N,N′-Diethylcarbanilide 2-Heptadecanone 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl Triphenyl phosphite Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine Dodecylbenzene Butyl citrate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Trichlorooctadecylsilane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane 2-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Diphenyl phthalate 1-Decylnaphthalene Eicosane
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 246.5 256 277 234 216.5 289 255.5 265.0 398 232.8 263 235.4 377 339.9 340 323.5 320 272.6 298 289.3 274.8 233 253.5 289 307 280.5 265 307.5 242.5 342.5 340 298 286.8 283
320 333 332 363 360
328 360 344.5
316.3 359 443 329.9 379 343
FP/°C 110 118 128 93 63 146 137 130 220 79 107 79 121 185 121 171 148 >100 >100 135 360 206 110 110 112 141 124 99 127 180 102 177 >100 157 107 136 >100 132 150 120 154 163 191 218 220 180 140 157 189 178 196 89 >100 >100 124 153 >100 224 177 >100
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 310
502 485
0.6-?
540 480 440
0.5-?
235 200
0.5-?
407
0.5-?
430 402 202 205
0.4-?
368 363 365 395 227 450
230
232
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C21H21O4P C21H26O3 C21H32O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O4 C22H44O2 C23H46O2 C24H20Sn C24H38O4 C25H48O4
Name Tri-o-cresyl phosphate 4-Octylphenyl salicylate Methyl abietate Butyl oleate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Butyl stearate Pentyl stearate Tetraphenylstannane Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tB/°C 410
343 420 384
FP/°C 225 216 180 180 206 160 185 232 218 227
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 385 416
0.4-?
377 355
0.3-?
374
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Several organizations recommend limits of exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace. These include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the non-governmental organization, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The threshold limit value (TLV) for a substance is defined as the concentration level under which the majority of workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects. The TLV recommendations are given in two forms: • Time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal 8-h workday and 40-h workweek. • Short-term exposure limit (STEL), which should not be exceeded for more than 15 min. Both kinds of limits are specified for some substances. The following table gives threshold limit values for a number of substances that may be encountered in the atmosphere of a chemical laboratory or industrial facility. All values refer to the concentration in air at 25°C and normal atmospheric pressure. Data for gases are given both in parts per million by volume (ppm) and in mass concentration (mg/m3). Values for liquids refer to mists or aerosols, and those for solids to dusts or fumes; both are stated in mg/m3. A “C” following a value indicates a ceiling limit which should not be exceeded even for very brief periods because of acute toxic effects of the substance. Substances are listed by systematic name, which is followed by molecular formula in the Hill format and Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. Common synonyms are given in brackets [ ] for some compounds.
REFERENCES 1. 2000 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 452401634, 2000. 2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994. 3. Chemical Information Manual, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991.
Substance Abate [Temephos] Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid [Aspirin] Acrolein [2-Propenal] Acrylamide Acrylic acid [2-Propenoic acid] Acrylonitrile [Propenenitrile] Adipic acid Adiponitrile Aldrin Allyl alcohol [2-Propen-1-ol] Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl propyl disulfide Aluminum (metal dust) Aluminum oxide 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridinecarboxlic acid [Picloram] Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulfamate Aniline Antimony Arsenic Arsine
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C16H20O6P2S3 C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C4H7NO C2H3N C8H8O C9H8O4 C3H4O C3H5NO C3H4O2 C3H3N C6H10O4 C6H8N2 C12H8Cl6 C3H6O C6H10O2 C6H12S2 Al Al2O3
3383-96-8 75-07-0 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-86-5 75-05-8 98-86-2 50-78-2 107-02-8 79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 124-04-9 111-69-3 309-00-2 107-18-6 106-92-3 2179-59-1 7429-90-5 1344-28-1
C6H3Cl3N2O2 H3N ClH4N C8H4F15NO2 H6N2O3S C6H7N Sb As AsH3
1918-02-1 7664-41-7 12125-02-9 3825-26-1 7773-06-0 62-53-3 7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7784-42-1
16-32
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
10 10 5 500
25 21 1188
40 10
67 49 5
2 2 2 0.5 1 2
25
2
0.05
0.03 5.9 4.3 5 9 0.25 1.2 5 12 10 10 10 17 10 0.01 10 7.6 0.5 0.01 0.16
25 C 15
45 C 37
750 4.7 C 60
1780 5C 101
0.1 C
0.23 C
3
18
35
24 20
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Atrazine Azinphos-methyl Barium Barium sulfate Benomyl Benzene 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine [m-Xylene diamine] Benzenethiol [Phenyl mercaptan] p-Benzoquinone [Quinone] Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl acetate Beryllium Biphenyl Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane [4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)] Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether [2,2'-Dichlorethyl ether] Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether [DMAEE] Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [Di-sec-octyl phthalate] Bismuth telluride Boron oxide Boron tribromide Boron trifluoride Bromacil Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Bromochloromethane [Halon 1011] 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [Halothane] Bromoethane [Ethyl bromide] Bromoethene [Vinyl bromide] Bromomethane [Methyl bromide] Bromotrifluoromethane 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1-Butanethiol [Butyl mercaptan] 1-Butanol 2-Butanol [sec-Butyl alcohol] 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] trans-2-Butenal [Crotonaldehyde] 3-Buten-2-one Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine tert-Butyl chromate Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl lactate o-sec-Butylphenol p-tert-Butyltoluene Cadmium Calcium carbonate
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C8H14ClN5 C10H12N3O3PS2 Ba BaO4S C14H18N4O3 C6H6
1912-24-9 86-50-0 7440-39-3 7727-43-7 17804-35-2 71-43-2
C8H12N2 C6H6S C6H4O2 C7H5ClO C14H10O4 C9H10O2 Be C12H10
1477-55-0 108-98-5 106-51-4 98-88-4 94-36-0 140-11-4 7440-41-7 92-52-4
0.2
5 61 0.002 1.3
C13H12Cl2N2
101-14-4
0.01
0.11
C4H8Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C8H20N20
111-44-4 542-88-1 3033-62-3
5 0.001 0.05
29 0.0047 0.33
C24H38O4 Bi2Te3 B2O3 BBr3 BF3 C9H13BrN2O2 Br2 BrF5 CH2BrCl
117-81-7 1304-82-1 1303-86-2 10294-33-4 7637-07-2 314-40-9 7726-95-6 7789-30-2 74-97-5
C2HBrClF3 C2H5Br C2H3Br CH3Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10S C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H6O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C8H18CrO4 C7H14O2 C7H14O3 C10H14O C11H16 Cd CCaO3
151-67-7 74-96-4 593-60-2 74-83-9 75-63-8 106-99-0 106-97-8 109-79-5 71-36-3 78-92-2 78-93-3 4170-30-3 78-94-4 123-86-4 105-46-4 540-88-5 141-32-2 109-73-9 1189-85-1 2426-08-6 138-22-7 89-72-5 98-51-1 7440-43-9 1317-65-3
16-33
0.84 0.5
5 0.2 0.5 10 10 1.6
0.5 0.1
2.3 0.44
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
2.5
8 0.1 C
0.5 C 10
0.01
10
58
0.15
1.0
5 10 10
0.1 0.1 200
10 0.66 0.72 1060
50 5 0.5 1 1000 2 800 0.5
404 22 2.2 3.9 6090 4.4 1900 1.8
100 200
303 590
150 200 200 2
713 950 950 10
25 5 5 1
133 30 31 6.1 0.01 10
2.8 C
10
1C 1C
10 C 2.8 C
0.2
1.3
50 C
152 C
300 0.3 C 0.2 C 200
885 0.9 C 0.6 C 950
5C
15 C 0.1 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
Calcium chromate Calcium cyanamide Calcium hydroxide Calcium metasilicate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Camphor Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon black Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] Carbonyl fluoride Cesium hydroxide Chlordane Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetone α-Chloroacetophenone Chloroacetyl chloride Chlorobenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene [Chloroprene] Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane [Ethyl chloride] 2-Chloroethanol [Ethylene chlorohydrin] Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] Chloromethane [Methyl chloride] (Chloromethyl)benzene [Benzyl chloride] 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane Chloropentafluoroethane 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropene [Allyl chloride] 2-Chlorostyrene o-Chlorotoluene Chlorpyrifos Chromium Chromyl chloride Clopidol Cobalt Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Copper Cresol (all isomers) Crufomate Cyanamide Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cyclohexane
