DERMATOLOGY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dermatology: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83882-8 1. Dermatology-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on dermatology. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DERMATOLOGY ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Dermatology.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 59 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 60 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DERMATOLOGY ............................................................................. 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Finding Nutrition Studies on Dermatology .............................................................................. 103 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 108 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DERMATOLOGY ...................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 111 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 125 General References ..................................................................................................................... 129 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DERMATOLOGY ........................................................................ 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Dissertations on Dermatology ................................................................................................... 131 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 132 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DERMATOLOGY ................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Recent Trials on Dermatology ................................................................................................... 133 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 134 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON DERMATOLOGY ................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Patents on Dermatology ............................................................................................................ 137 Patent Applications on Dermatology......................................................................................... 158 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 173 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON DERMATOLOGY ....................................................................................... 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 175 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 176 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 183 Chapters on Dermatology .......................................................................................................... 184 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON DERMATOLOGY ............................................................................ 185 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 185 Bibliography: Multimedia on Dermatology ............................................................................... 185 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DERMATOLOGY ......................................................... 187 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 187 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 187 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 189 Academic Periodicals covering Dermatology............................................................................. 190 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 193 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 193 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 193 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 195 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 198 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199
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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 199 Associations and Dermatology................................................................................................... 206 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 207 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 209 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 209 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 209 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 209 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 209 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 215 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 215 DERMATOLOGY DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 217 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 285
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with dermatology is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about dermatology, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to dermatology, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on dermatology. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to dermatology, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on dermatology. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DERMATOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on dermatology.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and dermatology, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
UVB Therapy: Dermatology Nursing Considerations Source: Dermatology Nursing. 9(5):309-321; October 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals is the fourth article in a continuing education series on photochemotherapy. It provides basic information about ultraviolet B (UVB) therapy. The article describes the skin type and minimal erythema dose methods for establishing a patient's starting dose and presents a protocol for using each of them in the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, it explains how to deal with erythema and subsequent treatments and how to gradually withdraw UVB therapy once the skin has cleared. A multiple choice examination follows the article to test the reader's achievement of the article's educational objectives. 18 references, 19 figures, and 11 tables.
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Geriatric Dermatology Source: Patient Care. 36(9): 19-27. July 2002. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with an overview of dermatologic conditions of the elderly. These conditions are caused by aging, functional changes, or long-term exposure to UV radiation. Descriptions, pictures, differential diagnosis, and recommended evaluation and treatment are provided for melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, actinic cheilitis, keratocanthoma, squamous cell carcinoma, seborrheic keratoses, actinic purpura, herpes zoster infection, lichen planus chronicus, and perleche. 14 figures and 1 reference.
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Systemic Glucocorticosteroid Therapy in Dermatology Source: Dermatology Nursing. 12(4): 258-265. August 2000. Summary: This journal article, part of a continuing education series, provides nurses and other health professionals with information on glucocorticosteroid therapy in managing dermatologic conditions. Systemic glucocorticosteroids have been used to treat the bullous dermatoses, various types of vasculitis, collagen diseases, neutrophilic dermatoses, and severe dermatitis. Topical and intralesional glucocorticosteroids can be used for localized dermatoses, psoriasis, lichen planus, prurigo nodularis, and keloids. The article discusses the physiology, pharmacology, and dosing schedule of glucocorticosteroids. In addition, the article identifies the complications of chronic glucocorticosteroid therapy, including cutaneous manifestations such as skin atrophy, hair loss, poor wound healing, acneiform eruptions, striae, purpura, hirsutism, and skin pigmentation changes. Other complications include osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, myopathy, neuropsychiatric problems, susceptibility to infections, and hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis suppression. Glucocorticosteroids may also have ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and gynecologic and obstetric side effects. These complications can be minimized through proper patient management and precautions. A multiple choice examination follows the article. 21 references.
Federally Funded Research on Dermatology The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to dermatology. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to dermatology. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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animals or simulated models to explore dermatology. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for dermatology: •
Project Title: A NOVEL SUBSTRATE OF SRC TYROSINE KINASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Seykora, John T.; Dermatology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The Fyn tyrosine kinase, a member of the Src family, promotes keratinocyte differentiation. Keratinocytes from Fyn-deficient mice exhibit impaired squame formation, and markedly decreased expression of differentiation markers such as filaggrin and transglutaminase. Also, Fyn-deficient keratinocytes show decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of catenins which are necessary for proper intercellular adhesion. Understanding how Fyn induces keratinocyte differentiation is said to be fundamental for understanding cutaneous disease at a molecular level. They hypothesize that Fyn may exert its effects by interacting with and phosphorylating other molecules. To address this question, they performed a yeast twohybrid screen of a murine keratinocyte library using Fyn as the bait. This screen yielded a novel putative adaptor molecule which is phosphorylated by and associates with Fyn; they term this molecule Srcasm: Src activating and signaling molecule. They propose to biochemically characterize the interaction between Fyn and Srcasm and elucidate what residues in Srcasm are required for Fyn phosphorylation and association. They will also examine how Srcasm associates with other signaling molecules and characterize the expression of Srcasm in epithelial and human cutaneous diseases. With adenoviruses producing various forms of Fyn and Src, they will evaluate the role of Srcasm in the signal-transduction pathways of these kinases within primary keratinocytes. Lastly, as a result of their in situ studies, they will target expression of Srcasm to parts of the epidermis and hair follicle where it is not expressed and will examine the effects of aberrant Srcasm expression. This application for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award is envisaged to promote the candidate's transition from a postdoctoral fellow to an independent investigator. The candidate will devote 85% effort to research designed to characterize the role of a novel Src family kinase substrate in keratinocyte signal transduction. The research will be done in the Department of Dermatology of a major teaching hospital which has a supportive environment and a commitment to the professional development of physician scientists. The rest of the applicant's effort, 15%, will involve diagnosing skin biopsies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Askenase, Philip W.; Professor of Medicine and Pathology; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1980; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (adapted from the application): This application is for support of a training program in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, that is designed for post-doctoral medical and pediatric trainees at Yale University School of Medicine. There is a double training faculty of firstly, clinician-researchers in the Department of Medicine, in the Sections of Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonary, and Infectious Diseases, and also in Pediatrics; and secondly, a basic sciences immunology training faculty in the Department of Immunobiology. The faculty's expertise spans the areas important to
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allergy, clinical immunology, and modern immunology; including: cellular, molecular, biochemical, antigen-processing/presenting, and signaling research. Some faculty are experts in Lyme disease, which was discovered at Yale in this training program. There is training in both medical and pediatric aspects of Allergy, and Clinical immunology, and also some training in Rheumatology, Dermatology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary, and ENT. The training faculty is well equipped with major instruments including: 4 cytofluorographs, an oligonucleotide synthesizer, and peptide protein sequinator. This is a small training program, taking only one new fellow per year, with a large faculty emphasizing the need for at least of 3-5 years of research laboratory training to prepare trainees for positions in research medicine. The faculty have a strong training record and collaborative research interactions; especially under this Allergy and Clinical Immunology Training Grant. The fellows spend most of their first year engaged in clinical activities. The 2nd and 3rd years are spent almost entirely in the laboratory developing a research program, under the guidance of a faculty mentor, taking various immunobiology courses, participating in weekly seminars and journal clubs, and regularly giving talks on their research, and on subjects of mutual interest. The program offers unique and high quality training for future positions in academic medicine and pediatrics, and has been successful over more than 20 years of continuous funding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AN ECM SCAFFOLD FOR HEAD AND NECK REPAIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Spievack, Alan R.; Acell, Inc. 6 Old Dee Rd Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: 'This Phase II SBIR application seeks support to continue development of a resorbable, extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffold derived from the urinary bladder submucosa (UBS) for tissue engineering applications in the head and neck. The three specific aims of our Phase I study were successfully completed. Specifially1 we showed that: (1) we could produce a multilaminate form of the UBS-ECM which possessed the appropriate mechanical properties for head and neck scaffold applications; (2) that the prototype UBS-ECM scaffolds retained the ability to support human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC) adherence after all necessary material processing steps were completed; and (3) showed that the multilaminate UBS-ECM scaffold retained its function as a constructive scaffold for vocal cord reconstruction in a pilot dog study. The UBS-ECM scaffold represents an acellular, biodegradable material which supports tissue specific wound repair and provides a favorable environment for cell attachment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. ACell, Inc. conducted the Phase I studies to determine the feasibility of producing this bioscaffold as a commercially available product for a clinical surgical applications (head and neck repair) in which there are currently limited options. The surgical repair/reconstruction of head and neck structures such as the palate, tongue, nose and orbit, larynx, pharynx, and facial skin structures presently involves the use of complicated autograft procedures, mechanical devices, or plastic surgery procedures in which there are very few options for successful reconstruction. This Phase II application proposes three specific aims which would further develop this promising scaffold. First, we will utilize the manufacturing methods established in Phase I studies to manufacture UBS scaffolds for ISO-9000 test assays required for FDA submission. Second, we will determine the fate of this resorbable UBS-ECM bioscaffold following implantation in a dog model of vocal cord reconstruction. Third, we will conduct definitive preclinical animal studies in two different species to evaluate the use of the xenogeneic, UBS-ECM scaffold for head and
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neck applications. These preclinical studies will involve hemilaryngectomy and laryngeal reconstruction around the UBS-ECM scaffold material. Each objective/specific aim has well defined criteria for success, and the proposed studies will be conducted by an experienced and knowledgeable research team. The time line for the proposed work is provided and the technology involves an innovative tissue engineering approach in a medical field with significant unmet needs. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Compared to body systems such as the cardiovascular system and dermatology, the need for head and neck reconstructive scaffolds is relatively small. However, there were 147,000 lingual and oral surgical cases world-wide in 1999, 85,000 pharyngeal cases, 130,000 laryngeal cases, and 2,000 eye and orbit cases. In the United States alone, head and neck surgical procedures comprise approximately 3.5% of all procedures conducted as a result of neoplasia. Clearly this is an important market with significant unmet needs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANNUAL DERMATOLOGY RESIDENT RETREAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Pentland, Alice P.; Professor and Chair; Society for Investigative Dermatology Dermatology Cleveland, Oh 44113 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nationwide, dermatology departments enroll annually over 300 young physicians interested in becoming dermatologists. The majority of these individuals represent the cream of their medical school class. After three years of residency training, most of them leave the university to begin a successful private practice. Why do these young dermatologists walk away from academics and dermatological research? Somehow, academic careers in dermatological research must be made more attractive to these young individuals. They wish to focus their efforts in testing one hypothesis: that early exposure of young trainees to leading national research figures and successful young physician-scientists and diffusion of information about research careers may have a positive influence in their career decisions. The longterm objective of this meeting is to increase the pool of physician-scientists in dermatology. To meet this goal they will follow these steps: 1. Select a small group of first-year dermatology residents interested in biomedical research. 2. Provide this group with information on biomedical research careers in dermatology, including a directory of postdoctoral research sites. 3. Introduce young residents to leaders and successful young physician-scientists of the Society for Investigative Dermatology, the National Institutes of Health, the Dermatology Foundation and to patient advocacy leaders in an informal atmosphere. 4. Facilitate the career-decision-process for future dermatology physician-scientists. 5. Prepare a database with names of the selected resident for future outcome studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: APPLICATIONS OF DERMARRAY DNA MICROARRAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Curto, Ernest V.; Integriderm, Llc. 2800 Milan Ct Birmingham, Al 35211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: (Verbatim) IntegriDerm has designed and is marketing a high-density DNA microarray dedicated to dermatology and pharmacology research. DermArray-TM GeneFilters(R) DNA microarrays contain approximately 4400 unique sequencevalidated human cDNAs, carefully selected for dermatologic and other epithelial tissue
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research interests, as well as for studies in toxicology, pharmacology and drug metabolism. We have initiated pilot studies using this technology to determine biomarkers of human skin disease and to compile lists of genes regulated by topical agents. The first set of experiments focuses on human squamous cell carcinoma lines, and the second explores the effects of topical active ingredients on gene expression in normal human derived skin cells; keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, and artificial 3-D skin. Gene expression profiles will be analyzed for differential expression using Pathways software from Research Genetics and using our own proprietary algorithms. These empirical studies will lead to validation and improvements in our current DermArray product, and will generate new databases on oncogenic transformation and on the pharmacology of skin in general. Our long-range goals are to utilize DermArray technology to develop new affordable molecular-diagnostic microarray products, and to screen for new active ingredients intended as candidate agents for development as topical drugs. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: IntegridDerm has created DermArray, a novel, first-to-market DNA microarray devoted to dermatlogy. Interest in this field is strong, and sales are growing. DermArray is the "gold standard" for the industry. Our current objective is to utilize this technology to discover biomarkers of skin disease and of known drug responses. These results will guide the creation of new DNA arrays for specific use in drug discovery and in molecular diagnostics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ATYPICAL NEVI IN MELANOMA--A CASE-CONTROL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Titus-Ernstoff, Linda T.; Associate Professor; Community and Family Medicine; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: Despite substantial interest in atypical nevi as melanoma risk factors and precursors, little is known about risk factors for these lesions, or their role in melanoma etiology. Previous case-control studies that have assessed atypical nevi as melanoma risk factors were small and/or clinic based. Similarly, only a few small, clinic-based studies have examined risk factors for atypical nevi. Our primary aims are to 1) conduct a large, population-based, case-control study of nonfamilial melanoma to evaluate atypical nevi, benign nevi, sun sensitivity, and solar exposure as risk factors, and 2) conduct a large, population-based evaluation of risk factors for atypical nevi. In separate analyses, we will explore risk factors associated with melanoma subgroups based on a) presence or absence of atypical nevi, and b) tumor histologic type. As a tertiary aim, we propose a validation substudy that will evaluate whether subjects can accurately selfdiagnose atypical nevi. At least 535 cases of melanoma, ascertained through the NH State Cancer Registry, will be enrolled over a five year study period. We will enroll 800 population controls identified from drivers' license lists (age 65 or less), and medicare beneficiary lists (age greater than 65). Consenting subjects will complete a telephone interview, conduct skin self-examination, and participate in a dermatologist-conducted skin examination. Based on the dermatology examination, all subjects will be classified as "with" or "without" atypical nevi. Our statistical approach will include two primary case-control analyses to evaluate 1) risk factors for melanoma, and 2) risk factors for atypical nevi. In addition, we will conduct separate case-control comparisons to explore risk factors for specific melanoma subsets. Our approach will elucidate the etiology of melanoma, and identify risk factors for atypical nevi. Finally, we will evaluate subjects' ability to self-screen for atypical nevi by comparing the results of self-examination to the
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results of the dermatologist examination. The ability to self-diagnose atypical nevi has important implications for melanoma prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BASIC AND CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Taurog, Joel D.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1975; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract) The purpose of the Program is to train postdoctoral fellows for full-time academic careers in rheumatology research. Trainees will be prepared for research and teaching in the subspecialty. The training will primarily revolve around laboratory or clinical investigation and didactic training in rheumatology research to provide a background for a career in academic rheumatology investigation. Currently the Training Program has a faculty of 18 persons from the Departments of Internal Medicine, Dermatology, Immunology, Pediatrics and Orthopedics. There are currently 17 postdoctoral fellows in training. Research training in immunology, molecular biology, cell biology and clinical trial design is available. Trainees are assigned to one of the full-time faculty members for direct supervision of research progress. Each trainee works closely with his supervisor for day-to-day guidance in the design of experiments, utilization of appropriate methodology, and data analysis. The training director provides overall supervision for the direction of the research by maintaining close contact both with the trainee and with his/her supervisor. In addition to his/her research activity, the trainee will receive clinical training, when appropriate in both outpatient and inpatient environments. He/she will also attend a weekly research-in-progress conference, and a weekly basic science journal club. In addition, regular seminars and clinical conferences of the Department of Internal Medicine and research seminars and conferences of the Immunology Program are available. Trainees will have M.D. or Ph.D. degrees. The Training Program will be carried out in the laboratories of the Rheumatic Diseases Division of the Department of Internal Medicine and the Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BETA2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR IN KERATINOCYTE MIGRATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pullar, Christine E.; Dermatology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Directed keratinocyte migration into a wound site is essential for skin repair. Decreased migration results in a chronic wound, of which there are 2,600,000 yearly. Isoproterenol (ISO), a beta-agonist, has a unique effect on keratinocytes, decreasing ERK phosphorylation and inhibiting their migration. This is contrary to reports that show beta2adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR) agonist-mediated activation of ERK in other cell types. The observed beta2-AR inhibition of keratinocyte migration may have wide clinical implications since beta-AR agonists and antagonists are widely used drugs. Asthma affects an estimated 14.2 million Americans, yearly, most of whom are treated with beta2-AR agonists. Nearly 50 million Americans are hypertensive and are also treated commonly by beta-AR antagonists, also known as beta-blockers. Few studies have examined the effects of beta-agonists/antagonists on cutaneous wound healing and the preliminary data suggest that these may profoundly
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alter the wound healing process. The long-term goal of this work is to understand the mechanisms through which beta-AR agonists modulate migration in human keratinocytes. The hypothesis to be tested is that beta-AR agonists inhibit keratinocyte migration by activating signaling pathways that mediate migration inhibition or by directly interacting with transporters required for cell motility. The initial signaling pathways activated upon ISO binding will be defined and mechanisms of inhibition explored. Interaction between the beta2-AR and specific transporters, known to play a role in migration, will be examined. These investigations will describe the signaling cascades involved in beta-AR agonist-mediated inhibition of keratinocyte migration and wound healing and will hopefully forge the way for more focus on signaling in the field of keratinocyte migration. This might lead to a better understanding of general migration signaling pathways also relevant for embryogenesis, immune defense and cancer progression and provide potentially clinically significant information for the 6070 million Americans who use beta-AR drugs. Receiving this award will provide me with the financial support and guidance necessary for development into an independent research in the field of Dermatology and will ultimately aid me in obtaining an Adjunct Professor position at UCDavis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kefalides, Nicholas A.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: This program is designed to continue their training and preparation of postdoctoral scientists and physicians for independent academic and research career in the field of connective tissue biochemistry and molecular biology. Post-doctoral fellows (M.D.s or Ph.D.s) will be trained for periods of up to two to three years in the approaches and methods currently applicable to connective tissue research. Special emphasis will continue to be placed on (a) the isolation and physiochemical characterization of extracellular matrix components, including collagens, elastin, microfibrillar components, fibronectin, laminins and proteoglycans, (2) the regulation of synthesis of the above components by cells in culture including fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, keratinocytes, hematopoietic cells and neoplastic cell lines, (c) the regulated expression of genes encoding for extracellular matrix proteins during embryogenesis, and in disease states involving connective tissue macromolecules and (d) the regulation of the inflammatory response as well as tumor cell growth by connective tissue macromolecules including types I and IV collagens. Although, continuous monitoring of progress of trainees will be the responsibility of the individual trainer, the location of the program within the departments of Medicine, Dermatology, Biochemistry, Orthopaedic Surgery, Anatomy, Histology, and Animal Biology should assure to stimulate the trainees and maintain high quality and high standards. Trainees will be encouraged to broaden their experience by attending specialized courses and by working for short periods of time in the laboratory of one or more trainers. The strong interactions which have existed among the training faculty, both because of the long standing association among the trainers and their common research interests, should facilitate the lab rotations. Attendance, participation and presentation at frequent research seminars in connective tissue would constitute a key element of the training program. Four training positions are requested. Each participating training faculty member has adequate laboratory and animal facilities at
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his/her disposal to carry out research in the areas of protein chemistry, molecular biology, immunology, cell biology, tissue culture, light and electron microscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGY OF THE CUTANEOUS EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Parks, William C.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-MAY-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The unifying theme of this program is the Biology of the Cutaneous Epithelium, a term inclusive of the epidermis and the follicular epithelium. This Program is composed of five projects, each headed by established investigators, and three cores. The five component projects focus on distinct, yet related aspects of skin biology, and all projects are designed to study fundamental cellular mechanisms controlling cell differentiation, maintenance of tissue structure, and response to injury. Furthermore, this Program includes investigators outside of Dermatology, thereby broadening the scientific foundation of skin-related research at Washington University. The Program begins with studies on skin development and cellular differentiation. Dr. Raphael Kopan (Project 1) will study the role of Notch and related cell-signaling molecules during stages of cell-fate determination and differentiation of the developing and the nature, cycling hair follicle. Dr. David Ornitz (Project 2) proposes to study the functional and biochemical interactions of fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), which is produced in the dermis, and its receptor on keratinocytes during development and in response to injury. The molecular determinants required for formation of desmosomes and their role in keratinocyte signaling and epidermal morphogenesis will be addressed by Dr. Sergey Troyanovsky (Project 3). For Project 4, Dr. William Parks will determine the precise and distinct cell-matrix interactions that regulate the activation, maintenance, and deactivation of keratinocytes in response to wounding and how these events control expression of wound-related genes. Dr. Michael Caparon (Project 5) focuses on how group A streptococcus interact with the epidermis and how keratinocytes respond to and defend against bacterial infection. Three Cores will support the effort of the Program investigators. The Administrative Core (Core A) will be responsible for Program management and coordination. The Transgenic Core (Core B) will create genetically- defined animals (e.g., knock-outs, conditional knock-outs, transgenics) for all Program investigators, and in situ hybridizations for all projects. Thus, this new Program is integrated around a common scientific theme and goal, thereby promoting many interactions, and is supported by scientific cores. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CANCER BIOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Imperiale, Michael J.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description): The continuation of the Cancer Biology Training Program is proposed at the University of Michigan. The central goal of this program is to train exceptional junior investigators to address fundamental biological problems related to human cancer. The Cancer Biology Training Program is both multidisciplinary and interdepartmental, drawing its strength from the interdisciplinary cooperation of 34 faculty members from ten basic science and clinical departments
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Dermatology
within The University of Michigan Medical School: Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biological Chemistry, Dermatology, Human Genetics, Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Otolaryngology, Pathology, Pharmacology, and Radiation Oncology. The Program draws further strength from its association with the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center. The Program trains both predoctoral and postdoctoral scholars, with research opportunities focusing on four specific areas of research: Cancer Genetics and Gene Therapy, Molecular Oncology, Tumor Immunology, and Tumor Metastasis and Extracellular Matrix. Postdoctoral fellows will have completed a Ph.D. degree in one of the physical or biological sciences, or have completed an M.D. degree. Predoctoral students will comprise a subset of students already accepted into established graduate programs in the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biological Chemistry, Human Genetics, Microbiology & Immunology, Pathology or Pharmacology. All trainees must have a significant interest in pursuing a career in some aspect of cancer- related research. This interdepartmental training program is dove- tailed into existing departmental programs while providing a cohesive, high quality training experience in cancer biology. Predoctoral trainees will be expected to graduate to outstanding postdoctoral positions, while postdoctoral trainees should assume leading academic and research positions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL COMPONENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Moreland, Larry W.; Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: The Clinical Component of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Autoimmunity Center of Excellence (ACE) will be directed by Drs. Larry Moreland and Joseph Shanahan. The Clinical Director will serve as the Clinical Representative to the Steering Committee and will coordinate the effort of the UAB ACE with the national network. Dr. Moreland, in his roles as Director of the Arthritis Clinical Intervention Program (ACIP) and the UAB Pittman General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), will guide the infrastructure for clinical trials for UAB and ACE projects. The UAB ACIP has in place the infrastructure for regulatory and financial oversight. The UAB GCRC has the expertise in clinical coordination and data management necessary to perform the proposed clinical trials. The UAB-ACE Clinical Component includes expertise in autoimmune clinical trials from 6 specialties: Rheumatology; Endocrine/Transplantation; Hematology; Dermatology; Neurology; and Gastroenterology. Investigators in the UAB-ACE Clinical Component have outstanding track records in evaluation of novel therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases as illustrated with the number of trials performed or underway and with publications in relevant diseases. The UAB ACE will bring together these clinical investigators to work across disciplinary lines to test new agents and develop new applications, while collaborating with the basic investigators to determine mechanisms of action. Two clinical trials are proposed. The first (PD: Carter) is a phase I trial in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, to evaluate a novel, cytotoxic approach targeting Death Receptor 5 to selectively eliminate activated lymphocytes. The second (PD: Moreland) is a phase II trial evaluating IL-1 TRAP in patients with psoriatic arthritis, which illustrates the ability of UAB investigators to partner with the pharmaceutical industry to test new applications of translational agents. Proposed mechanistic studies by UAB investigators will test the concept of targeting only activated lymphocytes (Death Receptor 5) and
