Chest X-Ray - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HEST AY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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HEST AY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chest X-Ray: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00224-8 1. Chest X-Ray-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chest x-ray. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHEST X-RAY............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chest X-Ray.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHEST X-RAY .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chest X-Ray................................................................................. 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHEST X-RAY ........................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHEST X-RAY ........................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patents on Chest X-Ray............................................................................................................... 59 Patent Applications on Chest X-Ray ........................................................................................... 66 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHEST X-RAY ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Chapters on Chest X-Ray............................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHEST X-RAY .............................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Academic Periodicals covering Chest X-Ray ............................................................................... 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 77 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 79 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 83 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 96 CHEST X-RAY DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 129

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chest x-ray is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chest x-ray, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chest x-ray, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chest xray. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chest x-ray, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chest x-ray. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHEST X-RAY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chest x-ray.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chest x-ray, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Arranging Treatments for the Traveling Dialysis Patient Source: Dialysis and Transplantation. 29(7): L3, L8-L9. July 2000. Contact: Available from Dialysis and Transplantation, Attn.: Subscriptions. P.O. Box 10535, Riverton, NJ 08076. (800) 624-4196 or (609) 786-0871. Summary: The ability to travel is important in maintaining dialysis patients' quality of life. This article offers renal social workers and patient care providers some guidelines for helping patients schedule transient dialysis treatments. The author stresses that arrangements should be started a minimum of four weeks prior to the patient's departure; more lead time will be needed around holidays or if a trip to a popular vacation spot is needed. The author describes seven steps: find out the patient's travel plans; find a dialysis facility convenient to the patient's destination, contact the facility

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or facilities, provide basic information over the telephone, send medical records to the host facility, confirm treatment reservations, and reconfirm the appointment. Health records recommended include health history and physical, current (within one year) chest x-ray and EKG, discharge summary, blood values for the last 30 days (including hepatitis B results), flow sheets for the last three treatments, copy of front and back of Medicare card, and copy of front and back of other insurance card. The article includes information resources for finding dialysis facilities in various locations. •

Tests for Your Heart: When It Comes to Heart Disease, Being Forewarned Is Being Forearmed Source: Diabetes Forecast. 52(6): 56-60. June 1999. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article discusses heart tests for people who have diabetes. This disease is a major risk factor for coronary disease. Diabetes increases the risk of developing both angina pectoris and cardiac denervation syndrome. Therefore, it is important for people who have diabetes to find out the condition of their heart and vascular system. However, before any tests are conducted, a physician should obtain a thorough health history from a person who has diabetes. Various kinds of tests can be performed, including resting and stress. During resting tests, the heart is allowed to function without any extra stimulation from exercise or drugs. Such tests include a resting electrocardiogram (EKG), a chest x-ray, and a resting echocardiogram. Stress tests, however, involve stimulating the heart through exercise or with drugs so that a physician may see what happens to a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to the heart. Stress tests include an exercise stress test with EKG, an exercise perfusion stress test, a pharmacological stress test, and a stress echocardiogram. The article describes each of these resting and stress tests and discusses the next level of testing, cardiac catheterization and angiography.

Federally Funded Research on Chest X-Ray The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chest x-ray. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chest x-ray. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chest x-ray. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chest x-ray: 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: ACTIVE DETECTOR DUAL ENERGY CHEST RADIOGRAPHY CAD Principal Investigator & Institution: Alvarez, Robert; President; Aprend Technology 2369 Laura Ln Mountain View, Ca 94043 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The specific aim of our proposed research is to develop an improved, computer-assisted detection and characterization (CAD) system for lung nodules in chest x-ray images. The overall objective is to improve the performance of chest radiography so it will provide a viable lung cancer screening method while retaining its low dose, ease of use and low cost. According to a recent paper, "Today, lung cancer is most often diagnosed on the basis of symptoms of advanced disease or when chest x-rays are taken for a variety of purposes unrelated to lung cancer detection. Unfortunately, in the United States no society or governmental agency recommends screening, even for patients with high risks, such as smokers with airflow obstruction or people with occupational exposures, including asbestos." Our approach provides significant technological innovation in two respects. First, unlike almost all previous work, we will use dual energy images. These provide data, unavailable from conventional radiographs, with significant advantages for CAD. It can be used to compute separate images of body structures with different composition. For example, one image contains only soft-tissue structures while another displays only structures containing high atomic number materials, such as calcium. The soft tissue image eliminates rib shadows, which are a principal source of errors in chest radiography CAD. The high atomic number tissue image can be used to compute a sensitive indicator of whether a nodule contains calcium, an important factor in a benign vs. malignant diagnosis. The conventional radiograph is also available so its data can be combined with the dual energy data to improve overall accuracy. A second innovation is the use of a new type of dual energy detector, which we call an "active detector." The active detector uses a new electro-optical approach to provide data with a much larger difference in average energy than previous dual energy detectors. As a result, clinical quality images can be made with one-fourth the dose of the current state-of-the-art. In Phase I, we will develop and implement a first version of an active detector dual energy CAD system. We will show its feasibility with existing images made with our prototype installed at the University of California, Davis Medical Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CPT11 AND TRASTUZUMAB IN ADVANCED COLORECTAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramanthan, Ramesh; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a Phase II multi-institutional study for patients with histological diagnosis of colo-rectal cancer, with p185 HER2 overexpression (2+ or 3+ using DKO IHC system). Patients must have at least one bidimensionally measurable indicator lesion that has not been irradiated. Measurable lesions must have the following minimum dimensions: A skin nodule or superficial lymph node 2 cm x 2 cm or a lung lesion surrounded by aerated lung 1 cm x 1 cm if by chest x-ray; at lest 2 cm in one dimension if by CT scan. Patients will be treated with Trastuzumab 4/mg/kg loading dose on week 1, followed by 2 mg/kg q weekly CPT-11, 125 mg/m2 q weekly x 4 with a two week rest period (one cycle). Staging evaluation after every two cycles of CPT-11.

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Patients with stable or responding disease will continue treatment. Assess LVEF by ECHO/MUGA scans after every two cycles of CPT-11. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT INVESTIGATION OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THALIDOMIDE IN SARCOIDOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oliver, Stephen J.; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas. Disease involvement can be self limited or chronic, ranging from asymptomatic to end organ failure. The disease may affect lungs, thoracic lymph nodes, skin, eyes, and other organs. Corticosteroids remain the primary sarcoidosis therapy. However, steroid treatment has multiple side effects and may fail to alter the disease course. The proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha may play an important role in mediating sarcoid disease activity. TNF-alpha production by activated macrophages is an important element in the cell mediated immune response leading to granuloma formation. Serum levels of TNF-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptors are elevated in sarcoidosis patients and correlate with disease activity. Thalidomide, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha production, has been shown to have both anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects in a number of autoimmune diseases, including discoid lupus, aphthous ulcer formation, erythema nodosum leprosum, and others. The addition of thalidomide to antibiotic regimens has also improved morbidity and mortality in animal models of M. tuberculosis infection of the pulmonary and central nervous systems. This study will evaluate the effect of daily thalidomide administration in sarcoidosis patients over a 4 month period, using clinical and laboratory based disease activity measures. Serially recorded clinical disease activity measures include spirometry, skin photographs, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, Health Assessment Questionnaires, and joint counts. Chest x-rays and several skin biopsies will be performed at several defined time points. Laboratory based disease activity measures include plasma TNF-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptor, soluble interleukin 2 receptor, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. Interferon gamma plasma levels will also be determined. T-lymphocytes subsets and antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation will be measured. Drug safety in this patient group will be monitored by blood chemistries and cell counts, history and physical exams, and renal function assessments performed during monthly patient visits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for chest x-ray in the PubMed Central database: •

Automatic Detection of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia from Chest X-Ray Reports. by Fiszman M, Chapman WW, Aronsky D, Evans RS, Haug PJ.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129668

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Observer variation in chest radiography of acute lower respiratory infections in children: a systematic review. by Swingler GH.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60656

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Screening immigrants to Canada for tuberculosis: Chest radiography or tuberculin skin testing? by Menzies D.; 2003 Nov 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=236229

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chest x-ray, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chest x-ray (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 65-year-old factory worker with dyspnea on exertion and a normal chest x-ray. Author(s): Saber W, Dweik RA. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 November; 67(11): 791-2, 794, 797-8, 800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11104328

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A cardiovascular survey of the chest x-ray in nearly 5,000 life insurance applicants: normal standards and distribution curves for relative heart diameter. Author(s): Siber FJ, Brown AE, Singer RB, Pitkin FI. Source: Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am. 1980; 63: 159-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7245590

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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of miliary tuberculosis with rapid evolution of the chest X-ray appearance. Author(s): Kelly J, Costello J. Source: Hosp Med. 1998 August; 59(8): 658-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9829065

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A chest x-ray image: total opacification of the hemithorax. Author(s): Altun A, Erdogan O. Source: Cardiology in Review. 2003 November-December; 11(6): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14580296

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A comparative study between planar Ga-67, Tl-201 images, chest x-ray, and x-ray CT in inoperable non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Author(s): Ragheb AM, Elgazzar AH, Ibrahim AK, Higazi E, Mahmoud AR, el-Saleh K, Omar YT, Abdel-Dayem HM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1995 May; 20(5): 426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7628147

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A comparison of classification algorithms to automatically identify chest X-ray reports that support pneumonia. Author(s): Chapman WW, Fizman M, Chapman BE, Haug PJ. Source: Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2001 February; 34(1): 4-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376542

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A comparison of the chest radiograph and computerised tomography in assessing lung changes in acute spinal injuries--an assessment of their prevalence and the accuracy of the chest X-ray compared with CT in their assessment. Author(s): Bain G, Bodley R, Jamous A, Williams S, Silver J. Source: Paraplegia. 1995 March; 33(3): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7784112

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A generalist's approach to diagnostic chest x-ray. Author(s): Bachman H. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1975 October; 71(14): 709. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1187081

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A mnemonic approach to the evaluation of chest x-ray films. Author(s): Folio LR. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1995 November; 95(11): 648. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8575947

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A study of patients with bronchiolitis who show almost normalcy in chest X-ray films--from the viewpoint of radiodiagnostics. Author(s): Tanaka M, Satoh M, Kobayashi H, Yamasawa F. Source: Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1985 June 25; 45(6): 821-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4069984

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A survey of radiation dose associated with pediatric plain-film chest X-ray examinations. Author(s): Hintenlang KM, Williams JL, Hintenlang DE. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2002 November; 32(11): 771-7. Epub 2002 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389103

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A symptomatic atypical mycobacterial infection masquerading as a vascular ring on chest x-ray. Author(s): Dodo H, MacDonald CE, Izukawa T, Wesson DE, Freedom RM. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1996 May; 12(5): 463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8640587

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Abnormal chest X-ray in a patient with carcinoma of the cervix. Author(s): Aggarwal P, Handa R, Wali JP, Wig N, Kumar A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 October; 73(864): 671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9497989

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Accuracy of the diagnosis of pleural effusion on supine chest X-ray. Author(s): Emamian SA, Kaasbol MA, Olsen JF, Pedersen JF. Source: European Radiology. 1997; 7(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9000398

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Acute abdominal pain and an abnormal chest X-ray. Author(s): Kaplan L, Young M, Krilov L. Source: Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed). 1982 April; 17(4): 65, 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7200078

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Acute aortic dissection shown on lateral chest X-ray film. Author(s): Gupta R, Gernsheimer J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 October; 23(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12426029

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Airway lesions presenting with a normal chest X-ray. Author(s): Lee CH, Wang WJ, Lan RS, Tsai YH, Chiang YC. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 May; 88(5): 498-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2794950

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in three patients with normal chest x-ray films. Author(s): Rosenberg M, Mintzer R, Aaronson DW, Patterson R. Source: Chest. 1977 November; 72(5): 597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=913137

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An abnormal chest x-ray. Author(s): Hashmi S, Parandian B. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2002 October; 137(10): 1193-4. Erratum In: Arch Surg. 2003 January; 138(1): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12361433

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An assessment of the radiological module of NEONATE as an aid in interpreting chest X-ray findings by nonradiologists. Author(s): Franco A, King JD, Farr FL, Clark JS, Haug PJ. Source: Journal of Medical Systems. 1991 August; 15(4): 277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1800599

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An evaluation of chest X-ray screening for lung cancer in gunma prefecture, Japan: a population-based case-control study. Author(s): Nakayama T, Baba T, Suzuki T, Sagawa M, Kaneko M. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2002 July; 38(10): 1380-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12091070

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An image processing system for digital chest X-ray images. Author(s): Cocklin M, Gourlay A, Jackson P, Kaye G, Miessler M, Kerr I, Lams P. Source: Comput Programs Biomed. 1984; 19(1): 3-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6525818

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An unusual chest x-ray. Author(s): Spiro P, Oropello JM, Iberti TJ. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1993 February; 7(1): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8431563

Studies

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Annual screening using chest x-ray examination for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Author(s): Smart CR. Source: Cancer. 1993 October 15; 72(8): 2295-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8402442

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Anterior pneumothorax and a negative chest X-ray in trauma. Author(s): Henderson SO, Shoenberger JM. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004 February; 26(2): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980355

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Arthritis with mass on chest X-ray. Author(s): Layfer LF, Jones JV. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1979 August; 156(2): 120-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=39915

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Asbestos-related chest X-ray changes among Greek merchant marine seamen. Author(s): Velonakis EG, Tsorva A, Tzonou A, Trichopoulos D. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1989; 15(5): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2741957

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Assessment of the quality of the neonatal chest x-ray film. Author(s): Grossglauser L. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 March; 19(2): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11948997

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Assessment of the quality of the neonatal chest x-ray film. Author(s): Grossglauser L. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1992 October; 11(7): 69-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1406552

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Automatic detection of acute bacterial pneumonia from chest X-ray reports. Author(s): Fiszman M, Chapman WW, Aronsky D, Evans RS, Haug PJ. Source: Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : Jamia. 2000 November-December; 7(6): 593-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11062233

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Bayesian modeling for linking causally related observations in chest X-ray reports. Author(s): Chapman WW, Haug PJ. Source: Proceedings / Amia. Annual Symposium. Amia Symposium. 1998; : 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9929287

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Benign vascular shadows in chest X-rays. Author(s): Thomas TV. Source: Geriatrics. 1971 March; 26(3): 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5101656

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Blunt chest trauma. An assessment of chest X-ray findings in the diagnosis and exclusion of aortic rupture. Author(s): Marnocha KE, Maglinte DD. Source: Indiana Med. 1985 August; 78(8): 676-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4031480

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Bronchoscopy and the chest x-ray. Author(s): Hately W, Jones P, Strickland B. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1970 January; 46(531): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5412563

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Bronchoscopy guided by high-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients with hematologic malignancies and normal plain chest X-ray. Author(s): Ramila E, Sureda A, Martino R, Santamaria A, Franquet T, Puzo C, Montesinos J, Perea G, Sierra J. Source: Haematologica. 2000 September; 85(9): 961-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980635

