Colectomy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COLECTOMY A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERENCE...

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COLECTOMY A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

COLECTOMY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Colectomy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00279-5 1. Colectomy-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on colectomy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COLECTOMY.............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Colectomy...................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COLECTOMY .................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Colectomy .................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COLECTOMY ............................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COLECTOMY .......................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patent Applications on Colectomy............................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COLECTOMY .............................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 69 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 70 Chapters on Colectomy ................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON COLECTOMY ................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COLECTOMY ................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 77 Academic Periodicals covering Colectomy................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 81 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 83 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 87 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 100

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COLECTOMY DICTIONARY..................................................................................................... 101 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 129

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with colectomy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about colectomy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to colectomy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on colectomy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to colectomy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on colectomy. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on colectomy.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and colectomy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Gum Chewing Enhances Early Recovery from Postoperative Ileus After Laparoscopic Colectomy Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 195(1): 30-32. July 2002. Contact: Available from Journal of the American College of Surgeons. P.O. Box 2127, Marion, OH 43306-8227. (800) 214-8489 or (740) 382-3322. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: Postoperative ileus (obstruction of the intestines) limits early hospital discharge for patients who have undergone laparoscopic procedures. Sham feeding has been reported to enhance bowel motility (movement). In this study, the effect of gum chewing is evaluated as a convenient method to enhance postoperative recovery from ileus after laparoscopic colectomy (removal of the colon). A total of 19 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic colectomy for colorectal cancer participated in the

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study. Each patient was randomly assigned to one of two groups: a gum chewing group (n = 10, mean age 58.6 years) or a control group (n = 9, mean age 60.6 years). The patients in the gum chewing group chewed gum three times a day from the first postoperative AM until oral intake. The times of the first passage of flatus and defecation were recorded precisely. The first passage of flatus was seen, on average, on postoperative day 2.1 in the gum and on day 3.2 in the control group. The first defecation was 2.7 days sooner in the gum chewing group (postoperative day 3.1) than in the control group (day 5.8). All patients tolerated gum chewing on the first operative AM. The postoperative hospital stays for the gum chewing and control groups were 13.5 days and 14.5 days, respectively. The authors conclude the gum chewing aids early recovery from postoperative ileus and is an inexpensive and physiologic method for stimulating bowel motility. Gum chewing should be added as an adjunct treatment in postoperative care because it might contribute to shorter hospital stays. 2 tables. 9 references. •

Colectomy for Slow-Transit Constipation: Preoperative Functional Evaluation Is Important but Not a Guarantee for a Successful Outcome Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 44(4): 577-580. April 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2365. Summary: This article reports on a study designed to assess the results of preoperative functional evaluation of patients with severe slow transit constipation in relation to functional outcome. The study included 439 patients with chronic intractable constipation who were evaluated by marker studies. Of these patients, 21 underwent colectomy (removal of a portion of the colon) and ileorectal anastomosis (reconnection of the ileum portion of the small intestine to the rectum) for slow transit constipation. Mean colorectal transit time was 156 hours (normal time is usually less than 45 hours). Small bowel transit time was normal in 10 patients and delayed in 5 patients. Six patients were nonresponders. Morbidity (illness or complications) was 33 percent. Small bowel obstruction occurred in 6 patients; relaparotomy was done in 4 patients. Follow up varied from 14 to 153 months. After three months, defecation frequency was increased in all patients. mean stool frequency improved from one bowel movement per 5.9 days to 2.8 times per day. Sixteen patients felt improved after surgery. Seventeen patients continued to experience abdominal pain, and 13 still used laxatives and enemas. Satisfaction rate was 76 percent (16 patients). After one year, defecation frequency was back at the preoperative level in 5 patients. An ileostomy was created in two more patients because of incontinence and persistent diarrhea. Eleven patients (52 percent) still felt improved. A relation between small bowel function and functional results could not be demonstrated. The authors conclude that preoperative evaluation is important but not a guarantee for successful outcome. Colectomy remains an ultimate option for patients with disabling slow transit constipation, but patients should be informed that, despite an increased defecation frequency, abdominal symptoms might persist. Any common use of colectomy to treat constipation should be discouraged. 1 table. 16 references.

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Laparoscopic Colectomy Source: Surgical Clinics of North America. 77(1): 1-13. February 1997. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452.

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Summary: This article reviews recent advances in laparoscopic colectomy. Laparoscopic colectomy is a natural extension of the experience gained in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and inguinal hernia repairs. It has been shown to be an effective procedure, and consensus is growing that laparoscopic colorectal surgeries are safe, effective, and beneficial for many benign colorectal diseases. Laparoscopic colectomy has also been recently applied to malignant diseases. Much discussion has centered on whether laparoscopic surgery is appropriate for the management of potentially curable malignant diseases and whether patients are better served with minimally invasive techniques that have shortterm benefits but unknown longterm effects. Initial results of laparoscopic colon cancer surgery appear to be comparable to those of operations performed in the traditional open manner with the additional benefits of this minimally invasive technique. Longterm results are not yet available to assess changes in overall survival and recurrence rates with the laparoscopic technique, but many surgeons are cautiously optimistic. 1 table. 44 references. •

J-Pouch Procedure Following Total Proctocolectomy Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 20(10): 36, 38-40, 42. October 1996. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing, Inc. 99B Main Street, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (631) 288-4404. Fax (631) 288-4435. E-Mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article, the sixth in a series on surgery of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, describes the use of the J-pouch procedure following total proctocolectomy. The authors note that ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has been the operation of choice for the surgical treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis and selected cases of familial adenomatous polyposis. Chronically ill patients and those using steroids for longer than 6 months, patients who face life threatening complications, and those with dysplasia on any histopathologic examination during endoscopic surveillance are aggressively considered for operative treatment. The two-limbed J ileal pouch has been the most widely used, and its complication rate is not significantly different from that of other pouch configurations. A preoperative evaluation is important for confirmation of the diagnosis and assessment of the patient's general clinical condition and anal sphincter function. A double-stapled technique with preservation of the anal transition zone is now used instead of mucosectomy and endoanal handsewn anastomosis in the majority of cases (those with no associated cancer or severe dysplasia); it is easier and faster and has been associated with less postoperative morbidity. 16 references. (AA-M).

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Laparoscopic Colectomy: Prospects and Problems Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 7(3): 525-539. July 1997. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: This entry, from a series on evolving issues in colon endoscopy, provides a fundamental review of laparoscopic colectomies. The authors give an overview of the physiology of laparoscopic procedures as an introduction to the rationale of laparoscopic colectomies. The authors also review the current published literature including indications and an overview of laparoscopic bowel procedures for malignant diseases. Faster recovery of pulmonary function with fewer consequent pulmonary complications may be a major advantage of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal disease. In addition, smaller incisions lead to less pain and therefore decreased opioid use. The possibility that ileus may resolve more quickly or even be avoided after laparoscopic surgery is one of the most desirable reasons for pursuing laparoscopic treatment of

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intestinal diseases. The authors conclude that the true incidence and risk to the patient for laparoscopic bowel resection in the face of malignancy is not presently known. The principles of oncologic surgery developed by traditional standards must be maintained in laparoscopic procedures, and there exists a potential for abdominal wall recurrences. 89 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Colectomy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to colectomy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to colectomy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore colectomy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for colectomy: •

Project Title: CANCER SCREENING COMPLIANCE IN HEREDITARY COLON CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Syngal, Sapna; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 44 Binney St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The success of the effort to decrease colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality is limited by low rates of compliance with screening. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the most common cause of hereditary colon cancer. Intensive surveillance beginning at age 25 and/or prophylactic colectomy and annual endometrial cancer screening are recommended in at-risk family members. We have previously shown that surveillance and prophylactic colectomy lead to large gains in life-expectancy for HNPCC patients. However, there are no available data regarding screening compliance rates or use of prophylactic surgery in this high-risk population. In addition, our preliminary data suggest that many patients and physicians are not aware of the need for frequent and early colonoscopy and the need for surveillance for extracolonic tumors in HNPCC. The research projects outlined in this application address several of these factors. We propose to assess compliance with CRC and extracolonic tumor screening in 400 individuals from HNPCC families. Patients will be recruited from a variety of clinical practices ranging from primary care physicians to specialized cancer genetics clinics. We will develop a behavioral intervention that includes health care provider delivered messages, educational materials, reminder postcards and motivational phone calls designed to educate HNPCC patients and promote

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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screening compliance. HNPCC patients who have not undergone recommended colorectal and endometrial cancer screening will be enrolled in a randomized controlled pilot study of the standardized behavioral intervention compared to usual care. Cancer screening compliance and knowledge about HNPCC will then be compared between the usual care and intervention groups. If the intervention appears to be effective in this pilot study, we plan a future multi-center study using established HNPCC registries and co-operative groups. The structure of the intervention and educational materials developed for this study could easily be exported for use in the clinical setting. The research plan and educational curriculum outlined in this proposal and institutional support provided have been designed specifically for the candidate to develop expertise in cancer prevention research related to the genetics and prevention of gastrointestinal cancer and ensure an independent research career. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF DUODENAL POLYPS IN FAP Principal Investigator & Institution: Disario, James A.; Associate Professor; Huntsman Cancer Institute; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a Phase II/lll study to evaluate the effects of exisulind for treatment on duodenal adenomatous polyps and on adenoma and mucosal apoptosis assays in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) patients who have had colectomy or Attenuated Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (AAPC) patients whom may or may not have undergone colectomy. These subjects have a defined high genetic risk of developing duodenal cancer (relative risk 300). This is a double blind, placebo controlled, single center study. One hundred subjects, fifty each arm, will be enrolled. Eligible subjects who harbor 10 to 40 duodenal polyps within a measured segment are randomized to receive exisulind 150 mg p.o. qid or an identical placebo for the duration of one year. (Persons with AAPC whom still have colon intact will receive 200 mg bid for the same duration. Gastroduodenoscopy will be performed at baseline to assess polyp status and place, where applicable, a tattoo 10 cm beyond the papilla of Vater. Duodenal polyps are mapped for number and size at baseline and at follow up at year one. Polyp and mucosal biopsies will be obtained for apoptosis. Subjects are contacted bi-monthly for assessments. Drug is dispensed every three months and a pill count is recorded monthly. Chemistries, CBC and urinalysis is performed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. A beta-HCG is performed initially on all fertile women. The NCI common toxicity criteria is employed to detect toxicities and an external Data Safety Monitoring Committee serves to review all adverse events and any protocol issues. A 5year study is proposed. The randomized treatment period is 1 year. There will be a 6 month termination phase to include data analysis, manuscript preparation and closure of all study procedures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MARKERS FOR STEM CELL-LIKE COLONIC CRYPT BASE CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Boman, Bruce M.; Director, Division of Gene & Preventive; Medicine; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term objective is to identify and characterize populations of intestinal stem cells (SC). Developing the ability to identity

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SC in colonic crypts will make possible investigation into their putative role in the origin of colon cancer. Our immediate objective is to develop markers for colonic stem cell enriched (SCE) preparations. Array-based gene expression profiling will be used to characterize colonic SCE preparations made based on anatomical and functional properties of SC (location at the bottom of the crypt & clonogenicity). We will investigate SCE preparations from purified normal crypts (Aim 1) & from crypts that contain mutant APC (from familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP] patients; Aim 2) to compare their gene expression profiles. We will test two hypothesis: H1: Genes selectively expressed in crypt base cells (compared to the whole crypt) are also selectively expressed in clonogenic cells (compared to the whole crypt). H2: Genes selectively expressed in crypt base cells and/or clonogenic cells have increased expression in FAP crypts compared to normal crypts. Tissue samples from surgical colectomy specimens will be collected, colonic crypts purified, and microarray analysis done to characterize SCE preparations. AIM 1: To determine gene expression profiles for SCE preparations from normal human crypts. Task 1.a: evaluate microarray profiles for SCE preparations from the bottom of purified crypts. Task 1.b evaluate microarray profiles for SCE preparations from crypt clonogenic cells from colonies in soft agarose. Task 1.c determine which genes are common to profiles in both I.a and 1.b and build a targeted array. AIM 2: To determine gene expression patterns and levels for SCE marker genes in abnormal crypts, (FAP crypts). Task 2: compare gene expression levels and patterns in purified whole crypts from FAP vs. normal individuals using the targeted array (1.c). We predict: i) there is a unique gene expression pattern for each SCE preparation (base & clonogenic cells), and ii) these patterns are similar. We also predict that genetic markers for SCE preparations have increased levels of expression in FAP crypts compared to normal crypts. Our results will provide gene expression profiles that might serve as specific markers for colonic SC populations or at least for SCE preparations. With markers for SCE preparations, future research could lead, through various experimental approaches, to specific markers for colonic SC. With specific markers for SC, we could directly test the idea that colon cancer initiation occurs because APC mutation leads to SC overproduction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROPHYLACTIC COLECTOMY INTENTIONS IN HNPCC PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hurley, Karen E.; Clinical Assistant Psychologist; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 100216007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is associated with up to an 80 percent lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer and a 40 to 50 percent chance of a metachronous tumor after partial colectomy for the disease. For these patients, prophylactic colectomy has been proposed as a potential risk management alternative to a lifetime of intensive surveillance by colonoscopy. The highly personal nature of risk management decisions has been recognized in the development of individualized genetic counseling services. However, prior psychosocial research in this area has tended to use linear statistical techniques in which clinically important details are lost in an overly broad, one-size-fits-all model that is difficult to apply in a one-to-one counseling session. We propose an innovative approach based on the Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model in which we will explore how these factors are organized into meaningful patterns or types that can translate readily into tailored counseling recommendations. Specific aims of this study are: 1)To assess levels of interest in prophylactic colectomy among HNPCC

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patients; 2) To identify distinctive decision types based on profiles of perceived pros and cons of prophylactic colectomy; and 3) To explore the pattern of relations between decision types and counseling-related outcomes (level of interest in colectomy, cancerspecific anxiety, and colonoscopy adherence). We will conduct a one-time crosssectional telephone survey of 320 HNPCC patients (defined as either carriers of a mutated mismatch repair gene associated with HNPCC or those with a personal or family history meeting published criteria for HNPCC). Using cluster analysis we will create a taxonomy of decision types. Prior research leads us to expect at least three types: Disengaged, Risk-Focused, and Ambivalent. We hypothesize that each type will have a different pattern of relations with the outcome variables (e.g., Risk-focused types will show high interest in surgery, high anxiety, low avoidance, and high colonoscopy adherence, whereas Ambivalent types will show high interest in surgery, high anxiety, high avoidance, and low colonoscopy adherence). Understanding these patterns will enhance the ability of physicians, genetic counselors, and other providers to help their patients make well-informed, thoughtful decisions about the preventive strategy that will best protect their health, emotional well-being, and quality of life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ULTRASE MT12 FOR STEATORRHEA IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stern, Robert C.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Pancreatic replacement enzymes have been used for treatment of cystic fibrosis since shortly after the disease was first described in 1938. These enzymes were introduced into medical practice before the passage of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act. In addition, because they were derived from "food" and were therefore thought to be intrinsically safe, no rigorous formal studies of efficacy and safety, such as would be needed now to fulfill the requirements of an FDA new drug application, were ever performed. The use of this class of therapeutic agents was governed by the Department of Agriculture rather than by the Food and Drug Administration. Over the first few decades of use, the only major toxicity reported was symptomatic allergy to inhaled powdered enzymes (almost always in caregivers [e.g., parents and nurses]) and a rise in serum uric acid in some patients who required high doses. Both of these problems were rare, and neither represented a clinically important threat to cause irreversible injury or death. Relatively unsupervised use of these drugs continued. In recent years, however, very high-dose enteric coated preparations were introduced. These drugs were much more effective for many patients. New technology allowed production of very high-dose capsules (each containing 25000 or more units of lipase, compared to the 4000 units in previous preparations; the amount of proteases was also increased). Some patients who took very high doses (usually >5000-10000 units/lipase per kg per meal) developed severe colonic strictures (with obstruction) and many required surgery, including some who underwent subtotal colectomy. Although the exact pathophysiology of this toxicity is not known with certainty, there is little doubt that it hss been associated with the introduction of the high-dose capsules (and usually with the consumption of large amounts of them). With this occurrence of a new major toxicity the FDA was compelled to review the status of these drugs, and ruled that the very high-dose preparation (i.e., any capsule containing more than 20000 units of lipase) be removed from the market immediately, and that all other pancreatic enzymes must be expeditiously processed as new drugs. The study proposed here is one of many which are not necessary to establish efficacy (to the standards of an FDA new drug application) of pancreatic enzymes for