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investigate the role of IL-1 in psoriatic arthritis and the mechanisms of IL-1-driven inflammation and IL-1 signaling in inflammatory tissue (IL-1 TRAP). UAB has an outstanding record in testing of novel, translational therapies for autoimmune diseases. The UAB ACE Clinical Component is a multidisciplinary, collaborative program to unite these strengths to accelerate the testing of immunomodulatory therapies for autoimmune disease and to optimize the opportunity to use these trials to determine mechanisms of disease and treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kang, Sewon; Associate Professor; Dermatology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: This application is in response to the Mid-career Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (PA-98-053) which was created to support young, active and successful clinical investigators to overcome some of the major barriers to patientoriented research: time, resource and mentoring. Dr. Sewon Kang represents such a clinical researcher with years of specialty training and commitment to mentoring the next generation of clinical investigators. The objectives of this program are to further establish the candidate's independent patient-oriented clinical research program, especially in clinical translational research, and to provide him the time and resources necessary to mentor trainees pursuing clinical investigations in skin. The areas of activity of this project are Dr. Kang's research plan focused on therapeutic use of ultraviolet (UV)-A1 radiation in fibrosing skin diseases, effects of antioxidants in UVsignaling relevant to photoaging in human skin in vivo, and interleukin-10 in psoriasis, along with his plans for mentoring beginning clinical investigators. The three projects allow, in addition to the more traditional avenue of training in sound study design, execution, and analysis, opportunities for a novel avenue for training of clinical investigators to use tools required for reproducible observation and reliable documentation of molecular phenomenon relevant to human disease. The candidate has an established record of providing mentorship to pre- and post-doctoral trainees. Dr. Kang's research program will provide the context for him to continue to train beginning clinical investigators. His research and mentoring programs will be supported by the outstanding clinical research and training programs of the University of Michigan. These include the recently awarded institutional curriculum to teach the essentials of clinical research to young trainees and junior faculty (K-30), a well- funded General Clinical Research Center, the Center for Clinical Investigation and Therapeutics, educational program in Clinical Research Design and Statistical Analysis, and the School of Public Health. In summary, the candidate's expertise and accomplishments in patientoriented research, his ability and commitment to mentor beginning clinical investigators, and the research and training strengths of the University of Michigan combine to provide an ideal context to accomplish the specific aims of this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CONFERENCE--DERMATOLOGIC DISEASE IN SKIN OF COLOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, Susan; St. Luke's-Roosevelt Inst for Hlth Scis Health Sciences New York, Ny 10019 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-JUN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Analysis of the population of the United States reveals dramatically shifting demographics in the twenty-first century. The United States Census population estimates indicate that the population of non-Hispanic Whites will drop from 75.6% of the population in 1990 to 50% in 2050 with a rise in the Hispanic population from 9% to 22%, African American from 11.8% to 16% and Asian from 2.8% to 10%. These shifts highlight the importance of more thoroughly understanding pigmented skin on a cellular and biologic level, the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases affecting skin of color and genetic and hereditary factors affecting skin of color. The objective of this course is to unite the physical anthropologists, geneticists, cutaneous basic science researchers, clinical dermatologists, and industry scientists in an attempt to further the understanding of pigmented skin diseases in darker skinned individuals. The program described in this application is the third educational symposium sponsored by the Skin of Color Center of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center. They anticipate a-three day educational symposium with the first day being geared towards primary care physicians and the second two days aimed at educating members of the dermatologic community (both researchers and clinicians). Topics for the first day are as follows: An Overview of Pigmented Skin: Physiologic Differences, Cutaneous Disease and Cultural Practices; Hair Disorders; Pigmentary Disorders, and Cutaneous Diseases. Each topic will include several presentations pertaining to African American, Latino, and Asian skin, hair and nails and will conclude with a discussion panel. Topics for the two days of lectures targeting the dermatologic community are as follows: Inequities in Race and Health; Basic Science Section; Cutaneous Disease in Ethnic Skin; Special Issues in Skin of Color; and Cosmetic Dermatology. They believe that these presentations and discussions will lead to a greater interest in the specific problem related to access to care for dermatologic disease among persons of color. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONFERENCE--MEDICAL IMAGE PERCEPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Krupinski, Elizabeth A.; Research Associate Professor; Radiology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diagnostic imaging plays a vital role in diagnostic medicine. The extraction of information from image data by" expert readers (radiologists) is an essential step in this process. While performance of these highly trained readers is exceptional, it remains far from ideal. The introduction of new technologies for acquiring and displaying diagnostic information continually adds to the amount and complexity of information that the radiologist must visualize, interpret and act upon. The understanding and optimization of the diagnostic process starting from the point of information extraction and proceeding through the various steps towards the cognitive process of decision making is a key focus of the Medical Image Perception Society (MIPS) and the Medical image Perception Conference. This conference has been held every two years since 1985. it brings together radiologists, psychologists, statisticians, physicists, engineers, and others interested in the myriad of perceptual and cognitive processes associated with the diagnosis of medical images by humans and computers. Topics range from examining the visual search processes associated with image interpretation by the human (radiologist) observer, through quantitative evaluation and mathematical modeling of performance for the optimization of the human-machine interface. Particular emphasis is also placed on presentation of quantitative evaluation methods to assess observer performance, and these range from new variations on traditional Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) techniques to
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alternative evaluation methods that include the incorporation of subjective image ratings. Although the major focus of the conference in the past has been on radiological image perception and interpretation, recent conferences have included papers on other image-based specialties such as pathology and dermatology, especially in the context of telemedicine applications. The Medical Image Perception Conference X will be held 11 14 September 2003 at the R. David Thomas Conference Center on the Duke University campus in Durham, NC. We anticipate to have approximately 50 - 55 attendees from the US, Europe and Japan. This grant will be used to provide financial support for about 12 graduate students and residents, as well as logistic support for publicity and program printing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Klement, John F.; Assistant Professor; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Dermatology Animal Core (DAC). DAC was established in 1996 to generate transgenic mice of dermatological interest. Resources include a full microinjection suite for both pronuclear and blastocyst injections and the mice necessary to generate transgenic animals using, these protocols. Typically, we use FVB/N or CD- 1 mice for pronuclear injection. C57BL/6J mice are used as donor blastocysts for ES microinjection. Either FVB/N or CD- 1 vasectornized males are used to mate with B6CBAF1 (F1 generation of a cross between B6 and CBA mice) females to generate the pseudopregnant foster mothers. Currently, DAC consists of I faculty member (John F. Klement; 30% effort) as the director and 1 technician. By itself, or with DNA targeting vectors generated in other labs, DAC has successfully generated three knock-out lines. These include the collagen type VII null mice, which serves as a model for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and also periplakin, and ladinin. In collaboration with members of the Department of Dermatology, who generated the recombinant ES cells, DAC generated three other gene ablation mouse lines. Currently, DAC has several projects in progress. DAC has successfully generated several mouse lines by pronuclear injection. These mice are currently being analyzed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccormick, Thomas S.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Rodents, in particular mice, are extensively used by research projects of several SDRC investigators. An animal core is thus an important component of the SDRC that has been providing expertise and training in the successful completion of animal experiments in a cost effective and highly predictable manner. There is considerable emphasis on skin cancer in the SDRC. There is evident by the fact that 1) five nationally funded projects of this faculty either conduct murine skin tumorigenicity experiments or utilize cutaneous tumors developed on murine skin for biochemical morphological , and molecular biological studies, 2) one of the pilot and feasibility proposed in this renewal application will conduct murine skin tumorigenesis experiments, 3) in the NIH funded training program in Investigative and Molecular Dermatology there are four training tracks, one of which emphasizes skin
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carcinogenesis. Out of the two current trainees supported by this training grant, one utilizes murine skin tumors and the other conducts animal experiments. The developing emphasis is to utilize chemically mutagenized mice which have clinical phenotypes for dermatitis, susceptibility to UV, cancer and blistering diseases. The additional areas of research in SDRC are a) structural biology and genetics of the skin, and b) immunodermatology. Several investigators conducting research in these areas do animal experimentation. This core has enabled SDRC investigators to conduct animal experimentation more efficiently. The core has four specific functions. The first function is to provide SDRC faculty with a) tissue, in particular tumors, from cutaneous tumorbearing and age- and sex- matched normal mice, and b) homogenate, RNA, DNA, and single cell suspensions, from defined tumors of variously treated mice. The second function is to provide expertise in planning, procurement, and handling of specialized animals for experiments to be conducted by SDRC faculty. Within this objective, the core serves as a resource center in a) providing technical expertise and advise in producing transgenic and knockout mice, and b) conducting experiments on nude mice, e.g. tumor development and their histological verification. The third, which is a newly added function, relates to screening, maintaining and breeding chemically mutagenized mice with clinical phenotypes of skin disease of interest to SDRC investigators. These mice should prove valuable in dissecting complex multi-gene phenotypes. The fourth function of the core is to provide SDRC faculty with biostatistical expertise. For all, experiments involving animal work being conducted and planned for the near future, expertise in murine skin carcinogenesis, biochemistry, genetics, biostatisticians, histopathology and veterinary husbandry and care is needed. Together Core Director, Co-Directors and Consultants represent a team capable of providing expertise in all aspects of animal experimentation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Pfendner, Ellen; Assistant Professor & Manager; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the past, the Tissue Culture Core has been responsible for culturing both keratinocytes and fibroblasts from patients with inherited skin disorders as well as from their relatives and healthy control subjects. The clinical material, which will be obtained from Core E (Clinical and Administrative Core), as part of the clinical evaluation of the patients, will be transported for initiation of the cell cultures to the tissue culture facilities of the Tissue Culture Core of the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology. This core will also be responsible for maintenance and storage of these cells, as well as cultures being sent to us from other laboratories, so that they are available to the investigators in Projects 1-5. The future goals of this core include increasing the number of cell strains established from patients with different inherited skin disorders. Towards this goal, several of our participating clinical collaborators have pledged their support to continue providing patient material for our studies. We have also solicited several additional investigators who will serve as Consultants to our project. These investigators have expressed their willingness to share their clinical expertise and wealth of clinical material with us (see Core E). This network of international clinician-investigators guarantees the availability of a large number of new patients with distinct phenotypic subtypes to our studies. We have previously established collaborative contacts with the National EB Registry, and our collaboration
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with the Principal Investigators of the two clinical sites, Dr. Jo-David Fine (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and Dr. Joseph McGuire (Stanford University), will help to ensure continued access to a large number of well-documented patients with EB. In addition, Dr. Uitto, Dr Richard, and other physicians in the dermatology clinic at Thomas Jefferson University expect to see a number of patients with the genetic disorders outlined in Project 1. Dr Richard has also established a foundation of clinical collaborators from whom patients will be referred. The availability of cultured cells from patients, as well as control cells from both unaffected healthy controls and from patients? relatives is essential to the success of projects 1 through 3, and project 5. Projects 1 and 2 require both mutant and normal cells to examine consequences of the genetic alterations at the protein level. Project 2 requires normal cell cultures to provide the mRNA and DNA needed for characterization of newly developed gene probes through Northern and Southern hybridizations. Projects 1 and 2 utilize cells from patients to identify and verify the existence of mutations at the DNA and RNA levels. Project 5 requires mutant and control cells, to test the feasibility of homologous recombination using chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotide constructs. This project will also utilize cells to study the expression of gene constructs as part of the testing of delivery systems. Project 1 also requires DNA for genetic linkage analyses. The DNA can be isolated from cultured cells, or from peripheral blood leukocytes, or from epithelial cells obtained by buccal cytobrushing. Due to the relative ease by which blood samples are obtained, peripheral blood will be used as the primary source of DNA, but if blood samples are not available, cell cultures may be required also for Project 1. Although the handling of blood samples, and specifically the extraction of DNA, takes place in Project 1, selected blood samples will be transported to the Tissue Culture Core A for establishment of permanent lymphoblastoid cell lines. The second aim of the tissue culture core is to immortalize cells from patients with inherited skin disorders, in a manner such that the expression of the BMZ genes is not compromised. This particular function is important to assure availability of mutant keratinocytes from patients with different forms of inherited skin disorders. For protocols currently being utilized for immortalization of keratinocytes, as well as other cell types, see description below. The third aim of the tissue culture core is to provide DNA extracted from blood and tissues as well as cell cultures for projects 1 and 2 and to establish and maintain a DNA bank from all patient samples submitted for analysis. The DNA extraction and banking functions of the core will enable centralized access to DNA samples and allow retention of samples in the banking freezer for future use by members of the program m project and the dermatological community at large. In addition documents pertaining to patient contact, phenotype and other clinical information will be accessed and filed through the Administrative Core in conjunction with the DNA extraction services of the cell culture core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lerner, Michael R.; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Within the short span of 5 years, the techniques of biomedical informatics (bioinformatics) have become universally applied in medical investigation. Cutting edge investigation in dermatology now requires ready access to expert and affordable basic and special techniques and services. The mission of the Bioinformatics Core Laboratory is to provide services, facilities, and education to support the bioinformatics needs of
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SDRC Investigators. It is organized under the Director, Lei Liu, Ph.D. (who also serves as Director of the Bioinformatics Center in the W.M. Keck Center for Comparative and Functional Genomics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) and two CoDirectors (Harold Garner, Ph.D., Professor of Internal Medicine at UT Southwestern and Mark E. Mummert, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Dermatology at UT Southwestern). Specific aims are to: (1) provide biomedical informatics resources administered by the Core Director to SDRC Investigators on the UT Southwestern campus; (2) provide training and education in the performance of bioinformatics searches for participating SDRC investigators; and (3) make available to SDRC Investigators advances in the new field of massively parallel gene expression quantification, using new computer tools that facilitate construction of unique microarrays. This will include access to cutting-edge technology for the fabrication, use, and interpretation of data derived from use-specific genetic arrays and the construction and evaluation of high-density cDNA arrays for expression profiling of matched normal and experimental (pathological) tissues. These services will allow SDRC Investigators to employ contemporaneous informatics techniques throughout the 5-year granting period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--MOLECULAR GENETICS LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stephens, Karen G.; Research Assistant Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The Molecular Genetics Core Laboratory (MGCL) is a shared resource facility that will provide expertise in clinical and molecular human genetics for collaborations and service to the investigators participating in the projects of the Interdisciplinary Basic Research in Dermatology Program. The specific aims of the core are: 1. To provide clinical diagnosis and collection of tissue samples of patients and families affected with inherited skin disorders of keratinization or adhesion. 2. To provide a DNA sequencing service. 3. To construct and bank immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines of probands and their families affected with inherited skin disorders. 4. To sequence the candidate gene, PPP2C which encodes the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit, of selected harlequin ichthyosis patients for mutation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPECIALIST
COST-EFFECTIVE
MELANOMA
CARE:
GENERALIST
VS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Suephy C.; Dermatology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Melanoma is a potentially deadly and increasingly prevalent disease. Fortunately, melanoma is curable if detected early. If left untreated, melanomas grow and become increasingly difficult to cure. Unfortunately, early lesions can be very subtle and many benign lesions may appear worrisome to the non-expert. This situation can pose a problem for the current managed care health care strategy where generalists are expected to screen and detect suspicious pigmented lesions and early melanomas. Under this gatekeeper paradigm, patients may obtain quicker access to a physician, but it is yet to be determined whether their care is more cost-effective. Issues such as these may be addressed analytically through the use of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA). CEA are basic and essential tools used for evaluating health care
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practices. CEA are methods of evaluating the relative value of are essential tools used for alternative interventions or diagnostic modalities for improving health. As such, CEA evaluating health care practices. They allow the relative efficiency of one health care strategy to be compared to that of other strategies. We hypothesize that dermatologists are more cost-effective than primary care physicians (PCPs) in diagnosing and managing melanoma, when considering long-term health care delivery. We will compare the strategy of direct access to dermatologists against the gatekeeper alternative using CEAs. To complete the CEA, we will need to perform a prospective study to determine the accuracy of dermatologists and PCPs in their ability to correctly suspect (pre)malignant pigmented lesions. We will estimate costs, survival outcomes, quality of life outcomes, and probabilities of progressing from one health state to another using a combination of published data, national databases, and primary regional data. By completing the proposed project, the applicant will gain the variety of skills necessary to become a leader in dermatology outcomes research. In particular, the skills in CEA are invaluable in evaluating new technologies and drugs. CEA will also be useful in the continual struggle to determine the threshold under which generalist should treat skin problems and over which they should refer to dermatologists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CTRS FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ON THERAPEUTICS (CERTS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Strom, Brian L.; Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: There remain enormous gaps in the information available to the public about the effects of their drugs, and in the application of that information to optimizing prescribing and thereby improving the risk/benefit balance from drugs. Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) offer the opportunity to address many of these deficits, and this proposal goes a long way toward filling that gap. In particular, we propose to: 1. Establish a CERT with a coordinated infrastructure, including: a. Logistical support, including faculty time and core staff; b. Governance, including regular coordination and business meetings; c. Programmatic coordination, including linkage of the pharmacoepidemiology skills of the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB) with the pharmacoeconomics skills of the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, the experience in patient -oriented research of the General Clinical Research Center; basic science laboratories interested in evaluating the molecular mechanisms of drug effects; and the social science skills of non-biomedical researchers in other parts of the University; d. Regularly scheduled educational conference series; e. Active participation in the national network of CERTs; and f. A pilot research grant program targeted at the development of R01 quality grants and proposals. 2. Testing and building the capabilities of the current Penn ambulatory drug use evaluation program as a laboratory, expanding it to broader populations; 3. Improve the use of antibiotics locally and nationally, with studies leading to grant funding for larger scale efforts, as well as formal dissemination of evidence-based data both known and to be known. The initial studies will: a. evaluate techniques to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute bronchitis in the outpatient setting b. evaluate the impact of antimicrobial formulary interventions at different hospitals on the resistance patterns of extendedspectrum beta-lactamase- producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species; c. simulate data, in order to expand the use of meta-analysis to study rare adverse outcomes from
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antibiotics; d. study the effects of tetracycline used to treat acne in a dermatology clinic on antibiotic resistance patterns; and e. study the use of the GPRD Database to explore the epidemiology of drug -resistant pneumococcal pneumonia 4. Conduct an extensive education program, including: i) a Masters in Clinical Epidemiology (MSCE) and PhD pharmacoepidemiology fellowship training program; ii) opportunities for MSCE and PhD students in epidemiology and biostatistics to use existing in-house databases to answer new questions, to participate in ongoing research, and to develop new research projects; iii) courses for university physicians housestaff, nurses, and nursing students; iv) courses for pharmacists and pharmacy students; v) courses for medical students; and vi) a degree credit course in pharmacoepidemiology for MSCE students. 5. Organize and formally disseminate the results of our work, consisting of: publications and presentations for the Scientific/Professional community; ii) the FDA, AHCPR, other CERTs, etc.; and iii) the public, building on the dissemination program of the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CUTANEOUS ONCOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Duvic, Madeleine; Professor and Chief; Dermatology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 14-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: This is a mid-career development award application for Madeleine Duvic, Professor of Medicine and Chief of Dermatology at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. It would support a new program in Cutaneous Oncology and enable her to mentor new Assistant Professors, fellows, residents, and medical students in the field. The applicant has an outstanding track record in conducting patient oriented clinical research and is a leader in developing new therapies for the treatment of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphomas (CTCL). There is an unwavering commitment to the conduct of patient oriented research and mentoring at all levels of career development. The award would free the applicant from half of her current clinical duties, allowing her to spend greater than 60 percent of her time on patient oriented translational retinoid research and mentoring activities. A Clinical Research curriculum, an oncology fellows seminar series, and institutional conferences will enhance further career development of the applicant and students. Two translational research projects are proposed using retinoids for cancer. 1] The loss of a novel class II tumor suppressor, Tazarotene Induced Gene 3 (TIG-3), will be investigated in the development and progression of non-melanoma skin cancers. The finding that TIG-3 is significantly decreased in aggressive versus non-aggressive skin cancer and in basal and squamous carcinomas, compared to paired normal skin will be examined in a larger set of samples and by sequencing cDNAs and by loss of heterozygosity studies. Oral Accutane adjuvant therapy for patients with aggressive tumors may be related to upregulation of TIG-3. 2] Development of molecular markers for Targretin, an experimental RXR selective retinoid, Targretin, will be assessed in the topical and oral treatment of CTCL. Targretin may restore expression of RAR and RXR receptors in epidermis, by altering cytokines and fostering apoptosis of the lymphocytic infiltrates. Patient's skin lesions before and after therapy will be studied using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for retinoid receptors, cytokines, and fas/fas ligand. Genetic basis of large cell progression and gene expression following retinoid therapy will be explored using genomic display and will enhance the training in molecular biology. Understanding the biology of skin cancer and CTCL and the mechanism of novel therapeutic agents should result in the development of better and
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less toxic therapies for cancer. Young physicians and students who receive advanced training in the proper detection, prevention, and treatment of skin cancers will be a resource and may improve outcomes for patients of the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DENVER AUTOIMMUNITY CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kotzin, Brian L.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The proposed Denver Autoimmunity Center of Excellence combines the efforts of investigators with faculty appointments at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Affiliated institutions include the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, the National Jewish Medical and Research Center, the Children's Hospital of Denver, the University Hospital of Denver, the Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, as well as the Denver Arthritis Clinic. Faculty have been recruited from the Departments of Immunology, Pediatrics, Medicine, Neurology, Dermatology, Pathology, and Preventative Medicine/Epidemiology, and the Human Medical Genetics Program. Within the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, subspecialties include endocrinology, rheumatology, clinical immunology, nephrology, pulmonary and gastroenterology. There are unique resources for clinical investigation and strong basic faculty, and in many instances a track record for combining basic and clinical investigation. The proposed Autoimmunity Center includes a strong research and clinical base in type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune skin disease, autoimmune pulmonary diseases as well as other autoimmune disorders. One unique clinical resource involves ongoing studies of newborns from both the general population and relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes who are HLA typed using cord blood and then evaluated prospectively for the development of autoantibodies associated with type 1A diabetes and disease A major strength of the current proposal we believe sit he breadth of work in Denver studying T cell recognition and biology, genetics, and the biology of inflammatory and cytokine mediators. In the current proposal, two clinical trials are proposed. Clinical Project 1 will evaluate subcutaneous insulin vaccination to prevent the appearance of anti-islet autoantibodies in infants at high risk for the development of autoantibodies and disease. Clinical Project 2 will test humanized anti-C5 mAbs in patients with active lupus nephritis. The three proposed basic components are: 1) to define the T cell specificities and distribution of insulin- and islet antigen- reactive T cells in murine models and patients with type 1; diabetes; 2) to determine the effects of inhibition of IL-18 and complement on cytokine patients with type1 diabetes; 2) to determine the effects of inhibition of IL-18 and complement on cytokine production and disease in collageninduced arthritis and rheumatoid synovium; and 3) to define the non- MHC genetic contributions to different clinical subtypes of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome II. The three basic projects will provide important information to design future clinical trials , to monitor the effectiveness of immunologic therapies, and/or provide surrogate markers to correlate with immunologic therapies in autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DERMAL ENDOTHELIAL INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kowalczyk, Andrew P.; Assistant Professor; Dermatology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: This application for a Mentored Research Scientist Development Award is designed to provide the candidate with the opportunity to develop an independent area of research focusing on the molecular and cellular biology of dermal microvascular endothelial intercellular junctions. The research will be carried out at Northwestern University Medical School where the faculty have recognized expertise in the areas of intercellular junction assembly, endothelial cell biology, and dermatology. The formation of adhesive intercellular junctions by vascular endothelium is thought to be critical in the regulation of fluid balance between the plasma and tissue compartments. The loss of this barrier function of endothelial cells is a prevalent feature in numerous pathologies that involve inflammation and edema, and in the skin, this psoriasis and dermatitis. In addition, endothelial intercellular junctions may be regulated during angiogenesis and may provide control over endothelial cell migration into a wound area. Two types of approaches will be taken to investigate endothelial junction assembly. First, specific components of the junctions will be expressed in fibroblasts to reconstitute complexes that may form between proteins during junction assembly. This approach will allow for the identification of protein-protein interactions that can be further investigated using purified proteins in vitro. Secondly, mutants of the endothelial junction proteins will be expressed in endothelial cells to specifically inhibit the function of the endogenous protein and identify the role of each protein in junction assembly. By analyzing mutants that inhibit endothelial junction assembly, the impact of improper junction formation on endothelial cell function will be determined. Emphasis will be placed on understanding how endothelial junctions influence the ability of endothelial cells to function as a barrier to fluid and solutes and how endothelial junctions may regulate migration. It is anticipated that the results of this study will provide fundamental information regarding the altered behavior of endothelial cells in various cutaneous disorders that involve inflammation, edema, or angiogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DERMATOLOGY RESEARCH TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lavker, Robert M.; Professor; Dermatology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: This training program is designed to train dermatologists who desire a thorough grounding in the following broad disciplines: biochemistry, cell biology, enzymology, epidemiology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, molecular biology, morphology, and photobiology; or Ph.D.'s who desire experience in biomedical problems involving skin. We are also requesting for the first time one (1), one year predoctoral training position for students enrolled in the M.D. program who wish to postpone their studies for one year to gain research experience. The basic aim of training to provide an environment in which outstanding fellows can learn to be independent researchers in cutaneous biology. The thrust of our postdoctoral research training is that committed individuals spend a minimum of 2 years in a basic research laboratory and receive general and specialized instruction in the techniques of the laboratory by working on well deemed problem with one or more of the trainers. During this time they are spared from any significant clinical involvement. Trainees can choose from one of the following research areas; cell adhesion, cell proliferation and differentiation, proteinases and their inhibitors, intrinsic and photoaging, cutaneous T- cell lymphoma, pigmented lesions, wound healing, cutaneous microbiology, and gene therapy. Trainees interact predominantly with one investigator, but often are exposed to other laboratories
