ANGIOGRAM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Angiogram: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84333-3 1. Angiogram-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on angiogram. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANGIOGRAM ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Angiogram .................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANGIOGRAM ................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Angiogram ................................................................................... 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 26 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANGIOGRAM ............................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANGIOGRAM ............................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Dissertations on Angiogram........................................................................................................ 37 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANGIOGRAM ......................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Recent Trials on Angiogram........................................................................................................ 39 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ANGIOGRAM ......................................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patents on Angiogram ................................................................................................................. 45 Patent Applications on Angiogram ............................................................................................. 75 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ANGIOGRAM ............................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 85 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 86 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 91 Chapters on Angiogram ............................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ANGIOGRAM .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANGIOGRAM ............................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Academic Periodicals covering Angiogram ................................................................................. 97 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107
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Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 109 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 111 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 111 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 111 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 117 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 118 ANGIOGRAM DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 119 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 157
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with angiogram is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about angiogram, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to angiogram, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on angiogram. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to angiogram, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on angiogram. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on angiogram.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and angiogram, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Screening for Renovascular Hypertension: Which Patients-What Approach? Source: Journal of Critical Illness. 13(5): 301-308. May 1998. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. (203) 661-0600. Summary: Renovascular hypertension is not uncommon, but routine screening of all patients with hypertension (high blood pressure) for renovascular disease is not costeffective, since its overall incidence is low. Screening is reserved for a particular subset of hypertensive patients. This article reviews the patient selection for this screening test and which tests are most appropriate. A variety of screening tests are available, each with its own benefits and limitations. Renal scintigraphy with antiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition has high sensitivity and specificity, but its use is limited in
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patients with fairly advanced azotemia or bilateral renal artery stenosis. Duplex Doppler ultrasonography is especially useful in detecting recurrent vascular disease in patients who have undergone revascularization. Magnetic resonance angiography, in addition to visualizing the lesion(s), can determine both absolute renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rates (GRF) to assess their functional significance. Normal results of noninvasive studies do not totally rule out a renovascular lesion; conventional renal angiography or an intra-arterial digital subtraction angiogram remains the diagnostic gold standard. 3 figures. 42 references. (AA). •
Sibling Love: The Story of a Sister-to-Sister Kidney Transplant Source: Stadtlanders Lifetimes. Issue 2: 24-26. 2001. Contact: Available from Stadtlanders Lifetimes. Stadtlanders Pharmacy, 600 Penn Center Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5810. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This article, from a newsletter for people with kidney disease or a kidney transplant, tells the story of a sister-to-sister kidney transplant. The author's sister had end stage renal disease (ESRD) and had received and lost a cadaveric kidney transplant prior to the author's experience of becoming her donor. The author describes her experience as she went through the process of donation, including the tissue typing, the psychological considerations, the preoperative diagnostic testing, the need to take time off work and arrange child care, the immediate preoperative preparations (including a renal angiogram), the emotions during the perioperative period (including depression), and postoperative recovery. The author shares the details of each part of the process, including how she felt emotionally as the situation progressed. 2 figures.
Federally Funded Research on Angiogram The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to angiogram. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to angiogram. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore angiogram. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for angiogram:
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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Project Title: HORMONE REPLACEMENT PROGRESSION OF ARTHEROSCLEROSIS
THERAPY
EFFECTS
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Ouyang, Pamela C.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: Coronary atherosclerosis is the major cause of death in women in the USA. While coronary artery bypass surgery decreases symptomatic and clinical evidence of cardiac ischemia it does not alter the underlying process. Patients may develop recurrent symptoms due to saphenous vein graft occlusion, graft atherosclerosis, or progression of underlying coronary disease. Interventions that reduce the rate of coronary atherosclerosis progression would significantly benefit women following bypass surgery and possibly benefit all women with atherosclerotic disease. Some observational studies suggest that postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy reduces cardiac morbidity by up to 50%. The benefit of estrogen and progestin therapy (HRT) in women with established coronary disease has not been studied. The efficacy of HRT to delay the development of saphenous graft atherosclerosis is unknown. This randomized, double-masked, placebo- controlled trial tests the hypothesis that HRT started shortly after coronary bypass surgery will delay the development of graft atherosclerosis and reduce the occurrence of graft occlusion. Women will be randomized to placebo or HRT with 17b-estradiol plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (or 17 -estradiol if post hysterectomy) within 4 months of surgery. The development of vein graft atherosclerosis will be measured using quantitative coronary angiographic and intravascular ultrasound assessment of disease severity and extent. Studies will be performed 6 months and 3.5 years after randomization. We shall determine the influence of HRT on the primary outcome variables of the change in severity and extent of atherosclerosis in vein grafts over 3.5 years of therapy. We postulate that the pathophysiologic mechanisms of platelet activation, fibrinogen binding to platelets, vascular reactivity, coagulation and fibrinolytic factors and lipoprotein composition predict the occurrence of graft occlusion and graft atherosclerosis. The effect of HRT on these factors will be measured. The proposal also tests the hypothesis that HRT exerts its beneficial effects by its effects on these risk factors in addition to more traditional risk factors including lipids and lipoprotein profile. The influence of these risk factors and the effect of HRT on the frequency of early graft closure (identified on a 6 month coronary angiogram) will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POST PROCESSING FOR IMPROVED VESSEL DETAIL IN MRA Principal Investigator & Institution: Parker, Dennis L.; Professor; Radiology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Our intent in this project has been to improve the small vessel visibility in MIP images of 3D TOF MRA studies. During the first 3 years we tested the effectiveness of a non-linear vessel enhancing filter applied to the original 3D TOF MRA image data. In trying to understand the strength of the MIP algorithm in vessel display and to understanding the properties of vessels, we noticed the striking difference between the nature of "vessels" and background in the MIP depth buffer (the matrix of z-locations of points projected in the MIP). Vessels are predominantly smooth and connected while background is "rough". In trying to utilize this property to enhance the probability of vessel pixels, we have developed an algorithm which nearly completed extracts vessel
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voxels from the 3D MRA data, and excludes nearly all background. Using these extracted voxels, we have been able to generate X-ray like projection images of the 3D MRA image data which inherently contained more information than the MIP, leading to a striking improvement in vessel appearance. Nearly every vessel seen in the original MAP and some not seen are visible in these reproject images with the exact appearance of a digital subtraction X-ray angiogram (DSA). In the next funding period we will perform a large series of tasks designed at refining this new depth buffer segmentation (DBS) algorithm. After refining the algorithm, we will test the extent to which the DBS algorithm improves the accuracy and efficiency of detection and management of a variety of intracranial pathologies such as aneurysms and vasculitis. We will also study the application to other vascular systems. Because the algorithm extracts the image coordinates of the voxels that make up the vessels for which segments are visible in the MIP, we will develop algorithms which convert these lists of segmented voxels to a cubic spline representation, where the anatomic labels of the vessels are included. We will study methods to use this knowledge of the patients vascular anatomy to develop techniques to assist in the optimized presentation of the MRA information for improved diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. We will also test the application of the 3D vessel structure obtained from the DBS algorithm to improve surgical procedure planning and other applications. We believe that an improved version of this exciting new algorithm will improve the efficiency and accuracy of MRA in general. Experiments to characterize, improve and clinically evaluate this algorithm are described in this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POSTTRANSPLANT IMMUNE PARAMETERS AND DECREASED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Matas, Arthur J.; Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The long-term objective of our Project is to determine whether posttransplant immune parameters can predict which solid organ transplant recipients will tolerate decreased immunosuppression. The specific aims for recipients developing donor antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. 1. To determine, in a prospective randomized trial, whether kidney transplant recipients can be tapered off steroids without an increased incidence of late acute rejection or of chronic rejection. 2. To determine whether heart transplant recipients can be tapered off steroids without an increased incidence of acute rejection and without an increased risk of allograft vasculopathy. 3. To determine whether lung transplant recipients can be converted from oral to inhaled steroids without an increased incidence of acute rejection episodes and without an increased risk of obliterative bronchiolitis. It is well-recognized that posttransplant immunosuppression is associated with morbidity. And many immunosuppressive care protocols attempt to lower or withdraw some immunosuppressive agents. However, trials of immunosuppression drug withdrawal or dosage lowering, based on clinical criteria alone, have not been routinely successful. We have previously shown that patients who develop donor antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness have decreased incidence of late acute rejection episodes, decreased chronic rejections (biopsy proven in kidney transplant recipients, coronary artery disease on angiogram in heart transplant recipients, and of obliterative bronchiolitis in lung transplant recipients), and improved long term graft survival. The goal of the current study is to determine whether those who have developed donor antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness can have the same
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excellent long-term outcome after prednisone withdrawal ( in kidneys and heart recipients) or conversion to nebulized prednisone (in lung transplant recipients). Identification of a subpopulation of patients who can safely tolerate prednisone (in long transplant recipients). Identification of a subpopulation of patient who can safely tolerate prednisone withdrawal will allow potential for decreased morbidity for these, while simultaneously not withdrawing prednisone from those who would be at risk for rejection episodes, will similarly help preserve graft function and decrease morbidity (due to the antirejection treatment). Finally, for lung transplant recipients who remain responsive to donor antigens, we will also determine if the addition of inhaled steroids to their oral steroid regimen will decrease the risk of bronciolitis obliterans. Thus, this study has the potential for allowing selective immunosuppression for transplant recipients after the first year. The selective immunosuppression will help improve graft survival while potential decreasing posttransplant morbidity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETINAL IMAGING TESTS FOR MICROVASCULAR FUNCTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: King, George L.; Professor and Acting Director; Joslin Diabetes Center Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Microvascular abnormalities and pathologies occur in all the tissues and organs of diabetic patients. Cellular abnormalities in the microvessels extend to both vascular cells and innervation surrounding the microvasculature. We suggest that microvascular diseases in the retina and those in the skin or peripheral tissues may share many common characteristics in early stages of diabetes. Thus, imaging techniques to assess both vascular and neurological functions via the retina may be helpful to diagnose and quantitate microvascular and neurological damage in the periphery. This postulate is based on the fact that clinically, diabetic retinopathy and sensory polyneuropathy (DPN), occurs frequently together. Functional studies have shown that blood flow is decreased in the retina and peripheral nerve early in the course of diabetes. Common pathologies for both tissues include pericyte loss, basal membrane thickening, capillary dropouts and microaneurysms. Thus, imaging tests that could directly assess retinal microvascular dysfunction and sensory abnormalities in diabetic patients may also detect peripheral microvascularopathy and sensory neuropathy at earlier time since it is much easier to visualize retinal microvasculature and potentially neurological functions than the microvessels of the skin or nerves. In collaboration with Dr. Veves and Dr. Bursell, we have developed a series of retinal and systemic microvascular function tests to evaluate their possible use for the diagnosis of microvascular disease in diabetic patients. The retinal function tests are: digitalized retinal video fluorescein angiogram (VFA) for quantitating microvascular flow; retinal oximetry (RO) for measuring oxygen saturation; and electroretinogram (ERG) for measuring neural-retina functions. The results from these retinal functions will be correlated to peripheral microvascular and sensory function tests which will include neuropathy sensory score (NSS), neuropathy disability score (NDS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) and nerve axonal reflex (NAR) for measuring sensory fiber abnormalities and skin blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry. The specific aims for this grant are: 1) to determine in control and non-diabetic subjects from 18-35 years of age, the normal range for changes in VFA, RO and ERG and several neural vascular function tests such as NSS, NDS, QST, nerve axonal reflex and skin blood flow by laser Doppler both breathing room air and 12 percent and 100 percent oxygen (O2) in the breathing air; 2) to assess correlation between retinal, neural and
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microvascular changes by ERG, VFA and RO and peripheral microvascular and sensory functions as described in specific aim 1 in Type 1 diabetic patients with no or minimal retinopathy, moderate and severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These studies should provide us with information on whether retinal neural and vascular imaging function tests can be related to peripheral neural and microvascular dysfunctions and pathologies in diabetic patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for angiogram in the PubMed Central database: •
Circulating Nucleic Acids of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Cytomegalovirus in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography. by Smieja M, Chong S, Natarajan M, Petrich A, Rainen L, Mahony JB.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87782
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Comparison of Left Ventricular Electromechanical Mapping and Left Ventricular Angiography Defining Practical Standards for Analysis of NOGA[TM] Maps. by Sarmento-Leite R, Silva GV, Dohman HF, Rocha RM, Dohman HJ, de Mattos ND, Carvalho LA, Gottschall CA, Perin EC.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152830
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Current Concepts in the Evaluation of Vascular Disease: Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic Angiography. by Toombs BD, Jing JM.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101053
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Ethnic differences in invasive management of coronary disease: prospective cohort study of patients undergoing angiography. by Feder G, Crook AM, Magee P, Banerjee S, Timmis AD, Hemingway H.; 2002 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=67765
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Ever Heard of Percutaneous Transvenous Selective Coronary Angiography? Unusual Approach in a Patient with Patent Ductus Arteriosus. by Busch MC, Busch UW.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101130
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Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Scimitar Syndrome: Diagnosis and Postoperative Evaluation. by Gilkeson RC, Lee JH, Sachs PB, Clampitt M.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101089
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Geography and service supply do not explain socioeconomic gradients in angiography use after acute myocardial infarction. by Alter DA, Naylor CD, Austin PC, Chan BT, Tu JV.; 2003 Feb 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140466
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Use of magnetic resonance angiography to select candidates with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis for surgery: systematic review. by Westwood ME, Kelly S, Berry E, Bamford JM, Gough MJ, Airey CM, Meaney JF, Davies LM, Cullingworth J, Smith MA.; 2002 Jan 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64789
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with angiogram, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for angiogram (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
3-dimensional colour power angiography for staging human placental development. Author(s): Konje JC, Huppertz B, Bell SC, Taylor DJ, Kaufmann P. Source: Lancet. 2003 October 11; 362(9391): 1199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568743&dopt=Abstract
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A high incidence of Vitamin B12 deficiency in Israeli patients undergoing coronary angiography. Author(s): Goland S, Ayzenberg O, Kuznitz F, Shimoni S, Caspi A, Malnick S. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2003 March; 17(2): 191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14562825&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal aneurysmal dilatation of the internal carotid artery on angiography without abnormal finding at surgery: a case report. Author(s): Gagliardi JA, Duff MK, Callahan T, Pannese JR. Source: Conn Med. 2004 January; 68(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14752911&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography. Author(s): Oldemeyer JB, Biddle WP, Wurdeman RL, Mooss AN, Cichowski E, Hilleman DE. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 December; 146(6): E23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14661012&dopt=Abstract
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Active bleeding from ruptured cerebral aneurysms during diagnostic angiography: emergency treatment. Author(s): Klisch J, Weyerbrock A, Spetzger U, Schumacher M. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 November-December; 24(10): 2062-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625234&dopt=Abstract
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Active lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography: case report. Author(s): Chan FP, Chhor CM. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628866&dopt=Abstract
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Acute biliary obstruction caused by biliary ascaris in pregnancy: MR cholangiography findings. Author(s): Alper F, Kantarci M, Bozkurt M, Ozturk G, Onbas O, Balik AA. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2003 November; 58(11): 896-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14581017&dopt=Abstract
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Advances in angiography and their impact on endovascular therapy. Author(s): Mitty HA. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 2003 November; 70(6): 359-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647869&dopt=Abstract
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Anatomy and frequency of large pontomesencephalic veins on 3D CT angiograms of the circle of Willis. Author(s): Teksam M, Casey S, McKinney A, Michel E, Truwit CL. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 September; 24(8): 1598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13679277&dopt=Abstract
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Anomalous communication of external carotid and vertebral arteries with associated intracranial parenchymal arteriovenous malformation: magnetic resonance angiography and angiographic findings. Author(s): Berman IG, Stuckey SL. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 December; 47(4): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641208&dopt=Abstract
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Artefactual occlusion of the left subclavian artery during graft angiography. Author(s): West NE, Dixon AJ, Ruygrok PN. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 November; 89(11): 1335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594893&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of coronary arterial stents by multislice-CT angiography. Author(s): Maintz D, Grude M, Fallenberg EM, Heindel W, Fischbach R. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 November; 44(6): 597-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616203&dopt=Abstract
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Basics of non-invasive angiography contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Scheffler K. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 November-December; 86(6): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14748399&dopt=Abstract
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Budd-Chiari syndrome: diagnosis with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Lin J, Chen XH, Zhou KR, Chen ZW, Wang JH, Yan ZP, Wang P. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 October; 9(10): 2317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14562400&dopt=Abstract
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Can the Perclose suture-mediated closure system be used safely in patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic angiography to treat chronic lower extremity ischemia? Author(s): Mackrell PJ, Kalbaugh CA, Langan EM 3rd, Taylor SM, Sullivan TM, Gray BH, Carsten CG 3rd, Snyder BA, Cull DL, Youkey JR. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 December; 38(6): 1305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681632&dopt=Abstract
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Carotid arteries: contrast-enhanced US angiography--preliminary clinical experience. Author(s): Kono Y, Pinnell SP, Sirlin CB, Sparks SR, Georgy B, Wong W, Mattrey RF. Source: Radiology. 2004 February; 230(2): 561-8. Epub 2003 December 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14699188&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical results of minimally invasive coronary angiography using computed tomography. Author(s): Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle K, Anders K, Baum U, Hoffmann U, Moselewski F, Ferencik M, Brady TJ. Source: Cardiology Clinics. 2003 November; 21(4): 549-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719568&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical significance of 3D reconstruction of arteriovenous malformation using digital subtraction angiography and its modification with CT information in stereotactic radiosurgery. Author(s): Zhang XQ, Shirato H, Aoyama H, Ushikoshi S, Nishioka T, Zhang DZ, Miyasaka K. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 December 1; 57(5): 1392-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14630278&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques for noninvasive coronary angiography. Author(s): Budoff MJ, Achenbach S, Duerinckx A. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 December 3; 42(11): 186778. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14662244&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of echocardiography using tissue harmonics and contrast harmonics with radionuclide angiography for the assessment of left ventricular function. Author(s): Almeda FQ, Hendel RC, Macioch JE, Sandelski J, Parrillo JE, Meyer PM, Johnson M, Daniels ML, Go VU, Feinstein SB. Source: Journal of Investigative Medicine : the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2003 November; 51(6): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686640&dopt=Abstract
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Computed tomography angiography validates duplex sonographic evaluation of carotid artery stenosis. Author(s): Cinat ME, Casalme C, Wilson SE, Pham H, Anderson P. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 October; 69(10): 842-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14570360&dopt=Abstract
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Coronary artery angiography in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with abnormal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Author(s): Sella EM, Sato EI, Barbieri A. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 November; 48(11): 3168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14613279&dopt=Abstract
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Coronary imaging: angiography shows the stenosis, but IVUS, CT, and MRI show the plaque. Author(s): Schoenhagen P, White RD, Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 August; 70(8): 713-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959398&dopt=Abstract
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CT angiography for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: state of the art. Author(s): Schoepf UJ, Costello P. Source: Radiology. 2004 February; 230(2): 329-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14752178&dopt=Abstract
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CT angiography: basic principles and post-processing applications. Author(s): Salgado R, Mulkens T, Ozsarlak O, De Schepper AM, Parizel PA. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 November-December; 86(6): 336-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14748397&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic characteristics of the population undergoing cine coronary angiography at the Instituto do Coracao of the Medical School of USP from 1986 to 1995. Author(s): Caramelli B, Fornari LS, Monachini M, Ballas D, Fachini NR, de Padua Mansur A, Ramires JA. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 2003 September; 81(3): 303-8. Epub 2003 October 09. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14569374&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of central pulmonary embolism on computed tomography densitometry images before computed tomography pulmonary angiography. Author(s): Kanne JP, Thoongsuwan N, Stern EJ. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 November-December; 27(6): 907-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14600459&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of intracranial aneurysms: multi-detector row CT angiography compared with DSA. Author(s): Jayaraman MV, Mayo-Smith WW, Tung GA, Haas RA, Rogg JM, Mehta NR, Doberstein CE. Source: Radiology. 2004 February; 230(2): 510-8. Epub 2003 December 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14699177&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of hemi-truncus arteriosis by three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Razavi R, Miquel M, Baker E. Source: Circulation. 2004 January 27; 109(3): E15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14744960&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic coronary angiography induces a systemic inflammatory response in patients with stable angina. Author(s): Goldberg A, Zinder O, Zdorovyak A, Diamond E, Lischinsky S, Gruberg L, Markiewicz W, Beyar R, Aronson D. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 November; 146(5): 819-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14597930&dopt=Abstract
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Direction of flow in posterior communicating artery on magnetic resonance angiography in patients with occipital lobe infarcts. Author(s): Jongen JC, Franke CL, Ramos LM, Wilmink JT, van Gijn J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 January; 35(1): 104-8. Epub 2003 December 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14671241&dopt=Abstract
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Dose optimization for dynamic time-resolved contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography of pulmonary circulation. Author(s): Sonnet S, Buitrago-Tellez CH, Schulte AC, Bongartz G, Bremerich J. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 December; 181(6): 1499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14627563&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness and safety of manual hemostasis facilitated by the SyvekPatch with one hour of bedrest after coronary angiography using six-French catheters. Author(s): Palmer BL, Gantt DS, Lawrence ME, Rajab MH, Dehmer GJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 January 1; 93(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14697477&dopt=Abstract
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End-diastolic and end-systolic volume from the left ventricular angiogram: how accurate is visual frame selection? Comparison between visual and semi-automated comnputer-assisted analysis. Author(s): Staal EM, de Heer M, Jukema JW, Koning G, van der Wall EE, Reiber JH, Baan J, Steendijk P. Source: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 2003 August; 19(4): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598893&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of peripheral arterial bypass grafts with multi-detector row CT angiography: comparison with duplex US and digital subtraction angiography. Author(s): Willmann JK, Mayer D, Banyai M, Desbiolles LM, Verdun FR, Seifert B, Marincek B, Weishaupt D. Source: Radiology. 2003 November; 229(2): 465-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14595148&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of rerouting surgery of a coronary artery anomaly by magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Salm LP, Bax JJ, Lamb HJ, Hazekamp MG, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Vliegen HW. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 November; 76(5): 1748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14602336&dopt=Abstract
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Explaining racial differences in receipt of coronary angiography: the role of physician referral and physician specialty. Author(s): LaVeist TA, Arthur M, Morgan A, Plantholt S, Rubinstein M. Source: Medical Care Research and Review : Mcrr. 2003 December; 60(4): 453-67; Discussion 496-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14677220&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of internal thoracic artery grafts: conclusions from coronary angiography midterm follow-up. Author(s): Bezon E, Choplain JN, Maguid YA, Aziz AA, Barra JA. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 September; 76(3): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963193&dopt=Abstract
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Flow voids in time-of-flight MR angiography of carotid artery stenosis? It depends on the TE! Author(s): Lev MH, Romero JM, Gonzalez RG. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 November-December; 24(10): 2120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625247&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography findings in Behcet's disease. Author(s): Atmaca LS, Sonmez PA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 December; 87(12): 1466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14660454&dopt=Abstract
