Методические указания и контольные работы по английскому языку для студентов-заочников 2 курса исторического факультета. Выпуск 3

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «ЮЖНЫЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Гогенко В.В., Пасько О.В.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ по английскому языку для студентов-заочников 2 курса исторического факультета

Выпуск 3

Ростов – на – Дону 2007

Учебно-методические указания разработаны преподавателем кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов В.В. Гогенко, преподавателем кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов О.В. Пасько.

Ответственный редактор

канд. пед. наук, доц. А.С. Акопова

Компьютерный набор и верстка

преп. В.В. Гогенко, преп. О.В. Пасько

Печатается в соответствии с решением кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов ЮФУ, протокол № 5 от 9 ноября 2007г.

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МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ ЗАПИСКА Основной целью обучения студентов английскому языку в неязыковом вузе является практическое владение этим языком, что предполагает при заочном обучении

формирование

умения

самостоятельно

читать

литературу

по

специальности с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников, развитие навыков устной речи (говорение и аудирование) в рамках определенной Программой тематики. Для контроля понимания прочитанного, в качестве способа передачи полученной при чтении информации, а также как средство обучения используется перевод. Особенностью заочного обучения является то, что объём самостоятельной работы студента по выработке речевых навыков и умений значительно превышает объём практических аудиторных занятий с преподавателем, поэтому для того, чтобы добиться успеха, необходимы систематические самостоятельные занятия. Самостоятельная работа студента по изучению иностранного языка включает в себя заучивание лексических единиц, овладение правилами словообразования и грамматики, чтение текстов вслух в соответствии с правилами чтения, построение вопросов и ответов к текстам, перевод на русский язык (устный и письменный). Работая над учебным материалом, подлежащим обязательному изучению в течение

семестра,

студент

должен

вести

словарь,

выписывая

слова

с

транскрипцией и в словарной форме. Словарь и тетрадь с выполненными упражнениями должны быть представлены преподавателю. В выпуске 3 представлены варианты контрольного задания №3. Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольной работы, следует изучить и закрепить

с

помощью

упражнений

грамматический

материал

семестра.

Контрольные работы должны выполняться аккуратно, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы следует оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний рецензента. Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу: 3

Левая страница Поля

Правая страница

Английский текст

Русский текст

Поля

Задания должны быть выполнены полностью и в той последовательности, в которой они предложены: условия их необходимо переписывать. Контрольная работа должна быть выполнена в отдельной тетради, на обложке которой следует указать номер контрольного задания, номер варианта, факультет, отделение и фамилию студента. Преподавателю на проверку должен быть представлен только один вариант контрольного задания; остальные варианты используются в качестве дополнительного материала. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указанных требований или неполностью, она возвращается без проверки.

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КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3 Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание №3, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал: 1

Неличные формы глагола:

инфинитив (формы и функции в предложении); причастие (формы и функции в предложении); герундий (формы и функции в предложении); глаголы, после которых используется герундий, глаголы, после которых используется инфинитив. 2

Отглагольное существительное.

3

Выражение привычки: в прошлом (used to) и настоящем (be used to).

4

Фразовые глаголы.

5

Образец выполнения контрольного задания №3 Левая страница

Правая страница

№1 Перепишите предложения, используя инфинитив (Infinitive); вставьте слова и словосочетания в скобках (если таковые имеются). Переведите переделанные предложения и подчеркните инфинитив: Поля

1) He lives in a cave. (funny

1)

place)

live.

What a funny place to

Поля

2) He is so old that he 2) He is too old to skate. cannot skate. 3) I saw smoke coming 3) I was horrified to see under the door. (horrified)

smoke coming under the door.

№2 Закончите предложения, образовав Participle I или Participle II от глаголов в скобках. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, подчеркните причастие и укажите его форму: Поля

1)

I saw the girl (to

water) the flowers.

1)

I saw the girl watering

the flowers. Я увидел девушку поливающую цветы.

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Поля

№3 Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и вставляя требующуюся форму герундия (Gerund) и предлог, если необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Поля

1) Alice is not interested 1) Alice is not interested in Поля (to look) for a new job.

looking for a new job. Алиса не заинтересована в поиске новой работы.

№4 Раскройте скобки, употребляя инфинитив (Infinitive) или герундий (Gerund). Перепишите переделанные предложения, переведите их, указав неличную форму глагола и ее форму: Поля

1)

Would you like

1) Would you like to

(come) with me next time?

come with me next time? Не хотите в следующий раз пойти с нами? – Simple Infinitive.

2) Do you feel like (study)

2)

today?

Do you feel like

studying today? Вам хочется сегодня заниматься? – Simple Gerund

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Поля

№5 Исправьте ошибки в предложениях, перепишите их и переведите на русский язык. Подчеркните неличную форму глагола и укажите ее форму: Поля

1)

Are you interested at

reading?

1)

Are you interested in

Поля

reading? Вам нравится читать?

№6 Расположите по порядку: a)

предложения, в которых ing-форма является причастием;

b)

предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием;

c)

предложения, в которых ing-форма является отглагольным

существительным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Поля

1)

1)

Reading – b) герундий Поля Прочитав книгу, она отдала ее брату.

№7 Перепишите предложения, придумав первую или вторую части. Переведите предложения на русский язык: Поля

1)

To cut a long story

short …….

1)

To cut a long story

short he solved all his problems. Короче говоря, он решил все свои проблемы.