CaCrO4 CCaN2 CaH2O2 CaO3Si CaO CaO4S C10H16O C6H11NO C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C12H11NO2 C12H15NO3 C CO2 CS2 CO CCl2O CF2O CsHO C10H6Cl8 Cl2 ClO2 ClF3 C2H3ClO C3H5ClO C8H7ClO C2H2Cl2O C6H5Cl C10H5ClN2 C4H5Cl CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl CH3Cl C7H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C2ClF5 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl C8H7Cl C7H7Cl C9H11Cl3NO3PS Cr Cl2CrO2 C7H7Cl2NO Co C8Co2O8 C4HCoO4 Cu C7H8O C12H19ClNO3P CH2N2 C2N2 CClN C6H12
13765-19-0 156-62-7 1305-62-0 1344-95-2 1305-78-8 7778-18-9 76-22-2 105-60-2 2425-06-1 133-06-2 63-25-2 1563-66-2 1333-86-4 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 75-44-5 353-50-4 21351-79-1 57-74-9 7782-50-5 10049-04-4 7790-91-2 107-20-0 78-95-5 532-27-4 79-04-9 108-90-7 2698-41-1 126-99-8 75-45-6 75-00-3 107-07-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 100-44-7 100-00-5 600-25-9 76-15-3 598-78-7 107-05-1 2039-87-4 95-49-8 2921-88-2 7440-47-3 14977-61-8 2971-90-6 7440-48-4 10210-68-1 16842-03-8 7440-50-8 1319-77-3 299-86-5 420-04-2 460-19-5 506-77-4 110-82-7
16-34
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
0.5 0.1
0.003 0.5 5 10 2 10 12 1 (solid) 0.1 5 5 0.1 3.5 9000 31 29 0.40 5.4 2 0.5 1.5 0.28
0.05 0.05 10
0.32 0.23 46
10 1000 100
36 3540 264
1 50 1 0.1 2 1000 0.1 1 50 50
10
2.5 103 5.2 0.64 10 6320 0.44 3 283 259 0.2 0.5 0.16 10 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 22 5 2 21
300
1030
2 5 (gas)
5000 10 25 0.1 2
0.025
5
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
4 10 (gas)
24 3 (solid)
30,000
54,000
5
13
1 0.3 0.1 C 1C 1C
2.9 0.83 0.38 C 3.2 C 3.8 C
0.15
0.69
0.05 C
0.39 C
1C
3.3 C
100
207
2 75
6 425
0.3 C
0.75 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine Cyclonite [Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazine] 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyhexatin Decaborane(14) Diacetone alcohol 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane [4,4-Methylene dianiline] Diazinon Diazomethane Diborane Dibromodifluoromethane 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Dibutylphenyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phthalate Dichloroacetylene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene (unspecified isomer) Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] 1,1-Dichloroethane [Ethylidene dichloride] 1,2-Dichloroethane [Ethylene dichloride] 1,1-Dichloroethene [Vinylidene chloride] 1,2-Dichloroethylene (both isomers) Dichlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane [Methylene chloride] 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 1,3-Dichloropropene (both isomers) 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Dichlorvos Dicrotophos m-Dicyanobenzene [m-Phthalodinitrile] Dicyclopentadiene Dieldrin Diethanolamine Diethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Diethylenetriamine [Bis(2-amimoethyl)amine] Diethyl ether Diethyl phthalate 1,1-Difluoroethene Diglycidyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Dimethoxymethane [Methylal]
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N
108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 108-91-8
50 25 300 10
C3H6N6O6 C5H6 C5H10 C18H34OSn B10H14 C6H12O2
121-82-4 542-92-7 287-92-3 13121-70-5 17702-41-9 123-42-2
C13H14N2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 B2H6 CBr2F2 C10H23NO C15H24O C14H23O4P C8H19O4P C16H22O4 C2Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H6Cl2 CCl2F2 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C14H9Cl5 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F CH2Cl2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C8H6Cl2O3 C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C4H7Cl2O4P C8H16NO5P C8H4N2 C10H12 C12H8Cl6O C4H11NO2 C4H11N C6H15NO C4H13N3 C4H10O C12H14O4 C2H2F2 C6H10O3 C6H15N C6H14O C3H8O2
101-77-9 333-41-5 334-88-3 19287-45-7 75-61-6 102-81-8 128-37-0 2528-36-1 107-66-4 84-74-2 7572-29-4 95-50-1 106-46-7 764-41-0 75-71-8 118-52-5 50-29-3 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 540-59-0 75-43-4 75-09-2 594-72-9 94-75-7 78-87-5 75-99-0 542-75-6 76-14-2 62-73-7 141-66-2 626-17-5 77-73-6 60-57-1 111-42-2 109-89-7 100-37-8 111-40-0 60-29-7 84-66-2 75-38-7 2238-07-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 109-87-5
16-35
75 600 0.05 50 0.1 0.2 0.1 100 0.5 0.3 1
25 10 0.005 1000
100 10 5 200 10 50 2 75 1 1000 0.1
5 0.46 5 2 1 400 500 0.1 5 250 1000
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
206 100 1010 41 0.5 203 1720 5 0.25 238 0.81 0.1 0.34 0.11 858 3.5 10 3.5 8.6 5 150 60 0.026 4950 0.2 1 405 40 20 793 42 174 12 10 347 5 4.5 7000 0.90 0.25 5 27 0.25 2 15 9.6 4.2 1210 5 1310 0.53 21 1040 3110
0.15
0.75
2
17
0.1 C 50
0.39 C 301
0.4
110
508
15
45
500
1520
310
1300
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Dimethyl mercury N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone [Diisobutyl ketone] 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl sulfate Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) Dinitrotoluene (all isomers) 1,4-Dioxane Dioxathion Diphenylamine Diphenyl ether 4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether Diquat Disulfiram Disulfoton Diuron Divinyl benzene (all isomers) Endosulfan Endrin Enflurane Epichlorohydrin [(Chloromethyl)oxirane] 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane [Vinylcyclohexene dioxide] 1,2-Ethanediamine [Ethylenediamine] Ethanethiol [Ethyl mercaptan] Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethion Ethoxydimethylsilane Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl tert-butyl ether [ETBE] Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol dinitrate Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [2-Butoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether [2-Ethoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate [2-Ethoxyethyl acetate] Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether [2-Methoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate [2-Methoxyethyl acetate] Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide [Oxirane] Ethyl formate Ethylidene norbornene
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C2H6Hg C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C3H7NO C9H18O C2H8N2 C10H10O4 C2H6O4S C6H4N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C4H8O2 C12H26O6P2S4 C12H11N C12H10O C15H10N2O2 C7H16O3 C12H12N2 C10H20N2S4 C8H19O2PS3 C9H10Cl2N2O C10H10 C9H6Cl6O3S C12H8Cl6O C3H2ClF5O C3H5ClO
593-74-8 127-19-5 124-40-3 121-69-7 75-83-2 79-29-8 68-12-2 108-83-8 57-14-7 131-11-3 77-78-1 25154-54-5 25321-14-6 123-91-1 78-34-2 122-39-4 101-84-8 101-68-8 34590-94-8 231-36-7 97-77-8 298-04-4 330-54-1 1321-74-0 115-29-7 72-20-8 13838-16-9 106-89-8
C8H12O2 C2H8N2 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C9H22O4P2S4 C4H12OSi C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C6H14O C2H6O2 C2H4N2O6
106-87-6 107-15-3 75-08-1 64-17-5 141-43-5 563-12-2 14857-34-2 141-78-6 140-88-5 75-04-7 100-41-4 637-92-3 107-21-1 628-96-6
C6H14O2
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
10 5 5 500 500 10 25 0.01 0.1 0.15 20
1 0.005 100
10
75 0.5
0.5 400 5 5 100 5
0.57 25 1.3 1880 7.5 0.4 2.1 1440 20 9.2 434 20
0.05
0.31
111-76-2
20
97
C4H10O2
110-80-5
5
18
C6H12O3
111-15-9
5
27
C3H8O2
109-86-4
5
16
C5H10O3 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C9H12
110-49-6 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 16219-75-3
5 0.5 1 100
24 0.88 1.8 303
16-36
0.1 10 0.5 1000 3
0.01 36 9.2 25 1760 1760 30 145 0.025 5 0.52 1.0 0.2 72 0.2 10 7 0.051 600 0.5 2 0.1 10 53 0.1 0.1 566 1.9
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3 0.03 15 10 1000 1000
27.6 50 3500 3500
2
14
150
900
6
15
1.5
6.4
15 15 125
61 27.6 543 100 C
5C
25 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance N-Ethylmorpholine Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate [EPN] Ethyl silicate Fenamiphos Fensulfothion Fenthion Ferbam Ferrocene [Dicyclopentadienyl iron] Fluorine Fluorine monoxide [Oxygen difluoride] Fonofos Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furfural [2-Furaldehyde] Furfuryl alcohol [2-Furanmethanol] Germane [Germanium tetrahydride] Glycerol Graphite Hafnium Heptachlor Heptane 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] 4-Heptanone [Dipropyl ketone] Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane [Lindane] Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane [Perchloroethane] Hexachloronaphthalene (all isomers) Hexamethylene diisocyanate Hexane 1,6-Hexanediamine [Hexamethylenediamine] 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] 1-Hexene sec-Hexyl acetate Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide p-Hydroquinone [1,4-Benzenediol] 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate Indene Indium Iodine Iodomethane [Methyl iodide] Iron(III) oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutyl acetate Isopentane