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Fractional esterification rate of cholesterol and ratio of triglycerides to HDLcholesterol are powerful predictors of positive findings on coronary angiography. Author(s): Frohlich J, Dobiasova M. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 November; 49(11): 1873-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14578319&dopt=Abstract
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Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for detection of acute pulmonary embolism: an in-depth review. Author(s): Stein PD, Woodard PK, Hull RD, Kayali F, Weg JG, Olson RE, Fowler SE. Source: Chest. 2003 December; 124(6): 2324-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665516&dopt=Abstract
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Heart failure: evaluation of cardiopulmonary transit times with time-resolved MR angiography. Author(s): Shors SM, Cotts WG, Pavlovic-Surjancev B, Francois CJ, Gheorghiade M, Finn JP. Source: Radiology. 2003 December; 229(3): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657311&dopt=Abstract
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Helical CT angiography of abdominal aortic aneurysms treated with suprarenal stent grafting. Author(s): Sun Z. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2003 May-June; 26(3): 290-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14562981&dopt=Abstract
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Hemorrhage in pelvic fracture: who needs angiography? Author(s): Gansslen A, Giannoudis P, Pape HC. Source: Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2003 December; 9(6): 515-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639072&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatic artery aneurysm, an unusual cause of obstructive jaundice: MR cholangiography findings. Author(s): Mazziotti S, Blandino A, Gaeta M, Lamberto S, Vinci V, Ascenti G. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2003 November-December; 28(6): 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14753601&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma: regional therapy with a magnetic targeted carrier bound to doxorubicin in a dual MR imaging/ conventional angiography suite--initial experience with four patients. Author(s): Wilson MW, Kerlan RK Jr, Fidelman NA, Venook AP, LaBerge JM, Koda J, Gordon RL. Source: Radiology. 2004 January; 230(1): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14695402&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of well-defined intrachoroidal neovascularization by high-speed indocyanine green angiography. Author(s): Srivastava SK, Csaky KG. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 October; 23(5): 712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14574261&dopt=Abstract
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Image stacking with entropy values in conventional angiography: initial experience. Author(s): Schmitt H, Grass M, Heiland S, Hahnel S, Sartor K. Source: Radiology. 2004 January; 230(1): 294-8. Epub 2003 November 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645884&dopt=Abstract
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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Pulmonary venous aneurysms in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia detected by 3-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Ferrari VA, Mehta NN, Soulen M, Roberts DA, St John Sutton M. Source: Circulation. 2003 October 28; 108(17): E122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14581389&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging of intracoronary thrombus by multidetector helical computed tomography angiography. Author(s): Von Dem Bussche N, Isaacs DL, Goodman ET, Hassankhani A, Mahmud E. Source: Circulation. 2004 January 27; 109(3): 432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14744957&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of CT angiography on endovascular therapy. Author(s): Lookstein RA. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 2003 November; 70(6): 367-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647871&dopt=Abstract
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Indocyanine green angiography of retinal astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis. Author(s): Koak N, Saatci AO, Kaynak S, Ergin MH, Ingil GC. Source: Korean J Ophthalmol. 2003 December; 17(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717494&dopt=Abstract
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Intracranial aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils: is contrast material necessary in the follow-up with 3D time-of-flight MR angiography? Author(s): Cottier JP, Bleuzen-Couthon A, Gallas S, Vinikoff-Sonier CB, Bertrand P, Domengie F, Barantin L, Herbreteau D. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 October; 24(9): 1797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14561605&dopt=Abstract
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Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: evaluation with combined 3D time-of-flight MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography. Author(s): Noguchi K, Melhem ER, Kanazawa T, Kubo M, Kuwayama N, Seto H. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 January; 182(1): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684537&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative cerebral angiography: superficial temporal artery method and results. Author(s): Lee MC, Macdonald RL. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 53(5): 1067-74; Discussion 1074-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14580273&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative evaluation of aneurysmal architecture: comparative study with transluminal images of 3D MR and CT angiograms. Author(s): Satoh T, Onoda K, Tsuchimoto S. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 November-December; 24(10): 1975-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625219&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated intrapetrous carotid canal atraumatic internal carotid artery dissection: MRI and digital subtraction angiography findings. Author(s): Robertson DI, Stuckey SL. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 December; 47(4): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641205&dopt=Abstract
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Kinematic and deformation analysis of 4-D coronary arterial trees reconstructed from cine angiograms. Author(s): Chen SY, Carroll JD. Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2003 June; 22(6): 710-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872946&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic resonance angiography source images in carotid cavernous fistulas. Author(s): Rucker JC, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 February; 88(2): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736805&dopt=Abstract
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Management of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography. Author(s): Wang L, Li J, Song S, Yao R, Feng G. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 December; 44(6): 712-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652884&dopt=Abstract
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MDCT compared with digital subtraction angiography for assessment of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease: importance of reviewing cross-sectional images. Author(s): Ota H, Takase K, Igarashi K, Chiba Y, Haga K, Saito H, Takahashi S. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 January; 182(1): 201-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684540&dopt=Abstract
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MR angiography in steno-occlusive disease of the intracranial vessels. Author(s): Ozsarlak O, Van Goethem JW, Maes M, van den Hauwe L, Parizel PM. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 November-December; 86(6): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14748402&dopt=Abstract
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MR angiography of anomalous branches of the internal carotid artery. Author(s): Uchino A, Sawada A, Takase Y, Kudo S. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 November; 181(5): 1409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14573446&dopt=Abstract
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MR angiography with gadofosveset trisodium for peripheral vascular disease: phase II trial. Author(s): Perreault P, Edelman MA, Baum RA, Yucel EK, Weisskoff RM, Shamsi K, Mohler ER 3rd. Source: Radiology. 2003 December; 229(3): 811-20. Epub 2003 October 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14593194&dopt=Abstract
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Multi-detector row spiral CT angiography of the thoracic outlet: dose reduction with anatomically adapted online tube current modulation and preset dose savings. Author(s): Mastora I, Remy-Jardin M, Delannoy V, Duhamel A, Scherf C, Suess C, Remy J. Source: Radiology. 2004 January; 230(1): 116-24. Epub 2003 November 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645883&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple intra-hepatic portal vein aneurysms: findings on magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Erdem CZ, Erdem LO, Comert M, Ustundag Y, Gundogu S. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2003 November; 58(11): 899-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14581018&dopt=Abstract
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Multi-Slice CT angiography in diagnosing total versus near occlusions of the internal carotid artery: comparison with catheter angiography. Author(s): Chen CJ, Lee TH, Hsu HL, Tseng YC, Lin SK, Wang LJ, Wong YC. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 January; 35(1): 83-5. Epub 2003 December 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684778&dopt=Abstract
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New techniques and applications for magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Goldman JP. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 2003 November; 70(6): 375-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647872&dopt=Abstract
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Non-invasive angiography of the coronary arteries with multislice computed tomography: state of the art and future prospects. Author(s): Cademartiri F, Luccichenti G, Marano R, Nieman K, Mollet N, De Feyter P, Krestin GP, Pavone P, Bonomo L. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 October; 106(4): 284-96. Review. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612820&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive detection of a ruptured aneurysm at a basilar artery fenestration with submillimeter multisection CT angiography. Author(s): Cademartiri F, Stojanov D, Dippel DW, Van Der Lugt A, Tanghe H. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 November-December; 24(10): 2009-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625224&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive detection of coronary artery bypass graft patency by intravenous electron beam computed tomographic angiography. Author(s): Yamakami S, Toyama J, Okamoto M, Matsushita T, Murakami Y, Ogata M, Ito S, Fukutomi T, Okayama N, Itoh M. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 2003 November; 44(6): 811-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14711177&dopt=Abstract
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Optimized assessment of hand vascularization on contrast-enhanced MR angiography with a subsystolic continuous compression technique. Author(s): Bilecen D, Aschwanden M, Heidecker HG, Bongartz G. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 January; 182(1): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684536&dopt=Abstract
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Phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Van Goethem JW, van den Hauwe L, Ozsarlak O, Parizel PM. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 November-December; 86(6): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14748398&dopt=Abstract
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Predialing the number of cinegraphic frames enables an effective patient dose due to coronary angiography of 0.8 mSv. Author(s): Kuon E, Schmitt M, Dorn C, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Dahm JB. Source: Rofo. Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der Rontgenstrahlen Und Der Neuen Bildgebenden Verfahren. 2003 December; 175(12): 1706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14661143&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of early reangiography within 30 days after coronary stenting. Author(s): Scholten C, Schemper M, Probst P, Maurer G, Stefenelli T. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2003 December; 19(13): 1503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14760441&dopt=Abstract
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Preoperative selective intercostal angiography in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. Author(s): Williams GM, Roseborough GS, Webb TH, Perler BA, Krosnick T. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2004 February; 39(2): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14743130&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and clinical predictors of severe tortuosity of right subclavian artery in patients undergoing transradial coronary angiography. Author(s): Cha KS, Kim MH, Kim HJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 November 15; 92(10): 1220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609604&dopt=Abstract
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Primary biliary cirrhosis complicated with sigmoid colonic varices: the usefulness of computed tomographic angiography. Author(s): Kakizaki S, Ishikawa T, Koyama Y, Yamada H, Kobayashi R, Sohara N, Otsuka T, Takagi H, Mori M. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2003 November-December; 28(6): 831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14753600&dopt=Abstract
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Proximal great vessels of aortic arch: comparison of three-dimensional gadoliniumenhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Author(s): Randoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, Chiras J, Dormont D, Marsault C. Source: Radiology. 2003 December; 229(3): 697-702. Epub 2003 October 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14563902&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary embolism in pregnant patients: a survey of practices and policies for CT pulmonary angiography. Author(s): Schuster ME, Fishman JE, Copeland JF, Hatabu H, Boiselle PM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 December; 181(6): 1495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14627562&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent myocardial infarction with near-normal coronary angiogram and myocardial ischemia detected by Tc-99m SPECT and magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. Author(s): Rahman AM, Ahmad N. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2003 July-August; 10(4): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900751&dopt=Abstract
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Regarding”magnetic resonance angiography minimizes need for arteriography after inadequate carotid duplex ultrasound scanning”. Author(s): Chang JB, Stein TA. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2004 February; 39(2): 487-8; Author Reply 488. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14760834&dopt=Abstract
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Role of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Author(s): Prasad SK, Soukias N, Hornung T, Khan M, Pennell DJ, Gatzoulis MA, Mohiaddin RH. Source: Circulation. 2004 January 20; 109(2): 207-14. Epub 2004 Jan 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718402&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for high spatial resolution time-of-flight MR angiography of the intracranial arteries at 3.0 T. Author(s): Willinek WA, Gieseke J, von Falkenhausen M, Born M, Hadizadeh D, Manka C, Textor HJ, Schild HH, Kuhl CK. Source: Rofo. Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der Rontgenstrahlen Und Der Neuen Bildgebenden Verfahren. 2004 January; 176(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712403&dopt=Abstract
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Site-specific cancer incidence and mortality after cerebral angiography with radioactive thorotrast. Author(s): Travis LB, Hauptmann M, Gaul LK, Storm HH, Goldman MB, Nyberg U, Berger E, Janower ML, Hall P, Monson RR, Holm LE, Land CE, Schottenfeld D, Boice JD Jr, Andersson M. Source: Radiation Research. 2003 December; 160(6): 691-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14640794&dopt=Abstract
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Spiral CT-angiography with one, four, and sixteen slice scanners. Technical note. Author(s): Cademartiri F, Luccichenti G, Marano R, Nieman K, Mollet N, de Feyter PJ, Krestin GP, Pavone P, Bonomo L. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 October; 106(4): 269-83. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612819&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous perirenal hematoma during coronary angiography. Author(s): Goel R, Aron M, Kesarwani PK, Gupta NP. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2003; 35(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620290&dopt=Abstract
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Subungual glomus tumor: emphasis on MR angiography. Author(s): Van Ruyssevelt CE, Vranckx P. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 January; 182(1): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684556&dopt=Abstract
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Three-dimensional CT angiography in the evaluation of cerebral arteries in acute hemorrhage. Author(s): Rajagopal KV, Lakhkar BN, Acharya DK. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571004&dopt=Abstract
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Three-dimensional respiratory-gated coronary MR angiography with reference to Xray coronary angiography. Author(s): Ikonen AE, Manninen HI, Vainio P, Hirvonen TP, Vanninen RL, Matsi PJ, Soimakallio S, Hartikainen JE. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 November; 44(6): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616201&dopt=Abstract
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Time-of-flight MR angiography: comparison of 3.0-T imaging and 1.5-T imaging-initial experience. Author(s): Willinek WA, Born M, Simon B, Tschampa HJ, Krautmacher C, Gieseke J, Urbach H, Textor HJ, Schild HH. Source: Radiology. 2003 December; 229(3): 913-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657322&dopt=Abstract
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Time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography as a noninvasive method to characterize endoleaks: initial results compared with conventional angiography. Author(s): Lookstein RA, Goldman J, Pukin L, Marin ML. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2004 January; 39(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718808&dopt=Abstract
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Tracheomalacia incidentally detected on CT pulmonary angiography of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Hasegawa I, Boiselle PM, Raptopoulos V, Hatabu H. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 December; 181(6): 1505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14627565&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual method for occlusive coronary sinus angiography. Author(s): Strohmer B, Kofler HJ. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2004 January; 90(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14676241&dopt=Abstract
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Use of cine magnetic resonance angiography in quantifying aneurysm pulsatility associated with endoleak. Author(s): Faries PL, Agarwal G, Lookstein R, Bernheim JW, Cayne NS, Cadot H, Goldman J, Kent KC, Hollier LH, Marin ML. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 October; 38(4): 652-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14560208&dopt=Abstract
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Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography and risk of stroke and death: a cohort study. Author(s): Ubogu EE, Zaidat OO. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 January; 75(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14707300&dopt=Abstract
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Visualization of intraaneurysmal flow patterns with transluminal flow images of 3D MR angiograms in conjunction with aneurysmal configurations. Author(s): Satoh T, Onoda K, Tsuchimoto S. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 24(7): 1436-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917142&dopt=Abstract
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Volume rendered MR angiography for the detection of small intracranial aneurysms. Author(s): Birchall D, Botan N. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 17(4): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14579907&dopt=Abstract
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Volume-rendered 3D display of MR angiograms in the diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Author(s): Tsuchiya K, Katase S, Hachiya J, Shiokawa Y. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 November; 44(6): 675-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616214&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and angiogram.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Angiogram The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “angiogram” (or a synonym): •
Management of angiogram positive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: long term follow-up of non-operative treatments. Author(s): University of Connecticut Integrated Residency in General Surgery, Farmington, USA. Source: Pennoyer, W P Vignati, P V Cohen, J L Int-J-Colorectal-Dis. 1996; 11(6): 279-82 0179-1958
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Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study Group. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. Source: Frick, M H Syvanne, M Nieminen, M S Kauma, H Majahalme, S Virtanen, V Kesaniemi, Y A Pasternack, A Taskinen, M R Circulation. 1997 October 7; 96(7): 2137-43 0009-7322
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Thyrotoxicosis, unstable angina and normal coronary angiogram. Author(s): Istituto di I Clinica Medica, Universita La Sapienza, Roma. Source: Morelli, S Gurgo, A M Martocchia, A Falaschi, P G-Ital-Cardiol. 1999 November; 29(11): 1327-30 0046-5968
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Triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins have a differential effect on mild/moderate and severe lesion progression as assessed by quantitative coronary angiography in a controlled trial of lovastatin. Author(s): Atherosclerosis Research Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033. Source: Hodis, H N Mack, W J Azen, S P Alaupovic, P Pogoda, J M LaBree, L Hemphill, L C Kramsch, D M Blankenhorn, D H Circulation. 1994 July; 90(1): 42-9 0009-7322
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to angiogram. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to angiogram and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to angiogram: •
“Idiopathic gangrene”. Author(s): Bhana D, Baddeley H. Source: East Afr Med J. 1970 October; 47(10): 506-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5521240&dopt=Abstract
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“Shiatsu sympathectomy”: ICA dissection associated with a shiatsu massager. Author(s): Elliott MA, Taylor LP. Source: Neurology. 2002 April 23; 58(8): 1302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11971108&dopt=Abstract
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Acute cardiac tolerance of current contrast media and the new taxane protaxel using iopromide as carrier during porcine coronary angiography and stenting. Author(s): Scheller B, Speck U, Schmitt A, Clauss W, Sovak M, Bohm M, Stoll HP.
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Source: Investigative Radiology. 2002 January; 37(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753151&dopt=Abstract •
Angiography in abdominal tumours in childhood with particular reference to neuroblastoma and Wilms' tumour. Author(s): McDonald P, Hiller HG. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1968 January; 19(1): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4296827&dopt=Abstract
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Carotid sinus reflex in patients undergoing coronary angiography: relationship of degree and location of coronary artery disease to response to carotid sinus massage. Author(s): Brown KA, Maloney JD, Smith CH, Haritzler GO, Ilstrup DM. Source: Circulation. 1980 October; 62(4): 697-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7408142&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison between Gd-DTPA, Gd-EOB-DTPA, and Mn-DPDP in induced HCC in rats: a correlation study of MR imaging, microangiography, and histology. Author(s): Marchal G, Zhang X, Ni Y, Van Hecke P, Yu J, Baert AL. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1993; 11(5): 665-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8345781&dopt=Abstract
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Designing and conducting research: A music intervention to reduce anxiety before vascular angiography procedures. Author(s): Buffum M, Lanier EM, Sasso CM, Rodahl E, Hayes A. Source: Journal of Vascular Nursing : Official Publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing. 2003 September; 21(3): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963885&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of bile duct leaks using MR cholangiography with mangfodipir trisodium (Teslascan). Author(s): Vitellas KM, El-Dieb A, Vaswani K, Bennett WF, Fromkes J, Steinberg S, Bova JG. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2001 January-February; 25(1): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176303&dopt=Abstract
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Differential hemodynamic effects of Hypaque-76 and Renografin-76 during coronary angiography: the role of calcium-binding additives. Author(s): Hwang MH, Murdock DK, Piao ZE, Gries WJ, Scanlon PJ. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1988; 15(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136927&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of calcium-binding additives on ventricular fibrillation and repolarization changes during coronary angiography. Author(s): Zukerman LS, Friehling TD, Wolf NM, Meister SG, Nahass G, Kowey PR. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1987 December; 10(6): 1249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3119687&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of EDTA2Na in contrast media on hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes during selective coronary angiography--an experimental study. Author(s): Tanimoto Y. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1977 September; 41(9): 999-1007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=410964&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of X-ray contrast media on blood flow properties after coronary angiography. Author(s): Scheller B, Hennen B, Thunenkotter T, Mrowietz C, Markwirth T, Schieffer H, Jung F. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1999 November 15; 96(4): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593427&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of contrast media on the conducting system of the heart during coronary angiography. A comparison of Renografin-76 to Hypaque-76. Author(s): Hwang MH, Piao ZE, Murdock DK, Loeb HS, Raymond RM, Scanlon PJ. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1988 October; 23(10): 748-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3056871&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of L-arginine supplementation on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. Author(s): Egashira K, Hirooka Y, Kuga T, Mohri M, Takeshita A. Source: Circulation. 1996 July 15; 94(2): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8674170&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of patient-controlled music therapy during coronary angiography on procedural pain and anxiety distress syndrome. Author(s): Bally K, Campbell D, Chesnick K, Tranmer JE. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2003 April; 23(2): 50-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725195&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescein angiography for central retinal vein occlusion and its prognostic significance. Author(s): Zhang HR. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1987 November; 100(11): 903-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3130230&dopt=Abstract
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Glomerular filtration rate estimated after multiple injections of contrast medium during angiography. Author(s): Boijsen M, Granerus G, Jacobsson L, Bjorneld L, Aurell M, Tylen U. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1988 November-December; 29(6): 669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3142507&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic anesthesia for cerebral angiography. Author(s): Chestnut JS, Bank WO, Deeb ZL, Horton JA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1977 October; 129(4): 751-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=409261&dopt=Abstract
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Improving coronary angiograms. Author(s): DeLuca JE. Source: Radiol Technol. 1980 January-February; 51(4): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7355198&dopt=Abstract
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Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography in bronchogenic carcinoma treated with bronchial artery infusion. Author(s): Teng GJ, Chai XL, Gao GR, Xiang RL, Chu CF, Zhou XG, Zhang ZY. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1991 March-April; 12(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1903704&dopt=Abstract
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Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Author(s): Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, Hansen V, Vesterlund T, Dyerberg J, Toft E, Schmidt EB. Source: Circulation. 2001 February 6; 103(5): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156875&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement errors in standard visual analysis of coronary angiograms: consequences on clinical trials. Author(s): Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1993 April; 9(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508331&dopt=Abstract
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MR angiography, the Health Care Financing Administration, and Laetrile. Author(s): Yucel EK. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 August; 167(2): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686592&dopt=Abstract
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MRI and MR angiography of vertebral artery dissection. Author(s): Mascalchi M, Bianchi MC, Mangiafico S, Ferrito G, Puglioli M, Marin E, Mugnai S, Canapicchi R, Quilici N, Inzitari D. Source: Neuroradiology. 1997 May; 39(5): 329-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9189877&dopt=Abstract
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Relaxation response in femoral angiography. Author(s): Mandle CL, Domar AD, Harrington DP, Leserman J, Bozadjian EM, Friedman R, Benson H. Source: Radiology. 1990 March; 174(3 Pt 1): 737-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406782&dopt=Abstract
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Stress reduction through music in patients undergoing cerebral angiography. Author(s): Schneider N, Schedlowski M, Schurmeyer TH, Becker H. Source: Neuroradiology. 2001 June; 43(6): 472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465759&dopt=Abstract
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Sustained tumour opacification in infants during cerebral angiography. Author(s): Hawkins TD, Occleshaw JV. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1978 July; 29(4): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=679623&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of acupuncture on the coronary arteries as evaluated by coronary angiography: a preliminary report. Author(s): Kurono Y, Egawa M, Yano T, Shimoo K. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(2-3): 387-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230027&dopt=Abstract
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Use of chelation therapy after coronary angiography. Author(s): Quan H, Ghali WA, Verhoef MJ, Norris CM, Galbraith PD, Knudtson ML. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 December 15; 111(9): 686-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747847&dopt=Abstract
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Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography: reduced incidence in man with contrast media lacking calcium binding additives. Author(s): Murdock DK, Johnson SA, Loeb HS, Scanlon PJ. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1985; 11(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3921258&dopt=Abstract
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Vertebral arteries and cervical rotation: modeling and magnetic resonance angiography studies. Author(s): Haynes MJ, Cala LA, Melsom A, Mastaglia FL, Milne N, McGeachie JK.
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Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 July-August; 25(6): 370-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183695&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to angiogram; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 35
Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to angiogram. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “angiogram” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on angiogram, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Angiogram ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to angiogram. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Comparative Study of the Effects of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention and Coping Style on Angiogram Patients' Levels of Stress and Self-Efficacy by Croce, Kathleen Mary, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1982, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8218449
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning angiogram.