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treatment of CF. The specific aim of the study is to compare fat and protein absorption (as determined by a 3-day stool fat and protein determination) in CF patients during a three day period of administration of pancreatic enzyme replacement (Ultrase MT12) with meals with the same patient's data during a three-day period of administration of a placebo preparation with meals. " Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: USE OF REGRESSION MODELS IN COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gardiner, Joseph C.; Epidemiology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (PROVIDED BY APPLICANT): In an era of economic constraints, methods for assessing costs and outcomes of health care programs, and comparing costs with outcomes of competing interventions have come to the forefront in the pursuit of optimizing health benefits from a specified budget, or in finding the lowest cost strategy for a specified health effect. The objective of this research is to develop, test, and apply innovative statistical methods for analyses of health care costs, utilization, and outcomes with the goal of informing decision-making in the allocation of health care resources. We propose a unified stochastic framework in which costs of an intervention are incurred dynamically through resource use as a patient's health history unfolds over time. Our models recognize limitations in data that are typically present in epidemiologic and clinical studies. We incorporate observable characteristics of patients, such as demographics and comorbid conditions, and account for unmeasured variables that might influence both cost and health outcomes. We estimate summary measures commonly used in economic evaluations (e.g., life expectancy, quality-adjusted life years, net present value, net health benefit, and cost-effectiveness ratios) and derive the basis for statistical inference on these measures. We then test the performance and sensitivity of our procedures with both real and simulated data. We propose applications of our methods using national state databases and ongoing clinical studies. 1) Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), we will estimate inpatient costs in relation to comorbidity, patient demographics, and clinical attributes: (a) for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing cardiac procedures (coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention); (b) for women with breast cancer, undergoing mastectomy or lumpectomy; (c) for patients with colorectal cancer undergoing colectomy. 2) Using the Michigan Medicaid and Medicare claims database for 1996 to 2000, we examine the impact of treatments, cancer stage at diagnosis, patient demographics, and comorbid illnesses on cost and survival in patients with breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer. 3) In a trial of a nurse-managed protocol emphasizing strong patient-provider relationships in high-utilizing patients with no evidence of organic disease, we will estimate costs and cost-effectiveness in relation to improvements in quality of life (QOL), mental and physical health functioning and patient satisfaction. 4) In a trial of an intervention in women undergoing surgery for breast cancer, we assess costs, health care utilization, QOL, and return to presurgery physical and mental health functioning. 5) In the Heart After Hospital Recovery Planner study of patients after AMI, we examine the impact on QOL of an intervention aimed at efficient use of resources in health education and management. This application contributes to an international research effort to develop rigorous methods for analyses of health care costs and outcomes, and, applied to clinical and epidemiologic studies, it directly translates research into practice.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with colectomy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for colectomy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case-control study of laparoscopic versus open sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Author(s): Faynsod M, Stamos MJ, Arnell T, Borden C, Udani S, Vargas H. Source: The American Surgeon. 2000 September; 66(9): 841-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993612

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A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. Author(s): Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 May 13; 350(20): 2050-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15141043

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A comparison of the quality of life in patients with severe ulcerative colitis after total colectomy versus medical treatment with intravenous cyclosporin. Author(s): Cohen RD, Brodsky AL, Hanauer SB. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1999 February; 5(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028443

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A hemophagocytic syndrome-like condition after emergency colectomy for perforated colon cancer: report of a case. Author(s): Yamada T, Ikeya T, Ogawa T, Nakano M, Ogura H, Itoh H, Koyama T, Ohwada S, Yokoe T, Morishita Y. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(3): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991518

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A novel lymphatic mapping technique to improve localization and staging of early colon cancer during laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Tsioulias GJ, Wood TF, Spirt M, Morton DL, Bilchik AJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 July; 68(7): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132733

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A simple method of wound protection for specimen removal in laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Mar Fan MJ, Chan ST. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1998 October; 68(10): 745. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9768615

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A technique for colorectal anastomosis after extended left colectomy. Author(s): Adriano T, Gianluca M, Vittorio F. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1998 August; 164(8): 627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9720941

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A three-trocar midline approach to laparoscopic-assisted colectomy. Author(s): Allam M, Piskun G, Kothuru R, Fogler R. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 1998 June; 8(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9681428

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Acute cholecystitis after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Garcia Picazo D, Bermudez Rodriguez E, Moreno Resina JM. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2000 June; 92(6): 392-8. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985099

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Acute phase response in laparoscopic and open colectomy in colon cancer: randomized study. Author(s): Delgado S, Lacy AM, Filella X, Castells A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Pique JM, Momblan D, Visa J. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 May; 44(5): 638-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357021

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Acute small bowel ischaemia complicating emergency colectomy. Author(s): Wolf B, Nichols DM, Munro A. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 2000 February; 45(1): 645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10815385

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Adenomas in ulcerative colitis: endoscopic polypectomy or colectomy? Author(s): Rubin PH. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1999 November; 5(4): 304-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10579125

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Advantages of laparoscopic colectomy in older patients. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Madbouly KM, Fazio VW, Duepree HJ, Brady KM, Delaney CP. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2003 March; 138(3): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12611568

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Age and type of procedure influence the choice of patients for laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Sklow B, Read T, Birnbaum E, Fry R, Fleshman J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 June; 17(6): 923-9. Epub 2003 March 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618937

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ALMs versus DALMs in ulcerative colitis: polypectomy or colectomy? Author(s): Bernstein CN. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 117(6): 1488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10579991

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Anastomotic leakage after curative anterior resection results in a higher prevalence of local recurrence colectomy (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 1261-1266). Author(s): Nash GF. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 91(1): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716810

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Are complications of subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis related to the original disease? Author(s): Nakamura T, Pikarsky AJ, Potenti FM, Lau CW, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 May; 67(5): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379639

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Atypical mitoses in colectomy specimens from patients with long standing ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Rubio CA, Befrits R. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 July-August; 17(4A): 2721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9252704

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Atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies after colectomy in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Freeman HJ, Roeck B, Devine DV, Carter CJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1997 May-June; 11(4): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218855

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Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine before colectomy for ulcerative colitis is not associated with increased postoperative complications. Author(s): Mahadevan U, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, Pemberton JH, Harmsen WS, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2002 September; 8(5): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479645

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Bacillus epilepticus: treatment of epilepsy by colectomy and vaccines. Author(s): Korczyn AD, Neufeld MY, Elian M. Source: Neurology. 1994 October; 44(10): 1965-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7936258

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Benefits of colonoscopic surveillance and prophylactic colectomy in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer mutations. Author(s): Syngal S, Weeks JC, Schrag D, Garber JE, Kuntz KM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 November 15; 129(10): 787-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9841584

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Benefits of complexity scales in laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Geis WP, Coletta AV, Jacobs M, Placensia G, Kim HC. Source: Int Surg. 1994 July-September; 79(3): 230-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883501

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Benefits of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy for colon polyps: a case-matched series. Author(s): Young-Fadok TM, Radice E, Nelson H, Harmsen WS. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 April; 75(4): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10761487

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Bilateral brachial plexus injury during laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Chin P, Poole G. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2003 January-February; 73(1-2): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534753

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Bile composition in inflammatory bowel disease: ileal disease and colectomy, but not colitis, induce lithogenic bile. Author(s): Pereira SP, Bain IM, Kumar D, Dowling RH. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 April 1; 17(7): 923-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656695

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Biliary bile acid profiles in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis before and after colectomy. Author(s): Barker GM, Radley S, Bain I, Davis A, Lawson AM, Keighley MR, Neoptolemos JP. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 March; 81(3): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8173925

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Biliary lipid composition after colectomy. Author(s): Noshiro H, Chijiiwa K. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 January; 43(1): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9508529

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Blood transfusions and survival after colectomy for colorectal cancer. Author(s): Corman J, Arnoux R, Peloquin A, St-Louis G, Smeesters C, Giroux L. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 September; 29(5): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3756652

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Bronchiectasis following colectomy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Eaton TE, Lambie N, Wells AU. Source: Thorax. 1998 June; 53(6): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713458

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Caecal volvulus following laparoscopy-assisted sigmoid colectomy for sigmoid volvulus. Author(s): Wales L, Tysome J, Menon R, Habib N, Navarra G. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2003 November; 18(6): 529-32. Epub 2003 May 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756592

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Can colectomy cure immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with ulcerative colitis? Author(s): Bauer WM, Litchtin A, Lashner BA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1999 November; 44(11): 2330-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10573383

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Care of the laparoscopic colectomy patient. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Erwin-Toth P. Source: Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2002 November-December; 15(6): 277-83; Quiz 284-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477980

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Chronic microscopic enterocolitis with severe hypokalemia responding to subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Yusuf TE, Soemijarsih M, Arpaia A, Goldberg SL, Sottile VM. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999 October; 29(3): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10509959

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Clinico-pathological follow-up after total colectomy and straight ileo-anal anastomosis done for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Bapat RD, Bakhshi GD, Kantharia CV, Iyer AP, Joshi AS. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 March-April; 21(2): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990329

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Clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy. Author(s): Freiler JF, Durning SJ, Ender PT. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 October 15; 33(8): 1429-31; Discussion 1432. Epub 2001 September 20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11565085

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Colchicine for persistent constipation after total abdominal colectomy with ileorectostomy for colonic inertia. Author(s): Rajapakse R, Warman J, Korelitz BI. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 July; 33(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11418801

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Colectomy and ileal pouch. Transport and barrier in pouchitis. Author(s): Kroesen AJ, Stockmann M, Schulzke JD, Fromm M, Buhr HJ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000; 915: 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11193590

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Colectomy for colon cancer via a 7-cm minilaparotomy. Author(s): Nakagoe T, Sawai T, Tsuji T, Jibiki M, Nanashima A, Yamaguchi H, Yasutake T, Ayabe H. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(12): 1113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827197

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Colectomy for slow-transit constipation: preoperative functional evaluation is important but not a guarantee for a successful outcome. Author(s): Mollen RM, Kuijpers HC, Claassen AT. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 April; 44(4): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11330586

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Colonoscopy accurately predicts the anatomical severity of colonic Crohn's disease attacks: correlation with findings from colectomy specimens. Author(s): Nahon S, Bouhnik Y, Lavergne-Slove A, Bitoun A, Panis Y, Valleur P, Vahedi K, Messing B, Matuchansky C, Rambaud JC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 December; 97(12): 3102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492196

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Combined spinal-epidural as an alternative method of anaesthesia for a sigmoidcolectomy. Author(s): Morton G, Bowler I. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 August; 56(8): 815-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11494424

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Comparison of laparoscopic colectomy with and without the aid of a robotic camera holder. Author(s): Merola S, Weber P, Wasielewski A, Ballantyne GH. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2002 February; 12(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008762

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Complete resolution of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Kathula SK, Polenakovik H, el-Tarabily M, Polenakovik S. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 November; 55(9): 647-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770367

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Completely laparoscopic total colectomy for chronic constipation: report of a case. Author(s): Inoue Y, Noro H, Komoda H, Kimura T, Mizushima T, Taniguchi E, Yumiba T, Itoh T, Ohashi S, Matsuda H. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(6): 551-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12107785

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Cost structure of laparoscopic and open sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease: similarities and differences. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Duepree HJ, Delaney CP, Dissanaike S, Brady KM, Fazio VW. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 April; 45(4): 485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006930

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Could age be an indication for laparoscopic colectomy in colorectal cancer? Author(s): Delgado S, Lacy AM, Garcia Valdecasas JC, Balague C, Pera M, Salvador L, Momblan D, Visa J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 January; 14(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10653230

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Cronkhite-Canada syndrome associated with advanced rectal cancer treated by a subtotal colectomy: report of a case. Author(s): Yamaguchi K, Ogata Y, Akagi Y, Sasatomi T, Ozaki K, Ohkita A, Ikeda H, Shirouzu K. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(6): 521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428606

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Current status of laparoscopic colectomy--is it experimental? Author(s): Nelson H. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2000 July-August; 4(4): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185449

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Cytokine and hormonal responses in laparoscopic-assisted colectomy and conventional open colectomy. Author(s): Ozawa A, Konishi F, Nagai H, Okada M, Kanazawa K. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10664330

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Death and complications after total colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Beauchamp G, Beliveau D, Archambault A. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1981 September; 24(5): 463-6, 484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7284908

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Defining the role of laparoscopic-assisted sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Author(s): Vargas HD, Ramirez RT, Hoffman GC, Hubbard GW, Gould RJ, Wohlgemuth SD, Ruffin WK, Hatter JE, Kolm P. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 December; 43(12): 1726-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156458

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Defining the role of subtotal colectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the colon. Author(s): Brief DK, Brener BJ, Goldenkranz R, Alpert J, Parsonnet V, Ferrante R, Huston J, Eisenbud D. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1991 March; 213(3): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1998405

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Delayed neutropenic enterocolitis in a 12-year-old girl treated with total colectomy and J-pouch reservoir. Author(s): Larsen TK, Qvist N, Bak M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 July; 36(7): 1066-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11431780

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Development of invasive adenocarcinoma following colectomy with ileoanal anastomosis for familial polyposis coli. Report of a case. Author(s): Hoehner JC, Metcalf AM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1994 August; 37(8): 824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8055729

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Differences in gallbladder bile lithogenicity in patients after gastrectomy and colectomy. Author(s): Chijiiwa K, Makino I, Kozaki N, Tanaka M. Source: European Surgical Research. Europaische Chirurgische Forschung. Recherches Chirurgicales Europeennes. 1996; 28(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8682139

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Diffuse abdominal uptake of technetium-99m-HDP after colectomy in Gardner's syndrome. Author(s): Alber TR, Scheidt KA, Fajman WA. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1995 September; 36(9): 1611-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7658220

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Disseminated intestinal hypoganglionosis treated by colectomy and tapering of the small intestine. A case report. Author(s): Skaba R, Meier-Ruge W, Dudorkinova D. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 June; 12(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12101505