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Поля

Вариант 1 №1 Перепишите предложения, используя инфинитив (Infinitive); вставьте слова и словосочетания в скобках (если таковые имеются). Переведите переделанные предложения и подчеркните инфинитив: 1 The accident was so terrible that I don’t want to talk about it. 2 He parked outside the police station. (silly place) 3 They were so empty-headed that they couldn’t learn a single thing. 4 I saw a photograph of myself on the front page. (astonished) 5 She makes all her important decisions in the lift. (extraordinary place) 6 He said, “Mind your own business”. (rude thing) 7 The window was so dirty that they could not see through it. №2 Закончите предложения, образовав Participle I или Participle II от глаголов в скобках. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, подчеркните причастие и укажите его форму: 1 We listened to the girls (to sing) Russian folk songs. 2 The (to steal) car was found in the wood. 3 I found myself in an (to embarrass) situation last night. 4 I elbowed my way through the (to crowd) room. 5 There is an old saying: Let (to sleep) dog lie. 6 The exercises (to do) by the pupils were easy. 7 I still have five more (to require) courses to take.

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№3 Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и вставляя требующуюся форму герундия (Gerund) и предлог, если необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1 The tsar celebrated his victory (to build) several churches with oriental features. 2 Instead (to study), Margaret went to a ball game with her friends. 3 Mrs. Grant insisted (to know) the whole truth. 4 He showed us how to get to the house (to draw) the map. 5 You should take the advantage (to live) here. 6 He insisted (to buy) a new house. 7 Who is responsible (to wash) and (to dry) the dishes after dinner? №4 Раскройте скобки, употребляя инфинитив (Infinitive) или герундий (Gerund). Перепишите переделанные предложения, переведите их, указав неличную форму глагола и ее форму: 1 I used (ride) a lot but I haven’t had a chance (do) any since (come) here. – I ride sometimes. 2 Most people prefer (spend) money to (earn) it. 3 It isn’t good for children (eat) too many sweets. 4 Do you remember (post) the letter? – Yes, I do; I posted it in the letter-box near my gate. 5 You still have a lot (learn) if you forgive my (say) so. 6 I’m for (do) nothing till the police arrive. 7 I’m very sorry for (be) late. It was good of you (wait) for me.

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№5 Исправьте ошибки в предложениях, перепишите их и переведите на русский язык. Подчеркните неличную форму глагола и укажите ее форму: 1 He made me to do it all over again. 2 It’s important for him to understanding this. 3 The letter signing by the director was sent 2 hours ago. 4 I can’t stand to watch detective stories. 5 She asked her mother let her to go to the cinema. 6 I was sitting in the park written the letter. 7 Think is live. №6 Расположите по порядку: a) предложения, в которых ing-форма является причастием; b) предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием; c) предложения, в которых ing-форма является отглагольным существительным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. 1 After having conquered some of the Russian lands, Batu Khan heard of Kitezh and ordered his army to advance towards it. 2 Traveling is a pleasant way of improving one’s education. 3 The cleaning of the room was done by the girls. 4 Driving in a motor car, we passed many villages. 5 Asking him for help is useless. 6 These happenings are remarkable. 7 There are many discoveries being made all over the world. 8 Some Greeks had been Mediterranean pirates and were now tycoons; many lived by cheating Russian farmers and bringing Russian customs officials. 11

№7 Перепишите предложения, придумав первую или вторую части. Перепишите предложения в тетрадь и переведите их на русский язык: 1) Smoking is

a) in acting.

2) Having done the work in advance,

b) he was thinking hard.

3) She has always dreamt

c) he failed the exam.

4) To tell the truth

d) not allowed here.

5) Doing his homework

e) they were given a few days-off.

6) She is interested

f) I don’t like being laughed at.

7) To cut a long story short,

g) of living in a small house by the sea.

№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 1,4,5 абзацы текста: The Taj Mahal, Agra, India 1) Agra, once the capital of the Mughal Empire during the 16th and early 18th centuries, is one and a half hours by express train from New Delhi. Tourists from all over the world visit Agra (1) to make a pilgrimage to Taj Mahal, India`s most famous architectural wonder. Taj Mahal means “Crown Palace” and is in fact the most well (2) preserved and architecturally beautiful tomb in the world. 2) Taj Mahal stands on the bank of River Yamuna, which otherwise serves as a wide moat (3) defending the Great Red Fort of Agra, the centre of the Mughal emperors until they moved their capital to Delhi in 1637. It was built by the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan in 1631 in memory of his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal, a Muslim Persian princess. She died while (4) accompanying her husband in Burhanpur in a campaign to crush a rebellion after (5) giving birth to their 14th child. The ruler went into deep mourning. The death so crushed the emperor that all his 12

hair and beard were said (6) to have grown snow white in a few months. 3) When Mumtaz was still alive, she extracted four promises from the emperor: first, that he would build “a tomb in her memory such as the world had never (7) seen before"; second that he should marry again; third, that he would be kind to their children; and fourth, that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary. He kept the first and second promises. Construction began in 1631 and was completed in 22 years. The material was brought in from all over India and central Asia and it took a fleet of 1000 elephants (8) to transport it to the site. Some 20,000 workmen (9) employed on it daily lived in a specially built small town next to it called “Mumtazabad” for the dead empress. 4) The central dome is 57 meters, or 187 feet, high in the middle. A total of 28 beautiful stones were used: red sandstone was brought from Fatehpur Sikri, jasper from Punjab, jade and crystal from China, turquoise from Tibet, lapis lazuli and sapphire from Sri Lanka, coal and cornelian from Arabia and diamonds from Panna. The luminescent white marble was brought from far-off Makrana, Rajasthan. Nearly every surface of the entire complex has been (10) decorated, and the exterior decorations are among the finest (11) to be found in Mughal architecture of any period. The rectangular base of Taj is in itself symbolic of the different sides from which to view a beautiful woman. The main gate is like a veil to a woman’s face which should (12) be lifted delicately, gently and without haste on the wedding night. 5) The dome is made of white marble, but the tomb is set against the plain across the river and it is this background that works its magic of colors that, through their reflection, change the view of the Taj. The colours change at different hours of the day and during different seasons. Like a jewel, the Taj sparkles in moonlight when 13