Recent Trials on Angiogram The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to angiogram.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) for the Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis Condition(s): Atherosclerosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC) Purpose - Excerpt: Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a method used to evaluate arteries and veins without the use of invasive catheters or x-rays (radiation). MRA technique has been continuously improving and has become more accurate at diagnosing problems of narrowing in blood vessels. However, MRA has a difficult time detecting narrowing in small blood vessels, limiting its use to large arteries. The purpose of this study is to recruit patients diagnosed with or suspected of having, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) to participate in a series of new state-of-the-art diagnostic tests using MRA. This study is a combined effort between the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), and General Electric Medical Services and is supported a Cooperative Research Agreement is to (CRADA). The goal of this study is to improve MRA to the point that it can reliably replace diagnostic x-ray catheter angiography in the evaluation of patients with atherosclerosis. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001841
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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MRI to Detect Embolism Following Angiography and Angioplasty-Stenting of the Renal Artery Condition(s): Renal Artery Obstruction; Kidney Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to picture the kidney and renal arteries (arteries that supply blood to the kidney) in patients scheduled for kidney artery angiogram and angioplasty/stenting procedures. An angiogram is a way of taking pictures of arteries that shows areas of narrowing caused by atherosclerosis-a buildup of plaque on the vessel wall. Angioplasty/stent is a treatment procedure in which a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted in the artery and advanced to the area of blockage to open the vessel, increasing blood flow to the kidney. A permanent metal tube (stent) may or may not be put in place to maintain the opening. During either of these invasive procedures, small pieces of plaque can break off and travel in the blood to lodge elsewhere in the body. This is called embolization. Lodged in the kidney, the embolus can impair kidney function. Currently, these emboli cannot be detected. A new way of visualizing the kidneys that allows detection of emboli may reveal whether material has moved to the kidneys and predict if there will be any kidney damage. Patients 21 years of age and older with suspected kidney artery disease scheduled for invasive angiographic evaluation in NIH protocol 95-H-0047 may be eligible for this study. Participants will be assigned to one of two study groups, based on the angiogram findings and the decision to have the angioplasty/stent procedure. Participants in both groups will have baseline MRI scans up to 2 weeks before the invasive procedure (angiogram with or without angioplasty/stent) and again within a day after the procedure. Patients who undergo angioplasty/stent will have another MRI study within about a month following the procedure. MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce images of body tissues. The patient lies on a table that slides into a large hollow tube (the scanner). During part of the scan, a material called gadolinium contrast may be injected into a vein. This substance brightens the images to better show the kidneys, their blood vessels and blood flow. The procedure lasts from about 1 to 2 hours. During the MRI, the heart is monitored with an electrocardiogram (EKG) and breathing is monitored with a flexible belt. Blood pressure is measured intermittently. The patient can communicate with a staff member at all times. Blood samples will be drawn from an arm vein at the initial clinic visit, within a day after the procedure and about 1 week after the procedure. For patients who had the angioplasty/stent procedure, a third blood sample will be taken within another 6 six weeks. The blood samples will be used to check for changes in kidney function. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00027469
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Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Standard Angiography in Diagnosing Atherosclerosis Condition(s): Atherosclerosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC)
Clinical Trials 41
Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate ways to improve magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for diagnosing atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries). MRA is a new method for looking at arteries and veins without standard angiography, which requires inserting a catheter into a blood vessel, injecting a contrast material, and obtaining X-ray images. Current MRA techniques, however, do not depict the lumen (cavity) of small vessels well enough to accurately determine the extent of their narrowing. This study will test image processing methods with the eventual goal of improving MRA accuracy to the point that it can replace X-ray catheter angiography for diagnosing atherosclerotic disease. Patients with atherosclerosis who have had conventional angiography at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, MD, may be considered for this study. They will be screened with a brief history and physical examination, and those enrolled will have a MRA scan within 72 hours of their conventional angiogram. For this procedure, a catheter is placed in a vein in the patient's arm and the patient lies on a table that slides into a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner-a large donutshaped machine with a magnetic field. Surface coils-flexible, padded antennae used to improve the quality of the pictures-are wrapped around the patient's legs. At times during the scan, the patient is asked to hold his or her breath for several seconds, and a contrast material called gadolinium is injected through the catheter in the vein. This substance enhances the images of blood flow in the vessels. The procedure generally takes about an hour and a half, although the actual imaging takes only a small part of that time. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001946 •
Safety and Effectiveness of Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography (CMRA) Imaging Condition(s): Coronary Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic tool that creates high quality images of the human body without the use of X-ray (radiation). MRI is especially useful when studying the arteries of the heart (CMRA, coronary magnetic resonance angiography). In this study researchers from several laboratories and hospitals will work together to determine the safety and effectiveness of CMRA with MS-325. MS-325 is a contrast agent. It is given to patients undergoing CRMA in order to improve the appearance of the arteries of the heart. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001633
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “angiogram” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ANGIOGRAM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “angiogram” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on angiogram, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Angiogram By performing a patent search focusing on angiogram, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on angiogram: •
Apparatus and method for simultaneous bilateral retinal digital angiography Inventor(s): Svetliza; Eduardo (Raanana, IL) Assignee(s): Medibell Medical Vision Technologies Ltd. (haifa, Il) Patent Number: 6,086,205 Date filed: October 20, 1998 Abstract: A novel apparatus and method for simultaneous bilateral retinal digital angiography. The apparatus is provided as an optical system containing two optical modules which act as retinal ophthalmoscopes with image capture capacity in real time. Each optical module is positioned in front of one eye, allowing simultaneous imaging of both retinas on a screen placed in a position convenient for the operator, allowing the operator to visualize both images simultaneously. The invention provides for the use of agents of contrast for angiographical study. In a preferred embodiment, the operator aligns and focuses the apparatus manually with the aid of a joystick. A trigger located on or near the joystick allows image capturing. In another preferred embodiment, the apparatus is controlled by a semi-automated mode of operation, in which the optical modules are aligned manually while fine alignment for pupil centralization is done by a motorized system. In yet another preferred embodiment, a fully automated apparatus is provided in which a plurality of infrared detectors are used to align the apparatus and at least one infrared beam is used for focusing. The illumination system may be provided as a viewing light source and strobe lamp with fiber optic guides or as a scanning laser beam. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical equipment for opthalmological uses, and, in particular to retinal imaging. The process of angiography involves the visualization of the circulation system through injection of dyes. Angiography can be done on various parts of the body and can be especially important in diagnosing circulation problems in the eye, such as occlusion of the central artery. Diabetics especially suffer from vascular problems in the eye, including those with juvenile diabetes, where the disease may become aggressive, causing impaired vision. In situations involving occlusion of blood vessels in the eye, rapid diagnosis can be essential for saving the sight of the patient. Continuous oxygenated blood flow to the area is necessary to maintain physiological function of the different structures of the eye. When the blood supply is interrupted the retina is affected and sight begins to deteriorate. In many situations the lapse of time between the moment a person senses impaired sight and the moment of treatment is crucial to restore the lost vision to the previous state. Unless the occlusion is extreme, routine fundoscopy of the eye will not reveal the disease. In less severe cases the examination may show an apparently clear fundus. Angiography is necessary to assure the pathological findings of the disease in extreme cases and to ascertain the presence of disease in less severe cases. Current equipment makes it difficult for the ophthalmologist to confirm a diagnosis of artery occlusion through imaging techniques. This is especially so in cases where the arterial circulation is only partially occluded. In cases of partial occlusion the ophthalmologist should see a delay in the infusion of the agent of contrast into the eye because of the slow passage through the narrowed or occluded blood vessel. However, current technology does not enable the ophthalmologist to simultaneously angiographically compare the problematic retina with the other healthy retina as a point of reference. The
Patents 47
time difference necessary in examining each retina separately makes a comparison of this type impossible. In an examination of a diabetic where the disease may be affecting the eyes, information from an angiography study is already available within twenty seconds post-injection. In this early phase the agent of contrast reaches the peak degree of fluorescence due to its high concentration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086205__ •
Automatic full-leg mosaic and display for peripheral angiography Inventor(s): Chou; Jin-Shin (Princeton Junction, NJ), Qian; Jianzhong (Princeton Junction, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 5,833,607 Date filed: March 25, 1996 Abstract: A computer system automatically takes a sequence of stepping images from peripheral angiography and mosaics them into a single full-leg display by globally matching the bone and the vessel by measuring an overlapping ratio and by locally refining detailed anatomical features using deformation. The system combines multiple evidence in the entire overlapped image/candidate rows and maximizes the ratio of overlap. This approach takes evidence from the multiple rows and provides a more reliable result. In addition, local refinement is applied to compensate for the possible mismatch and nonlinear patient movement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to digital peripheral angiography and more particularly to automatically taking a sequence of stepping images from digital peripheral angiography and mosaicing the images into a single display. In digital peripheral angiography, the image of the lower abdomen and the legs are obtained by stepping a camera sequentially through five to seven locations. This stepping process is necessary due to the limited field-of-view of the camera. For visualization and medical diagnosis purposes, each stepping image gives only a local view while a full-leg display would provide physicians with a global view of the angiogram of the entire legs. To facilitate the full-leg display, adjacent stepping images are overlapped over each other during the image acquisition. The problem for constructing the full-leg display is decomposed into finding the best match in each adjacent image pair without incurring geometric distortion in both the X and Y directions. By using parameters of the matching results, a full-leg display can be constructed. However, the patient may move during different stepping image acquisition. This makes the matching more difficult. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05833607__
•
Contrast-enhanced coronary artery and coronary artery bypass graft imaging using an aortic root catheter injection with either magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomographic angiography Inventor(s): Bis; Kostaki G. (Bloomfield Hills, MI), Shetty; Anil N. (Troy, MI) Assignee(s): Magnetic Moments, L.l.c. (bloomfield, Mi) Patent Number: 6,442,415 Date filed: August 12, 1999
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Abstract: A three-dimensional method of imaging the coronary arteries and coronary artery bypass grafts using a catheter contrast enhanced technique. The method involves the percutaneous placement of a catheter via the lower or upper extremity arterial circulation and engaging the distal end of the catheter into the aortic root with subsequent injection of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or iodinated contrast agent and performing rapid first pass imaging with either magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomographic angiography (CTA) techniques, respectively. Furthermore, a three dimensional catheter is used which includes a plurality of small distal round openings which are situated at the immediate distal end of the catheter near the small end-hole opening. The immediate distal end of the catheter is pre-formed having a memory and a three-dimensional, instead of a two-dimensional, curve to enhance the delivery of contrast to the aortic root for subsequent delivery of contrast to the coronary arteries. The distal three-dimensional curve is coiled or spirally shaped like a bell. The distal end-hole of the catheter has a smaller inner diameter than the inner diameter of the catheter and accepts a guidewire. This design helps to decrease the amount of contrast exiting the end-hole and subsequently reduces catheter recoil and enhances contrast flow through the plurality of small distal round openings in the catheter. Alternatively, the distal end-hole can be designed with valves. Finally, a means of delivering contrast is presented which employs an external interface for ECGtriggered, diastolic phase, injection of contrast agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a new approach to coronary artery and coronary artery bypass graft imaging, and more particularly to magnetic resonance or computed tomographic angiography following an aortic root injection of contrast (magnetic resonance imaging contrast or iodinated contrast) via a new percutaneously placed catheter. This new approach to coronary artery and coronary artery bypass graft imaging also incorporates a new catheter design and a new ECG-triggered pulsed injection procedure via a power injector. Specifically, the new process of coronary imaging uses a new catheter device and new power injector controller or interface. Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. The diagnosis via the gold standard, cardiac catheterization, remains a time-consuming, expensive, and invasive procedure with some considerable risk. Cardiac catheterization specifically involves arterial puncture, usually in the groin or upper extremity, with a needle through which a guidewire is passed fluoroscopically to the ascending aorta. Over the guidewire, a catheter is inserted and subsequently, the guidewire is removed and iodinated contrast is injected to opacify the aorta. Unfortunately, the vascular-tobackground contrast is not sufficient for adequate visualization of the coronary arteries using X-ray angiography. As such, there are different kinds of catheters that are used to engage either the right or left native coronary arteries or bypass vein grafts (FIGS. 4 and 5). This procedure requires separate injections into the coronary arteries or bypass grafts which can induce arrhythmias, require over one-hour of procedural time, requires larger bore catheters, exposes the physician and patient to ionizing radiation and subjects the patient with coronary artery disease to contrast induced nephropathy, especially in cases requiring higher loads of iodinated contrast. An alternative route is certainly welcomed and non-invasive harmonic Doppler, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) have been applied but without reproducible clinical success and without complete clinical acceptance due to various factors. Of the non-invasive techniques, MRA and CTA are favored over harmonic Doppler imaging since ultrasound techniques are field-of-view limited and require the insertion of a trans-esophageal probe into the esophagus. On the other hand, the most common limiting factor when employing MRA and CTA is the underlying blood pool which also enhances when contrast enhanced protocols are employed using a peripheral
Patents 49
intravenous contrast injection route. This results in a frequent obscuration of the native coronary arteries. As such, the method of the present invention provides an imaging concept of the coronary arteries employing a new catheter device in conjunction with either an MRI or computed tomography (CT) imaging machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06442415__ •
Contrast-enhanced MRA including an effective zero-latency method of bolus detection Inventor(s): Anand; Christopher K. (Chesterland, OH), Margosian; Paul M. (Lakewood, OH), Thompson; Michael R. (Cleveland Heights, OH) Assignee(s): Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.v. (eindhoven, Nl) Patent Number: 6,639,211 Date filed: November 22, 2000 Abstract: To generate a magnetic resonance angiograph, a patient is injected with a contrast-enhancing agent (210). An ellipsoidal central portion of k-space (300) and a first surrounding region (310) are continuously sampled (220). A portion of each central data set (300, 310) is reconstructed (230) into a low-resolution volume and maximumintensity-projected (240) onto a line. The maximum intensity projection (240) is processed (250) in order to detect the arrival of the contrast enhancing bolus within a volume of interest. Upon detection of the arrival of the bolus, the acquisition of a highresolution magnetic resonance angiograph is triggered (260) in which higher phase encode portions (310, 420) of k-space are sampled. The central data set (300) along with the higher phase encode views (310, 420) are reconstructed (290) into a high-resolution magnetic resonance angiogram. The present technique allows for substantially zero latency between the detection of the contrast-enhancing agent bolus and the acquisition of the magnetic resonance angiogram. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the magnetic resonance arts. It finds particular application in conjunction with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and will be described with particular reference thereto. It is to be appreciated, however, that the invention will also find application in conjunction with bolus detection in other magnetic resonance applications. Measurement of blood flow, in vivo, is important for the functional assessment of the circulatory system. Angiography has become a standard technique for making such functional assessments. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) provides detailed angiographic images of the body in a non-invasive manner. In conventional MRA, which does not use contrast agents, magnetic resonance signal from flowing blood is optimized, while signal from stationary blood or tissue is suppressed. In contrast-enhanced MRA, a T.sub.1 shortening contrast agent is injected into the blood stream in order to achieve contrast between flowing blood and stationary tissue. When data is collected using a short TR, short TE echo sequence, the blood appears bright, while the stationary tissue appears dark. Current contrast-enhanced 3D MRA techniques produce excellent images of the arteries if the center of k-space is acquired during peak concentration of the contrast agent in the arteries. However, obtaining high quality images requires appropriate timing of the injection of the contrast agent relative to the start of image acquisition. If the center of k-space is acquired too early, maximum signal in the arteries will not be achieved. Conversely, if the center of k-space is acquired too late, the veins will be enhanced, causing the arteries to be obscured. Therefore, a premium is placed on reliable determination of bolus arrival.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639211__ •
Correction of artifacts caused by Maxwell terms in phase contrast angiography Inventor(s): Bernstein; Matthew A. (Waukesha, WI), Ganin; Alexander (Whitefish Bay, WI), Glover; Gary H. (Stanford, CA), King; Kevin F. (New Berlin, WI), Pelc; Norbert J. (Los Altos, CA), Polzin; Jason A. (Lake Mills, WI), Zhou; Xiaohang (Pewaukee, WI) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (waukesha, Wi) Patent Number: 5,998,996 Date filed: March 27, 1997 Abstract: A method is presented for correcting Maxwell term error artifacts produced by an NMR system during the production of either a phase contrast angiogram or a complex difference angiogram. Phase corrections are made to the reconstructed phase image to eliminate the artifacts. Correction coefficients calculated from the flow encoding magnetic gradient waveforms of the phase contrast pulse sequence are used in a polynomial to calculate a set of phase error corrections. These corrections are then used to adjust the phase at each pixel of the angiogram image. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is nuclear magnetic resonance imaging methods and systems. More particularly, the invention relates to the correction of image artifacts caused by "Maxwell terms" produced by gradient fields in MRI systems. When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field (polarizing field B.sub.0), some of the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue align with this polarizing field. The spins also precess about the polarizing field at their characteristic Larmor frequency. If the substance, or tissue, is subjected to a magnetic field (excitation field B.sub.1) which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, M.sub.z, may be rotated, or "tipped", into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment M.sub.t. A signal is emitted by the excited spins, and after the excitation signal B.sub.1 is terminated, this signal may be received and processed to form an image. When exciting and receiving these signals to produce images, magnetic field gradients (G.sub.x, G.sub.y and G.sub.z) are employed. Typically, the region to be imaged is scanned by a sequence of measurement cycles in which these gradients vary according to the particular localization method being used. The resulting set of received NMR signals are digitized and processed to reconstruct the image using one of many well known reconstruction techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05998996__
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Data collection method for MR angiography Inventor(s): Ikezaki; Yoshikazu (Hino, JP), Yoshitome; Eiji (Hino, JP) Assignee(s): GE Yokogawa Medical Systems, Limited (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,732,701 Date filed: January 2, 1996 Abstract: A data collection method for MR angiography, wherein the scans resulting in spin warp values are assigned into groups of two or more consecutive acquisitions and each group is averaged two or more times for each heart beat period, whereby data
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collection time is reduced concurrently with suppression of motion artifacts, all without use of additional hardware. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a data collection method for Magnetic Resonance (MR) angiography; and more particularly, to such method wherein motion artifacts are substantially suppressed by averaging data obtained from multiple acquisitions. However, there is a problem with the prior art method just discussed in that since the averaging period "t" is about one heart beat period "T", which is about one second in practice, the time required to collect 256 groups of scans (the number 256 is generally that for one frame of a reconstructed image, as is known in the art) would be 256 seconds, or about 4 minutes, which is a long period of time to expect a subject being examined to remain immobile. If the subject moves during the examination, there will be other artifacts which turn up on the image. Thus, in the conventional art methods, there is a dilemna. either the data collection time is reduced with greater motion artifacts, or data collection time is increased with less motion artifacts, but, in the art, there is no method wherein the data collection time is reduced with concurrent substantial suppression of motion artifacts without having any added hardware. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05732701__ •
Device for digital subtraction angiography Inventor(s): Besch; Hans Jurgen (Netphen, DE), Lohmann; Michael (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Deutsches Elektronon-synchrotron Desy (hamburg, De) Patent Number: 6,356,617 Date filed: September 5, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a device for digital subtraction angiography in an energy subtraction mode with a special electronic circuit. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a device according to the characterizing part of patent claim 1. Such a device is already known from DE 35 17 101 C1. It is used for examination of the heart with the aim of establishing whether an acute blockage of a coronary vessel by a blood clot is to be feared. For this purpose, an iodine contrast medium is injected into an arm vein of the patient and the patient is irradiated line-byline simultaneously with two linearly collimated X-ray beams, of which one has an energy E.sub.1 just below the iodine absorption edge of 33 keV and the other has an energy E.sub.2 just above the iodine absorption edge. The two X-ray beams are focussed on the heart of a patient and impinge behind it on a detector with two counting chambers arranged parallel to one another at a distance, the signals of which are converted via a charge-sensitive A/D converter into digital signals and transmitted to a computer, which then composes in each case an image of the energy E.sub.1 and an image of the energy E.sub.2 and subtracts the images from one another logarithmically. It displays the resulting image on a monitor. The object of the invention is to improve the device of the abovementioned type to the extent that the resolution of the resulting image is better, so that coronary vessels in particular can be shown more clearly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06356617__
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Device for repositioning a patient Inventor(s): Naslund; Ingemar (Huddinge, SE) Assignee(s): Elekta AB (stockholm, Se) Patent Number: 5,983,424 Date filed: June 3, 1998 Abstract: A device of high accuracy for repositioning a patient's skeleton and the area in the patient's body which is to be subjected to treatment, the position of the area in relation to the device being previously determined, for instance by angiogram, PET, DSA, CT, MRI or X-ray equipment with the same device. The device includes a nonyielding, upright and radiolucent panel element and a base plate, which in a substantially perpendicular fashion is fixedly connected to panel element, of which at least the panel element includes a fixation arrangement for fixing the patient in a given, essentially upright orientation to the panel element, and that the device also includes one or more wheels mounted on the base plate for moving the panel element and the patient to a radiotherapy table, a tilting and conveying assembly being arranged at the end of the table for tilting the panel element together with the patient from the upright orientation to a lying orientation and conveying these to a defined place on the table. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for repositioning with high accuracy a patient's skeleton and the area in the patient's body that is to be subjected to treatment, the position of the area being previously determined, for example by means of angiogram, PET, DSA, CT, MRI or X-ray equipment. In radiotherapy as well as in surgical operations, the possibility of identifying the target area with great accuracy is highly important. To minimize the risk, the surgeon must be sure of hitting the correct area in the treatment. It is vital that the treatment area can be easily and safely identified on different occasions, since, for example, fractionated radiation treatment requires a number of successive treatment sessions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05983424__
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Digital subtraction angiography for 3D diagnostic imaging Inventor(s): Bani-Hashemi; Ali Reza (Belle Mead, NJ), Hentschel; Dietmar (Little Silver, NJ), Samaddar; Sumitro (Plainsboro, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 5,647,360 Date filed: June 30, 1995 Abstract: The digital subtraction angiography method useful for three dimensional (3D) imaging of a selected volume of a body comprises the following steps. Acquiring first and second 3D data sets representative of an image of substantially the same selected volume in the body, the first and second data sets being acquired at different times corresponding to a pre- and a post injection of a contrast medium, respectively. Determining common reference points for spatially corresponding subvolumes in the data sets. Comparing in a 3D spatial manner data in subvolumes of the second data set with data in corresponding subvolumes in the first data set in order to determine a new reference point in each of the subvolumes of the first data set which results in a best match of the spatial similarity of the data in the corresponding subvolumes of the second data set. Spatially interpolating new data for the subvolumes of said first data set
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using the new reference points determined above and the originally acquired data of the first data set, thereby generating a new first data set for the volume. Subtracting the new first data set from said second data set, for generating a subtraction data set representative of a 3D image of said selected volume in which said given portion is accentuated. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the processing of three-dimensional images generated by imaging devices, such as computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging systems, and more specifically, to three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography. Diagnostic imaging, and in particular medical diagnostic imaging, is generally provided by CT and MR systems, as well as those using positron emission tomography (PET), and other techniques. One particularly desirable use for such systems is the imaging of blood vessels in a patient, i.e. vascular imaging. Vascular imaging methods include two-dimensional (2D) techniques, as well as reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) images from 2D image data acquired from such diagnostic imaging systems. In CT medical diagnosis, for example, 3D reconstruction of computed tomograms is particularly useful for visualizing blood vessels. Conventional (2D) angiography is considered the most accurate technique for medical diagnosis of vascular structures and remains the standard against which other methods are compared. However, conventional angiography is an invasive technique and therefor presents a certain amount of risk. Accurate evaluation of the vascular system with noninvasive techniques remains an important goal. Thus, duplex ultrasound is often used for evaluation of blood flow in carotid arteries. Magnetic resonance angiography is also used for detailed evaluation of the vascular system. However, both of these techniques have limitations and alternative noninvasive approaches continue to be investigated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05647360__ •
Display of three-dimensional MRA images in which arteries can be distinguished from veins Inventor(s): Simonetti; Orlando P. (Naperville, IL) Assignee(s): Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. (iselin, Nj) Patent Number: 6,073,042 Date filed: September 25, 1997 Abstract: An intravascular MR contrast agent is administered to a living patient. A series of three-dimensional dynamic MR datasets is acquired from the Volume of Interest ("VOI"), beginning after administration of the contrast agent and continuing for a sufficiently long time as to reflect contrast agent enhancement of all arterial and venous blood vessels within the VOI. A three-dimensional MR angiogram of the VOI is acquired after the contrast agent has reached equilibrium. For each voxel within the VOI, enhancement of that voxel as a function of time post administration of the contrast agent is computed. Parameters that distinguish enhancement of voxels relating to the patient's arteries from enhancement of voxels relating to the patient's veins are selected, and the intensity of each voxel in the MR angiogram is scaled in accordance with the selected parameters. A maximum intensity projection reconstruction of the VOI is generated from the MR angiogram in which voxel intensity has been scaled. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to magnetic resonance (MR), and more particularly relates to MR angiography (MRA). In its most immediate sense, the invention relates to