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Disturbed defecation after colectomy for aganglionosis investigated with monoclonal antineurofilament antibody. Author(s): Kluck P, Tibboel D, Leendertse-Verloop K, van der Kamp AW, ten Kate FJ, Molenaar JC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1986 October; 21(10): 845-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3783367

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D-lactic acidosis in a patient after subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Kamar M, Raziel A, Susmallian S, Kyzer S, Charuzi I. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 December; 5(12): 891-2. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 February; 6(2): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14689763

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Does a laparoscopic approach to total abdominal colectomy and proctocolectomy offer advantages? Author(s): Seshadri PA, Poulin EC, Schlachta CM, Cadeddu MO, Mamazza J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 August; 15(8): 837-42. Epub 2001 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11443423

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Does aggressive medical therapy for acute ulcerative colitis result in a higher incidence of staged colectomy? Author(s): Ferzoco SJ, Becker JM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1994 April; 129(4): 420-3; Discussion 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7908797

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Does colectomy protect against breast cancer? Author(s): Braithwaite PA, Shepherd JJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 June 18; 304(25): 1545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7231494

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Down-staging of an advanced esophageal carcinoma with chemoradiotherapy leading to stent migration necessitating colectomy. Author(s): Thuraisingam AI, Hughes ML, Smart HL. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2004 March; 59(3): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14997158

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Duodenal mass in a 53-year-old man 30 years after colectomy for multiple polyposis. Author(s): Rubin E, Alexander CB. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1982 October; 19(4): 432-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7181044

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Dysplasia and carcinoma in the rectal stump of total colitics who have undergone colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis. Author(s): Thomas DM, Filipe MI, Smedley FH. Source: Histopathology. 1989 March; 14(3): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2707763

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Dysplasia complicating chronic ulcerative colitis: is immediate colectomy warranted? Author(s): Gorfine SR, Bauer JJ, Harris MT, Kreel I. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 November; 43(11): 1575-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11089596

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Dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in longstanding ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy. Author(s): Blackstone MO, Riddell RH, Rogers BH, Levin B. Source: Gastroenterology. 1981 February; 80(2): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7450425

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Dysplastic polyps in chronic colitis: is colectomy needed? Author(s): Klapproth JM, Greenwald BD. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2000 August; 6(3): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961601

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Early parietal recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the colon after laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Montorsi M, Fumagalli U, Rosati R, Bona S, Chella B, Huscher C. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 August; 82(8): 1036-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7648144

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Early parietal recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the colon after laparoscopic colectomy. Port site metastasis after laparascopic colorectal surgery for cure of malignancy. Author(s): Akle CA. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 March; 83(3): 427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8665223

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Early postoperative oral feeding after colectomy: an analysis of factors that may predict failure. Author(s): Petrelli NJ, Cheng C, Driscoll D, Rodriguez-Bigas MA. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 2001 December; 8(10): 796-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11776493

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Effect of colectomy on gastric emptying in idiopathic slow-transit constipation. Author(s): Macdonald A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 May; 88(5): 730. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360965

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Colectomy

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Effect of colectomy on gastric emptying in idiopathic slow-transit constipation. Author(s): Hemingway DM, Finlay IG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 September; 87(9): 1193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971427

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Effect of Morphine and incision length on bowel function after colectomy. Author(s): Cali RL, Meade PG, Swanson MS, Freeman C. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 February; 43(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696888

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Effect of rectosigmoid stump length on restorative proctocolectomy after subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Ozuner G, Strong SA, Fazio VW. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1995 October; 38(10): 1039-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7555416

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Effect of subtotal colectomy on gastric emptying of a solid meal in slow-transit constipation. Author(s): Mollen RM, Hopman WP, Oyen WJ, Kuijpers HH, Edelbroek MA, Jansen JB. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 August; 44(8): 1189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11535861

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Effects of colectomy on bile composition, cholesterol saturation and cholesterol crystal formation in humans. Author(s): Akerlund JE, Einarsson C. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2000 August; 15(4): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008727

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Effects of colectomy on gallbladder motility in patients with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Damiao AO, Sipahi AM, Vezozzo DP, Goncalves AL, Habr-Gama A, Teixeira MG, Fukushima JT, Laudanna AA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 February; 42(2): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9052503

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Elective conventional colectomy in the era of laparoscopic surgery. Author(s): Hawalsi A, Schroder DM, Lloyd LR, Featherstone R. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 July; 62(7): 589-92; Discussion 593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8651557

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Elective laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Results of a prospective study. Author(s): Smadja C, Sbai Idrissi M, Tahrat M, Vons C, Bobocescu E, Baillet P, Franco D. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 July; 13(7): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384067

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Elective laparoscopic-assisted colectomy for diverticular disease. A prospective study in 50 patients. Author(s): Bouillot JL, Aouad K, Badawy A, Alamowitch B, Alexandre JH. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1998 December; 12(12): 1393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822464

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Emergency sub total colectomy for chronic constipation. Author(s): Brombacher GD, Murray WR. Source: Scott Med J. 1998 February; 43(1): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9533255

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En bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy and colectomy for duodenal neoplasms. Author(s): Edwards MJ, Nakagawa K, McMasters KM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 July; 90(7): 733-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225898

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Epidural anesthesia-analgesia shortens length of stay after laparoscopic segmental colectomy for benign pathology. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Whalley D, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, Duepree HJ, Fazio VW. Source: Surgery. 2001 June; 129(6): 672-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391364

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Epigenetic control of the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) by CpG methylation in colectomy samples of patients with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Azarschab P, Porschen R, Gregor M, Blin N, Holzmann K. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 2002 October; 35(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12203775

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Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in assessing outcome after laparoscopic colectomy (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 1280-1284). Author(s): Slim K, Panis Y, Mantion G, Kwiatkowski F. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 December; 90(12): 1611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14648752

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Colectomy

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Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in assessing outcome after laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Duepree HJ, Brady KM, Fazio VW. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 October; 90(10): 1280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515300

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Evidence for altered control of glucose disposal after total colectomy. Author(s): Robertson MD, Livesey G, Hampton SM, Mathers JC. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 December; 84(6): 813-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177197

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Factors affecting colectomy rate in ulcerative colitis: an epidemiologic study. Author(s): Leijonmarck CE, Persson PG, Hellers G. Source: Gut. 1990 March; 31(3): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2323599

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Factors affecting intravenous analgesic requirements after colectomy. Author(s): Joels CS, Mostafa G, Matthews BD, Kercher KW, Sing RF, Norton HJ, Heniford BT. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 November; 197(5): 780-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585414

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Factors influencing bowel function after low anterior resection and sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Adachi Y, Kakisako K, Sato K, Shiraishi N, Miyahara M, Kitano S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2000 January-February; 47(31): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690600

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Factors influencing bowel function following total abdominal colectomy. Author(s): Aranha GV, Walsh RM, Jacobs HK, Freeark RJ, Harford FJ, Keshavarzian A, Zarling EJ. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1996 December; 39(12): 1418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969669

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Familial polyposis coli. Management by total colectomy with preservation of continence. Author(s): Heimann T, Beck AR, Greenstein AJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1978 September; 113(9): 1104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=687110

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Familial polyposis of the colon with special reference to regression of rectal polyposis after subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Shepherd A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1971 February; 58(2): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5548512

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Fatal Clostridium difficile enteritis after total abdominal colectomy. Author(s): Parikh VA, Edlund JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 June; 22(4): 329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8771437

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Fatal Clostridium difficile enteritis after total abdominal colectomy. Author(s): Yee HF Jr, Brown RS Jr, Ostroff JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 January; 22(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776096

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Fatal giant cell myocarditis after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): McKeon J, Haagsma B, Bett JH, Boyle CM. Source: American Heart Journal. 1986 June; 111(6): 1208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3716997

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Fatal ulcerative panenteritis following colectomy in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Annese V, Caruso N, Bisceglia M, Lombardi G, Clemente R, Modola G, Tardio B, Villani MR, Andriulli A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1999 June; 44(6): 1189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10389695

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Fate of the rectal stump after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Heiskanen I, Jarvinen HJ. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 1997; 12(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9112143

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Fate of the rectum after colectomy and ileostomy for Crohn's colitis. Author(s): Harling H, Hegnhoj J, Rasmussen TN, Jarnum S. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1991 October; 34(10): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914729

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Fate of the rectum and ileal recurrence rates after total colectomy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Keighley MR. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2000 January; 24(1): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594216

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Fate of the rectum in patients undergoing total colectomy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Cattan P, Bonhomme N, Panis Y, Lemann M, Coffin B, Bouhnik Y, Allez M, Sarfati E, Valleur P. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 April; 89(4): 454-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952587

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Fate of the retained rectum after subtotal colectomy for inflammatory disease of the colon. Author(s): Binder SC, Miller HH, Deterling RA Jr. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1976 February; 131(2): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1251962

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Frequency of bowel movements after colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. Author(s): Ottinger LW. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1978 September; 113(9): 1048-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=687102

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Functional assessment after colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and endorectal ileoanal pull-through. Author(s): Becker JM, Hillard AE, Mann FA, Kestenberg A, Nelson JA. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1985 August; 9(4): 598-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4036152

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Functional outcome after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis compared with proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): van Duijvendijk P, Slors JF, Taat CW, Oosterveld P, Vasen HF. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1999 November; 230(5): 648-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561088

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Functional results after subtotal colectomy and caecorectal anastomosis. Author(s): Fasth S, Hedlund H, Svaninger G, Oresland T, Hulten L. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1983; 149(6): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6650075

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Further comments on ileal mucosal modifications in familial polyposis following total colectomy. Author(s): Bechi P, Cortesini C, Romagnoli P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1982 May; 82(5 Pt 1): 1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7060904

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Gum chewing enhances early recovery from postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Asao T, Kuwano H, Nakamura J, Morinaga N, Hirayama I, Ide M. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002 July; 195(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113542

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Hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy techniques. Author(s): Loungnarath R, Fleshman JW. Source: Semin Laparosc Surg. 2003 December; 10(4): 219-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760471

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Hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy: a single-institution experience. Author(s): Cobb WS, Lokey JS, Schwab DP, Crockett JA, Rex JC, Robbins JA. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 July; 69(7): 578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889620

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Hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy: evolution to a clinically useful technique. Author(s): Ballantyne GH, Leahy PF. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2004 May; 47(5): 753-65. Epub 2004 April 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15073660

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Hemidiaphragm dysfunction due to megacolon: functional recovery after colectomy. Author(s): Nava S, Schiavoni PG. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995 January; 50(1): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7742820

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Hemorrhage from diverticular disease of the colon. The role of emergency subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Olsen WR. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1968 February; 115(2): 247-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5299876

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High level perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) in ulcerative colitis patients before colectomy predicts the development of chronic pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Author(s): Fleshner PR, Vasiliauskas EA, Kam LY, Fleshner NE, Gaiennie J, AbreuMartin MT, Targan SR. Source: Gut. 2001 November; 49(5): 671-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600470

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Hypermethylation of the p16INK4a promoter in colectomy specimens of patients with long-standing and extensive ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Hsieh CJ, Klump B, Holzmann K, Borchard F, Gregor M, Porschen R. Source: Cancer Research. 1998 September 1; 58(17): 3942-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731506

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Hypoganglionic megacolon associated Chiliaditi's syndrome treated by subtotal colectomy: a case report. Author(s): Kaymakcioglu N, Yakut M, Tan A, Can C, Tufan T. Source: Int Surg. 2000 January-March; 85(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817431

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Ileitis after colectomy for ulcerative colitis or carcinoma. Author(s): Hallak A, Baratz M, Santo M, Halpern Z, Rabau M, Werbin N, Gilat T. Source: Gut. 1994 March; 35(3): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8150350

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Ileitis and pouchitis after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Scott AD, Phillips RK. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1989 July; 76(7): 668-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2670050

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Immunoresponsiveness in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease--effect of colectomy and suppression of disease activity. Author(s): Lyanga J, Davis P, Thomson AB. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 April; 148(4): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3388844

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Implementation of a clinical pathway decreases length of stay and hospital charges for patients undergoing total colectomy and ileal pouch/anal anastomosis. Author(s): Archer SB, Burnett RJ, Flesch LV, Hobler SC, Bower RH, Nussbaum MS, Fischer JE. Source: Surgery. 1997 October; 122(4): 699-703; Discussion 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347845

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Increased expression of mineralocorticoid receptor in human ileum after total colectomy: immunohistochemical and immunoblotting studies. Author(s): Fukushima K, Sasano H, Sasaki I, Nagura H, Funayama Y, Matsuno S. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1994 August; 173(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7825171

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Inflammatory fibroid polyp in a continent ileo-anal pouch after colectomy for ulcerative colitis--case report. Author(s): Widgren S, Cox JN. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1997; 193(9): 643-7; Discussion 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9521023

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Influence of surgical subspecialty training on in-hospital mortality for gastrectomy and colectomy patients. Author(s): Callahan MA, Christos PJ, Gold HT, Mushlin AI, Daly JM. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2003 October; 238(4): 629-36; Discussion 636-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530734

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Influence of total colectomy on serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Patel RT, Stokes R, Birch D, Ibbotson J, Keighley MR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 May; 81(5): 724-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8044563

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Initial experience with 150 cases of laparoscopic assisted colectomy. Author(s): Lauter DM, Froines EJ. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 May; 181(5): 398-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11448429

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Interchange between collagenous and lymphocytic colitis in severe disease with autoimmune associations requiring colectomy: a case report. Author(s): Bowling TE, Price AB, al-Adnani M, Fairclough PD, Menzies-Gow N, Silk DB. Source: Gut. 1996 May; 38(5): 788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8707130

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Interleukin-6 and stress hormone responses after uncomplicated gasless laparoscopicassisted and open sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Fukushima R, Kawamura YJ, Saito H, Saito Y, Hashiguchi Y, Sawada T, Muto T. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1996 October; 39(10 Suppl): S29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8831544

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Interleukin-6 response to laparoscopic and open colectomy. Author(s): Harmon GD, Senagore AJ, Kilbride MJ, Warzynski MJ. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1994 August; 37(8): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8055718

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Internal anal sphincter function after total abdominal colectomy and stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis without mucosal proctectomy. Author(s): Lavery IC, Tuckson WB, Easley KA. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1989 November; 32(11): 950-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2806022

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Intraoperative endoscopy in laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Zmora O, Dinnewitzer AJ, Pikarsky AJ, Efron JE, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 May; 16(5): 808-11. Epub 2002 February 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11997827

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Is complete laparoscopic colectomy superior to laparoscopic assisted colectomy? Author(s): Bernstein MA, Dawson JW, Reissman P, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 June; 62(6): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8651539

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Is laparoscopic colectomy a safe procedure in synchronous colorectal carcinoma? Report of a case. Author(s): Lacy AM, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Taura P, Bordas JM, Grande L, Fuster J, Cugat E, Visa J. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1995 February; 5(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7735548

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Is laparoscopic subtotal colectomy better than open subtotal colectomy in children? Author(s): Proctor ML, Langer JC, Gerstle JT, Kim PC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 May; 37(5): 706-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987083

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Is subtotal colectomy a viable option in the management of chronic constipation? Author(s): Vasilevsky CA, Nemer FD, Balcos EG, Christenson CE, Goldberg SM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1988 September; 31(9): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3168677