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
C6H13NO
100-74-3
5
C14H14NO4PS C8H20O4Si C13H22NO3PS C11H17O4PS2 C10H15O3PS2 C9H18FeN3S6 C10H10Fe F2 F2O C10H15OPS2 CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C5H4O2 C5H6O2 GeH4 C3H8O3 C Hf C10H5Cl7 C7H16 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6 C5Cl6 C2Cl6 C10H2Cl6 C8H12N2O2 C6H14 C6H16N2 C6H12O C6H12 C8H16O2 H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH CHN FH H2O2 H2Se H2S C6H6O2 C6H10O3 C9H8 In I2 CH3I Fe2O3 C5FeO5 C6H12O2 C5H12
2104-64-5 78-10-4 22224-92-6 115-90-2 55-38-9 14484-64-1 102-54-5 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 944-22-9 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 98-01-1 98-00-0 7782-65-2 56-81-5 7440-44-0 7440-58-6 76-44-8 142-82-5 110-43-0 106-35-4 123-19-3 118-74-1 87-68-3 58-89-9 77-47-4 67-72-1 1335-87-1 822-06-0 110-54-3 124-09-4 591-78-6 592-41-6 108-84-9 302-01-2 7782-79-8 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 123-31-9 999-61-1 95-13-6 7440-74-6 7553-56-2 74-88-4 1309-37-1 13463-40-6 110-19-0 78-78-4
16-37
10
1
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
24 0.1 85 0.1 0.1 0.2 10 10 1.6
2 0.05 C
3.1 0.11 C
0.3 C
0.37 C
10
19
15
60
500
2050
75
350
10
40
0.11 C 3C 5C 4.7 C 3C
0.19 C 9.9 C 7.5 C 5C 2.3 C
15
21
0.1 C
1.0 C
0.2
0.45
0.1 10 5 2 10 0.2
400 50 50 50 0.02 0.01 1 0.005 50 0.5 5 30 50 0.01
1 0.05 10 0.5 10
2 0.1 150 600
18 9.4 7.9 40 0.63 10 2 0.5 0.05 1640 233 233 233 0.002 0.21 0.5 0.11 9.7 0.2 0.034 176 2.3 20 103 295 0.013
1.4 0.16 14 2 2.8 48 0.1 12 5 0.23 713 1770
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Isopentyl acetate [Isoamyl acetate] Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate Isopropenylbenzene [α-Methyl styrene] 2-Isopropoxyethanol Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine N-Isopropylaniline Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] Isopropyl glycidyl ether Kaolin Ketene Lead Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) chromate Lithium hydride Magnesium carbonate [Magnesite] Magnesium oxide Malathion Maleic anhydride Manganese Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Mercury Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid [2-Methylpropenoic acid] Methanethiol [Methyl mercaptan] Methanol Methomyl o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine] p-Methoxyaniline [p-Anisidine] Methoxychlor 4-Methoxyphenol Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine o-Methylaniline [o-Toluidine] m-Methylaniline [m-Toluidine] p-Methylaniline [p-Toluidine] N-Methylaniline 3-Methyl-1-butanol [Isoamyl alcohol] 3-Methyl-2-butanone [Methyl isopropyl ketone] Methyl tert-butyl ether [MTBE] Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexanol (all isomers) 2-Methylcyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl Methyl demeton 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide [Dinitolmide] 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol [Dinitro-o-cresol] Methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Methyl formate 6-Methyl-1-heptanol [Isooctyl alcohol] 5-Methyl-3-heptanone
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C7H14O2 C9H14O C12H18N2O2 C9H10 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H13N C9H12 C6H12O2 C2H2O Pb As2O8Pb3 CrO4Pb HLi CMgO3 MgO C10H19O6PS2 C4H2O3 Mn C8H5MnO3 Hg C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C5H10N2O2S C7H9NO C7H9NO C16H15Cl3O2 C7H8O2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C5H12O C5H10O C5H12O C5H5NO2 C7H14 C7H14O C7H12O
123-92-2 78-59-1 4098-71-9 98-83-9 109-59-1 108-21-4 75-31-0 768-52-5 98-82-8 4016-14-2 1332-58-7 463-51-4 7439-92-1 7784-40-9 7758-97-6 7580-67-8 546-93-0 1309-48-4 121-75-5 108-31-6 7439-96-5 12079-65-1 7439-97-6 141-79-7 79-41-4 74-93-1 67-56-1 16752-77-5 90-04-0 104-94-9 72-43-5 150-76-5 79-20-9 96-33-3 126-98-7 74-89-5 95-53-4 108-44-1 106-49-0 100-61-8 123-51-3 563-80-4 1634-04-4 137-05-3 108-87-2 25639-42-3 583-60-8
C9H7MnO3 C6H15O3PS2 C8H7N3O5 C7H6N2O5 C15H22N2O2 C8H18O2 C2H4O2 C8H18O C8H16O
12108-13-3 8022-00-2 148-01-6 534-52-1 5124-30-1 1338-23-4 107-31-3 26952-21-6 541-85-5
16-38
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 100
532
0.005 50 25 250 5 2 50 50
200 2 1 5 2 2 2 0.5 100 200 40 0.2 400 50 50
0.045 242 106 1040 12 11 246 238 2 0.86 0.05 0.15 0.075 0.025 10 10 10 4 0.2 0.4 0.025 60 70 0.98 262 2.5 0.5 0.5 10 5 606 7 2.7 6.4 8.8 8.8 8.8 2.2 361 705 144 0.9 1610 234 229
0.005
0.8 0.5 5 0.2 0.054
100 50 25
246 266 131
0.5
0.1
15 20 0.5 200 0.1 0.1
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
5C
28 C
100
483
310 10
1290 24
75
356
1.5
2.6
25
100
250
328
250
757
15
19
125
452
75
344
0.2 C 150
1.5 C 368
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance 5-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] Methylhydrazine Methyl isocyanate Methyl methacrylate Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] Methyl parathion 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol [Hexylene glycol] 4-Methyl-2-pentanol [Methyl isobutyl carbinol] 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-2-propanol [tert-Butyl alcohol] Methylstyrene (all isomers) N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline [Tetryl] Metribuzin Mevinphos Mica Molybdenum Monocrotophos Morpholine Naled Naphthalene 1-Naphthalenylthiourea [ANTU] Neopentane Nickel Nickel carbonyl Nickel(III) sulfide Nicotine Nitrapyrin Nitric acid Nitric oxide p-Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nitrotoluene (all isomers) Nitrous oxide Nonane (all isomers) Octachloronaphthalene Octane (all isomers) Osmium(VIII) oxide [Osmium tetroxide] Oxalic acid 2-Oxetanone [β-Propiolactone] Oxiranemethanol [Glycidol] Ozone Paraquat Parathion Pentaborane(9) Pentachloronaphthalene (unspecified isomer) Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentaerythritol
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C7H14O CH6N2 C2H3NO C5H8O2 C3H6O C8H10NO5PS C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H12O C4H10O C4H10O C9H10 C7H5N5O8 C8H14N4OS C7H13O6P
110-12-3 60-34-4 624-83-9 80-62-6 75-56-9 298-00-0 107-83-5 96-14-0 107-41-5 108-11-2 108-10-1 78-83-1 75-65-0 25013-15-4 479-45-8 21087-64-9 7786-34-7 12001-26-2 7439-98-7 6923-22-4 110-91-8 300-76-5 91-20-3 86-88-4 463-82-1 7440-02-0 13463-39-3 12035-72-2 54-11-5 1929-82-4 7697-37-2 10102-43-9 100-01-6 98-95-3 79-24-3 10102-44-0 7783-54-2 75-52-5 108-03-2 79-46-9 1321-12-6 10024-97-2 111-84-2 2234-13-1 111-65-9 20816-12-0 144-62-7 57-57-8 556-52-5 10028-15-6 4685-14-7 56-38-2 19624-22-7 1321-64-8 82-68-8 87-86-5 115-77-5
Mo C7H14NO5P C4H9NO C4H7Br2Cl2O4P C10H8 C11H10N2S C5H12 Ni C4NiO4 Ni3S2 C10H14N2 C6H3Cl4N HNO3 NO C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 NO2 F3N CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C7H7NO2 N2O C9H20 C10Cl8 C8H18 O4Os C2H2O4 C3H4O2 C3H6O2 O3 C12H14N2 C10H14NO5PS B5H9 C10H3Cl5 C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O C5H12O4
16-39
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 50 0.01 0.02 50 20 500 500 25 50 50 100 50
0.01
20 10 600 0.05
2 25 1 100 3 10 20 25 10 2 50 200 300 0.0002 0.5 2 0.1
0.005
234 0.019 0.047 205 48 0.2 1760 1760 104 205 152 303 242 1.5 5 0.092 3 10 0.25 71 3 52 0.3 1770 1.5 0.12 0.14 0.5 10 5.2 31 3 5 307 5.6 29 50 91 36 11 90 1050 0.1 1400 0.0016 1 1.5 6.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.013 0.5 0.5 0.5 10
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
100
410
1000 1000 25 C 40 75
3500 3500 121 C 167 307
100
483
0.03
0.27
15
79
4
20 10
5
9.4
375 0.0006
0.3 1750 0.0047 2
0.015
0.039
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Pentanal [Valeraldehyde] Pentane Pentanedial [Glutaraldehyde] 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] Pentyl acetate (all isomers) Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryl fluoride Perfluoroacetone [Hexafluoroacetone] Perfluoroisobutene Phenol 10H-Phenothiazine Phenylenediamine (all isomers) Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenylhydrazine Phenylphosphine Phorate Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus(III) chloride [Phosphorus trichloride] Phosphorus(V) chloride [Phosphorus pentachloride] Phosphorus(V) oxychloride [Phosphoryl chloride] Phosphorus(V) sulfide Phthalic anhydride Piperazine dihydrochloride 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione [Pindone] Platinum Potassium hydroxide Propane Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol [Isopropyl alcohol] Propargyl alcohol [2-Propyn-1-ol] Propoxur Propyl acetate 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate Propylene glycol monomethyl ether Propyleneimine Propyl nitrate Propyne [Methylacetylene] 2-Pyridinamine [2-Aminopyridine] Pyridine Pyrocatechol [Catechol] Resorcinol Rhodium Ronnel Rotenone Selenium Selenium hexafluoride Sesone Silane Silicon Silicon carbide