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By the way, doctor. I've had a bothersome cough for years, and my doctor hasn't been able to make a diagnosis. Two chest x-rays have been normal. I find that coughing can produce embarrassing interruptions when I'm on the phone or in ordinary conversations. My family is worried about what might be going on. I'm not a smoker, so this isn't a smoker's cough I am talking about. Can you help me? Author(s): Goldfinger SE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 1999 July; 24(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10368535

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Cardiac murmur associated with an abnormal chest x-ray film. Author(s): Myers RB, Morgan CD. Source: Chest. 1998 November; 114(5): 1459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9824028

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Catamenial pneumothorax: chest X-ray sign and thoracoscopic treatment. Author(s): Roth T, Alifano M, Schussler O, Magdaleinat P, Regnard JF. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 August; 74(2): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173845

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Chest X-Ray changes in air space disease are associated with parameters of mechanical ventilation in ICU patients. Author(s): Ely EW, Johnson MM, Chiles C, Rushing JT, Bowton DL, Freimanis RI, Choplin RH, Haponik EF. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 November; 154(5): 1543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912778

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Chest x-ray findings in retained lung fluid. Author(s): Carey BE, Trotter C. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 June; 19(4): 37-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949101

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Chest X-Ray imaging of patients with SARS. Author(s): Lu P, Zhou B, Chen X, Yuan M, Gong X, Yang G, Liu J, Yuan B, Zheng G, Yang G, Wang H. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 July; 116(7): 972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890364

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Chest X-Ray mass. Author(s): Sundaram P, Joseph JM, Trivedi B, Naik LP, Joshi JM. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 June; 73(860): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246333

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 1998 March; 11(1): 4, 30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708078

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Chest x-ray quiz. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2003 August; 16(3): 99, 109. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533213

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Chest x-ray quiz. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2002 June; 18(3): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405275

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Acute pulmonary oedema. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2002 April; 18(2): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353652

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Aspects of a post-operative chest X-ray. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2003 December; 19(6): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696621

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Atelectasis of the left lung. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2002 February; 18(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008880

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Chest x-ray quiz. Atelectasis. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2004 February; 17(1): 31, 45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15011995

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Complete left lung atelectasis. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 1997 September; 10(3): 88, 106. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9362608

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Chest x-ray quiz. Ebstein's anomaly. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2002 August; 15(3): 108, 117. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371377

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Hilar shadow and left upper lobe atelectasis. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2003 June; 19(3): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870491

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Left pneumothorax and left apical drain in situ. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2001 October; 17(5): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12092559

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Left-to-right shunt. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2001 August; 17(4): 245-6. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987246

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Pericardial effusion. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 1997 December; 10(4): 119, 138. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708070

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Pneumopericardium. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 1998 June; 11(2): 39, 74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830889

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Posterior rib notching occurring with coarctation of the aorta. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2003 October; 19(5): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584496

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Chest X-Ray quiz. Right middle lobe consolidation/atelectasis from pneumonia. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2003 February; 19(1): 41, 42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680426

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Chest X-Ray quiz. The left hemidiaphragm is ruptured. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2002 August; 18(4): 255-6. Erratum In: Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2003 April; 19(2): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470016

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Chest x-ray quiz. The likely problem is a light middle lobe consolidation/atelectasis from pneumonia. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2002 November; 15(4): 146, 152. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592773

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Chest X-Ray quiz: bronchiectasis. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2004 February; 20(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14968805

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Chest X-Ray quiz: Ebstein's Anomaly. Author(s): Reading M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2003 August; 19(4): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14518501

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Chest x-ray: don't forget subdiaphragmatic structures! Author(s): Izbicki G, Guckel C. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1998; 65(6): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9817962

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Comments of Finnbogason et al: Side markings of the neonatal chest X-ray: two legal cases of pneumothorax side mix up. Author(s): Finch A, Koumarianos D. Source: European Radiology. 2003 April; 13(4): 903; Author Reply 904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713004

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Comparison of lung volume measurements by antero-posterior chest X-ray and the SF6 washout technique in mechanically ventilated infants. Author(s): Thome U, Topfer A, Schaller P, Pohlandt F. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1998 October; 26(4): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9811077

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Computer-assisted classification system for chest X-ray and computed tomography findings in occupational lung disease. Author(s): Kraus T, Raithel HJ, Lehnert G. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1997; 69(6): 482-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9215936

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Demonstration of two cases of uncommon lung disease, with emphasis on the chest X-ray. Author(s): Frencken VA. Source: Diagn Imaging. 1983; 52(2-3): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6851819

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Demystifying diagnostic procedures. Part II: Hospital admission -- chest X-rays. Author(s): Carlson M. Source: J Pract Nurs. 1979 June; 29(6): 15-7, 40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=255615

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Detection and treatment of lung metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients with normal chest X-rays. Author(s): Schlumberger M, Arcangioli O, Piekarski JD, Tubiana M, Parmentier C. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1988 November; 29(11): 1790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3183748

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Detection of a temporary cardiac pacing catheter in the left ventricle by chest X-ray. Author(s): Curry RC Jr, Sabom MB, Bream PR. Source: Rev Interam Radiol. 1977 October; 2(4): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=594558

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Diagnosis of a Morgagni hernia complicated by a previous normal chest x-ray. Author(s): Groff DB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1990 May; 25(5): 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2352093

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Diagnosis of ambulatory community-acquired pneumonia. Comparison of clinical assessment versus chest X-ray. Author(s): Lieberman D, Shvartzman P, Korsonsky I, Lieberman D. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2003 March; 21(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718463

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Diagnosis of unexplained chest X-ray abnormalities. Author(s): Carroll GD Jr, Hayes MG, Layton CR Jr, Rusche E. Source: Md State Med J. 1975 January; 24(1): 70-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1110590

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Diagnostic image quality of mobile neonatal chest X-rays and the radiation exposure incurred. Author(s): Lowe A, Finch A, Boniface D, Chaudhuri R, Shekhdar J. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1999 January; 72(853): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10341690

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Diagnostic strategy for pulmonary tuberculosis in a low-incidence country: results of chest X-ray and sputum cultured for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Author(s): Wilcke JT, Kok-Jensen A. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1997 May; 91(5): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176646

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Diagnostic value of the portable chest x-ray technic in pulmonary edema. Author(s): Liebman PR, Philips E, Weisel R, Ali J, Hechtman HB. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1978 April; 135(4): 604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=637209

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Discordance between chest x-ray and gallium scan. Author(s): Tiu S, Kramer EL, Sanger JJ, Benjamin DD. Source: Semin Nucl Med. 1984 April; 14(2): 149-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6729489

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Discrepancy between gallium-67 citrate scans and chest X-rays in patients with miliary tuberculosis. Author(s): Lin WY, Kao CH, Hsu CY, Liao SQ, Wang SJ. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1994 May; 10(5): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8040930

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Do hospitals adhere to the Blue Cross/Blue Shield Association's guidelines for admission chest x-rays and ECGs? Author(s): Edmiston RB, Beam LM, Shapiro EP. Source: Qual Assur Util Rev. 1991 Fall; 6(3): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1824447

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Do preliminary chest X-ray findings define the optimum role of pulmonary scintigraphy in suspected pulmonary embolism? Author(s): Forbes KP, Reid JH, Murchison JT. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2001 May; 56(5): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11384139

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Does a chest x-ray alter the management of new patients attending a geriatric day hospital? Author(s): Logan JA, Vallance R, Williams BO, Paul H. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1997 January; 55(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9090179

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During a routine physical, my doctor performed a chest x-ray. He said it showed I have an enlarged heart. What made him say this and should I be worried? Author(s): Francis GS. Source: Heart Advis. 2002 May; 5(5): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085838

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Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung. Simultaneous screening with chest X-ray and sputum cytology. Author(s): Grzybowski S, Coy P. Source: Cancer. 1970 January; 25(1): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5410302

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Editorial: Workshop on the chest X-ray film as an epidemiologic tool. Author(s): Weill B. Source: Chest. 1975 August; 68(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1149543

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Effect of souvenir giveaways on response to offers of free chest x-rays. Author(s): Katz TJ, Svigir M. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1967 August; 82(8): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4962124

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Electrocardiogram, clinical findings and chest x-ray in persons aged 85 years or older. Author(s): Rajala SA, Geiger UK, Haavisto MV, Kaltiala KS, Mattila KJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985 April 15; 55(9): 1175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3157309

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Endobronchial myofibroblastic sarcoma presenting with hemoptysis in a patient with a normal chest x-ray. Author(s): Koktener A, Dilmen G. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 March; 97(3): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043346

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Estimation of lungs' hypoplasia on postoperative chest x-rays in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Cloutier R, Allard V, Fournier L, Major D, Pichette J, St-Onge O. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1993 September; 28(9): 1086-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8308665

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Estimation of prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis on the basis of chest X-ray and/or symptomatic screening. Author(s): Gothi GD, Narayan R, Nair SS, Chakraborty AK, Srikantaramu N. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1976 August; 64(8): 1150-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1086830

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Evaluation of diseases associated with cardiac enlargement using principal component analysis of plain chest x-ray films. Author(s): Shiraishi T, Kobayashi A, Hasegawa T, Akagi K, Nakazawa M, Tanaka Y. Source: Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1984 May 25; 44(5): 659-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6541335

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Evaluation of efficiency in interpretation of chest x-ray films. Author(s): Nyboe J. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1966; 35(4): 535-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5297553

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Evaluation of Lossy data compression of chest X-rays: a receiver operating characteristic study. Author(s): Kotter E, Roesner A, Torsten Winterer J, Ghanem N, Einert A, Jaeger D, Uhrmeister P, Langer M. Source: Investigative Radiology. 2003 May; 38(5): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750612

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Evaluation of pre-operative chest x-ray. Author(s): Jeavons SJ, Siddle KJ, Mitchell C, O'Hare PM. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1987 August; 31(3): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2963612

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Evaluation of routine postoperative chest X-rays in the management of the cardiac surgical patient. Author(s): Rao PS, Abid Q, Khan KJ, Meikle RJ, Natarajan KM, Morritt GN, Wallis J, Kendall SW. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 1997 November; 12(5): 724-9. Erratum In: Eur J Cardiothporac Surg 1998 February; 13(2): 218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9458143

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Extrapleural hematoma as an unexpected finding on a follow-up chest X-ray after coronary surgery. Author(s): Konen O, Hertz M, Klein HO, Konen E, Zissin R. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2002 December; 44(3): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468072

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Failure of chest X-rays to diagnose pneumothoraces after blunt trauma. Author(s): Collins JA, Samra GS. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 January; 53(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9505747

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Failure of chest X-rays to diagnose pneumothoraces after blunt trauma. Author(s): Conn AG, Johnston AJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 June; 53(6): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9709169

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Fever and abnormal chest X-ray findings after cesarean section. Author(s): Miller TR, Everett WD, Mehr SB. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1988 September; 27(3): 259, 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3262146

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Fever, constitutional symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, and abnormal chest x-ray rilm. Author(s): Bruno MS, Ober WB. Source: N Y State J Med. 1968 February 1; 68(3): 423-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5236141

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Fibre-optic assessment of tracheal tube position. A comparison of tracheal tube position as estimated by fibre-optic bronchoscopy and by chest X-ray. Author(s): O'Brien D, Curran J, Conroy J, Bouchier-Hayes D. Source: Anaesthesia. 1985 January; 40(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3970343

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Field emission 350 kVp chest X-ray system. Author(s): Ardran GM, Crooks HE. Source: Radiography. 1974 December; 40(480): 277-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4462152

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Frequency of chest x-ray in 4,731 subjects in seven metropolitan cities. Author(s): Verma MP, Becker WH, Schilling FJ. Source: N Y State J Med. 1971 January 15; 71(2): 207-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5275486

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Frequency of rib and sternum fractures associated with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation is underestimated by conventional chest X-ray. Author(s): Lederer W, Mair D, Rabl W, Baubin M. Source: Resuscitation. 2004 February; 60(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036733

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Frequent chest X-ray fluoroscopy and breast cancer incidence among tuberculosis patients in Massachusetts. Author(s): Boice JD Jr, Preston D, Davis FG, Monson RR. Source: Radiation Research. 1991 February; 125(2): 214-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1996380

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Frontal headaches and an abnormal chest x-ray. Author(s): Williams SC, Alton H. Source: Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2001 September; 2(3): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12056409

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Fundamentals of chest x-ray interpretation (continuing education credit). Author(s): Sanchez F. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1986 September-October; 6(5): 41-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3639005

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Geographical variations in the prevalence of chest x-ray abnormalities detected in tuberculosis surveys in eight African countries south of the Sahara. Author(s): Geser A, Thorup I. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1967; 36(5): 801-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5300007

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Getting the most from chest x-rays and lung scans. Author(s): Weaver TE. Source: Rn (For Managers). 1982 November; 45(11): 64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6923495

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Guide for viewing a chest X-ray. Author(s): Reading MC. Source: Aust Crit Care. 1993 December; 6(4): 16-8. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Aust Crit Care 1994 March; 7(1): 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8136626

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Health screening for Gurkha families in UK by chest X-ray, Heaf and blood testing: is it worthwhile? Author(s): Burgess JE, Everest A. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 2000 October; 146(3): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11143685

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Heart size on chest x-ray as a predictor of cardiac enlargement by echocardiography in children. Author(s): Satou GM, Lacro RV, Chung T, Gauvreau K, Jenkins KJ. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2001 May-June; 22(3): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343146

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Hepatic amebiasis-analysis of 56 cases. II. Laboratory and chest x-ray findings. Author(s): Chaves FJ, Cruz I, Gomes C, Domingues W, da Silva EM, Veloso FT. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977; 68(3): 273-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=596357

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Hospital admission chest x-ray program--review and appraisal. Author(s): Ross EL. Source: Med Serv J Can. 1966 November; 22(10): 938-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5979440

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How do general practitioners respond to reports of abnormal chest X-rays? Author(s): Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Deegan PC, Manhire A, Holmes WF, Baldwin DR. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 September; 92(9): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645291

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How do GPs respond to reports of abnormal chest X-rays? Author(s): Carmichael JH. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 March; 93(3): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10741326

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How to evaluate lung fields on the neonatal chest X-ray film. Author(s): Trotter C, Carey BE. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1993 March; 12(2): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8446085

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How to evaluate lung fields on the neonatal chest x-ray film. Author(s): Trotter C. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 March; 19(2): 43-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11948998

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How useful are routine chest x-rays of preoperative patients at risk for postoperative chest disease? Author(s): Tape TG, Mushlin AI. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1988 January-February; 3(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3339483

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Hypertension survey in a central city free chest x-ray clinic. The Sydney Hospital Hypertension Project. Author(s): Weber MA, Stokes GS, Moses M, Bauer GE, Raftos J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 September 15; 2(11): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4748579

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Identification of alcohol abuse: thoracic fractures on routine chest X-rays as indicators of alcoholism. Author(s): Israel Y, Orrego H, Holt S, Macdonald DW, Meema HE. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1980 October; 4(4): 420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7004243

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Idiopathic prominence of pulmonary veins on chest x-ray. Author(s): Collins DR, Shea PM, Vieweg WV. Source: Angiology. 1982 September; 33(9): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7125297