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due to the nature of the existing collaborations. Although a diversity of research areas exist in the Department of Dermatology, collaboration between trainers is the role, rather than the exception. Over the past 5 years we enrolled 9 men and 1 woman. Of these 10 trainees, 1 held the M.D. degree, 3 were M.D., Ph.D.'s and 6 held Ph.D.'s. The usual M.D. trainee will have 3 years of dermatology training before admission to this program, although in some instances, physicians have spent 2 years on the Training Grant prior to beginning a residency in dermatology. A Ph.D. trainee is usually admitted immediately after receiving his/her degree. Individuals with the combined M.D., Ph.D. have had 3 years of dermatology training, and are admitted to the Training Grant for the purpose of updating their investigative skills. Candidates are carefully selected to include those who have shown considerable interest and commitment to dermatological research and desire to continue in academic dermatology. The primary training facility is the 10,800 square foot Dermatology Research Laboratories, located on the second floor of the Clinical Research Building, and the 3,500 square foot Dermatology Research Laboratories on the Mezzanine of the Stellar-Chance Building of the University of Pennsylvania. Within these facilities there are 12 four hundred square foot individual laboratories, 12 one hundred square foot offices, and core facilities for administrative support, tissue culture, electron microscopy, dish washing and sterilization, and seminars. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DERMATOLOGY TRAINING Principal Investigator & Institution: Olerud, John E.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1975; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract) The purpose of the training program in dermatology is to provide advanced training in basic science research as it relates to the study of the skin. The program is directed towards the training of physician-scientists for academic careers, but will also include Ph.D.'s committed to dermatology and to the study of skin-related problems. The training faculty group have particular expertise in the study of: 1 ) morphologic and biochemical assessment of cutaneous development and repair; 2) keratinocyte-specific proteins and function, 3 ) extracellular matrix metabolism and, 4) structural proteins of the extracellular matrix including elastin, proteoglycans, and collagens. The areas under investigation in these laboratories utilize a variety of approaches involving cell biology, enzymology, protein chemistry, modern molecular biology, gene transfection, immunology, and cell culture. Specialized training in areas not offered by our the staff will be open to the trainees through the close association with the faculty of other departments in the medical school e.g., Dr. Peter Byers, Professor, Dept. of Pathology, Dr. William Carter, Professor, Dept. of Pathobiology and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Karen Stephens, Research Associate Professor, Dept. of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Dr. Curtis Omiecinski, Professor, Dept. of Environmental Health, Dr. Buddy Ratner, Professor Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Dr. Nicole Gibran, Associate Professor, Dept. of Surgery and Dr. Mark Bothwell, Professor, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics. There are research seminars presented by the division as well as seminars offered in a number of associated basic science departments including Biological Structure. The dermatology training grant program is intended to train individuals with a strong commitment to pursue a full-time academic research career. Continued support is requested for 3 postdoctoral trainees who have received the degree of either M.D. or Ph.D. Candidates are selected from the clinical training program and/or from outside applicants applying
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directly to the research program. The training program has developed a program for expanding the pool of qualified minority applicants as well as recruiting and retaining those applicants. Likewise, a program is in place for teaching research integrity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DERMATOLOGY TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Cornelius, Lynn A.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1978; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (taken from application) The basic philosophy of our training program in dermatology is to provide the most outstanding experience at the postdoctoral level in basic and clinical research relating to the skin. The strength of this program resides in its faculty, all of whom have extensive NIH grant support, many of whom are among the world's scientific leaders in their fields, and who possess fundamental expertise in diverse biological problems ranging from matrix metalloproteinases, connective tissue structural proteins, cell-fate choices in development, desmosome structure, genetics, endothelial cell biology, macrophage function, tumor biology, and mechanisms of gene expression. The areas under investigation in our laboratories require diverse scientific approaches involving recombinant DNA technology, the development of 'knockout' and transgenic mice, gene regulation and sequencing, cell culture, enzymology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and protein chemistry (protein structure, peptide synthesis, and crystallography), enabling a trainee to acquire the breadth of knowledge to pursue the best biologic problem in the most creative manner. Furthermore, several of our trainees elect to perform their postdoctoral fellowships in non-dermatology research laboratories in the basic science departments of Washington University School of Medicine. This provides access for such individuals to an even larger group of world-class scientists. These trainees work at the forefront of a basic problem with eventual applications to dermatology. There are weekly research seminars and journal clubs presented by our department as well as seminars offered several times a week by the Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences of the medical school, which add to the trainees' educational experience. In general, the program is of 3 years duration and is aimed at training promising physicians and Ph.D.'s for careers in academic dermatology. Support is requested for 5 postdoctoral trainees and one predoctoral trainee. Candidates are selected from our clinical training program and/or from applicants applying directly to our research program. Criteria for selection include high academic performance, letters of recommendation, curriculum vitae, and most of all, a strong commitment to an academic career in dermatology. This program is intended to continue the training of our specialty's future basic scientists and academicians with unwavering commitment and relentless vigor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DERMATOLOGY TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Edelson, Richard L.; Professor and Chairman; Dermatology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1975; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DERMATOLOGY TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kupper, Thomas S.; Professor and Chair; Dermatology; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1980; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract) The Harvard Medical School Department of Dermatology Training Grant has a history of preparing individuals for careers in biomedical research relevant to the skin. These individuals have held Ph.D.'s, M.D.'s, and M.D./Ph.D.'s, and many have gone on to make contributions to academic dermatology and cutaneous biomedical research. The most recent funding period (1995present) has continued this tradition. Of the nine individuals who have finished their training as of May 1999, eight remain in academic institutions and hold or have pending faculty positions, and five have already successfully competed for extramural funding (including three NIH K08's, one Dermatology Foundation CDA, and one Massachusetts Department of Health Research Grant). All five current trainees will remain in academic medicine for the foreseeable future. The Department of Dermatology at the Harvard Medical School has undergone substantial growth over this same period, and the total annual NIH funding held by faculty members is at an all time high. Research within the Department occurs principally at three sites: The Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Cutaneous Biology Research Center, the Massachusetts General Hospital/Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, and the Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Dermatology Research Laboratories at the Harvard Institutes of Medicine. Faculty from all three sites, as well as additional faculty in clinical and basic science Departments at the Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard College of Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, form the research network that comprises the Harvard Skin Disease Research Center. The Harvard Skin Disease Research Center was just competitively renewed for five years, and continues to be an important resource for training grant faculty and trainees. During the next funding period, the specific aims are: 1) to continue to recruit M.D. and M.D./Ph.D. physician scientists, as well Ph.D.s, who show exceptional promise in academic dermatology and/or skin biology; 2) to continue to broaden and enrich the scope of research and didactic opportunities available to these trainees; and 3) to foster interactions between trainees, advisors, and other faculty as a means of integrating the research experience of trainees across multiple institutions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DERMATOLOGY TRAINING GRANT - GRADUATE RESEARCH TRAINING Principal Investigator & Institution: Epstein, Ervin H.; Research Professor; Dermatology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1976; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (from the application): This application requests five years of continuing support for graduate research training in Dermatology. During the past five years we have evolved a model which has been successful and which we will continue. Specifically, trainees receive two years of clinical training in the Dermatology Department and then enter a research training program that is expected to last long enough to ensure that the trainee is able to compete successfully for independent
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funding of the trainee's own scientific investigation. The first two to three years of training that are supported by this grant are taken under the direction of a mentor selected by the trainee in consultation with the program director and associate director. Trainees are encouraged to seek training in a basic science department laboratory so that they may learn new strategies and insights that they may later apply to the development of new knowledge about human skin and its diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIABETES ENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Sherwin, Robert S.; Professor of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The Yale Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center was established in the Spring of 1993 with the goal of promoting research in diabetes and related metabolic and endocrine disorders at the University. The Center brings together a multidisciplinary group of nearly 100 independent member scientists as well as professional supporting staff, new investigators and research trainees from the Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Immunobiology, Biology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Pharmacology, Surgery, Orthopedics, Neurosurgery, Neurology, Dermatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Diagnostic Radiology and from the Schools of Public Health and Nursing. The Scope of the research activities of the membership is very broad, ranging from basic molecular biology to whole body clinical physiology in diabetic patients. The members, however, share a common interest in research that is related to diabetes or is fundamental to understanding its pathogenesis or for the development of new treatment strategies. The design of the Yale DERC is aimed at developing an infrastructure that could serve as a catalyst to stimulate innovate research. The cornerstone of the Center is its six Research Cores that provide funded basic and clinical investigators with the opportunity to more efficiently utilize resources and expand the scope of their research programs. The Clinical Metabolism Core facilitates metabolic research in patients, whereas the Molecular, Transgenic, Animal Genetics, Animal Physiology and Cell Biology Cores that comprise the Animal Resource Program offer investigators the tools to create and test novel animal models starting from the molecule and ending with the biological outcomes. The Administrative Core oversees the operation of the Center, its Pilot/Feasibility Project and Enrichment Programs, and helps to coordinate patient-based research in diabetes. The goals of the DERC are to: 1) stimulate multidisciplinary interactions, particularly between basic and clinical scientists: 2) efficiently organize time consuming and/or costly techniques through core facilities the enhance the productivity of investigators conducting research in diabetes related areas; 3) promote new research program through pilot feasibility projects; 4) enhance the quality of research training, and 5) create an institutional environment that amplifies and expands research efforts in diabetes or related metabolic and endocrine disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DRUG DEPENDENCE CLINICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, Reese T.; Professor of Psychiatry; Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: We propose a P30 center to enhance and extend the effectiveness of currently funded human laboratory and treatment clinical research on the clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapy of abused drugs. Our approach is multi-disciplinary, including investigators from psychiatry, psychopharmacology, clinical psychology, neurology, general internal medicine and clinical pharmacology, toxicology, dermatology, genetics, pediatrics, pharmacy, organic, medicinal and analytical chemistry, and statistics. The research focuses on the clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapy of stimulant drugs; cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine. Individually funded projects enhanced the center's core resources include studies of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine, nicotine kinetics in twin studies to investigate genetic susceptibility to nicotine addiction, pharmacokinetics of cocaine and methamphetamine in skin and hair with particular attention to understanding mechanisms for individual differences, innovative pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction, and isradipine pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine addiction. The research involves only human subjects. This application requests support for a shared administrative and laboratory research infrastructure. Our aims are: 91) To provide a state-of-the-art analytical and synthetic chemistry resource for collaborative projects. (2) To provide administrative coordination and a resource for preparation of manuscripts, IRB submissions, grant applications fro data processing, and report preparation, coordination of research seminars, and other teaching and communication activities, grant management, and to carry out other administrative services required by the research teams. (3) To provide statistical services, particularly advice on study design and data analysis. The aim of the P30 center is to provide a facility with adequate administrative and scientific resources with stability of support and continuity as individually funded scientific projects change and evolve over time. This facility will be a cost-effective shared resource and will foster a synergistic approach and enhanced funded research to further our understanding of the clinical pharmacology of human psychoactive drug use, its health consequences and its management. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FIBRONECTIN INTEGRATION
MEDIATED
CELL
MIGRATION:
SIGNAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ren, Xiang-Dong D.; Dermatology; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract): The candidate has a M.D. and a Ph.D. degree, and was recently appointed Assistant Professor of Research, Dermatology. The candidate is commiitted to biomedical research related to the wound healing process. The candidate's long term goal is to independently direct biomedical research in an academic setting. Fibronectin (FN) is critical for wound healing largely by promoting mesenchymal cell migration into the wound. Several domains of FN interact with their respective cell receptors that include integrins and non-integrin receptors such as syndecan-4. The interaction of FN central cell binding domain with alpha5beta integrin mediates most of FNs cell adhesion activity. However, data indicate that efficient migration of dermal fibroblasts over FN requires additional domains, namely the major heparin-binding (Hep-II) domain and the IIICS domain. How these domains cooperate to achieve maximal cell migration is not clear. The goal of this study is to understand the effect of FN domains on cell motility by studying the underlying signal-transduction pathways and their integration. The Rho family of small GTPases plays an important
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role in regulating cell migration. Preliminary data indicate that the cell-binding domain and the heparin-binding domain of FN have opposing effect on Rho activity, indicating the two domains converge their signals at the level of Rho activity. Interaction of FNs cell-binding domain with integrins activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which facilitates focal adhesion turnover and cell migration via inhibition of Rho. Strong inhibition of Rho, however, impairs cell migration as Rho-generated contractile force is required for migration. Elevation of Rho activity by the heparin-binding domain of FN leads to a dynamic balance of Rho activity. Therefore the mechanisms of Rho regulation by FN domains, and the migration-related signals by the IIICS domain will be studied. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which FN supports cell migration is intended to facilitate the development of new therapeutic interventions to help control wound healing and other pathological conditions such as tumor metastasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION OF FCERI ON EPIDERMAL LANGERHANS CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Borkowski, Teresa A.; Professor; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate is an assistant professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins and has commenced the fourth year of this KO8 research program. This application constitutes a request for the fifth year of funding. Langerhans cells (LC) are the principal antigen presenting cells in the skin and part of the network of professional antigen presenting cells. They are responsible for primary and secondary immune T cell responses. Recently the high affinity receptor of IgE (FcERI) has been identified on LC. FcERI complex plays a central role in allergic inflammation. While the function of FcERI in the degranulation of mast cells and basophils is well documented, little is known about the function of this receptor on antigen presenting cells. The aims of this proposal are: 1) To create a model system to study the role of FcERI on Langerhans cells and dendritic cells. 2) To determine the phenotype and changes induced in epidermal Langerhans cells following the ligation of FcERI, and 3) To determine in vivo and in vitro the functional changes induced in epidermal Langerhans cells following the ligation of FcERI. Related studies will determine if FcERI on LC plays a role in the polarization of T cells towards a Th2 phenotype. The studies proposed will be conducted in vitro, and in vivo using a unique transgenic murine model. Unlike human epidermal LC, FcERI is not expressed on murine epidermal LC. However, the mouse that is transgenic for human FcERI alpha (developed by the sponsor) expresses FcERI on epidermal LC. Thus, this mouse is uniquely suited for the study of FcERI on epidermal Langerhans cells in a murine system. Since LC occur in small numbers in human epidermis, a murine model may be the only meaningful way to study this receptor. This tansgenic mouse is exclusively available in the Laboratory of Jean-Pierre Kinet M.D., the candidate's sponsor. For this reason, the performance site of this grant is The Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA. Preliminary studies of phenotype have determined that IgE regulates the expression of FcEl on Langerhans cells and that up-regulation is independent of transcriptional regulation or signaling. The studies proposed here will further explore the mechanisms of upregulation. Preliminary functional studies indicated a need to cross the human alpha transgenic mouse onto a murine alpha knock-out background. Mice are now backcrossed 9 generations, and studies of function may proceed. A fifth year is requested to complete the specific aims indicated above. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldsmith, Lowell A.; Professor and Chair; None; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-OCT-1974; Project End 30-NOV-2000 Summary: Since 1960, the University of Rochester GCRC has fostered productive, hypothesis-driven, investigator-initiated clinical research. During the last 5 years, center investigators have published more than 200 peer- reviewed research publications focusing on such diverse areas as Infectious Diseases, Environmental Medicine, Geriatrics, Dermatology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Cardiology, Parkinson's Disease, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Neonatology. Moreover, usage has grown and initiatives in genetics and gene therapy have been attracted to the Center. The present application contains diverse projects from medical school and nursing school faculty. The proposed projects expand ongoing studies in AIDS, aging, environmental exposures, muscular dystrophy, Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's Disease, diabetes, obesity, oncology, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and the epidemiology of pediatric infectious diseases. New initiatives include protocols to study genetics, utilize gene therapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer, and better understand posthepatectomy liver regeneration. The University of Rochester Investigators are well-funded, making the GCRC a productive and fertile research environment. This proposal also includes a major series of new educational initiatives which should particularly assist young investigators and attract new investigators. Supporting the proposed protocols are facilities that include: The Core Laboratory (RIA, HPLC, Mass Spectroscopy, and Body Composition); CDMAS, Nutrition, and a stable, well-trained, research nursing staff: In addition, the Rochester Area Pepper Center (Geriatrics), the Cancer Center, and the AIDS center will continue to integrate their programs with the GCRC to optimize realization of the full clinical research potential of the University environment. Thus, the Rochester GCRC supports a cadre of proven, productive and innovative researchers that should continue to make major contributions to our understanding of clinical disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Edelman, Norman H.; Professor of Medicine & Dean; Medicine; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-JUN-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: This is a resubmission of a competitive application for funding for the General Clinical Research Center at University Hospital, a part of the Medical Center of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. The primary objective of the Unit is to provide an environment that fosters clinical investigation and education. It will offer resources such as space, hospitalization costs, laboratories, equipment and supplies for clinical research by any qualified member of the faculty in the School of Medicine. In this resubmission application we have a diversity of Departments who will be utilizing the GCRC including Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Neurology, Dermatology and Orthopedics. The criteria for use of the Center include quality and significance of the research, the special need for Center resources, as well as the collective justification for personnel or facilities. The Center will serve as a resource for teaching students, stimulating interest in academic medicine and developing new methodology in patient diagnostics and therapeutics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC MECHANISMS IN SKIN DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bickers, David R.; Carl Truman Nelson Professor/Chair; Dermatology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-MAY-1997; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests a renewal of funding for a training program in Investigative Dermatology at Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons. The program is designed to produce independent investigators capable of designing and executing programs of excellence in dermatological research, both basic and clinically-oriented. This program rests on a foundation of well-funded research in the biology of skin diseases that includes 15 investigators with diverse areas of expertise, and $11,937,586 of annual direct costs from the National Institutes of Health. The participating faculty have research programs that include direct dermatological applications, and many have collaborative relationships with each other and within the University. Seven trainers are within the Department of Dermatology and eight other are from outside departments. The participating faculty also has strong training records for both pre-doctoral and postdoctoral candidates. State of the art technology is being used by all investigators to study some of the most complex problems in investigative dermatology at the mechanistic level. The training program has two specific aims: first, to give trainees a broad perspective on current knowledge and the major questions facing investigative dermatology; second to offer a wide choice of research training opportunities in investigative dermatology, using a variety of model systems, that will allow the development of a hypothesis-driven, mechanistically oriented research program suited to the individual trainee. The participating investigators are qualified to provide training in the different aspects of cutaneous biology and have well-developed research programs. Trainees will be selected on the basis of academic excellence, investigative ability, and commitment to a career in investigative dermatology. Selection will be made by a steering committee that will also monitor their progress. Interactions between investigators and trainees will be fostered during weekly and monthly research meetings where both trainers and trainees will present the results of experiments. While training in the Department of Dermatology, trainees will be enriched by the milieu of the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University. Finally, the research training experience of chosen candidates will include instruction in the responsible conduct of research as well as written and oral presentation of their work. In summary, they have a goal to capitalize on the strengths of the funded investigators in the Department of Dermatology, as well as the University, to provide trainees with a mentorship experience that is likely to lead to a career in investigative dermatology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENISTEIN IN INVESTIGATIVE AND CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wei, Huachen; Associate Professor/Director; Dermatology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (applicant's description) This application proposes to test the hypothesis that genistein, a soybean isoflavone, inhibits ultraviolet radiation {UVR)-induced pyrimidine dimers and oxidative DNA damage, and modulates UVR activated signal transduction cascades, thereby suppressing the initiation and promotion of photocarcinogenesis. The
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first aim of the project is to determine if pre- or post-application of genistein prevents UVR-induced skin carcinogenesis. Genistein will be topically applied to hairless mice during exposure to UVR. The protective efficacy will be evaluated by analyzing the latency period, tumor incidence and multiplicity. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of genistein on initiation, promotion, and progression of UVR-induced skin carcinogenesis. Genistein will be topically applied to mouse skin before an initiating dose of UVR, followed by TPA promotion, or applied before UV irradiation in DMBA initiated mouse skin. UVR-chemical combination models will be used to dissect the antiinitiation or anti-promotion effects of genistein on the UVR exposure. The antiprogression effect will be evaluated by applying genistein to existing cutaneous tumors and recording the tumor regression and malignant conversion rate. The third aim is to examine if genistein inhibits UVR-induced intermediate endpoints relevant to initiation and promotion, e.g. DNA photoproducts, oxidative DNA damage, inflammatory responses, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) induction and protooncogene expression in vivo. The fourth aim is to further elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) whereby genistein inhibits photocarcinogenesis in vitro. The effect of genistein on UVR-induced activation of tyrosine protein/mitogen activated protein kinases, phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor as well as activation of the AP-1 transcription factor in murine and human keratinocytes will be examined. Lastly, the applicant will evaluate the efficacy of genistein in protection of UVR-induced erythema and discomfort in the skins of human subjects. In addition, certain molecular endpoints such as 8-OHdG, pyrimidine dimers, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression will be detected in human skin biopsies and the reconstituted 3-dimensional human skin. Successful completion of the proposed studies will contribute to development of this soybean isoflavone as a preventive and/or therapeutic agent against human skin cancer and photodamage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HAND-HELD CLINICAL/SURGICAL USE
CONFOCAL
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Rajadhyaksha, Milind M.; Lucid Technologies, Inc. 235 Middle Rd Henrietta, Ny 14467 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 14-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Design of a real-time line-scanning near-infrared hand-held confocal microscope is proposed, for the examination of histopathology in two situations: tissue in vivo (for clinical screening and diagnostics) and intra-surgically exposed tissue (to detect cancer lobules including cancer-to-normal tissue margins). In Phase I, a prototype will be built and tested for specifications that will cover the two applications: deep (100-500 microns) imaging of nuclear and cellular detail at high (1-5 microns) resolution, and superficial (10-100 microns) imaging of cancer lobules at moderate (5-10 microns) resolution. The imaging performance will be tested within skin, and include comparison of confocal images to histology. The first application is for skin disease/cancer (dermatology) but other tissues will be subsequently imaged as well. hi Phase Ii, the prototype will be packaged into a robust, user-friendly, inexpensive handheld confocal microscope, and deployed at several hospitals for clinical and intrasurgical studies. Confocal imaging can potentially develop into a noninvasive method for examination of pathology in vivo. The intended users are physicians and surgeons, and the potential benefits to the patient are: painless (no biopsy or scarring), fast, less expensive and therefore significantly improved healthcare. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The hand-held confocal microscope will be used by primary care