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Is there a role for prophylactic subtotal colectomy among hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer germline mutation carriers? Author(s): Lynch HT. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1996 January; 39(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601347

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Isopower maps of the electrogastrogram (EGG) after total gastrectomy or total colectomy. Author(s): Homma S, Hasegawa J, Maruta T, Watanabe N, Matsuo H, Tamiya Y, Nishimaki T, Suzuki T, Muto T, Hatakeyama K. Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 1999 December; 11(6): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583851

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Laparascopic sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease in a patient with situs inversus. Author(s): Davies H, Slater GH, Bailey M. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 January; 17(1): 160-1. Epub 2002 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399858

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Laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer. Author(s): Hahnloser D, Nelson H. Source: Minerva Chir. 2003 August; 58(4): 431-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603155

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Laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer--a trial update. Author(s): Nelson H. Source: Swiss Surg. 2001; 7(6): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771442

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Laparoscopic colectomy for sigmoid diverticulitis in obese and nonobese patients: a prospective comparative study. Author(s): Tuech JJ, Regenet N, Hennekinne S, Pessaux P, Bergamaschi R, Arnaud JP. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 December; 15(12): 1427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11965459

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Laparoscopic colectomy in obese and nonobese patients. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Madboulay K, Brady KM, Fazio VW, Fazio CV. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2003 May-June; 7(4): 558-61. Erratum In: J Gastrointest Surg. 2003 July-August; 7(5): 712. Fazio C Victor W [corrected to Fazio Victor W]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763416

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Laparoscopic colectomy vs. open colectomy for sigmoid diverticular disease. Author(s): Dwivedi A, Chahin F, Agrawal S, Chau WY, Tootla A, Tootla F, Silva YJ. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 October; 45(10): 1309-14; Discussion 1314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394427

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Colectomy

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Laparoscopic total colectomy for acute colitis: a case-control study. Author(s): Marcello PW, Milsom JW, Wong SK, Brady K, Goormastic M, Fazio VW. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 October; 44(10): 1441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598472

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Laparoscopic total colectomy for asymptomatic familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Iancu C, Bala O, Tantau M, Ionescu D, Zaharie F, Necula A, Pandrea M, Bodea M. Source: Rom J Gastroenterol. 2002 March; 11(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12096314

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Laparoscopic versus open sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Author(s): Lawrence DM, Pasquale MD, Wasser TE. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 June; 69(6): 499-503; Discussion 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852507

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Laparoscopic vs open colectomy: outcomes comparison based on large nationwide databases. Author(s): Guller U, Jain N, Hervey S, Purves H, Pietrobon R. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2003 November; 138(11): 1179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609864

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Laparoscopically assisted colectomy and ileoanal pouch procedure with and without protective ileostomy. Author(s): Kienle P, Weitz J, Benner A, Herfarth C, Schmidt J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 May; 17(5): 716-20. Epub 2003 March 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616394

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Laparoscopically assisted subtotal colectomy for slow-transit constipation. Author(s): Athanasakis H, Tsiaoussis J, Vassilakis JS, Xynos E. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 October; 15(10): 1090-2. Epub 2001 August 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727076

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Laparoscopically assisted subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis. Author(s): Sarli L, Iusco D, Costi R, Roncoroni L. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 October; 16(10): 1493. Epub 2002 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098034

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Laparoscopic-assisted total colectomy with pouch reconstruction. Author(s): Georgeson KE. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 2002 November; 11(4): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407505

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Laparoscopy assisted hemi-colectomy for ileo-caecal tuberculosis. Author(s): Chumber S, Samaiya A, Subramaniam R, Dehran M, Vashisht S, Karak AK, Srivastava A. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2001 April-June; 22(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552482

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Laparoscopy-assisted colectomy versus open colectomy for treatment of nonmetastatic colon cancer: a randomised trial. Author(s): Lacy AM, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Delgado S, Castells A, Taura P, Pique JM, Visa J. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 29; 359(9325): 2224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12103285

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Long-term outcome and health-related quality of life after laparoscopic and open colectomy for benign disease. Author(s): Thaler K, Dinnewitzer A, Mascha E, Arrigain S, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 September; 17(9): 1404-8. Epub 2003 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802642

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Long-term response to subtotal colectomy in colonic inertia. Author(s): Verne GN, Hocking MP, Davis RH, Howard RJ, Sabetai MM, Mathias JR, Schuffler MD, Sninsky CA. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2002 September-October; 6(5): 738-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399064

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Long-term results of subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecoproctostomy. Author(s): Sarli L, Costi R, Iusco D, Roncoroni L. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(11): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605953

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Lymphatic mapping improves staging during laparoscopic colectomy for cancer. Author(s): Wood TF, Spirt M, Rangel D, Shen P, Tsioulias GJ, Morton DL, Bilchik AJ. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 July; 15(7): 715-9. Epub 2001 May 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591974

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Colectomy

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Malignant left-sided large bowel obstruction managed by subtotal/total colectomy. Author(s): Stephenson BM, Shandall AA, Farouk R, Griffith G. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1990 October; 77(10): 1098-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2224455

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Management of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: is prophylactic colectomy the preferred strategy? Author(s): Axon T. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 1998 July-August; 2(4): 322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9917187

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Management of left-sided colonic obstruction by subtotal colectomy and ileocolic anastomosis. Author(s): Reemst PH, Kuijpers HC, Wobbes T. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1998 July; 164(7): 537-40; Discussion 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696977

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Management of the rectum following colectomy for acute colitis. Author(s): Kyle SM, Steyn RS, Keenan RA. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1992 March; 62(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1550504

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Management of the temporary loop ileostomy following colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ideal pouch-anal anastomosis. Author(s): Thomas D, Raymond JL, Becker JM. Source: J Enterostomal Ther. 1987 September-October; 14(5): 194-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2821090

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Massive rectal hemorrhage 3 years after subtotal colectomy for acute ulcerative colitis. Author(s): May GR, Price L. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 August; 85(8): 1046-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2375316

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Measurement of rectal capacity in the assessment of patients for colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn's colitis. Author(s): Weaver RM, Keighley MR. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1986 July; 29(7): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3720455

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Medical management of ulcerative colitis and indications for colectomy. Author(s): Truelove SC. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1988 April; 12(2): 142-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2899365

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Metabolic consequences of total colectomy. Author(s): Christl SU, Scheppach W. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1997; 222: 20-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145441

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Minimally invasive colectomy in elderly patients. Author(s): Peters WR, Fleshman JW. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1995 December; 5(6): 477-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8611997

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Minimally invasive colectomy: are the potential benefits realized? Author(s): Peters WR, Bartels TL. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1993 August; 36(8): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8348865

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Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Author(s): Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1991 September; 1(3): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1688289

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Model for teaching laparoscopic colectomy to surgical residents. Author(s): Lin E, Szomstein S, Addasi T, Galati-Burke L, Turner JW, Tiszenkel HI. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 July; 186(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842748

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Morbidity and function after colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis or restorative proctocolectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Bradburn DM, Gunn A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1992 January; 79(1): 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1310633

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Morbidity and mortality following total abdominal colectomy for massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Author(s): Bender JS, Wiencek RG, Bouwman DL. Source: The American Surgeon. 1991 August; 57(8): 536-40; Discussion 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1928995

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Morbidity of subtotal colectomy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis unresponsive to cyclosporin. Author(s): Fleshner PR, Michelassi F, Rubin M, Hanauer SB, Plevy SE, Targan SR. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1995 December; 38(12): 1241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7497833

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Mortality and quality of life after total abdominal colectomy. Author(s): Walsh RM, Aranha GV, Freeark RJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1990 December; 125(12): 1564-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244809

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Motion - colonoscopic surveillance is more cost effective than colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis: arguments against the motion. Author(s): Ekbom A. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 February; 17(2): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605251

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Motion - colonoscopic surveillance is more cost effective than colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis: Arguments for the motion. Author(s): Lashner BA. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 February; 17(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605250

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Multi-detector row CT colonography: effect of collimation, pitch, and orientation on polyp detection in a human colectomy specimen. Author(s): Taylor SA, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Morgan PR, Talbot IC, Fry N, Saunders BP, Khosraviani K, Atkin W. Source: Radiology. 2003 October; 229(1): 109-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519872

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Nephrolithiasis and urine ion changes in ulcerative colitis patients undergoing colectomy and endorectal ileal pullthrough. Author(s): Stelzner M, Phillips JD, Saleh S, Fonkalsrud EW. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1990 June; 48(6): 552-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2362415

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Nursing care study: emergency colectomy for toxic megacolon. Author(s): McIntyre R. Source: Nurs Times. 1979 February 22; 75(8): 316-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=85294

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Obstructing carcinoma of the left colon managed by subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Ariyanayagam DC, Pooran S, Naraynsingh V. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1990 August; 35(4): 26970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2231510

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Obstructing carcinoma of the left colon managed by subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Byrne DJ. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1989 December; 34(6): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2628573

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Obstructing carcinoma of the left colon managed by subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Wilson RG, Gollock JM. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1989 February; 34(1): 256. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2709353

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One-stage colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for complete left-sided obstruction of the colon. Author(s): Slors JF, Taat CW, Mallonga ET, Brummelkamp WH. Source: Neth J Surg. 1989 February; 41(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2927697

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One-stage subtotal colectomy with anastomosis for obstructing carcinoma of the left colon. Author(s): Deutsch AA, Zelikovski A, Sternberg A, Reiss R. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1983 April; 26(4): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839890

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Open colectomy versus laparoscopic colectomy: are there differences? Author(s): Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, Mackeigan JM, Mazier WP. Source: The American Surgeon. 1993 August; 59(8): 549-53; Discussion 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8338287

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Open versus laparoscopy assisted colectomy. Author(s): Whelan RL. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 4; 361(9351): 75; Author Reply 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517486

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Open versus laparoscopy assisted colectomy. Author(s): Fiddian-Green RG. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 4; 361(9351): 74; Author Reply 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517485

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Open versus laparoscopy assisted colectomy. Author(s): Lehnert T, Abel U, Kienle P, Hinz U. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 4; 361(9351): 74; Author Reply 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517484

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Open versus laparoscopy assisted colectomy. Author(s): Ceulemans R, Henri M, Dutson E, Leroy J, Marescaux J. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 4; 361(9351): 73-4; Author Reply 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517483

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Open versus laparoscopy-assisted colectomy. Author(s): Evrard S, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Kramar A. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 4; 361(9351): 73; Author Reply 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517482

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Operative factors affecting tumor cell distribution following laparoscopic colectomy in a porcine model. Author(s): Allardyce RA, Morreau P, Bagshaw PF. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1997 August; 40(8): 939-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269811

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Oral rehydration solution containing rice maltodextrins in patients with total colectomy and high intestinal output. Author(s): Pironi L, Guidetti C, Incasa E, Poggioli G, Paganelli F, Merli C, Fumi L, Miglioli M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2000; 20(3-4): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11314238

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Outcome after emergency subtotal/total colectomy compared to elective resection in patients with left-sided colorectal carcinoma. Author(s): Omejc M, Stor Z, Jelenc F, Repse S. Source: Int Surg. 1998 July-September; 83(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9870783

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Outcome of colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn's disease. Author(s): Cooper JC, Jones D, Williams NS. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1986 September; 68(5): 27982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3789626

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Outcome of colectomy for severe idiopathic constipation. Author(s): Kamm MA, Hawley PR, Lennard-Jones JE. Source: Gut. 1988 July; 29(7): 969-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3396968

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Outcome of colectomy for slow transit constipation. Author(s): Knowles CH, Scott M, Lunniss PJ. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1999 November; 230(5): 627-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561086

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Outcome of colectomy for slow-transit constipation in relation to presence of smallbowel dysmotility. Author(s): Glia A, Akerlund JE, Lindberg G. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2004 January; 47(1): 96-102. Epub 2004 January 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719156

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Ox bile treatment of severe steatorrhea in a colectomy and ileectomy patient. Author(s): Djurdjevic D, Popovic O, Necic D, Hranisavljevic S. Source: Gastroenterology. 1988 October; 95(4): 1160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3410231

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Partial colectomy required for resection of renal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of treatment options for locally advanced disease. Author(s): Crotty KL, Macaluso JN Jr. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2000 March; 152(3): 119-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10851826

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Patients with low-grade dysplasia should be advised to undergo colectomy. Author(s): Ullman TA. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2003 July; 9(4): 267-9; Discussion 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902850

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Pilot study of subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecoproctostomy for the treatment of chronic slow-transit constipation. Author(s): Sarli L, Costi R, Sarli D, Roncoroni L. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 October; 44(10): 1514-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598483

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Plastic wound protectors do not affect wound infection rates following laparoscopicassisted colectomy. Author(s): Kercher KW, Nguyen TH, Harold KL, Poplin ME, Matthews BD, Sing RF, Heniford BT. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2004 January; 18(1): 148-51. Epub 2003 November 21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625722

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Poorly controlled ulcerative colitis treated by colectomy during remission induced by extracorporeal leukocyte removal therapy. Author(s): Fukunaga K, Fukuda Y, Sawada K, Hori K, Matoba Y, Sagayama K, Ohnishi K, Fukui S, Shimoyama T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(7): 684-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898362

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Port site fascia closure in laparoscopic assisted colectomy: a simple technique. Author(s): Reissman P, Bernstein M, Verzaro R, Wexner SD. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1995 October; 5(5): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8845509

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Port site metastases and recurrence after laparoscopic colectomy. A randomized trial. Author(s): Lacy AM, Delgado S, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Castells A, Pique JM, Grande L, Fuster J, Targarona EM, Pera M, Visa J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1998 August; 12(8): 1039-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9685538

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Portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis: report of a case. Author(s): Baixauli J, Delaney CP, Senagore AJ, Remzi FH, Fazio VW. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 April; 46(4): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682554

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Portal vein thrombosis successfully treated with a colectomy in active ulcerative colitis: report of a case. Author(s): Hagimoto T, Seo M, Okada M, Shirotani T, Tanaka K, Tomita A, Oda T, Iida T. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 April; 44(4): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11330588

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Postoperative colonic motility in patients following laparoscopic-assisted and open sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Kasparek MS, Muller MH, Glatzle J, Manncke K, Becker HD, Zittel TT, Kreis ME. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2003 December; 7(8): 1073-81; Discussion 1081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675718

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Postoperative complications of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy. Author(s): Lacy AM, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Delgado S, Grande L, Fuster J, Tabet J, Ramos C, Pique JM, Cifuentes A, Visa J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1997 February; 11(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9069140

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Postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Miedema BW. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002 December; 195(6): 901; Author Reply 901-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12495325

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Predicting the need for colectomy in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Falcone RA Jr, Lewis LG, Warner BW. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2000 March-April; 4(2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10675244

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Primary resection with antegrade colonic irrigation and peritoneal lavage versus subtotal colectomy in the management of obstructed left colon cancer. Author(s): Csiky M, Kruppa Z, Nosko K, Gal S, Bakos S. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1997; 36(1-4): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408287

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Colectomy

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Proctocolectomy is associated with a higher complication rate but carries a lower recurrence rate than total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn colitis. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Keighley MR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 34(12): 1212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10636068

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Prophylactic colectomy for gene carriers in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Has the time come? Author(s): Rodriguez-Bigas MA. Source: Cancer. 1996 July 15; 78(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8673992