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three-dimensional MRA in which contrast agent is used. In MRA, and particularly in three-dimensional MRA, it is advantageous for a clinician (usually a radiologist) to be able to distinguish arteries from veins. Existing methodology for doing this has proven unsatisfactory. In conventional MRA (which does not use contrast agents), venous or arterial signals are selectively eliminated during image acquisition by presaturating the venous or arterial blood flow and thereby preventing it from producing an MR signal. The typical result is an MR angiogram depicting only arteries, or only veins. The effective shortening of the T1 relaxation time in blood which produces a high signal-tonoise ratio in contrast-enhanced MRA also causes such conventional presaturation techniques to fail. Because of this, to distinguish between arteries and veins, contrastenhanced MRA data is typically acquired in two steps, the first being carried out to acquire an enhanced arterial image and the second being carried out when both arteries and veins are enhanced. The first image displays the arteries, and a subtraction image formed between the first image and the second image displays the veins. Each of these images must be acquired rapidly; the first image must capture the peak of the arterial bolus, and the second must be carried out before the venous enhancement diminishes, and in the case of conventional extravascular agents, before the surrounding tissue is significantly enhanced. Because each of the images must be acquired quickly, the images necessarily have low spatial resolution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06073042__ •
Evidential reconstruction of vessel trees from X-ray angiograms with a dynamic contrast bolus Inventor(s): Andress; Keith Michael (Plainsboro, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 5,671,265 Date filed: July 14, 1995 Abstract: A three dimensional reconstruction of vessel trees from rotational digital subtraction angiogram sequences is described. The goal of the process is to estimate the probability that each voxel contains a vessel using the projection data. The system utilizes x-ray angiographic equipment capable of producing rotational digital subtraction angiogram sequences. Reconstruction of the geometry of the vasculature is based on the projection images. The reconstructed geometry is then displayed on a screen or used for measuring specific physiological parameters. The Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence is used to combine information about location of the vessels from the different projections contained in the digital subtraction angiogram sequence. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to reconstruction of vessel trees and more particularly to a new voxel-based system of reconstructing three dimensional vessel trees based on rotational digital subtraction angiogram data with a dynamic bolus. The three dimensional reconstruction of vessel trees has a number of potential clinical applications. Digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) sequences are often used by both neurosurgeons and interventional radiologists in the treatment of aneurysms. Neurosurgeons use the sequences during surgery planning to visualize the relationship between the aneurysm and its surrounding vessels to determine if it is possible to clip the neck of the aneurysm. Unfortunately, it is sometimes difficult to determine the relationship between the aneurysm and the surrounding vessels from the views contained in the DSA sequence. It is thought that a three dimensional representation of the vessel tree would aid this visualization process because it would allow the vessel
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tree to be rendered from arbitrary viewpoints. Interventional radiologists treating aneurysms and arterial-venous malformations have the same need for visualization of the vessel tree. The problem of reconstructing a three dimensional representation of a section of the vessel tree from multiple X-ray angiograms has received a great deal of attention in the past. One approach to this problem assumes a parametric representation of the vessel tree. Typical methods using this approach attempt to represent the vasculature via its skeleton and the local cross sections of its vessel branches. This type of reconstruction may be applicable in situations in which there is some movement of the vessel bed because it may be possible to model the variation of the parameters over the range of motion. Pope, D. L., van Bree, R. E., Parker, D. L., "Cine 3-D Reconstruction of Moving Coronary Arteries from DSA Images", Computers in Cardiology, 1986; Parker, D. L., Pope, D. L., van Bree, R. E., and Marshall, H. W., "Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Moving Arterial Beads Form Digital Subtraction Angiography", Comp. and Biomed Res., Vol. 20, 1987. Due to the vessel segmentation, matching and parameter estimation they require, these methods are most appropriate in the reconstruction of vessel trees of limited complexity. These techniques also break down when they encounter pathologies in which the vessel shapes do not fit the selected model. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05671265__ •
Fat free TOF angiography Inventor(s): Harvey; Paul Royston (Karkur, IL) Assignee(s): Elscint Ltd (haifa, Il) Patent Number: 5,891,032 Date filed: April 10, 1997 Abstract: A method for performing motion-compensated spectral-spatial selective magnetic resonance imaging. The method includes applying a radio frequency (RF) spectral-spatial excitation pulse sequence to a region of a body. The excitation sequence includes a binomial pulse train including at least two sub-pulses. The binomial pulse train also provides spectrally selective excitation of a selected resonance frequency at the predetermined field strength. The method also includes applying to the same body region an oscillating slice selection gradient so that each sub-pulse of the binomial pulse train is applied during portions of the oscillating gradient having the same polarity. The oscillating gradient further includes at least one extra gradient switch added to the end of the oscillating gradient for providing a balanced gradient for inherently motioncompensated slice selection. The method can be applied for performing motioncompensated spectral spatial selective magnetic resonance angiography by using a binomial pulse train having sub-pulse envelopes which are optimized for providing slice variable tip angle producing a spatially varying slice excitation profile for a predetermined range of blood flow velocities and slab widths and a predetermined magnetic field strength. The spatially varying slice excitation profile can be a nonlinearly increasing slice excitation profile. The methods provides an improved dynamic range of the MRI images and improved small vessel visualization in angiography. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of medical imaging and more particularly relates to the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A unique property of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the ability to selectively image different chemical species by virtue of what is known as the chemical shift phenomenon. For example, in the human body the fat exhibits a resonance which is separated from the
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water resonance by approximately 3.5 ppm. At a field strength of 2 Tesla this equates to a frequency separation of about 280 Hz in the NMR spectrum. Silicon exhibits a chemical shift of approximately 5 ppm. It is common that a "water only" image is required in which the fat or silicon resonance must be either saturated prior to each data acquisition or not excited at all. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05891032__ •
Flexible image registration for rotational angiography Inventor(s): Bani-Hashemi; Ali Reza (Belle Mead, NJ), Samaddar; Sumitro (Plainsboro, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 5,690,106 Date filed: June 30, 1995 Abstract: A digital subtraction angiography method useful for processing a mask and contrast series of two dimensional (2D) images acquired by rotational imaging of a selected volume of a body. The method reduces image artifacts caused by misregistration, and is unique in that for registration purposes it treats the acquired 2D images as a volume. The individual 2D images are stacked in a sequence so as to have the dimensions x, y and.theta. A flexible volume registration is then performed to bring the mask and contrast volumes into a close match prior to subtraction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and more particularly, to the application of a flexible image registration technique to enable rotational DSA, wherein the mask and contrast image sequences are stacked and treated as volumes of data for performing flexible 3D image registration. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is an imaging technique useful for visualizing blood vessels inside the body of a patient. A contrast medium bolus which is substantially opaque to X-rays is injected into the vessels and an X-ray image known as a contrast image is acquired by an x-ray imaging system. Another image called the mask is acquired prior to the injection of the contrast medium and a difference image is obtained by subtracting the mask image from the contrast image. Under ideal conditions, nothing appears in the subtracted image except the blood vessels of the patient. Typically, however, two types of motion cause artifacts to appear. One type is global motion between the patient and the imaging system. The other type is local motion of the soft tissue that occurs between the acquisition time of the two images. Various techniques have been developed recently for solving the motion artifact problems in DSA. These techniques fall within the topics of motion correction and image registration. Additionally, there are reasons other than motion which cause the artifacts in the subtracted image. One is fluctuations of the intensity of the X-ray source between the two acquisitions. Another is the scattering effects of the contrast medium. The present invention is only directed to motion related artifacts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05690106__
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Fluid measurement method using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and apparatus therefor Inventor(s): Kondo; Shoji (Katsuta, JP), Suzuki; Katsunori (Abiko, JP), Takeda; Ryuzaburo (Mito, JP), Takiguchi; Kenji (Kashiwa, JP), Taniguchi; Yo (Hachioji, JP), Watanabe; Shigeru (Ibaraki-ken, JP), Yamamoto; Etsuji (Akishima, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Medical Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,684,398 Date filed: September 1, 1994 Abstract: A bolus of magnetized blood is formed by at least two radio frequency magnetic fields, and readout gradient magnetic fields are repeatedly applied at a proportion of 1:-2:1 along a blood vessel so as to continuously obtain a first echo signal whose phase change due to velocity is corrected, from the moving bolus. This first echo signal provides velocity information on the blood stream. The sequence of the readout gradient magnetic fields is repeatedly applied at a proportion of (.sqroot.2-1):-2:2:(.sqroot.2-1) so as to continuously obtain a second echo signal whose phase change due to velocity and acceleration is corrected, from the moving bolus. Acceleration information of the blood stream is extracted by calculating the difference between the first echo signal and the second echo signal. The velocity information and/or the acceleration information is displayed in superposition with a specific blood vessel of an angiogram shot in advance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a fluid measurement method using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (hereinafter referred to as "MRI") and an apparatus therefor, which will be particularly suitable for measuring a blood stream in the blood vessel. A so-called "time-of-flight method" has been generally known in the past as a fluid measurement method in the MRI apparatus as described, for example, in David A. Feinberg, Lawrence Crooks, John Hoenninger, et al., "Pulsatile Blood Velocity in Human Arteries Displayed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging", Radiology 153-177 (1984). This method measures a fluid excited on the upstream side, on the downstream side. In other words, this method involves the steps of selectively exciting a plane crossing a flow by a first radio frequency magnetic field in a region in which the fluid flows, selectively exciting a plane by a second radio frequency magnetic field in a direction parallel to, or orthogonally crossing, the plane selectively excited by the first radio frequency magnetic field, applying then a readout gradient magnetic field, and obtaining echo signals from the fluid excited twice. The conventional fluid measurement method described above obtains one fluid velocity by conducting twice the excitation by applying a set of the first and second radio frequency magnetic fields. In order to obtain a plurality of fluid velocities, therefore, cycles of excitation and signal measurement must be carried out, and there remains the problem that the measurement time is elongated. Further, to measure acceleration, velocity information of at least two positions are necessary, and the shorter the measurement time, the higher becomes accuracy. However, it has been difficult according to the conventional fluid measurement method to obtain the velocity information of at least two positions within a short time interval. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05684398__
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Fluoroscopy based 3-D neural navigation based on co-registration of other modalities with 3-D angiography reconstruction data Inventor(s): Bani-Hashemi; Ali (Belle Meade, NJ), Krishnan; Arun (Plainsboro, NJ), Williams; James (Princeton Junction, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 6,351,513 Date filed: June 30, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing a high-quality representation of a volume having a real-time 3-D reconstruction therein of movement of an object, wherein the real-time movement of the object is determined using a lower-quality representation of only a portion of the volume. The merger of 3-D angiography image representations acquired with other modalities, such as MR or CT, is disclosed. MR or CT modality images are registered with the 3-D Angiography data, such that those other images are brought into the same coordinate frame as the 3-D Angiography images. Movement of the object is detected in a 2-D X-ray fluoroscopy image and is reconstructed in a 3-D mode. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a high-quality representation of a volume having a real-time reconstruction therein of movement of an object, wherein the real-time movement of the object is determined using a lower-quality representation of a portion of the volume. 3-D angiography is a relatively new application of an X-ray interventional procedure that utilizes a rotational run of an X-ray apparatus to acquire a series of 2-D X-ray projections along a circular (or almost circular) orbit. The rotational run is acquired by moving an X-ray source and an Image Intensifier (II) camera mounted on a rotatable C-arm about a patient, while a continuous injection of contrast bolus is administered into the vasculature of the patient. The rotational series of 2-D image data is then sent to a cone beam reconstruction process, which generates a 3-D reconstruction of the patient's vascular structure. The vascular structures depicted in the 3-D reconstructed images are then studied by the clinicians in order to plan an interventional procedure (operation). Once the plan is determined, catheters are used to carry out what is called an endovascular procedure. The entire procedure is constantly monitored by the clinicians under the guidance of a 2-D fluoroscopic imaging procedure. The 2-D fluoroscopic imaging procedure uses the same imaging apparatus and patient positioning as was used to perform the 3-D angiography procedure. Before starting the intervention, the clinician studies the previously acquired 3-D vasculature structures in order to choose an optimum way to place the C-arm to generate the best 2-D fluoroscopic image, thereby maximizing the ability of the 2-D procedure to aid in guiding the catheters during the operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06351513__
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Gated time-resolved contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography Inventor(s): Frayne; Richard (Madison, WI), Grist; Thomas M. (Madison, WI), Korosec; Frank R. (Madison, WI), Mistretta; Charles M. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumnin Research Foundation (madison, Wi) Patent Number: 5,830,143 Date filed: January 21, 1997
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Abstract: A dynamic MRA study of a subject is performed using a 3D fast gradientrecalled echo pulse sequence that employs a non-selective RF excitation pulse. The frame rate of the resulting series of reconstructed images is increased by sampling a central region of k-space at a higher rate than the peripheral regions of k-space. The acquisition is gated using a cardiac trigger signal and the central region of k-space is acquired during diastole and the peripheral regions of k-space are acquired during systole. Image frames are reconstructed at each sampling of the central k-space region using the temporally nearest samples from the peripheral k-space regions. Two of the image frames are subtracted to form an MR angiogram. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is magnetic resonance angiography ("MRA"), and particularly, dynamic studies of the human vasculature using contrast agents which enhance the NMR signals. Diagnostic studies of the human vasculature have many medical applications. X-ray imaging methods such as digital subtraction angiography ("DSA") have found wide use in the visualization of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and associated blood vessels. Images showing the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins of the kidneys and the carotid arteries and veins of the neck and head have immense diagnostic utility. Unfortunately, however, these x-ray methods subject the patient to potentially harmful ionizing radiation and often require the use of an invasive catheter to inject a contrast agent into the vasculature to be imaged. One of the advantages of these x-ray techniques is that image data can be acquired at a high rate (i.e. high temporal resolution) so that a sequence of images may be acquired during injection of the contrast agent. Such "dynamic studies" enable one to select the image in which the bolus of contrast agent is flowing through the vasculature of interest. Earlier images in the sequence may not have sufficient contrast in the suspect vasculature, and later images may become difficult to interpret as the contrast agent reaches veins and diffuses into surrounding tissues. Subtractive methods such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,204,225 entitled "Real-Time Digital X-ray Subtraction Imaging" may be used to significantly enhance the diagnostic usefulness of such images. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05830143__ •
Infra-red vascular angiography system Inventor(s): Iddan; Gabriel J. (Haifa, IL), Zucker; Menachem S. (Kiryat Motzkin, IL) Assignee(s): The State of Israel, Ministry of Defence, Armament Development Authority (tel-aviv, Il) Patent Number: 5,603,328 Date filed: January 18, 1994 Abstract: An infra-red vascular angiography system comprising a readily displaceable infra-red camera including an infra-red optical assembly of high sensitivity capable of receiving and transmitting with minimal distortion an infra-red image of an object within an angular range of substantially.+-.45.degree. with respect to a normal to the object; infrared detector for detecting, the infra-red image transmitted from the optical assembly and converting it into successive electric output signals; video imaging device coupled to the detector for digitizing the output signals and converting them into successive digitized video image frames or successive portions of them; image processor coupled to the imaging device adapted to receive the successive video frames or portions of them so as to process them so as to form enhanced video images and display device coupled to the image processor. The system is furthermore provided with visible range optical assemblies and detector and switching device coupled to the image
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processor, the latter being adapted to route either or both infra-red and visible range sets of enhanced video images to a display device. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an infra-red vascular angiography system and in particular, but not exclusively, to an infra-red vascular angiography system for use in cardiovascular surgery. The use of vascular angiography systems, particularly in cardiovascular surgery, has long been known, particularly in connection with preoperative mapping of the cardiovascular system to be operated upon for the purpose of surgical grafting or the like, and also in connection with ascertaining, after grafting, the effectiveness of the grafting, both as regards the subsequent free flow of blood through the graft to the revascularized conduit and the absence of leakage, or kindred defects. To this end, both ultrasonic and X-ray angiography have been employed but in both cases considerable disadvantages arise, such as for example the undesirable contact between the ultrasonic probe and the exposed blood vessels, the necessity to inject into the blood vessels a suitable toxic contrast medium, and the inherent risk associated with the use of X-ray radiation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05603328__ •
Medical x-ray system suited for angiography Inventor(s): Pflaum; Michael (Adelsdorf, DE), Popp; Ewald (Taeby, SE) Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (munich, De) Patent Number: 6,264,364 Date filed: August 20, 1999 Abstract: A medical x-ray system, such as an angiography system has an x-ray tube that emits and a radiation receiver, which are arranged at a C-arm, a stand supporting the Carm, which has an arm that is rotatably mounted at one end around a stationary axis, and a holding device supporting the C-arm, which is rotatably mounted at the other end of the stand, and a patient table The stand is mounted via its arm at the ceiling and is mounted such that the rotational axis of the arm is arranged substantially in alignment with the center line of the patient table. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a medical x-ray system of the type suitable for conducting procedures and examinations. Medical systems are known which include the basic components of an x-ray tube that emits x-rays and a radiation receiver that are arranged at a C-arm, a stand that supports the C-arm, the stand having an arm that is rotatably mounted at one end so as to be rotatable around a stationary axis, and a holding device carrying the C-arm, which is rotatably mounted at the other end of the arm, and a patient table. European Application 0 670 145, for example, discloses such a system. The mounting of the stand, including an isocentrically structured C-arm with an x-ray tube and radiation receiver enables a horizontal displacement of the isocenter along the patient table. The arm of the stand at which the C-arm holding device is arranged is rotatably mounted at a fastening component, which is rigidly mounted at the floor. This fastening component and the rotational axis around which the arm is rotatable are disposed such that the rotational axis lies outside of the center line of the examination table, i.e. the rotational axis is laterally offset relative to the central longitudinal axis of the table. Although the apparatus described in this reference enables a horizontal displacement of the isocenter, which is the intersection of an imaginary line between the x-ray source and the radiation receiver and the extension of the rotational axis of the holding component, such displacement is only possible on
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one side of the patient, i.e. the stand can only be displaced from the left side of the patient, for example, due to the laterally offset arrangement of the stand. A rotation of the stand at the other side is not possible. This is problematic because access to the patient from the side on which the stand is located, is of necessity only possible in limited fashion. The support at the floor is a further access impediment, since the fastening component that is arranged at the floor and the arm also proceeds near to the floor and thus can be in the way. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264364__ •
Method and apparatus for multiple angle compound flow imaging Inventor(s): Lifshitz; Ilan (Tel-Aviv, IL) Assignee(s): GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc (waukesha, Wi) Patent Number: 6,350,241 Date filed: December 27, 1999 Abstract: A method for multi-angle compound flow imaging includes the steps of receiving first and second (in general, N) ultrasound signal reflections from a target. Each ultrasound signal reflection is preferably oriented at a different angle. The method further includes evaluating a display decision algorithm based on the ultrasound signals to determine a display result and displaying the display result, for example, as an angiogram. An ultrasound medical diagnostic imaging device includes an ultrasound transducer for receiving a first and second (in general, N) ultrasound signal reflections from a target. Each ultrasound signal reflection is preferably oriented at a different angle. The device further includes a processor coupled to the ultrasound transducer for evaluating a display decision algorithm based on the ultrasound signals to determine a display result. A display coupled to the processor shows the display results, for example, as an angiogram. Excerpt(s): Medical diagnostic ultrasound devices today play a crucial role in patient examination and diagnosis. The most common modes of diagnostic ultrasound imaging include B and M modes (used to image internal structures), Doppler, and color flow (the latter two used primarily to image flow characteristics, such as blood flow in blood vessels). In conventional B mode imaging, an ultrasound scanner transmits ultrasound signals into the body over a range of angles and focused at a desired depth. The ultrasound scanner creates images in which the brightness of a pixel corresponding to an angle and depth is based on the intensity or strength of ultrasound signal reflections from internal structure. The color flow mode reveals the velocity of blood flow toward or away from the transducer, as determined by the measured frequency shift between transmitted and received ultrasound signals. Blood flow toward the transducer results in a higher frequency ultrasound signal reflection, while blood flow away from the transducer results in a lower frequency ultrasound signal reflection (measured at the transducer). The magnitude of the frequency shift is related to the velocity of blood flow. The frequency shift measurement techniques are also the basis of Doppler mode. However, whereas Doppler mode displays velocity versus time for a single selected sample volume, color flow mode displays hundreds of adjacent sample volumes simultaneously, all superimposed on a B-mode image and color-coded to represent velocity in each sample volume. In the past, however, measured flow velocity has been obtainable more easily from larger vessels that carry fluid flow primarily in one direction (such as those found in the arms and legs). In part, this limitation stems from the fact that frequency shift (i.e., Doppler shift) is an angle dependent phenomenon. In
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other words, frequency shift varies from substantially zero when the transmitted ultrasound signal is incident normal to blood flow, to a maximum when the transmitted ultrasound signal is incident parallel to blood flow. The limitation also stems from the fact that smaller vessels are often blocked (or acoustically shadowed) by larger objects in the body, particularly from certain angles. Thus, regions of the body with many small blood vessels often suffered from poor imaging. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06350241__ •
Method and apparatus for producing magnetic resonance angiogram Inventor(s): Watanabe; Shigeru (Ibaraki-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Medical Corporation (jp) Patent Number: 5,897,496 Date filed: September 2, 1997 Abstract: According to the present invention, during performing an MRA sequence comprising a plurality (N) of pulse sequence units each of which gives blood flow a different phase rotation, one sequence unit is repeated a given number (L) of times in every cardiac cycle gated by ECG or pulse wave signals of the object under examination. A measurement of N cardiac cycles, as one round, is repeated to collect data completely filling a k-space for each sequence unit. In this repetition, the order of phase encoding magnetic fields is controlled so that data in the low frequency region of k-space are acquired at the cardiac phase corresponding to the diastolic phase of one cardiac cycle and data in the high frequency region are acquired at the cardiac phase corresponding to the systolic phase. The MRA of the present invention is not likely to be affected by the changes in blood flow caused by heart beats and does not prolong the time for measurement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging (abbreviated as "MRI" hereinafter) apparatus for obtaining tomograms of desired sections of an object to be examined by utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (abbreviated as "NMR" hereinafter). In particular, it relates to a method for magnetic resonance angiography (referred to as "MRA" hereinafter), which is not likely to be affected by variation in blood flow rate caused by cardiac beat when imaging blood flow in a vascular system, and an apparatus therefor. In the MRI, a radio frequency magnetic field is applied to an object to be examined to excite atomic nucleus spins of atoms constituting living tissues of the object, and NMR signals elicited by the spins are acquired to form an image from the spatial distribution of the spins or spectra. When applying the radio frequency magnetic field, gradient magnetic fields are simultaneously applied to impart locational information. The atomic nucleus spins measured in MRI are usually atomic nucleus spins of hydrogen atoms. While the spins of atoms constituting tissues are static, the spins of atoms present in blood flows move. Based on this fact, various blood flow imaging techniques (MRA) using an MRI apparatus have been developed. Most of such MRA techniques fall in three categories, i.e., the time-of-flight (TOF) method which utilizes the effect of blood inflow into slice planes, the phase-sensitive (PS) method utilizing subtraction of data acquired in the presence and absence of phase diffusion and the phase-contrast (PC) method utilizing subtraction of data acquired in two different conditions where the polarity of phase diffusion caused by blood flow is opposite. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05897496__
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Method and apparatus for stabilization of angiography images Inventor(s): Langer; Anatoly (340 Riverview Dr., North York, Ontario M4N 3E1, CA), Robert; Normand (34 Albemarle Ave., Toronto, Ontario M4K 1H7, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,496,716 Date filed: February 11, 2000 Abstract: A method for stabilizing and optimizing angiogram cine runs. The method for stabilizing involves reducing abrupt motion from the last frame to the first frame by refining the choice of the estimates of first and last frame indices provided by the user and by performing image registration so that a feature of interest is nearly in the same position between the last and first frame. According to another aspect, a network accessible system for storing and playing back angiographic images and presenting patient information is provided. The most diagnostically relevant subset of frames are extracted from selected cine runs and made available over a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet. The process of identifying a subset of frames encompassing a few cardiac cycles from the most relevant cine runs makes it possible for authorized users to view the images on a web page interface from remote locations like homes or offices using the Internet which otherwise suffers from bandwidth limitations that restricts the amount of data that can be transmitted within a reasonable delay. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to digital x-ray imaging systems, and in particular to a method for stabilizing and optimizing angiogram cine runs and network accessible system for storing and playing back angiography images. Angiography is a well-known technique that allows real-time detailed visualization, typically in the form of x-ray images, of the cardiac anatomy and function. A typical x-ray angiographic system comprises an x-ray source, an x-ray image intensifier (XRII) and a video camera. The x-ray image intensifier converts the x-ray signal into a light signal which is recorded by a video camera. This technique provides real time video images which, with the injection of a radio-opaque dye, show the motion of the coronary anatomy. The video signal is digitized to yield a series of frames acquired at rates of 15-30 frames/sec. These frames are stored on a hard disk and provide real time playback in the form of a cine angiogram. In a typical angiographic exam, a large number of images are generated. For example, a single 5 second angiographic cine run generates approximately 16 Megabytes of data (assuming 512.times.512 pixel images, 1 byte/pixel, 30 frames/s) and a single diagnostic procedure can involve the acquisition of 5-15 angiographic cine runs. Each angiogram cine run in turn comprises a set of 60 to 125 x-ray images with each cine run providing a detailed view of a different aspect of the cardiac anatomy. Known lossless compression techniques can reduce storage requirements by approximately 60%. Excessive storage requirement is the primary reason why angiograms are typically not stored on-line in Picture Archive Capture Systems (PACS) as is done with many other imaging modalities. Instead the angiographic cine run images are archived on portable media like compact disks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06496716__