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physicians, specialists such as dermatologists and otolaryngologists, surgeons in all specialties, and their supporting staff. When linked into a global telepathology network, the confocal images will be managed by pathologists. At a price of $10-20K, this technology linked with telemedicine will serve a world-wide market including developing and under-developed countries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNE DETERMINANTS TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL COINFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Montaner, Luis J.; Associate Professor of Immunology; Wistar Institute Philadelphia, Pa 191044268 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-range goal of this application is to determine the factors that predict the manner in which pathogenesis develops during poly-microbial infections. The short-term goal of this project will be to determine the manner in which BCG-associated inflammation and its modulation of antigen presenting cells affects a new immune response to a vaccine antigen delivered as and inactivated organism. Our preliminary studies support our goals and application by establishing a link between innate DC dysfunction and lower adaptive responses to vaccine antigens delivered as an inactivated organism during an ongoing bacterial infection. Based on our preliminary observations, we hypothesize that a decreased potential to develop protective immune responses during Mycobacterial infection is due to a cyclic period of down-regulation of accessory cell function and a decrease of CD11c cell subsets. We will test this hypothesis by defining immune correlates and gene expression patterns within CD11c+ and CD11b+ accessory cell subsets during BCG infection through [1] longitudinal analysis of the changes in B-cell proliferation, T -cell activation, DC cell subsets, DC activation (CD86, CD80, CD40, CD95, MHC-II) and function (MLR, endocytosis, TLR-4 induced IL-12p70, IL-I0, TNF-a secretion), and RNA gene expression of sorted CD11c+CD11b+ or CD 11c+CD 11 b+ DC subsets from longitudinal time points by cDNA microarrays of un-stimulated and in vitro stimulated cultures; and [2] establishing the biological impact of accessory cell changes due to primary BCG infection on the development of secondary anti-flu responses by analysis of the development and recruitment of antiviral humoral and cell-mediated immune memory responses acquired through UV inactivated Influenza A/PR8 vaccination of naive or BCG-infected animals at weekly intervals throughout BCG infection. We apply a vaccine approach within an on-going bacterial infection as a surrogate method to elicit a primary immune response and its associated memory pools with minimal pathology or additional pathogen co-factors. We will compare morbidity and mortality outcomes to developing antiviral immune responses following live challenge of animals having received vaccination against Influenza A/PR8 at different periods of BCG infection and clearance. Completion of this application will provide identify innovative targets for increased susceptibility to bacterial/viral co-infections by addressing understudied areas of innate immunity and chronic inflammation as central factors to decreased adaptive responses and protective immunity. This application represents a collaborative effort by The Wistar Institute and the Department of Dermatology, and the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics from the University of Pennsylvania. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bellgrau, Donald L.; Professor and Program Leader; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1988; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The overall goal of the Program in Immunology and Immunotherapy is to understand the basic elements of immunity and the mechanisms by which cancer cells evade the immune system so that new intervention strategies can be developed to reduce the cancer burden. This is accomplished programmatically by fostering collaborations and encouraging a broad range of investigations into the connections between immunity and cancer. The University of Colorado Cancer Center leadership reorganized the structure of the Cancer Center in 1998 and 1999 in order to better promote translational research and collaborations, and to strengthen the cancer focus. The old Melanoma and Neuro-oncology focus groups from Adult Clinical Oncology were combined with the Immunology Program to form the new Immunology and Immunotherapy Program. As a consequence, the Program in Immunology and Immunotherapy now has 35 full members holding primary appointments in the Departments of Cell and Structural Biology, Dermatology, Immunology, Medicine, Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Surgery. The group includes the Chair of the Department of Immunology and three members of the National Academy of Sciences. Program members have nearly $12 million in annual direct costs from more than ninety grants. Since the last review, there has been an increase in grants from all agencies, especially the NCI, and NIH. Program members contributed 250 publications, approximately 40 percent involving collaborations with two or more Cancer Center members as authors. Program project initiatives in bone marrow transplantation, melanoma therapy, and control of cell death and differentiation were undertaken. Recruitment of new faculty with interests in human tumor immunology and immunotherapy has been initiated. The Cancer Center provided seed funding to support pilot projects that might evolve into a program project application. Clinical trials in breast, brain, and skin cancer immunotherapy are underway, and promising pre-clinical studies on lung cancer treatment have been made. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPROVING RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MELANOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Colditz, Graham A.; Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The overarching goals of this Project are (1) to utilize our epidemiological understanding of cutaneous melanoma in order to create clinical and population risk estimation and risk stratification and (2) to translate these modeling approaches into patient care in an active clinical setting We will explore different risk modeling approaches to better inform primary and secondary prevention strategies. This will lead t stratification for prevention trials, including chemoprevention when agents become available for clinical applications. Extensive epidemiological data from the Nurses' Health Study (121,700 women followed from 1976 to 2000), Health Professionals Followup Study (52,000 men followed from 1986 to 2000), and Nurses' Health Study II (116,000 women followed from 1989 to 2001) provide a rich resource on risk factors and the incidence of melanoma in over 230,000 women and 50,000 men. None of these cohorts
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has funding to evaluate melanoma risk. Given the unique size and scope of these cohorts, we will examine the ability of risk models to classify individuals with regard to risk of melanoma, and we will evaluate if such a classification of risk can be clinically useful in determining primary prevention strategies and in directing the level of screening surveillance. Based on the above, our specific aims are as follows. We will construct statistical models for melanoma risk, incorporating traditional epidemiological risk factors to stratify population subgroups based on risk We will construct separate models for women (combining data from the HS and NHS II cohorts) and women. We will construct separate models for women (combining data from the NHS and NHS II cohorts) and men. We will evaluate the models with respect to both goodness of fit (i.e., predicting incidence in subgroups) and discriminatory accuracy at the individual level, and will evaluate the additional discriminatory accuracy gained by including additional risk factors, including genetic markers. Using results from Aims 1 and 2 above, we will evaluate the potential public health effectiveness, in terms of reduction in disease burden, associated with various high-risk and population-based primary and secondary prevention strategies. Using results from Aims 1 and 2 above, we will test the hypothesis the individual risk awareness will lead to risk-minimizing behaviors. We will perform these studies at the adult general dermatology clinics affiliated with Harvard Medical School Department of Dermatology (i.e. Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITION OF MONOCYTE TGFB1-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilliam, Anita C.; Associate Professor; Dermatology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 14-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The candidate, Anita C. Gilliam, is a junior faculty member on tenure track in Dermatology at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), where she is developing a research career in molecular mechanisms of autoimmune disease. The proposed work draws on her experience in molecular biology and cutaneous immunobiology, and requests support for a mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award to acquire new expertise in monocyte biology under the mentorship of Dr. Kevin D. Cooper (Dermatology). The research environment, resources, and opportunities for career development at CWRU are superb, with CWRU School of Medicine recently listed as one of the top 10 research institutions in the country, and the Department of Dermatology as the top US program in NIH funding. The candidate's immediate goals are to develop the animal model in the proposed work into a vehicle useful for testing of interventions in scleroderma; long term goals are to develop the science of cutaneous monocyte biology and gene transfer in autoimmune disease as an independently funded investigator in an outstanding research environment. The proposal involves the study of systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology characterized by altered humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and excessive deposition of collagen in viscerae and skin, which is thought to be driven by activated monocytes making TGFbeta. We have characterized a very promising murine model for scleroderma that recapitulates many important features of scleroderma. Hypothesis: Monocytes are critical effector cells in Scl GVHD. TGF -beta1 is a major fibrogenic cytokine driving skin fibrosis in mice with Scl GVHD; TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 play minor if any roles in this cutaneous fibrosis. Skin fibrosis can be inhibited by: 1) antibodies to TGF-beta, 2), and latency associated peptide (LAP), a naturally occurring antagonist for TGF-beta. Specific Aim 1: To investigate the mechanism and sequence of
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early critical events leading to skin fibrosis in animals with Scl GVHD to better understand the pathophysiology of fibrosing disease and to devise novel focused interventions. Establishing the critical parameters of monocyte influx into skin, production of fibrogenic TGFbeta, and upregulation of proalpha(I) collagen mRNA synthesis provides a foundation for in vivo focused interventions. Specific Aim II: To further characterize in vivo interventions that inhibit TGFbeta1 in Scl GVHD. We have shown in preliminary experiments that TGF-beta LAP and antibodies to TGF-beta inhibit skin fibrosis in animals with Scl GVHD. Further characterization of these observations have high relevance to our understanding of basic monocyte biology, to the TGFbeta-driven fibrosing process in the animal model and in the autoimmune disease scleroderma, and potentially to the treatment of scleroderma and human graft versus host disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTEGRATIVE IMMUNOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Scheuermann, Richard H.; Director; Center for Immunology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of the Integrative Immunology Training Program at U.T. Southwestern is to provide comprehensive training of predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows in the conduct of modem immunology research. The goal is to produce sophisticated and highly trained scientists who are capable of developing research programs to investigate normal immune system function and the defects in immune system function that contribute to human disease. This goal is achieved through an integrated combination of training activities that includes formal advanced coursework in Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Genetic Manipulation of the Immune System, Tumor Immunology and Bioinformatics, research fellowship proposal development and oral defense in the form of a Qualifying Exam, regular Works-in-Progress seminars, teaching opportunities, career development programs and interdisciplinary laboratory research. The training program revolves around the Immunology Graduate Program, one of the eight graduate programs in the Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology at U.T. Southwestern. The training program includes thirty-two faculty from several departments/divisions on campus, including Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology, Cancer Immunology, Rheumatology, Neurology, Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Ophthalmology. Research projects pursued in the participating laboratories include investigations of the cellular, molecular and genetic determinants of the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis; mechanisms of natural killer cell activation and killing; complexities of antigen processing and presentation; mechanisms of tumor cell homing and migration; regulation of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo; regulation of normal lymphocyte development and migration; signal transduction in normal and malignant lymphocytes; immune response to HIV and other infectious agents; and development of anti-tumor immunotoxins. The rationale for this training program reflects the need for research scientists with training in immunology given that the immune system plays both positive and negative roles in a variety of human diseases and clinical situations, including cancer prevention and treatment, organ transplantation, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency and infectious disease. With this submission, this training program enters its 27th year of training excellence. Our previous trainees have left the program with strong publications records to excellent research positions in academia and industry. The leadership positions held by many of
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our faculty and previous trainees reflect the high quality of the training program provided. PARTICIPATING FACULTY: The 32 training faculty include 14 professors, 6 associate professors, and 9 assistant professors. 10 of the training faculty are women. All of the faculty are at the University of Texas Southwestern. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERDISCIPLINARY BASIC RESEARCH IN DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dale-Crunk, Beverly A.; Professor; Oral Biology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1978; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The Interdisciplinary Basic Research in Dermatology Program has two fundamentally related goals: to expand the understanding of the structure, function and differentiation of normal skin, and to understand the molecular pathobiology of selected inherited disorders of the epidermis, dermis and dermal-epidermal junction. The five integrated projects and three Core facilities share strategies, reagents and personnel to pursue these objectives. The integrating theme of the projects is a molecular and genetic approach to understanding how skin is formed, how epidermis differentiates, and how mutations alter the processing of mRNA, protein interactions, and matrix formation. In Project 1 (Dale) the central questions concern the manner in which filaggrin contributes to terminal differentiation of epidermis, including cell death. In Project 2 (Stephens) the major themes concern the keratin filaments, how the component molecules interact with their partners and other cellular components, and the manner in which mutations in keratin genes alter interactions among these molecules to alter cell structure and influence epidermal differentiation. In Project 3 (Byers) the central questions concern how mutations in collagen genes alter mRNA processing and intracellular transport of molecules that contain the altered gene products. For Project 4 (Piepkorn) the central theme is the manner in which epidermal growth and differentiation are mediated by autocrine mechanisms, the factors involved in autocrine signaling, and how altered responses to these signals may induce aberrations in epidermal proliferation or differentiation. Finally, in Project 5 (Carter) the focus is on how hemidesmosomes and adhesion complexes function and transmit signals for homeostasis, growth, wound repair, and differentiation in response to the environment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanifin, Jon M.; Professor; National Eczema Assn for Science & Educ for Science and Education Portland, or 97205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: This conference is being convened to bring together an international group of investigators in the field of atopic dermatitis. The objectives of the Symposium are to: 1) Provide a forum for presenting and discussing important research on atopic dermatitis (AD); 2) Assemble a cadre of recognized international experts from the fields of dermatology, allergy, molecular genetics, epidemiology and immunobiology to develop a comprehensive overview of the condition at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and population levels; 3) Encourage agreement on definitions and criteria for future genetic, epidemiologic and clinical investigations; 4) Identify a list of key research topics that deserve priority consideration by NIH Institutes, investigators. and public/ private sector funders; 5) Examine the impact of atopic disease on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of occupational dermatoses, specifically allergic contact dermatitis/hand eczema;
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6) Improve the public awareness regarding the scope and prevalence of AD and the range of therapeutic options that are currently available to treat the condition in all of its clinical manifestations. Provide particular emphasis on the special problems faced by non-Caucasian populations with eczema/atopic dermatitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IU MEDICAL CENTER/INDIANAPOLIS NETWORK FOR PATIENT CARE: Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdonald, Clement J.; Director; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (adapted from the Abstract): Investigators at Regenstrief Institute/Indiana University have spent more than a quarter century building an integrated information system at a large academic medical center. In the process, these investigators have proven the benefits of these systems in multiple clinical trials and have been instrumental in the development of medical data exchange standards necessary to such integration efforts. Clinicians rely on the Regenstrief Medical Record System to provide patient data captured by three hospitals on the Indiana University Medical Center campus and over 30 Indianapolis clinics. The investigators have recently worked closely with the five major Indianapolis hospitals to build a significantly expanded data repository of laboratory data and encounter data in an attempt to improve the care of Emergency Department patients. As a means of ensuring the future vitality of the system and its continued clinical and research contributions, we propose to develop a long-term plan and the necessary organizational structure to implement such plans. Dramatic changes in local healthcare systems, rapid technologic advances, and concurrent funded projects of other schools on the Indiana University campus make this an ideal time for planning activities. Promising opportunities exist to collaborate with community hospitals, radiology, cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, our medical library system, genetics department and the Indianapolis campus of Indiana University. We have identified those committees critical to the planning process and will work to accomplish two modest operational goals during this planning project period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANICAL STRESS AND THE HEAT-TREATMENT OF SOFT TISSUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Humphrey, Jay D.; Professor; Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The ever-increasing clinical use of heat to treat disease and injury has been driven primarily by advances in laser, micro-wave, radiofrequency and similar technologies, not a fundamental understanding of the biothermomechanics. Heat is used, e.g., in cardiology, dermatology, gynecology, oncology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, and urology. Recent uniaxial studies in our lab reveal that whereas increasing temperature hastens the thermal-damage process, increased loading during heating delays it. Fortunately, the potential complexity of this coupling is simplified by our discovery of a 1-0 time-temperature-load equivalency. The same outcome can be achieved via a multitude of different combinations of heating and
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mechanical loads if the duration of a non-dimensional (scaled) heating time is the same. This scaling is done by dividing the actual heating time by a temperature- and loaddependent characteristic time, which exhibits an Arrhenius behavior. This reveals that loading influences the process via the activation entropy, not energy. No prior clinical trial of a heating device or strategy has accounted for this coupling. Without such information, optimization will remain elusive. Note, therefore, that most tissues and organs are subjected to multiaxial stresses, thus there is a need to quantify the effects of multiaxial stresses on the thermal process as well as the effects of thermal damage on the multiaxial mechani-cal properties. No such data are available. Rather than focusing on a particular clinical protocol, the goal of this work is to assess the biaxial thermomechanics of collagenous membranes. We shall focus on collagen since it is the primary structural protein in the body, and thus it is present in most tissues that are heat-treated clinically and it is responsible for most of the post-heating structural integrity. Achieving our aims will have much broader impact, however. We recently showed that data from the literature on cell death and the denaturation of other proteins exhibit the same characteristic time-temperature equivalency that we discovered via tests on collagen -- we expect the current findings to similarly provide qualitative insight into the multiaxial thermomechanical behavior of many tissues. The possible multiaxial states of stress that can exist in vivo, or that can be induced by clinical interventions, is almost unlimited. We submit that the most prudent approach to developing a multiaxial theory that has broad predictive capabil-ity is to perform a broad series of isothermal biaxial-isotonic and isothermal biaxial-isometric tests. These data will be sufficient to formulate the requisite constitutive relations, which in turn will be evaluated further using data from combined isometric and isotonic test conditions and non-isothermal heatings. These consitutive relations will allow future evaluation of candidate protocols, from which the most promising can be chosen for animal testing I clinical trials. Without a firmer understanding of the effects of multiaxial stress on thermal-damage processes, we will continue to evaluate particular clinical devices and strategies by trial-and-error. There is a need for a firmer scientific understanding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MELANOMA CHEMOPREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Dellavalle, Robert P.; Dermatology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is rising faster than any other cancer in the US. 1 in 74 Americans will develop melanoma, more than 45,000 cases will be diagnosed, and more than 7,500 Americans will die from melanoma this year. Effective prevention of melanoma will not only save lives, but will also decrease the estimated one billion dollars spent annually treating melanoma in the US. There is currently no recognized chemoprevention for melanoma. Two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, the VA-HIT Study utilizing gemfibrozil, and the AFCAPS Study utilizing lovastatin, have each reported an association of lipidlowering medication therapy with statistically significant lower melanoma incidence rates. Lovastatin inhibits melanoma cell growth in tissue culture, and mice Jed lovastatin develop lower lung metastases following tail vein injection with mouse B16 melanoma cells. More recently low concentrations of atorvastatin have been reported to specifically induce apoptosis and inhibit migration of human A375 melanoma cells but not cultured melanocytes. To investigate the unconventional hypothesis that lipid-lowering medications might prevent melanoma, a case-control study will be conducted utilizing
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Veterans Administration (VA) databases to answer the following question: Do persons who have developed cutaneous malignant melanoma have a history of less lipidlowering medication exposure than persons who are spared the disease? The answer to this question will help determine whether more expensive and labor intensive randomized prospective clinical trials of potentially teratogenic lipid-lowering medications should be initiated in persons at high risk of developing melanoma. Robert Dellavalle, MD, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Dermatology at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and a staff dermatologist at the Denver VA medical center He is committed to a career in academic dermatology and public health. His current career goals are completing a Masters of Science in Public Health and becoming an independent researcher in skin cancer prevention and control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROMACHINED SINGLE CRYSTALS FOR HF TRANSDUCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hackenberger, Wesley S.; President; Trs Technologies, Inc. State College, Pa 16801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): High frequency ultrasound is needed for high resolution imaging applications in dermatology, ophthalmology, intravascular imaging, and laproscopy. The purpose of the proposed effort will be to develop a novel lithography-based micromachining method for single crystal piezoelectrics in order to fabricate 2-2 and 1-3 composite transducers capable of operating at frequencies from 20 MHz to greater than 50 MHz. Single crystal piezoelectrics have considerably higher piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling factors than PZT ceramics, and as a result they are being used to fabricate ultrasound transducers with unprecedented bandwidth and sensitivity. Application of single crystal piezoelectrics to high frequency transducers is expected to result in devices with much larger depths of field, limits on which are a significant draw back for existing high frequency transducers. In addition use of single cyrstals, as opposed to ceramic, allows fabrication by lithography based micromachining methods. Thus, very fine featured crystal-polymer composite transducers can be easily fabricated at reasonable cost. In this program both wet etching and reactive ion etching will be investigated as methods for micromaching 2-2 and 1-3 crystal-polymer composite structures for ultrasound transducers. The resulting transducers are expected to have bandwidths in excess of 100% with sensitivities even better than current ceramic transducers operated below 20 MHz. This would be an unprecedented advance for high frequency ultrasound imaging and would lead to greatly improved diagnostic capability in applications ranging form early stage glaucoma detection to biopsy or melanoma tumor histology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF BASIC CELL FUNCTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sonenshein, Abraham L.; Molecular Biol & Microbiology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1975; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Continued support is requested for an interdepartmental training program in genetics of basic cell functions. The emphasis is on rigorous training focused on studies of basic cell processes, such as chromosome replication and segregation, cell growth and division, regulation of gene expression, cellular differentiation, and host-parasite interactions. This training program has been
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the beneficiary of continuous support from NIGMS since 1975. In the present application, support is requested for six predoctoral trainees per year for a period of five years. The 19 members of the training faculty are from the Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Dermatology, and Medicine. They are highly interactive and dedicated to close, joint supervision and mentoring of graduate students. Their laboratories are fully equipped for modern molecular genetics research and have direct access to more sophisticated equipment in shared facilities. Past trainees include leading researchers in academia and industry. The training program is administered by the Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences. Starting with a pool of about 140 applicants, the graduate program annually admits 7-8 new students, of whom 70-80% are typically eligible for training grant support. The program has been successful in attracting an unusual number of students from underrepresented minority groups, all of whom have been supported by this training grant. Of the 167 students admitted since the inception of the graduate program in 1964, 108 have graduated with the Ph.D. degree and 9 with the MS degree. Forty-one students are currently in training. Seven of the current students are from underrepresented minority groups. Nearly all graduates of the program have obtained high-quality postdoctoral appointments and are still active as researchers, as teachers, or in allied fields. Entering students take required courses in Genetic Analysis and Biochemistry and pursue 9-week rotation projects in four different laboratories. At the end of the first academic year, they choose a thesis supervisor and begin thesis research. Student progress during the first year is monitored closely by the faculty as a whole and thereafter by the thesis advisory committee. In the second and third years, the students complete required and elective coursework and prepare a research proposal (unrelated to their thesis topic) as a Ph.D. qualifying examination. All students are required to complete a seminar course in scientific ethics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE KERATODERMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Christiano, Angela M.; Associate Professor; Dermatology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-MAR-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The Department of Dermatology at Columbia University is applying for research salary support for Dr. Angela M. Christiano. She is an Assistant Professor who devotes a significant proportion of her time to laboratory research. The remainder of her time is spent in consultation with clinicians concerning cases of genodermatoses, and in teaching activities, both within and outside the Department. She has taken on extensive teaching and clinical responsibilities, and at the same time, successfully established three novel research initiatives. The overall goal of her laboratory work is the genetic basis, prevention, and treatment of inherited skin disorders, and she has chosen several new model systems, one of which revolves around the molecular basis of inherited keratodermas, and is the subject of this application. At Columbia, she has also extended her earlier work in prenatal testing and initiated the first program for preimplantation diagnosis of inherited skin disorders. She anticipates that these new avenues of investigation will lead to significant advances in both the prevention and treatment of genetic skin disorders in the future. Dr. Christiano is entirely committed to a career as an independent scientist in an academic medical center, and as a young investigator, has already made substantial contributions to the fields of dermatology and cutaneous biology. Dr. Christiano has published seventy-nine peer-reviewed publications and thirty reviews in the area of inherited skin disorders, and she serves as the co-editor of
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the journal Experimental Dermatology. Dr. Christiano is at a critical juncture in her career development as a young investigator. She must establish her independence and obtain research funding in the most challenging of environments. Furthermore, the eventual goal of her research, that of genetic therapy, is one which will demand unforeseen scientific and technical skills. This award will permit a period of intensive focus on the development of these new technologies as derived from the basic molecular biology of skin disorders, and extend the studies outlined in this proposal. An immediate period of protected and undistracted time will provide her with a maximum opportunity for success as an independent scientist, and allow her to acquire the necessary skills to become a leader in contemporary translational research. Dr. Christiano has successfully bridged the gap between basic scientists and clinicians, and therefore, she is in great demand as both a consultant for patients with genetic skin disorders in the clinical setting, and as an educator who can teach basic science in a clinical framework. The salary support requested will allow her to devote significantly more time to laboratory research, and decrease the amount of time she spends in educational responsibilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NIAMS-RESEARCH TRAINING IN DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Caughman, Stewart W.; Professor and Chair; Dermatology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: This competitive renewal Institutional Training Grant application demonstrates the substantial strengths of the Department of Dermatology at Emory University in basic and clinical biomedical research, as well as those of its collaborating departments. The interdisciplinary nature of research in biology and disease at Emory is marked by a close interaction between Dermatology and investigators in other departments that is reinforced by substantial joint funding mechanisms. This collaborative and interdisciplinary effort in research not only enhances the breadth and quality of discovery in cutaneous biology and skin disease, it also provides a rich and stimulating training environment for development the talents of young physicians and biomedical investigators. Only in its fourth year of NIAMS support, the Dermatology Research Training Program is well-complemented by the continued growth and success in biomedical and clinical research in the Department of Dermatology and at Emory University School of Medicine. In less than 10 years, the Emory Department of Dermatology has risen from relative obscurity with respect to its biomedical research and clinical and research training programs to be rated as one of the best academic programs in the country. We have established a multi-disciplinary Program Faculty that serve as preceptors and advisors to trainees, and these faculty have been extremely successful in obtaining peer-reviewed competitive funding and in training productive researchers. We have developed a multi-faceted education program for trainees that ensures their exposure and training in basic and clinical research skills and approaches, critical thinking, writing and presentation, responsible conduct of research, and the peer review process. We are dedicated to training the next generation of leaders in cutaneous biology and skin disease research. Continued support of our integrated Research Training Program in Dermatology at Emory will greatly facilitate accomplishment of that goal. We believe that continuation of our Dermatology Research Training Program through renewal will provide a unique training experience and expertise that will result in th emergence of well- trained, critically thinking physician scientists who will enter into academic careers in Dermatology and cutaneous biology.