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O2 C5H10O C5H10O C7H14O2 CCl4S ClFO3 C3F6O C4F8 C6H6O C12H9NS C6H8N2 C9H10O2 C6H8N2 C6H7P C7H17O2PS3 H3P H3O4P P
110-62-3 109-66-0 111-30-8 107-87-9 96-22-0 628-63-7 594-42-3 7616-94-6 684-16-2 382-21-8 108-95-2 92-84-2 25265-76-3 122-60-1 100-63-0 638-21-1 298-02-2 7803-51-2 7664-38-2 7723-14-0
Cl3P
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 50 600
176 1770
200 200 50 0.1 3 0.1
705 700 265 0.76 13 0.68
5
19 5 0.1 0.6 0.44
0.1 0.1
0.02
0.05 0.42 1 0.1
7719-12-2
0.2
1.1
Cl5P
10026-13-8
0.1
0.85
Cl3OP P2S5 C8H4O3 C4H12Cl2N2 C14H14O3 Pt HKO C3H8 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C11H15NO3 C5H10O2 C3H6N2O6 C4H10O2 C3H7N C3H7NO3 C3H4 C5H6N2 C5H5N C6H6O2 C6H6O2 Rh C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6 Se F6Se C8H7Cl2NaO5S H4Si Si CSi
10025-87-3 1314-80-3 85-44-9 142-64-3 83-26-1 7440-06-4 1310-58-3 74-98-6 79-09-4 71-23-8 67-63-0 107-19-7 114-26-1 109-60-4 6423-43-4 107-98-2 75-55-8 627-13-4 74-99-7 504-29-0 110-86-1 120-80-9 108-46-3 7440-16-6 299-84-3 83-79-4 7782-49-2 7783-79-1 136-78-7 7803-62-5 7440-21-3 409-21-2
0.1
0.63 1 6.1 5 0.1 1 2C 4500 30 492 983 2.3 0.5 835 0.34 369 4.7 107 1640 1.9 16 23 45 1 10 5 0.2 0.95 10 6.6 10 10
16-40
0.3
1
2500 10 200 400 1 200 0.05 100 2 25 1000 0.5 5 5 10
0.12 5
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
750 0.05 C 250 300 100
2210 0.2 C 881 1050 530
6
25
0.01 C
0.082 C
0.05 C
0.23 C 0.2 1.4 3
1
0.5
2.8
3
250 500
614 1230
250
1040
150
553
40
172
20
90
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Silicon dioxide (α-quartz) Silicon dioxide (tridymite) Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silver Sodium azide Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium metabisulfite Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Stibine Strontium chromate Strychnine Styrene Sucrose Sulfotep Sulfur chloride Sulfur decafluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl fluoride Sulprofos Talc Tantalum Tantalum(V) oxide Tellurium Tellurium hexafluoride Terephthalic acid Terphenyl (all isomers) 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane [Acetylene tetrabromide] Tetrabromomethane [Carbon tetrabromide] 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene [Perchloroethylene] Tetrachloromethane [Carbon tetrachloride] Tetrachloronaphthalene (all isomers) Tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl pyrophosphate [TEPP] Tetrahydrofuran [Oxolane] Tetramethyl lead Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethyl succinonitrile Tetranitromethane Thallium 4,4'-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) Thioglycolic acid Thionyl chloride Thiram Tin Titanium(IV) oxide [Titanium dioxide] Toluene
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
O2Si O2Si O2Si O2Si Ag N3Na C2H2FNaO2 HNaO3S HNaO Na2O5S2 Na4O7P2 B4H20Na2O17 H3Sb CrO4Sr C21H22N2O2 C8H8 C12H22O11 C8H20O5P2S2 Cl2S2 F10S2 O2S F6S F4S H2O4S F2O2S C12H19O2PS3 Ta O5Ta2 Te F6Te C8H6O4 C18H14
14808-60-7 15468-32-3 14464-46-1 60676-86-0 7440-22-4 26628-22-8 62-74-8 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-57-4 7722-88-5 1303-96-4 7803-52-3 7789-06-2 57-24-9 100-42-5 57-50-1 3689-24-5 10025-67-9 5714-22-7 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7783-60-0 7664-93-9 2699-79-8 35400-43-2 14807-96-6 7440-25-7 1314-61-0 13494-80-9 7783-80-4 100-21-0 26140-60-3
C2H2Br4 CBr4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C10H4Cl4 C8H20Pb C8H20O7P2 C4H8O C4H12Pb C4H12O4Si C8H12N2 CN4O8 Tl C22H30O2S C2H4O2S Cl2OS C6H12N2S4 Sn O2Ti C7H8
79-27-6 558-13-4 76-11-9 76-12-0 79-34-5 127-18-4 56-23-5 1335-88-2 78-00-2 107-49-3 109-99-9 75-74-1 681-84-5 3333-52-6 509-14-8 7440-28-0 96-69-5 68-11-1 7719-09-7 137-26-8 7440-31-5 13463-67-7 108-88-3
16-41
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.29 C 0.05 5 2C
0.1
20
2 1000
5
0.02
1 0.1 500 500 1 25 5
5 5 5 0.51 0.002 0.15 85 10 0.2
5.2 6000 1 21 1 2 5 5 0.1 0.10 10
1
14 1.4 4170 4170 6.9 170 31 2 0.1 0.05 590 0.15 6 2.8 0.04 0.1 10 3.8
50
1 2 10 188
200 1 0.5 0.005
40
170
1C 0.01 C 5
5.5 C 0.10 C 13
0.1 C 10
0.44 C 3 42
0.53 C
5C
0.3
4.1
100 10
685 63
250
737
1C
4.9 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Tribromomethane [Bromoform] Tributyl phosphate Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [Methyl chloroform] 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane [Chloroform] (Trichloromethyl)benzene [Benzotrichloride] Trichloronaphthalene (all isomers) Trichloronitromethane [Chloropicrin] 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triiodomethane [Iodoform] Trimellitic anhydride [1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride] Trimethylamine Trimethylbenzene (all isomers) Trimethyl phosphite Trinitroglycerol [Nitroglycerin] 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol [Picric acid] 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene [TNT] Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Tungsten Uranium Vanadium(V) oxide Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene Warfarin Xylene (all isomers) Xylidine (all isomers) Yttrium Zinc chloride Zinc chromate, basic Zinc oxide Zirconium
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C9H6N2O2 C2H4N4 CHBr3 C12H27O4P C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 C10H5Cl3 CCl3NO2 C8H5Cl3O3 C3H5Cl3 C2Cl3F3 C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N CHI3
584-84-9 61-82-5 75-25-2 126-73-8 76-03-9 120-82-1 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 67-66-3 98-07-7 1321-65-9 76-06-2 93-76-5 96-18-4 76-13-1 78-30-8 102-71-6 121-44-8 75-47-8
C9H4O5 C3H9N C9H12 C3H9O3P C3H5N3O9 C6H3N3O7 C7H5N3O6 C18H15N C18H15O4P W U O5V2 C4H6O2 C8H12 C19H16O4 C8H10 C8H11N Y Cl2Zn CrH2O4Zn OZn Zr
552-30-7 75-50-3 25551-13-7 121-45-9 55-63-0 88-89-1 118-96-7 603-34-9 115-86-6 7440-33-7 7440-61-1 1314-62-1 108-05-4 100-40-3 81-81-2 1330-20-7 1300-73-8 7440-65-5 7646-85-7 13530-65-9 1314-13-2 7440-67-7
16-42
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
0.005
0.02
0.14
5C 450
37 C 2460
100 1000 C
537 5620 C
0.01 C
0.08 C
1250
9590
3
12
15
0.04 C 36
0.5 0.2 1
0.036 0.2 5.2 2.2 6.7
350 10 50
1910 55 269
10
49
0.1 10 1000
1 0.6
5 25 2 0.05
10 0.1 100 0.5
5 0.67 10 60 7670 0.1 5 4.1 10
12 123 10 0.46 0.1 0.1 5 3 5 0.2 0.05 35 0.44 0.1 434 2.5 1 1 0.045 5 5
10 0.6 15
53
150
651
2 10 10
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS The octanol-water partition coefficient, P, is a widely used parameter for correlating biological effects of organic substances. It is a property of the two-phase system in which water and 1-octanol are in equilibrium at a fixed temperature and the substance is distributed between the water-rich and octanol-rich phases. P is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of the substance in the octanol-rich phase to that in the water-rich phase, in the limit of zero concentration. In general, P tends to be large for compounds with extended non-polar structures (such as long chain or multiring hydrocarbons) and small for compounds with highly polar groups. Thus P (or, in its more common form of expression, log P) provides a measure of the lipophilic vs. hydrophilic nature of a compound, which is an important consideration in assessing the potential toxicity. A discussion of methods of measurement and accuracy considerations for log P may be found in Reference 1. This table gives selected values of log P for about 450 organic compounds, including many of environmental importance. All values refer to a nominal temperature of 25°C. The source of each value is indicated in the last column. These references contain data on many more compounds than are included here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Sangster, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1111, 1989. 2. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 3. Shiu, W.Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 4. Pinsuwan, S., Li, L., and Yalkowsky, S.H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 623, 1995. 5. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 7. Miller, M.M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S.P., Tewari, Y.B., and Martire, D.E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Mol. Form. CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2
Name Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
Name
log P
Ref.