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Image quality of digital chest X-rays: wet versus dry laser printers. Author(s): Zahringer M, Wassmer G, Krug B, Winnekendonk G, Gossmann A, Lackner KJ. Source: Journal of Digital Imaging : the Official Journal of the Society for Computer Applications in Radiology. 2001 September; 14(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720338

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Normal chest x-ray. Author(s): Ohye RG, Kulik TA. Source: Circulation. 2002 May 21; 105(20): 2455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021236

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Immunological profile of chest x-ray-negative, asymptomatic asbestos workers. Author(s): Lahat N, Sobel E, Djerassi L, Kaufman G, Horenstein L, Gruener N. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1988; 13(4): 473-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2966576

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Impact of monetary incentives on adherence to referral for screening chest x-rays after syringe exchange-based tuberculin skin testing. Author(s): Perlman DC, Friedmann P, Horn L, Nugent A, Schoeb V, Carey J, Salomon N, Des Jarlais DC. Source: Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2003 September; 80(3): 428-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930881

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Influence of head and neck position on endotracheal tube tip position on chest x-ray examination: a potential problem in the infant undergoing intubation. Author(s): Trout S, Aaron J, Zapta-Sirvent RL, Hansbrough JF. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1994 September-October; 15(5): 405-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995811

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Influence of the respiratory cycle on the configuration of the heart and vessels in the chest x-rays of children. Author(s): Onat T. Source: Cardiology. 1971 September-October; 55(5): 281-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5119826

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Initial evaluation of melanoma. Don't stop getting that chest x-ray. yet. Author(s): Gross EA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 May; 134(5): 623-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9606332

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Initial evaluation of melanoma: don't stop getting that chest X-ray.Yet. Author(s): Kanzler MH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 September; 135(9): 1121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10490123

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Injury versus hydrostatic lung edema: detection by chest x-ray. Author(s): Pistolesi M, Miniati M, Ravelli V, Giuntini C. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1982; 384: 364-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6212013

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Inter-observer variation in interpretation of chest X-rays. Author(s): Shaw NJ, Hendry M, Eden OB. Source: Scott Med J. 1990 October; 35(5): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2255895

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Interpretation of a normal chest X-ray. Author(s): Desai S, Chan O. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1992 November 4-10; 7(7): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1467230

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Interpretation of chest x-ray. Author(s): Basu SP. Source: Indian Med J. 1967 February; 61(2): 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6045063

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Interpretation of the neonatal chest X-ray. Author(s): Barnes N, Pilling DW. Source: Hosp Med. 1999 November; 60(11): 781-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707187

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Intertest variability of echocardiographic and chest X-ray measurements: implications for decision making in patients with aortic regurgitation. Author(s): Szlachcic J, Massie BM, Greenberg B, Thomas D, Cheitlin M, Bristow JD. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1986 June; 7(6): 1310-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3711487

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Intramyocardial shotgun pellets diagnosed on initial emergency room chest X-ray: case report. Author(s): Skipper R, Debski R. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1990 December; 30(12): 1609-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2258985

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Is a routine chest x-ray necessary for children after fluoroscopically assisted central venous access? Author(s): Janik JE, Cothren CC, Janik JS, Hendrickson RJ, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): 1199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891492

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Is chest x-ray screening for pulmonary tuberculosis by mass radiography--a costeffective tool in a military population? Author(s): Supramaniam V. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1980 March; 34(3): 301-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6774221

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Is CT useful in the unequivocal diagnosis of hydatid cyst on a chest X-ray film? Author(s): Aggarwal S, Kumar A. Source: Chest. 1989 May; 95(5): 1171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2707082

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Is mediastinal shift on chest X-ray of pneumothorax always an emergency? Author(s): Clark S, Ragg M, Stella J. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2003 October-December; 15(5-6): 42933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14992056

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Is there any association of a specific chest X-ray pattern and bacteremia in children with penumonia? Author(s): Nascimento-Carvalho CM, Alves NN, Athayde LA, Caldas RM, Goreth M, Barberino MA, Duarte J, Angelica M, Brandao S, Cristina M, Brandileone C, Guerra ML, Guerra LS, Di Fabio JL. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2002 August; 48(4): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12200992

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It cannot be cardiac failure because the heart is not enlarged on the chest X-ray. Author(s): Petrie MC. Source: European Journal of Heart Failure : Journal of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. 2003 March; 5(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12644000

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Knowledge-based method for segmentation and analysis of lung boundaries in chest X-ray images. Author(s): Brown MS, Wilson LS, Doust BD, Gill RW, Sun C. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 1998 November-December; 22(6): 463-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10098894

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Lateral chest x-ray films: are they useful? Author(s): Houston CS. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 August 15; 135(4): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730986

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Left ventricular function and prognosis in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction but without confirmed diagnosis. The risk of cardiac events related to echocardiography, systolic time intervals, and chest x-ray. Author(s): Madsen JK, Eliasen B. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1988 April; 35(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3359816

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Let's add chest x-ray to breast cancer screening. Author(s): Abrams RH. Source: Tex Med. 1987 March; 83(3): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3576487

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Letter: 350 kVp chest x-ray system; and explanation. Author(s): Crooks HE. Source: Radiography. 1975 April; 41(484): 108. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1162043

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Letter: Chest X-Ray screening for tuberculosis. Author(s): Jacobs JC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 April 1; 228(1): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4406133

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Letter: Diagnostic value of reviewing old chest x-rays. Author(s): Herbert FA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 May 18; 110(10): 1124. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4829833

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Letter: Field emission 350kVp chest X-ray system. Author(s): Charbonnier FM. Source: Radiography. 1975 May; 41(485): 131-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1178836

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Letter: Hospital admission chest x-rays. Author(s): Manuel FR. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 April 20; 110(8): 889-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4824961

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Letter: Interpretation of chest X-ray films. Author(s): Fry WA. Source: Chest. 1976 April; 69(4): 571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1261338

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Letter: More on that 350 kVp chest X-ray system. Author(s): Norton CS. Source: Radiography. 1975 May; 41(485): 132. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1178837

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Letter: Pictures of chest x-ray films for CCU's. Author(s): Civetta JM, Lester JL, Russell E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 November 15; 289(20): 1095-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4742234

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Longitudinal chest x-ray changes in normal men. Author(s): Ensor RE, Fleg JL, Kim YC, de Leon EF, Goldman SM. Source: J Gerontol. 1983 May; 38(3): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6841924

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Long-term follow-up of ventilator treated low birthweight infants. I. Chest X-Ray, pulmonary mechanics, clinical lung disease and growth. Author(s): Lindroth M, Mortensson W. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1986 September; 75(5): 819-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3551485

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Lung cancer mortality in males screened by chest X-ray and cytologic sputum examination: a preliminary report. Author(s): Levin ML, Tockman MS, Frost JK, Ball WC Jr. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 1982; 82: 138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7111836

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Lung function disturbances and chest X-ray abnormalities among marine engineers. Author(s): Svendsen K, Hilt B. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1999 June; 35(6): 590-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10332512

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Lymphangitic carcinomatosis of the lungs with normal appearing chest x-ray films. Author(s): Alkalay I, Fairfax CW 2nd, Bullard JC. Source: Chest. 1972 August; 62(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5050233

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Lymphangitic pulmonary metastases secondary to breast cancer with normal chest xrays and abnormal perfusion lung scans. Author(s): Sadoff L, Grossman J, Weiner H. Source: Oncology. 1975; 31(3-4): 164-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1196577

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Mass on chest X-ray. Author(s): da Silva GA, Manco JC, Terra Filho J, Glass H, Soares FA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 August; 73(862): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9307749

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Measles pneumonia: lung puncture findings in 56 cases related to chest X-ray changes and clinical features. Author(s): Morton R, Mee J. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1986 March; 6(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2428292

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Mediastinal parathyroid adenoma detected on a routine chest X-ray. Author(s): Braxel C, Haemers S, van der Straeten M. Source: Scand J Respir Dis. 1979 December; 60(6): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=538421

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Medical pathology conference fever of undetermined origin with abnormal chest Xray and accelerated ESR. Author(s): Garcia JH, Heck LW Jr, Flint A, Fraser RG. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1981 October; 18(4): 413-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7344551

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Misleading chest x-ray film in psoriasis. Author(s): Price GA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 September 25; 2(6038): 757. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=974596

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Misleading supine chest X-ray in complete detachment of a Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve. Author(s): Bruhlmann WF, Neftel KA, Tartini R. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1982 November; 2(4): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7151821

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Monitoring value of serial chest x-ray examinations with portable equipment. Author(s): Morton A, Robertson I. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 January 16; 1(3): 157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5100162

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Monte Carlo calculations on chest X-ray examinations for the determination of the absorbed dose and image quality. Author(s): Koblinger L, Zarand P. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1973 July; 18(4): 518-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4741372

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More on routine chest X-ray films. Author(s): Widmann WD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 August 14; 315(7): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3736628

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Mortality in 4100 insured applicants with ECG and chest X-ray: relation to cardiovascular and other risk factors, including relative heart diameter. Author(s): Singer RB, Siber FJ, Brown AE, Pitkin FI. Source: Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am. 1982; 65: 180-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7135711

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Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus presenting with a negative chest X-ray and normal pulmonary function in two teenagers: two case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Giusti RJ, Flores RM. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2004 January; 37(1): 81-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14679495

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Natural history of disease in atomic bomb exposed twins in Hiroshima--findings of chest x-ray and electrocardiogram. Author(s): Satow Y, Ohmae K, Okamoto N, Abe T, Watanabe S. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1982 June; 31(2): 107-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890054

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Never order a chest x-ray. You might find something. Author(s): Langer S. Source: Chest. 1987 April; 91(4): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3829766

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Non-invasive diagnosis in clinically suspected atrial septal defect of secundum or sinus venosus type. Value of combining chest x-ray, phonocardiography, and Mmode echocardiography. Author(s): Egeblad H, Berning J, Efsen F, Wennevold A. Source: British Heart Journal. 1980 September; 44(3): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7426189

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Nursing assessment of portable AP chest x-rays. Author(s): Kelly-Heidenthal P, O'Connor M. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 1994 May-June; 13(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7988323

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On the estimation of total lung capacity from chest X-rays. Radiographic and helium dilution estimates on children aged 10-12 years. Author(s): Shephard RJ, Seliger V. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1969; 26(5): 327-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5810335

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Open access to spirometry with chest x-ray. Author(s): Smith EC, Smith D, Kendrick AH, Laszlo G. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1990 March; 40(332): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2112016

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Paraesophageal hernia in the neonatal period: suspicion on chest X-ray. Author(s): Samujh R, Kumar D, Rao KL. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2004 February; 41(2): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004308

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Pediatric tracheotomy: is postoperative chest X-ray necessary? Author(s): Darden D, Towbin R, Dohar JE. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 April; 110(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11307911

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Perceptual enhancement of tumor targets in chest X-ray images. Author(s): Krupinski EA, Nodine CF, Kundel HL. Source: Perception & Psychophysics. 1993 May; 53(5): 519-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8332421

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Peripheral pulmonary wedge angiography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relationship to pulmonary function, chest x-ray film, and hemodynamic data. Author(s): Bracchi G, Barbaccia P, Vezzoli F, Marazzini L, Longhini E. Source: Chest. 1977 June; 71(6): 718-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=862441

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Persistent left superior vena cava: chest x-ray and echocardiographic findings. Author(s): Dearstine M, Taylor W, Kerut EK. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2000 July; 17(5): 453-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979021

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Pleural plaques in chest x-rays of lung cancer patients and matched controls (preliminary results). Author(s): Thiringer G, Blomqvist N, Brolin I, Mattson SB. Source: Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1980; 107: 119-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6934073

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Pleuro-pulmonary tumours detected by clinical and chest X-ray analyses in rats transplanted with mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Bernard I, Abd Alsamad I, Renier A, Kheuang L, Fleury-Feith J, Devauchelle P, Quintin Colonna F, Riquet M, Jaurand MC. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(8): 1344-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604731

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Pneumocystis with normal chest X-ray film and arterial oxygen tension. Early diagnosis in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Goodman JL, Tashkin DP. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983 October; 143(10): 1981-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6605129

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Population doses, excess deaths and loss of life expectancy from mass chest x-ray examinations in Japan--1980. Author(s): Kumamoto Y. Source: Health Physics. 1985 July; 49(1): 37-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4008262

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Portable chest x-rays in the intensive care unit: importance of erect position. Author(s): Patel D, Venus B. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1988 March; 16(3): 299. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3342638

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Possible impact of audit on chest X-ray requests from surgical wards. Author(s): Roberts CJ, Fowkes FG, Ennis WP, Mitchell M. Source: Lancet. 1983 August 20; 2(8347): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6135923

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Postextubation chest X-rays in neonates: a routine no longer necessary. Author(s): Davies MW, Cartwright DW. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1998 April; 34(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9588638

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Postsurgical surveillance of colon cancer: preliminary cost analysis of physician examination, carcinoembryonic antigen testing, chest x-ray, and colonoscopy. Author(s): Graham RA, Wang S, Catalano PJ, Haller DG. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1998 July; 228(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671067

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Pre- and postoperative lung function in sitting and supine position related to postoperative chest X-ray abnormalities and arterial hypoxaemia. Author(s): Wiren JE, Lindell SE, Hellekant C. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1983 June; 3(3): 257-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6683610

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Prediction of left ventricular ejection fraction using a unique method of chest x-ray and ECG analysis: a noninvasive index of cardiac performance based on the concept of heart volume and mass interrelationship. Author(s): Ostojic MC, Young JB, Hess KR. Source: American Heart Journal. 1989 March; 117(3): 590-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2919538

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Predictive value of inflammatory and hemostatic parameters, atherosclerotic risk factors, and chest x-ray for aortic arch atheromatosis. Author(s): Ehlermann P, Mirau W, Jahn J, Remppis A, Sheikhzadeh A. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 January; 35(1): 34-9. Epub 2003 December 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657455

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Predictors of a normal chest x-ray in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Author(s): Kneyber MC, Moons KG, de Groot R, Moll HA. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 April; 31(4): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288209

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Preoperative and postoperative abnormalities in chest x-ray indices and in lung function in pectus deformities. Author(s): Derveaux L, Clarysse I, Ivanoff I, Demedts M. Source: Chest. 1989 April; 95(4): 850-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2924614

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Preoperative chest x-ray films in elective surgery: a valid screening tool. Author(s): Gagner M, Chiasson A. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1990 August; 33(4): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2383834

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Pre-operative chest x-rays in elderly patients. Author(s): Tornebrandt K, Fletcher R. Source: Anaesthesia. 1982 September; 37(9): 901-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6812454

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Present day role of the chest X-ray. Initial evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Langer SS. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1985 January; 167(1): 56-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2857694

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Procarbazine-induced interstitial pneumonitis with a normal chest x-ray: a case report. Author(s): Garbes ID, Henderson ES, Gomez GA, Bakshi SP, Parthasarathy KL, Castillo NB. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1986; 14(4): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3747943

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Proceedings: Unusual chest x-ray manifestation in pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Yang SP, Kuo SH, Wang PN. Source: Bull Int Union Tuberc. 1974 August; 49 Suppl 1: 270. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4468020