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Dermatology
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL CORTICOSTEROIDS
VEHICLE
FOR
TOPICAL
DELIVERY
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rawls, H R.; Professor; Biomedical Development Corporation 500 Sandau, Ste 200 San Antonio, Tx 78216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Topical corticosteroids are useful treatment modalities for numerous dermatologic conditions. Most topical corticosteroids are applied in a cream or ointment vehicle, which require multiple applications, are subject to inadvertent removal, and can be cosmetically unacceptable. While efficacy has been shown to be increased with the use of hydrocolloid occlusive dressings, these dressings are often associated with local side effects and inherent cosmetic deficiencies. The goal of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of using a novel coating technology as a topical delivery vehicle for corticosteroids that simultaneously serve as a semi-occlusive dressing. Coatings impregnated with corticosteroid will be formulated and tested to demonstrate efficacy in the vasoconstrictor assay in humans. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Topical corticosteroids are the most widely used preparations in dermatology. A novel vehicle that could improve efficacy and reduce treatments while being cost-effective would have significant commercial potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR IN CUTANEOUS MELANOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Tsao, Hensin; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The incidence of cutaneous melanoma (CM) has dramatically increased over the past several decades. Like other cancers, melanomas most likely result from an interaction between environmental carcinogens, such as ultraviolet radiation, and genetics. Evidence so far suggests that mutations in growth regulatory genes, such as RAS and INK4alpha, contribute to the development of CM. Less understood, however, is the role of DNA repair in melanoma tumorigenesis. Defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER), as seen in the clinical disorder xeroderma pigmentosum, lead to a greatly exaggerated risk of developing CM. The mechanism, however, underlying this clinical observation is largely uncharacterized. The long-term objective of this project is to understand the role of nucleotide excision repair in the pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma. Specifically, the proposed studies will evaluate if (1) ongoing NER is critical in restricting spontaneous melanoma tumor growth; (2) novel targets for mutation in addition to RAS and INK4alpha emerge in the absence of NER; (3) loss of INK4alpha disrupts the UV response in NER-deficient cells. To test these hypotheses, the Candidate will use murine models to (I) examine, in vivo, the biological consequence of NER loss on the formation of melanomas and (II) characterize, in vitro the impact of INK4alpha loss on the UV-response in NER-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). A more thorough understanding of the DNA repair mechanisms could lead to better strategies for prevention and therapy. Dr. Tsao received both his M.D. and Ph.D. from Columbia University. After completing a residency in Dermatology, he returned to the laboratory in order to focus on human melanoma genetics. With the proposed studies, he is taking a dramatic departure from previous studies and immersing himself in mice cancer genetics. Dr. Tsao is an Assistant
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Professor of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School and an associate physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital Melanoma Center. Dr. Tsao is committed to the study of cutaneous melanoma and the career development activities outlined in this application will allow him to become fully independent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OUTCOMES DERMATOLOGY
APPROACH
CLINICAL
PROBLEMS
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Qureshi, Abrar A.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-MAR-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal details a program for training in patient-oriented outcomes research and applying these skills towards a better understanding of patient care in dermatology. The long-term objectives are to apply expertise in outcomes research in various dermatology-related projects that will emerge with the changing face of health care economics and persistent debate on resource allocation. The overall hypothesis is that dermatologists trained in outcomes research will be better equipped to improve patient care in dermatology. The proposed research will test this hypothesis via the following specific aims: 1. Acquire training in quantitative and analytical skills required for clinical patient-oriented outcomes research in dermatology. 2. Apply these skills in outcomes research to enhance patient care using communication technology in dermatology. Communication technology provides a novel means of delivering uniformly high-quality care to patients in the form of telemedicine. A recent survey of dermatology out-patients evaluating knowledge, attitude and practice of communication technology revealed that more than 65% of patient have access to and use the internet from their homes. More than 50% felt comfortable sending their physicians' medical information or images of their skin using communication technology. The next step is to evaluate the economic and practical impact of introducing a tele-dermatology service to enhance patient care. Costeffectiveness analysis and decision analysis will be performed to determine the feasibility of a tele-dermatology service at our institution. Next, a sequentially controlled clinical trial will be performed evaluating the ability of patients to compose and transmit a tele-dermatology data set, before and after a training session. A randomized control trial will also be performed to evaluate the medical effectiveness of, and costs associated with the use of tele-dermatology. Incorporation of epidemiological surveillance tools into longitudinal medical records will be a new step in understanding disease prevalence and quality of therapeutic interventions. Data generated as part of this proposal will afford a better understanding of strategies to enhance patient care in dermatology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OXIDE GLASS FIBER OPTIMIZED FOR SHORT PULSE IR LASERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tran, Danh C.; Infrared Fiber Systems, Inc. 2301-A Broadbirch Dr Silver Spring, Md 20904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: There is a clinical need for optimized optical fiber transmission of short pulse mid-infrared laser radiation for surgical laser applications. Large potential medical markets such as cosmetic skin resurfacing, dentistry, and ophthalmology utilize the Er: YAG and Er:YSGG lasers for therapeutic procedures. The goal of this Phase I study is to
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Dermatology
further develop the germanium oxide glass fibers made by IFS so that they may be used in these applications. There are three aims of this study: (1) Testing and development of fibers using a short-pulse ER:YAG laser for potential ophthalmic applications requiring further precision, (2) Testing at high-power, high pulse repetition rates for dental and cosmetic applications requiring rapid removal of large amounts of tissue, and (3) development of more compatible germanium oxide fibers. Further Phase II work will be done on the continued fiber development and the development of specialized fiber probe tip designs for flexible delivery of laser radiation during custom surgical laser procedures. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: IR fiber able to deliver laser energy from short pulse mid-infrared lasers would have many applications in laser surgery and dentistry, including ophthalmology and dermatology, for example. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATIENT ORIENTED RESEARCH IN CUTANEOUS ONCOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lessin, Stuart R.; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This is a Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (POR) application (K24) for Stuart R. Lessin, M.D and will focus on cutaneous oncology. Dr. Lessin is Associate Professor and Co-Director of the Cutaneous Lymphoma Program in the Department of Dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania. He is highly committed to POR and has a well established track record (funding and publications) in the area of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). He has developed techniques for the molecular diagnosis of lymphoproliferative skin diseases based on T-cell receptor (TCR) gene expression and translated them into new strategies of therapy utilizing the TCR as a target. Dr. Lessin is currently the principal investigator of a FDA funded Phase I clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of genetic (DNA) vaccination of human TCR in patients with CTCL. The overall research goal of this proposal will be to develop and test novel therapeutic approaches to skin cancers utilizing the technologies of therapeutic DNA vaccines, peptide vaccines and peptidomimetics. Dr. Lessin has been heavily involved in the mentoring and training of trainees in POR at all levels - medical students, residents/fellows and junior faculty. This has been accomplished through a series of well established POR programs. Currently, Dr. Lessin serves as a mentor in the Department of Dermatology's Cutaneous Oncology Fellowship Program, NIH Training Grant (T32), Drug Study Unit, Derm 800 Research elective and Junior Faculty Mentor's Program. The University of Pennsylvania's commitment and ability to provide opportunities and facilities necessary for POR is extraordinary. A well established Core Curriculum in POR Training, a NIH sponsored General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) and outstanding interaction between basic and clinical investigators provides a unique and dynamic environment in which to conduct and train individuals in POR. Dr. Lessin will participate in the POR core curriculum and the GCRC. This award will provide a critical infrastructure for Dr. Lessin to pursue POR and to mentor other investigators in POR. A commitment of 50 percent effort will ensure the continued acquisition of funding and protected time for clinical testing of new therapies. Furthermore, it will enable Dr. Lessin to continue to participate in the ongoing departmental and institutional POR programs and serve as a role model and mentor for young investigators in POR at the University of Pennsylvania. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATIENT-ORIENTED RESEARCH IN SKIN AUTOMMUNE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Werth, Victoria P.; Associate Professor; Dermatology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract): The scientific focus of this research proposal is patient-oriented research (POR) in two serious autoimmune skin diseases, lupus erythematosus (LE), where they have been investigating etiology and genetics, and pemphigus vulgaris (PV), where they are investigating therapeutics. Aim 1: Role of the -308A TNFa promoter polymorphism in photosensitive LE. They recently reported that the -308A polymorphism of the TNFct promoter, unlike the wild-type (-308G) allele, is strongly associated with a photosensitive form of LE and mediates markedly increased transcription in vitro in response to UVB. They now propose to a) expand their survey of cutaneous LE patients for the -308A polymorphism and related HLA haplotypes, to increase the numbers of patients and better evaluate the role of DR3 linkage dysequlibrium; b) phototest patients with LE, including measurement of TNFa in blister fluid obtained from UVB-irradiated regions, and correlate their findings with the presence of the -308A or G polymorphisms; and c) evaluate molecular mechanisms for the exaggerated response of the -308A promoter to UVB, by examining differential binding of transcription factors to the area of the polymorphism. The results of these studies are intended to advance the pathophysiologic understanding and may suggest new treatments for patients with cutaneous LE. Aim 1: Evidence-based evaluation of a glucocorticoid (GC)-sparing agent in PV. Because of her tertiary referral practice, Dr. Werth has published several POR projects related to PV, particularly involving therapeutic interventions to minimize GC-induced osteoporosis. They have recently begun enrolling patients into the first multicenter therapeutic trial for PV, a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease. Moreover, this trial is prospective, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled. The trial evaluates the role of dapsone, an off-patent sulfone, as a GC-sparing drug in the maintenance phase of PV. The overall goal is to systematically study and improve the treatment of severe blistering disease, by developing a model for collaborative trials that have not existed in this area to date and by using this trial in the training of individuals mentored under the K24 program. Dr. Werth has been involved in the mentoring and training of students, resident, and junior faculty in POR. She is committed to expanding these efforts with a medical dermatology fellowship. This K24 translational grant is intended to permit the P.I. greater time to focus on patient-based scientific studies and will provide an infrastructure for Dr. Werth to pursue and mentor in POR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PIK RELATED KINASES IN THE RESPONSE TO DNA DAMAGE BY UV Principal Investigator & Institution: Nghiem, Paul X.; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The candidate is an M.D./Ph.D. who completed clinical training in dermatology in June 1997. He is now pursuing basic research with the goal of a career as an independent investigator. The research is being carried out under the sponsorship of Dr. Stuart Schreiber in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University. The Schreiber group has a major focus on understanding and controlling the cell cycle using genetic and biochemical approaches. DNA damage by solar ultraviolet
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Dermatology
(UV) radiation is the major cause of skin cancer, the most common type of cancer in the US. A cellular "UV response" involving activation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein has evolved to protect the genome against this solar threat. An intact response leads to cell cycle arrest and allows DNA to be repaired prior to replication preventing the permanent incorporation of mutations. Roughly 90% of squamous cell carcinomas cell carcinomas lack this UV response indicating the essential function of the pathway in protecting the genome from UV carcinogenesis. Despite the importance of this protective pathway, it is not known how DNA damage by UV leads to p53 induction. A gene called ATR has been cloned in the Schreiber group and appears likely to be the mediator of the UV-p53 response based on preliminary data. ATR belongs to a newly described family of proteins called the PIK-related kinases (phosphatidyl inositol kinase-related kinases), which mediate cell cycle arrest after cellular stresses such as DNA damage. Molecular and biochemical approaches will be used to test the hypotheses that ATR or another PIK-related kinase is required for the UV response. Endogenous ATR function will be inhibited with a dominant negative ATR allele expressed in an inducible or retroviral system. The role of ATR will then be examined in individual aspects of the response to UV-DNA damage. Later studies will focus on other proteins in this pathway including putative substrates for the UV-responsive protein. This project will update and expand the candidate's molecular and cellular biology experience and train him in the field of cell cycle regulation, facilitating future independent work in cancer biology. Scientifically it aims to provide insight into UV carcinogenesis and may suggest approaches for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer and cancer more generally. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGY
POSTGRADUATE
TRAINING
PROGRAM
IN
CUTANEOUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanawalt, Philip C.; Professor; Biological Sciences; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1981; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Stanford Postgraduate Training Program in cutaneous Biology is designed to provide synergistic interactions between cutting edge basic science and translational research in dermatology. The P.I., Dr. Hanawalt, Professor of Biology and Dermatology with over 22 years experience directing graduate programs and training grants in Molecular and Cell Biology and Dermatology, exemplifies this synergism. The Co P.I., Dr. Khavari, Associate Professor of Dermatology, brings a clear focus to applying basic insights to skin disease. Three major features underscore the training environment. First, the Dermatology Department is now embedded within basic science lab space; The Dermatology laboratories under the direction of Drs. Oro, Marinkovich, Herron, Karasek, and Khavari moved last year to the new Center for Clinical Sciences Research, further strengthening the core interest in Cutaneous biology. Second, the program benefits from multidisciplinary involvement, continuing the tradition of the participation of senior faculty. These include preceptors, former Chair of Biology (Hanawalt), the Chair of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Nelson) and the Chairs of Developmental Biology (Nusse, Scott) as well as other leaders in basic research within Epithelial Biology (Barsh/HHMI Genetics, Axelrod/Pathology and Seung Kim/Developmental Biology). Third, this multidisciplinary focus is now embodied in the new Stanford Program in Epithelial Biology, an interactive community centered within Dermatology directed at themes common to all epithelia. These themes encompass the research training opportunities of
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tissue polarity, differentiation, cell cycle control, carcinogenesis, adhesion, DNA repair, stem cell biology and the delivery of molecular therapeutics to epithelial tissues. M.D. candidates who plan careers in investigative dermatology requiring extensive backgrounds in basic laboratory science, or Ph.D. candidates pursuing research in skin biology in an integrative environment including clinical aspects, are encouraged to apply. Recruitment of trainees is selective and based on academic record, letters of evaluation, a strong foundation in clinical dermatology and/or basic science, and publication record. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POSTGRADUATED DERMATOLOGY
RESEARCH
TRAINING
GRANT
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Stricklin, George P.; Professor and Chief; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Postgraduate Research Training Grant in Dermatology at Vanderbilt University and its Affiliated Hospitals emphasizes the development of research skills relevant to human skin diseases by M.D., Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. candidates. The goal of this program is to develop the future scientific and academic base of skin biology and more specifically, to strengthen the core of the academic dermatology research community. Two postdoctoral positions per year are requested in this competitive renewal application to continue the training cycle already in progress and to fund future candidates. Dr. George Stricklin will continue as Program Director; he, with the assistance of Drs. King, Nanney, Davidson and Richmond will recruit and evaluate candidates for inclusion in this program. An extended faculty network has been constructed to broaden the breadth of candidates available to this program and also to provide a diverse training experience. The physical proximity of the facilities and the long established collaboration of the training staff foster interactions among the trainees, faculty and collaborators. The continuation of a Skin Diseases Research Core Center at Vanderbilt has fostered cooperative ventures in skinrelated research thereby enhancing the value of this training program. The research expertise of the faculty includes the biology and biochemistry of membrane receptors, receptors, signal transduction, growth factors and connective tissue proteins. This expertise is applied to problems of wound healing, neoplasia and aging. The primary facilities to be used include the laboratories and clinics at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the Nashville VA Medical Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATED PSORIATIC SKIN
GENES
ISOLATED
FROM WOUNDED AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rivas, Miriam V.; Lab/Investigative Dermatology; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: The candidate is a postdoctoral fellow at the Rockefeller University in the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology. Her long-term career goal is to establish an independent laboratory, studying wound healing and skin diseases. The immediate career goal is to extend the work that she has begun on psoriasis and its relationship to wound healing, and further establish herself in the dermatology community in general and in the scientific community at large. Towards this end, research derived from the
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Dermatology
current proposal will be used to seek further advancement initially as a Research Associate progressing to Assistant Professor over the time frame of this award. The goal of this project is to advance our knowledge of the molecular events that convert a homeostatic epidermis to a physiological hyperproliferative epidermis in wound healing and to a pathological hyperproliferative epidermis in psoriasis. The specific plan is to functionally characterize four novel genes, that the candidate has recently cloned, which are differentially regulated in these skin conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING IN ACADEMIC CARDIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, David G.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This application requests continued support for the postdoctoral training program in cardiovascular research in the Division of Cardiology at Emory University School of Medicine. The proposed program will build on an already successful laboratory-based basic science curriculum that has developed an impressive record of training outstanding postdoctoral fellows. The Cardiology Research Division has become recognized as a leader in research on the role of oxidative stress in vascular disease. The trainees of this program have been extremely successful in obtaining independent positions in academics. Thirteen graduates of our program are faculty members in American medical schools, and seven have taken faculty positions in their home countries. We have had several fellows who have been winners or finalists for national young investigator awards. In the past 5 years, over 360 manuscripts from fellows trained in this program were published in peer-reviewed journals. Two years of funding is requested for 4 basic science fellows in year 1 and 3 basic science fellows in year 2, for a total of 7 basic science fellows in any given year. In addition, one year of support is requested for 1 clinical research fellow every year. The 17 mentors included in this application provide a broad-based multi- disciplinary environment ideally suited to provide an outstanding educational experience for trainees. Participating faculty are drawn from the Divisions/Departments of Cardiology, Dermatology, Hematology/Oncology, Biochemistry, Bioengineering and Obstetrics/Gynecology at Emory University. All have an established funding and publication record as well as documented success in training productive members of the scientific community. The training program is structured around a mentor-based environment supplemented with an extensive array of didactic educational opportunities. In summary, the proposed cardiovascular research training program will provide a unique opportunity for multidisciplinary training in basic and clinical vascular biology. Successful trainees will be well-equipped to initiate a research career in academic cardiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM IN DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Freedberg, Irwin M.; Professor and Chairman; Dermatology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1976; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SEXUAL RISK AND HIV/STD IN VULNERABLE CAMBODIAN FEMALES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorbach, Pamina M.; Assistant Professor, in Residence; Epidemiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Cambodia is wrestling with a growing HIV/AIDS epidemic seeping from core groups into the general population as demonstrated by a HIV prevalence among pregnant women of 2.6% in 1999. This HIV prevalence among low risk women is among the highest in Asia, classifying Cambodia's epidemic as "generalized". The Cambodian National Center for HIV, AIDS. Dermatology and STDs (NCHADS) is interested in averting the further spread HIV into populations of young women such as those working in factories or Karoke bars who are pressured into commercial and casual sex to supplement inadequate salaries as Cambodian men develop new sources of sex partners and types of sexual partnerships perceived as lower risk than brothel-based sex workers. Specific information on the risk behavior of such young women is necessary to develop appropriate HIV prevention programs. The overall aim of the proposed study is to gather preliminary data in order to submit an application to conduct an intervention study to prevent HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases among vulnerable female populations such as factory workers and indirect sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. This application will be submitted in collaboration with colleagues at Brown University's Center For AIDS Research and in collaboration with their Fogarty Training Program. Random samples of women working in factories (n=461) and karoke bars (n=388) will be drawn in two consecutive years using a two stage sampling design. A behavioral questionnaire and blood specimen will be collected from females 18 years and older in these occupations. NCHADS' protocols for collection of surveillance data will be followed so that behavior and HIV prevalence between factory workers and karoke workers can be compared to other groups of women in surveillance program. This study's findings will document if the Cambodian HIV epidemic has generalized beyond core groups into other vulnerable populations such as women working in factories and karoke bars in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and provide data necessary for the design of an appropriate HIV/AIDS prevention program for these young women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SHORT-TERM RESERCH TRAINING: STUDENTS IN HEALTH SCHOOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Forrest, John N.; Professor; None; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The Yale University School of Medicine has a long tradition and record of accomplishments in the training of medical students for careers in academic medicine and research. This application is a competitive renewal of a training grant (Short-Term Training: Students in Health Professional Schools) first awarded to the School in 1987-88. The purpose of the renewal is to provide intensive short-term training in research for selected pre-doctoral medical students in the most outstanding laboratories and training sites in the Yale University School of Medicine. The specific laboratory experiences will range from fundamental molecular biology, cellular and organ physiology to applied clinical research in cardiovascular and
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pulmonary disease. The program is designed to attract the most highly qualified medical students into careers as physician-scientists in the biomedical sciences. An extensive follow-up documents a high level of subsequent research training and research productivity among previously supported students. Trainees will be chosen upon application of pre-doctoral medical students who have completed in good standing one year of the curriculum of the Yale University School of Medicine. Thirtytwo students per year will be selected competitively for this short-term training support on the basis of the quality of a formal written proposal of the planned research and the quality of the mentor and the training environment. The participating departments and sections will include: cell biology, cellular and molecular physiology, dermatology, diagnostic radiology, epidemiology and public health, genetics, immunobiology, internal medicine (cardiology, digestive diseases, endocrinology, hematology, infectious disease, nephrology, pulmonary, rheumatology), laboratory medicine, molecular biophysics and biochemistry, neurology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, pathology, pediatrics, pharmacology, surgery, and therapeutic radiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SKIN CANCER AND YOUTH--AN UNDECLARED EPIDEMIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Allen, Roberta M.; Individual Monitoring Sys, Inc. (Im Sys) 1055 Taylor Ave, Ste 300 Baltimore, Md 21286 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-MAR-1998; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The American Academy of Dermatology has proclaimed Skin Cancer an "undeclared epidemic." It is the most prevalent form of cancer, and the one increasing most in incidence and morbidity. The Academy states that 80% of the cumulative damage to the skin takes place by age 18. Despite this alarming situation, young people in America, believing that skin color from the sun is healthy, sexy and cool, are not covering up or coming in from the sun. This project plans to produce and field test 4 video based educational interventions which dramatize the risks of solar overexposure and age-appropriate protective techniques. The Phase II testing will include a pre- posttest format. After the summer following the initial testing, a longitudinal study will be conducted to assess the sustainable pro-heath effects of the intervention. Innovation include: high-interest, high-impact video-based dramatizations that are culturally sensitive and age-appropriate, dealing with vital skin cancer issues for which very few other products exist; creation of skin cancer testing instruments for various age levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SKIN DISEASES RESEARCH CORE CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergstresser, Paul R.; Professor and Chairman; Dermatology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: This application requests competitive renewal of the UT Southwestern SDRC. It is supported by a record of achievement over the past 4 years that includes: (1) 2-fold expansion in the number of research-funded, full- time faculty members in the Department of Dermatology; (2) parallel 2- fold rise in annual competitive funding of dermatology faculty members (from $1.4 to $2.8 M); (3) stable number of active members comprised of a new mix of basic scientists, clinical investigators, and technology experts (achieved in the face of passage of several previous members to the helm of prestigious facilities in other major institutions); (4) 2-fold increase in annual competitive funding for skin disease-related research by SDRC investigators (from $3.5
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to $7.4 M); (5) highly successful Core Laboratory Program with 3 components graduating into self-sustained status (Patient Access and Data Management, Photobiology, and Protein Chemistry), 1 component expanded (Tissue Culture and Phenotype), and 3 new components created (Bioinformatics, Skin Engineering and Cutting-Edge Technology); (6) 36-fold return on investment in P&F Projects in just the first half of the current funding period (from $319,253 to $11,488,650); (7) outstanding record of training 28 research fellows (many of whom have become faculty members of academic departments in the U.S. and the world); (8) large number of high quality publications(at least 236 published or in press as a direct result of SDRC funding); (9) enrichment program that has brought distinguished scientists to provide seminars, and co-sponsored an international symposium on contact dermatitis; and (1) endowment that has supplemental SDRC funds, thus partially achieving self-sustenance and greater allocations for Core and P&F Programs, respectively. The SDRC has been the key force in advancing skin and skin disease- related research in the Dept. of NIH funding coupled with proceeds from private benefaction should consolidate the Center into an increasingly effective, fully-sustained unit of biomedical excellence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TARGETED DNA REPAIR OF PSORALEN ADDUCTS IN SKIN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oh, Dennis H.; Dermatology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This project focuses on DNA repair of sequence-specific damage caused by psoralens linked to antigene oligonucleotides (pso-AGOs) in human skin cells. The longterm goal is to elucidate the structural factors of DNA which govern its repair in general, and transcription-coupled repair in particular. The research will specifically aim l) To demonstrate specific gene suppression in skin cells caused by treatment with psoAGOs and ultraviolet A light (UVA); 2) To characterize the targeted damage produced by these agents and determine how the subsequent cellular repair varies with specific sequences or sites in a gene; 3) To determine if DNA repair at one site influences repair at another; and 4) To use a system of differentiating keratinocytes to examine further how transcription controls repair. The research will be executed in the fully equipped laboratory of Professor Philip C. Hanawalt who co-discovered excision repair over 30 years ago and whose laboratory continues to do pioneering work in the field of DNA repair. The laboratory group, departmental and university environments consists of ample and outstanding intellectual and technical support. The research experience will allow the candidate to learn concepts and skills crucial to becoming an independent biomedical scientist. The award will thus serve as preparation to assume a junior faculty position in academic dermatology and to lead a competitive research effort in photobiology and photomedicine related to cutaneous diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TH2-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE SKIN AND LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Herrick, Christina A.; Assistant Professor of Dermatology; Dermatology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003
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Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) This is a four year mentored training program under the direction of Dr. Kim Bottomly, Professor of Immunobiology at Yale School of Medicine. After completing a residency in Dermatology at Yale, I joined Dr. Bottomly's lab as a postdoctoral fellow, studying Th2-mediated lung inflammation in a mouse model of Asthma. My interest in this project was a natural outgrowth of my doctoral studies involving regulation of IgE responses and my clinical interest in atopic dermatitis. I established a novel method of inducing strongly biased Th2 responses in vivo by epicutaneously (e.c.) exposing mice to soluble protein. Upon airway challenge, these e.c. sensitized mice develop lung inflammatory responses with features of human allergic asthma, including high numbers of eosinophils and mucus hypersecretion. We have shown that: 1) these e.c.- induced Th2 responses are IL-4 independent, but STAT6 dependent; 2) IL-4 independent Th2 responses in e.c. sensitized C57BL/6 mice are dependent on IL- 13; and 3) eosinophil migration from lung into airway in e.c. sensitized mice is IL-4 dependent in BALB/c, but not in C57BL/6, mice. It is our hypothesis that recruitment of eosinophils to the airway of e.c. sensitized mice is differentially regulated in these two strains because of differences in IL-13 production or receptivity. This will be tested in the following specific aims: 1) definition of the role of IL-13 during e.c. sensitization in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice; and 2) determination of the cellular, molecular, and genetic factors that regulate airway eosinophilia in e.c. sensitized mice. In the third specific aim, the mechanisms put forth to explain the genetic difference in regulation of Th2 lung inflammation will be extended to the skin. This will involve establishing a new model of Th2-mediated skin inflammation by secondary antigen challenge in the skin (rather than the airway) of e.c. sensitized mice. Questions to be answered in this aim include: 1) is cutaneous inflammation governed by the same factors operating in the lung? 2) is eosinophil recruitment to skin IL-4 dependent in BALB/c mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice?; and 3) what is the role of IL-13 in skin inflammation? My plan is to continue working with Dr. Bottomly over the next several years to answer these questions. During this time, establishment of a novel model of Th2- mediated skin inflammation will provide me with a unique system in which to pursue future inquiries, facilitating my transition to an independent investigator. My goal is to continue basic science investigation of atopic skin disease as a junior faculty member in the Department of Dermatology at Yale School of Medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING GRANT IN CELL AND MOLECULAR DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Elder, James T.; Professor; Dermatology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1977; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a competing renewal application of a training grant currently in its 24th year of funding. The overall goal of this proposal is to train postdoctoral M.D. and Ph.D. fellows for academic careers in investigational dermatology. Its first objective is to provide laboratory training for dermatologically trained physicians. Its second objective is to train Ph.D. basic scientists in laboratory based investigative dermatology. Its third objective is to train dermatologically trained physicians in clinical and translational research. Physician trainees will have completed a minimum of two clinical years of dermatology residency, while basic scientist candidates must possess the Ph.D. degree. Trainees will commit to a minimum of two years of research training, which will occur under the supervision of one of eight (or, in some cases, two of eight) primary preceptors. Laboratory based fellows (M.D. and Ph.D.) will learn to formulate hypotheses and to design, perform, and analyze
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experiments, utilizing a multidisciplinary approach that emphasizes the use of human skin tissue as an experimental system. M.D. trainees in clinical/translational research will acquire proficiency in hypothesis driven clinical research design and methods and in statistical analysis of data, while gaining an appreciation of the basic science knowledge underlying their clinical observations and interventions. To maximize multidisciplinary training, primary preceptors have been selected not only for their teaching skills, but also for their collaborative abilities and the span of disciplines defining their research. In addition to mandatory participation in selected departmental didactic activities, introductory and advanced courses in clinical research methods and a molecular biology course for clinician scientists will be available for trainees through the Medical School and the School of Public Health. Also, training in the responsible conduct of research will be provided at the departmental and University wide levels. In order to attract more dermatologists into academic careers, they propose to add two year fellowships in cutaneous oncology and appearance based dermatology, and to expand the traditional clinical research base in skin pharmacology to encompass a wider spectrum of interventions, notably those involving ultraviolet light. They are also changing the resident selection procedure in order to identify and attract NRSA eligible M.D.s with strong research potential. Finally, they have created a Web site for dissemination of detailed information about the program to all potential trainees, including those belonging to underrepresented minorities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING GRANT IN CELL AND MOLECULAR DERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Voorhees, John J.; Dermatology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1977; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (from the application): This is a competing renewal of a training grant currently in its 19th year of funding. The long term objective of this program is to train postdoctoral M.D. and Ph.D. fellows for an independent basic or clinical research career in cell and molecular dermatology. Training of postdoctoral fellows will occur in an extramurally funded research project under the direct supervision of one of the five primary preceptors. Physician trainee candidates will have completed a minimum of two clinical years of dermatological training, while basic scientist candidates must possess the Ph.D. degree with or without postdoctoral training. This training program will provide M.D.s, M.D. Ph.D.s, and Ph.D.s with the education necessary for a laboratory based career in cell and molecular dermatology. The program will also provide M.D.s with the education and experience necessary to establish a career in laboratory related but clinic-based translational research. The specific training aims of this proposal for each laboratory-based fellow are: 1) to design, perform, analyze and publish data; 2) to develop in depth expertise in the use of modern biomedical research methods and equipment; 3) to utilize a multidisciplinary approach to problem solving in experimental medicine. These objectives will be accomplished by having fellows train in basic science disciplines encompassing areas of investigation pertinent to dermatological questions. To maximize multidisciplinary training, primary preceptors for the grant application were selected for their commitment to teach new investigators, for the span of disciplines defining their research, and for their documented ability to work together. For M.D. trainees in clinical translational research, the specific training aims are: 1) to acquire proficiency in patient oriented research design; 2) to learn fundamental biostatistics and apply these principles to clinical research; 3) to prepare an investigational new drug application suitable for submission to the FDA; 4) to learn the