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Method and apparatus for the recording, processing, and reconstruction of a standard rate high-resolution video signal for real-time cardiovascular angiography and angioplasty procedures Inventor(s): Azancot; Isaac (9 rue Barbette, Paris, FR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,694,316 Date filed: February 4, 1993 Abstract: A high-resolution medical imaging system for x-ray emission cardiovascular angiography and angioplasty procedures, allowing practitioners to acquire images in real-time on a permanent standard archiving medium without any substantial loss of resolution and to post-process as best as possible those images in real-time, simultaneously or not with another acquisition. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a method and an apparatus for recording, processing, and reconstructing a high-resolution analog video signal that is particularly useful for real-time cardiovascular angiography and angioplasty procedures. Within this disclosure, the term "high-resolution analog video signal" is meant to refer to an analog video signal that may be interlaced or non-interlaced, of which the so-called interlaced mode 1249-line system is one example which has the potential capacity of higher spectral content than a low-resolution system, of which the so-called 625-line system is one example. In the digital processing of high-resolution images, an analog video image is divided into a large number of picture elements (pixels) which form a matrix on the order of 1024. For each of these pixels, the analog signal is converted into a number that represents a gray level, the total number of possible gray levels being dependent on the number of bits with which the conversion is done (for example, a digital signal with 8 bits provides 256 gray levels). This digital image may then be processed using a computer and an image processor to, for example, enhance the contrast, detect changes in the contents of images, or improve the image by reducing the random noise content not included in the original signal. This technique is particularly useful in cardiovascular angiography for the x-ray examination of, for example, blood vessels and the cardiac muscle, using injection of a contrast agent that is opaque to xrays in the endo-cardiac cavities. The subtraction of an image obtained after the injection of the contrast agent from an image obtained before the injection, or from the average of many images, allows the inside of vascular structures made opaque by the contrast agent to be clearly visible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05694316__
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Method and apparatus for three-dimensional reconstruction of coronary vessels from angiographic images and analytical techniques applied thereto Inventor(s): Carroll; John (Littleton, CO), Chen; Shiuh-Yung James (Denver, CO) Assignee(s): University Technology Corporation (boulder, Co) Patent Number: 6,501,848 Date filed: November 20, 1999 Abstract: A method for in-room computer reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3-D) coronary vascular tree from routine biplane angiograms acquired at arbitrary angles and without using calibration objects. The method includes seven major steps: (1)
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acquisition of two standard angiogram sequences by use of a single-plane or biplane imaging system, (2) identification of 2-D coronary vascular trees and feature extractions including bifurcation points, directional vectors, vessel centerlines, and construction of vessel hierarchy in the two images, (3) determination of transformation in terms of a rotation matrix R and a translation vector t based on the extracted vessel bifurcation points and directional vectors, (4) establishment of vessel centerline correspondence, (5) calculation of the skeleton of 3-D coronary vascular trees, (6) rendering of 3-D coronary vascular tree with associated gantry angulation, and (7) calculation of optimal view(s) and 3-D QCA as quantitative measures associated with the selected vascular segment(s) of interest. The calculation of optimal views includes determination of 2-D projections of the reconstructed 3-D vascular tree so as to minimize foreshortening of a selected vascular segment, overlap of a selected vascular segment or both overlap and foreshortening of a selected arterial segment. Excerpt(s): A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The present invention relates generally to a method for reconstructing images of vascular structures and more specifically to an improved method for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of vascular structures from two twodimensional biplane projection images and methods and structures for quantitative analysis of such a reconstructed structure. Several investigators have reported computer assisted methods for estimation of the 3-D coronary arteries from biplane projection data. These known methods are based on the known or standard X-ray geometry of the projections, placement of landmarks, known vessel shape, and on iterative identification of matching structures in two or more views. Such methods are described in a publication entitled "3-D digital subtraction angiography", IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. MI-1, pp. 152-158, 1982 by H. C. Kim, B. G. Min, T. S. Lee, et. al. and in a publication entitled "Methods for evaluating cardiac wall motion in 3-D using bifurcation points of the coronary arterial tree", Invest. Radiology, January-February pp. 47-56, 1983 by M. J. Potel, J. M. Rubin, and S. A. Mackay, et al. Because the computation was designed for predefined views only, it is not suitable to solve the reconstruction problem on the basis of two projection images acquired at arbitrary and unknown relative orientations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06501848__ •
Method and device for catheter navigation in three-dimensional vascular tree exposures Inventor(s): Graumann; Rainer (Hoechstadt, DE), Rahn; Norbert (Erlangen, DE) Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (munich, De) Patent Number: 6,317,621 Date filed: April 27, 2000 Abstract: In a method and apparatus for catheter navigation in three-dimensional vascular tree exposures, particularly for intercranial application, the catheter position is detected and mixed into the 3D image of the pre-operatively scanned vascular tree reconstructed in a navigation computer and an imaging (registering) of the 3D patient coordination system ensues on the 3D image coordination system prior to the intervention using a number of markers placed on the patient's body, the position of these markers being registered by the catheter. The markers of a C-arm x-ray device for
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3D angiography are detected in at least two 2D projection images, from which the 3D angiogram is calculated, and are projected back on to the imaged subject in the navigation computer and are brought into relation to the marker coordinates in the patient coordinate system, using projection matrices applied to the respective 2D projection images, these matrices already having been determined for the reconstruction of the 3D volume set of the vascular tree. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for catheter navigation in three-dimensional vascular tree exposures, in particular for intracranial application, of the type wherein the position of the catheter is detected and mixed into the 3D image of the preoperatively exposed vascular tree reconstructed in a navigation computer, and wherein imaging (registering) of 3D patient coordinate information ensues with a 3D image coordination system prior to the intervention using a number of markers placed on the patient's body, the position of these markers being registered by the catheter. The treatment of vascular pathologies, in particular intracranial vascular pathologies, frequently ensues with the aid of a catheter that is inserted into the femoral artery and is guided through the blood vessels to the location of the treatment site. This procedure is implemented using continuously pulsed 2D-radioscopy (frequently with biplanar systems) and a contrast medium. It is often difficult for the neuro-radiologist to bring the 2D radioscopic images into coincidence with the complex three-dimensional shape of the real vascular tree. Another disadvantage of this known method is that the necessity of continuously implementing the radioscopy during the intervention entails radiation exposure for the physician and patient, and requires that the injected contrast medium be present during the entire catheter treatment, so that contrast agent must be constantly re-injected, which can have a toxic effect. Three-dimensional images of the vascular tree can be produced by different imaging modalities, such as e.g. magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and 3D angiography. In 3D angiography, a 3D volume of the vascular tree is reconstructed and visualized from several, approximately 50, preoperative or intraoperative 2D x-ray projection images taken from different angles, these images generally being acquired using a C-arm x-ray device. The neuro-radiologist obtains a 3D image of the vascular tree by means of 3D exposure techniques, but has no direct knowledge about the current position of the catheter in this 3D vascular tree during the intervention. The physician must mentally image the intraoperative 2D radioscopy images, in which the catheter is depicted, onto the preoperatively scanned and reconstructed 3D vascular tree in which the catheter is not depicted, which can be laborious and time-consuming given complex vascular tree structures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06317621__ •
Method and system for carrying out magnetic resonance imaging using the MTC effect for angiography Inventor(s): Kojima; Fumitoshi (Otawara, JP), Miyazaki; Mitsue (Otawara, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (kawasaki, Jp) Patent Number: 5,627,468 Date filed: May 2, 1994 Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging method and system utilizing a magnetization transfer contrast pulse that includes executing a first sequence including the application of the magnetization transfer contrast pulse to an examinee and executing a second sequence for acquiring a magnetic resonance angiography image data related to a
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predetermined imaging plane. The first sequence further includes the step of applying a slice gradient magnetic field for spatially selectively exciting a predetermined magnetization transfer contrast excitation plane at substantially the same timing as that of the magnetization transfer contrast pulse. A predetermined gradient magnetic field is applied by a gradient magnetic field application means in a manner superimposing upon a predetermined static magnetic field. An RF transmitting/receiving means is arranged for transmitting an RF pulse to an examinee and receiving a magnetic resonance signal from the examinee. The gradient magnetic field application means and the RF transmitting/receiving means is controlled by a control means in accordance with the predetermined pulse sequence. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to method and system for carrying out magnetic resonance imaging and, more particularly, relates to a magnetic resonance imaging method and magnetic resonance imaging apparatus in which a magnetization transfer contrast pulse is used to acquire magnetic resonance angiography image data. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is a well-known imaging method in a medical field, for example, as means for imaging blood vessels, such as those in the head (brain) of an examinee or patient. A technique has recently been developed that includes applying a method called MTC (Magnetization Transfer Contrast) to the MR angiography to improve delineation capabilities for small vessels by increasing the signal intensities for the blood vessels in relation to those of the parenchyma. Namely, the Magnetization. Transfer Contrast (MTC) method has proven to be a powerful method to increase contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA), using the relaxation difference in tissues. The magnetization transfer technique, originally described by Forsen and Hoffman, was first employed in imaging using continuous wave off-resonance irradiation. A pulsed method, using an on-resonance binominal pulse, was designed to obtain MTC in many imaging sequences and has been applied in angiography. The MTC effects on brain background as well as on stationary, freshly drawn, heparinized vanous blood were examined using a pulsed method and an off-resonance Gaussian RF pulse. Improved brain background suppression using the MTC pulse was reported. However, the reduction of the blood signal was too severe to be neglected in such a method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05627468__ •
Method for coordinating MR angiography scan with arrival of bolus at imaging site Inventor(s): Farb; Richard I. (Toronto, CA), Kim; Jae K. (Toronto, CA), Wright; Graham A. (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): Synnybrook Health Science Center (toronto, Ca) Patent Number: 6,233,475 Date filed: September 18, 1998 Abstract: An MRI method is provided for determining the arrival of selected contrast material at a target artery or other fluid-carrying vessel after injection of contrast material at a remote vascular site. By precisely knowing the arrival time, an additional MR angiography scan of the artery may be readily coordinated with the onset of artery enhancement. Initiation of this MR angiography scan may be immediate. Alternatively, determination of the arrival time of a test bolus of contrast to the imaging site can be used to calculate the transit time of a test bolus from the injection site to the imaging site. This information may then be used as an estimate of a subsequent MR angiography scan using a full bolus of contrast. The method for determining contrast arrival includes
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injecting the contrast material at an injection site, and simultaneously commencing acquisition of a succession of MR images of a section taken through the target vessel, proximate to the imaging site. A succession of RF excitation pulses are applied to first and second zones to selectively saturate MR signals passing therethrough, the first and second saturation zones being positioned on opposing sides of the imaging section and respectively extending away therefrom, in opposite directions, along the vessel. Each MR image can be monitored, upon being acquired, to determine the arrival of the contrast material at the imaging site. Excerpt(s): The invention disclosed and claimed herein generally pertains to magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, i.e., to MR imaging of an artery or like vessel carrying blood or other fluid. More particularly, the invention pertains to a method of the above type wherein an amount of contrast agent, or bolus, is inserted into the vessel to enhance contrast between blood flowing through the vessel, and adjacent stationary tissue or other structure. Even more particularly, the invention pertains to a method of the above type for closely determining the arrival time of the bolus at a site or location of imaging. It is now a well known practice in MR angiography to insert a volume of contrast agent, such as gadolinium chelate, into blood flowing along a vessel. The volume or mass of contrast agent is referred to as a bolus, and has the effect of shortening the T1 time of the blood. Thus, an MR image of the blood, acquired by a fast gradient echo or like technique, will show up very well with respect to adjacent stationary tissue of the vessel structure. These agents have been found to be very effective, particularly when used with three-dimensional (3D) MR angiographic techniques. However, if imaging occurs some minutes after the administration of contrast material, complex images are created in which distinction between target vessels (usually arterial) and other vasculature is difficult. Time-dependent leakage of contrast material into adjacent tissue increases background signal intensity, which adds a further hindrance to image interpretation. At present, there is increasing interest in imaging arteries by trying to capture first-pass arterial enhancements, resulting from use of contrast material, by coordinating the onset of a 3D MR angiographic sequence with injection of the contrast material. This approach is often referred to as "dynamic contrast material-enhanced 3D MR angiography", and aims at imaging arteries during first-pass arterial enhancement, prior to the onset of venous enhancement. Arteries targeted with this approach include the descending aorta and the mesenteric, renal, and hepatic arteries. There are several basic approaches to capturing first-pass arterial enhancement. In the fixed transit time approach, imaging is initiated after a fixed time interval after injection. In the test bolus approach, a small test bolus of contrast is used to determine a priori the transit time of contrast from the time of injection at the injection site to the time of arrival at the imaging site. This information is then used to coordinate the initiation of a 3D MR angiographic sequence after the subsequent injection of a full bolus of contrast. In the automated trigger approach, only a full bolus of contrast is injected, and after detection of its arrival at the imaging site, a 3D MR angiographic sequence is initiated. In the latter two approaches, a method of determining the arrival of contrast at the imaging site is required. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06233475__
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Method for magnetic resonance angiography using in-flow of transverse spin magnetization Inventor(s): Dumoulin; Charles Lucian (Ballston Lake, NY), Schneider; Erika (Rexford, NY) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (schenectady, Ny) Patent Number: 5,671,742 Date filed: December 23, 1996 Abstract: Radiofrequency (RF) and magnetic field gradient pulse sequences employ Time-of-Flight (TOF) strategy to selectively create transverse spin magnetization which is then maintained for a selected period of time and then imaged in order to generate a vessel selective magnetic resonance angiogram. The pulse sequence employs a spatially selective excitation pulse which is used to create transverse spin magnetization in a selected region of a subject. This region typically is made to include the root of the vessel to be imaged. After excitation, transverse magnetization is maintained with a series of refocusing RF pulses while the blood moves along the vessel. The transverse magnetization is then sampled at one or more selected times after excitation with conventional imaging strategies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and more specifically to the creation of magnetic resonance angiograms from a patient. Several methods for the detection of magnetic resonance angiograms are currently in use. Most of these methods can be classified as either a "time-of-flight" method or as a "phasesensitive" method. Each class of methods relies on a specific physical phenomena and each class has certain limitations. Time-of-flight methods rely on the in-flow of longitudinal pin magnetization into the imaged region. Typically, time-of-flight angiography is performed with the repeated application of radiofrequency (RF) pulses which serve to both create transverse spin magnetization for imaging and to reduce longitudinal magnetization within the imaged region. Blood which is outside the imaged volume, however, does not experience the application of the RF pulses and consequently, has fully relaxed longitudinal spin magnetization. As the relaxed blood flows into the imaged volume, it appears much brighter than its surroundings because the fully relaxed longitudinal spin magnetization provides a stronger magnetic resonance signal than that of stationary tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05671742__
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Method for peripheral MR angiography Inventor(s): Bernstein; Matthew A. (Rochester, MN), Foo; Thomas K. F. (Rockville, MD), Ho; Vincent B. (North Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (milwaukee, Wi) Patent Number: 6,249,694 Date filed: July 17, 1998 Abstract: A method of peripheral MR angiography is provided for imaging an artery or other vessel, wherein the vessel is of such length that MR data must be acquired at each of a plurality of scan stations spaced along the vessel. In accordance with the method, a contrast agent is intravenously injected, in order to provide a bolus which successively flows to each of the scan stations. After acquiring an initial subset of the MR data
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associated with a given scan station, the bolus is tracked to determine whether it has arrived at the next-following scan station. If so, at least some of the MR data associated with the next scan station are then acquired. However, if it is found that the bolus has not yet arrived at the next scan station, acquisition of further data at the given scan station is continued. Excerpt(s): The invention disclosed and claimed herein generally pertains to magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, i.e., to MR imaging of an artery or like vessel carrying blood or other fluid. More particularly, the invention pertains to a method of the above type wherein MR data are acquired at each of a number of scan locations or stations, which are spaced along a vessel of comparatively great length. Even more particularly, the invention pertains to a method of the above type wherein an amount of contrast agent, or bolus, moves along the vessel or other conduit, from station-to-station, and measures are taken to ensure that MR data is acquired at a particular station only or substantially when the bolus is located there. It is now a well known practice in MR angiography to insert a volume of contrast agent, such as gadolinium chelate, into blood flowing along a vessel. The volume or mass of contrast agent is referred to as a bolus, and has the effect of shortening the T.sub.1 time of the blood. Thus, an MR image of the blood, acquired by a fast gradient echo or like technique, will show up very well with respect to adjacent stationary tissue of the vessel structure. It is also well known that certain clinical assessments require imaging a vascular territory of comparatively great length. Using MR for these evaluations, therefore, necessitates the acquisition of MR data over several stations or scan locations, which are located at intervals along the vessel path of flow. To acquire data at a particular station, the patient is selectively positioned with respect to an MR scanner, typically by movement of a table supporting the patient. Data are then acquired from a series of slices taken through a region or section of the patient, which comprises the particular scan location or station. Thereafter, the patient is shifted, relative to the scanner, so that data may be acquired from another section of the patient, comprising another scan location or station. MR angiography employing this procedure in conjunction with an injection of a contrast bolus may be referred to as bolus chasing peripheral MR angiography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06249694__ •
Method for phase contrast MR angiography, and arrangement for carrying out the method Inventor(s): Boettcher; Uwe (Erlangen, DE) Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (munich, De) Patent Number: 5,828,215 Date filed: August 7, 1996 Abstract: In a method and apparatus for phase contrast MR angiography, for topically resolved flow acquisition, bipolar flow coding gradients are activated before readout of nuclear magnetic resonance signals. By using flow coding gradients of different amplitudes in successive measurements within a pulse sequence, nuclear magnetic resonance signals are obtained that are differently sensitive to flow. A larger range of flow velocities can thereby be covered. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for conducting phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography, as well as to an apparatus for conducting the method. For the production of flow images by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, two
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methods are fundamentally possible, namely the "time of flight" method and the phase contrast method. The first method, which is described e.g. by J. S. Lewin et al., "ThreeDimensional Time of Flight MR-Angiography: Applications in the Abdomen and Thorax," Radiology, 1991; 179, pp. 261-264, is based on the fact that stationary tissue in a region under examination becomes saturated, and that the signal thus arises almost exclusively from unsaturated spins flowing in to that region. wherein Gx is the gradient amplitude,.DELTA. is the distance between the positive and negative sub-pulse, and.SIGMA. is its duration. If no higher-order motion takes place, the phase displacement of the transversal magnetization at echo time TE is proportional to the flow velocity v. The phase displacement of stationary spins is not influenced by a symmetrical bipolar gradient pulse. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05828215__ •
Method of and system for intravenous volume tomographic digital angiography imaging Inventor(s): Ning; Ruola (Penfield, NY) Assignee(s): University of Rochester (rochester, Ny) Patent Number: 6,075,836 Date filed: January 27, 1998 Abstract: A method of and system for performing intravenous tomographic digital angiography imaging which combines the principles of intravenous digital angiography with those of cone-beam volume tomography for generating a direct, unambiguous and accurate 3-D reconstruction of stenosis and other irregularities and malformations from 2-D cone-beam tomography projections is disclosed in which several different data acquisition geometries, such as a circle-plus-arc data acquisition geometry, may be utilized to provide a complete set of data so that an exact 3-D reconstruction is obtained. Only a single IV contrast injection with a short breathhold by the patient is needed for use with a volume CT scanner which uses a cone-beam x-ray source and a 2-D detector for fast volume scanning in order to provide true 3-D descriptions of vascular anatomy with more than 0.5 lp/mm isotropic resolution in the x, y and z directions is utilized in which one set of cone-beam projections is acquired while rotating the x-ray tube and detector on the CT gantry and then another set of projections is acquired while tilting the gantry by a small angle. The projection data is preweighted and the partial derivatives of the preweighted projection data are calculated. Those calculated partial derivatives are rebinned to the first derivative of the Radon transform, for both the circular orbit data and the arc orbit data. The second partial derivative of the Radon transform is then calculated and then the reconstructed 3-D images are obtained by backprojecting using the inverse Radon transform. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method of and system for computed tomography (CT) density image reconstruction. More particularly, the present invention is directed to the three-dimensional reconstruction from two-dimensional projections acquired with x-ray cone-beam CT and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanners. Even more particularly, the present invention is directed to a method of and system for intravenous volume tomographic digital angiography imaging. For about the past twenty years, computerized tomography has revolutionized diagnostic imaging systems as well as non-destructive test imaging techniques. Conventional CT scanners use a fan-shaped x-ray beam and one-dimensional detector in order to reconstruct a single slice with a single scan of an object. However, current CT
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technology is limited by a trade-off between high longitudinal resolution and fast volume scanning. One method which has been utilized to address the shortcomings of CT scanner technology is the use of cone-beam tomography. A cone-beam volume CT scanner uses a cone-beam x-ray source and a two-dimensional detector to reconstruct the whole volume of an object with a single scan of that object. The data obtained from the scan of the object is processed in order to construct an image that presents a twodimensional slice taken through the object. The current technique for reconstructing an image from 2-D is referred to in the art as the filtered back projection technique. That process converts the attenuation measurements from a scan into integers called "CT numbers" or "Hounsfield units" which are then used to control the brightness of a corresponding pixel on a cathode ray display. In a 3-D scan technique, a cone-shaped xray beam is used which diverges to form a cone-beam that passes through the object and impinges on a two-dimensional array of detector elements. In that manner, the volume scanning time of a 3-D object can be at least 10 times shorter than a standard CT on a spiral CT. In contrast to existing CT with an intraslice plane resolution of 1.0 lp/mm, the reconstructions of cone beam CT will have isotropic spatial resolution along all three axes (0.5-2.0 lp/mm). Each view is thus a 2-D array of x-ray attenuation measurements and the complete scan produces a 3-D array of attenuation measurements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06075836__ •
MR method for the image-assisted monitoring of the displacement of an object, and MR device for carry out the method Inventor(s): Holz; Dietrich J. K. (Henstedt-Ulzburg, DE) Assignee(s): U.s. Philips Corporation (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,192,144 Date filed: January 8, 1998 Abstract: An image-assisted monitoring of the displacement of an object, for example a catheter, relative to a vascular system, is enable in which the position of the object is continuously measured and reproduced in an MR angiogram. Shifts/deformations occurring in the course of an examination are determined by obtaining slice images which are compared with images of the same slice which are derived from an original data set. The MR angiogram and/or the position are corrected accordingly. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an MR method for the image-assisted monitoring of the displacement of an object relative to a vascular system, in which a first MR data set is acquired which represents the course of the vascular system within a threedimensional volume, after which the position of the object is continuously measured and reproduced in an MR angiogram derived from the first MR data set. An MR method of this kind is known from Proceedings of 3rd SMR, 490, 1995. A comparatively long period of time (from 8 to 20 minutes) is required for the acquisition of an MR data set. Therefore, this MR data set is acquired before introduction of the object, for example a catheter, into the vascular system. After introduction of the catheter, the position of the object is continuously measured in real time and is reproduced in an MR angiogram derived from the first MR data set. The known method meets its limits when the patient moves during the intervention. The real-time measured position of the object can then no longer be reproduced at the correct location in the angiogram, because the motion of the patient has not been taken up in the angiogram. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06192144__
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•
Multiple contrast FSE approach to black blood angiography with redundant and supplementary vascular information Inventor(s): Lin; Jian (Solon, OH), Liu; Kecheng (Solon, OH), Margosian; Paul M. (Lakewood, OH) Assignee(s): Picker International Inc. (highland Heights, Oh) Patent Number: 6,340,887 Date filed: September 21, 1999 Abstract: A black blood magnetic resonance angiogram is produced by exciting dipoles (52) and repeatedly inverting the resonance (54.sub.1, 54.sub.2,. ) to produce a series of magnetic resonance echoes (56.sub.1, 56.sub.2,. ). Early echoes (e.g., (56.sub.1,. , 56.sub.8)) are more heavily proton density weighted than later echoes (e.g., (56.sub.9,. , 56.sub.16)) which are more heavily T2 weighted. The magnetic resonance echoes are received and demodulated (38) into a series of data lines. The data lines are sorted (60) between the more heavily proton density weighted data lines and T2 weighted data lines which are reconstructed into a proton density weighted image representation and a T2 weighted image representation. The proton density weighted and T2 weighted image representations are combined (90) to emphasize the black blood from the T2 weighted images and the static tissue from the proton density weighted image. The combined image is a black blood magnetic resonance angiogram. The production of the angiogram is time efficient and displays enhanced vessel depiction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the magnetic resonance imaging arts. It finds particular application in conjunction with black blood magnetic resonance angiography and may be described with particular reference thereto. It is to be appreciated, however, that the invention will also find application in conjunction with other types of angiography and other types of magnetic resonance imaging. Measurement of blood flow, in vivo, is important for the functional assessment of the circulatory system. Angiography has become a standard technique for making such functional assessments. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) provides detailed angiographic images of the body in a non-invasive manner, without the use of contrast agents or dyes. Traditionally, MRA methods can be divided into "white blood" and "black blood" techniques. In white blood angiographs or time of flight (TOF) angiographs, magnetic resonance signal from flowing blood is optimized, while signal from stationary blood or tissue is suppressed. This method has been problematic for a number of reasons. First, it is difficult to generate accurate images of the vascular system because the excited blood is constantly moving out of the imaging region. Also, blood vessels often appear more narrow because signal from the slow-flowing blood at the edges of the vessels is difficult to detect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06340887__