the semi-precious stones (13) inlaid into the white marble on the main mausoleum catch the glow of the moon. The Taj is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden when the moon shines. These changes, they say, depict the different moods of woman. 6) The emperor, later (14) buried in the Taj, was overthrown by his son and imprisoned in the nearby Great Red Fort for eight years, from which, it is said, he could see the Taj Mahal out of his small cell window. The origin of the name "Taj Mahal" is not clear. It is generally (15) believed that "Taj Mahal" (usually translated as either "Crown Palace" or "Crown of the Palace") is an abbreviated version of Mumtaz name. №9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему: 1) Who built the Taj Mahal and why? 2) What promises did the Emperor give to his wife Mumtaz? 3) What materials was the Taj Mahal built of? 4) What does the Taj Mahal symbolize? №10 Заполните пропуски в предложениях выделенными жирным шрифтом словами из текста и переведите предложения на русский язык. Измените форму слов, где необходимо: 1)

Aziz is going to make a ………… to Mecca.

2)

The temple of Diana was one of the Seven ………… of the World.

3)

All the theatres and cinemas were closed, as a sign of ………… for the dead president.

4)

We ………… three new secretaries from Monday. 14

5)

This painting ………… the Battle of Waterloo.

6)

The crew was ………… in the plane by the hijackers.

7)

The prime minister’s determination to pursue this policy led to a ………… among his own ministers.

8)

He had to drive slowly over the uneven ………… of the road.

9)

It’s the twentieth ………… of our country’s independence.

10) Rebels have ………… the government. №11 Выпишите из текста подчеркнутые слова. Определите, какой неличной формой глагола (причастие, инфинитив, герундий) они являются. Назовите форму и функцию этих слов.

15

Вариант 2 №1 Перепишите предложения, используя инфинитив (Infinitive); вставьте слова и словосочетания в скобках (если таковые имеются). Переведите переделанные предложения и подчеркните инфинитив: 1 He sleeps in his car. (uncomfortable place) 2 I found a complete stranger taking food out of my fridge. (annoyed) 3 She was so foolish that she could not understand my explanation. 4 I have no books which I can read. 5 He makes money by telling fortunes. (interesting way) 6 They swim at night. (odd time) 7 I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. №2 Закончите предложения, образовав Participle I или Participle II от глаголов в скобках. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, подчеркните причастие и укажите его форму: 1 We listened to the songs (to sing) by the girls. 2 Success in one’s work is a (to satisfy) experience. 3 Someone needs to repair the (to break) window. 4 No one lives in that (to desert) house except a few ghosts. 5 At present, the (to lead) candidate in the senatorial race is Henry Moore. 6 Who is that boy (to do) his homework? 7 (To pollute) water is not safe for drinking.

16

№3 Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и вставляя требующуюся форму герундия (Gerund) и предлог, если необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1 He succeeded (to convert) to Christianity a local king. 2 Thank you (to help) me carry the packages to the post office. 3 The angry look on his face stopped me (to speak) my mind. 4 The thief was accused (to steal) a woman’s purse. 5 Bill isn’t used (to wear) a suit and a tie every day. 6 I’m looking forward (to eat) my mother’s cooking and (to sleep) in my own bed. 7 I have a good reason (to be) late. №4 Раскройте скобки, употребляя инфинитив (Infinitive) или герундий (Gerund). Перепишите переделанные предложения, переведите их, указав неличную форму глагола и ее форму: 1 Did you remember (lock) the door? – No, I didn’t. I’d better (go) back and (do) it now. 2 It’s no use (try) (interrupt) him. You’ll have (wait) till he stops (talk). 3 Do you feel like (go) to a film or would you rather (stay) at home? 4 The car began (make) an extraordinary noise so I stopped (see) what it was. 5 He decided (put) broken glass on top of his wall (prevent) boys (climb) over it. 6 He kept (ring) up and (ask) for an explanation and she didn’t know what (do) about it. 7 We got tired of (wait) for the weather (clear) and finally decided (set) out in the train.

17

№5 Исправьте ошибки в предложениях, перепишите их и переведите на русский язык. Подчеркните неличную форму глагола и укажите ее форму: 1 You ought to go today. It may to rain tomorrow. 2 Everybody looked at the danced girl. 3 He succeeded at finding a new job. 4 The coat buying last year is too small for me now. 5 It’s rather strange seeing you here. 6 They warned us from going there alone. 7 Jim hurt his arm played tennis. №6 Расположите по порядку: a) предложения, в которых ing-форма является причастием; b) предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием; c) предложения, в которых ing-форма является отглагольным существительным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. 1 The Mongols soon captured Maly Kitezh, forcing Georgy to retreat into the woods towards Bolshoy Kitezh. 2 Nestor Kukolnic assisted in opening the county court in Taganrog, open after his death in 1869. 3 Architect Vladimir Shukhov was responsible for building several of Moscow’s landmarks during early Soviet Russia. 4 After finding the new word in a dictionary, I wrote it down and went on reading. 5 Having restored the unity of the empire, he was overseeing the progress of major governmental reforms and sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church. 6 Chalk is used for writing on the blackboard. 18

7 The students found the reading of English newspapers rather difficult at first. 8 Lisitsyn and his two sons were laboring in their time free from making arms and ammunition on a rather unusual device. №7 Перепишите предложения, придумав первую или вторую части. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1) To begin with,

a) they got married.

2) He didn’t agree to

b) having seen the man before?

3) Isn’t it natural that

c) the travelers soon lost their way.

4) To cut a long story short,

d) I’m sick and tired of your complaints.

5) Can you remember

e) their going on that dangerous voyage.