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principles of clinical research quality control and data management. Five postdoctoral positions are requested each year. Each trainee will commit to two to three years of training. Each fellow is provided guidance in the design and performance of a coherent set of experiments which address specific hypotheses and in the ethical analysis and publication of results. Training will occur by participation in mentor-based focused research projects as well as through conferences/seminars in which basic science and clinical problems are discussed and addressed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING GRANT IN DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Diaz, Luis A.; Professor and Chairman; Dermatology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of the program is to provide young scientists, dermatology residents, graduate students and MD/PhD students the opportunity to be exposed and trained in the field of dermatological research. A substantial need exists for newly trained scientists and clinicians to investigate basic cutaneous biology and pathophysiology and to engage in clinical research. Our interest is to recruit pre doctoral and post doctoral candidates seeking to pursue investigational careers. This training grant will enable them to be supported for 2 to 3 years of training. Our goal is to enable the trainees to acquire the skills necessary to become successful, independently funded investigators. We offer training in cutaneous autoimmunity, experimental immunopathology, B and T cell biology, keratinocyte biology, clinical research and dermatoepidemiology. Within the Department, Drs. Diaz, Liu, Li, Warren, Rubenstein and Fine maintain active research programs. In addition, Dr. Diaz has recruited Dr. Jeffrey Frelinger and Dr. Stephen Clarke, from the UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dr. Mark Peifer from the UNC Department of Biology and Dr. Paul Watkins, Director of the UNC Clinical Research Center to be faculty members in this training grant. Four groups of trainees will be sought: a) the UNC MD/PhD pool, b) board certified MD dermatologists, c) students interested in pursuing a two year dermatology residency followed by a two year research fellowship, and d) PhD applicants interested in dermatological research. We have been successful in recruiting one UNC MD/PhD student who is committed to a doctoral project in dermatological research. A second individual, Dr. Rubenstein, a faculty member in this training program, entered the UNC dermatology residency after obtaining his MD/PhD degree from Duke University. He was allowed to spend 2 years of clinical dermatology training followed by a research fellowship under Dr. Peifer, a mentor in this Training Grant. Dr. Rubenstein is an Assistant Professor of Dermatology at UNC and an already R01 funded investigator. This competitive grant application requests funding to support the training at the UNC Dermatology Department of the next generation of dermatological investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRAINING IN IMMUNODERMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Norris, David A.; Professor; Dermatology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1981; Project End 30-APR-2007
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Summary: (provided by applicant): David Norris M.D. will become the PI with the current training Co-director, William Weston M.D. assuming a senior advisor role. Dr. Norris will continue to develop the collaborative interactions critical to this institutional training grant in the future. In the past three training periods 24 of 26 graduates entered full time academic careers and 18 are currently retained in full time academic dermatology. There is one still in training. The training faculty will be enlarged to 9 M.D. & 3 Ph.D. training faculty to include more senior scientists including the Chairman of Cell and Structural Biology, the Director of the Denver Autoinimunity Center and the Head of Human Medical Genetics and the current Editor of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Previous trainee supervisors in the Department of Immunology, the Department of Pharmacology & Divisions of Rheumatology, Medical Oncology and Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine are included. The training faculty each have independent funding ($15.4 million for 2001-02, and have each demonstrated successful mentoring of past trainees leading to academic careers. Research areas of interest include: cutaneous molecular virology, melanocyte biology, molecular genetics, melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer, oncogenes, cytotoxic mechanisms and programmed cell death, leukotrienes, cytokines including IL1, T cell receptors, photoimmunology, cell signaling and cell surface receptors. Facilities and equipment available to trainees have been upgraded. By 2003, trainees will move to the new University of Colorado Cancer research building with over 7,000 of wet laboratory space available for the dermatology portion of the program with immediate adjacency within the Cancer Center. It is proposed that both Ph.D. and M.D. candidates be included with two trainees recruited each year. All trainees should have demonstrated they are capable of a career in academic dermatology or cutaneous biology. Four essentials of training are proposed: Formal course work, seminars, individual research projects and training in communications skills. Special emphasis on formal coursework in Immunology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics, Cellular Biology, Scientific Ethics, Biostatistics and Management of Hazardous waste is proposed. Trainees will select a project of their own interest or from among a broad list presented to them by the training supervisors. Communication skills of the trainees will be emphasized with specific training in scientific writing and presentations supervised by Drs. Lee & Weston. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING DERMATOLOGY
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INVESTIGATIVE
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooper, Kevin D.; Professor; Dermatology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is for a competitive renewal of the Training Program in Investigative and Molecular Dermatology that was established in 1991 in the Department of Dermatology at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and University Hospitals of Cleveland (UHC). This program has the full support of CWRU, UHC, and the research arm of UHC, Research Institute of University Hospitals (UHRI), as evidenced by UHRIs and CWRUs institutional support for this training program, if funded. The major objective of this program is to continue to prepare highly qualified young investigators for careers in biomedical research relevant to the skin. This is accomplished by providing opportunities for state of the art interdisciplinary research training in investigative dermatology and cutaneous biology. Eligible candidates will be those holding M.D./or M.D./Ph.D. or Ph.D.s with up to two years of
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postdoctoral experience, both with a definite commitment to an academic career in investigative dermatology or basic cutaneous biology. Individualized career building programs are developed for trainees in one of four research thematic research areas, each of which is related to the physiology and pathology of the skin: immunobiology and experimental immunopathology, cellular and molecular biology, photomedicine and translational research, and skin pharmacology/carcinogenesis. Each fellow selects one of these four training tracks, each of which is coordinated by the Director and Co Director and participating faculty members. Thus, each trainee obtains training by his/her advisor, a co mentor, and a focused group of experts. Each primary advisor has an active federally funded, investigator initiated peer reviewed program on which they are P.I. Those falling shorts of this criterion, but are active and independent in the research program serve as co advisors. Through this focused, yet interactive mechanism, the trainees are provided guidance in building hypotheses for scientifically approaching problems in cutaneous biology, in the design and performance of a coherent set of experiments, and in gaining experience with modem research methodology and technology. Formal training is also provided in the ethical conduct of being a scientist and analysis of data for publication of results. In addition, the fellows participate in courses, workshops, symposia and data presentation exercises and are required to present their work at scientific meetings including the CWRU/UHC Skin Diseases Research Center lectureship and the annual meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology. Thus, training occurs through participation in a focused research project and through conferences/seminars in which the basic science research, as well as the application of research to clinical problems are actively facilitated. This multidisciplinary Center based at CWRU and UHC/UHRI has created a foundation for cooperative interactions between basic science and clinical departments and provides a training milieu for young investigators contemplating a career in academic dermatology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING DERMATOLOGY
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INVESTIGATIVE
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Mukhtar, Hasan; Professor, Vice Chair and Director of Re; Dermatology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (from the application): This application is a competitive renewal of the Training Program in Investigative and Molecular Dermatology that was established in 1991 at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU). The major objective of this program is to provide highly qualified, young investigators with opportunities for state-of-the-art interdisciplinary research training in investigative dermatology and cutaneous biology. Eligible candidates include physicians (M.D.'s) with a minimum of two years of clinical dermatology training and basic scientists (Ph.D.'s) with up to two years of postdoctoral experience, both of whom have a definite commitment to an academic career in investigative dermatology or basic cutaneous biology. Individualized career building programs are developed for trainees in one of four research areas, each of which is related to the physiology and pathology of the skin: immunobiology, molecular and cellular biology, photodermatology/photomedicine, and skin pharmacology/carcinogenesis. Each fellow selects one of these four training tracks, which is supervised by a Director and a Co- Director and participating faculty members who are nationally and internationally recognized leaders in that field and who have
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extramurally funded research programs and are recognized trainers in that discipline. Through this focused, yet interactive mechanism, the trainees are taught how to scientifically approach problems in cutaneous biology and are given the opportunity to gain experience in modern research methodology and in the use of sophisticated equipment. Each fellow is provided guidance in the design and performance of a coherent set of experiments which addresses specific hypotheses. A biweekly formal discussion emphasizes the ethical analysis and publication of results. In addition to laboratory training, the fellows participate in courses, workshops, symposia and data presentation exercises and are required to present their work at scientific meetings including the annual meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology. Thus, training occurs through intensive participation in a focused research project and through conferences/seminars in which the basic science research, as well as the application of research to clinical problems are implemented. The seventeen CWRU training faculty have an excellent training record, and their cohesiveness is strengthened by the leadership of a research-oriented Dermatology Chairman. All faculty are active members of the NIH- funded Skin Diseases Research Center. This multidisciplinary Center at CWRU has created a strong foundation for cooperative interactions between basic science and clinical departments and provides an ideal training mileau for young investigators contemplating a career in academic dermatology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE BY COSTIMULATORY SIGNAL BLOCKADE Principal Investigator & Institution: Khoury, Samia J.; Associate Professor of Neurology; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: The ultimate goal of immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases is to find immunologically specific, relatively non-toxic forms of therapy. Our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of T cell mediated autoimmune diseases implicates T cell activation as an important step in their pathogenesis. The CD28-B7 pathway of T cell costimulation plays a role in the pathogenesis of many T cell mediated autoimmune diseases as demonstrated by disease prevention after blocking this pathway in animal models. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) the animal model of MS, CTLA4Ig prevent disease and inhibits relapses. In a model of spontaneous diabetes (the NOD mouse) CTLA4Ig prevents the onset of diabetes. CTLA4Ig has shown effectiveness in a phase I clinical trial of psoriasis and more recently in clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis. It is currently in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis (MS). It is likely that to achieve tolerance in autoimmune disease, one must target more than one pathway of immune activation. Data obtained from animal models of transplantation suggest that a combination of costimulatory signal blockade and rapamycin can induce long term tolerance. Thus, our primary objective in this project is to study the safety and efficacy of CTLA4Ig treatment in patients with new onset type I diabetes, and the safety and efficacy of CTLA4Ig + rapamycin in patients with the earliest manifestations of multiple sclerosis. The outcome measures for the diabetes trial are safety and metabolic and immune effects of CTLA4Ig therapy. For the MS trial, we will compare the safety and efficacy of CTLA4Ig, rapamycin, and CTLA4Ig+rapamycin, to placebo in patients with clinically isolated syndrome of demyelination. The outcome measures are safety and the development of MS by McDonald criteria. Our group also has the interest and patient populations to participate in clinical trials of psoriasis. The Dermatology Clinical Investigations Unit (DCIU) of Massachusetts General Hospital is an established clinical
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trials unit with extensive experience. Current and past investigations include five trials of systemic medications in psoriasis similar to those we anticipate studying in trials associated with the ACE. In summary, this proposal encompasses 3 autoimmune diseases: MS, type I diabetes, and psoriasis. We are submitting clinical trial proposals for MS and diabetes with a particular focus on T cell activation pathways. We believe that the interactions among investigators from different clinical specialties will foster new ideas and cross-fertilization leading to better treatment for autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: WAVE DNA FRAGMENT ANALYSIS SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Uitto, Juoni J.; Professor and Chair; Dermatology/Cutaneous Biology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: Five laboratories of the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology and the Division of Rheumatology/Department of Medicine of the Jefferson Medical School with NIH-funded laboratory projects are requesting funding for a WAVE DNA fragment analysis system (Transgenomic Inc.). Although our laboratories focus on different research areas in molecular genetics and molecular biology, we have overlapping strategies and utilize similar methodology and technology, such as mapping and cloning of disease genes, mutation detection, detection and analysis of polymorphic DNA markers, RT-PCR and purification of DNA fragments. The requested equipment is versatile, can be utilized for all of the listed applications, and can be shared to benefit all users of our departments. Most importantly, it is superior to other methods of mutation/polymorphism detection. We calculate based on our current sample volume that our 5 research laboratories combined accrue approximately 33,000 samples per annum for these applications. In addition, the requested equipment will be available to other users in our departments with an estimated volume of 1,700 analyses per annum. Therefore, we anticipate utilizing the instrument system effectively and at full capacity. The requested equipment is a fully automated, integrated nucleic acid fragment analysis system based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPCL). The system includes the following components: HPCL analyzer with patented separation cartridge with guaranteed performance of up to 4000 injections; an autosampler formatted for 96- well microtiter plates; analytic software (WAVEMaker); an accelerator for rapid cartridge cleaning and re-equilibration; and a nucleic acid fragment collector. The WAVE system is the only instrument platform with all of the above specifications. It has 3 possible modes of operation: nondenaturing, partial denaturing, and full denaturing conditions, which allow a wide range of applications. It can be used either with UV/visible absorbance detection or high sensitivity fluorescence detection to perform rapid, automated separation and quantification of single- and double- stranded nucleic acid fragments. While the UV detection is sufficient for mutation screening and marker analysis, more sensitive fluorescence detection is required for automated genotypic and RT-PCR. The versatility of this instrument system is a major factor that allows shared usage of the system by many laboratories with different applications. It has been demonstrated that the requested equipment has several convincing advantages over other technologies currently employed in our research labs. These include high accuracy and sensitivity with a mutation detection rate of almost 100%, which is far superior to SSCP and CSGE, versatility and costeffectiveness due to automated injection, high throughput, and low per sample costs. In summary, usage of the WAVE Nucleic Acid Fragment Analysis will substantially reduce
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time and cost of our research projects involving mutation screening, polymorphism analysis, competitive RT-PCR and purification of nucleic acids. The very high sensitivity of this system for detection of sequence variations makes it a superior screening method. It is highly suitable for analysis of a set of genes in a large number of individuals as well as identification of mutations and polymorphisms in many genes of interest. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: YALE SKIN DISEASES RESEARCH CORE CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Tigelaar, Robert E.; Professor; Dermatology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This application requests funding for the establishment of the Yale Skin Disease Research Core Center (YSDRC), which will bring together a collaborative, multidisciplinary group of 25 independent Investigators (as well as 19 other Associate Investigators and Consultants) based in the departments/divisions of Dermatology, Biology, Cardiobiology, Comparative Medicine, Endocrinology, Human Genetics, Immunobiology, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Oncology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Plastic Surgery, Pulmonary Medicine, and Therapeutic Radiology, all sharing a commitment to advancing understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of skin diseases through investigation of both the normal and pathologic structure and function of skin. YSDRC research activities will center around three major themes: T cell lymphoma and physiologic T cell:skin interactions; the biology of melanocytes and melanoma; and the growth and differentiation of normal and malignant keratinocytes. Three Core units, each interacting with other Yale resource facilities will be established: Molecular Analysis; Cell Culture; and Tissue Acquisition and Distribution/Biological Structure and Function. The YSDRC pilot/feasibility program will enhance the development of new interdisciplinary skin-related investigation by requiring that projects involve substantive collaboration between investigators with complementary interests. The YSDRC enrichment program provides multiple opportunities to develop new national as well as institutional collaborative studies. These facilities/programs will thus each contribute to achieving the YSDRC's principal goal of creating an environment which will greatly amplify our understanding of basic cutaneous biology as well as of a broad variety of skin diseases. To achieve that goal, the specific aims of the YSDRC are to: 1) stimulate new multidisciplinary interactions; 2) stimulate new investigators to become involved in one or more areas of YSDRC research; 3) capitalize on potentially important new research opportunities through interdisciplinary pilot/feasibility projects; 4) organize time-consuming, expensive techniques and procedures into cost-efficient core facilities used by multiple investigators; 5) provide a rich training environment; and 6) foster national and international collaborations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
3
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for dermatology in the PubMed Central database: •
A Galaxy of Old Japanese Medical Books With Miscellaneous Notes on Early Medicine in Japan Part III. Urology, Syphilology and Dermatology. Surgery and Pathology. by Mestler GE.; 1956 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=199999
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Classics in Clinical Dermatology. by Andrews GC.; 1955 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=199832
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Multicentre randomised control trial comparing real time teledermatology with conventional outpatient dermatological care: societal cost-benefit analysis. by Wootton R, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Hicks N, Lotery HE, Mathews C, Paisley J, Steele K, Loane MA.; 2000 May 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27370
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Teledermatology: one application of telemedicine. by Perednia DA, Brown NA.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=225996
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with dermatology, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for dermatology (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A Brave New World: Virtual Grand Rounds in Dermatology. Author(s): Laochamroonvorapongse D, Johnson E, Foong HB, Elpern DJ. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002 September; 21(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322998&dopt=Abstract
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A brief history of dermatology in Iran. Author(s): Mortazavi H, Dowlati Y, Dowlati B. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 July; 137(7): 936-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453814&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of hourly block appointments with sequential patient scheduling in a dermatology practice. Author(s): Penneys NS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 809-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050585&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of real-time and store-and-forward teledermatology: a cost-benefit study. Author(s): Loane MA, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Hicks N, Lotery HE, Mathews C, Paisley J, Steele K, Wootton R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122028&dopt=Abstract
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A cost consequence study of the impact of a dermatology-trained practice nurse on the quality of life of primary care patients with eczema and psoriasis. Author(s): Kernick D, Cox A, Powell R, Reinhold D, Sawkins J, Warin A. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2000 July; 50(456): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954937&dopt=Abstract
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A cost study of teleconsultation for primary-care ophthalmology and dermatology. Author(s): Lamminen H, Lamminen J, Ruohonen K, Uusitalo H. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2001; 7(3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346477&dopt=Abstract
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A cost-minimization analysis of a realtime teledermatology service in northern Norway. Author(s): Bergmo TS. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6(5): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070588&dopt=Abstract
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A discrete speech recognition system for dermatology: 8 years of daily experience in a medical dermatology office. Author(s): Smith KC. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002 September; 21(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322994&dopt=Abstract
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A feasibility study of realtime teledermatology in Finland. Author(s): Lamminen H, Tuomi ML, Lamminen J, Uusitalo H. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6(2): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824378&dopt=Abstract
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A picture is worth more than a thousand words: enhancement of a pre-exam telephone consultation in dermatology with digital images. Author(s): Mann T, Colven R. Source: Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2002 July; 77(7): 742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114161&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized controlled trial assessing the health economics of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional care: an urban versus rural perspective. Author(s): Loane MA, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Evans C, Hicks N, Jacklin P, Lotery HE, Mathews C, Paisley J, Reid P, Steele K, Wootton R. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2001; 7(2): 108-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331049&dopt=Abstract
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A review of antibiotics in dermatology. Author(s): Carrasco DA, Vander Straten M, Tyring SK. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 March-April; 6(2): 128-50. Epub 2002 February 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992186&dopt=Abstract
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A simulation model for analysing patient activity in dermatology. Author(s): Loane M, Wootton R. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2001; 7 Suppl 1: 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576479&dopt=Abstract
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A survey among dermatologists in practice about teledermatology. Author(s): Glaessl A, Coras B, Popal H, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472008&dopt=Abstract
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A ten-year analysis of demographic trends for cutaneous melanoma: analysis of 2501 cases treated at the University Department of Dermatology in Vienna (1990-1999). Author(s): Kittler H, Binder M, Wolff K, Pehamberger H. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 April 30; 113(9): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388077&dopt=Abstract
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A visit to Eden: living and working at the regional dermatology training center in Tanzania. Author(s): Nordlund JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 December; 43(6): 11018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11100031&dopt=Abstract
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Accuracy and reliability of store-and-forward teledermatology: preliminary results from the St George Teledermatology Project. Author(s): Lim AC, Egerton IB, See A, Shumack SP. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 42(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903155&dopt=Abstract
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Accuracy of diagnosis of seborrheic keratoses in a dermatology clinic. Author(s): Murphy M, Watson R, Sweeney EC, Barnes L. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 June; 136(6): 800-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871956&dopt=Abstract
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Adapalene gel 0.1% is effective and well tolerated in acne patients in a dermatology practice setting. Author(s): Baker M, Tuley M, Busdiecker FL, Herndon JH Jr, Slayton RM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 October; 68(4 Suppl): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845947&dopt=Abstract
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Advances in digital imaging in dermatology. Author(s): Pak HS. Source: Adv Dermatol. 2001; 17: 47-75. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758125&dopt=Abstract
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Advances in pediatric dermatology: specialist training to Internet atlas. Author(s): Lamberg L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 April 25; 285(16): 2065-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311075&dopt=Abstract
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Advancing dermatology nursing in the community. Author(s): McKeon S. Source: Nurs Times. 2000 June 29-July 5; 96(26): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962924&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 923-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069498&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse reactions to herbal therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Vender RB. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2003 March; 8(3): 5-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858233&dopt=Abstract
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Advertising & the use of the media in dermatology--this is appropriate in the new millennium. Author(s): Gold MH. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 October; 26(10): 974-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050508&dopt=Abstract
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American Academy of Dermatology Consensus Conference on UVA protection of sunscreens: summary and recommendations. Washington, DC, Feb 4, 2000. Author(s): Lim HW, Naylor M, Honigsmann H, Gilchrest BA, Cooper K, Morison W, Deleo VA, Scherschun L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 March; 44(3): 505-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209123&dopt=Abstract
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Amyopathic dermatomyositis: a review by the Italian Group of Immunodermatology. Author(s): Caproni M, Cardinali C, Parodi A, Giomi B, Papini M, Vaccaro M, Marzano A, De Simone C, Fazio M, Rebora A, Fabbri P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 January; 138(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790163&dopt=Abstract
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An imaging system with calibrated color image acquisition for use in dermatology. Author(s): Vander Haeghen Y, Naeyaert JM, Lemahieu I, Philips W. Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2000 July; 19(7): 722-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055787&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of cytokine expression in dermatology. Author(s): Asadullah K, Sterry W, Volk HD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 September; 138(9): 1189-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224980&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of patients with suspected photosensitivity referred for investigation to an Australian photodermatology clinic. Author(s): Crouch RB, Foley PA, Baker CS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 May; 48(5): 714-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734500&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of skin diseases in a referral pediatric dermatology clinic in Thailand. Author(s): Wisuthsarewong W, Viravan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 September; 83(9): 999-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075964&dopt=Abstract
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Annotated bibliographies in cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Brenner S. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 19(5): 654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686139&dopt=Abstract
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Another look at seasonal variation in patch test results. A multifactorial analysis of surveillance data of the IVDK. Information Network of Departments of Dermatology. Author(s): Uter W, Geier J, Land M, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schnuch A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217986&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2001 May; 6(8): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438813&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial drug use in dermatology in a teaching hospital in western Nepal. Author(s): Sarkar C, Das B, Sripathi H. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 May; 56(4): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074207&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial prophylaxis in dermatology. Author(s): Hirschmann JV. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 March; 19(1): 2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10834602&dopt=Abstract
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Antinuclear antibodies in dermatology. Author(s): Heffernan MP, Do JH, Mehta J. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001 March; 20(1): 2-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11308133&dopt=Abstract
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Arachidonic acid-derived bioactive lipids: their role and the role for their inhibitors in dermatology. Author(s): Smith KJ, Skelton H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 May-June; 6(3): 241-56. Epub 2002 May 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001000&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing evidence-based dermatology and evidence-based internal medicine curricula in US residency training programs: a national survey. Author(s): Dellavalle RP, Stegner DL, Deas AM, Hester EJ, McCeney MH, Crane LA, Schilling LM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 March; 139(3): 369-72; Discussion 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622633&dopt=Abstract
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Audit of admissions to dermatology beds in Greater Manchester. Author(s): Helbling I, Muston HL, Ferguson JE, McKenna M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 September; 27(6): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372099&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond the year 2000: how may epidemiology influence future clinical practice in dermatology? Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 19(1): 55-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369488&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond the year 2000: Japanese dermatology. Author(s): Nishikawa T. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 19(1): 47-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369486&dopt=Abstract
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Bibliographic landmarks in the history of dermatology. Author(s): Potter BS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 June; 48(6): 919-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789185&dopt=Abstract
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Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. II. Obituaries and biographies in English: supplemented through 2000. Author(s): Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 19(5): 650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686138&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical studies of a natural antioxidant isolated from rosemary and its application in cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Catalano C, Dinotta F, Geraci D, Morganti P. Source: Int J Tissue React. 2000; 22(1): 5-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10937349&dopt=Abstract
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Botox in dermatology. Author(s): Khawaja HA, Hernandez-Perez E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 40(5): 311-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554992&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum A exotoxin in cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Markey AC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 May; 25(3): 173-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844487&dopt=Abstract
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Calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus: mechanisms of action and applications in dermatology. Author(s): Reynolds NJ, Al-Daraji WI. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 October; 27(7): 555-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464150&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: teledermatology and epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of scabies. Author(s): Weinstock MA, Kempton SA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 July; 66(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10916694&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalosporins in dermatology. Author(s): Del Rosso JQ. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 24-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609585&dopt=Abstract
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Certificate in veterinary dermatology. Author(s): Chesney CJ. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2000 July 1; 147(1): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10975357&dopt=Abstract
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Certificate in veterinary dermatology. Author(s): Williamson H. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2000 June 10; 146(24): 712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887990&dopt=Abstract
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Certificate in veterinary dermatology. Author(s): Baker KP. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2000 June 3; 146(23): 680. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883861&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of dermatophytoses in children treated at the Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Dr Josip Bencevic General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia, from February 1993 till February 2000. Author(s): Tomljanovic-Veselski M, Zilih-Ostojic C, Topolovac Z, Kozul B. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2002 September; 10(3): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377108&dopt=Abstract
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Cohort study of metastatic melanoma patients in the Dermatology Institute of Florence 1990/1997. Author(s): Moretti S, Carli P, Biggeri A, Volpi V, Pimpinelli N. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 January; 15(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451318&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary: antimicrobials in dermatology. Author(s): Tsankov N, Weinberg JM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609581&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary: cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Wolf R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 19(4): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535374&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary: unapproved uses, dosages, or indications in dermatology: a physician's reference. Author(s): Wolf R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435515&dopt=Abstract
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Common and unusual cases seen by an inpatient dermatology consult service. Author(s): Jones DA, Johnson RA. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 March; 19(1): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10834605&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of diagnostic accuracy for cutaneous malignant melanoma between general dermatology, plastic surgery and pigmented lesion clinics. Author(s): Osborne JE, Chave TA, Hutchinson PE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588376&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of store and forward method of teledermatology with face-to-face consultation. Author(s): Rashid E, Ishtiaq O, Gilani S, Zafar A. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 April-June; 15(2): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14552246&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of systematic versus selective screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a high-risk dermatology ward. Author(s): Girou E, Azar J, Wolkenstein P, Cizeau F, Brun-Buisson C, Roujeau JC. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2000 September; 21(9): 583-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001261&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Millikan LE. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 602-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435531&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary psychotherapy in dermatology: hypnosis and biofeedback. Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 595-601. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435530&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary/alternative medicine in dermatology: evidence-assessed efficacy of two diseases and two treatments. Author(s): Ernst E, Pittler MH, Stevinson C. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(5): 341-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069640&dopt=Abstract
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Cosmetic surgery as a revenue engine for academic dermatology. Author(s): Alam M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 September; 136(9): 1096-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987864&dopt=Abstract
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Cost of caring for hospital-based patients in dermatology in Europe. Author(s): Braathen LR. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 July; 15(4): 292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730032&dopt=Abstract
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Cryogen spray cooling in laser dermatology: effects of ambient humidity and frost formation. Author(s): Majaron B, Kimel S, Verkruysse W, Aguilar G, Pope K, Svaasand LO, Lavernia EJ, Nelson JS. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2001; 28(5): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413560&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous lymphomas in Tokyo: analysis of 62 cases in a dermatology clinic. Author(s): Ishiji T, Takagi Y, Niimura M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 40(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277951&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. Two indications for photopheresis in dermatology. Author(s): Girardi M, Heald PW. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 July; 18(3): 417-23, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943537&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclosporin: applications in small animal dermatology. Author(s): Robson DC, Burton GG. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2003 February; 14(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603680&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclosporine and tacrolimus in dermatology. Author(s): Cather JC, Abramovits W, Menter A. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 January; 19(1): 119-37, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155577&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokine blocking agents in dermatology. Author(s): Williams JD, Griffiths CE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 October; 27(7): 585-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464154&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokine therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Asadullah K, Sterry W, Trefzer U. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2002 April; 11(2): 97-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994136&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokines: interleukin and interferon therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Asadullah K, Sterry W, Trefzer U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 October; 27(7): 578-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464153&dopt=Abstract