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Progressive dyspnoea and chest X-ray shadows in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis on haemodialysis. Author(s): Samuel JT, Bari S, Kumwenda MJ, Taylor KJ, Atkinson MW, Douglas AF. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 December; 17(12): 2249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454241

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Prominent respiratory symptoms, abnormal chest x-ray film, renal failure, and fulminating clinical course. Author(s): Bruno MS, Ober WB. Source: N Y State J Med. 1967 October 15; 67(20): 2752-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5235577

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Prospective assessment of a protocol for selective ordering of preoperative chest xrays. Author(s): Charpak Y, Blery C, Chastang C, Szatan M, Fourgeaux B. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1988 May; 35(3 ( Pt 1)): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3383317

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Pulmonary contusions: quantifying the lesions on chest X-ray films and the factors affecting prognosis. Author(s): Tyburski JG, Collinge JD, Wilson RF, Eachempati SR. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 May; 46(5): 833-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10338400

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Pulmonary mechanics, chest X-ray and lung disease after mechanical ventilation in low birth weight infants. Author(s): Lindroth M, Jonson B, Svenningsen NW, Mortensson W. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980 November; 69(6): 761-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7010895

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Pulmonary tuberculosis with negative findings on chest x-ray films: a study of 40 cases. Author(s): Husen L, Fulkerson LL, Del Vecchio E, Zack MB, Stein E. Source: Chest. 1971 December; 60(6): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5001607

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Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnostic clues on the chest X-ray. Author(s): Jay SJ. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1981 May; 74(5): 283-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7240769

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Quantitative assessment of radiation-induced lung changes by computerized optical densitometry of routine chest x-rays. Author(s): Bentzen SM, Skoczylas JZ, Overgaard M, Overgaard J, Nielsen OG, Madsen EH. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996 January 15; 34(2): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8567344

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Radiation doses and detriment from chest x-ray examinations. Author(s): Huda W, Sandison GA, Palser RF, Savoie D. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1989 October; 34(10): 1477-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2813514

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Radiation exposure during chest X-ray examinations in a premature intensive care unit: phantom studies. Author(s): Duetting T, Foerste B, Knoch T, Darge K, Troeger J. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1999 March; 29(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201031

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Radiologic case. Buttock abscess and abnormal findings on chest x-ray film. Disseminated tuberculosis. Author(s): Peterson MC. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 April; 158(4): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8317136

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Radiological heart enlargement in treated hypertensive men: a comparative study of chest X-ray examination and M-mode echocardiography. Author(s): Samuelsson O, Hartford M, Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G, Wikstrand J. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1989 February; 225(2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2564044

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Re: "US prevalence of occupational pleural thickening: a look at chest x-rays from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". Author(s): Cooper WC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 January; 129(1): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2910067

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Relation of physicians' predicted probabilities of pneumonia to their utilities for ordering chest x-rays to detect pneumonia. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Tape TG, Wigton RS. Source: Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 1992 January-March; 12(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1538630

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Relationship between number of asbestos bodies in autopsy lung and pleural plaques on chest X-ray film. Author(s): Kishimoto T, Ono T, Okada K, Ito H. Source: Chest. 1989 March; 95(3): 549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2641666

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Reliability of frontal chest x-ray in diagnosing pulmonary opacities in children. Author(s): Patenaude Y, Blais C, Leduc CP. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1995 January; 30(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7759216

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Respiratory complications after upper abdominal surgery. The incidence of chest Xray abnormalities, arterial hypoxemia and clinically recorded pulmonary complications. Author(s): Wiren JE, Janzon L, Hellekant C. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1981; 147(8): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7344381

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Respiratory compromise and dramatic chest X-ray changes during general anesthesia in a patient with a bronchogenic cyst. Author(s): Sata T, Shiga Y, Nakanishi R, Yasumoto K, Shigematsu A. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 March; 90(3): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078696

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Risk-benefit analysis in chest medicine: routine chest X-ray examinations. Author(s): Godwin JD, Marglin SI. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1987 November; 22(11): 922-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3429192

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Role of chest CT in patients with negative chest x-rays referred for hepatic colorectal metastases. Author(s): Povoski SP, Fong Y, Sgouros SC, Kemeny NE, Downey RJ, Blumgart LH. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 1998 January-February; 5(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9524701

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Role of chest X-ray in diagnosis of the first breast cancer relapse: a randomized trial. Author(s): Kokko R, Hakama M, Holli K. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003 September; 81(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531495

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Role of the trauma-room chest x-ray film in assessing the patient with severe blunt traumatic injury. Author(s): McLellan BA, Ali J, Towers MJ, Sharkey W. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1996 February; 39(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599789

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Routine admission chest x-ray in the management of hospitalized patients. Author(s): Austin JH, Margolies LR. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1986 March; 21(3): 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3957607

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Routine chest x-ray examination? Author(s): Baker DH, Berdon WE. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 November; 62(5): 859-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=724337

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Routine chest x-ray examinations in occupational medicine. Author(s): Ashenburg NJ. Source: J Occup Med. 1982 January; 24(1): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7054476

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Routine chest x-ray examinations. Author(s): Robin ED, Burke CM. Source: Chest. 1986 August; 90(2): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3731898

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Routine chest x-ray film. Author(s): Sagan LA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 April 10; 220(2): 278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5066863

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Routine chest x-ray films in a Veterans Hospital. Author(s): Fink DJ, Fang M, Wyle FA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 March 13; 245(10): 1056-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7463625

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Routine chest x-ray in chronic obstructive airways disease: a myth. Author(s): Jain P, Misra A. Source: N Z Med J. 1990 April 11; 103(887): 163. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2342680

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Routine chest X-rays after insertion of implantable long-term venous catheters: necessary or not? Author(s): Guth AA. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 January; 67(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11206891

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Routine chest X-rays have no additional value in the detection of relapse during routine follow-up of patients treated with chemotherapy for disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Gietema JA, Meinardi MT, Sleijfer DT, Hoekstra HJ, van der Graaf WT. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 October; 13(10): 1616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377651

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Routine preoperative chest X-rays. Author(s): McCleane GJ. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1989 March; 158(3): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2745034

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Ruptured silicone breast implant: a misleading chest X-ray. Author(s): Dick AC, Deans GT, Johnston L, Spence RA. Source: Ulster Med J. 1994 October; 63(2): 238-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8650838

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Sensitivity and specificity of chest X-ray screening for lung cancer: review article. Author(s): Gavelli G, Giampalma E. Source: Cancer. 2000 December 1; 89(11 Suppl): 2453-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11147625

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Should helical CT scanning of the thoracic cavity replace the conventional chest x-ray as a primary assessment tool in pediatric trauma? An efficacy and cost analysis. Author(s): Renton J, Kincaid S, Ehrlich PF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 May; 38(5): 793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720196

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Should patients with haemoptysis and a normal chest X-ray be bronchoscoped? Author(s): Heaton RW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 November; 63(745): 947-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3451216

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Sickle cell patient with an acute chest syndrome and a negative chest X-ray: potential role of the ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) lung scan. Author(s): Feldman L, Gross R, Garon J, Nallari A, Kaur N, Motwani B, Sukumaran S, Allen S, Westerman M. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 November; 74(3): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587056

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Side markings of the neonatal chest X-ray: two legal cases of pneumothorax side mix up. Author(s): Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2001 Oct;17(5):311-2 Source: European Radiology. 2002 April; 12(4): 938-41. Epub 2001 September 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11866423

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Significance of radiation exposure from work-related chest X-rays for epidemiological studies of radiation workers. Author(s): Cardarelli J, Spitz H, Rice C, Buncher R, Elson H, Succop P. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 December; 42(6): 490-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439872

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Sixty year old caucasian female with nasal congestion and abnormal chest x-ray. Author(s): Lindquist MD, Hurley BT, Reed R, Humphreys DW, Barlow JF. Source: S D J Med. 1985 January; 38(1): 13-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3856314

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Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: is a chest X-ray sufficient? Author(s): Gardikis S, Tsalkidis A, Limas C, Antypas S, Manavis I, Chatzimicael A, Arvanitidou V, Simopoulos C. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2003 June; 55(3): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900716

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Standardization of low attenuation area versus total lung area in chest X-ray CT as an indicator of chronic pulmonary emphysema. Author(s): Mishima M, Hirai T, Jin Z, Oku Y, Sakai N, Nakano Y, Sakai H, Chin K, Ohi M, Kawakami K, Shimada K, Itoh H, Yamaguchi K, Sawa T, Kuno K. Source: Frontiers of Medical and Biological Engineering : the International Journal of the Japan Society of Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering. 1997; 8(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9257130

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Status of chest X-ray in diagnosing right ventricular infarction. Author(s): Garg S, Mittal SR. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1996 December 13; 57(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024917

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Steady-state free precession projection MRI as a potential alternative to the conventional chest X-ray in pediatric patients with suspected pneumonia. Author(s): Rupprecht T, Bowing B, Kuth R, Deimling M, Rascher W, Wagner M. Source: European Radiology. 2002 November; 12(11): 2752-6. Epub 2002 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386769

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Studies on parainfluenza virus pneumonia in children. 2. Parainfluenza virus pneumonia found in the mass chest x-ray surveys in children. Author(s): Komatsu S. Source: Sci Rep Res Inst Tohoku Univ [med]. 1970 December; 17(3): 137-57. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4336061

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Subcutaneous fat and muscle layers in chest X-rays of children with kwashiorkor. Author(s): Lagundoye SB. Source: J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health. 1974 December; 20(6): 287-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4499505

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Sudden appearance of a mass on chest X-ray. Author(s): Ledrick D, Khalil H, Tita J, Mahajan V. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 April; 74(870): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9683984

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Sudden unexpected death from pulmonary thromboembolism--examination of antemortem chest X-ray. Author(s): Takahashi K, Takaki Y, Ikeda N. Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 1998 December; 89(12): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10077885

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Surgical treatment of angina pectoris. V. Pre- and postoperative lung function studies and chest x-ray findings including diaphragmatic kymography. Author(s): Arborelius M Jr, Lecerof H, Malmborg RO, Ohlsson NM. Source: Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1972; 6(1): 80-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5014010

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Suspected pulmonary metastases: correlation of chest x-ray, whole lung tomograms, and operative findings. Author(s): Neifeld JP, Michaelis LL, Doppman JL. Source: Cancer. 1977 February; 39(2): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=837326

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Symptoms and signs of heart failure in patients with myocardial infarction: reproducibility and relationship to chest X-ray, radionuclide ventriculography and right heart catheterization. Author(s): Gadsboll N, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Nielsen GG, Berning J, Brunn NE, Stage P, Hein E, Marving J, Longborg-Jensen H, Jensen BH. Source: European Heart Journal. 1989 November; 10(11): 1017-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2591393

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The ABCs of chest X-ray film interpretation. Author(s): Crausman RS. Source: Chest. 1998 January; 113(1): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9440606

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The accuracy of the first chest X-ray in the trauma patient. Author(s): Hehir MD, Hollands MJ, Deane SA. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1990 July; 60(7): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2357178

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The chest X-ray and childhood acute asthma. Author(s): Dawson KP, Capaldi N. Source: Aust Clin Rev. 1993; 13(4): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8311783

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The chest x-ray findings in retained lung fluid. Author(s): Carey BE, Trotter C. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1994 June; 13(4): 65-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8007927

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The chest X-ray image features of patients with severe SRAS: a preliminary study. Author(s): Liu J, Tang X, Jiang S, Chen B, Zhang L, Huang D, Huang W, Shi H, Yin C, Chen J. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 July; 116(7): 968-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890363

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The chest x-ray in mitral stenosis. Author(s): Velusamy M, Mullens ML, Harrell JE Jr, Talley JD. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1995 May; 91(12): 604-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790325

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The chest X-ray in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: Westermark's sign. Author(s): Velusamy M, Patel N, Talley JD. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1995 March; 91(10): 501-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7737950

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The diagnosis of phrenic nerve block on chest X-ray by a double-exposure technique. Author(s): Hickey R, Ramamurthy S. Source: Anesthesiology. 1989 April; 70(4): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2930010

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The evaluation of unilateral vocal fold immobility: is chest X-ray enough? Author(s): Altman JS, Benninger MS. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1997 September; 11(3): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9297682

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The impact of routine preoperative chest X-ray in Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen. Author(s): Bhuripanyo K, Prasertchuang C, Chamadol N, Laopaiboon M, Bhuripanyo P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1990 January; 73(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2345323

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The limited value of routine chest X-ray in the follow-up of stage II breast cancer. Author(s): Logager VB, Vestergaard A, Herrstedt J, Thomsen HS, Zedeler K, Dombernowsky P. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1990; 26(5): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2144738

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The neonatal chest X-ray. Author(s): Arthur R. Source: Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2001 December; 2(4): 311-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12052303

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The role of chest X-ray and computed tomography thorax in the surveillance of testicular tumours. Author(s): Bramley R. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2003 October; 15(7): 441-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570096

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The role of the chest X-ray in the evaluation of chronic severe heart failure: things are not always as they appear. Author(s): Costanzo WE, Fein SA. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1988 July; 11(7): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3416513

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The significance of routine chest X-ray in acute stroke. Author(s): Colon AJ, Franke CL, Koehler PJ. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1999 March; 101(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10350194

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The use of routine chest X-ray films after chest tube removal in postoperative cardiac patients. Author(s): McCormick JT, O'Mara MS, Papasavas PK, Caushaj PF. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 December; 74(6): 2161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12643411

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The value of the chest X-ray in making the diagnosis of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Rubenstein HS, Rosner BA, LeMay M, Neidorf R. Source: Adolescence. 1993 Fall; 28(111): 505-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8237539

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The value of yearly chest X-ray in patients with stage I breast cancer. Author(s): Vestergaard A, Herrstedt J, Thomsen HS, Dombernowsky P, Zedeler K. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 April; 25(4): 687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2714345

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Trauma-room chest x-ray films. Author(s): Waddell JP. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1996 February; 39(1): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599798

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Tuberculin skin test conversion among healthcare workers after exposure to a patient with pleural effusion and parenchymal disease unapparent on chest X-ray. Author(s): McGuinn M, Schmitt B, Harris A, Segreti J. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2003 November; 24(11): 794. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649762

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Ultrasonography in complete chest X-ray opacification of hemithorax. Author(s): Wu HD, Yang PC, Kuo SH, Luh KT. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 July; 88(7): 694-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2681532

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Understanding chest x-rays. Author(s): Tinker JH. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1976 January; 76(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1044201

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Understanding neonatal chest x-rays Part II: Clinical and radiological manifestations of selected lung disorders. Author(s): Flores MT. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1993 December; 12(8): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8121364

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Understanding neonatal chest x-rays. Part I: What to look for. Author(s): Flores MT. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1993 October; 12(7): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8413155

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Unilateral pulmonary changes in the chest X-ray in sarcoidosis. Author(s): Mesbahi SJ, Davies P. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1981 May; 32(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7237909

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Unusual chest X-ray appearances in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Chapman AH, Raphael MJ, Steiner RE, Oakley CM. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1978 January; 29(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=564252

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US prevalence of occupational pleural thickening. A look at chest X-rays from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Rogan WJ, Gladen BC, Ragan NB, Anderson HA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 November; 126(5): 893-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3661537