2.16 2.53 2.64 2.38 1.97 1.41 2.3 1.25 0.20 2.5 0.35 -0.54 1.19 0.91 0.51 1.5 -1.51 -0.33 -0.74 -0.57 3.16 2.88 4.00 2.53 2.89 2.13 1.86 1.93 2.39 1.38 2.49 2.38 -0.34 1.79 1.48
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2S C2H7N C2H7N C3H3N C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I
Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethylamine Dimethylamine 2-Propenenitrile cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein 3-Bromopropene Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Acrylamide 1,2-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane
0.45 -0.30 -0.17 1.6 1.43 2 -1.26 0.18 -0.30 0.10 -1.35 -1.41 -0.13 -0.38 0.25 2.03 -0.38 -0.01 1.79 0.30 2.63 0.16 -0.78 2.0 0.17 0.59 -0.24 0.03 0.33 0.18 2.1 1.9 2.04 1.90 2.5
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9F C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H5N C5H6O C5H7N C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10
Name Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Ethylmethylamine Trimethylamine Furan Thiophene Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne 2,5-Dihydrofuran Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Butanenitrile cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Butanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1-Nitrobutane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Pyridine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 1,4-Pentadiene 1-Pentyne Methyl methacrylate Ethyl acrylate Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
0.03 -1.01 -1.05 0.87 0.25 0.05 1.81 0.48 0.26 0.15 0.16 1.34 1.81 0.75 1.99 1.46 0.46 0.93 0.73 0.80 0.60 2.33 2.31 2.35 1.12 1.04 0.88 0.29 0.46 0.79 0.83 0.73 2.75 2.64 2.58 3 0.46 -0.21 -0.77 1.47 2.8 0.84 0.65 0.76 0.35 0.89 2.28 1.95 0.86 0.40 0.58 0.65 1.85 1.21 2.48 1.98 1.38 1.32 0.94 2.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11F C5H11N C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6Cl6 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2
Name Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Diethyl carbonate 1-Bromopentane 1-Fluoropentane Piperidine 1-Nitropentane Pentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 5-Hexyn-2-one 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 2-Ethylfuran 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene 5-Hexen-2-one Cyclohexanone Ethyl methacrylate
log P
Ref.
3.00 0.84 0.82 0.56 0.82 1.85 1.39 1.24 1.21 1.21 3.37 2.33 0.84 2.01 3.45 3.11 1.51 1.25 1.21 1.28 0.89 1.28 1.31 0.94 1.49 5.47 5.03 5.07 4.55 4.65 4.51 4.04 3.98 4.02 3.38 3.48 3.38 3.23 2.99 2.84 2.27 3.28 1.85 2.13 1.48 2.52 0.90 1.11 1.20 1.22 2.3 0.58 0.61 2.40 2.8 2.73 2.86 1.02 0.81 1.94
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
C6H11Br C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I
Bromocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene 4-Methyl-1-pentene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexanol Hexanal 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Phenyl formate Salicylic acid (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Methylcyclohexane 2-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane
3.20 1.66 3.40 2.5 3.44 3.37 1.23 1.78 1.38 1.31 1.92 1.82 3.80 1.49 4.00 3.60 3.82 3.85 2.03 1.76 1.65 1.48 2.03 1.52 2.06 1.67 1.45 2.20 2.87 2.86 1.56 1.48 1.88 1.26 2.20 2.92 3.42 3.28 3.33 2.30 2.42 2.73 2.63 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.05 2.11 1.09 1.32 1.40 1.39 1.66 3.99 3.88 1.98 1.88 4.36 4.15 4.70
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8H6 C8H6O C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C9H7N
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Name Heptane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Phenylacetylene Benzofuran Benzo[b]thiophene Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Styrene Acetophenone 2-Methylbenzaldehyde Benzeneacetaldehyde 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Phenyloxirane o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol 3-Methylbenzenemethanol 4-Methylbenzenemethanol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole p-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine Butyl methacrylate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane 2-Octanone Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 4-Octanol Dibutyl ether Quinoline
log P
Ref.
4.50 2.62 2.31 2.24 2.22 2.57 2.40 2.67 3.12 1.56 2.14 3.05 1.63 2.26 1.78 2.14 1.61 2.32 2.37 2.34 1.41 1.49 2.20 3.15 3.12 3.20 3.15 2.47 2.50 2.50 2.35 2.34 2.36 3.23 2.35 1.36 1.42 1.60 1.58 2.51 1.35 2.74 2.66 2.81 1.96 2.31 1.41 2.88 2.75 4.57 4.45 2.37 3.05 4.89 5.15 3.07 2.90 2.68 3.21 2.03
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H7N C9H8 C9H8O2 C9H9N C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C9H21N C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H9N C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22O C11H22O2 C12Cl10 C12HCl9
Name Isoquinoline Indene trans-Cinnamic acid Benzenepropanenitrile Indan 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 1-Phenyl-2-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone 2-Phenylpropanoic acid Benzyl acetate 4-Methylphenyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol Benzenepropanol N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine Amphetamine 1-Nonene 2-Nonanone 5-Methyl-2-octanone Nonane 1-Nonanol Tripropylamine 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Isopropyl benzoate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Butylphenol 2-Decanone Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 4-Phenylpyridine 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 2-Undecanone Methyl decanoate Decachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′Nonachlorobiphenyl
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
2.08 2.92 2.13 1.72 3.33 2.19 1.44 2.19 1.80 1.96 2.11 2.64 3.69 3.66 3.53 3.63 3.60 3.63 3.42 2.93 3.20 2.67 2.46 1.88 1.98 1.76 5.15 3.16 2.92 5.65 4.02 2.79 3.90 3.98 3.34 3.22 2.84 2.70 3.18 4.26 4.11 4.01 4.10 4.10 4.00 4.10 3.65 3.77 4.09 6.25 4.57 2.59 3.87 4.00 4.90 4.56 4.09 4.41 8.26
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
C12H2Cl8
8.16
3
C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O C12H18 C12H18 C12H22O C12H24O2 C12H26O C13H8O C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O C13H10O2 C13H11NO C13H12 C13H12 C13H12O C13H12O C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H28O2 C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C16H10 C16H10 C16H14 C16H32O2
Name 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 4-Phenylcyclohexanone Hexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclododecanone Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluoren-9-one Acridine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Phenyl benzoate N-Phenylbenzamide Diphenylmethane 4-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethanol Benzyl phenyl ether Anthracene Phenanthrene trans-Stilbene 1-Methylfluorene 2-Phenylacetophenone Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane 4,4′-Dimethylbiphenyl Octylbenzene Tetradecanoic acid 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 1-Methylphenanthrene Fluoranthene Pyrene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Hexadecanoic acid
log P
Ref.
7.10 6.70 7.00 7.00 6.70 6.30 6.40 5.72 5.73 5.60 5.47 5.10 5.00 4.12 4.52 4.58 4.61 3.72 3.96 3.76 3.82 4.21 4.45 3.44 4.40 4.31 4.37 2.45 5.52 4.69 4.10 4.6 5.13 3.58 3.40 4.20 3.18 3.59 2.62 4.14 4.63 2.67 3.79 4.56 4.52 4.81 4.97 3.18 3.97 4.70 5.09 6.30 6.1 5.15 5.07 5.14 5.07 5.08 5.69 7.17
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 1 1
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
C17H12 C17H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H15N C18H30O2 C18H32O2 C18H34O2
11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene Triphenylamine Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Oleic acid
5.40 5.75 5.91 5.73 5.76 5.49 5.74 6.46 7.05 7.64
1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1
C18H36O2 C19H16O C20H12 C20H12 C20H32O2 C20H40O2 C21H16
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
C22H12 C24H12
Name Stearic acid Triphenylmethanol Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Arachidonic acid Arachidic acid 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene Benzo[ghi]perylene Coronene
log P
Ref.
8.23 3.68 6.25 6.20 6.98 9.29
1 1 1 4 1 1
6.75 6.90 6.05
1 1 4
PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION The following data and rules of thumb are helpful in estimating the penetrating capability of and danger of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. More precise data should be used for critical applications.
Alpha Particles Alpha particles of at least 7.5 MeV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick.
Electrons Electrons of at least 70 keV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick. The range of electrons in g/cm2 is approximately equal to the maximum energy (E) in MeV divided by 2. The range of electrons in air is about 3.65 m per MeV; for example, a 3 MeV electron has a range of about 11 m in air. A chamber wall thickness of 30 mg/cm2 will transmit 70% of the initial fluence of 1 MeV electrons and 20% of that of 0.4 MeV electrons. When electrons of 1 to 2 MeV pass through light materials such as water, aluminum, or glass, less than 1% of their energy is dissipated as bremsstrahlung. The bremsstrahlung from 1 Ci of 32P aqueous solution in a glass bottle is about 1 mR/h at 1 meter distance. When electrons from a 1 Ci source of 90Sr - 90Y are absorbed, the bremsstrahlung hazard is approximately equal to that presented by the gamma radiation from 12 mg of radium. The average energy of the bremsstrahlung is about 300 keV.