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Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. Author(s): Pfeiffer C, Wozel G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582416&dopt=Abstract
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Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. Author(s): Zhu YI, Stiller MJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3): 42034. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511841&dopt=Abstract
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Death receptors and their role in dermatology, with particular focus on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors. Author(s): Smith KJ, Diwan H, Skelton H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 42(1): 3-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581134&dopt=Abstract
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Dermabrasion in dermatology. Author(s): Gold MH. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2003; 4(7): 467-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814336&dopt=Abstract
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Dermanet--a tailor-made tool for teledermatology. Author(s): Kuhnis L, Milesi L. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472005&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatologic Surgery is an important area of dermatology. Author(s): Bigby M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 September; 136(9): 1174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987885&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology an evolving NP specialty. Author(s): Jackson DE. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 April; 11(4): 70-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718110&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology and the Americans With Disabilities Act: a review of the case law. Author(s): Curry ML, Curry JA, Cockerell CJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 December; 47(6): 926-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451380&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology consultation in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu. Author(s): Alebiosu CO. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 July-September; 21(3): 249. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744581&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology Course 2000: an interactive multimedia dermatology course for students. Programme description and first results. Author(s): Stolz W, Roesch A, Popal H, Arnold N, Gruber H, Burgdorf W, Landthaler M. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472012&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology in the time of SARS. Author(s): Shaw JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 July; 139(7): 853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873878&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology in war. Author(s): Situm M. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 April; 44(2): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698519&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology launches the 'Evidence-Based Case Report' section. Author(s): Naldi L, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(3): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399666&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology Life Quality Index score in vitiligo and its impact on the treatment outcome. Author(s): Parsad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Kumar B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588405&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology life quality index: data from Danish inpatients and outpatients. Author(s): Zachariae R, Zachariae C, Ibsen H, Mortensen JT, Wulf HC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 July-August; 80(4): 272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028860&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology Life Quality Index: influence of an illustrated version. Author(s): Loo WJ, Diba V, Chawla M, Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588380&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology online with interactive technology (DOIT). Author(s): Bader U, Cipolat C, Burg G. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472009&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology practice in primary health care services: where do we stand in the Middle East? Author(s): Al-Hoqail IA, Gad A, Crawford RI. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 41(1): 4-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895506&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology practice management assures practice development and efficiency. Author(s): Wagener DL. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 September; 19(3): 170-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051448&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology practice management enhancement: implications for dermatology in the age of managed care. Author(s): Nestor MS. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 September; 19(3): 163-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051447&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology under siege: public education is the way ahead. Author(s): Marks R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833032&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology: 2001. Author(s): Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 January; 67(1): 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204596&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology: a unique case of specialty workforce economics. Author(s): Kimball AB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582399&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis in dermatology. Tricks of the trade. Author(s): Marks R. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2001 November; 30(11): 1028-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759450&dopt=Abstract
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Digital imaging in clinical dermatology across the UK in the year 2001. Author(s): Strauss RM, Goodfield MJ. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 May; 17(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702066&dopt=Abstract
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Doctor's orders: rethinking compliance in dermatology. Author(s): Chren MM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 March; 138(3): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902992&dopt=Abstract
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Does antisense make sense in dermatology? Author(s): van Erp PE, Wingens M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 385-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859937&dopt=Abstract
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Dowling Oration 2000. Dermatology patients: what do they really need? Author(s): Finlay AY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 July; 25(5): 444-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012605&dopt=Abstract
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Dowling Oration 2001. Evidence-based dermatology--a bridge too far? Author(s): Williams H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 November; 26(8): 714-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722463&dopt=Abstract
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Drug utilization study in dermatology in a tertiary hospital in Delhi. Author(s): Maini R, Verma KK, Biswas NR, Agrawal SS. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 January; 46(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024948&dopt=Abstract
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Dyes in dermatology. Author(s): Balabanova M, Popova L, Tchipeva R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 2-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609582&dopt=Abstract
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Economic analysis in dermatology. Author(s): Ellis CN, Reiter KL, Wheeler JR, Fendrick AM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2): 271-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807441&dopt=Abstract
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Economical microscope configuration for direct mycological examination with fluorescence in dermatology. Author(s): Monod M, Jaccoud S, Stirnimann R, Anex R, Villa F, Balmer S, Panizzon R. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(3): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096197&dopt=Abstract
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Electronic monitoring in medication adherence measurement. Implications for dermatology. Author(s): Koehler AM, Maibach HI. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702622&dopt=Abstract
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Ernst Schweninger, Professor of Dermatology, and Bismarck's personal physician. Author(s): Haas N, Eilers J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 40(10): 662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763853&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating a telemedicine system to assist in the management of dermatology referrals. Author(s): Taylor P, Goldsmith P, Murray K, Harris D, Barkley A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251567&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based dermatology: a need to reset the agenda. Author(s): Naldi L, Braun R, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834840&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Bigby M. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 April; 18(2): 261-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791153&dopt=Abstract
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Exploration of “alternative” and “natural” drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Levin C, Maibach H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 207-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843641&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency of oral conditions in a dermatology clinic. Author(s): Ramirez-Amador VA, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Orozco-Topete R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 39(7): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940113&dopt=Abstract
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From blacklist to beacon, a case study in reducing dermatology out-patient waiting times. Author(s): Appleby A, Lawrence C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 September; 26(6): 548-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678887&dopt=Abstract
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Future directions for pentostatin (Nipent) usage in dermatology. Author(s): Heald P. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2000 April; 27(2 Suppl 5): 3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877044&dopt=Abstract
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Gender and dermatology. Author(s): Mercurio MG. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 1998 September; 1(1): 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279848&dopt=Abstract
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Gender-specific medicine and dermatology: clinical implications. Author(s): Mercurio MG. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 2000 October; 3(7): 23-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252924&dopt=Abstract
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General practitioner referral guidelines for dermatology: do they improve the quality of referrals? Author(s): Hill VA, Wong E, Hart CJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 July; 25(5): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012587&dopt=Abstract
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General practitioners' perceptions of store-and-forward teledermatology. Author(s): Collins K, Nicolson P, Bowns I, Walters S. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824392&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics, past and present, and the rise of systems dermatology. Author(s): Rees JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 143(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886133&dopt=Abstract
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Genital dermatology in the HIV-infected patient. Author(s): Helton JL. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 1997 August; 11(4): 237-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361838&dopt=Abstract
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Geriatric dermatology in chronic care and rehabilitation. Author(s): Palmissano C, Norman RA. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2000 April; 12(2): 116-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271059&dopt=Abstract
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Giving “scale” new meaning in dermatology: measurement matters. Author(s): Chren MM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 June; 136(6): 788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871950&dopt=Abstract
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GP postgraduate dermatology training. Author(s): Lim AC, See A, Shumack SP. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2001 June; 30(6): 526-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458574&dopt=Abstract
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Ground zero dermatology. Author(s): Moraru R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 July-August; 20(4): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208635&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for charter on visitation of training centres in dermatology and venereology: report for the European Board of Dermatology and Venereology, European Union of Medical Specialists. Author(s): Rosdahl I, Finlay A, Gollnick H, Lomuto M, Soyland E; European Union of Medical Specialists. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 May; 15(3): 272-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683302&dopt=Abstract
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Handwashing patterns in two dermatology clinics. Author(s): Cohen HA, Kitai E, Levy I, Ben-Amitai D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(4): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444331&dopt=Abstract
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Healing of venous ulcers of long duration with a bilayered living skin substitute: results from a general surgery and dermatology department. Author(s): Brem H, Balledux J, Sukkarieh T, Carson P, Falanga V. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 November; 27(11): 915-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737123&dopt=Abstract
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Health disparities in arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases-the dermatology session: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, December 15-16, 2000. Author(s): Taylor SC, Kelly AP, Dupree NE, Kimball AB, Lawrence RC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 November; 47(5): 770-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399772&dopt=Abstract
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Herbal therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Bedi MK, Shenefelt PD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 232-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843645&dopt=Abstract
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Herpes zoster guideline of the German Dermatology Society (DDG). Author(s): Gross G, Schofer H, Wassilew S, Friese K, Timm A, Guthoff R, Pau HW, Malin JP, Wutzler P, Doerr HW. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 April; 26(3): 277-89; Discussion 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637076&dopt=Abstract
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High levels of fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dermatology patients. Author(s): Shah M, Mohanraj M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 1018-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786835&dopt=Abstract
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HIV and AIDS in inpatient dermatology. Approach to the consultation. Author(s): Finkelstein M, Berman B. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 July; 18(3): 509-20, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943545&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Shaw JC. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 January; 19(1): 169-78, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155581&dopt=Abstract
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How common is obsessive-compulsive disorder in a dermatology outpatient clinic? Author(s): Fineberg NA, O'Doherty C, Rajagopal S, Reddy K, Banks A, Gale TM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633123&dopt=Abstract
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Human herpesvirus 7 in dermatology: what role does it play? Author(s): Kempf W. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(5): 309-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069636&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod: a new immune response modifier for the treatment of external genital warts and other diseases in dermatology. Author(s): Berman B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087816&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod: a potential role in dermatology? Author(s): Eedy DJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100177&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod; an international update on therapeutic uses in dermatology. Author(s): Tyring S, Conant M, Marini M, Van Der Meijden W, Washenik K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 41(11): 810-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453012&dopt=Abstract
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Immunofluorescence in dermatology. Author(s): Mutasim DF, Adams BB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 December; 45(6): 80322; Quiz 822-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712024&dopt=Abstract
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Important drug interactions and reactions in dermatology. Author(s): Aria N, Kauffman CL. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 January; 21(1): 207-15, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622282&dopt=Abstract
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Imported skin diseases in dermatology. Author(s): James WD. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 28(11): 663-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770730&dopt=Abstract
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Improving the rate of kept appointments at dermatology clinics. Author(s): Burkhart CG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174403&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo confocal microscopy in dermatology. Author(s): Selkin B, Rajadhyaksha M, Gonzalez S, Langley RG. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 April; 19(2): 369-77, Ix-X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556245&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo spectroscopy in dermatology: methods and new fields of application. Author(s): Liebold K, Fassler D, Schmidt WD, Kuhn T, Wollina U. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 January; 14(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877244&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatient dermatology consultation. Author(s): Nahass GT. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 July; 18(3): 533-42, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943547&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatient dermatology. A prescription for survival. Author(s): Prodanovich S, Kirsner RS, Kerdel FA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 October; 19(4): 593-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705348&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatient dermatology. The difficulties, the reality, and the future. Author(s): Kirsner RS, Yang DG, Kerdel FA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 July; 18(3): 383-90, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943533&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatient dermatology. United Kingdom and United States similarities: moving with the times or being relegated to the back bench? Author(s): Ayyalaraju RS, Finlay AY. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 July; 18(3): 397-404, Vii-Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943535&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatient dermatology: characteristics of patients and admissions in a Spanish hospital. Author(s): Garcia-Doval I, Feal C, Roson E, de la Torre C, Abalde MT, Florez A, Cruces MJ. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224688&dopt=Abstract
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Interactive case report. Commentary: dermatology. Author(s): Kapur N, Rustin MH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 April 12; 326(7393): 804-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689968&dopt=Abstract
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Interactive medicine: resources in dermatology and dermatologic surgery. Author(s): Austin E. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 June; 65(6): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10879306&dopt=Abstract
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Internet advice in dermatology and allergy: 1 year analysis of telerequests and answers. Author(s): Eberlein-Konig B, Engst R, Abeck D, Ring J. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2001 December; 7(2): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165219&dopt=Abstract
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Internet use among parents of patients of a pediatric dermatology clinic. Author(s): Lai CH, Mallory SB. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 November-December; 17(6): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123793&dopt=Abstract
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Ireland, the Celts, and dermatology. Author(s): Murphy GM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 October; 137(10): 1353-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594861&dopt=Abstract
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Is clinical dermatology going to be extinct in the next millennium? Author(s): Dhar S, Dutta AK. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(3): 279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096209&dopt=Abstract
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Issues regarding nonattendance at a paediatric dermatology centre. Author(s): Hon KL, Leung TF, Ma KC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 November; 27(8): 711-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472553&dopt=Abstract
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Ivermectin in dermatology. Author(s): del Giudice P, Chosidow O, Caumes E. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 January; 2(1): 13-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852376&dopt=Abstract
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Key developments in dermatology. Author(s): Stollery NA. Source: The Practitioner. 2003 February; 247(1643): 75, 79, 82 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621801&dopt=Abstract
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Key developments in dermatology. Author(s): Wong YW, Ratnavel R. Source: The Practitioner. 2001 November; 245(1628): 898, 901-4, 908 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727343&dopt=Abstract
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Key developments in dermatology. Author(s): Poyner T. Source: The Practitioner. 2000 October; 244(1615): 824, 826, 828-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116730&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology. An overview of types and indications. Author(s): Alster TS, Lupton JR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(5): 291-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721648&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology: a review. Author(s): Massey RA, Marrero G, Goel-Bansal M, Gmyrek R, Katz BE. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 June; 67(6): 477-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419019&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology: four decades of progress. Author(s): Tanzi EL, Lupton JR, Alster TS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 1-31; Quiz 31-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833005&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology: unapproved treatments. Author(s): Lewis AT, Benedetto AV. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 700-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490365&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology--a critical update. Author(s): Anderson RR. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 700-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138535&dopt=Abstract
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Legal claims in Scottish National Health Service Dermatology Departments 19892001. Author(s): Drummond A, Kane D, Bilsland D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 149(1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890203&dopt=Abstract
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Linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and daptomycin in dermatology. Author(s): Wesson KM, Lerner DS, Silverberg NB, Weinberg JM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 64-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609590&dopt=Abstract
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Liposomes in investigative dermatology. Author(s): Yarosh DB. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2001 October; 17(5): 203-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555329&dopt=Abstract
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Liposuction in cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Markey AC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 January; 26(1): 3-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260167&dopt=Abstract
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Losing touch with the healing art: dermatology and the decline of pastoral doctoring. Author(s): Gibbs S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050600&dopt=Abstract
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Macrolides in dermatology. Author(s): Scheinfeld NS, Tutrone WD, Torres O, Weinberg JM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 40-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609587&dopt=Abstract
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Management of dysplastic nevi: a survey of fellows of the American Academy of Dermatology. Author(s): Tripp JM, Kopf AW, Marghoob AA, Bart RS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 May; 46(5): 674-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004306&dopt=Abstract
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Meteorological parameters and the pattern of dermatology clinic attendance through a calendar year: a Sri Lankan experience. Author(s): Kumarasinghe SP. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 39(7): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940112&dopt=Abstract
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Mnemonics in dermatology; an appraisal. Author(s): Al Aboud K, Al Hawsawi K, Ramesh V, Al Aboud D. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 41(9): 594-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358830&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular genetics in pediatric dermatology. Author(s): Parisi MA, Sybert VP. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2000 August; 12(4): 347-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943815&dopt=Abstract
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Multicentre randomised control trial comparing real time teledermatology with conventional outpatient dermatological care: societal cost-benefit analysis. Author(s): Wootton R, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Hicks N, Lotery HE, Mathews C, Paisley J, Steele K, Loane MA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 May 6; 320(7244): 1252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797038&dopt=Abstract
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Neurotropic and psychotropic drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Tennyson H, Levine N. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 January; 19(1): 179-97, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155582&dopt=Abstract
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New and established topical corticosteroids in dermatology: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Author(s): Brazzini B, Pimpinelli N. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(1): 47-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817968&dopt=Abstract
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New immunosuppressive drugs in dermatology (mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus): unapproved uses, dosages, or indications. Author(s): Assmann T, Ruzicka T. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 505-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435521&dopt=Abstract
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Nurse prescribing and dermatology. Author(s): Courtenay M. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 July 23-29; 98(30): 53-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168273&dopt=Abstract
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Nurse prescribing in a day-care dermatology unit. Author(s): Bowman J. Source: Prof Nurse. 2000 June; 15(9): 573-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11129935&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational rubber glove allergy: results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 1995-2001. Author(s): Geier J, Lessmann H, Uter W, Schnuch A; Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 January; 48(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641577&dopt=Abstract
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On the importance of definition in dermatology and all fields of human endeavor. Author(s): Hurt MA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 664-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346350&dopt=Abstract
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One century of dermatology in Lebanon. Author(s): Tomb RR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 42(6): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786882&dopt=Abstract
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Online consumer health education in dermatology. Author(s): Oakley A, Rademaker M, Duffill M. Source: Telemedicine Journal and E-Health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association. 2003 Summer; 9(2): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855043&dopt=Abstract
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Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: a review. Author(s): Welzel J. Source: Skin Res Technol. 2001 February; 7(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301634&dopt=Abstract
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PAs and dermatology. Good times, nice work, and a special issue. Author(s): Monroe JR. Source: Jaapa. 2001 April; 14(4): 6, 9-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521369&dopt=Abstract
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Patch testing in occupational dermatology. Author(s): Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 December; 58(12): 823-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706150&dopt=Abstract
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Patient and referring provider satisfaction with teledermatology. Author(s): Weinstock MA, Nguyen FQ, Risica PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 July; 47(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12077584&dopt=Abstract
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Patient satisfaction with teledermatology is related to perceived quality of life. Author(s): Williams TL, Esmail A, May CR, Griffiths CE, Shaw NT, Fitzgerald D, Stewart E, Mould M, Morgan M, Pickup L, Kelly S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 911-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899144&dopt=Abstract
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Patient satisfaction with teledermatology services. Author(s): Hicks LL, Boles KE, Hudson S, Kling B, Tracy J, Mitchell J, Webb W. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2003; 9(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641892&dopt=Abstract
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Patients' attitudes toward medical student participation in a dermatology clinic. Author(s): Townsend B, Marks JG, Mauger DT, Miller JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 October; 49(4): 709-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512921&dopt=Abstract
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Patients seen in a dermatology clinic have unmet preventive health care needs. Author(s): Feldman SR, Ravis S, Moran WP, Fleischer AB Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 April; 44(4): 706-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260555&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern analysis, not simplified algorithms, is the most reliable method for teaching dermoscopy for melanoma diagnosis to residents in dermatology. Author(s): Carli P, Quercioli E, Sestini S, Stante M, Ricci L, Brunasso G, De Giorgi V. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 981-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786829&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern of admissions to a tertiary dermatology unit in South Africa. Author(s): Jessop S, McKenzie R, Milne J, Rapp S, Sobey G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 41(9): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358825&dopt=Abstract
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Penicillin and semisynthetic penicillins in dermatology. Author(s): Kadurina M, Bocheva G, Tonev S. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 12-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609584&dopt=Abstract
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Peroxisomes in dermatology. Part II. Author(s): Smith KJ, Dipreta E, Skelton H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2001 July-August; 5(4): 315-22. Epub 2001 July 18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907843&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacogenetics in clinical dermatology. Author(s): Ameen M, Smith CH, Barker JN. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 2-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841360&dopt=Abstract
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients attending dermatology clinics in Europe, the U.S.A., Japan and Australia. Author(s): Ross JI, Snelling AM, Eady EA, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ, Leyden JJ, Collignon P, Dreno B, Reynaud A, Fluhr J, Oshima S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251569&dopt=Abstract
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Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: state of the art. Author(s): Wolf P. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 November; 15(6): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843207&dopt=Abstract
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Photodynamic therapy: applications in dermatology. Author(s): Leman JA, Morton CA. Source: Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2002 January; 2(1): 45-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772339&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium iodide in dermatology: a 19th century drug for the 21st century-uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications. Author(s): Sterling JB, Heymann WR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 October; 43(4): 691-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004629&dopt=Abstract
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Practical applications of hand-held computers in dermatology. Author(s): Goldblum OM. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002 September; 21(3): 190-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322992&dopt=Abstract
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Practice management for academic dermatology departments. Author(s): Eaglstein WH. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 September; 19(3): 173-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051449&dopt=Abstract
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Preserving medical dermatology. A colleague lost, a call to arms, and a plan for battle. Author(s): Werth VP, Voorhees J, Freedberg IM, Sontheimer RD. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 October; 19(4): 583-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705347&dopt=Abstract
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Prions in dermatology. Author(s): Lupi O. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 May; 46(5): 790-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004327&dopt=Abstract
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Problem-based learning: an approach to dermatology resident education. Author(s): Stratman E, Dyer J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 October; 138(10): 1299-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374534&dopt=Abstract
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Progress in Australian teledermatology. Author(s): Lim AC, See AC, Shumack SP. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2001; 7 Suppl 2: 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747660&dopt=Abstract
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Progress in molecular dermatology. Author(s): Bruckner-Tuderman L, Uitto J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 June-July; 81(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558868&dopt=Abstract
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Prostaglandins in dermatology. Author(s): Pustisek N, Lipozencic J. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2001 December; 9(4): 291-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879586&dopt=Abstract
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Psoriatic arthritis: a guide for dermatology nurses. Author(s): Gottlieb AB. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2003 April; 15(2): 107-10, 113-8; Quiz 119. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751345&dopt=Abstract
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Psycho dermatology: the mind and skin connection. Author(s): Koo J, Lebwohl A. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 December 1; 64(11): 1873-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764865&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosomatic dermatology: past and future. Author(s): Panconesi E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 39(10): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095189&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosomatic liaison service in dermatology. Need for psychotherapeutic interventions and their realization. Author(s): Fritzsche K, Ott J, Zschocke I, Scheib P, Burger T, Augustin M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549796&dopt=Abstract
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Psychotropic and neurotropic agents in dermatology: unapproved uses, dosages, or indications. Author(s): Koo JY, Ng TC. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 582-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435529&dopt=Abstract
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Pyoderma gangrenosum: a case study for pain management in dermatology nursing. Author(s): Dunwoody CJ, McCann SA, Zumbo M. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2000 October; 12(5): 313-6, 322-4; Quiz 325-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912789&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of abstracts in 3 clinical dermatology journals. Author(s): Dupuy A, Khosrotehrani K, Lebbe C, Rybojad M, Morel P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 May; 139(5): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756095&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life in dermatology. Author(s): Halioua B, Beumont MG, Lunel F. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 39(11): 801-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123437&dopt=Abstract
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Quinolones in dermatology. Author(s): Sable D, Murakawa GJ. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 56-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609589&dopt=Abstract
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Quo vadis dermatology: a scenario for the future. Author(s): Wolff K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664027&dopt=Abstract
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Race vs ethnicity in dermatology. Author(s): Carter EL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 April; 139(4): 539-40; Author Reply 540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707107&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized controlled trial of a single dermatology nurse consultation in primary care on the quality of life of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Chinn DJ, Poyner T, Sibley G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 146(3): 432-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952543&dopt=Abstract
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Recent advances in dermatology. Author(s): Wu SJ, Tanphaichitr A, Ly M. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2002 January; 19(1): 65-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806166&dopt=Abstract
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Reflections on dermatology and projections for the 21st Century. Author(s): Witkowski JA, Parish LC. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 19(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369482&dopt=Abstract
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Revised terminology in dermatology: a call for the new millennium. Author(s): Malak JA, Kibbi AG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 January; 137(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176671&dopt=Abstract
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Revival of the use of botulinum toxin: application in dermatology. Author(s): Boni R, Kreyden OP, Burg G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(4): 287-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10894957&dopt=Abstract
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Rifampin in dermatology. Author(s): Tsankov N, Angelova I. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 50-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609588&dopt=Abstract
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Rising drug costs: the impact on dermatology. Author(s): Rico MJ. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2000; 5(4): 1-2,5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10785406&dopt=Abstract