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Phase contrast imaging using interleaved projection data Inventor(s): Barger; Andrew V. (Madison, WI), Mistretta; Charles A. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (madison, Wi) Patent Number: 6,188,922 Date filed: May 18, 1999
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Abstract: A magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) is acquired using a pulse sequence that samples k-space at a projection angle. The acquired NMR signal is sensitized to spin motion with a bipolar motion encoding gradient and the pulse sequence is repeated to sample k-space at a set of different projection angles. A phase image is reconstructed from the acquired NMR signals using a filtered backprojection technique. Additional sets of projections with different motion encoding directions are acquired at interleaved projection angles, and the reconstructed phase images are combined to provide a velocity image. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is nuclear magnetic resonance ("NMR") imaging methods and systems. More particularly, the invention relates to the acquisition of NMR images indicative of flow, or motion. When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field (polarizing field B.sub.0), the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue attempt to align with this polarizing field, but precess about it in random order at their characteristic Larmor frequency. If the substance, or tissue, is subjected to a magnetic field (excitation field B.sub.1) which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, M.sub.z, may be rotated, or "tipped", into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment M.sub.t. A signal is emitted by the excited spins after the excitation signal B.sub.1 is terminated, this signal may be received and processed to form an image. When utilizing these signals to produce images, magnetic field gradients (G.sub.x G.sub.y and G.sub.z) are employed. Typically, the region to be imaged is scanned by a sequence of measurement cycles in which these gradients vary according to the particular localization method being used. The resulting set of received NMR signals are digitized and processed to reconstruct the image using one of many well known reconstruction techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06188922__ •
Ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system with dynamic microbeamforming Inventor(s): Fraser; John D. (Woodinville, WA) Assignee(s): Atl Ultrasound (bothell, Wa) Patent Number: 6,375,617 Date filed: July 18, 2001 Abstract: An ultrasonic imaging method and apparatus are described for imaging the coronary arteries of the heart. The vascular system is infused with an ultrasonic contrast agent. A volumetric region of the heart wall including a coronary artery is three dimensionally scanned. A projection image of the volumetric region is produced from the scanning, providing a two dimensional contrast image of the coronary artery with the appearance of an angiogram. Preferably the coronary artery signals are segmented from contrast signals emanating from the myocardium and the heart blood pool so that the coronary arteries are clearly highlighted and distinct in the ultrasonic angiogram. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to ultrasonic diagnostic imaging systems and, in particular, to the use of ultrasonic diagnostic imaging systems to image the coronary arteries. Early detection of coronary artery disease is important for the treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction, the primary cause of death of adults in the world. One of the principal methods of detection of coronary artery disease at present is the diagnostic angiogram. An angiogram is acquired by injecting a radiopaque dye into the vascular system, usually by means of a catheter. The radiopaque dye infuses the
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coronary arteries, and a radiological projection is made of the infused arteries onto a radiographic sensor. The resultant angiogram will reveal the lumens of the arterial vessels of the heart as the radiopaque dye flows through them. A narrowing of the infused lumen will provide an indication of an obstruction of a vessel and a potential condition for infarction. Ultrasound has been considered as a possible modality to use for coronary artery examinations, which would have the advantage of eliminating the exposure of the patient to the radiation used to form the angiogram, to radiopaque dyes, and the surgical catheterization procedure. However, ultrasonic imaging has its own limitations. One is that the major coronary arteries are located on the irregularly curved surface of the heart and traverse tortuously along the epicardial surface of the heart. Thus, the coronary arteries cannot be viewed in a single image plane, the most prevalent way ultrasonic imaging is done. Furthermore, imaging of the coronary arteries is impeded by the rib cage, which largely blocks ultrasound, and by the motion of the heart itself. Thus, even when a portion of the coronary arteries is accessible to ultrasound, the images of the coronaries are likely to be fleeting, blurred, and of relatively poor resolution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06375617__
Patent Applications on Angiogram As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to angiogram: •
Magnetic resonance angiography method and apparatus Inventor(s): Liu, Kecheng; (Solon, OH), Suri, Jasjit S.; (Mayfield Hts., OH) Correspondence: Thomas E. Kocovsky, JR.; Fay, Sharpe, Fagan, Minnich & Mckee, Llp; 1100 Superior AVENUE. Seventh Floor; Cleveland; OH; 44114-2518; US Patent Application Number: 20030053669 Date filed: July 18, 2001 Abstract: In magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), the MRA data (40) is smoothed and converted into an isotropic format (52). A binary surface fitting mask (56) that differentiates vascular regions from surrounding tissue is generated from the isotropic MRA data. Vascular starting points (60) are identified based on the binary surface fitting mask. The vascular system corresponding to each starting point is tracked (62). The tracked vascular system is graphically displayed (68). Preferably, the arteries and the veins in the binary surface fitting mask data are differentiated (58) based on anatomical constraints. The tracking (62) preferably includes estimating an oblique plane that is orthogonal to the vessel (204), determining the vessel edges in the oblique plane (212), and determining an estimated vessel center in the oblique plane (216). The vessel edges are preferably determined by determining a raw vessel edge (208), and refining the raw vessel edge to obtain a refined vessel edge representation (212). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the imaging and magnetic resonance arts. It particularly relates to magnetic resonance angiography and will be described with
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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particular reference thereto. However, the invention will also find application in other imaging arts in which tubular structures and networks are advantageously characterized and in which similar tubular structures and networks are advantageously differentiated. Angiography relates to the imaging of blood vessels and blood vessel systems. Angiography enables improved surgical planning and treatment, improved diagnosis and convenient non-invasive monitoring of chronic vascular diseases, and can provide an early warning of potentially fatal conditions such as aneurysms and blood clots. Angiography is performed using a number of different medical imaging modalities, including biplane X-ray/DSA, magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and various combinations of these techniques. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can be performed in a contrast enhanced mode wherein a contrast agent such as Gadolinium-Dithylene-Triamine-Penta-Acetate is administered to the patient to improve vascular MR contrast, or in a non-contrast enhanced mode. Vascular contrast is typically obtained by imaging the flowing blood using MR imaging techniques such as time of flight (TOF), black-blood, phase contrast, T2, or T2* imaging. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for anatomically tailored k-space sampling and recessed elliptical view ordering for bolus-enhanced 3D MR angiography Inventor(s): Prince, Martin R.; (New York, NY), Wang, Yi; (Pittsburgh, PA), Watts, Richard; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Schwegman, Lundberg, Woessner & Kluth, P. A.; P. O. Box 2938; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030032877 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: Current bolus chase magnetic resonance angiography is limited by the imaging time for each station. Tailoring the density of k-space sampling along the anterior-posterior direction of the coronal station allows a substantial decrease in scan time that leads to greater contrast bolus sharing among stations and consequently a significant improvement in image quality. Fast arterial-venous transit in the carotid arteries requires accurate, reliable timing of the acquisition to the bolus transit to maximize arterial signal and minimize venous artifacts. The rising edge of the bolus is not utilized in conventional elliptical-centric view ordering because the critical k-space center must be acquired with full arterial enhancement. The invention provides a recessed elliptical-centric view ordering scheme is introduced in which the k-space center is acquired a few seconds following scan initiation. The recessed view ordering is shown to be more robust to timing errors in a patient studies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to MR angiography using a reduced sample set to decrease the time needed to acquire image data for arterial features. As a result of the time reduction, the MR data acquisition can be performed in conjunction with the arrival and flow of a contrast agent through the arteries, thereby reducing the amount of contrast agent introduced in a patient. The invention further relates to method for acquiring MR to better delineate arterial features from a background and venous artifacts. In particular, modification of k-space view ordering more accurately times data acquisition to contrast arrival and peak contrast enhancement in a region of interest. Generally, contrast-enhanced MRA offers many advantages in imaging, including reduced flow artifacts and reduced scanning time. In one application, bolus chase MR angiography has revolutionized imaging of peripheral vascular disease by allowing
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rapid imaging of the arterial anatomy of the entire lower half of the body with a single infusion of a gadolinium based contrast agent. This has been previously discussed in Meaney, J F M, Prince M R, Floating Table Bolus Chase Peripheral Vascular MR Angiography, U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,987, issued Jul. 20, 1999; Ho K Y, Leiner T, de Haan M W, Kessels A G, Kitslaar P J, van Engelshoven J M., Peripheral vascular tree stenoses: evaluation with moving-bed infusion-tracking MR angiograph;. Radiology 1998; 206(3):683-692; Wang Y, Lee H M, Khilnani N M, et al. Bolus-chase MR digital subtraction angiography in the lower extremity. Radiology 1998; 207(1):263-269; and Meaney J F, Ridgway J P, Chakraverty S, et al. Stepping-table gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction MR angiography of the aorta and lower extremity arteries: preliminary experience. Radiology 1999; 211(1):59-67. Two strategies have emerged for obtaining arterial-phase images at three successive stations while avoiding excessive venous enhancement. One strategy is to image relatively slowly with a long infusion as further discussed in Ho K Y, Leiner T, van Engelshoven J M. MR angiography of run-off vessels. Eur Radiol 1999; 9(7):1285-1289. The infusion rate must be fast enough to give sufficient arterial enhancement but slow enough so that after extraction of gadolinium contrast in capillaries, venous enhancement is minimal. Typically an infusion rate of 0.30.5 ml/sec is suggested for an imaging duration of 45 seconds per station. However, there is little sharing of contrast dose between stations, and venous enhancement can still occur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for improving the vessel/tissue contrast in time-of-flight angiography of a magnetic resonance tomography measurement Inventor(s): Kuehn, Bernd; (Erlangen, DE) Correspondence: Schiff Hardin & Waite; 6600 Sears Tower; 233 S Wacker DR; Chicago; IL; 60606-6473; US Patent Application Number: 20030220560 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: In a method and apparatus for improving the vessel/tissue contrast in time-offlight angiography with a magnetic resonance tomography measurement, a sequence of radiofrequency excitation pulses is generated that each have a flip angle and a temporal spacing in the sequence defined by a repetition time, gradient pulses are generated with gradient coils such that, using an analog-to-digital converter, the magnetic resonance response signals are sampled in the frequency domain (k-space) in a slice referred to as a k-matrix, the k-matrix is sampled such that the respective distances of the measuring points from the center of the k-matrix are continuously increased (or decreased), and the repetition time is varied during the sampling, and/or the flip angle is varied during the sampling. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed in general to magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) as employed in medicine for examining patients. The present invention is particularly directed to a method for the optimization of k-space trajectories in the location encoding of a magnetic resonance tomography apparatus. An optimally fast sampling of k-matrix achieved as a result thereof leads to the utmost effectiveness of the sequence employed. MRT is based on the physical phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and has been successfully employed in medicine and biophysics for more than 15 years. In this examination modality, the subject is subjected to a strong, constant magnetic field. As a result thereof, the nuclear spins in the subject align, these having
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been previously irregularly oriented. Radiofrequency energy can then excite these "ordered" spins to a specific oscillation. This oscillation generates the actual measured signal in MRT that is picked up with suitable reception coils. By utilizing non-uniform magnetic fields, which are generated by gradient coils, the test subject can be spatially encoded in all three spatial directions, which is generally referred to as "location encoding". The acquisition of the data in MRT ensues in k-space (frequency domain). The MRT image or spatial domain is obtained from the MRT data in k-space by means of Fourier transformation. The location encoding of the subject that k-space defines ensues by means of gradients in all three spatial directions. A distinction is made between the slice selection (defines an exposure slice in the subject, usually the Z-axis), the frequency encoding (defines a direction in the slice, usually the x-axis) and the phase encoding (defines the second dimension within the slice, usually the y-axis). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of processing images for digital subtraction angiography Inventor(s): Hauper, Sylvain Justin Georges Andre; (Bondy, FR), Rongen, Peter Maria Johannes; (Eindhoven, NL), Stegehuis, Herman; (Eindhoven, NL) Correspondence: U.S. Philips Corporation; 580 White Plains Road; Tarrytown; NY; 10591; US Patent Application Number: 20030053670 Date filed: September 4, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the field of digital subtraction angiography. An image processing method is applied to a digitized mask (100) and to a sequence of digitized opacified images (101). A logarithmic function (105) is applied to the values of the pixels of the digitized mask and to the values of the pixels of the sequence of digitized opacified images, and then a subtraction (108) is made of the logarithmic value of each pixel of a digitized opacified image from the logarithmic value of the corresponding pixel in the digitized mask. In order to improve the quality of the images processed, a processing step (102) able to decrease certain pixel values of the digitized mask and of the digitized opacified images is applied before applying the logarithmic function. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of processing images in order to generate a sequence of digital subtraction angiography images from a digitized mask comprising pixel values and a sequence of digitized opacified images comprising pixel values, the method comprising a step of applying a logarithmic function to the values of the pixels of the digitized mask and to the values of the pixels of the sequence of digitized opacified images in order to obtain logarithmic pixel values, and a step of subtracting the logarithmic value of each pixel of a digitized opacified image from the logarithmic value of the corresponding pixel in the digitized mask. Digital subtraction angiography is described in a work by R. Kruger and S. Riederer entitled "Basic Concept of Digital Subtraction Angiography" (G. K. Hall Medical Publisher, Boston, Mass., 1984). Such a medical imaging technique is in particular used for studying blood vessels of a patient. X-rays are passed through one region of the patient. On leaving this region, the X-rays are converted into light, which is converted into an electrical signal which makes it possible to obtain an image, referred to as a mask. A contrast agent, for example comprising iodine, is then injected into the blood vessels of the patient. A sequence of opacified images is then obtained by virtue of the X-rays which have passed through the said region. The expression "sequence of images" is to be understood to mean an image or several successive images. The mask and the opacified images are then digitized. The
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digitized mask comprises pixels each having a brightness value, also referred to as a "gray level", for example between 0 and 255. The same applies to a digitized opacified image. A logarithmic function is then applied to the values of the pixels of the digitized mask and the digitized opacified images. For each pixel of a digitized opacified image, its logarithmic value is then subtracted from the logarithmic value of the corresponding pixel in the digitized mask. "Logarithmic function" is to be understood to mean a function whose derivative is large for small values of a variable to which it is applied, and then decreases and tends towards zero for large values of the variable. For example, the "Napierian logarithm" function can be applied, or a function f of the type f(x)=x.sup.l/n where x is the variable and n is an integer number. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
OSCILLATING DUAL-EQUILIBRIUM STEADY STATE ANGIOGRAPHY USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Inventor(s): Overall, William R.; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030062893 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: A method of oscillating dual-equilibrium steady-state angiography (ODESSA), utilizes a modified steady state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence. The SSFP sequence is modified such that flowing material reaches a steady state which oscillates between two equilibrium values, while stationary material attains a standard, nonoscillatory steady state. When alternating sequences are employed, subtraction of adjacent echoes results in large, uniform signal from all flowing spins and zero signal from stationary spins. Venous signal can be suppressed based on its reduced T.sub.2. ODESSA arterial signal is more than three times as large as that of traditional phasecontrast angiography (PCA) in the same scan time, and also compares favorably with other techniques of MR angiography. Pulse sequences are implemented in 2D, 3D, and volumetric projection modes. Angiograms of the lower leg, generated in as few as 5 s, show high arterial SNR and full suppression of other tissues. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic resource imaging (MRI), and more particularly the invention relates to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using an oscillating dual-equilibrium steady state free precession process. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a clinically relevant non-invasive alternative to traditional X-ray angiography. A number of approaches have been used to isolate signal from vessels. Inflow-based methods, such as time-of-flight and spin-tagging, waste significant scan time while waiting for inflow to occur and may suffer from reduced signal in distal portions of the artery being imaged. Flow-independent techniques make use of the inherent T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 relaxation times of arterial and venous blood to generate the desired contrast. However, these techniques suffer from incomplete suppression of background signal and may require careful selection of numerous scan parameters for ideal performance. Phase contrast angiography (PCA) makes use of the phase accrual of moving transverse spins during the application of a gradient. This technique can suppress background signal very well; however, the resulting blood signal strength is proportional to flow in the direction of flow sensitivity. As a result, three acquisitions are often required to get uniform signal from the extent of the vessel. Care must also be taken to match the velocity sensitivity of the sequence to the flow rate in the vessel of
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interest. Finally, because signal phase is proportional to velocity, thick-slab images suffer from signal loss in pixels where multiple vessels overlap. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
System and method of bolus-chasing angiography with adaptive real-time computed tomography (CT) Inventor(s): Vannier, Michael W.; (Iowa City, IA), Wang, Ge; (Iowa City, IA) Correspondence: Gregory J. Kirsch, ESQ.; Needle & Rosenberg, P.C.; The Candler Building, Suite 1200; 127 Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30303-1811; US Patent Application Number: 20020010551 Date filed: February 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a system and method for optimization of contrast enhancement utilizing a bolus propagation model, a computerized predictor of the bolus position, and a real-time tomographic imaging system with an adaptive mechanism to move a patient and/or the imaging components. The system and method can be applied to X-ray CT angiography that relies on bolus peak prediction, real-time CT observation and adaptive table translation. In particular, the discrepancy between the bolus location predicted by a bolus propagation model and the real-time CT measurement is reconciled via a computerized predictor such as a linear extrpolator or a Kalman filter and fed into an adaptive table transport system to drive the table to chase the contrast bolus accordingly. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit, pursuant to 35 U.S.C.sctn. 120, of applicants' provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/181,834, filed Feb. 11, 2000, entitled "BOLUS-CHASING ANGIOGRAPHY WITH ADAPTIVE REAL-TIME COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)". The present invention generally relates to a system and method for optimization of tomographic angiography utilizing a bolus propagation model, which can be applied to CT angiography that relies on bolus peak prediction, real-time CT observation and adaptive table transport. As known in the prior art, administration of a contrast material or bolus provides a short temporal window for optimally imaging the vasculature, lesions and tumors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
ULTRASONIC DIAGNOSTIC ELEVATION BEAMFORMING
IMAGING
SYSTEM
WITH
SCANHEAD
Inventor(s): Pesque, Patrick Rene; (Scottsdale, AZ) Correspondence: Atl Ultrasound; P.O. Box 3003; 22100 Bothell Everett Highway; Bothell; WA; 98041-3003; US Patent Application Number: 20020045820 Date filed: July 13, 2001 Abstract: An ultrasonic imaging method and apparatus are described for imaging the coronary arteries of the heart. The vascular system is infused with an ultrasonic contrast agent. A volumetric region of the heart wall including a coronary artery is three dimensionally scanned. A projection image of the volumetric region is produced from the scanning, providing a two dimensional contrast image of the coronary artery with
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the appearance of an angiogram. Preferably the coronary artery signals are segmented from contrast signals emanating from the myocardium and the heart blood pool so that the coronary arteries are clearly highlighted and distinct in the ultrasonic angiogram. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to ultrasonic diagnostic imaging systems and, in particular, to the use of ultrasonic diagnostic imaging systems to image the coronary arteries. Early detection of coronary artery disease is important for the treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction, the primary cause of death of adults in the world. One of the principal methods of detection of coronary artery disease at present is the diagnostic angiogram. An angiogram is acquired by injecting a radiopaque dye into the vascular system, usually by means of a catheter. The radiopaque dye infuses the coronary arteries, and a radiological projection is made of the infused arteries onto a radiographic sensor. The resultant angiogram will reveal the lumens of the arterial vessels of the heart as the radiopaque dye flows through them. A narrowing of the infused lumen will provide an indication of an obstruction of a vessel and a potential condition for infarction. Ultrasound has been considered as a possible modality to use for coronary artery examinations, which would have the advantage of eliminating the exposure of the patient to the radiation used to form the angiogram, to radiopaque dyes, and the surgical catheterization procedure. However, ultrasonic imaging has its own limitations. One is that the major coronary arteries are located on the irregularly curved surface of the heart and traverse tortuously along the epicardial surface of the heart. Thus, the coronary arteries cannot be viewed in a single image plane, the most prevalent way ultrasonic imaging is done. Furthermore, imaging of the coronary arteries is impeded by the rib cage, which largely blocks ultrasound, and by the motion of the heart itself. Thus, even when a portion of the coronary arteries is accessible to ultrasound, the images of the coronaries are likely to be fleeting, blurred, and of relatively poor resolution. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Vessel delineation in magnetic resonance angiographic images Inventor(s): Yim, Peter J.; (Bethesda, MD) Correspondence: Klarquist Sparkman, Llp; 121 SW Salmon Street; Suite 1600; Portland; OR; 97204; US Patent Application Number: 20030031351 Date filed: August 9, 2002 Abstract: Delineating vessels in an angiogram involves two methods; graph generation and skeletonization. Generating a graph includes obtaining a digital image of an angiogram, recognizing a first growth point within the image, and identifying region boundary points around the growth point. The region boundary points are connected to the first growth point, thereby creating edges of a graph. The boundary point that has the greatest intensity is then selected as a second growth point, and additional region boundary points around the second growth point are identified. The additional region growth points are connected to the second growth point. The region boundary point with the greatest intensity in the image is then selected as a third growth point, and the method repeats until each point in the image is connected to another point in the graph. The skeletonization of the graph begins with recognizng a point in the graph as an endpoint of a vessel. This may be done explicitly through manual or automatic selection of specific points. It may also be done implicitly through a trimming process whereby graph branches of fewer than a certain number of connected points are discarded. The
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endpoints in the remaining branches are recognized as vessel endpoints. The skeletonization concludes with display of the delineated vessels. This may be done by superimposing the vessels in two or three dimensions over a conventional twodimensional angiographic image such as a maximum intensity projection (MIP). Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). More particularly, the invention relates to processing magnetic resonance angiographic images, or angiograms, to delineate certain vessels in an angiogram. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is the magnetic resonance imaging of the blood vessels in the body. In MRA, special pulse sequences are used by an MR scanner to cause flowing blood to appear very bright and stationary tissue to appear very dark. If arterial structures are being studied, additional pulses are applied to erase the signal in veins. Multiple thin slices are obtained at adjacent levels through the region of interest. In prior techniques, a computer then stacks these images and creates a three-dimensional image. The constructed image can be rotated 360 degrees so that the vessels can be studied in all projections. MRA has become a primary method for the evaluation of vascular pathologies and increasingly for the purposes of surgical planning. Rapidly improving data acquisition methods have greatly improved image quality. Much less attention, however, has been focused on post-processing techniques for enhancing what is captured in the image. One such method, the maximum intensity projection (MIP), has become the standard for vascular visualization. Because of its simplicity and nonparametric basis as well as its high visual quality, the MIP is generally advocated when the angiogram is of high quality. However, limitations in image quality in MRA persist when it has been applied to more challenging conditions such as in the abdomen, extremities, the heart, and where the vascular tree is highly overlapped such as in the cerebral MRA. The limited image quality affects the accuracy of analysis of vessel shape for diagnosis of vascular disease and the accuracy of determination of vessel paths for surgical planning. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
X-ray image storage unit and readout device, and subtraction angiography method employing same Inventor(s): Fuchs, Manfred; (Nuernberg, DE), Hell, Erich; (Erlangen, DE), Knuepfer, Wolfgang; (Erlangen, DE), Mattern, Detlef; (Erlangen, DE) Correspondence: Schiff Hardin & Waite; 6600 Sears Tower; 233 S Wacker DR; Chicago; IL; 60606-6473; US Patent Application Number: 20030086522 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: An X-ray image storage unit for storing an X-ray image, particularly for subtraction angiography, has a first storage layer containing a first storage luminophore and a second storage layer containing a second storage luminophore, the first and second storage luminophores being different from one another being applied on opposite sides of a radiation-transparent substrate. In a method for the examination of a patient according to the principle of subtraction angiography, a contrast agent is administered to the patient and the patient is subsequently transirradiated with x-rays. The x-rays penetrating the patient are detected with the two storage layers that respectively contain different storage luminophores. The respective images stored in the storage luminophores are separately read out, either successively or simultaneously,
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with a readout device designed fro the image storage unit, and are subsequently linearly combined with one another, particularly subtracted. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an X-ray image storage unit for storing an X-ray image, particularly for subtraction angiography, of the type a storage layer that contains a storage luminophore. The invention also is directed to the employment of such an X-ray image storage unit for subtraction angiography as well as to a method for examining a patient according to the principle of subtraction angiography. U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,058 discloses an image recording system for the purpose of versatile employment for luminescence examinations (in the range of visible light) as well as for examinations with higher-energy beams. This image recording system has a first stimulatable luminophore layer for high-energy rays and a second stimulatable luminophore layer for visible light. European Application 1 065 523 and German OS 38 20 582 disclose methods and equipment for reading out a radiation image stored in a luminescent screen. Storage films are also disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,508, 5,880,476 and German PS 40 25 980. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with angiogram, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on angiogram. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning angiogram. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ANGIOGRAM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to angiogram. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on angiogram include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on angiogram: •
Vascular Disease: A Multi-Specialty Approach to Diagnosis and Management. 2nd ed Source: Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience. 1999. 560 p. Contact: Available from Landes Bioscience. 810 South Church Street, Georgetown, TX 78626. (512) 863-7762. Fax (512) 863-0081. Website: www.landesbioscience.com. PRICE: $45.00. ISBN: 1570595615. Summary: This book was written as a reference text for those involved in the management of vascular pathology, combining the perspectives of the various specialists involved in the evaluation of these patients. The book includes 42 chapters that cover patient care management for the vascular patient; stroke; the surgical and medical management of cerebrovascular disease; noninvasive assessment of the carotid bifurcation; transcranial Doppler sonography; diagnostic CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of intracranial vascular disease; MRI and CT angiography of the head and neck; cerebrovascular applications of nuclear medicine;