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Use of computerized tomography and chest x-rays in evaluating efficacy of aerosolized recombinant human DNase in cystic fibrosis patients younger than age 5 years: a preliminary study. Author(s): Nasr SZ, Kuhns LR, Brown RW, Hurwitz ME, Sanders GM, Strouse PJ. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 May; 31(5): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11340684

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Use of postoperative chest x-ray after elective adult tracheotomy. Author(s): Smith DK, Grillone GA, Fuleihan N. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 June; 120(6): 848-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10352438

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Usefulness of gallium-67-citrate scans in patients with acute disseminated tuberculosis and comparison with chest x-rays. Author(s): Kao CH, Wang SJ, Liao SQ, Lin WY, Hsu CY. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1993 November; 34(11): 1918-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8229234

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Usefulness of selective preoperative chest x-ray films. A prospective study. Author(s): Wiencek RG, Weaver DW, Bouwman DL, Sachs RJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1987 July; 53(7): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605857

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Usefulness of the chest x-ray for predicting abnormal left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Madsen EB, Gilpin E, Slutsky RA, Ahnve S, Henning H, Ross J Jr. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 December; 108(6): 1431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6507238

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Utility of portable chest X-ray. Author(s): Karras GE Jr, Rackow EC, Falk JL, Weil MH. Source: Chest. 1987 March; 91(3): 469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3816330

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Utility of the routine chest X-ray after "over-wire" venous catheter changes. Author(s): Riblet JL, Shillinglaw W, Goldberg AJ, Mitchell K, Sedani KH, Davis FE, Reynolds HN. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 December; 62(12): 1064-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8955250

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Validation of chest X-ray comparisons for unknown decedent identification. Author(s): Kuehn CM, Taylor KM, Mann FA, Wilson AJ, Harruff RC. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2002 July; 47(4): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136980

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Value of chest radiography in a tuberculosis prevention programme for HIV-infected people, Botswana. Author(s): Mosimaneotsile B, Talbot EA, Moeti TL, Hone NM, Moalosi G, Moffat HJ, Lee EJ, Kenyon TA. Source: Lancet. 2003 November 8; 362(9395): 1551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615113

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Value of chest X-ray combined with perfusion scan versus ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Author(s): de Groot MR, Turkstra F, van Marwijk Kooy M, Oostdijk AH, van Beek EJ, Buller HR. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 March; 83(3): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10744146

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Value of extravascular lung water measurement vs portable chest x-ray in the management of pulmonary edema. Author(s): Sivak ED, Richmond BJ, O'Donavan PB, Borkowski GP. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1983 July; 11(7): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6345087

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Value of preoperative chest X-ray examinations in children. Author(s): Sane SM, Worsing RA Jr, Wiens CW, Sharma RK. Source: Pediatrics. 1977 November; 60(5): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=917629

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Value of routine daily chest x-rays in the medical intensive care unit. Author(s): Strain DS, Kinasewitz GT, Vereen LE, George RB. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1985 July; 13(7): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4006492

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Value of routine pre-operative chest X-ray in patients over the age of 40 years. Author(s): Ishaq M, Kamal RS, Aqil M. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1997 November; 47(11): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9510631

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Value of routine preoperative chest x-rays: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Archer C, Levy AR, McGregor M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1993 November; 40(11): 1022-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8269561

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Value of the chest X-ray as a screening test for elective surgery in children. Author(s): Wood RA, Hoekelman RA. Source: Pediatrics. 1981 April; 67(4): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7254966

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What abnormality is evident on the chest X-ray after placement of the central venous catheter? Author(s): Tang EW, Cheung WY, Ho CM, Yip AW. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2004 February; 10(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14967860

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When the chest X-ray does not tell the whole story: a tale of miners, selection bias, and the healthy worker effect. Author(s): Becklake MR. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 November 15; 164(10 Pt 1): 1761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734422

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Whole lung pulmonary angiography in the intensive care unit with two portable chest x-rays. Author(s): Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Weeks AM. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1989 March; 17(3): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2920564

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Why obtain arterial blood gases, chest x-rays, and clotting studies in injured children? Experience in a regional trauma center. Author(s): Parish RA, Watson M, Rivara FP. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1986 December; 2(4): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3797264

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X-ray conference. Chest x-ray after auto accident. Author(s): Sternke D. Source: Minn Med. 1974 April; 57(4): 311-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4827620

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHEST X-RAY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chest x-ray.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chest X-Ray The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chest x-ray” (or a synonym): •

Radiation dose reduction in chest radiography using a flat-panel amorphous silicon detector. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Germany. [email protected] Source: Hosch, W P Fink, C Radeleff, B kampschulte a, a Kauffmann, G W Hansmann, J Clin-Radiol. 2002 October; 57(10): 902-7 0009-9260

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHEST X-RAY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chest x-ray. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chest x-ray and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chest x-ray: •

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders does not increase adverse effects as assessed by chest radiography. Author(s): Oschatz E, Wunderbaldinger P, Sterz F, Holzer M, Kofler J, Slatin H, Janata K, Eisenburger P, Bankier AA, Laggner AN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 July; 93(1): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429353

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Evaluation of cardiac size on the neonatal chest x-ray. Author(s): Vargo L. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 August; 19(5): 35-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949110

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to chest x-ray; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHEST X-RAY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chest xray” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chest x-ray, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chest X-Ray By performing a patent search focusing on chest x-ray, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chest x-ray: •

Automatic chest X-ray machine Inventor(s): Hogan; William J. (Bally, PA) Assignee(s): Spectrum X-ray Corporation (Westville, NJ) Patent Number: 4,160,912 Date filed: November 9, 1977 Abstract: An automatic chest X-ray machine has a tray of unexposed rectangular cut film in a film-supply magazine enclosed in a light-tight housing supported in an inclined position approximtely 30.degree. from the vertical. A plunger pushes the lower portion of the tray forwardly toward a pair of vacuum suction cups which lift the top sheet of film and pull it forwardly and then upwardly forcing the upper edge of the lifted sheet of film against the upper edge of the tray and causing the sheet of film to bow outwardly. The vacuum cups then release their hold on the film and the resilience of the bowed sheet of film causes it to straighten out and drop down vertically into an open-clamp holder at the front of the machine at the exposure station. After the exposure has been made the clamping force is released, a trap door at the bottom of the holder is opened, and a pair of upper push-down fingers push the exposed sheet of film downwardly out of the holder and into one or more sets of transport rollers which transport the exposed sheet of film rearwardly and deposit it in a tray. Upon sensing arrival of a sheet of film, the tray pivots about its horizontal center axis and drops the sheet of exposed film into a chute leading to a film-developing machine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chest X-ray machines, and in particular to a chest Xray machine having a film-supply magazine and automatic means for taking a sheet of cut film sheet from the supply magazine, moving it into position at the exposure station and, following the exposure, automatically transporting the sheet of exposed film toward a film-developing machine. A principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved chest X-ray machine of the automatic type. Another purpose of the invention is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic chest X-ray machine which has the capability of exposing the rectangular sheet of film in either vertical or horizontal orientation, thereby to accomodate to persons having chests of different widths and heights. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04160912__

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Compact X-ray unit Inventor(s): Schmidt; Gunter (Malibu, CA) Assignee(s): Xonics, Inc. (Des Plaines, IL) Patent Number: 4,408,339 Date filed: February 12, 1981 Abstract: A chest X-ray unit is provided which is of compact design and which can be easily utilized. The apparatus includes an exposure station at the front where a film sheet can be tightly held between a pair of intensifier screens, a supply station behind the exposure station for receiving a film cassette and feeding one sheet at a time into the exposure station, and a receiving cassette at the back of the apparatus for receiving one

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exposed sheet at a time for later developing. A film sheet is moved in a loop from the supply cassette to the exposure station by a pair of input rollers that move the sheet upwardly into a curved guide that extends in a half circle, and by a pair of output rollers at the end of the loop for feeding the sheet downwardly. The output rollers move slightly faster than the input rollers to prevent the middle of the film sheet from scraping against the guide. A feedout roller which feeds a sheet out of the supply cassette into the input rollers, is coupled through an overrunning clutch to a motor, so that the feedout roller can move a sheet upwardly until it is caught between the input rollers, and the input rollers then can pull the sheet slightly faster than it is moved by the feedout roller. The film dropping between the intensifier screen members is caught by a pin that is later jerked upwardly as it is withdrawn. Excerpt(s): A chest X-ray unit typically includes an exposure station having a pair of intensifier screen members that receive a film sheet between them. While older units require individual hand loading and unloading of a sheet between the intensifier screen members, greater efficiency can be obtained by utilizing a supply film cassette to supply one film sheet at a time, and a loading mechanism for automatically loading the sheet between the intensifier screen members in a daylight environment. Further efficiency can be obtained by utilizing a receiving cassette to automatically receive and store each film sheet after it has been exposed. The simplest arrangement is to position the supply cassette above the exposure unit and the receiving cassette below it, so that sheets can drop by gravity from the supply station to the exposure station and then to the receiving station. However, such an arrangement results in a tall structure that is cumbersome to move up and down to the height of a patient's chest, and which interferes with the movement of patient-holding gurneys or other equipment in the floor area under the apparatus. An X-ray system of moderate height which incorporated automatic supply and/or receiving cassette stations, would greatly enhance the acceptability of laborsaving X-ray systems. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a compact X-ray system is provided which facilitates the loading and unloading of film. The system includes an exposure station where a film sheet can be pressed between intensifier screen members during exposure, a supply station where a cassette containing many unexposed film sheets can be stored, and a receiving station where many exposed films can be received for developing. The system can be made compact by positioning the supply and receiving stations at different depths behind the exposure station, but with the different stations lying in substantially parallel planes, and by utilizing guides that guide individual sheets in movement along loop-like paths. A guide apparatus for moving a sheet in a loop path between the exposure station and the supply and/or receiving station, can include a guide member extending in a half circle to guide the leading edge of a sheet into a loop path, and pairs of rollers at opposite ends of the loop. A pair of output rollers at the output end of the loop path are driven slightly faster than a pair of input rollers at the input end of the path, so that only the leading edge of the film sheet rubs on the half-circle guide, while the middle of the sheet is pulled away from rubbing contact with the guide. A supply cassette includes a feedout roller that feeds a sheet into the pair of input rollers that move it into the loop. A drive mechanism turns the feed-out roller slightly slower than the input rollers, and includes an overrunning clutch that permits the input rollers to pull the film sheet while the feed out roller turns like an idling roller. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04408339__

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Computer-assisted method and apparatus for the detection of lung nodules Inventor(s): Clarke; Laurence P. (Temple Terrace, FL), Mao; Fei (Tampa, FL), Qian; Wei (Wesley Chapel, FL) Assignee(s): University of South Florida (Tampa, FL) Patent Number: 5,987,094 Date filed: October 30, 1997 Abstract: A computer-assisted diagnostic (CAD) method and apparatus are described for the enhancement, detection, and classification of suspicious regions in digital x-ray images, with particular emphasis on lung nodule detection using chest x-ray images. An objective is to improve the sensitivity and specificity of detection of suspicious areas such as nodules, while maintaining a low false positive detection rate. A modular CAD technique has been developed to be potentially automatic and to be used as a secondopinion method for lung nodule detection. The method consists of using a plurality of CAD modules to preprocess and enhance image features, including image preprocessing, selective enhancement, segmentation, and feature extraction using a multiresolution/multiorientation wavelet transform and a computationally efficient filter, a 1.5 D circular pattern filter. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the development of computer-assisted diagnostic (CAD) methods for the analysis of digital x-ray images or gray-scale images generated by other digital sensors. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of CAD methods for the analysis of chest x-rays for the detection of lung nodules. The use of computer-assisted diagnostic (CAD) methods has been proposed as a second opinion strategy for various medical imaging applications that include breast screening using digital mammography and lung nodule detection. The goals of the CAD methods are to improve sensitivity by increasing the detection of potentially significant suspicious areas and to improve specificity by reducing false-positive interpretations. 3. Lung nodule features such as circularity, irregularity, and compactness are often similar to blood vessels viewed end on. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05987094__

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Diverging plane positioning device Inventor(s): Lescrenier; Charles (660 Crescent Ct., Wautatosa, WI 53213) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,255,657 Date filed: June 5, 1979 Abstract: A device for positioning the spinal column of a patient with respect to exposure control devices behind a chest X-ray film sheet has a light source generating a plane of light bearing a fixed relationship to the exposure control devices. The plane forms a luminous line on the patient when the patient steps in the path of the plane which may be used for positioning as by placing the patient's spinal column along the line. The other planes of light may be used to define the edges of the X-ray film sheet. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a positioning device suitable for positioning a body adjacent a contiguous target area. Chest X-Rays are a basic diagnostic tool for treating diseases or injuries of the thorax. To obtain a chest X-ray, the patient typically stands in front of a film holder containing a sheet of film sufficiently large to extend

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from the neck to the diaphragm and to each side of the chest. The patient is then exposed to radiation to obtain an X-ray image on the film. It is well recognized that the diagnostic effectiveness of a chest X-ray depends in great measure on the proper positioning of the patient. It is important that the patient be centered on the film sheet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04255657__ •

Model user application system for clinical data processing that tracks and monitors a simulated out-patient medical practice using data base management software Inventor(s): Schneiderman; Barry (5 Hills Acre Pk (Snell Rd.) Assignee(s): Schneiderman; Barry (Lee, NH) Patent Number: 5,099,424 Date filed: July 20, 1989 Abstract: A computer system for recording patient care results for retrospective analysis in a primary care out-patient environment provides, in the present system, for entry of separate, linked electrocardiographic (EKG) or chest x-ray (CXR) test results (or both) for a database of patients. Entry of the EKG and/or CXR results prompts the creation of a separate lab record, if not already present, which may be holding blood work from the same lab test request. Portions of information entered in the EKG or CXR routine are automatically transferred to the separate lab record. Provision is made for linking the EKG or CXR records to the lab record in both "source" and "non-source" situations; a "source" situation meaning that the lab test request was made formally during an office visit, and a "non-source" situation meaning that the lab test request was made informally, such as by telephone. Two print generation programs pull together various linked data files and selectively print out information contained therein. The first prints out EKG and/or CXR data in conjunction with other clinical observations recorded at the primary care "parent" office visit. The second prints out specialist data in conjunction with other clinical observations recorded at the primary care "parent" office visit which prompted the referrals. The present system further includes a revision of the system's specialist record from an earlier work for more explicit use in information management. Excerpt(s): The following work builds upon the subject matter disclosed in an earlier filed U.S. application, Ser. No. 07/542,752, currently pending, which is incorporated herein by reference. That earlier and more comprehensive work was based upon a scheme of hierarchical diagnostic classification for patient ranking and data processing. It generally dealt with a computer-based tracking and monitoring system for the retrospective analysis of patient care results, physician performance and clinical resource management in a primary care out-patient environment. In this earlier work, specific programs were designed to mimic common aspects of out-patient clinical medicine, and specifically allowed for the detection and compilation of unjustified (overuse) office visits, both scheduled and unscheduled, according to a set of computer program specified criterion, the tracking the nature of patient care during protracted episodes of out-patient illnesses at varying levels of clinical severity, the identifying of unnecessary lab work during unremarkable office visits, the monitoring of impending or actual medication induced toxicity, the medication and physical data on cardiac patients during serious symptoms, etc. In the prior work, the bulk of the pool of clinical data which was used in processing originated from the primary care out-patient visit, both scheduled and unscheduled. Such data included treatment modalities (medication), physical data observation (signs and symptoms), diagnostic tests, etc. All of these were encoded and stored logically in different, related files. Each patient's files