6) Having been shown the wrong direction f) he postponed the trip. 7) Being busy

g) we like to be praised?

№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 2,3,4,5 абзацы текста: Colosseum, Rome, Italy 1) The Colosseum is the greatest amphitheatre of the antiquity. Emperor Vespasian, founder of the Flavian Dynasty, started construction of the Colosseum in AD 72. It was completed in AD 80, the year after Vespasian’s death. The design concept of this great amphitheater in the center of Rome is still relevant, (1) having influenced almost every modern sports stadium. The huge amphitheater was built on the site of an artificial lake, part of Nero’s huge park in the Center of Rome. The Colosseum's name is believed (2) to come from a 40-meter colossus of Nero nearby. 2) The Colosseum is 48 meters high, 188 meters long and 156 meters wide. There are 19

80 arches on each of the first three levels, and the wooden arena floor was covered with sand. Its elliptical shape kept the players from (3) retreating to a corner, and let the spectators be closer to the action than in a circle. The amphitheater could hold up to seventy thousand spectators. The tires of seats were inclined in such a way as (4) to enable people (5) to get a perfect view from wherever they sat. 3) The Colosseum was cleverly designed, and most modern stadiums have important features first (6) seen here. Seating was divided into sections: the podium, or first level, was for the Roman senators, and the emperor's cushioned box was also here. Above the podium was the area for other Roman aristocrats. The third level was divided into three sections: a lower part for wealthy citizens and an upper part for poor ones. A wooden area at the very top of the building was (7) standing room only, for lower-class women. 4) Today, the arena floor no longer exists, though the walls and corridors are visible in the ruins. There are also tunnels, still in existence, (8) made to flood and evacuate water from the Colosseum floor so naval battles could (9) be staged. Another innovative feature of was the cooling system, known as the velarium: a canvascovered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center. This roof covered two-thirds of the arena and sloped down toward the center (10) to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. 5) The highly ostentatious opening ceremony lasted one hundred days during which people saw great fights, shows and hunts (11) involving the killing of thousands of animals. For the opening the arena space was filled with water for one of the most fantastic events held in Roman times, naumachias-real sea battles (12) reproducing great battles of the past.

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6) Emperors used the Colosseum (13) to entertain the public with free games. Those games were a symbol of prestige and power and were a way for an emperor to increase his popularity. Games were held for a whole day or even several days in a row. They usually started with comical acts and displays of exotic animals and ended with fights to the death between animals and gladiators or between gladiators. These fighters were usually slaves, prisoners of war or condemned criminals. Sometimes free Romans and even Emperors took part in the action. 7) The Colosseum was in use until 217, when it was damaged by fire from lightning. Four earthquakes between 442 and 1349 severely hurt the building, which was then converted into a fortress with a Christian church built into one small area. What we can see nowadays is just a skeleton of what was the greatest arena in the ancient world. From the Middle Ages onwards, the Colosseum has (14) been one of Rome’s and the world’s greatest marvels, (15) attracting hoards of visitors. №9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему: 1) How much of the Colosseum has survived? 2) What made the Colosseum innovative in Ancient Rome? 3) What for did the Roman Emperors use the Colosseum and why? 4) What unusual and great events were held on the arena of the Colosseum? №10 Заполните пропуски в предложениях выделенными жирным шрифтом словами из текста и переведите предложения на русский язык. Измените форму слов, где необходимо: 1)

The ………… was very excited by the show.

2)

The queen was crowned with proper …………. 21

3)

This dictionary ………… you to understand English words.

4)

What ………… met our eyes when we opened the treasure chest!

5)

The army stormed the ………… and occupied it.

6)

The tourists photographed the …………… of middle Ages in the museum.

7)

The country’s ………… comes from its oil.

8)

There’s an interesting old ………… at the top of that hill.

9)

………… could not take part in the Ancient Olympic Games.

10)

The circus elephants were led into the ………

№11 Выпишите из текста подчеркнутые слова. Определите, какой неличной формой глагола (причастие, инфинитив, герундий) они являются. Назовите форму и функцию этих слов.

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Вариант 3 №1 Перепишите предложения, используя инфинитив (Infinitive); вставьте слова и словосочетания в скобках (если таковые имеются). Переведите переделанные предложения и подчеркните инфинитив: 1 He plays golf on his flat roof. (strange place) 2 I received an invitation to the palace. (delighted) 3 There was nothing that he could do except go home. 4 I have an examination which I must take soon, so I can’t go to the theatre with you. 5 I found that no preparations had been made. (surprised) 6 She rings up her friends at 6 a.m. (inconvenient time) 7 I heard that the last train had just left. (dismayed) №2 Закончите предложения, образовав Participle I или Participle II от глаголов в скобках. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, подчеркните причастие и укажите его форму: 1 The girl (to wash) the floor is my sister. 2 The (to terrify) villagers ran for their lives. 3 A (to damage) earthquake occurred recently. 4 The thief tried to open the (to lock) door. 5 A (to grow) child needs a (to balance) diet. 6 The house (to surround) by the tall trees is very beautiful. 7 Do you know where I can rent a (to furnish) apartment?

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№3 Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и вставляя требующуюся форму герундия (Gerund) и предлог, если необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1 The rain prevented us (to complete) the work. 2 It’s getting late. I’m worried (to miss) the train. 3 I’m not used (to drive) in the mountains. 4 Nothing can stop me (to go) there. 5 I apologized to my friend (to be) late. 6 When Beth got tired, she stopped (to work). 7 Sometimes I put off (to do) my homework. №4 Раскройте скобки, употребляя инфинитив (Infinitive) или герундий (Gerund). Перепишите переделанные предложения, переведите их, указав неличную форму глагола и ее форму: 1 I liked (listened) to folk music much better than (listen) to pop. 2 He made me (repeat) his instructions (make) sure that I understood what I was (do) after he had gone. 3 I suggest (leave) the car here and (send) a breakdown van (tow) it to the garage. 4 She apologized for (borrow) my sewing-machine without (ask) permission. 5 You don’t need (ask) his permission every time you want (leave) the room. 6 The police accused him of (set) fire to the building but he denied (have been) in the area on the night of the fire. 7 It’s much better (go) to a hairdresser than (try) (save) time by (cut) your own hair.