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cerebrovascular angiography; preoperative cardiac evaluation; respiratory concerns in patients undergoing vascular surgery; pulmonary radiology; cardiac and pulmonary nuclear medicine; the aorta and iliac arteries; vascular stents; stent grafts; the kidney in vascular disease; renal artery disease; mesenteric vascular disease; the management of variceal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension; renal and mesenteric artery duplex evaluation; ultrasound imaging of the hepatic vasculature (liver arteries and veins); aortic, renal, and visceral arteriography; renal, testicular, hepatic, and intestinal nuclear medicine; magnetic resonance angiography of the body; CT angiography of the body; portal and visceral venography; peripheral arterial disease; the diabetic foot; vascular radiology of the upper and lower extremities and pelvis; carbon dioxide angiography; extremity nonimaging arterial diagnostics; colorflow duplex imaging of the extremities; thoracic outlet syndrome; nuclear medicine of the bone and of infection; nuclear angiography; venous and lymphatic disease; venography; noninvasive tests for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and venous insufficiency; nuclear venography; the pathology of vascular disease; and ultrasound physics. The information is presented in concise format, with numerous black and white reproductions of angiograms, sonograms, etc. A detailed subject index concludes the text. The book is spiral bound.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “angiogram” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “angiogram” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “angiogram” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Knowledge-based System for the Automatic Interpretation of Blood Vessels on Angiograms by C. Smets; ISBN: 9061863562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061863562/icongroupinterna
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A practical approach to angiography by Irwin S. Johnsrude; ISBN: 0316469807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316469807/icongroupinterna
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Abdominal angiography by W. Wenz; ISBN: 0387065083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387065083/icongroupinterna
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Abrams' Angiography: Interventional Radiology by Stanley, Md. Baum (Editor), Michael J., Md. Pentecost (Editor); ISBN: 0316084328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316084328/icongroupinterna
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Advances in cerebral angiography : anatomy, stereotaxy embolization, computerized axial tomography : INSERM symposium, Marseille, May 13-16, 1975; ISBN: 0387075690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387075690/icongroupinterna
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An atlas of normal vertebral angiograms by Paul Ross; ISBN: 0407000429; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0407000429/icongroupinterna
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Angiography by Thomas H. Newton; ISBN: 0801636477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801636477/icongroupinterna
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Angiography and Computed Tomography in Cerebral Occlusive Diseases by G.B. and Oberson, R. Bradac; ISBN: 038711453X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/038711453X/icongroupinterna
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Angiography in Cerebro-Arterial Occlusive Diseases: Including Computer Tomography and Radionuclide Methods by G. B. Bradac; ISBN: 0387088989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387088989/icongroupinterna
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Angiography in infants and children by Michael T. Gyepes; ISBN: 0808908278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808908278/icongroupinterna
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Angiography in Trauma: a Work Atlas by Menachem B.; ISBN: 0721617336; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721617336/icongroupinterna
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Angiography of the human brain cortex : atlas of vascular patterns and stereotactic cortical localization; ISBN: 0387082859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387082859/icongroupinterna
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Angiography of the Upper Extremity (Series in Radiology, V. 7) by Blagoja K. Janevski; ISBN: 9024726840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024726840/icongroupinterna
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Angiography of trauma by Whei-Rung Fu; ISBN: 0398022879; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398022879/icongroupinterna
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Angiography/scintigraphy; ISBN: 0387058044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387058044/icongroupinterna
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Anterior segment fluorescein angiography by Michael H. Kottow; ISBN: 0683047574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683047574/icongroupinterna
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Applied Angiography for Radiographers by Paul Laudicina, Douglas Wean; ISBN: 0721632831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721632831/icongroupinterna
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Atlas of angiography; ISBN: 3135144011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3135144011/icongroupinterna
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Atlas of Iris Flourescein Angiography by Brancato (Editor), et al; ISBN: 9062991092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9062991092/icongroupinterna
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Atlas of vertebral angiography by Mutsumasa Takahashi; ISBN: 0839106815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839106815/icongroupinterna
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Basic Concepts of Digital Subtraction Angiography by Robert A. Kruger; ISBN: 0816122598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816122598/icongroupinterna
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Cardiac Application of Digital Angiography by Alan G. Wasserman, Allan M. Ross (Editor); ISBN: 0879933321; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879933321/icongroupinterna
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Cardiac catheterization and angiography by William Grossman; ISBN: 0812107144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812107144/icongroupinterna
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Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention; ISBN: 0812109945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812109945/icongroupinterna
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Cerebral Angiography by H. Krayenbuehl, et al; ISBN: 0865770670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865770670/icongroupinterna
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Cerebral magnification angiography; physical basis and clinical results by S. Wende; ISBN: 0387066519; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387066519/icongroupinterna
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Cerebral radionuclide angiography by Frank H. DeLand; ISBN: 0721630189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721630189/icongroupinterna
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Chest Pain with Normal Coronary Angiograms: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management by Juan Carlos Kaski (Editor); ISBN: 0792384210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792384210/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Magnetic Resonance Angiography by Charles M., M.D. Naderson, Robert R., M.D. Edelman; ISBN: 0781700949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781700949/icongroupinterna
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Complications of Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography: Prevention and Management by Jack Kron, Mark J. Morton (Editor); ISBN: 0879933380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879933380/icongroupinterna
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Contrast Media in Urography, Angiography and Computerized Tomography by Volker Taenzer (Editor), E. Zeitler (Editor); ISBN: 0865771049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865771049/icongroupinterna
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Coronary and Peripheral Angiography and Angioplasty; ISBN: 0713145080; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713145080/icongroupinterna
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Coronary Angiography by Harold A. Baltaxe; ISBN: 0398027099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398027099/icongroupinterna
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Coronary Angiography (Current Topics Cardiovascular Medicine) by Richard Leachman; ISBN: 0340513764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340513764/icongroupinterna
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Coronary angiography and angina pectoris : symposium of the European Society of Cardiology; ISBN: 0884160866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884160866/icongroupinterna
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Coronary Angiography for the Interventionalist by George W. Vetrovec, Evelyne Goudreau; ISBN: 0412044617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412044617/icongroupinterna
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Coronary angiography in the medical and surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease by Guillermo Pujadas; ISBN: 0070509123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070509123/icongroupinterna
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Coronary Angiography: An Introduction to Interpretation and Technique by James F. Silverman; ISBN: 0201071487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201071487/icongroupinterna
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Coronary Angiography: Ratings of Appropriateness and Necessity by a Canadian Panel by Lucian L. Leape; ISBN: 0833014536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833014536/icongroupinterna
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Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography by Andre J. Duerinckx (Editor); ISBN: 0387949593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387949593/icongroupinterna
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Diagnostic Angiography by Saadoon Kadir; ISBN: 0721610552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721610552/icongroupinterna
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Digital Subtraction Angiography of the Heart and Lungs by Douglas S. Moodie (Editor); ISBN: 0808917757; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808917757/icongroupinterna
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Essential fluorescein angiography : a compendium of 100 classic cases by Howard Schatz; ISBN: 0960810218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960810218/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein and Icg Angiography: Textbook and Atlas by Isbert Richard, et al; ISBN: 0865777128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865777128/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Technique and Interpretation (Ophthalmology Monographs, 5) by Joseph W. Berkow (Editor); ISBN: 1560550449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560550449/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein Angiography of the Eye: Applications in Ophthalmosurgery (Advances in Science and Technology in the USSR) by S.N. Fyodorov, et al; ISBN: 0849371295; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849371295/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein angiography of the retina; textbook and atlas by Achim Wessing; ISBN: 0801653886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801653886/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein Angiography: Technique and Interpretation (Ophthalmology Monographs, 5) by Joseph W. Berkow, et al; ISBN: 1560550090; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560550090/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein Angiography: Technique, Interpretation, and Application by Max Nanjiani; ISBN: 0192619322; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192619322/icongroupinterna
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Fluorescein Angiography: Textbook and Atlas by Gisbert Richard, Frederick C. Blodi (Translator); ISBN: 086577336X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086577336X/icongroupinterna
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Fundal Fluorescein Angiography Interpretations by Arthur Lim Ming, et al; ISBN: 981309642X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/981309642X/icongroupinterna
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Fundus Fluorescein Angiography by Amresh Chopdar; ISBN: 075061885X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075061885X/icongroupinterna
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Gastrointestinal angiography by Stewart R. Reuter; ISBN: 0721675662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721675662/icongroupinterna
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Imaging Principles for Cardiac Angiography by Robert J. Moore; ISBN: 0834201208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834201208/icongroupinterna
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Indications for Selected Medical and Surgical Procedures-A Literature Review and Ratings of Appropriateness: Coronary Angiography by Mark Chassin, Arlene Fink (Editor); ISBN: 083300705X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/083300705X/icongroupinterna
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Interpretation of fundus fluorescein angiography by H. Schatz, et al; ISBN: 0801643430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801643430/icongroupinterna
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Interventional Radiology and Angiography (Handbooks in Radiology) by Myron Wojtowycz; ISBN: 0815158688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815158688/icongroupinterna
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Introduction to Cerebral Angiography by Anne G. Osborn; ISBN: 0061418293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0061418293/icongroupinterna
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Laser photocoagulation and retinal angiography; with current concepts in retinal and choroidal diseases by H. Christian Zweng; ISBN: 0801656966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801656966/icongroupinterna
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Liver Disease in Children: An Atlas of Angiography and Cholangiography by Francis Brunelle; ISBN: 3540196749; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540196749/icongroupinterna
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Living Anatomy: A Working Atlas Using Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance & Angiography Images by Robert A. Novelline, et al; ISBN: 0932883036; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932883036/icongroupinterna
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Living Anatomy: A Working Atlas Using Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance and Angiography Images by Novelline, Squire; ISBN: 0801647460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801647460/icongroupinterna
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Head and Neck: A Teaching File (Teaching File) by Jeffrey S. Ross; ISBN: 0815174098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815174098/icongroupinterna
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography: A Practical Approach by E. Kent Yucel (Editor), B. Kent Yucel (Editor); ISBN: 0070726957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070726957/icongroupinterna
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Concepts & Applications by E. James, M.D. Potchen, E. Mark, Ph.D. Haacke; ISBN: 1556642709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556642709/icongroupinterna
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Microangiography of the lung in infancy and childhood by Bengt Robertson; ISBN: 9171181636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9171181636/icongroupinterna
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Mr Angiography Applications in Pediatric Intracranial Vascular Lesions by R. Nuri Sener; ISBN: 0875275265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875275265/icongroupinterna
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Mr Angiography: A Teaching File by Michael Brant-Zawadzki (Editor), Orest B. Boyko; ISBN: 0781700930; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781700930/icongroupinterna
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Ophthalmic Photography: A Textbook of Fundus Photography, Angiography, and Electronic Imaging by Patrick J. Saine, Marshall E. Tyler; ISBN: 0750697938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750697938/icongroupinterna
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Pediatric angiography by Philip Stanly, John H. Miller; ISBN: 0683078984; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683078984/icongroupinterna
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Pediatric cerebral angiography : a descriptive atlas by Anthony J. Raimondi; ISBN: 3135782018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3135782018/icongroupinterna
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Percutaneous angiography by Siddalingappa Srikantaswamy; ISBN: 0398035407; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398035407/icongroupinterna
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Pioneers in Angiography; ISBN: 0852004486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852004486/icongroupinterna
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Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School of Angiography by J.A. Veiga-Pires, Ronald G. Grainger (Editor); ISBN: 0852008287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852008287/icongroupinterna
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Procedural Skills for the Cardiac Cath Team-II: Angiography and Access Intervention by Mosby-Year Book; ISBN: 0815144032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815144032/icongroupinterna
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Small vessel angiography; imaging, morphology, physiology, and clinical applications; ISBN: 0801621852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801621852/icongroupinterna
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Surgical Neuroangiography: Functional Anatomy of Craniofacial Arteries by P. Lasiaunias, et al; ISBN: 0387165347; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387165347/icongroupinterna
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The Neglected Cause of Stroke: Occlusion of the Smaller Intracranial Arteries and Their Diagnosis by Cerebral Angiography by B. Albert Ring; ISBN: 0875270662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875270662/icongroupinterna
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Therapeutic Angiography by C. A. Editor Athanasouolis, C. A. Athanasoulis (Editor); ISBN: 0387105263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387105263/icongroupinterna
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Three-Dimensional CT Angiography by Hideo Adachi, Jun Nagai; ISBN: 0316007013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316007013/icongroupinterna
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Thromboembolic Risks in Angiography: Role of Iodinated Contrast Media; ISBN: 3540595287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540595287/icongroupinterna
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Thromboembolic Risks in Angiography:: Role of Iodinated Contrast Media by Rosy Eloy (Editor); ISBN: 0387595287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387595287/icongroupinterna
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Urological Radiology: Radiological Diagnosis of Urological Disease: Plain Film, Sonography, Angiography, Ct, and Mri by E. Lohr (Editor), K.W. Sievers (Editor); ISBN: 0889371318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889371318/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in
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Normal cerebral angiogram. Author: Ecker, Arthur David, 1913-; Year: 1951
Chapters on Angiogram In order to find chapters that specifically relate to angiogram, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and angiogram using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on angiogram: •
Renal Arteriography, Angiogram of the Kidneys Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 1999. 700 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. Penobscot Building, Detroit, MI 48226. (800) 234-1340. Fax (800) 875-1340. PRICE: $78.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0780802438. Summary: This chapter from a sourcebook of medical tests reviews renal arteriography (angiogram of the kidneys). There are two common reasons that an arteriogram of the kidneys may be required: to evaluate a potential cause for high blood pressure and to evaluate tumors or possible tumors of the kidney. While a majority of people with high blood pressure do not have a specific cause that can be identified, some people have a narrowing of one or both of the arteries that results in high blood pressure (hypertension). Since a narrowing of the renal artery is a treatable cause of hypertension, it is important to identify people that have such a narrowing. If the hypertension occurs in a young person, or has rapidly developed or suddenly become worse, or if the high blood pressure is hard to control, then it is more likely that a narrowing of the renal artery may be the cause. If a noninvasive test (such as nuclear renal scan or ultrasound) suggests a narrowed artery, or the patient's pattern of high blood pressure matches the risky symptoms noted above, an arteriogram is usually done. The chapter includes four figures which demonstrate the types of information that can be diagnosed with renal arteriograms, including normal renal arteries and those with atherosclerosis, a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), and a patient with renal cell carcinoma. The chapter is written in medical language but designed for the layperson. 4 figures.
the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on angiogram. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on angiogram is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “angiogram” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on angiogram: •
CT Angiography of the Liver Source: Atlanta, GA: Emory University Office of Medical Television. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University. Office of Medical Television, 1364 Clifton Road, Box M-16, Atlanta, GA 30322. (404) 7279797. Fax (404) 727-9798. PRICE: $75.00 (as of 1996). Also available for rental; contact producer for current fee. Item Number 93-13. Summary: This continuing education videotape familiarizes physicians with CT angiography of the liver, an important imaging tool especially for identifying patients with metastatic liver disease who are being considered for resection therapy. Two types of CT angiography, CT during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTAH), are described in detail; the narrator compares the sensitivity of each with other liver imaging techniques. The indications for resection of porta hepatis lymphadenopathy lesions, surgical criteria, and contraindications are discussed. Dr.
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Rendon Nelson concludes the tape by presenting several illustrative cases of these new imaging modalities. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANGIOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover angiogram.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on angiogram is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to angiogram. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “angiogram” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for angiogram: •
Angiography seen underutilized in Veterans Affairs health system Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 28, 2003
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3-D MR angiography reveals the severity of coronary bypass graft stenosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 21, 2002
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Coronary magnetic resonance angiography reliably identifies CAD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 26, 2001
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FDA approves Imatron angiography scanner Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 1999
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Six-month angiogram recommended after successful angioplasty Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 26, 1998
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Routine angiography not recommended for patients with acute coronary syndromes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 01, 1998
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Prognosis Excellent For Young Patients With Normal Angiogram After MI Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 1997
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PET Scans Superior To Angiograms For Assessment Of CAD Patients On Long-Term, Intense Risk Factor Modification Protocol Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 1995
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Angiography Inferior To Other Techniques For Detecting Thrombi And Early Atherosclerosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 1995
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Positive Long-Term Prognosis For Patients With Anginalike Chest Pain And Normal Coronary Angiograms Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 18, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “angiogram” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to angiogram, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “angiogram” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Angiogram Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to angiogram. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering angiogram that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 123674 934 542 82 14 125246
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “angiogram” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on angiogram can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to angiogram. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to angiogram. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “angiogram”:
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Other guides Aneurysms http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aneurysms.html Circulatory Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/circulatorydisorders.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Diagnostic Imaging http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diagnosticimaging.html Heart Bypass Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartbypasssurgery.html Heart Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearttransplantation.html Kidney Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneytransplantation.html Liver Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livertransplantation.html Pancreas Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreastransplantation.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html Vasculitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculitis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “angiogram” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Coronary angiography and indications for CABG or angioplasty Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 30 (revised 2002 March 27); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3382&nbr=2608&a mp;string=angiogram
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to angiogram. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to angiogram. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with angiogram. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about angiogram. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.
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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “angiogram” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “angiogram”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “angiogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “angiogram” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on angiogram: •
Basic Guidelines for Angiogram Arteriogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003327.htm
•
Diagnostics and Tests for Angiogram Aortic angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003814.htm Cardiac catheterization Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003419.htm Cerebral angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003799.htm Coronary angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003876.htm
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Extremity angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003772.htm Eye angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003846.htm Left heart ventriculography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003875.htm Pulmonary angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003813.htm Renal angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003781.htm Right heart ventriculography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003874.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •
Surgery and Procedures for Angiogram Balloon angioplasty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002953.htm
•
Background Topics for Angiogram Lymphangiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003798.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ANGIOGRAM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]
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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogram: An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angulation: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line. [NIH]
Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to
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which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriogram: An x-ray of arteries; the person receives an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Ascaris: A genus of nematodes of the superfamily Ascaridoidea whose species usually inhabit the intestine. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Azotemia: An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,
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yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Trunk: The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
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Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Carotid Stenosis: The constriction or narrowing of an orifice or the lumen of a hollow or tubular organ. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central retinal vein: The blood vessel that carries blood from the retina. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]
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Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chelation Therapy: Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Cholangiography: Radiographic examination of the bile ducts. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU]
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Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Compact Disks: Computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. The compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT)
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scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in
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the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself
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throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]
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Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroretinogram: The electrical effect recorded from the surface of the eyeball and originated by a pulse of light. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium,
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lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH]
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Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibromuscular Dysplasia: An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to stenosis of small and medium-sized arteries. Most commonly affected are the renal arteries; involvement of the axillary, iliac, basilar, carotid, hepatic and intracranial arteries have been reported. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fluorescein Angiography: Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by
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inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gemfibrozil: A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic
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(drugs). [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Survival: The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive
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isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be
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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]
Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH]
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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]
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Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.