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Prophylactic colectomy in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Author(s): Church JM. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1996 December; 28(6): 479-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9017106

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Prospective comparison of gastric emptying after laparoscopic-aided colectomy versus open colectomy. Author(s): Gelpi JR, Dorsey-Tyler K, Luchtefeld MA, Senagore AJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 July; 62(7): 594-6; Discussion 596-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8651558

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Prospective evaluation of laparoscopy-assisted colectomy versus laparotomy with resection for management of complex polyps of the sigmoid colon. Author(s): Liang JT, Shieh MJ, Chen CN, Cheng YM, Chang KJ, Wang SM. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 March; 26(3): 377-83. Epub 2002 January 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11865378

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Prospective randomized trial comparing conventional laparoscopic colectomy with hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy: applicability, immediate clinical outcome, inflammatory response, and cost. Author(s): Targarona EM, Gracia E, Garriga J, Martinez-Bru C, Cortes M, Boluda R, Lerma L, Trias M. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 February; 16(2): 234-9. Epub 2001 October 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11967670

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Quality of life after colectomy. A comparison of conventional ileostomy and sphincter saving continent procedures. Author(s): Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Mayberry JF. Source: Arquivos De Gastroenterologia. 1996 April-June; 33(2): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109968

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Quality of life after prophylactic colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Church JM, Fazio VW, Lavery IC, Oakley JR, Milsom J, McGannon E. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1996 December; 39(12): 1404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969666

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Quality of life after subtotal colectomy for constipation: selection of the right patient, operation, and tools to measure outcome. Author(s): Pemberton JH, Drelichman ER. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 December; 46(12): 1720-1; Author Reply 1721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14668606

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Quality of life after subtotal colectomy for slow-transit constipation: both quality and quantity count. Author(s): FitzHarris GP, Garcia-Aguilar J, Parker SC, Bullard KM, Madoff RD, Goldberg SM, Lowry A. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 April; 46(4): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682533

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Quality of life after total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis or proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Van Duijvendijk P, Slors JF, Taat CW, Oosterveld P, Sprangers MA, Obertop H, Vasen HF. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 May; 87(5): 590-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10792315

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Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 1195-1199). Author(s): Baca B, Gonenc M, Hamzaodlu I, Karahasanodlu T. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 91(1): 125; Author Reply 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716808

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Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, Dugan A, Fazio VW. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 October; 90(10): 1195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515286

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Colectomy

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Randomized clinical trial of the effect of open versus laparoscopically assisted colectomy on systemic immunity in patients with colorectal cancer (Br J Surg 2001; 88: 801-7). Author(s): Wu FP, Cuesta MA, Sietses C. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 November; 88(11): 1545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683763

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Randomized clinical trial of the effect of open versus laparoscopically assisted colectomy on systemic immunity in patients with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Tang CL, Eu KW, Tai BC, Soh JG, MacHin D, Seow-Choen F. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 June; 88(6): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11412248

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Randomized clinical trial of the effect of open versus laproscopically assisted colectomy on systemic immunity in patients with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Schwenk W. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 April; 89(4): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952615

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Randomized clinical trial of the effect of open versus laproscopically assisted colectomy on systemic immunity in patients with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Wu FP, Cuesta MA, Sietses C. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 April; 89(4): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952614

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Randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic versus open colectomy for advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Hasegawa H, Kabeshima Y, Watanabe M, Yamamoto S, Kitajima M. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 April; 17(4): 636-40. Epub 2003 February 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574925

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Re: Segmental colectomy in the management of colonic inertia. Author(s): Cirocco WC. Source: The American Surgeon. 1999 September; 65(9): 901-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484100

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Rectal cancer following colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Jenner DC, Levitt S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1998 February; 68(2): 1368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9494007

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Rectal cancer risk in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer after abdominal colectomy. International Collaborative Group on HNPCC. Author(s): Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Vasen HF, Pekka-Mecklin J, Myrhoj T, Rozen P, Bertario L, Jarvinen HJ, Jass JR, Kunitomo K, Nomizu T, Driscoll DL. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1997 February; 225(2): 202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065297

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Recurrence after colectomy in Crohn's colitis. Author(s): Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 May; 44(5): 647-54; Discussion 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357022

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Recurrent diverticulitis after sigmoid colectomy for sigmoid colon diverticulitis. Author(s): Visco JJ, Raghavendran K, Kulaylat MN, Wexner SD. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 November; 46(11): 1572-3; Author Reply 1573. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605583

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Restorative colectomy for large bowel obstruction: a new paradigm? Author(s): Fazio VW. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1998 December; 187(6): 631. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849738

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Results after colectomy for colonic inertia: a sixteen-year experience. Author(s): Webster C, Dayton M. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 December; 182(6): 639-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11839330

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Results of a standardized technique and postoperative care plan for laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy: a 30-month experience. Author(s): Senagore AJ, Duepree HJ, Delaney CP, Brady KM, Fazio VW. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 April; 46(4): 503-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682545

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Risk factors for morbidity and mortality after colectomy for colon cancer. Author(s): Audisio RA. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2001 December; 5(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892032

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Risk factors for morbidity and mortality after colectomy for colon cancer. Author(s): Longo WE, Virgo KS, Johnson FE, Oprian CA, Vernava AM, Wade TP, Phelan MA, Henderson WG, Daley J, Khuri SF. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 January; 43(1): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10813129

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Risk factors for rectal cancer morbidity and mortality in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. Author(s): Bjork JA, Akerbrant HI, Iselius LE, Hultcrantz RW. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 December; 43(12): 1719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156457

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Risk of rectal cancer in patients after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis: a function of available surgical options. Author(s): Church J, Burke C, McGannon E, Pastean O, Clark B. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 September; 46(9): 1175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972960

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Role of prophylactic colectomy in Lynch syndrome. Author(s): Lynch HT, Lynch JF, Fitzgibbons R Jr. Source: Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2003 August; 3(2): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952565

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Safety and advantages of laparoscopic vs. open colectomy in the elderly: matchedcontrol study. Author(s): Stocchi L, Nelson H, Young-Fadok TM, Larson DR, Ilstrup DM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 March; 43(3): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10733113

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Sandostatin as a "hormonal" temporary protective ileostomy in patients with total or subtotal colectomy. Author(s): Spiliotis J, Tambasis E, Christopoulou A, Rogdakis A, Siambaliotis A, Zografos K, Datsis A. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 September-October; 50(53): 1367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571739

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Segmental resection or subtotal colectomy in Crohn's colitis? Author(s): Andersson P, Olaison G, Hallbook O, Sjodahl R. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 January; 45(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786764

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Sessile polyps containing invasive carcinoma mandate colectomy for cure in patients fit for surgery. Author(s): Cirocco WC. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 August; 56(2): 319-20; Author Reply 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145624

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Short-term quality-of-life outcomes following laparoscopic-assisted colectomy vs open colectomy for colon cancer: a randomized trial. Author(s): Weeks JC, Nelson H, Gelber S, Sargent D, Schroeder G; Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy (COST) Study Group. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 January 16; 287(3): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11790211

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Small bowel obstruction after total or subtotal colectomy: a 10-year retrospective review. Author(s): Nieuwenhuijzen M, Reijnen MM, Kuijpers JH, van Goor H. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1998 September; 85(9): 1242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9752868

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Small bowel obstruction following extended right hemicolectomy and subtotal colectomy: assessing the benefit of prophylactic tube splinting. Author(s): Meissner K. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2001; 18(5): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721114

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Smoking is a predictive factor for outcome after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in patients with Crohn's colitis. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1999 August; 86(8): 1069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460646

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Subclinical hepatic dysfunction in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Kotake Y, Takeda J, Matsumoto M, Tagawa M, Kikuchi H. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 November; 87(5): 774-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878531

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Subtotal colectomy and cecosigmoid anastomosis for colonic systemic sclerosis: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Lindsey I, Farmer CR, Cunningham IG. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 December; 46(12): 1706-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14668600

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Subtotal colectomy for colonic inertia. Author(s): Fan CW, Wang JY. Source: Int Surg. 2000 October-December; 85(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11589597

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Subtotal colectomy for severe acute colitis: a 20-year experience of a tertiary care center with an aggressive and early surgical policy. Author(s): Alves A, Panis Y, Bouhnik Y, Maylin V, Lavergne-Slove A, Valleur P. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 September; 197(3): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946792

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Subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis. Author(s): Sarli L, Iusco D, Violi V, Roncoroni L. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2002 April; 6(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12077637

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Subtotal colectomy with primary ileorectostomy is effective for unlocalized, diverticular hemorrhage. Author(s): Renzulli P, Maurer CA, Netzer P, Dinkel HP, Buchler MW. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 2002 June; 387(2): 67-71. Epub 2002 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111257

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Successful local excision of ileostomy adenocarcinoma after colectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis: report of a case. Author(s): Iizuka T, Sawada T, Hayakawa K, Hashimoto M, Udagawa H, Watanabe G. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(7): 638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111524

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Successful transfer of frozen-thawed embryos obtained after subtotal colectomy for colorectal cancer and before fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Author(s): Azem F, Amit A, Merimsky O, Lessing JB. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2004 April; 93(1): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047249

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Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis after colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease: a not uncommon cause of postoperative acute abdominal pain. Author(s): Fichera A, Cicchiello LA, Mendelson DS, Greenstein AJ, Heimann TM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 May; 46(5): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792441

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Surgery for Crohn colitis over a twenty-eight-year period: fewer stomas and the replacement of total colectomy by segmental resection. Author(s): Andersson P, Olaison G, Bodemar G, Nystrom PO, Sjodahl R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 January; 37(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843039

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Surgical technique influences bowel function after low anterior resection and sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Sato K, Inomata M, Kakisako K, Shiraishi N, Adachi Y, Kitano S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 September-October; 50(53): 1381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571742

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The implications of lighted ureteral stenting in laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Chahin F, Dwivedi AJ, Paramesh A, Chau W, Agrawal S, Chahin C, Kumar A, Tootla A, Tootla F, Silva YJ. Source: Jsls. 2002 January-March; 6(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002296

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The influence of hospital and surgeon volume on in-hospital mortality for colectomy, gastrectomy, and lung lobectomy in patients with cancer. Author(s): Hannan EL, Radzyner M, Rubin D, Dougherty J, Brennan MF. Source: Surgery. 2002 January; 131(1): 6-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11812957

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The interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene allele 2 as a predictor of pouchitis following colectomy and IPAA in ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Carter MJ, Di Giovine FS, Cox A, Goodfellow P, Jones S, Shorthouse AJ, Duff GW, Lobo AJ. Source: Gastroenterology. 2001 October; 121(4): 805-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11606494

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The natural history diverticular disease: is there a role for elective colectomy? Author(s): Somasekar K, Foster ME, Haray PN. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 2002 April; 47(2): 481-2, 484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018691

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The significance of "adenomas" in ulcerative colitis: deciding when a colectomy should be performed. Author(s): Petras RE. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1999 November; 5(4): 306-8; Discussion 309-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10579126

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The use of a mini-laparotomy in total abdominal colectomy for mucosal ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Nakagoe T, Sawai T, Tsuji T, Jibiki MA, Nanashima A, Yamaguchi H, Yasutake T, Ayabe H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 May-June; 50(51): 704-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828065

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The usefulness of restorative laparoscopic-assisted total colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Araki Y, Ishibashi N, Ogata Y, Shirouzu K, Isomoto H. Source: Kurume Med J. 2001; 48(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11501505

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The usefulness, indications, and complications of laparoscopy-assisted colectomy in comparison with those of open colectomy for colorectal carcinoma. Author(s): Marubashi S, Yano H, Monden T, Hata T, Takahashi H, Fujita S, Kanoh T, Iwazawa T, Matsui S, Nakano Y, Tateishi H, Kinuta M, Takiguchi S, Okamura J. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(6): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10883457

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The Western Australian experience of the use of en bloc resection of ovarian cancer with concomitant rectosigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Clayton RD, Obermair A, Hammond IG, Leung YC, McCartney AJ. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 January; 84(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748976

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Total abdominal colectomy, pelvic peritonectomy, and end-ileostomy for the surgical palliation of mucinous peritoneal carcinomatosis from non-gynecologic cancer. Author(s): Stamou KM, Karakozis S, Sugarbaker PH. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2003 August; 83(4): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884230

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Total colectomy and J-pouch ileorectal anastomosis for obstructed tumours of the rectosigmoid junction. Author(s): Chrysos E, Athanasakis E, Vassilakis JS, Zoras O, Xynos E. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 February; 72(2): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12074083

Studies

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Total colectomy and straight ileo-anal soave endorectal pull-through: personal experience with 42 cases. Author(s): Dodero P, Magillo P, Scarsi PL. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2001 October; 11(5): 31923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11719870

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Total colectomy versus limited colonic resection for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Author(s): Farner R, Lichliter W, Kuhn J, Fisher T. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1999 December; 178(6): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10670878

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Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis leads to appreciable loss in quality of life irrespective of primary diagnosis. Author(s): Lim JF, Ho YH. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2001 August; 5(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862562

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Transmesenteric hernia after laparoscopic-assisted sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Kawamura YJ, Sunami E, Masaki T, Muto T. Source: Jsls. 1999 January-March; 3(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323176

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Treating benign colon disorders using laparoscopic colectomy. Author(s): Cox JA, Rogers MA, Cox SD. Source: Aorn Journal. 2001 February; 73(2): 377-82, 384-9, 391 Passim; Quiz 401. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218928

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Ulcerative and "granulomatous" colitis--validity of differential diagnostic criteria. A study of 100 patients treated by total colectomy. Author(s): Schachter H, Goldstein MJ, Rappaport H, Fennessy JJ, Kirsner JB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1970 June; 72(6): 841-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5448743

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Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: results after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. Author(s): Watts JM, Hughes ES. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1977 February; 64(2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=890251

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Ulcerative colitis and immunobullous disease cured by colectomy. Author(s): Egan CA, Meadows KP, Zone JJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 February; 135(2): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052419

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Ulcerative tracheobronchitis years after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Vasishta S, Wood JB, McGinty F. Source: Chest. 1994 October; 106(4): 1279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7924516

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Urgent colectomy in a patient with membranous tracheal disruption after severe vomiting. Author(s): Irefin SA, Farid IS, Senagore AJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 November; 91(5): 1300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049926

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Urgent surgery for ulcerative colitis: early colectomy in 132 patients. Author(s): Albrechtsen D, Bergan A, Nygaard K, Gjone E, Flatmark A. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1981 July; 5(4): 607-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7324495

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Use of standard colon preparation in elective colectomy for carcinoma of the colon. Author(s): Reines HD, Reines MO, Abrams JS. Source: Rev Surg. 1977 November-December; 34(6): 432-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=918536

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Usefulness of bipolar scissors for total colectomy. Author(s): Kusunoki M, Shoji Y, Yanagi H, Yamamura T. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1998 September; 41(9): 1197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9749506

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Utilization of silastic vessel loop to maintain visualization of a ureter during laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Stalter KD. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994 August; 4(4): 289-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7949391

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Uveitis occurring after colectomy and ileal-rectal sleeve anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Baiocco PJ, Gorman BD, Korelitz BI. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1984 June; 29(6): 570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6723486