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were linked by common data fields. These records were created and loaded through prototype data entry routines. The earlier work, however, did not address some common problems which occur in this environment. First, there is frequently disparity in time (days) between the running of two different types of tests which originate from the same lab test request, such as blood work and EKG/CXR tests. Second, lab tests are sometimes ordered in the absence of or aside from a formal encounter (or "source") office visit. The most frequent example is over the telephone from a spontaneous call by a patient (which is termed a "non-source" request). When this happens there is naturally no link between a source invoice that would normally link various lab tests together. Both problems are not mutually exclusive and are met by the present invention. Further, this invention includes a revision of the specialist record for storing more comprehensive data. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05099424__ •

Pediatric restraint for X-ray photography Inventor(s): Ruiz; Gilbert G. (2614 N. Sterling Dr., McHenry, IL 60050) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,464,780 Date filed: August 19, 1982 Abstract: Restraint apparatus is provided for immobilizing a pediatric patient during exposure of X-ray film, particularly in connection with chest examinations. The invention permits considerable reduction in the extent of exposure area of the patient's body. Manual restraint is not required and hence non-patient exposure to radiation is avoided. Because movement is restrained, the need to re-expose the patient is virtually eliminated. Adjustment is provided for the comfortable accommodation of infants up to small children. The apparatus secures both arms of an infant or small child in a forward and upward extension to achieve proper anatomical positioning for anterior-posterior or lateral chest X-ray study. Adjustable holders for different size film cassettes form part of the apparatus. Excerpt(s): Chest examinations by X-ray photography commonly require exposure of Xray film while an infant or child is in an upright position. The chest X-ray examination typically involves anterior-posterior and lateral exposures. Because the cooperation of babies and small children in these X-ray procedures is often lacking, it is usually necessary that an adult manually restrain the child while the film is being exposed. Unfortunately, this subjects the adult to the risk of exposure to X-ray radiation. Even with this form of immobilization inadvertent movement can easily take place. If the patient is not motionless during exposure, clouding or double-imaging occurs necessitating retakes of the photograph to achieve a clear image. Previous restraining devices have been provided for immobilizing young children during X-ray studies. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,358,141, to Hoffmann et al., 3,526,222, to Dreibelbis, 3,650,523, to Darby, Jr., and, 3,933,154, to Cabansag, have offered immobilizers in the form of planar supports having straps for restraining the patient. The Cabansag patent further includes a flexible backer member allowing the patient to be placed in various orientations for X-ray examination of different parts of the anatomy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04464780__

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X-ray source employing cold cathode gas discharge tube with collimated beam Inventor(s): Birnbach; Curtis (Bronx, NY), Tanner; Jay (Nesconset, NY) Assignee(s): Quantum Diagnostics Ltd. (Hauppauge, NY) Patent Number: 4,670,894 Date filed: May 20, 1985 Abstract: An X-ray tube has a wide area cold cathode with a graphite felt surface which faces and is spaced from a wide area anode of high atomic number material. A grid is interposed between the two and the anode, grid and cathode are enclosed in an envelope which is filled with gas at a low pressure. The graphite surface of the cathode is connected to a relatively high negative potential so that electrons are emitted from the entire surface area and impinge upon the anode, after triggering by the grid. The distribution of the energy of photons emitted from the anode is relatively constant during the ignition period of the tube. An extremely wide area X-ray source is then defined having constant bremstrahlung content which enables good gray scale measurements when employing the X-ray source. A pinhole collimator disposed externally of the tube ensures collimation of the output X-ray field. A polarized electron beam is used as a collimator in place of the pinhole collimator, in a preferred embodiment, to produce a collimated, wide area X-ray flux. The cathode, grid and anode structure can have any desired size or shape. The X-ray source can be flat and sized to illuminate a chest X-ray film or can be arcuate to at least partly wrap around the subject to be exposed to the X-rays. Arcuate X-ray sources can be linked end to end and scanned sequentially to define an X-ray source for use in Computer Axial Tomography (CAT) scan type applications. The same computer algorithm used for conventional CAT scan analysis can be used. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an X-ray source and more particularly relates to a novel wide area X-ray source. X-ray source tubes are well known and commonly employ a tube having a cathode heated by a filament which produces an electron beam which is focused on a small area target region on an anode. X-rays are then generated at that small target region and the X-ray beam is then directed toward the region of application. Since the focused electron beam at the anode causes extreme heating, the anode is commonly rotated so that the X-ray emission region of the anode is constantly moved, thereby preventing localized overheating of the anode surface. X-ray tubes of the above noted type have numerous failure modes. These include: burning out of the electron filament source; anode heating and pitting of the anode or target by the highly concentrated X-ray beam; plating of the anode material on the interior walls of the tube; and failure of the bearings in the high speed rotor. Moreover, the source of X-rays is essentially a poor point source since the heated target region on the anode which emits X-rays is rarely smaller than one millimeter square. In its design, a trade off is made between focal spot size, spatial resolution and ample heat capacity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04670894__

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Patent Applications on Chest X-Ray As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chest x-ray: •

High resolution digitized image analysis of chest x-rays for diagnosis of difficult to visualize evolving very ealrly stage lung cancer, pnumoconiosis and pulmonary diseases Inventor(s): Sahadevan, Velayudhan; (Beckley, WV) Correspondence: DR. V. Sahadevan; Dag Hammarskjold Cancer Treatment Center; 155 Dry Hill Road; Beckley; WV; 25802; US Patent Application Number: 20020094119 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: A method and a system for high, super- and ultra-high resolution digitized image analysis of chest x-rays is provided for diagnosis of slowly evolving difficult to visualize early stage lung cancer and pulmonary diseases including very early stage diffuse pulmonary pneumoconiosis and silicosis. This method of digitized chest x-ray image analysis also facilitates the visualization of visceral, mediastinal and parietal pleura and the pericardium as separate distinct layers covering the lung and the heart. Such distinct imaging of those structures was not feasible by any other methods of imaging of the chest. Digital image enhancements allow presentation of important structures in the image in different colors and contrast. This method of high resolution digitized and software assisted chest x-ray analysis shows that it takes about 3-4 years before a lung cancer becomes distinctly visible in a chest x-ray. Chest x-ray is the most commonly used initial diagnostic imaging for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Furthermore, it is a very cost-effective means for screening for early stage lung cancer and pulmonary diseases such as the pulmonary pneumoconiosis. This method of image analysis is facilitated by digitized image capture with high, super high and ultra-high resolution digital camera (28, 30, 32, 54, 64, 66) with very small pixels, image processing algorithms, a computer (138), a server (96) and printer (108) systems. Excerpt(s): This patent is based upon my disclosure document NO. 456160, "Digital Image Conversion of Diagnostic Medical Imaging and Its Clinical Applications" filed on May 11, 1999, and continuation-in-part of my co-pending application Ser. No 09/572,557, filed May 16, 2000. The file of this patent contains black and white and color images. The PTO upon payment of necessary fee will provide copies of the patent with black and white and color images. This invention is in the field of medical imaging. The conventional screen film chest x-rays that are recorded onto films are digitized with high, super and ultra-high digital cameras. Close-up view digital macroscopy and digital analysis is used for improved early diagnosis of evolving lung cancer, worker's pneumoconiosis, silicosis and lung diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRIGGERING AN EVENT AT A DESIRED POINT IN THE BREATHING CYCLE Inventor(s): LAMPOTANG, SAMSUN; (GAINESVILLE, FL), LANGEVIN, PAUL B.; (GAINESVILLE, FL) Correspondence: James S Parker; 2421 N W 41st Street Suite A 1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20010014772 Date filed: February 20, 1998 Abstract: The subject invention pertains to a novel method and apparatus for improving the efficacy of a medical treatment or diagnostic procedure by coordinating such treatment or procedure with a patient's breathing cycle. In a specific embodiment, the subject invention pertains to a novel method of coordinating a chest x-ray with a patient's ventilatory cycle. In a specific example, this invention concerns a novel device for interfacing a ventilator and an x-ray machine to ensure that an x-ray chest image can be taken at peak insufflation of the patient. The subject invention also relates to other medical procedures including, but not limited to, cardiac output measurement, chest imaging, inhalation therapy, oxygen delivery, blood pressure measurement, and pulse oximeter optoplethysmograms. By coordinating certain medical treatments and diagnostic procedures with a patient's breathing cycle, the subject invention improves the quality of medical care received by the patient. Excerpt(s): There are many medical treatments and diagnostic procedures the efficacy of which can be improved by coordinating such treatment or procedure with a patient's breathing cycle. In many instances the patient can control their breathing to assist the medical provider. However, some patients are not able to control their breathing, for example patients on ventilators. Accordingly, an apparatus which could facilitate the timing of such a medical treatment or a diagnostic procedure with respect to a patient's breathing cycle would be beneficial to the patient. As an example, chest x-rays are often taken in the intensive care unit using portable x-ray machines. These x-ray images provide important information to the clinician and, therefore, the quality of the images is important. Factors which can affect the quality of chest x-rays include: patient position and movement; ability of patient to receive and respond to instruction; penetration of the x-ray beam; and, perhaps most important, timing of the x-ray with patient insufflation. Typically, the highest quality chest x-ray images are attained when the x-ray is taken at peak insufflation because there is less tissue mass per unit area, and penetration is uniform. Accordingly, patients who are able to receive and respond to instruction can be instructed to take and hold a deep breath long enough to take the required x-rays. However, for patients on a ventilator, in order to take the x-ray at peak insufflation, the person taking the x-ray must attempt to accurately time the x-ray with the cycle of the ventilator. When the x-ray is not timed correctly, it may be less than optimal and additional costs are incurred if it is necessary to retake the x-rays. Furthermore if time is critical, the care giver may be forced to provide care with inadequate information. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chest x-ray, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chest x-ray. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chest x-ray. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHEST X-RAY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chest x-ray. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chest x-ray include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Chest X-Ray In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chest x-ray, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chest x-ray using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chest x-ray: •

Feeding Problems Source: in Blackman, J.A. Medical Aspects of Developmental Disabilities in Children Birth to Three. 3rd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1997. p. 111-126. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21704. (800) 234-1660 or (800) 638-8437. PRICE: $40.00. ISBN: 0834207591. Summary: This chapter discusses feeding problems in children with disabilities. The chapter is part of a book designed to educate health and social service professionals about the medical challenges presented by children (ages 1 to 3) with developmental disabilities. The author points out that many disabled children do not consume enough calories to support adequate growth; poor growth in turn can adversely affect a child's learning and development. Topics discussed in the chapter include a definition of feeding problems; possible causes; incidence; detection and diagnostic tests, including modified barium swallow tests, chest X-rays, pH probe, gastric emptying study, and endoscopy; medical management of feeding problems; and implications for early

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intervention. The author provides details about various methods of medical management including nasogastric tubes, gastrostomy, central venous nutrition (CVN) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). For each procedure, the author discusses equipment, procedures, medications, common problems and concerns. A chart of common problems with tube feedings is included. The author notes that professionals in early education can help to identify children who have feeding problems and seek appropriate medical evaluation for them. Educators may also participate in the management of these problems and can monitor the effects of feeding interventions. Black and white photographs and line drawings illustrate feeding procedures and equipment. 6 figures. 2 tables. 4 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHEST X-RAY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover chest x-ray.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on chest x-ray is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to chest x-ray. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “chest x-ray” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for chest x-ray: •

Low-dose CT much better than chest x-ray at detecting early lung cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 09, 1999

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “chest x-ray” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to chest xray, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “chest x-ray” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Chest X-Ray Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chest x-ray. In addition to

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these sources, you can search for articles covering chest x-ray that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 33628 243 1116 332 2127 37446

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chest x-ray can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chest x-ray. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chest x-ray. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chest x-ray”:

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Angina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Diagnostic Imaging http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diagnosticimaging.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Heart Valve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartvalvediseases.html Lung Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungcancer.html Pulmonary Fibrosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryfibrosis.html Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html Tuberculosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberculosis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chest x-ray. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Tuberculosis (TB): Understanding the Basics Contact: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, PO Box 74, New York, NY, 10013-0061, (212) 788-4155, http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/nyclink/html/doh/html/tb/tb.html. Summary: In response to a list of questions about tuberculosis (TB), this information sheet discusses, TB transmission, latent TB infection (LTBI), drug-resistant TB, symptoms, diagnostic tests, who should get tested, whether TB patients can infect others, and the best way of fighting TB. It explains that TB is a disease that can damage a person's lungs and other parts of the body and can cause serious illness. TB is spread

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when people who have active untreated TB cough or sneeze and germs are released in the air. Other people breathing these germs can get infected. LTBI means that the germs are in the body but are not active. A tuberculin Mantoux skin test, a chest x-ray or a sputum test can show if a person has been infected, and the only way to fight TB is to take the medication as directed. •

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Source: Bethesda, MD: Clinical Center Communications. 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available from Clinical Center Communications. Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, 6100 Executive Blvd., Suite 3C01 MSC 7511, Bethesda, Maryland 208927511. (800) 411-1222. Fax (301) 480-9793. Website: www.cc.nih.gov. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test measures how well the kidneys work to filter waste products from the body. This fact sheet provides information for patients scheduled to undergo a GFR study. The fact sheet reviews the preparation required, the procedure itself, what to expect after the procedure, and special instructions. The fact sheet notes that the GFR study uses radioactivity (less than that of a chest x-ray) and is not performed in women who are pregnant.

•

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), presents information about pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). PCP is a protozoal organism that often attacks the lungs of people with damaged immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. PCP, though an organism that is difficult to avoid, is not likely to be transmitted from person to person. Individuals with HIV who are in the advanced stages of infection and exhibiting symptoms such as thrush or persistent fever are at risk for PCP. The symptoms of PCP are persistent fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a dry cough. PCP may be determined by physical examination, a chest x-ray, an oximeter, a measure of arterial blood gases, an induced sputum test, a bronchoscopy with lavage, a pulmonary function test, and a gallium scan. PCP is treated with oral or intravenous medications over a course of three weeks. Taking daily oral prophylactic medication such as TMP-SMX, daspone, atovaquone, and aerosol pentamidine can prevent PCP. A table identifies the treatments available for PCP.