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№5 Исправьте ошибки в предложениях, перепишите их и переведите на русский язык. Подчеркните неличную форму глагола и укажите ее форму: 1 Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watered the flowers. 2 They won’t let us to leave the Customs shed till out luggage has been examined. 3 He insisted at coming here in several days. 4 Are you interesting in visiting historical monuments? 5 If you don’t understand anything, you may to ask your teacher. 6 I want sitting here and have a rest. I’ very tired. 7 The conclusion representing in this book is very important for my scientific research. №6 Расположите по порядку: a) предложения, в которых ing-форма является причастием; b) предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием; c) предложения, в которых ing-форма является отглагольным существительным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. 1 The coming of daylight was a real relief for her. 2 Nearly all samovars have a four-legged square-shaped foundation. This keeps the samovar from damaging the furniture with its heat. 3 Sitting by her sleeping child, the worried mother at last began to realize by his peaceful breathing that all danger was over. 4 It is also said that in calm weather one can sometimes hear the wailing sound of chiming bells and people singing from under waters of the Lake Svetloyar. 5 It is not clear when the Slavic people started settling in the lower reachers of the Don and the Dniepr. 25

6 Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant. 7 Depending on the background of its rulers, it often had several different names at any given time. 8 The singing of those beautiful folk songs impressed me very much. №7 Перепишите предложения, придумав первую или вторую части. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1) To tell the truth,

a) to be read during the summer holidays.

2) On being told the news

b) work at the problem for the last two month.

3) This is the book

c) seeing you again.

4) Having been translated by a good

d) she turned pale.

specialist, 5) The poor peasant thanked Robin Hood

e) the story preserved all the sparkling

for

humour of the original.

6) We are looking forward to

f) I don’t like it.

7) They are supposed to

g) having helped him.

№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 1,2,5,7 абзацы текста: A Brief History of Petra 1) On the edge of the Arabian Desert, (1) nestled away in the mountains south of the Dead Sea, Petra was the glittering capital of the Nabataean empire. It came into prominence in the late first century BC through the success of the spice trade. Among the most remarkable of all Nabataean achievements are the hydraulic engineering systems they developed including water conservation systems and the 26

dams that were constructed (2) to divert the rush of swollen winter waters that create flash floods. The town grew up around its Colonnaded Street in the first century AD and by the mid-first century had (3) witnessed rapid urbanization. 2) According to tradition, in 1200 BC, the Petra area was (4) populated by Edomites and the area was known as Edom ("red"). Before the Israelite incursions, the Edomites controlled the trade routes from Arabia in the south to Damascus in the north. Little is known about the Edomites at Petra itself, but as a people they were (5) known for their wisdom, their writing, their textile industry, the excellence and fineness of their ceramics, and their skilled metal working. 3) The next chapter of history belongs to the Persian period, and it is posited that during this time the Nabataeans migrated into Edom, (6) forcing the Edomites (7) to move into southern Palestine. With Nabataean rule, Petra became the center for a spice trade. 4) In 64-63 BC, the Nabataeans were conquered by the Roman general, Pompey, whose policy was (8) to restore the cities taken by the Jews. However, he retained an independent Nabataea, although the area was taxed by the Romans and served as a buffer territory against the desert tribes. 5) By 313 AD, Christianity had become a state-recognized religion. In 330 CE, the Emperor Constantine established the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople. The inhabitants during the Byzantine Period recycled many standing structures and rock-cut monuments, while also (9) constructing their own buildings, including churches - such as the recently (10) excavated Petra Church with the extraordinary mosaics. Among the rock-cut monuments they reused is the great tomb or the Ad-Dayr (known also as 'The Monastery'), which was (11) 27

modified into a church. With a change in trade routes, Petra's commercial decline was inevitable. An even more devastating earthquake had a severe impact on the city in 551 CE, and all but brought the city to ruin. 6) As one of the most spectacular sites in the Middle East, Petra has long (12) attracted travelers and explorers. During the 19th century, the site was visited and documented by several Europeans, after J. L. Burckhardt’s initial visit. Petra, which means "stone" in Greek, has survived through the ages because almost all of its "buildings" were carved out of solid rock walls. It is perhaps the most spectacular ancient city (13) remaining in the modern world. Architectural remains now visible at Petra indicate a thriving city, however, despite almost 100 years of excavation, only onepercent of the city (14) been investigated. 7) Much of Petra’s fascination comes from its setting on the edge of Wadi Araba, part of the Great Rift Valley. The rugged sandstone hills form a deep canyon easily protected from all directions. The best access to Petra is through the Siq, a winding, often narrow valley which suddenly opens upon the most impressive of Petra’s monuments, al-Khazneh ("the Treasury"). (15) Carved out of the mountain and over 40 meters high, it was a royal tomb-but legend says that pirates hid their treasure there, hence “the Treasury.” №9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы к нему: 1) Who lived in Petra before the Nabataeans? 2) What was Petra famous for? 3) Who opened Petra to the Europeans? 4) Why could Petra survive through the ages?

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№10 Заполните пропуски в предложениях выделенными жирным шрифтом словами из текста и переведите предложения на русский язык. Измените форму слов, где необходимо: 1)

After many attempts to climb it, the mountain was ………… in 1982.

2)

The global ………… industry was booming when Magellan undertook his trip to American continent.

3)

The glass from bottles can be ………….