Studies

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Videoproctography in selecting patients with constipation for colectomy. Author(s): Sunderland GT, Poon FW, Lauder J, Finlay IG. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1992 March; 35(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1740067

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Vision for the blind colectomy. Author(s): Schuman BM. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1981 November; 27(4): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6975737

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What is the learning curve for laparoscopic colectomy? Author(s): Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, Mackeigan JM. Source: The American Surgeon. 1995 August; 61(8): 681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7618806

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When should prophylactic colectomy be considered in patients with ulcerative colitis? Author(s): Lashner BA. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 March; 70(3): 221-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678211

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Wide-complex tachycardia after colectomy. Author(s): Hancock EW. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 April 15; 32(4): 39-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109804

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Wound complications of laparoscopic vs open colectomy. Author(s): Winslow ER, Fleshman JW, Birnbaum EH, Brunt LM. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 October; 16(10): 1420-5. Epub 2002 June 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085142

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Wound infections after colectomy. Author(s): DeGennaro VA, Corman ML, Coller JA, Pribek MC, Veidenheimer MC. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1978 November-December; 21(8): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=738171

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Wound recurrence after laparoscopic colectomy for cancer. New rationale for intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Author(s): Jacquet P, Sugarbaker PH. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1996 March; 10(3): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8779061

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•

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Wound recurrences following laparoscopic-assisted colectomy for cancer. Author(s): Stocchi L, Nelson H. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2000 August; 135(8): 948-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10922258

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and colectomy.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Colectomy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “colectomy” (or a synonym): •

Clinical outcome and bowel function following total abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in the Oriental population. Author(s): Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Source: Eu, K W Lim, S L Seow Choen, F Leong, A F Ho, Y H Dis-Colon-Rectum. 1998 February; 41(2): 215-8 0012-3706

•

Enteric function in cats after subtotal colectomy for treatment of megacolon. Author(s): Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Source: Gregory, C R Guilford, W G Berry, C R Olsen, J Pederson, N C Vet-Surg. 1990 May-June; 19(3): 216-20 0161-3499

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

Nutrition

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to colectomy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to colectomy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to colectomy: •

A 66-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Peppercorn MA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 March 25; 279(12): 949-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9544770

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A poorly fermented gel from psyllium seed husk increases excreta moisture and bile acid excretion in rats. Author(s): Marlett JA, Fischer MH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12221223

•

An outbreak of amebiasis spread by colonic irrigation at a chiropractic clinic. Author(s): Istre GR, Kreiss K, Hopkins RS, Healy GR, Benziger M, Canfield TM, Dickinson P, Englert TR, Compton RC, Mathews HM, Simmons RA.

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Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 August 5; 307(6): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6283354 •

Anorectal and pelvic floor function. Relevance of continence, incontinence, and constipation. Author(s): Sagar PM, Pemberton JH. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 1996 March; 25(1): 163-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8682571

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Anorectal function in children after ileoanal pull-through. Author(s): Shamberger RC, Lillehei CW, Nurko S, Winter HS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 February; 29(2): 329-32; Discussion 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8176614

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Application of the colorectal laboratory in diagnosis and treatment of functional constipation. Author(s): Kuijpers HC. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1990 January; 33(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2295275

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Assessment and treatment of obstructed defecation. Author(s): Kuijpers HC, Bleijenberg G. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1990 December; 22(6): 405-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2076272

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Assessment of the intestinal permeability following postoperative chemotherapy for human malignant disease. Author(s): Inutsuka S, Takesue F, Yasuda M, Honda M, Nagahama S, Kusumoto H, Nozoe T, Korenaga D. Source: European Surgical Research. Europaische Chirurgische Forschung. Recherches Chirurgicales Europeennes. 2003 January-February; 35(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566783

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Biofeedback avoids surgery in patients with slow-transit constipation: report of four cases. Author(s): Brown SR, Donati D, Seow-Choen F, Ho YH. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 May; 44(5): 737-9; Discussion 739-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357038

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Biofeedback therapy for excessive stool frequency and incontinence following anterior resection or total colectomy. Author(s): Ho YH, Chiang JM, Tan M, Low JY.

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Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1996 November; 39(11): 1289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8918441 •

Chronic constipation--is the work-up worth the cost? Author(s): Rantis PC Jr, Vernava AM 3rd, Daniel GL, Longo WE. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1997 March; 40(3): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9118741

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Clinical indications for anorectal function investigations. Author(s): Felt-Bersma RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1990; 178: 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2277962

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Clinical management of intractable constipation. Author(s): Camilleri M, Thompson WG, Fleshman JW, Pemberton JH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 October 1; 121(7): 520-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067650

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Colonic diverticula. When complications require surgery and when they don't. Author(s): Elfrink RJ, Miedema BW. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 November 1; 92(6): 97-8, 101-2, 105, 108 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1332012

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Colorectal cancer: integrating oxaliplatin. Author(s): Louvet C, de Gramont A. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2003 October; 4(5): 405-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941200

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Complementary modalities/Part 2. Relaxation techniques for surgical patients. Author(s): Good M. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1995 May; 95(5): 38-42; Quiz 43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7537450

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Constipation overview: evaluation and management. Author(s): Douglas J. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2002 August; 2(4): 280-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150755

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Constipation. Pathogenesis and management. Author(s): Shafik A.

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Source: Drugs. 1993 April; 45(4): 528-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7684673 •

Constipation: an approach to diagnosis, treatment, referral. Author(s): Soffer EE. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1999 January; 66(1): 41-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9926630

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Crohn's disease: an overview. Author(s): Metcalf C. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2002 April 17; 16(31): 45-52; Quiz 54-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11998242

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Does mechanical massage of the abdominal wall after colectomy reduce postoperative pain and shorten the duration of ileus? Results of a randomized study. Author(s): Le Blanc-Louvry I, Costaglioli B, Boulon C, Leroi AM, Ducrotte P. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2002 January-February; 6(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11986017

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Mouth to pouch transit after restorative proctocolectomy: hydrogen breath analysis correlates with scintigraphy. Author(s): Ternent CA, Thorson AG, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thompson JS, Lanspa SJ, Adrian TE. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 May; 96(5): 1460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374683

•

Should patients with combined colonic inertia and nonrelaxing pelvic floor undergo subtotal colectomy? Author(s): Bernini A, Madoff RD, Lowry AC, Spencer MP, Gemlo BT, Jensen LL, Wong WD. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1998 November; 41(11): 1363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9823800

•

Single-dose ceftriaxone, ornidazole, and povidone-iodine enema in elective left colectomy. A randomized multicenter controlled trial. The French Association for Surgical Research. Author(s): Fingerhut A, Hay JM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1993 February; 128(2): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8431124

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to colectomy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COLECTOMY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “colectomy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on colectomy, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Colectomy As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to colectomy:

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 6 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Apparatus and method for endoscopic colectomy Inventor(s): Belson, Amir; (Cupertino, CA) Correspondence: Johney U. Han; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030171775 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: Apparatus and methods for endoscopic colectomy are described herein. A colectomy device having a first and a second tissue approximation device is mounted on a colonoscope separated from one another. During deployment of the colectomy device, a diseased portion of the colon is positioned inbetween the tissue approximation devices. The tissue approximation devices are radially expanded such that they contact and grasp the colon wall at two sites adjacent to the diseased portion of the colon. The diseased portion is separated from the omentum and is transected using a laparoscope or is drawn into the colonoscope for later removal. The tissue approximation devices are then urged towards one another over the colonoscope to approximate the two free edges of the colon into contact together where they are fastened to one another using the tissue approximation device as a surgical stapler to create an end-to-end anastomosis. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefits of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/347,674 filed Jan. 9, 2002, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to surgical methods and apparatus. More particularly, it relates to methods and apparatus for performing endoscopic colectomy. Endoscopy studies the intralumenal aspects of hollow organs of the upper and lower intestine including the esophagus, stomach and the colon through cannulation of the lumen via the mouth or anus. Endoscopic polypectomy is presently limited to a submucosal resection. The endoscopist is often unable to completely resect a sessile polyp or lesion and therefore the patient is subjected to subsequent definitive surgery, i.e. resection of the base of the tumor. Endoscopic polypectomy can be used to debulk sessile masses but it is unable to resect mural disease. Incomplete resection of a sessile polyp may destroy the biopsy specimen and alter the relationship of the gross specimen given to the pathologist thereby resulting in the pathologist possibly providing incorrect or incomplete study results. The endoscopist is also unable to correct uncommon, but life threatening, procedural complications such as perforations. Other cases where resection is required are invasive tumors, perforation from different causes, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis and others. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with colectomy, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on colectomy.

Patents 67

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning colectomy. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COLECTOMY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to colectomy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on colectomy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on colectomy: •

Let's Get Things Moving: Overcoming Constipation Source: Woollahra, New South Wales, Australia: Health Books, Gore and Osment Publications. 1992. 72 p. Contact: Available from Health Books, Gore and Osment Publications, Private Box 427, 150 Queen Street, Woollahra, NSW 2025, Australia. (02) 361-5244. Fax (02) 360-7558. PRICE: $9.95 (Australian). ISBN: 1875531238. Also available from National Association for Continence (formerly Help For Incontinent People). P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) BLADDER or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. PRICE: $9.95 plus $2.00 shipping (as of 1996). Summary: This book on managing constipation is from a series of health books that provide straightforward, easy to understand information on a variety of health issues. Eleven chapters address the definition of constipation, its symptoms, and incidence; physiology of defecation; bowel anatomy; causes of constipation, including travel,

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changes in routine, food and nutrition, pain, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy; acute and chronic constipation in children; causes of constipation in the elderly; self-help strategies; the role of fiber; slow transit constipation; obstructed defecation; pelvic floor muscles; good defecation dynamics; diagnostic tests used to confirm bowel dysfunction; and surgical options for treatment, including rubber banding, sphincterotomy, rectopexy, proctectomy, colectomy, colostomy, and ileostomy. The book concludes with a glossary of terms. Simple, sometimes humorous, line drawings illustrate many of the concepts presented. •

Crohn's, Colitis, Hemorrhoids, and Me: A Patient's Story of Hope, Humor, and Living with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Laguna Niguel, CA: Anderson Press. 1995. 121 p. Contact: Available from Anderson Press. P.O. Box 6873-001, Laguna Niguel, CA 926076873. (800) 323-1423 or (714) 454-3837. Fax (500) 673-2665. PRICE: $12.95 plus $2 shipping and handling (as of 1996). ISBN: 0964757133. Summary: This is the journal of a woman with Crohn's disease, from her first hospital visit and diagnosis. It will be of particular interest to people newly diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or facing ostomy surgery. Chapters cover daily living with IBD, surgery (colectomy and ileoanal pull-through), and recoveries. The focus of the book is on maintaining a positive outlook and living life as fully as possible, despite the illness. The book includes a glossary of terms and is illustrated with pencil sketches by the author's husband.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Observations on the human following colectomy or colic exclusion with ileostomy. Author: Whittaker, Lorin Dixon, 1905-; Year: 1936

Chapters on Colectomy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to colectomy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book 7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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chapters and colectomy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on colectomy: •

Indications for Colectomy and Choice of Procedures Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 175-178. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on the indications for colectomy and choice of surgical procedures for ulcerative colitis (UC) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and UC, together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nearly half of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) undergo surgery within the first 10 years of their illness, mainly because of the chronic nature of the disease and the tendency for relapse. In addition, occasional fulminant complications occur, and a significant risk of malignant degeneration (development of cancer) exists. The indications for surgery vary widely, and these differing indications have varied implications for the timing of surgery and the choice of operative procedure. Indications for surgical intervention include: massive unrelenting hemorrhage, toxic megacolon with impending or frank perforation, fulminating acute UC unresponsive to steroid therapy, obstruction owing to stricture, evidence of dysplasia or colonic cancer, systemic complications, intractability (not responsive to therapy), and in children, an additional indication for surgery is failure to grow or develop secondary sexual characteristics at an acceptable rate. The author stresses that colectomy does not reflect a therapeutic failure but rather a permanent cure. Colectomy with mucosal proctectomy and endorectal IPAA is the operation of choice for young patients and for most adults requiring elective proctocolectomy for CUC. Total proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy should be reserved for patients who are not candidates for ileoanal anastomosis or who, after careful counseling about all of the surgical alternatives, elect that alternative. Subtotal colectomy with ileostomy and Hartmann closure of the rectum should be performed when emergency colectomy is indicated or if the diagnosis of UC, as opposed to Crohn's colitis, is uncertain. Because of the added morbidity of this staged approach and the possibility of a less optimal functional result, attempts should be made to prepare the patient for a single stage colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and IPAA. The continent ileostomy should be considered in patients desirous of an attempt to restore continence who are not candidates for IPAA or in whom total proctocolectomy with ileostomy has already been performed. 10 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON COLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on colectomy. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on colectomy is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “colectomy” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on colectomy: •

Operation: Colon Resection Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $149.00 to purchase; $75.00 for rental; plus shipping and handling. Order number BXA6258. Summary: This videotape offers a program from The Learning Channel's series on surgical procedures in which Dr. Joseph Uddo removes a section of a patient's colon in an attempt to prevent a possibly fatal condition from worsening. The patient has Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which causes cramping, bleeding, diarrhea, fever, and depression. The program first features interviews with the patient and his family in their home; his dietary restrictions and drug therapy are noted. The physician then reviews the use of laparoscopic surgery, in which five tiny incisions are used to remove the damaged part of the patient's colon. The physician notes that it is

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hard to know ahead of time what the surgeons will find when they operate. The program then shows the surgical procedure itself, step by step. Graphics are used to explain what the surgeon will be doing and to depict the anatomy of the intestines and colon. The program concludes with an interview with patient and physician 3 weeks after the procedure.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover colectomy.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on colectomy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to colectomy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “colectomy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for colectomy: •

More evidence that laparoscopic colectomy does not raise cancer recurrence risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 12, 2004

•

Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy offers little quality-of-life benefit Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 15, 2002

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•

Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy still controversial in cancer patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 15, 2000

•

Early feeding after colon resection is safe and reduces hospital stay Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 28, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “colectomy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to colectomy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “colectomy” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on colectomy: •

Nutritional Considerations Following Total Colectomy for Motility Disorders Source: Messenger. 9(3): 4-7. 1999. Contact: Available from American Pseudo-obstruction and Hirschsprung's Disease Society, Inc. 158 Pleasant Street, North Andover, MA 01845. (978) 685-4477. Fax (978) 685-4488. Summary: This article reviews the nutritional considerations for patients following total colectomy (removal of the colon) for motility disorders. The article is from a newsletter for people with Hirschsprung's disease (HD), a motility disorder of the large bowel caused by absence of parasympathetic ganglion (nerve) cells. The most common symptom of HD is constipation; associated symptoms include abdominal pain and distention, bilious vomiting, anorexia, and failure to thrive. Once the diagnosis has been confirmed, the only definitive treatment of children with HD is operative relief of the functional obstruction. The author reviews colon anatomy and physiology, the consequences of resection, the use of parenteral nutrition (supplemental feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract), and the use of enteral feeding (tube feeding). The author notes that the amount of bowel resected in HD is variable. Parenteral nutrition is useful in Hirschsprung's disease, particularly total colon Hirschsprung's disease, especially as necessary to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Enteral nutrition is often initially accomplished with tube feeding and ultimately, a modified oral nutrition program becomes the mainstay of nutrition. Of prime importance is a balanced nutritional program. Absolute restriction of any particular food group should be avoided unless a direct negative correlation with stool output is identified. 2 figures. 1 table.