Gamma Rays The air-scattered radiation (sky-shine) from a 100 Ci 60Co source placed 1 ft behind a 4 ft high shield is about 100 mrad/h at 6 ft from the outside of the shield. Within ±20% for point source gamma emitters with energies between 0.07 and 4 MeV, the exposure rate (R/h) at 1 ft is 6C⋅E⋅n where C is the activity in curies, E is the energy in MeV, and n is the number of gammas per disintegration.
Neutrons An approximate HVL (thickness of absorber for which the neutron flux falls to half its initial value) for 1 MeV neutrons is 3.2 cm of paraffin; that for 5 MeV neutrons is 6.9 cm of paraffin).
Miscellaneous The activity of any radionuclide is reduced to less than 1% after 7 half-lives (i.e., 2-7 = 0.8%). For nuclides with a half-life greater than 6 days, the change in activity in 24 hours will be less than 10%. 10 HVL (half-value layers) attenuates approximately by 10-3. There is 0.64 mm3 of radon gas at STP in transient equilibrium with 1 Ci of radium. The natural background from all sources in most parts of the world leads to an equivalent dose rate of about 0.04 to 4 mSv per year for the average person. About 84% of this comes from terrestrial sources, the remainder from cosmic rays. The U. S. average is about 3.6 mSv/yr but can range up to 50 mSv/yr in some areas. A passenger in a plane flying at 12,000 meters receives 5 µSv/hr from cosmic rays (as compared to about 0.03 µSv/hr at sea level). The ICRP recommended exposure limit to man-made sources of ionizing radiation (Reference 2) is 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years, with the dose in any one year not to exceed 50 mSv. A whole-body dose of about 3 Gy over a short time interval will typically lead to 50% mortality in 30 days assuming no medical treatment.
Units The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose; it is a measure of the mean energy imparted to a sample of irradiated matter, divided by the mass of the sample. Gy is a special name for the SI unit J/kg. The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose, which is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by a weighting factor that expresses the longterm biological risk from low-level chronic exposure to a specified type of radiation. The Sv is another special name for J/kg. 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7⋅1010 becquerel (Bq); i.e., 3.7⋅1010 disintegrations per second. 1 roentgen (R) = 2.58⋅10-4 coulomb per kilogram (C/kg); a measure of the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or gamma radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 rem = 0.01 Sv REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1981. 2. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 3. Radiation: Doses, Effects, Risks, United Nations Sales No. E.86.III.D.4, 1985. 4. Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev. D, 50, 1173, 1994 (p. 1268).
16-47
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES K. F. Eckerman The following table lists, for workers, the annual limits on oral and inhalation intakes (ALI) for selected radionuclides based on the occupational radiation protection guidance of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (References 1 and 2). An intake of one ALI corresponds to an annual whole body dose of 0.02 Sv (2 rem). The ALI is expressed in the SI unit of activity, the becquerel (Bq), and in the conventional unit, the microcurie (µCi); 1 µCi = 3.7⋅104 Bq. The chemical form of inhaled radionuclides is, in most instances, stated in terms of the rate of absorption to blood from the lungs and the fractional absorption from the small intestine. Type F, M, and S denote chemical forms which are absorbed from the lungs at rates characterized as fast, moderate, and slow, respectively. The time to absorb 90% of the deposited radionuclide, in the absence of radioactive decay, corresponds to about 10 minutes, 150 days, and 7000 days for Type F, M, and S compounds, respectively. Type F compounds can be considered to be more soluble than M or S, S being the most insoluble. Chemical form consideration for ingestion is specified by the fractional absorption from the small intestine, denoted as f1. The f1 values range from 10–5 to 1. Higher fractional absorption is associated with greater solubility of the compound. REFERENCES 1. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21, (1—3), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 2. Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 68, Annals of the ICRP, 24(4), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995.
Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 3H
12.3 y
11C
0.340 h
14C
5730 y
18F
1.83 h
22Na 32P
2.60 y 15.0 h 14.3 d
35S
87.4 d
24Na
42K
51Cr
12.4 h 22.6 h 163 d 4.53 d 27.7 d
54Mn
312 d
52Fe
8.28 h
55Fe
2.70 y
43K 45Ca 47Ca
Chemical form Type/f1 HT gas HTO vapor CO CO2 Organic compounds CO CO2 Organic compounds F 1.000 M 1.000 S 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 Inorganic compounds F 0.800 M 0.800 Vapor Organic compounds F 1.000 F 1.000 M 0.300 M 0.300 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100
Oral intakes
ALI
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
ALI
Bq
µCi
1.1E+13 1.1E+09 1.7E+10 9.1E+09 6.2E+09
3.0E+08 3.0E+04 4.5E+05 2.5E+05 1.7E+05
1.000
1.1E+13
3.0E+08
1.000
8.3E+08
2.3E+04
2.5E+10 3.1E+09 3.4E+07
6.8E+05 8.3E+04 9.3E+02
1.000
3.4E+07
9.3E+02
3.7E+08 2.2E+08 2.2E+08 1.0E+07 3.8E+07 1.8E+07 6.9E+06
1.0E+04 6.1E+03 5.8E+03 2.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.9E+02 1.9E+02
1.000
4.1E+08
1.1E+04
1.000 1.000 0.800
6.3E+06 4.7E+07 8.3E+06
1.7E+02 1.3E+03 2.3E+02
2.5E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+08
6.8E+03 4.9E+02 4.5E+03
0.800 0.100
1.4E+08 1.1E+08
3.9E+03 2.8E+03
1.000
2.6E+07
7.0E+02
1.000 1.000 0.300 0.300 0.100 0.010
4.7E+07 8.0E+07 2.6E+07 1.3E+07 5.3E+08 5.4E+08
1.3E+03 2.2E+03 7.1E+02 3.4E+02 1.4E+04 1.5E+04
0.100
2.8E+07
7.6E+02
0.100
1.4E+07
3.9E+02
0.100
6.1E+07
1.6E+03
1.0E+08 7.7E+07 8.7E+06 9.5E+06 6.7E+08 5.9E+08 5.6E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+07 2.9E+07 2.1E+07 2.2E+07 6.1E+07
2.7E+03 2.1E+03 2.4E+02 2.6E+02 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+02 4.5E+02 7.8E+02 5.7E+02 5.9E+02 1.6E+03
16-48
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 59Fe
44.5 d
57Co
271 d
58Co
70.8 d
60Co
5.27 y
64Cu
12.7 h
59Ni
75000 y
63Ni
96.0 y
65Zn 67Ga
244 d 3.26 d
68Ga
1.13 h
68Ge
288 d
75Se
120 d
79Se
65000 y
86Rb 85Sr
18.6 d 64.8 d
87mSr
2.80 h
89Sr
50.5 d
90Sr
29.1 y
99Mo
2.75 d
99mTc
6.02 h
99Tc
213000 y
106Ru
1.01 y
111In
2.83 d
113mIn
1.66 h
113Sn
115 d
123I
13.2 h
125I
60.1 d
129I
1.57⋅107 y
Chemical form Type/f1 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 F 0.500 M 0.500 S 0.500 F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor S 0.500 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 1.000 M 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 1.000 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.800 S 0.050 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.050 M 0.050 S 0.050 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000
Oral intakes
ALI Bq
µCi
6.7E+06 6.3E+06 5.1E+07 3.3E+07 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 2.8E+06 1.2E+06 2.9E+08 1.3E+08 1.3E+08 9.1E+07 2.1E+08 2.4E+07 3.8E+07 6.5E+07 1.0E+07 7.1E+06 1.8E+08 7.1E+07 4.1E+08 2.5E+08 2.4E+07 2.5E+06 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 1.3E+07 6.5E+06 1.5E+07 3.6E+07 3.1E+07 9.1E+08 5.7E+08 1.4E+07 3.6E+06 6.7E+05 2.6E+05 5.6E+07 1.8E+07 1.0E+09 6.9E+08 5.0E+07 6.3E+06 2.0E+06 1.2E+06 5.7E+05 9.1E+07 6.5E+07 1.1E+09 6.3E+08 2.5E+07 1.1E+07 1.8E+08 9.5E+07 2.7E+06 1.4E+06 3.9E+05
1.8E+02 1.7E+02 1.4E+03 9.0E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 7.6E+01 3.2E+01 7.9E+03 3.6E+03 3.6E+03 2.5E+03 5.8E+03 6.5E+02 1.0E+03 1.7E+03 2.7E+02 1.9E+02 4.9E+03 1.9E+03 1.1E+04 6.7E+03 6.5E+02 6.8E+01 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 3.4E+02 1.7E+02 4.2E+02 9.7E+02 8.4E+02 2.5E+04 1.5E+04 3.9E+02 9.7E+01 1.8E+01 7.0E+00 1.5E+03 4.9E+02 2.7E+04 1.9E+04 1.4E+03 1.7E+02 5.5E+01 3.2E+01 1.5E+01 2.5E+03 1.7E+03 2.8E+04 1.7E+04 6.8E+02 2.8E+02 4.9E+03 2.6E+03 7.4E+01 3.9E+01 1.1E+01
16-49
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
0.100
1.1E+07
3.0E+02
0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.500
9.5E+07 1.1E+08 2.7E+07 2.9E+07 5.9E+06 8.0E+06 1.7E+08
2.6E+03 2.8E+03 7.3E+02 7.7E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.5E+03
0.050
3.2E+08
8.6E+03
0.050
1.3E+08
3.6E+03
0.500 0.001
5.1E+06 1.1E+08
1.4E+02 2.8E+03
0.001
2.0E+08
5.4E+03
1.000
1.5E+07
4.2E+02
0.800 0.050 0.800 0.050 1.000 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.800 0.050 0.800
7.7E+06 4.9E+07 6.9E+06 5.1E+07 7.1E+06 3.6E+07 6.1E+07 6.7E+08 6.1E+08 7.7E+06 8.7E+06 7.1E+05 7.4E+06 2.7E+07 1.7E+07 9.1E+08
2.1E+02 1.3E+03 1.9E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+02 9.7E+02 1.6E+03 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.9E+01 2.0E+02 7.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.5E+04
0.800
2.6E+07
6.9E+02
0.050
2.9E+06
7.7E+01
0.020
6.9E+07
1.9E+03
0.020
7.1E+08
1.9E+04
0.020
2.7E+07
7.4E+02
1.000
9.5E+07
2.6E+03
1.000
1.3E+06
3.6E+01
1.000
1.8E+05