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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in cerebral angiography as well as for studies of other vascular structures. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]
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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]
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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: NMRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ophthalmoscopes: Instrument for viewing the fundus and the interior of the eye consisting essentially of a mirror, a prism, and a viewing aperture or optical system. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of meta-
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rhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the
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criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral regions: Other regions of the body besides the abdominal region (i.e., the glutealfemoral area). [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
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Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Portography: Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of
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health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
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Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radioisotope Renography: Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. [NIH]
Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in
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the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiolucent: Partly or wholly permeable to X-rays or other forms of radiation contrasted with radiopaque. [NIH] Radionuclide Angiography: The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which radioisotope renography is available. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference point: The midpoint of a line connecting the centers of the two end faces of the acoustic test fixture. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration
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(= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Vein: Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus. [NIH]
Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH]
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Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH]
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Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stereotactic radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue. This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH]
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Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suprarenal: Above a kidney. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation
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of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib (cervical rib syndrome), anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles, paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia, and edema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5). [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired
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drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH]
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Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]
Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum. [NIH] Vertebral Artery Dissection: Dissection of the wall of the vertebral artery, leading to the formation of an aneurysm that may occlude the vessel. Thrombus formation may occur and give rise to emboli. Cervical fractures or related neck injuries and craniocerebral trauma are commonly associated conditions, although this process may occur spontaneously. Ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage in the vascular distribution of the affected vertebral artery may
Dictionary 155
complicate this condition. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] X-ray tube: Evacuated vessel for the production of X-radiation by the bombardment of a target, contained in an anode, with electrons accelerated by an electric field. [NIH]
157
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 9, 17, 119 A Abdomen, 47, 71, 82, 119, 123, 134, 136, 138, 150, 151, 152 Abdominal, 10, 16, 21, 30, 86, 119, 135, 139, 142, 143, 147 Abscess, 119, 132 Acoustic, 119, 147 Acyl, 119, 131 Adrenal Glands, 119, 147 Adverse Effect, 119, 149 Agar, 119, 144 Algorithms, 6, 119, 122 Alkaline, 119, 123 Allograft, 6, 119 Alpha Particles, 119, 146 Alternative medicine, 97, 119 Amino Acids, 119, 144, 145, 148, 153 Anal, 119, 132 Analog, 64, 77, 119 Anatomical, 47, 75, 120, 129, 135, 142 Anesthesia, 32, 120, 130 Aneurysm, 16, 20, 21, 24, 54, 120, 154 Angina, 14, 26, 31, 34, 88, 120 Angina Pectoris, 31, 88, 120 Angioplasty, 40, 64, 88, 96, 108, 118, 120 Angulation, 65, 120 Ankle, 120, 154 Anode, 120, 155 Anomalies, 120, 152 Antibacterial, 120, 150 Antibiotic, 120, 128, 129, 150 Antibody, 120, 126, 128, 135, 136, 137, 140, 146, 147, 150, 155 Antigen, 6, 120, 126, 135, 136 Anti-infective, 120, 137 Anti-inflammatory, 120, 133, 145 Anxiety, 30, 31, 120 Aorta, 48, 68, 77, 86, 120, 127, 135, 147, 151, 154 Aortic Aneurysm, 16, 120 Aperture, 120, 141, 146 Apolipoproteins, 120, 133, 138 Aqueous, 121, 130 Arginine, 31, 121 Arteriogram, 92, 117, 121 Arteriography, 22, 86, 92, 93, 121
Arterioles, 121, 122, 123, 140 Arteriovenous, 11, 12, 17, 24, 121 Arteriovenous Fistula, 17, 121 Artifacts, 50, 51, 56, 76, 121 Ascaris, 10, 121 Attenuation, 72, 121 Axillary, 121, 132, 151 Axillary Vein, 121, 151 Axonal, 7, 121 Azotemia, 4, 121 B Bacteria, 119, 120, 121, 122, 130, 138, 150, 154 Bacteriophage, 121, 144 Base, 52, 121, 128, 137, 152 Basilar Artery, 20, 121 Benign, 121, 141, 147 Bilateral, 4, 46, 122, 142 Bile, 30, 122, 125, 133, 137, 138, 150 Bile Acids, 122, 150 Bile Acids and Salts, 122 Bile Ducts, 122, 125 Bile Pigments, 122, 137 Biliary, 10, 21, 122 Biological Transport, 122, 129 Bioluminescence, 122, 138 Biophysics, 77, 122 Biopsy, 6, 122, 143 Biosynthesis, 122, 138 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 91, 97, 103, 122 Bladder, 122, 133, 153 Blood Coagulation, 122, 123 Blood pressure, 3, 40, 92, 122, 124, 135, 140, 143 Body Fluids, 122, 123, 129, 130 Bolus, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 70, 76, 80, 122 Bolus infusion, 122 Bone Marrow, 122, 138, 149 Bone scan, 123, 148 Bowel, 119, 123, 129, 136 Bowel Movement, 123, 129 Brachial, 121, 123, 152 Brachial Plexus, 123, 152 Brachiocephalic Trunk, 123, 151 Brachytherapy, 123, 136, 137, 146, 155 Branch, 115, 123, 130, 139, 142, 147, 150, 152, 154
158
Angiogram
Bronchi, 123 Bronchial, 32, 123 Bronchioles, 123 Bronchiolitis, 6, 123 Bypass, 5, 14, 26, 48, 95, 108, 123 C Calcium, 30, 31, 33, 123, 126, 130 Capillary, 7, 123, 133, 154 Capsules, 123, 133 Carbon Dioxide, 86, 123, 132, 133, 144, 147, 154 Carcinogenic, 123, 136, 150 Carcinoma, 16, 32, 92, 123 Cardiac, 5, 11, 23, 29, 48, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 117, 124, 127, 130, 140, 150 Cardiac catheterization, 48, 87, 117, 124 Cardiopulmonary, 16, 124 Cardiovascular, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 33, 59, 60, 64, 88, 124 Cardiovascular System, 59, 60, 124 Carotene, 124, 148 Carotid Arteries, 53, 59, 76, 124 Carotid Sinus, 30, 124 Carotid Stenosis, 9, 124 Case report, 9, 10, 124 Catheterization, 30, 33, 48, 75, 81, 87, 88, 120, 124, 136 Catheters, 14, 39, 48, 58, 124, 135, 136 Cathode, 72, 120, 124, 130 Caudal, 124, 144 Cause of Death, 5, 48, 74, 81, 124 Cell, 92, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 135, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 147 Central retinal vein, 31, 124, 148 Cerebellum, 124, 144, 154 Cerebral, 10, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 117, 121, 124, 125, 139, 141 Cerebral Angiography, 17, 22, 32, 33, 86, 87, 90, 91, 124, 139 Cerebral Arteries, 23, 121, 124 Cerebrovascular, 85, 124 Cerebrum, 124, 125, 153, 154 Cervical, 33, 123, 125, 152, 154 Cervix, 125 Character, 120, 125, 128 Chelation, 33, 125 Chelation Therapy, 33, 125 Child Care, 4, 125 Cholangiography, 10, 16, 30, 90, 125 Cholesterol, 15, 26, 122, 125, 133, 138, 150
Cholesterol Esters, 125, 138 Choroid, 125, 148 Chronic, 6, 11, 76, 125, 136, 137, 151 Chylomicrons, 125, 138 Circulatory system, 49, 73, 125 CIS, 125, 148 Clinical trial, 4, 32, 39, 42, 103, 125, 143, 145, 147 Cloning, 122, 125 Coagulation, 5, 122, 125, 134, 152 Coenzyme, 126, 138 Cofactor, 126, 145 Combination Therapy, 126, 131 Compact Disks, 63, 126 Complement, 126 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 35, 126 Complementary medicine, 29, 126 Computational Biology, 103, 126 Computed tomography, 12, 13, 17, 20, 49, 66, 71, 76, 80, 85, 126, 127, 148 Computerized axial tomography, 86, 126, 127, 148 Computerized tomography, 71, 126, 127 Cone, 58, 71, 127 Connective Tissue, 123, 127, 138, 151 Constriction, 124, 127, 137 Contraceptive, 127, 139 Contraindications, ii, 93, 127 Contrast Media, 29, 31, 33, 88, 91, 127, 139 Coordination, 65, 66, 124, 127 Coronary Angiography, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 88, 89, 127 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 127, 140 Coronary Artery Bypass, 5, 20, 47, 48, 127 Coronary Circulation, 120, 127 Coronary Disease, 5, 8, 41, 108, 127 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 140 Coronary Vessels, 51, 64, 127 Cortex, 87, 124, 127, 131, 145 Cortical, 87, 127 Cortisone, 127, 145 Craniocerebral Trauma, 128, 154 Curative, 128, 152 Cytokines, 128, 135 Cytotoxic, 128, 135, 146, 147 D Data Collection, 50, 51, 128 Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 128 Daunorubicin, 128, 129 Degenerative, 128, 148
Index 159
Density, 71, 73, 76, 128, 138, 141, 150 Deuterium, 128, 134 Diabetes Mellitus, 128, 134 Diabetic Foot, 86, 128 Diabetic Retinopathy, 7, 128, 143 Diagnostic Imaging, 52, 53, 61, 71, 74, 81, 108, 128 Diagnostic procedure, 45, 63, 97, 128 Diastole, 59, 128 Diastolic, 14, 48, 62, 128, 135 Diffusion, 62, 122, 128 Digestion, 122, 123, 129, 136, 138, 151 Digestive system, 42, 129 Dilatation, 9, 120, 129, 136, 145, 154 Dilatation, Pathologic, 129, 154 Dilation, 129, 154 Direct, iii, 66, 71, 129, 147, 151 Dissection, 18, 29, 129, 154 Distal, 48, 79, 121, 127, 129, 130, 145 Dorsal, 129, 144 Doxorubicin, 16, 129 Drive, ii, vi, 25, 80, 129 Drug Interactions, 129 Drug Tolerance, 129, 153 Duct, 30, 124, 129, 148 Duodenum, 122, 129, 151 Dyes, 46, 73, 75, 81, 129 Dyspareunia, 129, 131 E Echocardiography, 12, 129 Edema, 128, 129, 152, 154 Efficacy, 5, 37, 129 Electrocardiogram, 40, 130 Electrocoagulation, 125, 130 Electrode, 120, 124, 130 Electrolytes, 122, 130 Electrons, 121, 124, 130, 137, 146, 147, 155 Electrophysiological, 130, 154 Electroretinogram, 7, 130 Emboli, 40, 86, 130, 154 Embolism, 21, 40, 130, 146 Embolization, 40, 86, 130 Embolus, 40, 130, 135 Emergency Treatment, 10, 130 Emulsion, 130, 132 Endarterectomy, 120, 130 Endothelium, 31, 130, 131 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 130 Endothelium, Vascular, 130, 131 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 131 Enzymatic, 123, 124, 126, 131, 132, 148 Enzyme, 3, 126, 131, 138, 145, 147, 151, 152
Epithelium, 130, 131, 137 Esophageal, 48, 131 Esophagus, 48, 129, 131, 151, 154 Esterification, 15, 131 Estradiol, 5, 131 Estrogen, 5, 131 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 5, 131 Excitation, 50, 55, 57, 59, 67, 68, 69, 74, 77, 131 External-beam radiation, 131, 137, 146, 155 Extraction, 77, 131 Extravasation, 131, 134 Extravascular, 54, 131 Extremity, 11, 18, 48, 77, 86, 87, 118, 123, 131, 142, 152 F Family Planning, 103, 131 Fat, 55, 122, 123, 124, 130, 131, 138, 149 Fatty acids, 32, 131, 148 Femoral, 33, 66, 131, 143 Femoral Artery, 66, 131 Femur, 131, 132 Fibrillation, 132 Fibrin, 122, 132, 152 Fibrinogen, 5, 132, 152 Fibrinolytic, 5, 132 Fibromuscular Dysplasia, 92, 132 Filtration, 32, 132 Fistulas, 18, 132 Fixation, 52, 132 Fluorescein Angiography, 87, 89, 132 Fluorescence, 47, 132 Fluoroscopy, 58, 132 Fold, 132, 139, 142 Foot Ulcer, 128, 132 Forearm, 122, 133 Fovea, 132, 133 Fundus, 46, 89, 90, 133, 141, 142 G Gadolinium, 8, 15, 21, 40, 41, 68, 70, 76, 77, 133 Gallbladder, 119, 122, 129, 133 Gamma Rays, 133, 146, 147 Gangrene, 29, 133 Gas, 123, 128, 133, 134, 141, 151, 154 Gas exchange, 133, 154 Gastrointestinal, 10, 26, 89, 133, 150 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, 10, 26, 133 Gastrointestinal tract, 133, 150 Gemfibrozil, 26, 133 Gene, 91, 122, 133
160
Angiogram
Generator, 133, 151 Ginseng, 35, 133 Glomerular, 4, 32, 133, 136 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 4, 133 Glomerulus, 133 Glucocorticoid, 133, 145 Glycoprotein, 132, 134 Gonadal, 134, 150 Governing Board, 134, 144 Graft, 5, 6, 11, 20, 26, 47, 48, 60, 95, 134 Graft Survival, 6, 134 Grafting, 16, 60, 127, 134 Groin, 48, 134 Growth, 81, 120, 134, 136, 139, 141, 144, 152, 153 H Heartbeat, 134, 154 Hematoma, 22, 134 Hemoglobin, 134, 142 Hemorrhage, 16, 23, 128, 130, 134, 151, 154, 155 Hemostasis, 14, 134 Hepatic, 16, 19, 68, 86, 93, 132, 134 Hereditary, 17, 134 Heredity, 133, 134 Histology, 30, 134 Hormonal, 131, 134 Hormone, 127, 131, 134, 137, 139, 145, 152 Host, 121, 134 Hydrogen, 62, 121, 128, 134, 140, 141, 143, 145 Hydrophobic, 135, 138 Hyperbilirubinemia, 135, 137 Hypertension, 3, 86, 92, 135 Hysterectomy, 5, 135 I Id, 15, 27, 34, 108, 109, 114, 116, 135 Idiopathic, 29, 132, 135 Iliac Artery, 131, 135 Immune function, 135 Immune response, 120, 128, 135, 155 Immune system, 135, 139, 154 Immunologic, 135, 147 Immunosuppressive, 6, 133, 135 Immunosuppressive Agents, 6, 135 Impairment, 135, 139, 154 Implant radiation, 135, 136, 137, 146, 155 In situ, 46, 55, 135 In vitro, 135 In vivo, 49, 73, 135 Incision, 135, 136 Indicative, 74, 86, 135, 142, 154
Infancy, 90, 135 Infarction, 75, 81, 135, 154 Infection, 86, 128, 135, 138, 139, 141, 151 Inflammation, 120, 123, 133, 136, 148, 151, 154 Infusion, 32, 46, 77, 136 Initiation, 67, 68, 76, 136 Innervation, 7, 123, 136 Inorganic, 136, 138 Intercostal, 21, 136 Interleukins, 135, 136 Internal radiation, 136, 137, 146, 155 Interstitial, 123, 136, 137, 155 Intestinal, 86, 124, 136 Intestine, 121, 122, 123, 129, 134, 136, 137 Intoxication, 136, 155 Intracellular, 136 Intracranial Aneurysm, 13, 24, 136 Intravascular, 5, 53, 136 Intravenous, 20, 49, 71, 132, 136, 146 Intubation, 124, 136 Inulin, 133, 136 Invasive, 8, 11, 12, 20, 39, 40, 48, 49, 53, 59, 73, 76, 79, 136, 139, 142 Invertebrates, 136, 138 Involuntary, 132, 137, 140, 147 Iodine, 51, 78, 137 Ionization, 137 Ionizing, 48, 59, 119, 137, 147 Ions, 121, 130, 134, 137 Iris, 87, 137, 146 Irradiation, 67, 137, 155 Ischemia, 5, 11, 137, 152, 154 J Jaundice, 16, 135, 137 Joint, 137, 151 K Kb, 102, 137 Kidney Disease, 4, 40, 42, 102, 137 Kinetic, 137 L Large Intestine, 129, 136, 137, 147 Latency, 49, 137 Lesion, 4, 26, 127, 132, 137, 138 Leukemia, 129, 137 Library Services, 114, 138 Ligaments, 127, 138 Lipid, 121, 133, 138 Lipoprotein, 5, 138 Liver, 86, 90, 93, 108, 119, 122, 129, 130, 133, 134, 138, 145, 147, 148, 153 Liver scan, 138, 148
Index 161
Localization, 50, 74, 87, 138 Localized, 119, 132, 134, 136, 138, 144 Lovastatin, 26, 138 Low-density lipoprotein, 138 Lumen, 41, 75, 81, 124, 131, 138 Luminescence, 83, 138 Lupus, 138, 152 Lymph, 93, 121, 125, 130, 138 Lymph node, 121, 125, 138 Lymphadenopathy, 93, 138 Lymphatic, 86, 130, 136, 138, 149, 150, 152 Lymphatic system, 138, 149, 150, 152 Lymphocyte, 120, 139 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 30, 40, 41, 48, 55, 57, 62, 66, 67, 73, 82, 85, 139, 141, 148 Malformation, 11, 12, 139 Malignant, 139, 141, 147 Mammary, 127, 139 Manifest, 121, 139 Medial, 139, 152 MEDLINE, 103, 139 Medroxyprogesterone, 5, 139 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 5, 139 Membrane, 7, 125, 126, 139, 143, 148, 155 Memory, 48, 139 Meninges, 128, 139, 151 Menopause, 139, 144 Mental Disorders, 43, 139, 145 Mesenteric, 68, 86, 139, 144 Mesentery, 139, 150 Metabolite, 138, 139 Metastasis, 139 Metastatic, 93, 139 MI, 47, 65, 92, 96, 118, 140 Microwaves, 140, 146 Modeling, 33, 140 Modification, 12, 76, 96, 140 Molecular, 103, 105, 122, 126, 132, 140 Molecule, 120, 121, 126, 131, 140, 147, 154 Monitor, 51, 140, 141 Monoclonal, 137, 140, 146, 155 Morphology, 91, 140 Musculature, 132, 140 Myocardial infarction, 9, 21, 74, 81, 127, 140 Myocardial Ischemia, 21, 120, 127, 140 Myocardium, 74, 81, 120, 140 N NCI, 1, 42, 101, 125, 140 Neck Injuries, 140, 154
Necrosis, 135, 140, 149 Need, 3, 4, 22, 55, 85, 92, 93, 110, 140, 153 Neoplasm, 141, 153 Nephropathy, 10, 48, 137, 141 Nerve, 7, 120, 121, 123, 136, 141, 142, 148, 151 Nervous System, 141, 142, 144, 151 Networks, 76, 141 Neural, 7, 58, 141 Neuroblastoma, 30, 141 Neuropathy, 7, 141 Neutrons, 119, 137, 141, 146 Nitrogen, 132, 141 Nuclear, 21, 50, 57, 62, 70, 74, 77, 85, 92, 130, 133, 140, 141 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, 50, 57, 141 Nuclear Medicine, 85, 141 Nuclei, 119, 130, 139, 141, 142, 145 Nucleus, 62, 128, 133, 141, 145 Nursing Care, 141, 142 O Occipital Lobe, 14, 141 On-line, 63, 117, 141 Opacity, 128, 141 Ophthalmologist, 46, 141 Ophthalmology, 15, 18, 89, 132, 141 Ophthalmoscopes, 46, 141 Opsin, 141, 148 Optic Disk, 128, 142 Optic Nerve, 142, 148 Orbit, 58, 71, 142 Osteoporosis, 131, 142 Ovary, 131, 142 Oximetry, 7, 142 P Palliative, 142, 152 Pancreas, 108, 119, 129, 142, 150 Paralysis, 142, 152 Parenchyma, 67, 142 Paresis, 142, 152 Paresthesia, 142, 152 Paroxysmal, 120, 142 Pathologic, 122, 127, 135, 142 Pathologies, 6, 7, 55, 66, 82, 142 Patient Care Management, 85, 142 Patient Selection, 3, 142 Pelvic, 16, 143 Perception, 127, 143, 149 Percutaneous, 8, 48, 90, 143 Perennial, 143, 153 Perfusion, 12, 21, 143
162
Angiogram
Pericardium, 143, 152 Perioperative, 4, 143 Peripheral regions, 59, 143 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 19, 76, 143 PH, 71, 143 Phallic, 132, 143 Pharmacologic, 120, 143, 153 Phospholipids, 131, 138, 143 Phosphorus, 123, 143 Photocoagulation, 90, 125, 143 Physical Examination, 41, 143 Physiologic, 122, 128, 136, 143, 147 Physiology, 91, 130, 144 Pigments, 122, 124, 144, 148 Placenta, 131, 144, 145 Plants, 123, 133, 136, 140, 144, 148, 153 Plaque, 13, 40, 120, 144 Plasma, 125, 131, 132, 133, 134, 144 Platelet Activation, 5, 144 Platelets, 5, 144, 152 Poisoning, 125, 136, 144 Polypeptide, 132, 144 Polysaccharide, 120, 144 Pons, 121, 144 Portal Vein, 19, 144 Portography, 93, 144 Posterior, 14, 76, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, 137, 141, 142, 144 Postmenopausal, 5, 131, 142, 144 Postoperative, 4, 8, 144 Practice Guidelines, 104, 108, 144 Prednisolone, 145 Prednisone, 7, 145 Probe, 48, 60, 145 Progesterone, 145, 150 Progression, 5, 26, 145 Progressive, 129, 131, 134, 140, 144, 145, 153 Projection, 6, 49, 53, 54, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 142, 145 Proportional, 71, 79, 145 Protein C, 120, 121, 138, 145, 153 Protein S, 91, 122, 145, 148 Proteins, 119, 120, 121, 126, 128, 131, 140, 141, 144, 145, 149, 153 Proteolytic, 126, 132, 145 Protocol, 40, 96, 145 Protons, 119, 134, 137, 145, 146 Proximal, 21, 129, 145 Psychiatry, 24, 132, 145 Public Policy, 103, 145 Publishing, 3, 8, 145
Pulmonary, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 86, 118, 122, 146, 154 Pulmonary Artery, 122, 146, 154 Pulmonary Circulation, 14, 146 Pulmonary Embolism, 13, 15, 23, 146 Pulse, 50, 55, 59, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 79, 82, 130, 140, 142, 146 Pupil, 46, 129, 146 Putrefaction, 133, 146 R Radiation therapy, 119, 131, 136, 137, 146, 150, 155 Radio Waves, 40, 140, 146 Radioactive, 22, 123, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 146, 148, 155 Radiography, 120, 124, 127, 146 Radioimmunotherapy, 146, 147 Radioisotope, 146, 147 Radioisotope Renography, 146, 147 Radiolabeled, 137, 146, 155 Radiological, 75, 81, 91, 143, 146 Radiologist, 54, 66, 146 Radiolucent, 52, 147 Radionuclide Angiography, 12, 88, 147 Radiotherapy, 52, 123, 137, 146, 147, 150, 155 Random Allocation, 147 Randomization, 5, 147 Randomized, 5, 6, 129, 147 Receptor, 120, 127, 147 Recombinant, 147, 154 Rectum, 123, 129, 133, 137, 147, 149 Reductase, 138, 147 Refer, 1, 64, 126, 132, 138, 141, 146, 147 Reference point, 52, 147 Reflex, 7, 30, 147 Refraction, 147, 150 Regimen, 7, 129, 147 Renal Artery, 4, 40, 86, 92, 147 Renovascular, 3, 147 Resection, 93, 147 Respiration, 123, 140, 147 Retina, 7, 16, 46, 89, 124, 125, 128, 142, 148, 155 Retinal, 7, 17, 46, 90, 127, 128, 132, 142, 148 Retinal Vein, 148 Retinol, 148 Retinopathy, 8, 128, 148 Ribosome, 148, 153 Risk factor, 5, 18, 148 Rods, 133, 148
Index 163
S Salivary, 129, 148 Salivary glands, 129, 148 Saphenous, 5, 127, 148 Saphenous Vein, 5, 127, 148 Saponins, 148, 150 Saturate, 68, 148 Scans, 40, 50, 51, 96, 148 Schizoid, 149, 155 Schizophrenia, 149, 155 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 149, 155 Screening, 3, 125, 149 Segmental, 132, 149 Segmentation, 6, 55, 149 Sensor, 75, 81, 149 Sequester, 125, 149 Serous, 130, 149 Serum, 126, 133, 138, 149 Shock, 149, 153 Side effect, 119, 149, 153 Sigmoid, 21, 149 Sigmoid Colon, 21, 149 Silicon, 56, 149 Silicon Dioxide, 149 Skeleton, 52, 55, 65, 132, 137, 149 Skull, 128, 142, 149, 150, 152 Soft tissue, 56, 122, 140, 149 Solid tumor, 129, 149 Sound wave, 146, 150 Specialist, 109, 129, 150 Species, 55, 121, 140, 150, 151 Specificity, 3, 150 Spectrum, 56, 140, 146, 150 Spinal cord, 123, 125, 139, 141, 147, 150, 151, 154 Spleen, 138, 150 Splenic Vein, 144, 150 Stabilization, 63, 150 Staging, 9, 148, 150 Stasis, 150, 154 Steady state, 79, 150 Stent, 16, 40, 86, 150 Stereotactic, 12, 87, 150 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 12, 150 Steroid, 7, 122, 127, 148, 150 Stimulants, 133, 150 Stimulus, 129, 130, 131, 136, 137, 147, 151, 152 Stomach, 119, 129, 131, 133, 134, 150, 151 Stroke, 14, 19, 24, 35, 43, 85, 91, 102, 108, 151 Stroma, 137, 142, 151
Subacute, 136, 151 Subclavian, 11, 21, 121, 151, 152, 154 Subclavian Artery, 11, 21, 151, 152, 154 Subclavian Vein, 121, 151, 152 Subclinical, 136, 151 Subspecies, 150, 151 Substrate, 82, 151 Suction, 132, 151 Supplementation, 31, 151 Suppression, 51, 67, 79, 151 Suprarenal, 16, 151 Sympathectomy, 29, 151 Sympathetic Nervous System, 151 Symptomatic, 5, 9, 151 Synchrotron, 51, 151 Systemic, 7, 12, 14, 120, 122, 136, 137, 145, 146, 151, 155 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 12, 151 Systole, 59, 152 Systolic, 14, 62, 135, 152 T Telangiectasia, 17, 152 Temporal, 17, 59, 77, 80, 152 Testicular, 86, 152 Testis, 131, 152 Therapeutics, 34, 152 Thigh, 131, 134, 152 Thoracic, 15, 19, 86, 123, 151, 152 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 86, 152 Thorax, 71, 119, 152 Threshold, 135, 152 Thrombin, 132, 145, 152 Thrombocytes, 144, 152 Thrombosis, 31, 86, 145, 151, 152 Thrombus, 17, 127, 135, 140, 152, 154 Thymus, 138, 152 Thyroid, 137, 152 Tolerance, 29, 152 Tomography, 13, 30, 53, 71, 77, 87, 88, 90, 153 Torsion, 135, 153 Toxic, iv, 60, 66, 128, 141, 153 Toxicity, 129, 153 Toxicology, 104, 153 Toxins, 120, 136, 146, 153 Trace element, 149, 153 Transfection, 122, 153 Translation, 65, 80, 153 Trauma, 87, 140, 153 Trees, 18, 54, 65, 153 Tuberous Sclerosis, 17, 153 Tumour, 30, 33, 153
164
Angiogram
Tungsten, 124, 153 U Ultrasonography, 4, 153 Unconscious, 135, 153 Urea, 121, 153 Ureters, 147, 153 Uterus, 125, 133, 135, 145, 154 V Vaccine, 145, 154 Valves, 48, 154 Varices, 21, 154 Vasculitis, 6, 108, 154 Vasodilatation, 124, 154 Vasodilation, 31, 154 Vasomotor, 131, 154 VE, 86, 154 Vector, 65, 154 Vein, 5, 26, 40, 41, 48, 51, 86, 120, 121, 136, 141, 144, 148, 150, 151, 154 Venous, 17, 22, 53, 54, 55, 68, 76, 79, 86, 121, 145, 154 Venous blood, 53, 79, 154
Venous Insufficiency, 86, 154 Ventricle, 146, 152, 154 Ventricular, 8, 12, 14, 31, 33, 154 Ventricular fibrillation, 31, 33, 154 Ventricular Function, 12, 154 Venules, 122, 123, 130, 154 Vertebrae, 150, 154 Vertebral, 11, 33, 86, 87, 121, 154 Vertebral Artery, 33, 154 Vertebral Artery Dissection, 33, 154 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 155 Virus, 121, 144, 155 Visceral, 86, 155 Vitreous Body, 148, 155 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 128, 155 Vivo, 155 W Withdrawal, 6, 155 X X-ray therapy, 137, 155 X-ray tube, 60, 71, 124, 155
Index 165
166
Angiogram
Index 167
168
Angiogram