4)

There were no ………… when the accident happened.

5)

………… hunting was the most exiting occupation for many Europeans in the middle Ages.

6)

Without wishing to detract from your ………… in any way, can I remind you that other people also worked very hard on this book?

7)

The British ………… once covered large parts of the world.

8)

The ………… of the buried city took a long time.

9)

We picked our way through the ………… of the bombed building.

10) I would question the ……… of borrowing such a large sum of money. №11 Выпишите из текста подчеркнутые слова. Определите, какой неличной формой глагола (причастие, инфинитив, герундий) они являются. Назовите форму и функцию этих слов.

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Вариант 4 №1 Перепишите предложения, используя инфинитив (Infinitive); вставьте слова и словосочетания в скобках (если таковые имеются). Переведите переделанные предложения и подчеркните инфинитив: 1 Have you got anything that you want to say on this subject? 2 Here is something that will warm you up. 3 He relaxes by standing on his head. (odd way) 4 I heard that you can’t come skiing after all. (disappointed) 5 They have holiday in June. (pleasant time) 6 I saw that I had passed the exam. (glad) 7 Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow. №2 Закончите предложения, образовав Participle I или Participle II от глаголов в скобках. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, подчеркните причастие и укажите его форму: 1 The floor (to wash) by Helen looked very clean. 2 The tiger was (to terrify) sight for the villagers. 3 People are still in the process of repairing the many (to damage) buildings and streets. 4 The (to expect) event did not occur. 5 Any (to think) person knows that smoking is a destructive habit. 6 The wall (to surround) the house was very high. 7 Do you know the woman (to come) towards us?

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№3 Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и вставляя требующуюся форму герундия (Gerund) и предлог, если необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1 Fred is always complaining (to have) a headache. 2 We went (to sail) yesterday and enjoyed it very much. 3 Instead (to ask) for help on each arithmetic problem, you should use your book. 4 I look forward (to see) you next time I’m in town. 5 Alice told us that she was tired (to wash) the dishes every night. 6 I tried to prevent him (to come). 7 He objects (to kill) wild animals for sport. №4 Раскройте скобки, употребляя инфинитив (Infinitive) или герундий (Gerund). Перепишите переделанные предложения, переведите их, указав неличную форму глагола и ее форму: 1 I’d rather (earn) my living by (scrub) than (make) money by (blackmail) people. 2 I always remember (turn) off all the lights before I leave my house. 3 We went for a walk after we finished (clean) up the kitchen. 4 Sometimes students avoid (look) at the teacher if they don’t want (answer) a question. 5 Did he agree (go) (camp) with you? 6 The taxi driver refused (take) a check. He wanted the passenger (pay) in cash. 7 Keep (talk), I’m listening to you.

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№5 Исправьте ошибки в предложениях, перепишите их и переведите на русский язык. Подчеркните неличную форму глагола и укажите ее форму: 1 Did they suspect that man in being a spy? 2 This is a church building many years ago. 3 The kidnappers told the parents not inform the police about that accident. 4 He is engaged at writing an autobiography. 5 Are you good with playing tennis? 6 The most difficult thing was decided what to do. 7 You are responsible for to lose the matches. №6 Расположите по порядку: d) предложения, в которых ing-форма является причастием; e) предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием; f) предложения, в которых ing-форма является отглагольным существительным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. 1 Such doings can hardly be explained. 2 From the second part of the 16th century, Cossacks started raiding ottoman territories. 3 We felt so disappointed at your having missed nearly half the programme. 4 The building of this house will cost much money. 5 The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now Cairo. 6 Constantine laid out the expanded city, dividing it into 14 regions, and ornamenting it with public works worthy of a great imperial metropolis. 7 Reading books out of doors is his favorite way of spending the summer holidays, 32

but he kikes swimming and going on excursions as well. 8 He had a great simplicity of manner, and while on a campaign lived as a private soldier, sleeping on straw and contenting himself with the humblest fare. №7 Перепишите предложения, придумав первую или вторую части. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1) She is hard to

a) for doing this work?

2) To say the least of it

b) she decided to enter the History faculty.

3) I am tired of

c) he still felt himself part of the family.

4) What do you need

d) he was able to translate the text easily.

5) Being so far away from home,

e) deal with.

6) Having written out and learnt all the

f) we were surprised.

new words, 7) After finishing the school

g) working in my garden.

№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 2,3,4,5 абзацы текста: Chinese Civilization: The Great Wall 1) The Great Wall is the largest human-made structure ever built, its length (1) being over 6,400km and an average width of 6.5m. It is the largest man-made monument ever built and is the only one often said (and sometimes disputed!) (2) to be visible from space. The construction of the Great Wall was a steady and continuous development over 2,000 years. The Great Wall was built to link existing into a united defense system and keeps (3) invading nomadic Mongol tribes out of China. The Great Wall was built as a defensive fortification by three states: Yan, Zhao and Qin. The Great Wall went through constant extensions and repairs in later dynasties. 33

Construction on the first section began between the 7th and 6th century BC, and the last work on the wall was done between the 14th and 17th centuries. 2) In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great" wall until the Qin Dynasty. Emperor Qin Shihuang succeeded in his effort (4) to have the walls joined together to fend off invasions from in the north after China’s unification. However, the advantages of the enormous barrier faded with the arrival of gunpowder and other weaponry. In any case, the Great Wall has served as a monument of the Chinese nation throughout history. 3) The wall was originally built of stone, wood, grass and earth. Later, in the Ming Dynasty (1369-1644), the traditional earth walls disappeared and in a few decades had (5) to be rebuilt. The Walls that exist today were built in the 16th Century and are made from stone, and became elaborate structures with watch towers and crenellations. The bricks were transported by men (6) carrying them on their backs, donkeys, mules and even by goats with a brick tied to their head (7) being driven up a mountain. 4) It had a strategic geography and a single purpose to defend the agrarian culture in the south from the nomadic culture in the north. By the 17th Century the Ming had created a military frontier and a national boundary marked by a Great Wall. The Wall was (8) criticized for its immorality when hundreds of thousands of Chinese peasantry men were (9) sent away to build the walls, (10) laying one building block on top of another in an uninhabited region of the mountains, hundreds of miles from their homes, for months or even years at a time.