4.9E+00
ALI
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 131I
8.04 d
129Cs
141Ce
1.34 d 2.06 y 13.1 d 30.0 y 32.5 d
144Ce
284 d
133Ba 169Yb
10.7 y 12.7 d 32.0 d
198Au
2.69 d
198mAu
2.30 d
197Hg
2.67 d
134Cs 136Cs 137Cs
140Ba
203Hg
201Tl
46.6 d
207Bi
3.04 d 22.3 y 38.0 y
210Po
138 d
224Ra
228Th
3.66 d 1600 y 5.75 y 1.91 y
230Th
77000 y
232Th
1.40⋅1010 y
234U
2.44⋅105 y
210Pb
226Ra 228Ra
Chemical form Type/f1
Oral intakes
ALI
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
1.000
9.1E+05
2.5E+01
1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 5.0E-04
3.3E+08 1.1E+06 6.7E+06 1.5E+06 2.8E+07
9.0E+03 2.8E+01 1.8E+02 4.2E+01 7.6E+02
5.0E-04
3.8E+06
1.0E+02
0.100 0.100 5.0E-04
2.0E+07 8.0E+06 2.8E+07
5.4E+02 2.2E+02 7.6E+02
0.100
2.0E+07
5.4E+02
0.100
1.5E+07
4.2E+02
1.000 0.400
2.0E+08 1.2E+08
5.5E+03 3.2E+03
ALI
Bq
µCi
Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 F 0.100 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 Inorganic compounds F 0.400
2.1E+05 1.8E+06 1.0E+06 2.5E+08 2.1E+06 1.1E+07 3.0E+06 7.4E+06 6.5E+06 8.7E+05 6.9E+05 1.1E+07 1.3E+07 9.5E+06 8.3E+06 5.1E+07 2.0E+07 1.8E+07 3.4E+07 1.0E+07 1.1E+07
5.6E+00 4.9E+01 2.7E+01 6.7E+03 5.6E+01 2.8E+02 8.1E+01 2.0E+02 1.7E+02 2.4E+01 1.9E+01 3.0E+02 3.4E+02 2.6E+02 2.3E+02 1.4E+03 5.5E+02 4.9E+02 9.2E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02
2.4E+08
6.4E+03
Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 Inorganic compounds F 0.400
4.5E+06
1.2E+02
2.0E+08 7.1E+07
5.4E+03 1.9E+03
0.020
8.7E+07
2.4E+03
2.7E+07
7.2E+02
1.000 0.400
1.1E+07 1.8E+07
2.8E+02 4.9E+02
Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 F 0.200 F 0.050 M 0.050 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002
2.9E+06
7.7E+01
3.4E+07 1.1E+07 2.6E+08 1.8E+04 2.4E+07 6.3E+06 2.8E+04 9.1E+03 8.3E+03 1.7E+03 1.2E+04 8.7E+02 6.3E+02 7.1E+02 2.8E+03 6.9E+02 1.7E+03 3.1E+04 9.5E+03 2.9E+03
9.2E+02 2.8E+02 7.1E+03 4.9E-01 6.4E+02 1.7E+02 7.6E-01 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.5E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-02 1.7E-02 1.9E-02 7.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 7.9E-02
0.020
3.7E+07
1.0E+03
1.000 0.200 0.050
2.1E+08 2.9E+04 1.5E+07
5.7E+03 7.9E-01 4.2E+02
0.100
8.3E+04
2.3E+00
0.200 0.200 0.200 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 0.020 0.002
3.1E+05 7.1E+04 3.0E+04 2.9E+05 5.7E+05 9.5E+04 2.3E+05 9.1E+04 2.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.4E+06
8.3E+00 1.9E+00 8.1E-01 7.7E+00 1.5E+01 2.6E+00 6.2E+00 2.5E+00 5.9E+00 1.1E+01 6.5E+01
16-50
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life
Oral intakes
Chemical form Type/f1
Bq
µCi
F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05
3.3E+04 1.1E+04 3.3E+03 3.4E+04 1.3E+04 3.5E+03 1.3E+03 1.8E+07 6.7E+02 1.8E+03
9.0E-01 3.0E-01 8.9E-02 9.3E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 3.6E-02 4.9E+02 1.8E-02 4.9E-02
ALI
235U
7.04⋅108 y
238U
4.47⋅109 y
237Np 238Pu
2.14⋅106 y 2.36 d 87.7 y
239Pu
24100 y
M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05
6.3E+02 2.4E+03
1.7E-02 6.5E-02
241Pu
14.4 y
M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05
3.4E+04 2.4E+05
9.3E-01 6.4E+00
241Am
432 y 18.1 y 2.64 y
M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04
7.4E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03
2.0E-02 3.2E-02 4.2E-02
239Np
244Cm 252Cf
16-51
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
0.020 0.002
4.3E+05 2.4E+06
1.2E+01 6.5E+01
0.020 0.002
4.5E+05 2.6E+06
1.2E+01 7.1E+01
5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04
1.8E+05 2.5E+07 8.7E+04 2.3E+06 4.1E+05 8.0E+04 2.2E+06 3.8E+05 4.3E+06 1.8E+08 2.1E+07 1.0E+05 1.7E+05 2.2E+05
4.9E+00 6.8E+02 2.4E+00 6.1E+01 1.1E+01 2.2E+00 6.0E+01 1.0E+01 1.2E+02 4.9E+03 5.6E+02 2.7E+00 4.5E+00 6.0E+00
ALI
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS The following substances are listed in the 9th Report on Carcinogens 2000, released by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Substances are grouped in two classes: - Known to be human carcinogens: There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to the substance and human cancer. - Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens: There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not be adequately excluded; or there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. The NTP report also lists many poorly defined materials such as soots, tars, mineral oils, coke oven emissions, etc. These materials are not included here. The table lists the name normally used in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, followed by additional names by which the substance is known. In many cases the primary name given here is different from that used in the NTP report; however, names used in the NTP report appear in the Other names column. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN), given in the last column, is taken from the NTP report. Extensive details on each substance are given in the reference. REFERENCE Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 9th Report on Carcinogens, OCR Services, Inc., P.O. Box 12510, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2510. Also available on the Internet at http://ehis.niehs.nih.gov/roc/ Substance Known to be Human Carcinogens Aflatoxins 4-Aminobiphenyl Arsenic compounds, inorganic Asbestos Azathioprine Benzene p-Benzidine Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Bis(chloromethyl) ether 1,3-Butadiene 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate Cadmium and cadmium compounds Cadmium chloride Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Chlorambucil Chloroethene 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)1-nitrosourea Chloromethyl methyl ether Chromium hexavalent compounds Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporin A Diethylstilbestrol Direct Black 38, disodium salt Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Erionite Ethylene oxide Lead(II) chromate Melphalan Methoxsalen (with UV therapy) 2-Naphthylamine Piperazine estrone sulfate Radon Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Silicon dioxide (respirable size)
Other names
CAS RN
1402-68-2 92-67-1
p-Biphenylamine
1H-Purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio][1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine Mustard gas
Myleran; Busulfan
Vinyl chloride; Chloroethylene
1332-21-4 446-86-6 71-43-2 92-87-5 505-60-2 542-88-1 106-99-0 55-98-1 7440-43-9 10108-64-2 1306-19-0 10124-36-4 1306-23-6 305-03-3 75-01-4
MeCCNU; Urea,
13909-09-6 107-30-2
2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide Cyclosporine
50-18-0
Oxirane L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]PUVA; 9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one 2-Aminonaphthalene; β-Naphthylamine Estrone, hydrogen sulfate, compd. with piperazine Quartz; Silica Cristobalite; Silica Tridymite; Silica
16-53
59865-13-3 56-53-1 1937-37-7 2602-46-2 66733-21-9 75-21-8 7758-97-6 148-82-3 298-81-7 91-59-8 7280-37-7 10043-92-2 14808-60-7 14464-46-1 15468-32-3
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Sodium equilin sulfate Sodium estrone sulfate Strontium chromate Tamoxifen Thorium(IV) oxide Triethylenethiophosphoramide Zinc chromate, basic
Other names Estra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-one, 3-hydroxy, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt Estrone, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
Thorium dioxide Thiotepa; Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, sulfide
Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens Acetaldehyde Ethanal 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene Acrylamide 2-Propenamide Acrylonitrile Propenenitrile Adriamycin, hydrochloride Doxorubicin hydrochloride 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Aminoanthraquinone 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Arochlor 1254 Polychlorinated biphenyls (54% Cl) Arochlor 1260 Polychlorinated biphenyls (60% Cl) Azacitidine 5-Azacytidine; 1,3,5-Triazine-2(1H)-one, 4-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylBenz[a]anthracene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benz[e]acephenanthrylene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene 2,3,1',8'-Binaphthylene Benzo[a]pyrene Beryllium and certain beryllium compounds Beryllium aluminum alloy Beryllium aluminum metasilicate Beryl Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium oxide Beryllia Beryllium phosphate Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate Beryllium zinc silicate 2,2'-Bioxirane Diepoxybutane Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloraniline); MBOCA Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea BCNU; Carmustine Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane Michler’s Base; 4,4-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene Diglycidyl resorcinol ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bromodichloromethane tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole BHA; Butylated hydroxyanisole N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine N-Nitrosobutyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine Chlorendic acid 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloroChlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% Cl) 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chloroprene 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea CCNU; Lomustine; Belustine 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline p-Chloro-o-toluidine 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline hydrochloride p-Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Dimethylvinyl chloride 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Chlorozotocin D-Glucose, 2-[[[(2-chloroethyl)nitrosoamino]carbonyl]amino]-2-deoxyC.I. Basic Red 9, monohydrochloride Cupferron