•

Respiratory Problems Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses various opportunistic respiratory infections and diseases. Respiratory problems are common in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Disorders of the lower tract include bronchitis, pneumonia, and lung tumors. Other disorders include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi's

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sarcoma, and lymphoma. The symptoms of bronchitis include chest cough that produces phlegm, chest discomfort, severe chest pain, and shortness of breath. The symptoms of pneumonia are a sudden onset of fever, pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, cough with pus-like phlegm, fatigue, a dry non-productive cough, and weight loss. Respiratory problems are often diagnosed through a physical examination, a chest x-ray, expectorated or induced sputum, oximetry or arterial blood gases, bronchoscopy with biopsy, and a lung biopsy. The fact sheet identifies the treatments available to HIVpositive individuals for bronchitis and bacterial pneumonia. •

Alzheimer's Disease: Physician Information Packet Source: Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Council on Aging. 1988. 7 p. Contact: Available from Pennsylvania Council on Aging. 400 Market Street, Harrisburg, PA 17101-2301. (800) 367-5115; (717) 783-1924. PRICE: Free. Summary: This information packet, produced by the Pennsylvania Council on Aging, is designed to provide the primary care physician with an overview of criteria used to evaluate patients with suspected Alzheimer's disease. It also provides suggestions for treatment and management. The first part covers diagnosis and consists of six sections: medical history, mental status, physical examination, neurological examination, laboratory tests (blood, urinalysis, chest X-ray, stool occult blood, etc), and additional diagnostic measures (computerized tomography, electroencephalography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, drug screens, and psychometric evaluation). The second part covers treatment and consists of four sections: general medical measures (scheduled appointments), behavioral and environmental manipulations (limit stimuli and avoid confusion), adjunctive pharmacological treatments, and family intervention.

•

Learn About Tuberculosis Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 6700-B Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7630, (301) 496-1884, http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid. Summary: This pamphlet for persons who have tested positive for tuberculosis (TB) provides information about the disease. TB can be determined through a skin test or a chest x-ray and is a germ usually found in the lungs. TB is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or laughs. Persons with TB should not go to school or work until they are cured of TB and should take precautions to cover their mouths when coughing or laughing. A doctor or local health department will provide antibiotics to persons with TB. All of the medication must be taken. Local health departments may offer directly observed therapy (DOT) to ensure patient adherence. While undergoing treatment, good nutrition and proper rest are recommended.

•

Learn About Tuberculosis Infection Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 6700-B Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7630, (301) 496-1884, http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid. Summary: This pamphlet provides information for persons who have tuberculosis (TB) infection, not active TB disease. If an individual's skin test (PPD test) is positive, but the chest x-ray does not have spots or shadows, that individual is said to have TB infection

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or latent TB infection. This means that the germ that causes TB disease is in the body, but is not active. That individual cannot spread the germ to others. Individuals with TB infection may not look or feel sick, but the germ may become active at any time and make them sick. Then they can spread the germ to others. A doctor or local health department may give them medicines, called antibiotics, for their TB infection. However, it is important that individuals with TB take all of their medicines for the required length of time. If they stop taking the medicines, the infection will not go away, and they may become even sicker. Individuals with TB should eat well and get lots of rest while taking their medications. Their PPD tests will always be positive, so there is no need to take another PPD test. They will only need a chest x-ray if they have symptoms of TB disease, such as fever, cough, or night sweats. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chest x-ray. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chest x-ray. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chest x-ray.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chest x-ray. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chest x-ray” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chest x-ray”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chest x-ray” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chest x-ray” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on chest x-ray: •

Basic Guidelines for Chest X-Ray Chest X-Ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Chest X-Ray Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Coughing up blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Lung disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htm

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Diagnostics and Tests for Chest X-Ray X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Background Topics for Chest X-Ray Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Fractures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Lateral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002244.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHEST X-RAY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH]

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Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Rupture: Tearing of aortic tissue. It may be rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to trauma. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 99

Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of the lung. [NIH] Atheromatosis: A diffuse atheromatous disease of the arteries. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium swallow: A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called an esophagram. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Veins: Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchogenic Cyst: A usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. It is generally found in the mediastinum or lung and is usually asymptomatic unless it becomes infected. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other

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causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that

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contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in

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the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues,

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allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Contusions: Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Disabled Children: Children with mental or physical disabilities that interfere with usual activities of daily living and that may require accommodation or intervention. [NIH] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dyspnoea: Difficult or laboured breathing. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Ejection fraction: A measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH]

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Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Esophagram: A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called a barium swallow. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH]

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Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Extravascular Lung Water: Water present within the lungs; its volume is roughly equal to, or a little less than, the intracellular blood volume of the lungs. Accumulations of extravascular lung water result in pulmonary edema. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Functional Residual Capacity: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume. Common abbreviation is FRC. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

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General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemoptysis: The expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum. [EU] Healthy Worker Effect: Phenomenon of workers' usually exhibiting overall death rates lower than those of the general population due to the fact that the severely ill and disabled are ordinarily excluded from employment. [NIH] Heart Arrest: Sudden and usually momentary cessation of the heart beat. This sudden cessation may, but not usually, lead to death, sudden, cardiac. [NIH] Heart Catheterization: Procedure which includes placement of catheter, recording of intracardiac and intravascular pressure, obtaining blood samples for chemical analysis, and cardiac output measurement, etc. Specific angiographic injection techniques are also involved. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue,

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breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Sounds: The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of systole and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the atria; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling but is rarely audible in the normal heart. The physiological concept of heart sounds is differentiated from the pathological heart murmurs. [NIH]

Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU]

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Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Image Enhancement: Improvement of the quality of a picture by various techniques, including computer processing, digital filtering, echocardiographic techniques, light and ultrastructural microscopy, fluorescence spectrometry and microscopy, scintigraphy, and in vitro image processing at the molecular level. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Inspiratory Capacity: The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume. Common abbreviation is IC. [NIH] Inspiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration. Common abbreviation is IRV. [NIH]

Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH]

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Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kymography: The recording of wavelike motions or undulations. It is usually used on arteries to detect variations in blood pressure. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive

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substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Loading dose: A quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug [EU] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lung metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung. [NIH]

Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs hold. [NIH] Lung Volume Measurements: Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH]

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Mass Chest X-Ray: X-ray screening of large groups of persons for diseases of the lung and heart by means of radiography of the chest. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the

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same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mycobacteriosis: Any disease caused by Mycobacterium other than M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. avium. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Mycobacterium avium Complex: A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS. M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]

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Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Observer Variation: The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material). [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Blood: Chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]

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Phonocardiography: Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH]

Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumoconiosis: Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not

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members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Pulmonary Veins: The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH]

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Radionuclide Ventriculography: Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH]

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Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoid: A cutaneus lesion occurring as a manifestation of sarcoidosis. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secundum: The second atrial septum to appear in the embryonic heart. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Selection Bias: The introduction of error due to systematic differences in the characteristics between those selected and those not selected for a given study. In sampling bias, error is the result of failure to ensure that all members of the reference population have a known chance of selection in the sample. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock.

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[NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silicosis: A type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of particles of silica, quartz, ganister or slate. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH]

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Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Total Lung Capacity: The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: vital capacity plus residual volume; inspiratory capacity plus functional residual capacity; tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus functional residual capacity; tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheotomy: Surgical incision of the trachea. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin: A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in

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which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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X-Ray Film: A film base coated with an emulsion designed for use with X-rays. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 9, 38, 97, 102, 105, 117 Abdominal Pain, 9, 97 Abscess, 37, 97, 122 Accommodation, 64, 97, 106 Activities of Daily Living, 97, 106 Adenoma, 30, 97 Adverse Effect, 55, 97, 123 Aerobic, 97, 115 Aerosol, 85, 97 Airways, 40, 97 Algorithms, 8, 66, 97, 100 Alimentary, 97, 112, 117 Alkaline, 97, 99, 101, 125 Allo, 97, 109 Alpha Particles, 97, 120 Alternative medicine, 72, 97 Alveoli, 97, 120, 127 Amebiasis, 23, 97 Anatomical, 64, 97, 99, 102 Anesthesia, 10, 38, 55, 97 Aneurysm, 97, 98 Angina, 4, 43, 84, 97, 98 Angina Pectoris, 4, 43, 98 Angiography, 4, 33, 49, 98 Animal model, 6, 98 Anode, 65, 98 Antibiotic, 6, 98 Antibody, 98, 103, 111, 123 Antigen, 6, 98, 103, 111 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 98 Anus, 98, 100, 103, 112, 121 Aorta, 15, 98, 127 Aortic Rupture, 12, 98 Aortic Valve, 31, 98 Aqueous, 98, 99, 105, 107 Arterial, 33, 34, 38, 49, 85, 86, 98, 119, 125 Arteries, 98, 99, 100, 105, 112, 115 Arterioles, 98, 100, 101, 115 Artery, 97, 98, 105, 107, 117, 120 Asbestos, 5, 11, 25, 38, 98, 113, 114 Asbestosis, 98 Ascites, 98, 116 Aspergillosis, 10, 98 Asymptomatic, 6, 25, 97, 98, 101 Atelectasis, 14, 15, 16, 99 Atheromatosis, 34, 99 Atrial, 32, 99, 110, 122

Atrium, 99, 120, 127 Atrophy, 99, 107 Attenuated, 99, 105 Attenuation, 42, 99 Atypical, 9, 99 Autoimmune disease, 6, 99 Autopsy, 38, 99 B Bacillus, 99, 126 Bacteremia, 27, 99 Bacteria, 98, 99, 106, 107, 108, 109, 114, 115, 119, 127 Bacterium, 99, 115 Bacteriuria, 99, 126 Barbiturate, 99, 125 Barium, 69, 99, 107 Barium swallow, 69, 99, 107 Base, 63, 99, 112, 128 Benign, 5, 12, 97, 99, 114, 115 Beta Rays, 100, 107 Bewilderment, 100, 104 Bilateral, 100, 107 Bile, 100, 108, 112, 124 Biopsy, 86, 100 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 72, 79, 100 Blood Coagulation, 100, 101 Blood pressure, 4, 67, 100, 112, 115 Blood vessel, 62, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 114, 117, 123, 124, 125, 127 Blood Volume, 100, 108 Bone Marrow, 100, 110, 113, 115 Bone scan, 100, 122 Bowel, 100, 124 Bowel Movement, 100, 124 Brachiocephalic Veins, 100, 124 Bronchi, 100, 101, 114, 126 Bronchial, 45, 100, 101, 110 Bronchiectasis, 16, 100 Bronchioles, 97, 101, 120 Bronchiolitis, 9, 101 Bronchitis, 85, 101, 103 Bronchogenic Cyst, 38, 101 Bronchopulmonary, 10, 101 Bronchoscopy, 12, 21, 85, 86, 101 Bronchus, 31, 101 Buccal, 101, 113 C Calcium, 5, 98, 101, 103, 117, 125

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Capillary, 101, 109, 127 Capsules, 101, 109 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 34, 101 Carcinogenic, 101, 111, 124 Carcinoma, 8, 9, 17, 19, 31, 101 Cardiac catheterization, 4, 101, 121 Cardiac Output, 67, 101, 109, 124 Cardiomyopathy, 101 Cardiopulmonary, 22, 55, 101 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, 22, 101 Cardiovascular, 7, 25, 31, 102 Carrier State, 97, 102 Case report, 26, 31, 35, 102 Catheter, 17, 48, 49, 102, 109, 112 Catheterization, 102, 112 Cathode, 65, 98, 100, 102, 107 Caudal, 102, 118 Cell, 6, 8, 41, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 126 Cell Adhesion, 6, 102 Cell Count, 6, 102 Central Nervous System, 6, 102, 117 Cerebrospinal, 86, 102, 123 Cerebrospinal fluid, 86, 102, 123 Cervical, 102, 118 Cervical Plexus, 102, 118 Cervix, 9, 102 Cesarean Section, 21, 102 Character, 98, 102, 105 Chemotherapy, 40, 102 Chest Pain, 86, 102 Chest wall, 102, 118 Chin, 42, 102, 114 Cholesterol, 100, 103, 124 Chromatin, 103, 113 Chronic, 6, 33, 40, 42, 45, 56, 97, 103, 111, 120, 124 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 33, 56, 103 Clamp, 60, 103 Clinical Medicine, 63, 103 Clinical trial, 4, 79, 103, 119, 121 Cloning, 100, 103 Collapse, 103, 118 Colon, 34, 45, 101, 103, 106, 112 Colonoscopy, 34, 103 Colorectal, 38, 56, 103 Complement, 103, 104 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 57, 104 Complementary medicine, 55, 104 Computational Biology, 79, 104

Computed tomography, 12, 16, 45, 104, 122 Computerized axial tomography, 104, 122 Computerized tomography, 47, 86, 104 Confusion, 86, 104, 106, 126 Congestion, 41, 104, 107 Connective Tissue, 100, 104, 108, 113, 122 Consciousness, 104, 121 Consolidation, 15, 16, 104 Constitutional, 21, 104 Contractility, 104, 106 Contraindications, ii, 104 Contrast medium, 98, 104, 121 Contusions, 36, 105 Coronary, 4, 21, 84, 98, 105, 115 Coronary Circulation, 98, 105 Coronary Disease, 4, 84, 105 Coronary Thrombosis, 105, 115 Coronary Vessels, 105 Criterion, 63, 105 Curative, 105, 125 Cutaneous, 102, 105, 112, 113 Cyst, 27, 101, 105 Cytokine, 6, 105, 125 Cytomegalovirus, 85, 105 Cytoplasm, 105, 113, 115 D Degenerative, 105, 110 Diabetes Mellitus, 105, 109, 110, 117 Diagnostic Imaging, 66, 84, 105 Diagnostic procedure, 17, 59, 67, 72, 105 Diaphragm, 63, 102, 105, 118 Diarrhea, 97, 105 Diffusion, 105, 109 Dilution, 32, 105 Direct, iii, 103, 105, 121 Disabled Children, 69, 106 Discoid, 6, 106 Disorientation, 104, 106 Disparity, 64, 106 Dissection, 9, 106 Distal, 106, 120 Dorsal, 106, 118 Drive, ii, vi, 51, 61, 106 Drug Interactions, 106 Duct, 102, 106, 122, 124 Duodenum, 100, 106, 108, 124 Dysentery, 97, 106 Dyspnea, 7, 106 Dyspnoea, 36, 106 E Echocardiography, 23, 28, 32, 33, 37, 106

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Edema, 26, 106, 116 Efficacy, 41, 47, 67, 106 Effusion, 15, 106 Ejection fraction, 34, 106 Elective, 35, 47, 49, 106 Electric shock, 101, 106 Electrocardiogram, 4, 19, 31, 106 Electrode, 98, 102, 106 Electroencephalography, 86, 107 Electrons, 65, 99, 100, 102, 107, 112, 120 Elementary Particles, 107, 116, 119 Embolus, 107, 111 Emphysema, 56, 103, 107 Emulsion, 107, 128 Endoscopy, 69, 107 Environmental Health, 16, 78, 80, 107 Enzymatic, 101, 103, 107, 121 Epidemiological, 41, 107 Epithelial, 97, 107, 110 Erythema, 6, 107 Erythema Nodosum, 6, 107 Esophagram, 99, 107 Esophagus, 99, 107, 114, 124 Evacuation, 107, 108 Expiratory, 107, 108, 125 Extensor, 108, 120 Extraction, 62, 102, 108 Extravasation, 108, 110 Extravascular, 48, 108 Extravascular Lung Water, 48, 108 F Family Planning, 79, 108 Fat, 42, 100, 107, 108, 123 Fatigue, 85, 86, 108, 109 Feces, 101, 108, 124 Fetus, 102, 108, 127 Fibrosis, 47, 84, 108, 122 Flatus, 108 Fluoroscopy, 22, 108 Fold, 44, 108, 116 Forearm, 100, 108 Functional Residual Capacity, 108, 125 G Gallbladder, 97, 108 Gallium, 18, 47, 85, 108 Gas, 65, 105, 108, 110, 111, 118, 124, 127 Gas exchange, 108, 127 Gastric, 69, 108 Gastric Emptying, 69, 108 Gastrointestinal, 98, 101, 108 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 98, 108 Gastrointestinal tract, 101, 108