34

5) This immorality opposes the Wall’s embodiment of the Confucian values of peace and harmony, (11) endeavoring to prevent chaos; humaneness; and virtue. As a result the Wall became a negative symbol of oppression, cruelty, despotic rule and political failure. But now, despite the negativity within China, 20th Century Westerners are fascinated by this Wall as a “wonder of the world”. 6) Guafu Tower (or Widow Tower) is a square watchtower where it was said that during the Ming Dynasty twelve widows of frontier soldiers donated their pension and built this tower. Without the Great Wall, China could (12) have been conquered by the nomads as early as the Warring States period and the China that we know today may not (13) have existed. 7) Like a huge dragon, the Great Wall winds across plateaus, deserts, grasslands and mountains,(14) stretching some 6,700 km (4,163 miles) from East to West. Over the more than 2,000 years that the wall has been standing, some areas have (15) fallen apart or even disappeared. Yet, the remarkable architectural grandeur and historical significance still attract hundreds of thousands of tourists to the Great Wall every year. №9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему: 1) What was the Great Wall built for? 2) What materials were used for the Great Wall in different times? 3) Why was the Great Wall considered to be immoral? 4) Why do many people today call the Great Wall one of the modern wonders of the world?

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№10 Заполните пропуски в предложениях выделенными жирным шрифтом словами из текста и переведите предложения на русский язык. Измените форму слов, где необходимо: 1)

Wool industry is of great ………… to the United Kingdom.

2)

His ………… to explain the noise worried us.

3)

Did you come to London for the ………… of seeing your family, or for business …………?

4)

Just tell us the facts, don’t ………… on them.

5)

He had the ………… of being born into a rich family.

6)

India became ………… from Britain in 1947.

7)

Among her many ………… are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.

8)

This was an important stage in the country’s ………….

9)

Hitler ………… Poland in 1939.

10) ……….. of peasants led to the rebellions against the dictator. №11 Выпишите из текста подчеркнутые слова. Определите, какой неличной формой глагола (причастие, инфинитив, герундий) они являются. Назовите форму и функцию этих слов.

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Тексты для дополнительного чтения. Christ Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil This Art Deco-style statue of Jesus, which was inaugurated in 1931, stands some 38 meters (125 ft) tall, atop the Corcovado (“hunchback”) mountain overlooking Rio de Janeiro. As well as being a potent symbol of Christianity, the statue has become an icon of the city and a symbol of the great warmth of the Brazilian people. The idea for erecting a large statue on Corcovado started in the mid-1850s, when a Catholic priest, Dom Pedro Maria Boss, asked for financing for a large religious monument from Princess Isabel of Portugal. She was not interested and the idea died completely in 1889, when Brazil became a republic with laws about separating church and state. The second proposal for a large landmark statue on the mountain came in 1921 from the Archdiocese of Rio de Janiero, which organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to collect donations from people all over Brazil. Designed by the local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and created by French sculptor Paul Landowski, Christ Redeemer is one of the world’s best-known monuments. The statue, which took five years to build, is made out of reinforced concrete, with the outer layers made from soapstone because of this stone being easy to work with and resistant to extreme weather. The Corcovado Rack Railway played an important part in the building effort, as the only way to get the large pieces of the statue to the top of the mountain was by train. One of the highlights of the inauguration ceremony on October 12, 1931 was supposed to be the activation of the lighting system by the Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi from his yacht far away in Naples, Italy. Bad weather, however, affected the strength of the signal and the lights had to be switched on manually by workers at Corcovado. On January 20, 2003, technology brought another change to the monument—panoramic elevators and escalators were inaugurated, so it is no longer necessary to climb up 220 steps to see the statue up close. 37

Machu Picchu, Peru Around 1440, it is believed that the Pachacútec Yupanqui, the founder of the Inca Empire, built the city in the clouds known as Machu Picchu ("Old Mountain") in what is now Peru. This extraordinary settlement lies 2,350 m (7,710 ft) above sea level, deep in the Amazon jungle above the Urubamba River. Forgotten for centuries by the outside world, Machu Picchu attracted international attention when it was rediscovered by the American archeologist Hiram Bingham in 1911. There are several different theories as to what Machu Picchu was: some believe it was the luxurious mausoleum (burial site) of Pachacútec, since there are remains of buildings that were covered with gold; others think that it was an Incan, a settlement built to both control the economy of the conquered regions and to protect the the top Incan aristocracy in the case of an attack. Another theory expands on this idea, seeing Machu Picchu as a country retreat for Inca nobility. It may also have been used as an observatory and for astrological ceremonies. A maximum of 750 people probably lived in the “Lost City of the Incas” at once. It is said that the silhouette of the mountain range behind Machu Picchu represents the face of the Inca looking upward towards the sky, with the largest peak, Huayna Picchu (“young mountain”) representing his nose. Machu Picchu had a large agricultural area—with practical crops, such as corn and coca, and orchids and other decorative plants, as well as what were probably living and religious sections. In the upper urban area, there is the famous intihuatana (“the hitching post of the sun”), a stone column rising from a stone block the size of a grand piano. This solar clock exactly shows the dates of the two equinoxes and other important celestial events. It is thought that, as the winter solstice neared, when the sun seemed to disappear more each day, priests would hold a ceremony to tie the sun to the stone to prevent the sun from disappearing completely. Everything shows that Machu Picchu was quickly abandoned when the Spanish, fighting the rebellious Incas of Vilcabamba, went into Cuzco lands. But deadly 38