16-54
CAS RN 16680-47-0 438-67-5 7789-06-2 10540-29-1 1314-20-1 52-24-4 13530-65-9
75-07-0 53-96-3 79-06-1 107-13-1 25316-40-9 117-79-3 82-28-0 11097-69-1 11096-82-5 320-67-2 56-55-3 205-99-2 205-82-3 207-08-9 50-32-8 7440-41-7 12770-50-2 1302-52-9 7787-47-5 7787-49-7 13327-32-7 1304-56-9 13598-15-7 13510-49-1 7787-56-6 39413-47-3 1464-53-5 101-14-4 55-86-7 154-93-8 101-61-1 101-90-6 117-81-7 75-27-4 25013-16-5 3817-11-6 115-28-6 108171-26-2 95-83-0 126-99-8 13010-47-4 95-69-2 3165-93-3 513-37-1 563-47-3 54749-90-5 569-61-9 135-20-6
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Dacarbazine Decabromobiphenyl cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromoethane 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) p-Dichlorobenzene 3,3'-Dichloro-p-benzidine 3,3'-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,3-Dichloropropene (unspecified isomer) Diethyl sulfate 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2',3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene Dimethylcarbamic chloride 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl sulfate 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 1,4-Dioxane 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Disperse Blue No. 1 Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17β)Estrone N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide Ethyl carbamate Ethyl methanesulfonate N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Formaldehyde Furan Hexabromobiphenyl (unspecified isomer) Hexachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β) Hexachlorocyclohexane (unspecified isomer) Hexachloroethane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide
Other names 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazenyl)Cisplatin 1,3-Benzenediamine, 4-methoxy, sulfate 4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene Ethylene dibromide; EDB Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,4-Dichlorobenzene [1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichloro3,3'-Dichloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dihydrochloride Ethylene dichloride Methylene chloride
Propylthiouracil Danthron; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Dianisidine
CAS RN 4342-03-4 13654-09-6 15663-27-1 39156-41-7 101-80-4 101-77-9 226-36-8 224-42-0 53-70-3 194-59-2 192-65-4 189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0 96-12-8 106-93-4 126-72-7 106-46-7 91-94-1 612-83-9 107-06-2 75-09-2 542-75-6 64-67-5 51-52-5
Firemaster FF-1 Perchlorobenzene Lindane; γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane
117-10-2 119-90-4 60-11-7 97-56-3 79-44-7 57-14-7 77-78-1 42397-64-8 42397-65-9 123-91-1 122-66-7 2475-45-8 106-89-8 106-87-6 50-28-2 53-16-7 62-44-2 51-79-6 62-50-0 759-73-9 50-00-0 110-00-9 67774-32-7 118-74-1 58-89-9
α-Hexachlorocyclohexane
319-84-6
β-Hexachlorocyclohexane
319-85-7
Perchloroethane Hexamethylphosphoramide; Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide
608-73-1 67-72-1 680-31-9
o-Aminoazotoluene; 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride UDMH
Hydrazobenzene 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino(Chloromethyl)oxirane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide Estradiol-17β Phenacetin Urethane ENU; N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
16-55
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Hydrazine Hydrazine sulfate 2-Imidazolidinethione Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Kanechlor 500 Kepone Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) phosphate Mestranol o-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline o-Methylaniline o-Methylaniline hydrochloride 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 5-Methylchrysene 4,4-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride Methyl methanesulfonate N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea Methyloxirane Metronidazole Mirex Nickel Nickel(II) acetate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel carbonyl Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel hydroxide (unspecified oxidation state) Nickelocene Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(III) sulfide Nitrilotriacetic acid 2-Nitroanisole 6-Nitrochrysene Nitrofen 2-Nitropropane 1-Nitropyrene 4-Nitropyrene N-Nitrosobutyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)amine N-Nitrosodibutylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine 4-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrososarcosine Norethisterone 19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3, 17-diol, (17α)Ochratoxin A Octabromobiphenyl (unspecified isomer) 2-Oxetanone
Other names
Ethylene thiourea 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene Polychlorinated biphenyls Chlordecone
19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yn-17-ol, 3-methoxy-, (17 α)o-Anisidine hydrochloride p-Cresidine; 5-Methyl-o-anisidine o-Toluidine o-Toluidine hydrochloride Isoprene Benzenamine, 4,4'-methylenedi-, dihydrochloride
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea 1,2-Propylene oxide 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol 1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene, 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-
Bis(η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)nickel Nickel subsulfide N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene Benzene, 2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-
Butyl(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosoamine Ethanol, 2,2'-(nitrosoimino)DEN; Diethylnitrosamine DMN; Dimethylnitrosamine NNK; Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)propyl Ethenamine, N-methyl-N-nitrosoN-Nitrosomorpholine
CAS RN 302-01-2 10034-93-2 96-45-7 193-39-5 37317-41-2 143-50-0 301-04-2 7446-27-7 72-33-3 134-29-2 120-71-8 95-53-4 636-21-5 78-79-5 3697-24-3 13552-44-8 66-27-3 70-25-7 684-93-5 75-56-9 443-48-1 2385-85-5 7440-02-0 373-02-4 3333-67-3 13463-39-3 12054-48-7 11113-74-9 1271-28-9 1313-99-1 12035-72-2 139-13-9 91-23-6 7496-02-8 1836-75-5 79-46-9 5522-43-0 57835-92-4 38252-74-3 924-16-3 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 64091-91-4
Glycine, N-methyl-N-nitroso19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17-hydroxy-, (17 α)Ethinylestradiol
4549-40-0 59-89-2 16543-55-8 100-75-4 621-64-7 930-55-2 13256-22-9 68-22-4 57-63-6
β-Propiolactone
303-47-9 61288-13-9 57-57-8
1-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosodipropylamine
16-56
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Oxiranemethanol Oxymetholone Phenazopyridine hydrochloride Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Phenytoin Polychlorinated biphenyls Procarbazine hydrochloride Progesterone 1,3-Propane sultone Propyleneimine Reserpine Safrole Selenium sulfide Streptozotocin Sulfallate 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoroethene N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4'diaminobenzophenone Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide Thiourea o-Tolidine Toluene-2,4-diamine Toluene diisocyanate (unspecified isomer) Toxaphene 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane Trichloroethene Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Other names Glycidol Androstan-3-one, 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylene)-17-methyl2,6-Pyridinediamine, 3-(phenylazo)-, monohydrochloride 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone Benzenemethanamine, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl)-, hydrochloride 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione PCBs Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide 2-Methylaziridine 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole D-Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2-[[(methylnitrosoamino)carbonyl]amino]N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, 2-chloroallyl ester TCDD; Dioxin Perchloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride Tetrafluoroethylene Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone; Michler’s Ketone
3,3-Dimethylbenzidine 2,4-Diaminotoluene Polychlorocamphene Amitrole DDT; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Trichloroethylene Chloroform Benzotrichloride
16-57
CAS RN 556-52-5 434-07-1 136-40-3 77-09-8 63-92-3 57-41-0 1336-36-3 366-70-1 57-83-0 1120-71-4 75-55-8 50-55-5 94-59-7 7446-34-6 18883-66-4 95-06-7 1746-01-6 127-18-4 56-23-5 116-14-3 90-94-8 509-14-8 62-55-5 62-56-6 119-93-7 95-80-7 26471-62-5 8001-35-2 61-82-5 50-29-3 79-01-6 67-66-3 98-07-7 88-06-2 96-18-4