Academic Periodicals covering Colectomy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to colectomy. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering colectomy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 10348 44 823 12 11 11238

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “colectomy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on colectomy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to colectomy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to colectomy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “colectomy”:

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Anal and Rectal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/analandrectaldiseases.html Colonic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonicdiseases.html Colonic Polyps http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonicpolyps.html Colorectal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colorectalcancer.html Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html Digestive Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diverticulosisanddiverticulitis.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on colectomy. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Crohn's Disease Source: St. Albans, England: National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 2000. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 4 Beaumont House, Sutton Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 5HH. 01727 844296. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.nacc.org.uk. PRICE: Single copy free to members. Summary: Crohn's disease (CD) is an illness that can affect any part of the digestive system, although the small and large bowel are the most common sites. CD is not infectious and it is not a form of cancer. At present there is no cure for the illness, but drugs and sometimes surgery usually bring about prolonged relief from symptoms. This

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booklet, written for people newly diagnosed with CD, offers an overview of the disease and its treatment. The booklet first describes how the digestive system works, the discusses how CD affects the working of the digestive system, the symptoms of the disease, how Crohn's can affect other parts of the body, how CD is diagnosed, the causes of CD, the role of stress in CD, treatment options, drug therapy (antiinflammatory agents, symptomatic drugs, and antibiotics), and surgical options (strictureplasty, resection, proctocolectomy and ileostomy, ileorectal anastomosis, partial colectomy, and temporary ileostomy or colostomy). The booklet then discusses the use of medically supervised diets to help manage Crohn's disease. Other topics include coping with a chronic disease, pregnancy and CD, special problems encountered by children with Crohn's disease, and the impact of Crohn's on the patient's lifestyle. Many people with CD never have more than mild and infrequent symptoms of diarrhea and pain, and these people are likely to find their life is not unduly affected by the illness. Some people do have continuous and severe symptoms in spite of intensive medical and surgical treatment and have to adapt their lifestyle considerably. The booklet concludes with a list of British resource organizations. 2 figures. 3 tables. •

Surgical Options for Bowel Diversion Source: Irvine, CA: United Ostomy Association. 2002. 4 p. Contact: Available from United Ostomy Association, Inc. 19772 MacArthur Boulevard, Suite 200, Irvine, CA 92612-2405. (800) 826-0826. Fax: (949) 660-8624. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.uoa.org. PRICE: Single copy free; full-text available online at no charge. Summary: The removal of the colon and rectum may be necessary because of ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis. This brochure provides information about the advantages and disadvantages of the bowel diversion surgical procedures commonly available today. The brochure emphasizes that all the procedures offer the potential for cure of the disease and a normal lifestyle. Readers are encouraged to seek out complete professional information on all the possible procedures before making decisions. The brochure includes a simple line illustration, description of the procedure, and list of advantages and disadvantages for each of three procedures: proctocolectomy and conventional ileostomy; ileo-anal reservoir pelvic pouch (pull through); and continent ileostomy (abdominal pouch). A brief glossary of terms is also provided. The brochure concludes with the contact information for the United Ostomy Association (www.uoa.org) and a blank form with which readers can request additional free information. 3 figures.

•

Laparoscopic Colon Surgery: Using Smaller Incisions for Less Pain and a Faster Recovery Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. PRICE: $1.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 11109. Summary: This brochure outlines the use of laparoscopy for colon surgery. With laparoscopy, the doctor makes a few small incisions rather than a single large one. A laparoscope (a thin, telescope like tube) is then placed into one of the small incisions. This allows the doctor to view the colon on a video monitor. Surgical tools are placed into the other incisions. The benefits of a laparoscopic approach over open surgery include less scarring, less pain, faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, and quicker return to normal activity. The brochure reviews the anatomy and physiology of the colon, then

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summarizes common colon problems, including large polyps, diverticulosis and diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colon cancer. Diagnostic tests that may be used to evaluate and diagnose colon problems include the medical history, physical exam, barium enema, endoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy. The brochure details the preoperative steps that patients should follow before laparoscopic treatment and what patients can expect during and immediately after the surgical procedure. Common laparoscopic procedures include segmental resection, right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy, sigmoid colectomy, and colostomy surgery; each type is illustrated. The brochure also reviews postoperative care in the hospital and at home. The brochure concludes with a reminder of the steps toward long term colon health, including good nutrition and physical activity. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings. 30 figures. •

Ulcerative Colitis Source: St. Albans, England: National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 4 Beaumont House, Sutton Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 5HH. 01727 844296. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.nacc.org.uk. PRICE: Single copy free to members. Summary: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease of the lining of the large bowel or colon. This booklet, written for people newly diagnosed with UC, offers an overview of the disease and its treatment. The booklet first describes how the colon works within the digestive system, then discusses how UC affects the working of the colon, the symptoms of the disease, how UC is diagnosed, the causes of UC, dietary impact on the disease, treatment options, drug therapy (antiinflammatory agents, antidiarrheals, analgesics, anemia treatments, nutritional aids), and surgical options (proctocolectomy and ileostomy, colectomy with ileostomy and mucous fistula, colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, and proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir or pouch). Although the symptoms and signs of UC can disappear for many years, and even for a lifetime, without treatment, the more usual course is one of periodic flareups. The condition is normally managed by drugs, but surgery may become necessary under some circumstances. The booklet concludes with a list of commonly asked questions and answers, covering prognosis, the interrelationship between UC and bowel cancer, UC and pregnancy, the epidemiology of UC, and the role of heredity in UC. 5 figures. 2 tables. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to colectomy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to colectomy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with colectomy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about colectomy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “colectomy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “colectomy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “colectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “colectomy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on colectomy: •

Basic Guidelines for Colectomy Bowel resection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002941.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Colectomy Hernia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003100.htm Problems Breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Liquid stool Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm

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Surgery and Procedures for Colectomy Colostomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002942.htm

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Background Topics for Colectomy Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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COLECTOMY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 6-Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may

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occur. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidiarrheals: Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]

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Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium enema: A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance

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whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH]

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Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with welldefined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colon Polyps: Small, fleshy, mushroom-shaped growths in the colon. [NIH] Colonic Inertia: A condition of the colon. Colon muscles do not work properly, causing constipation. [NIH] Colonoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the colon. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire

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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Continent Ileostomy: An operation to create a pouch from part of the small intestine. Stool

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that collects in the pouch is removed by inserting a small tube through an opening made in the abdomen. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulosis: A condition marked by small sacs or pouches (diverticula) in the walls of an organ such as the stomach or colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis, which may be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH]

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Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exisulind: A drug that is being studied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. It has been shown to cause apoptosis (cell death) in cancerous and precancerous cells by acting through a group of cellular enzymes called cGMP phosphodiesterases. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of

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the broad ligament. [NIH] Familial polyposis: An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e., transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH]

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Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels

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of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Charges: The prices a hospital sets for its services. Hospital costs (the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the hospital in providing the services) are one factor in the determination of hospital charges. Other factors may include, for example, profits, competition, and the necessity of recouping the costs of uncompensated care. [NIH] Hospital Mortality: A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileoanal Pull-Through: An operation to remove the colon and inner lining of the rectum. The outer muscle of the rectum is not touched. The bottom end of the small intestine (ileum) is pulled through the remaining rectum and joined to the anus. Stool can be passed normally. Also called ileoanal anastomosis. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

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Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective

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properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy: Surgery done with the aid of a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) to remove part or all of the colon through small incisions made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Length of Stay: The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility. [NIH]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC

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3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumpectomy: Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it. [NIH]

Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some

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primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]

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Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action. [NIH] Ostomy: Surgical construction of an artificial opening (stoma) for external fistulization of a duct or vessel by insertion of a tube with or without a supportive stent. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overall survival: The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Often called the

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survival rate. [NIH] Oxaliplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU]

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Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Lavage: Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platinum Compounds: Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom. [NIH]

Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together

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chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Proctectomy: An operation to remove the rectum. [NIH] Proctocolectomy: An operation to remove the colon and rectum. Also called coloproctectomy. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests

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upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to

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crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH]

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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sessile: Attached directly by the base, denoting a tumor without penduncle or stalk; in zoology, attached so that it is not possible to move about. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH]

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Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Smooth Muscle Tumor: A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH]

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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stump: The end of the limb after amputation. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a

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specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomonas Infections: Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uncompensated Care: Medical services for which no payment is received. Uncompensated care includes charity care and bad debts. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in

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the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX 6 6-Mercaptopurine, 14, 101 A Abdominal Pain, 4, 48, 77, 101, 120, 127 Acidosis, 20, 101 Acrylonitrile, 101, 123 Adenocarcinoma, 19, 21, 48, 101 Adenoma, 7, 101 Adverse Effect, 101, 124 Aerosol, 101, 121 Agar, 101 Agarose, 8, 101 Aldosterone, 101, 117 Algorithms, 101, 104 Alimentary, 15, 18, 31, 33, 34, 41, 62, 101, 119 Alkaline, 101, 103 Alternative medicine, 76, 101 Amebiasis, 59, 101 Amino Acid Sequence, 102 Ampulla, 102, 110 Amputation, 102, 126 Anaesthesia, 17, 43, 47, 102 Anal, 5, 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 43, 51, 88, 89, 102, 106, 110 Analgesic, 24, 102 Analog, 102, 111 Anaplasia, 102, 118 Anatomical, 8, 17, 102, 104, 105, 124 Anemia, 90, 102 Anesthesia, 23, 52, 102 Anorectal, 60, 61, 102 Anorexia, 77, 102 Antibiotic, 102, 105, 125 Antibodies, 14, 29, 102, 117, 120 Antibody, 19, 27, 102, 104, 106, 114, 117 Antidiarrheals, 90, 102 Antigen, 102, 107, 114 Antimetabolite, 101, 103, 111 Antineoplastic, 101, 103, 108, 111 Antiseptic, 103, 121 Anus, 66, 102, 103, 104, 106, 110, 113, 123 Anxiety, 9, 103 Aorta, 103, 108 Aponeurosis, 103, 111 Apoptosis, 7, 103, 110 Applicability, 42, 103 Approximate, 66, 103

Aqueous, 103, 108 Arterial, 103, 122 Arteries, 103, 104, 108, 118 Artery, 103, 104, 108, 122 Asymptomatic, 32, 101, 103 Attenuated, 7, 103 Axilla, 103, 105 B Bacteria, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, 117, 123, 125, 128 Bacteriuria, 103, 127 Barium, 90, 103 Barium enema, 90, 103 Basal Ganglia, 103, 111 Base, 8, 66, 103, 115, 124 Benign, 5, 23, 33, 51, 101, 104, 111, 115, 118 Bile, 15, 19, 22, 39, 59, 104, 111, 116, 126 Bile Acids, 104, 126 Bile Acids and Salts, 104 Biopsy, 66, 104, 119 Biopsy specimen, 66, 104 Biotechnology, 11, 70, 76, 83, 104 Bladder, 104, 107, 114, 121, 127, 128 Blood pressure, 104, 117, 125 Blood vessel, 104, 105, 115, 117, 125, 126 Blood Volume, 104, 121 Blot, 104, 113 Blotting, Western, 104, 113 Body Regions, 104, 106 Bone Marrow, 104, 116 Bowel Movement, 4, 26, 104, 107, 109, 125, 126 Brachial, 14, 105 Brachial Plexus, 14, 105 C Capsules, 9, 105 Carcinogenic, 105, 114, 121, 126 Carcinoma, 18, 20, 28, 30, 37, 38, 47, 50, 52, 105 Cardiac, 10, 105, 118, 126 Carrier State, 101, 105 Case report, 19, 28, 29, 39, 105 Causal, 105, 110 Ceftriaxone, 62, 105 Cell, 8, 25, 38, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 128 Cell Death, 103, 105, 110, 118

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Central Nervous System, 105, 111 Cervical, 105 Cervix, 105, 112 Chemotherapy, 48, 60, 105 Chin, 14, 105, 117 Chiropractic, 59, 105 Cholecystectomy, 5, 47, 105 Cholecystitis, 12, 105 Cholesterol, 22, 104, 105, 126 Chromatin, 103, 105, 116 Chronic, 4, 5, 16, 17, 21, 23, 27, 30, 40, 61, 70, 71, 73, 89, 101, 106, 114, 127 Chronic Disease, 89, 106 Clinical trial, 6, 43, 44, 83, 106, 108, 122 Cloning, 104, 106 Cluster Analysis, 9, 106 Cofactor, 106, 122 Cohort Studies, 106, 110 Colic, 70, 106 Colitis, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59, 63, 70, 71, 88, 89, 90, 106, 114, 127 Colon Polyps, 14, 106 Colonic Inertia, 16, 33, 44, 45, 48, 62, 106 Colonoscope, 66, 106 Colonoscopy, 6, 8, 17, 21, 106 Colorectal Cancer, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 18, 30, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 63, 88, 106 Colorectal Surgery, 21, 56, 106 Colostomy, 70, 89, 90, 99, 106 Comorbidity, 10, 106 Complement, 106, 107 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 63, 107 Complementary medicine, 59, 107 Complete remission, 107, 123 Compliance, 6, 107 Computational Biology, 83, 107 Concomitant, 50, 107 Connective Tissue, 104, 107, 111, 116, 126 Consciousness, 102, 107, 110 Constipation, 4, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 30, 32, 39, 40, 43, 53, 60, 61, 62, 69, 77, 106, 107, 120 Continence, 24, 60, 69, 71, 107 Continent Ileostomy, 71, 89, 107 Contraindications, ii, 108 Control group, 4, 108 Coronary, 10, 108, 118 Coronary Artery Bypass, 10, 108 Coronary Thrombosis, 108, 118

Corticosteroid, 108, 126 Cross-Sectional Studies, 108, 110 Curative, 13, 108, 126 Cytoplasm, 103, 108, 116 D Defecation, 4, 19, 60, 69, 108 Deletion, 103, 108 Delivery of Health Care, 108, 112 Deuterium, 108, 113 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 76, 108 Diarrhea, 4, 73, 89, 101, 102, 108 Dietary Fats, 108, 115 Digestion, 101, 104, 109, 114, 115, 116, 119, 126 Digestive system, 88, 90, 109 Digestive tract, 73, 109, 125 Direct, iii, 77, 109, 113, 121, 123 Distal, 108, 109 Distention, 77, 109 Diverticula, 61, 109 Diverticulitis, 11, 18, 23, 31, 32, 40, 45, 88, 90, 109 Diverticulosis, 66, 88, 90, 109 Diverticulum, 109 Dorsum, 109, 111 Drug Interactions, 109 Duct, 102, 109, 118, 124, 125 Duodenum, 104, 109, 110, 111, 119, 126 Dysentery, 101, 109 Dysplasia, 5, 20, 21, 34, 39, 71, 109 E Efficacy, 9, 109 Elective, 3, 22, 23, 38, 49, 52, 62, 71, 109 Electrolyte, 77, 101, 108, 109, 117, 121, 125 Electrons, 104, 109, 115, 122 Endometrial, 6, 109 Endometrium, 109, 112, 116 Endoscope, 109, 110 Endoscopic, 5, 13, 66, 106, 110, 125 Endoscopy, 5, 13, 17, 18, 20, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 53, 66, 90, 110 Enema, 62, 110 Enteritis, 16, 25, 110 Enterocolitis, 16, 19, 110 Environmental Health, 82, 84, 110 Enzyme, 10, 110, 115 Epidemiologic Studies, 10, 110 Epidermis, 110, 122 Epidural, 17, 23, 43, 110 Epilepticus, 14, 110 Epithelial, 101, 110, 117 Epithelial Cells, 110, 117