Gastrostomy, 70, 108 Gene, 100, 108 General practitioner, 23, 109 Geriatric, 19, 109 Gland, 109, 113, 117, 124, 125 Glomerular, 85, 109, 112, 121 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 85, 109 Glomeruli, 109 Glomerulosclerosis, 36, 109 Glomerulus, 109 Glycoprotein, 101, 109, 126 Gonadal, 109, 124 Governing Board, 109, 119 Gram-positive, 109, 115 Granuloma, 6, 109 Graphite, 65, 109 H Habitat, 109, 115 Haemodialysis, 36, 109 Haemoptysis, 41, 109 Healthy Worker Effect, 49, 109 Heart Arrest, 101, 109 Heart Catheterization, 43, 109 Heart failure, 43, 45, 109, 116 Heart Sounds, 110, 118 Hematologic malignancies, 12, 110 Hematoma, 21, 110 Hemoglobin, 110, 116 Hemoptysis, 19, 110 Hemorrhage, 105, 110, 124 Hepatic, 23, 38, 110 Hepatitis, 4, 110 Hepatocytes, 110 Hernia, 17, 20, 32, 110 Holidays, 3, 110 Hormone, 97, 110, 117, 119, 125 Hydrogen, 99, 110, 115, 116, 119 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 46, 110 Hypnotic, 99, 110, 125 Hypoplasia, 20, 110 Hypoxemia, 38, 110 Hypoxia, 110 Hysterotomy, 102, 111 I Idiopathic, 24, 111, 122 Image Enhancement, 66, 111 Immune response, 6, 98, 99, 111, 123, 127 Immune system, 85, 111, 127 Immunodeficiency, 85, 111 In situ, 15, 111 In vitro, 111 Incision, 111, 112, 126

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Induction, 111, 120 Infarction, 42, 111 Infection, 6, 9, 35, 46, 84, 85, 86, 97, 99, 102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 124, 125, 126 Inflammation, 98, 101, 106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 118 Inhalation, 67, 97, 98, 111, 123 Initiation, 111, 113 Inoperable, 8, 111 Inspiratory Capacity, 111, 125 Inspiratory Reserve Volume, 111, 125 Insufflation, 67, 111 Intensive Care, 34, 37, 48, 49, 67, 112 Interstitial, 35, 112, 121 Intestines, 97, 106, 108, 112, 122 Intracellular, 108, 111, 112 Intramuscular, 112, 117 Intravascular, 109, 112 Intravenous, 85, 112, 117 Intubation, 25, 102, 112 Inulin, 109, 112 Invasive, 32, 112, 113, 116, 121 Ions, 99, 110, 112 K Kb, 78, 112 Kymography, 43, 112 L Large Intestine, 112, 121, 123 Latent, 84, 87, 112 Leishmaniasis, 112, 117 Lesion, 5, 109, 112, 122, 126 Leukemia, 110, 112 Life Expectancy, 33, 112 Ligaments, 105, 112 Liver, 97, 100, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 122 Liver scan, 112, 122 Loading dose, 5, 113 Lobe, 14, 15, 16, 113 Localized, 65, 97, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 126 Loop, 61, 110, 113 Lung metastases, 17, 113 Lung volume, 16, 113 Lung Volume Measurements, 16, 113 Lupus, 6, 113 Lymph, 5, 6, 102, 113, 114, 122 Lymph node, 5, 6, 102, 113, 114, 122 Lymphadenitis, 113, 115 Lymphatic, 111, 113, 116, 124 Lymphatic system, 113, 124 Lymphocytes, 6, 98, 113, 124

Lymphoid, 113 Lymphoma, 86, 110, 113 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 113, 122 Malignant, 5, 113, 114, 115, 122 Malignant mesothelioma, 113, 114 Mammography, 62, 113 Mass Chest X-Ray, 33, 42, 114 Mechanical ventilation, 13, 36, 114 Mediastinum, 101, 114 Medical Records, 4, 114 MEDLINE, 79, 114 Melanocytes, 114 Melanoma, 25, 114 Membrane, 104, 109, 114, 115, 118 Meninges, 102, 114 Mental, iv, 4, 78, 80, 84, 86, 103, 104, 106, 108, 114, 116, 120, 126 Mental Health, iv, 4, 78, 80, 114, 116 Mesothelioma, 33, 113, 114 Meta-Analysis, 49, 114 Microbe, 114, 126 Microbiology, 86, 99, 114 Microscopy, 111, 114 Microscopy, Fluorescence, 111, 114 Millimeter, 65, 114 Modeling, 11, 114 Modification, 114, 120 Molecular, 79, 81, 100, 104, 111, 114, 126 Molecule, 6, 98, 99, 103, 114, 121 Monitor, 70, 101, 115, 116 Monocytes, 115, 125 Mononuclear, 109, 115, 126 Motor nerve, 115, 118 Mucosa, 113, 115 Mycobacteriosis, 115 Mycobacterium, 18, 85, 115, 126 Mycobacterium avium, 85, 115 Mycobacterium avium Complex, 85, 115 Myocardial infarction, 28, 43, 47, 105, 115 Myocardial Ischemia, 98, 105, 115 Myocardium, 98, 115 N Nasogastric, 70, 115 Necrosis, 111, 115, 122 Neonatal, 11, 13, 16, 18, 24, 26, 32, 41, 43, 44, 46, 55, 115 Neonatal period, 32, 115 Neoplasm, 115, 122 Nervous System, 102, 116 Neutrons, 97, 116, 120 Nuclear, 8, 17, 47, 107, 115, 116, 120

133

Nuclei, 97, 107, 113, 116, 119 Nucleus, 100, 103, 105, 107, 113, 115, 116, 119 Nutritional Support, 108, 116 O Observer Variation, 26, 116 Occult, 86, 116 Occult Blood, 86, 116 Occupational Exposure, 5, 116 Occupational Medicine, 39, 116 Oedema, 14, 116 Office Visits, 63, 116 Oximetry, 86, 116 Oxygenation, 110, 116 P Palliative, 116, 125 Pancreas, 97, 117 Parathyroid, 30, 117, 125 Parathyroid Glands, 117 Parenteral, 70, 117 Parenteral Nutrition, 70, 117 Parietal, 66, 117, 118 Parietal Lobe, 117 Parotid, 117, 122 Paroxysmal, 98, 117 Pathologic, 100, 105, 117, 120 Patient Education, 84, 90, 92, 96, 117 Pentamidine, 85, 117 Perfusion, 4, 30, 41, 48, 110, 117 Pericardium, 66, 117 Peritoneal, 98, 116, 117 Peritoneal Cavity, 98, 116, 117 Phantom, 37, 117 Pharmacologic, 97, 117, 126 Phonocardiography, 32, 118 Phospholipids, 108, 118 Phosphorus, 101, 117, 118 Phrenic Nerve, 44, 118 Physical Examination, 85, 86, 118 Physiologic, 105, 112, 118, 121 Pigment, 114, 118 Plasma, 6, 100, 109, 110, 118 Pleura, 66, 118 Pleural, 9, 33, 37, 38, 46, 47, 116, 118 Pleural cavity, 116, 118 Pleural Effusion, 9, 46, 118 Pneumoconiosis, 66, 118, 123 Pneumonia, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 17, 30, 38, 42, 85, 104, 117, 118 Pneumonitis, 35, 118 Pneumothorax, 11, 12, 15, 16, 27, 41, 118 Polysaccharide, 98, 118

Posterior, 15, 16, 64, 106, 117, 118 Postoperative, 20, 21, 24, 32, 34, 35, 43, 45, 47, 119 Practice Guidelines, 80, 119 Preoperative, 24, 35, 36, 40, 44, 47, 48, 49, 119 Prevalence, 8, 20, 22, 37, 47, 119 Probe, 69, 119 Progesterone, 119, 124 Progression, 98, 119 Progressive, 36, 115, 119, 121 Projection, 42, 119 Prospective study, 47, 119 Protein S, 100, 119 Proteins, 98, 103, 115, 118, 119, 126 Proteinuria, 109, 119 Protocol, 36, 119 Protons, 97, 110, 119, 120 Protozoa, 106, 112, 119, 126 Protozoal, 85, 119 Proximal, 106, 120, 122 Psoriasis, 30, 120 Psychiatry, 120, 127 Psychic, 114, 120 Public Policy, 79, 120 Publishing, 7, 120 Pulmonary Artery, 100, 120, 127 Pulmonary Edema, 18, 48, 56, 108, 120 Pulmonary Embolism, 18, 44, 48, 120 Pulmonary Emphysema, 42, 120 Pulmonary Veins, 24, 120 Pulse, 67, 115, 116, 120 Q Quality of Life, 3, 120 R Radiation, 9, 18, 22, 37, 41, 52, 63, 64, 98, 107, 117, 120, 122, 127 Radioactive, 100, 110, 112, 116, 120, 121, 122 Radioactivity, 85, 120 Radiography, 5, 7, 22, 27, 28, 29, 48, 52, 55, 98, 114, 120 Radiological, 10, 37, 46, 120 Radiology, 9, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 46, 52, 120 Radionuclide Ventriculography, 43, 121 Randomized, 39, 106, 121 Receptor, 6, 98, 121 Recombinant, 47, 121 Rectal, 5, 121 Rectum, 98, 100, 103, 108, 112, 121 Refer, 1, 101, 103, 116, 121, 122

134

Chest X-Ray

Regimen, 106, 121 Regurgitation, 26, 121 Relapse, 39, 40, 121 Renal failure, 36, 121 Residual Volume, 108, 121, 125 Respiration, 16, 32, 115, 121 Respirator, 114, 121 Respiratory Physiology, 121, 127 Respiratory syncytial virus, 35, 121 Resuscitation, 22, 55, 101, 102, 121 Retinal, 106, 121 Retrospective, 63, 121 Risk factor, 4, 31, 34, 119, 121 Rod, 99, 103, 122 S Salivary, 105, 122 Salivary glands, 105, 122 Saponins, 122, 124 Sarcoid, 6, 122 Sarcoidosis, 6, 46, 122 Sarcoma, 19, 86, 122 Scans, 6, 18, 22, 30, 47, 122 Scatter, 117, 122 Screening, 5, 7, 10, 11, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 35, 40, 49, 62, 66, 103, 114, 122, 126 Secundum, 32, 122 Sediment, 122, 126 Sedimentation, 6, 122 Segmental, 36, 109, 122 Segmentation, 28, 62, 122 Selection Bias, 49, 122 Septal, 32, 122 Septum, 122 Serous, 118, 122 Shock, 122, 126 Shunt, 15, 123 Side effect, 6, 97, 123, 126 Signs and Symptoms, 63, 121, 123 Silicon, 52, 123 Silicon Dioxide, 123 Silicosis, 66, 123 Skeletal, 103, 123 Skin test, 7, 25, 46, 85, 86, 123 Small intestine, 106, 110, 112, 115, 123 Social Environment, 120, 123 Social Work, 3, 123 Soft tissue, 5, 100, 123 Sound wave, 118, 123 Specialist, 63, 64, 88, 123 Species, 99, 112, 115, 123, 125, 126, 127 Specificity, 40, 62, 123 Spectroscopic, 116, 123

Spinal cord, 102, 103, 114, 116, 123 Spinal Injuries, 8, 123 Spirometry, 6, 32, 123 Spleen, 105, 113, 122, 124 Sputum, 18, 19, 29, 85, 86, 109, 124 Staging, 5, 122, 124 Steel, 103, 124, 126 Stenosis, 44, 124 Sterile, 117, 124, 126 Sternum, 22, 124 Steroid, 6, 122, 124 Stimulus, 104, 106, 124 Stomach, 97, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 117, 123, 124 Stool, 86, 103, 112, 124 Stress, 4, 124 Stricture, 124 Stroke, 34, 45, 78, 101, 124 Stroke Volume, 101, 124 Subacute, 111, 124 Subclinical, 111, 124 Subcutaneous, 42, 106, 116, 117, 124 Suction, 60, 124 Superior vena cava, 33, 100, 124 Supine, 9, 31, 34, 124 Supine Position, 34, 124 Symptomatic, 9, 20, 124 Systemic, 98, 100, 111, 116, 122, 125 Systolic, 28, 125 T Tachycardia, 99, 125 Tachypnea, 99, 125 Testicular, 40, 45, 125 Testis, 125 Tetany, 117, 125 Thalidomide, 6, 125 Therapeutics, 125 Thermal, 98, 116, 125 Thoracic, 6, 12, 16, 21, 24, 32, 41, 45, 105, 118, 125, 127 Thromboembolism, 42, 125 Thrombosis, 48, 119, 124, 125 Thrush, 85, 125 Thyroid, 17, 117, 125 Thyroid Gland, 117, 125 Tidal Volume, 111, 125 Tomography, 8, 65, 125 Torsion, 111, 125 Total Lung Capacity, 32, 125 Toxic, iv, 117, 125, 126 Toxicity, 63, 106, 126 Toxicology, 80, 126

135

Toxins, 98, 111, 126 Trace element, 123, 126 Trachea, 100, 101, 114, 125, 126 Tracheotomy, 32, 47, 126 Traction, 103, 126 Transfection, 100, 126 Trauma, 11, 12, 21, 26, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 49, 98, 115, 126 Trypanosomiasis, 117, 126 Tubercle, 126 Tuberculin, 7, 25, 46, 85, 126 Tuberculosis, 6, 7, 8, 18, 20, 22, 27, 28, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 84, 85, 86, 113, 115, 126 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 125, 126 Tungsten, 102, 126 U Ulcer, 6, 126 Uremia, 121, 126 Urinalysis, 86, 126 Urine, 99, 119, 126 Uterus, 102, 111, 119, 126, 127 V Vaccine, 119, 127 Vagina, 102, 111, 127 Vascular, 4, 9, 10, 12, 111, 116, 125, 127

VE, 12, 127 Vein, 97, 112, 116, 117, 124, 127 Vena, 127 Venous, 27, 40, 48, 49, 70, 116, 119, 127 Ventilation, 41, 48, 101, 102, 127 Ventricle, 17, 98, 120, 121, 125, 127 Ventricular, 28, 34, 42, 47, 106, 110, 121, 127 Ventricular Dysfunction, 106, 127 Ventricular Function, 28, 47, 121, 127 Venules, 100, 101, 127 Vertebral, 123, 127 Veterinary Medicine, 79, 127 Virulence, 99, 126, 127 Virus, 42, 85, 121, 127 Visceral, 66, 112, 127 Vital Capacity, 125, 127 W War, 34, 127 Windpipe, 101, 125, 127 X Xenograft, 98, 127 X-Ray Film, 8, 10, 11, 12, 20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 47, 128

136

Chest X-Ray

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