smallpox was faster than the conquistadors, and 50 percent of the population had probably been killed by the disease by 1527. The Inca government began to fail, part of the empire seceded and it fell into civil war. So, by the time Pizarro, the Inca’s conqueror, arrived in Cuzco in 1532, Machu Picchu was probably already a ghost town. Leaning Tower of Pisa The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply The Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Piazza del Duomo (Cathedral Square). Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift direction. The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the highest side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tones. The tower has 294 steps. The tower leans at an angle of 5.5 degrees. This means that the top of the tower is 4.5 meters from where it would stand if the tower was perfectly vertical. The Tower of Pisa was a work of art, performed in three stages over a period of about 177 years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. This first floor is surrounded by pillars with classical capitals, leaning against blind arches. There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-Century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Bonanno Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. His sarcophagus was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820. However recent studies seem to indicate Diotisalvi as the original architect, by construction affinities with his other works, like the Baptistery in 39

Pisa. The tower began to sink after construction progressed to the third floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-meter foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil. This means the design was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Pisans were almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction. In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built higher floors with one side taller than the other. This made the tower begin to lean in the other direction. Because of this, the tower is actually curved. Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria. The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was not finally added until 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical scale. The largest one was installed in 1655. After a phase (1990-2001) of structural strengthening, the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visual damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly strong due to the tower's age and to its particular conditions with respect to wind and rain. Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannon balls of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their descending speed was independent of their mass. This is considered an apocryphal tale, and the only source for it comes from Galileo's secretary. In 1934 Benito Mussolini ordered that the tower be returned to a vertical position, so concrete was poured into its foundation. However, the result was that the tower actually sank further into the soil. During World War II, the Allies discovered that the Nazis were using it as an observation post. A humble U.S. Army sergeant was 40

briefly entrusted with the fate of the tower. His decision not to call in an artillery strike saved the edifice. On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the vital role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa. A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians and historians was assigned and met on the Azores islands to discuss stabilization methods. After over two decades of work on the subject, the tower was closed to the public on 7 January 1990. While the tower was closed, the bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001. It was found that the lean was increasing due to the stonework expanding and contracting each day due to the heat of sunlight. This was working in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilize the tower, including the addition of 800 metric tons of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base. The final solution to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten the tower to a safer angle, by removing 38 m3 of soil from underneath the raised end. Through this, the tower was straightened by 18 inches (45 centimeters), returning to the exact position that it was in 1838. The tower has been declared stable for at least another 300 years. In 1987, the tower was declared as part of the Piazza dei Miracoli UNESCO World Heritage Site along with neighboring cathedral, baptistery and cemetery. Timbuktu, Mali Founded in the 12th century, Timbuktu was one of the wealthiest places in the world, at the crossroads of four important caravan paths supplying the far-spread and 41

powerful Arab world. One of world’s the first universities were founded here—the celebrated Islamic Sankore, where 20,000 students studied. Today, it remains a powerful myth and thus resembles an Ancient Wonder: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The name Timbuktu, “Buktu’s well,” may come from a Tuareg woman named Buktu who dug a well where the city grew. Tales of Timbuktu's wealth prompted European exploration of the west coast of Africa. “Timbuktu” is often used to describe a place very far away or that may not even exist. In reality, it is a city in Mali on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, about eight miles from the Niger River. By the 14th century, Timbuktu had become a major trade center and a hub of Islamic scholarship and culture. When the emperor Mansa Musa went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, he changed European and Arab perceptions about western Africa. Stopping in Cairo, Musa gave away so much gold that the local money market crashed. He built the Great Mosque and hired the Granada architect Abu Ishaq as Sahil to design the Sankore mosque, around which Sankore University grew. By the 1450s, some 100,000 people lived here—a quarter of whom were scholars, many having studied in Egypt or Mecca. The city reached its peak between 1403 and 1591, when North African merchants traded salt, cloth and horses for gold and slaves. Leo Africanus, a Muslim from Granada, wrote about his visit in 1526, fueling European interest in the "city of gold." In 1591, Morocco captured Timbuktu and soon arrested its scholars for being disloyal, killing some and exiling others. Even more devastating were the attacks by Bambara, Fulani, and Tuareg warriors, which the occupying Moroccan troops could not stop. In 1788, a group of Englishmen formed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, primarily to discover the source of the Niger and reach Timbuktu. Most famous of the failures was Mungo Park, who was robbed, tortured, and then drowned. In 1824, the Geographical Society of Paris offered a reward to the first European to visit Timbuktu and return alive. The Scottish explorer Gordon Laing succeeded in 1826, but was murdered two days after leaving the 42

city. Timbuktu was captured in 1894 by the French, who partly restored the city. In 1960, it became part of the independent Republic of Mali. Использованная литература. Березина О.А., Шпилюк Е.М. Английский язык для студентов университетов. Упражнения по грамматике- СПб: Издательство «Союз», 2002. Бонди Е. А. Английский язык для студентов-историков. Москва, 2003. Голицынский Ю. Грамматика. Сборник упражнений. С.-П., 2005. Лариса Романова. Практическая грамматика английского языка. Айрис Пресс, Рольф, Москва, 2001. Христорождественская Л. П. Английский язык. Практический курс. Часть 1, 2. Минск, 2004. Христорождественская Л. П. Английский язык. Упражнения по грамматике. Минск, 2004. Michael Duckworth, Kathy Gude. Countdown, Oxford, 1999. Raymond Murphy. English grammar in use. Cambridge, 2004. Bob Obee, Virginia Evans. Express Publishing, 2003. Wikipedia. Free Encyclopedia.

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