131

Erythrocytes, 102, 104, 110 Esophageal, 20, 110 Esophagus, 66, 109, 110, 126 Evacuation, 107, 110, 111 Exisulind, 7, 110 Expander, 110, 121 Extracorporeal, 40, 110 Extremity, 105, 110 F Failure to Thrive, 77, 110 Fallopian tube, 110, 112 Familial polyposis, 19, 24, 25, 26, 89, 111 Family Planning, 83, 111 Fat, 10, 104, 108, 111, 116, 125 Feces, 107, 111, 126 Fibroid, 29, 111, 115 Fibrosis, 9, 111, 124 Fistula, 90, 111 Flatus, 4, 111 Fluorouracil, 48, 111 Fold, 111, 117, 118 G Gallbladder, 19, 22, 101, 105, 109, 111 Ganglion, 77, 111 Gas, 111, 113, 118 Gastrectomy, 19, 29, 31, 49, 111 Gastric, 21, 22, 42, 111 Gastric Emptying, 21, 22, 42, 111 Gastrin, 111, 113 Gastrointestinal, 5, 7, 18, 20, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 47, 51, 53, 62, 77, 103, 111, 115, 125 Gastrointestinal tract, 77, 103, 111, 115, 125 Gene, 7, 8, 9, 23, 42, 49, 70, 104, 111, 112, 113 Gene Expression, 8, 111 Gene Expression Profiling, 8, 111 Genetic Markers, 8, 111 Genetics, 6, 112 Germline mutation, 30, 112, 113 Gland, 108, 112, 116, 119, 121, 124 Glucocorticoid, 112, 117 Glucose, 24, 112, 124 Gonadal, 112, 126 Governing Board, 112, 121 Grade, 39, 112 Grafting, 108, 112 Groin, 112, 114 Gynecologic cancer, 50, 112 H Half-Life, 105, 112 Health Care Costs, 10, 112

Health Education, 10, 112 Health Expenditures, 112 Hemoglobin, 102, 110, 112 Hemorrhage, 27, 34, 48, 71, 113, 122 Hepatic, 47, 113 Hereditary, 6, 8, 14, 30, 42, 45, 112, 113 Hereditary mutation, 112, 113 Heredity, 90, 111, 112, 113 Hernia, 51, 113 Hormonal, 18, 46, 108, 113 Hormone, 29, 101, 108, 111, 113, 114, 121 Hospital Charges, 28, 113 Hospital Mortality, 29, 49, 113 Hydrogen, 62, 101, 104, 108, 113, 117, 122 I Idiopathic, 21, 22, 39, 113 Ileal, 5, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 36, 43, 52, 90, 113 Ileoanal Pull-Through, 26, 60, 70, 113 Ileostomy, 4, 25, 32, 34, 42, 46, 48, 50, 70, 71, 89, 90, 113 Ileum, 4, 28, 113 Ileus, 3, 5, 27, 41, 62, 113 Immune system, 113, 128 Immunity, 44, 113 Immunoblotting, 28, 113 Immunosuppressant, 101, 111, 114 Incision, 22, 114, 115 Incontinence, 4, 60, 114 Infarction, 114 Infection, 101, 103, 105, 114, 116, 128 Inflammation, 73, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 120, 126, 127 Inflammatory bowel disease, 14, 15, 18, 29, 48, 66, 70, 71, 90, 114 Inguinal, 5, 114 Inguinal Hernia, 5, 114 Initiation, 8, 114 Inner ear, 105, 114 Innervation, 105, 114 Intestinal, 6, 7, 19, 38, 60, 110, 114 Intestinal Mucosa, 110, 114 Intestine, 66, 104, 106, 110, 114, 115, 128 Intramuscular, 114, 119 Intraperitoneal, 53, 114 Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, 53, 114 Intravenous, 11, 24, 114, 119 Invasive, 5, 19, 35, 47, 66, 113, 114 Iodine, 114, 121 Ion Transport, 115, 117 Ions, 103, 109, 113, 115 Irrigation, 41, 59, 115

132

Colectomy

K Kb, 82, 115 Kidney stone, 115, 127 L Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy, 12, 14, 18, 23, 40, 41, 47, 54, 75, 76, 115 Laparoscopy, 15, 17, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 50, 89, 115 Laparotomy, 42, 50, 115 Large Intestine, 106, 109, 114, 115, 123, 125, 128 Leiomyoma, 111, 115, 125 Length of Stay, 23, 28, 115 Lesion, 21, 66, 108, 115, 116 Leukemia, 101, 115 Life Expectancy, 10, 115 Ligament, 111, 115, 121 Linkage, 111, 115 Lipase, 9, 115 Lipid, 15, 116 Liver, 101, 104, 109, 111, 113, 116 Lobe, 116 Lobectomy, 49, 116 Localization, 12, 116 Loop, 34, 52, 113, 116, 119 Lumpectomy, 10, 116 Lymph, 105, 116 Lymph node, 105, 116 Lymphatic, 12, 33, 114, 116, 120, 125, 126 Lymphocytes, 102, 116, 125, 126, 128 Lymphocytic, 29, 116 Lymphoid, 102, 116 M Malignancy, 6, 21, 116 Malignant, 5, 34, 60, 71, 101, 103, 116, 118 Mammary, 108, 116 Mastectomy, 10, 116 MEDLINE, 83, 116 Megacolon, 27, 28, 36, 56, 71, 116 Membrane, 107, 116, 120, 121, 127 Memory, 102, 116 Meninges, 105, 116 Menstrual Cycle, 70, 116, 121 Menstruation, 117 Mental, iv, 6, 10, 82, 84, 105, 116, 117, 122 Mental Health, iv, 6, 10, 82, 84, 117 Mesenteric, 48, 117 Mesentery, 117, 120 Metastasis, 21, 117, 118 Metastatic, 33, 117, 124 Microbe, 117, 127 Migration, 20, 117

Mineralocorticoid, 28, 117 Mitosis, 103, 117 Modification, 117, 122 Molecular, 83, 85, 104, 107, 110, 117, 121, 123 Molecule, 102, 104, 107, 117, 122 Monitor, 89, 117, 118 Monoclonal, 19, 113, 117 Monoclonal antibodies, 113, 117 Motility, 3, 22, 31, 41, 77, 117 Mucinous, 50, 111, 118 Mucus, 109, 118, 127 Myocardial infarction, 10, 108, 118 Myocarditis, 25, 118 Myocardium, 118 N Necrosis, 103, 114, 118 Neoplasms, 23, 103, 118 Nerve Fibers, 105, 118 Nitrogen, 101, 118 Nuclear, 19, 103, 109, 111, 118, 127 Nucleic acid, 101, 118 Nucleus, 103, 105, 108, 116, 118, 122 O Odds Ratio, 118, 123 Omentum, 66, 118 Ornidazole, 62, 118 Ostomy, 70, 89, 118 Ovaries, 112, 118 Overall survival, 5, 118 Oxaliplatin, 61, 119 P Palliative, 119, 126 Pancreas, 101, 109, 115, 119 Pancreatic, 9, 119 Pancreatic enzymes, 9, 119 Pancreaticoduodenectomy, 23, 119 Papilla, 7, 119 Parenteral, 77, 119 Parenteral Nutrition, 77, 119 Parietal, 21, 119, 120 Parietal Lobe, 119 Partial remission, 119, 123 Pathologic, 101, 103, 104, 108, 119, 121 Pathologic Processes, 103, 119 Pathologist, 66, 119 Pathophysiology, 9, 119 Patient Education, 88, 94, 96, 100, 119 Patient Satisfaction, 10, 119 Pelvic, 50, 60, 62, 70, 89, 119, 121 Pelvis, 115, 118, 119, 128 Percutaneous, 10, 17, 119

133

Perforation, 66, 71, 119, 128 Peritoneal, 41, 50, 114, 120 Peritoneal Cavity, 114, 120 Peritoneal Lavage, 41, 120 Peritoneum, 117, 118, 120 Peritonitis, 120, 128 Pharmacologic, 102, 112, 120, 127 Phospholipids, 111, 120 Physiologic, 4, 112, 116, 117, 120, 122 Physiology, 5, 69, 77, 89, 120 Pilot study, 7, 40, 120 Pitch, 36, 120 Plants, 112, 120, 124, 127 Plasma, 102, 104, 110, 112, 117, 118, 120, 124 Plasma cells, 102, 120 Plasma Volume, 104, 117, 120 Platinum Compounds, 119, 120 Plexus, 105, 120 Pneumonia, 108, 120 Polyp, 7, 29, 36, 66, 120 Polyposis, 5, 7, 8, 15, 20, 25, 26, 32, 35, 43, 44, 46, 48, 106, 120 Polysaccharide, 101, 102, 120 Posterior, 102, 109, 119, 121 Postnatal, 121, 125 Postoperative, 3, 5, 14, 21, 27, 41, 45, 48, 60, 62, 90, 121 Postoperative Complications, 14, 121 Potassium, 101, 117, 121 Povidone, 62, 121 Povidone-Iodine, 62, 121 Practice Guidelines, 84, 121 Precancerous, 110, 121 Predictive factor, 47, 121 Preoperative, 4, 5, 17, 90, 121 Prevalence, 13, 118, 121 Proctectomy, 26, 30, 34, 70, 71, 121 Proctocolectomy, 5, 20, 22, 26, 35, 42, 43, 62, 71, 89, 90, 121 Progesterone, 121, 126 Promoter, 28, 121 Prospective study, 23, 121 Prostate, 10, 121 Protein S, 70, 104, 122 Proteins, 102, 104, 105, 107, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124 Protocol, 7, 10, 122 Protons, 113, 122 Protozoa, 109, 122 Psychic, 117, 122, 124 Psyllium, 59, 122

Public Policy, 83, 122 Pulmonary, 5, 104, 122 Pulse, 117, 122 Purpura, 15, 17, 122 Q Quality of Life, 9, 10, 11, 33, 36, 51, 122 R Race, 117, 122 Radiation, 118, 122, 128 Radioactive, 112, 113, 117, 118, 122, 126, 127 Radiolabeled, 104, 121, 122 Radiological, 119, 122 Randomized, 7, 12, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 62, 109, 122 Receptor, 28, 49, 102, 122 Recombination, 111, 122 Rectal, 18, 20, 25, 34, 44, 45, 46, 52, 88, 123 Recurrence, 5, 13, 21, 25, 40, 42, 45, 53, 75, 123 Refer, 1, 106, 116, 123 Refractory, 17, 123 Regimen, 109, 123 Registries, 7, 123 Relapse, 71, 123 Relative risk, 7, 123 Remission, 40, 101, 123 Renal cell carcinoma, 39, 123 Reproductive cells, 112, 113, 123 Resected, 77, 123 Resection, 6, 13, 24, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 46, 49, 50, 51, 60, 66, 73, 76, 77, 89, 90, 99, 123 Respiration, 117, 123 Retrospective, 47, 123 Rickettsiae, 123 Risk factor, 45, 46, 109, 110, 121, 123 Rubber, 70, 101, 123 S Salivary, 109, 124 Salivary glands, 109, 124 Saphenous, 108, 124 Saphenous Vein, 108, 124 Saponins, 124, 126 Sclerosis, 47, 124 Screening, 6, 106, 124, 127 Secondary tumor, 117, 124 Secretion, 108, 117, 118, 124 Sediment, 124, 127 Segmental, 23, 43, 44, 46, 49, 90, 124 Segmentation, 124 Seizures, 110, 124

134

Colectomy

Semen, 121, 124 Sensibility, 102, 124 Serum, 9, 29, 106, 117, 120, 124 Sessile, 47, 66, 124 Side effect, 101, 124, 127 Sigmoid, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 40, 41, 42, 45, 49, 51, 52, 90, 124, 125 Sigmoid Colon, 42, 45, 124 Sigmoidoscopy, 90, 125 Signs and Symptoms, 123, 125 Small intestine, 4, 19, 107, 109, 110, 113, 114, 125 Smooth muscle, 111, 115, 125 Smooth Muscle Tumor, 111, 125 Social Environment, 122, 125 Sodium, 101, 117, 125 Specialist, 91, 125 Species, 117, 122, 125, 127, 128 Spectrum, 105, 125 Sperm, 112, 113, 123, 125 Sphincter, 5, 30, 42, 125 Spinal cord, 105, 110, 111, 116, 125 Spleen, 116, 125 Staging, 12, 20, 33, 125 Steatorrhea, 39, 125 Stem Cells, 7, 125 Stenosis, 125, 126 Stent, 20, 118, 125 Steroid, 71, 104, 124, 126 Steroid therapy, 71, 126 Stoma, 118, 126 Stomach, 66, 101, 109, 110, 111, 113, 118, 120, 125, 126, 128 Stool, 4, 10, 60, 77, 99, 106, 107, 113, 114, 115, 125, 126 Stress, 29, 89, 123, 126 Stricture, 71, 125, 126 Stump, 20, 22, 25, 126 Styrene, 123, 126 Subcutaneous, 115, 119, 126 Suppression, 28, 108, 126 Survival Rate, 119, 126 Symphysis, 105, 121, 126 Symptomatic, 9, 89, 102, 126 Symptomatic treatment, 102, 126 Systemic, 44, 47, 71, 103, 104, 114, 126

T Tachycardia, 53, 126 Technetium, 19, 126 Tendon, 111, 126 Therapeutics, 15, 126 Thoracic, 105, 126 Thrombosis, 40, 41, 48, 122, 126 Thymus, 116, 126 Tissue, 8, 66, 102, 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127 Topical, 121, 127 Toxic, iv, 36, 71, 113, 126, 127 Toxicity, 7, 9, 109, 127 Toxicology, 84, 127 Transfection, 104, 127 Trauma, 118, 120, 127, 128 Trees, 123, 127 Trichomonas, 118, 127 Trichomonas Infections, 118, 127 Tuberculosis, 33, 127 Tumour, 111, 127 U Uncompensated Care, 113, 127 Uranium, 126, 127 Urethra, 121, 127, 128 Uric, 9, 127 Urinalysis, 7, 127 Urinary, 103, 105, 114, 127 Urinary tract, 103, 105, 127 Urine, 36, 103, 104, 107, 114, 115, 127 Uterus, 105, 109, 111, 112, 115, 117, 118, 121, 128 V Vaccine, 122, 128 Vagina, 105, 112, 117, 128 Vein, 40, 41, 48, 114, 118, 124, 128 Venous, 122, 128 Veterinary Medicine, 56, 83, 128 Virulence, 103, 127, 128 Viruses, 123, 128 Volvulus, 15, 128 W White blood cell, 102, 116, 118, 120, 128 Wound Infection, 40, 128 X X-ray, 103, 118, 128

135

136

Colectomy

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