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Role of iron in dermatology. Author(s): Simonart T, Van Vooren JP, Parent D, Heenen M, Boelaert JR. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(2): 156-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773710&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp ringworm in south-east London and an analysis of a cohort of patients from a paediatric dermatology department. Author(s): Fuller LC, Child FC, Midgley G, Higgins EM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 985-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786830&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitivity of the Dermatology Life Quality Index to clinical change in patients with psoriasis. Author(s): Mazzotti E, Picardi A, Sampogna F, Sera F, Pasquini P, Abeni D; IDI Multipurpose Psoriasis Research on Vital Experiences study group. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932238&dopt=Abstract
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Sertaconazole in the treatment of mycoses: from dermatology to gynecology. Author(s): Torres J, Marquez M, Camps F. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2000 December; 71 Suppl 1: S320. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118560&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual behaviour and HIV knowledge among Dermatology cum Genitourinary Clinic attendees, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Author(s): Choon SE, Sapiah W, Ismail Z, Balan V. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1997 December; 52(4): 318-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968107&dopt=Abstract
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Share of research output in dermatology: a quantitative ranking. Author(s): Rahman M, Sakamoto J, Fukui T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 149(1): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890234&dopt=Abstract
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Skin diseases in children in rural Kenya: long-term results of a dermatology project within the primary health care system. Author(s): Schmeller W, Dzikus A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167692&dopt=Abstract
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Social cost-benefit analysis of teledermatology. Costs were understated. Author(s): Jacklin P, Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 October 7; 321(7265): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021884&dopt=Abstract
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Sphingolipid signaling in epidermal homeostasis. Current knowledge and new therapeutic approaches in dermatology. Author(s): Geilen CC, Barz S, Bektas M. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2001 September-October; 14(5): 261-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586067&dopt=Abstract
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Sports dermatology. Author(s): Adams BB. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2001 June; 12(2): Vii, 305-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11404203&dopt=Abstract
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Sports dermatology. Author(s): Adams BB. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2001 October; 13(5): 347-8, 351-8, 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917623&dopt=Abstract
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Suction blistering as a research and therapeutic tool in dermatology. Author(s): Falabella R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 39(9): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044191&dopt=Abstract
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Sulfonamides in dermatology. Author(s): Fuchs SM, Elsner P. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 7-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609583&dopt=Abstract
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Sunlamps and sunbeds and the risk of cutaneous melanoma. Italian Group for Epidemiological Research in Dermatology. Author(s): Naldi L, Gallus S, Imberti GL, Cainelli T, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2000 April; 9(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830582&dopt=Abstract
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Synopsis of antinuclear antibodies in dermatology. Author(s): Nelson MM, Heffernan MP. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2002 June; 14(3): 1659, 203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099064&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic glucocorticosteroid therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Hilton DC, Williams LC, Nesbitt LT Jr. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2000 August; 12(4): 258-63; Quiz 264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912664&dopt=Abstract
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Systems dermatology and clinical dermatological research. Author(s): Oikarinen A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453940&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology delivery modalities: real time versus store and forward. Author(s): Whitten PS. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471986&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology in North America. Author(s): Pak H. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472016&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology in practice. Author(s): Mallett RB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 July; 28(4): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823290&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology in sub-Saharan Africa. Author(s): Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Doe P, Pakenham-Walsh N. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 233-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472018&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology in Switzerland. Author(s): Cipolat C, Bader U, Rufli T, Burg G. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472021&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology in the nursing home. Author(s): Zelickson BD. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472007&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology: an intraobserver diagnostic correlation study, part I. Author(s): Pak HS, Harden D, Cruess D, Welch ML, Poropatich R; National Capital Area Teledermatology Consortium. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 May; 71(5): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769408&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology: an intraobserver diagnostic correlation study, Part II. Author(s): Pak HS, Harden D, Cruess D, Welch ML, Poropatich R; National Capital Area Teledermatology Consortium. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 June; 71(6): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839260&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology: the case of adoption and diffusion of telemedicine health Waikato in New Zealand. Author(s): Al-Qirim NA. Source: Telemedicine Journal and E-Health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association. 2003 Summer; 9(2): 167-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855039&dopt=Abstract
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Teledermatology's impact on time to intervention among referrals to a dermatology consult service. Author(s): Whited JD, Hall RP, Foy ME, Marbrey LE, Grambow SC, Dudley TK, Datta S, Simel DL, Oddone EZ. Source: Telemedicine Journal and E-Health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association. 2002 Fall; 8(3): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419025&dopt=Abstract
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Telematics-based teaching in dermatology. Author(s): Bohm K, Wiegers W. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 182-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472010&dopt=Abstract
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Teleteaching tools in dermatology on the Web. Author(s): Kropf R, Cipolat C, Burg G. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 2003; 32: 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471987&dopt=Abstract
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Tetracyclines in dermatology. Author(s): Tsankov N, Broshtilova V, Kazandjieva J. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 33-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609586&dopt=Abstract
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Thalidomide in dermatology. Author(s): Wines NY, Cooper AJ, Wines MP. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 229-38; Quiz 239-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423428&dopt=Abstract
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The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index: validation of the cartoon version. Author(s): Holme SA, Man I, Sharpe JL, Dykes PJ, Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588381&dopt=Abstract
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The current status of nurse prescribing in dermatology. Author(s): Cox NH, Jackson K, Bowman J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 July; 28(4): 440-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823311&dopt=Abstract
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The demographics of aging in the United States: implications for dermatology. Author(s): Kosmadaki MG, Gilchrest BA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 November; 138(11): 1427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437445&dopt=Abstract
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The first 15 years of the American Academy of Dermatology skin cancer screening programs: 1985-1999. Author(s): Geller AC, Zhang Z, Sober AJ, Halpern AC, Weinstock MA, Daniels S, Miller DR, Demierre MF, Brooks DR, Gilchrest BA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 January; 48(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522368&dopt=Abstract
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The future of academic dermatology in the United States: report on the resident retreat for future physician-scientists, June 15-17, 2001. Author(s): Rubenstein DS, Blauvelt A, Chen SC, Darling TN. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 August; 47(2): 300-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140479&dopt=Abstract
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The International League of Dermatological Societies: from the World Congress of Dermatology to the International Foundation for Dermatology and beyond. Author(s): Marks R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 May; 48(5): 784-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734510&dopt=Abstract
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The international league of dermatological societies: global dermatology on the move. Author(s): Marks R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598703&dopt=Abstract
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The macrolide immunosuppressants in dermatology: mechanisms of action. Author(s): Marsland AM, Griffiths CE. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 618-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459545&dopt=Abstract
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The Norwegian version of the dermatology life quality index: a study of validity and reliability in psoriatics. Author(s): Mork C, Wahl A, Moum T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(5): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430733&dopt=Abstract
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The nurse's contribution to the care of dermatology patients. Author(s): Lawton S. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 July; 6(6): 35-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778648&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of ocular signs in acne rosacea: comparing patients from ophthalmology and dermatology clinics. Author(s): Ghanem VC, Mehra N, Wong S, Mannis MJ. Source: Cornea. 2003 April; 22(3): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658088&dopt=Abstract
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The role of cutaneous surgery in dermatology. Author(s): Walton RG. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 March; 71(3): 192; Discussion 192, 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661744&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the dermatology nurse in atopic dermatitis management. Author(s): Tofte S. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2003 August; Suppl: 10-1, 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14520892&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the pharmaceutical industry in drug development in dermatology. Author(s): Cauwenbergh G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 467-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435516&dopt=Abstract
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The teaching of dermatology in veterinary education in North America (2002). Author(s): Kunkle GA, Nicklin CF. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2003 April; 14(2): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662264&dopt=Abstract
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Topical antimicrobial agents in dermatology. Author(s): Thornton Spann C, Taylor SC, Weinberg JM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609591&dopt=Abstract
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UEMS Section of Dermatology and Venereology, European Board of Dermatology and Venereology, Report meetings Section and Board, 19 May 2001. Author(s): Hulsebosch HJ. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 March; 16(2): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046840&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound in dermatology. Part II. Ultrasound of regional lymph node basins and subcutaneous tumours. Author(s): Ulrich J, Voit C. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2001 January-February; 11(1): 73-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174146&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual employ of laser in dermatology: to know, to be able to do, to be. Author(s): Hautmann G, Hercogova J, Lotti T. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 May; 16(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195557&dopt=Abstract
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Update in dermatology. Author(s): Kazin RA, Lowitt NR, Lowitt MH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 July 17; 135(2): 124-32. Review. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2001 October 2; 135(7): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453712&dopt=Abstract
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Update on systemic glucocorticosteroids in dermatology. Author(s): Williams LC, Nesbitt LT Jr. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 January; 19(1): 63-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155587&dopt=Abstract
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Use of and beliefs about baseline photography in the management of patients with pigmented lesions: a survey of dermatology residency programmes in the United States. Author(s): Nehal KS, Oliveria SA, Marghoob AA, Christos PJ, Dusza S, Tromberg JS, Halpern AC. Source: Melanoma Research. 2002 April; 12(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930113&dopt=Abstract
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Use of and beliefs about dermoscopy in the management of patients with pigmented lesions: a survey of dermatology residency programmes in the United States. Author(s): Nehal KS, Oliveria SA, Marghoob AA, Christos PJ, Dusza SW, Tromberg JS, Halpern AC. Source: Melanoma Research. 2002 December; 12(6): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459650&dopt=Abstract
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Use of skin substitutes in dermatology. Author(s): Bello YM, Falabella AF. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 July; 19(3): 555-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599411&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) in a midwestern US urban clinic. Author(s): Hahn HB, Melfi CA, Chuang TY, Lewis CW, Gonin R, Hanna MP, Farmer ER. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423833&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. VI. The mayapple (Podophyllum). Author(s): Schwartz J, Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 November; 47(5): 774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399773&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. VII: Cinchona and antimalarials. Author(s): Kinsley-Scott TR, Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 September; 49(3): 499502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963916&dopt=Abstract
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Using the internet to assess and teach medical students in dermatology. Author(s): Hong CH, McLean D, Shapiro J, Lui H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 July-August; 6(4): 315-9. Epub 2002 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001003&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the Dermatology Life Quality Index and the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment-Chronic Hand Dermatitis questionnaire in chronic hand dermatitis. Author(s): Reilly MC, Lavin PT, Kahler KH, Pariser DM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 January; 48(1): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522383&dopt=Abstract
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Waiting times to see a dermatologist are perceived as too long by dermatologists: implications for the dermatology workforce. Author(s): Suneja T, Smith ED, Chen GJ, Zipperstein KJ, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 October; 137(10): 1303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594853&dopt=Abstract
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Web site for training nonmedical health-care workers to identify potentially malignant skin lesions and for teledermatology. Author(s): Oliveira MR, Wen CL, Neto CF, Silveira PS, Rivitti EA, Bohm GM. Source: Telemedicine Journal and E-Health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association. 2002 Fall; 8(3): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419026&dopt=Abstract
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Website discussion forums: results of an Australian project to promote telecommunication in dermatology. Author(s): Chen K, See A, Shumack S. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2002; 8 Suppl 3: S3: 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661604&dopt=Abstract
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Where we have come from and where we are going to as physician-scientists in the Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Author(s): Kitajima Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 November; 27(3): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641053&dopt=Abstract
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Why taper prednisone in dermatology? Author(s): Blair M. Source: Jaapa. 2001 April; 14(4): 72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521370&dopt=Abstract
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Wilderness dermatology: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of skin disease related to the great outdoors. Author(s): Miller DM, Brodell RT, Herr R. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1996 May; 7(2): 146-69. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990108&dopt=Abstract
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Will a physician assistant improve your dermatology practice? Author(s): Baker KE. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 September; 19(3): 201-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051454&dopt=Abstract
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With a perfect start. Dermatology at Yale 1955-1985. Author(s): Lerner AB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 June; 44(6): 1030-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369918&dopt=Abstract
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Women in dermatology in the new millennium: past, present, and future. Author(s): Kaminsky A. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 19(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369483&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DERMATOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and dermatology.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Dermatology The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “dermatology” (or a synonym): •
Alternative medicine and dermatology. Author(s): New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA. Source: Buchness, M R Semin-Cutan-Med-Surg. 1998 December; 17(4): 284-90 1085-5629
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An outbreak of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a dermatology ward associated with an environmental reservoir. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Source: Layton, M C Perez, M Heald, P Patterson, J E Infect-Control-Hosp-Epidemiol. 1993 July; 14(7): 369-75 0899-823X
•
Application of decoction for dermatitis in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Li, B J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1995 June; 15(2): 90-5 0254-6272
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Arachidonic acid-derived bioactive lipids: their role and the role for their inhibitors in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0009, USA.
[email protected] Source: Smith, K J Skelton, H J-Cutan-Med-Surg. 2002 May-June; 6(3): 241-56 1203-4754
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Basal cell carcinoma: seven years' experience at the Institute of Dermatology in Bangkok. Author(s): Division of Dermatopathology, Institute of Dermatology, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Nakjang, Y Kullavanijaya, P J-Dermatol. 1994 September; 21(9): 660-3 0385-2407
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Biochemical studies on a novel antioxidant from lemon oil and its biotechnological application in cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Catania, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Calabrese, V Randazzo, S D Catalano, C Rizza, V Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(5): 219-25 0378-6501
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Clinical uses for calciotropic hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in dermatology: a new perspective. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA. Source: Holick, M F Chen, M L Kong, X F Sanan, D K J-Investig-Dermatol-Symp-Proc. 1996 April; 1(1): 1-9 1087-0024
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Complementary medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
[email protected] Source: Millikan, L E Clin-Dermatol. 2002 Sep-October; 20(5): 602-5 0738-081X
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Complementary psychotherapy in dermatology: hypnosis and biofeedback. Author(s): Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
[email protected] Source: Shenefelt, P D Clin-Dermatol. 2002 Sep-October; 20(5): 595-601 0738-081X
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Complementary/alternative medicine in dermatology: evidence-assessed efficacy of two diseases and two treatments. Author(s): Department of Complementary Medicine, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
[email protected] Source: Ernst, E Pittler, M H Stevinson, C Am-J-Clin-Dermatol. 2002; 3(5): 341-8 11750561
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Controversies in pediatric dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Texas Medical School at Galveston. Source: Raimer, S S Adv-Dermatol. 1994; 9193-203; discussion 204 0882-0880
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Cytokine therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Research Business Area Dermatology, A. G. Schering, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Asadullah, K Sterry, W Trefzer, U Exp-Dermatol. 2002 April; 11(2): 97-106 09066705
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Diagnostic techniques in dermatology: the investigation and diagnosis of adverse food reactions in dogs and cats. Author(s): North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. Source: Jackson, H A Clin-Tech-Small-Anim-Pract. 2001 November; 16(4): 233-5 10962867
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Diet and dermatology: rotten fish, red herrings and essential fatty acids. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary. Source: Burton, J L West-Engl-Med-J. 1990 March; 105(1): 12-4 0960-6440
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Evaluation of acceleration plethysmograms in dermatology--efficacy of lipo PGE1 preparations against herpes zoster and neuralgia following herpes. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical College, Japan. Source: Okuda, T Oh i, T Koga, M J-Dermatol. 1997 December; 24(12): 751-7 0385-2407
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Exploration of “alternative” and “natural” drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, UCSF Medical Center, 90 Medical Center Way, Room 110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Source: Levin, Cheryl Maibach, Howard Arch-Dermatol. 2002 February; 138(2): 207-11 0003-987X
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Fifty years of clinical research in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Author(s): Clinique de Dermatologie, Hopital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Saurat, J H J-Invest-Dermatol. 1989 April; 92(4 Suppl): 132S-141S 0022-202X
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Herbal therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Box 79, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Source: Bedi, Monica K Shenefelt, Philip D Arch-Dermatol. 2002 February; 138(2): 232-42 0003-987X
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Isotretinoin (roaccutane) usage--a South African consensus guideline. National Dermatology Working Group. Source: Anonymous S-Afr-Med-J. 1997 October; 87(10 Pt 2): 1410-3 0038-2469
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New and established topical corticosteroids in dermatology: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Source: Brazzini, Benedetta Pimpinelli, Nicola Am-J-Clin-Dermatol. 2002; 3(1): 47-58 1175-0561
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New drugs in pediatric dermatology. Author(s): Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Davis, A Krafchik, B R Curr-Opin-Pediatr. 1993 April; 5(2): 212-5 1040-8703
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New immunosuppressive drugs in dermatology (mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus): unapproved uses, dosages, or indications. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Assmann, T Ruzicka, T Clin-Dermatol. 2002 Sep-October; 20(5): 505-14 0738081X
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Nutritional dermatology. Author(s): ImmunoClarity Research Associates. Source: Dattner, A M Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 57-64 0738-081X
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Paediatric dermatology. Impetigo. Author(s): Department of Dermatology; New Childrens Hospital, Westmead, NSW. Source: Hogan, P Aust-Fam-Physician. 1998 August; 27(8): 735-6 0300-8495
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Pentoxifylline therapy in dermatology. A review of localized hyperviscosity and its effects on the skin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. Source: Ely, H Dermatol-Clin. 1988 October; 6(4): 585-608 0733-8635
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Placebo therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Institute of General Practice, University of Aarhus Hoegh Guldbergsgade Arhus, Denmark. Source: Barfod, T S Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 69-76 0738-081X
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Prostaglandins in dermatology. Author(s): Zagreb Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Source: Pustisek, N Lipozencic, J Acta-Dermatovenerol-Croat. 2001 December; 9(4): 2918 1330-027X
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Reactions and interactions of some commonly used systemic drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Service de Dermatologie, Hopital Henri Mondor, Universite Paris XII, Creteil, France. Source: Cleach, L L Bocquet, H Roujeau, J C Dermatol-Clin. 1998 April; 16(2): 421-9 07338635
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Retinoids in veterinary dermatology. Author(s): Animal Dermatology Centers, Valley Veterinary Specialty Services, Los Angeles, CA. Source: Werner, A H Power, H T Clin-Dermatol. 1994 Oct-December; 12(4): 579-86 0738081X
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Selecting fatty acid supplements for use in small animal dermatology. Source: Ackerman, L. The-Compendium-on-continuing-education-for-the-practicingveterinarian (USA). (March 1997). volume 19(3,suppl.) page 93-96. dogs cats 0193-1903
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Thymopentin in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Klinikum, Wuppertal, FRG. Source: Haneke, E Curr-Probl-Dermatol. 1989; 18283-9 0070-2064
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Topical retinoids. Their uses in dermatology. Author(s): Clinical Research Department, Valbonne, France. Source: Verschoore, M Bouclier, M Czernielewski, J Hensby, C Dermatol-Clin. 1993 January; 11(1): 107-15 0733-8635
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Traditional African medicine in dermatology: complementary medical practices from east Africa and “guboow”. Author(s): Dermatology Service, Scientific Institute San Raffaele-Resnati Hospital, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Urbani, C E Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 1-12 0738-081X
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Traditional Arabic medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Amman Clinic, Jordan. Source: Oumeish, O Y Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 13-20 0738-081X
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Traditional Chinese medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA. Source: Koo, J Arain, S Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 21-7 0738-081X
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Traditional Iberian folk medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Laboratory of Cultural Anthropology, University of Granada, Spain. Source: Amezcua, M Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 33-40 0738-081X
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Traditional Indian medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Paddington Testing Company, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Routh, H B Bhowmik, K R Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 41-7 0738081X
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Traditional Korean medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Source: Hann, S K Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 29-31 0738-081X
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Traditional Native American medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA. Source: Weigand, D A Clin-Dermatol. 1999 Jan-February; 17(1): 49-51 0738-081X
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Update on systemic glucocorticosteroids in dermatology. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Source: Williams, L C Nesbitt, L T Jr Dermatol-Clin. 2001 January; 19(1): 63-77 0733-8635
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Useful plants of dermatology. VI. The mayapple (Podophyllum). Author(s): Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA. Source: Schwartz, J Norton, S A J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 2002 November; 47(5): 774-5 0190-9622
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What's new in dermatology? Outpatient treatment of severe psoriasis. Author(s): University of Iowa Department of Dermatology. Source: Madison, K Iowa-Med. 1991 May; 81(5): 202-3 0746-8709
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to dermatology; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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CHAPTER 3. DERMATOLOGY
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to dermatology. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to dermatology and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to dermatology: •
27 Years of occupational dermatology in Finland. Author(s): Forstrom L, Pirila V. Source: Berufsdermatosen. 1975 December; 23(6): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=129055&dopt=Abstract
•
Acupuncture and pain in dermatology. Author(s): Nielsen M. Source: Dermatologica. 1986; 173(3): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3533664&dopt=Abstract
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Acupuncture in dermatology. Author(s): Iliev E.
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Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 16(6): 659-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949912&dopt=Abstract •
Acupuncture, electrostimulation, and reflex therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Chen CJ, Yu HS. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919109&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 923-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069498&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse reactions to herbal therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Vender RB. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2003 March; 8(3): 5-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858233&dopt=Abstract
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Aesthetics in psychosomatic dermatology. I. Cosmetics, self-image, attractiveness. Author(s): Melli C, Giorgini S. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1984 October-December; 2(4): 180-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6400323&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative medicine and dermatology. Author(s): Buchness MR. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1998 December; 17(4): 284-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9859916&dopt=Abstract
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American Academy of Dermatology 1998 Awards for Young Investigators in Dermatology. Photoprotective action of isoflavone genistein: models, mechanisms, and relevance to clinical dermatology. Author(s): Wei H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 August; 39(2 Pt 1): 2712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9704842&dopt=Abstract
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Application of decoction for dermatitis in dermatology. Author(s): Li B. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 June; 15(2): 90-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7650969&dopt=Abstract
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Arabian contributors to dermatology. Author(s): Marquis L. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 January-February; 24(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3888876&dopt=Abstract
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Aromatherapy in dermatology. Author(s): Stevensen CJ. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 16(6): 689-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949913&dopt=Abstract
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Basal cell carcinoma: seven years' experience at the Institute of Dermatology in Bangkok. Author(s): Nakjang Y, Kullavanijaya P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 21(9): 660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962970&dopt=Abstract
•
Biochemical studies of a natural antioxidant isolated from rosemary and its application in cosmetic dermatology. Author(s): Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Catalano C, Dinotta F, Geraci D, Morganti P. Source: Int J Tissue React. 2000; 22(1): 5-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10937349&dopt=Abstract
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Bioclimatology and balneology in dermatology: a Dead Sea perspective. Author(s): Abels DJ, Kipnis V. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 16(6): 695-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949914&dopt=Abstract
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Biofeedback in dermatology. Author(s): Sarti MG. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 16(6): 711-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949917&dopt=Abstract
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Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral methods, and hypnosis in dermatology: Is it all in your mind? Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 114-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919113&dopt=Abstract
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Botanical dermatology. Author(s): McGovern TW, Barkley TM.
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Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 37(5): 321-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9620476&dopt=Abstract •
Community Dermatology in India. Author(s): Kaur P, Singh G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 34(5): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7607791&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of parent knowledge, therapy utilization and severity of atopic eczema before and after explanation and demonstration of topical therapies by a specialist dermatology nurse. Author(s): Cork MJ, Britton J, Butler L, Young S, Murphy R, Keohane SG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 September; 149(3): 582-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14510993&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary and alternative medicine use among patients attending a hospital dermatology clinic in Taiwan. Author(s): Chen YF, Chang JS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 42(8): 616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890105&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Millikan LE. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 602-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435531&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary psychotherapy in dermatology: hypnosis and biofeedback. Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 595-601. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435530&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary/alternative medicine in dermatology: evidence-assessed efficacy of two diseases and two treatments. Author(s): Ernst E, Pittler MH, Stevinson C. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(5): 341-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069640&dopt=Abstract
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Compositae dermatitis in a Danish dermatology department in one year (I). Results of routine patch testing with the sesquiterpene lactone mix supplemented with aimed patch testing with extracts and sesquiterpene lactones of Compositae plants. Author(s): Paulsen E, Andersen KE, Hausen BM.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 July; 29(1): 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8365167&dopt=Abstract •
Cross section of dermatology through the evolution of history. Author(s): Banerjee BN, Dutta AK. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1968 July; 13(4): 73-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4892361&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxic agents for use in dermatology. I. Author(s): McDonald CJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 May; 12(5 Pt 1): 753-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3891799&dopt=Abstract
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Dermabrasion in dermatology. Author(s): Gold MH. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2003; 4(7): 467-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814336&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology and history in Wales (Cymru). Author(s): Hodgson G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 June; 90(6): 699-712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4604304&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology at the Dead Sea spas. Author(s): Even-Paz Z. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1996 July; 32 Suppl: S11-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8756969&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology in Tudor and Early Stuart England. Author(s): Copeman PW, Copeman WS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1970 March; 82(3): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4909792&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology of reptiles: a clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Harkewicz KA. Source: Veterinary Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2001 May; 4(2): 441-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480361&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatology on the Internet. Author(s): Austin E.
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Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 December; 64(6): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626105&dopt=Abstract •
Diet and dermatology. Author(s): Burton JL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 March 25; 298(6676): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2496852&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of the pharmacotherapy of canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Olivry T, Mueller RS; The International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2003 June; 14(3): 121-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791047&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with psoriasis in a psychosomatic dermatology clinic. Author(s): Polenghi MM, Molinari E, Gala C, Guzzi R, Garutti C, Finzi AF. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 186: 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8073842&dopt=Abstract
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Exploration of “alternative” and “natural” drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Levin C, Maibach H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 207-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843641&dopt=Abstract
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From blacklist to beacon, a case study in reducing dermatology out-patient waiting times. Author(s): Appleby A, Lawrence C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 September; 26(6): 548-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678887&dopt=Abstract
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From medical herbalism to phytotherapy in dermatology: back to the future. Author(s): Dattner AM. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 106-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919112&dopt=Abstract
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Herbal therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Bedi MK, Shenefelt PD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 232-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843645&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatography of unmodified rosin and its applications in contact dermatology. Author(s): Sadhra S, Gray CN, Foulds IS. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 October 24; 700(1-2): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390719&dopt=Abstract
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Historical outlook of aquatic biotoxicology and balneology as related to dermatology. Classification of aquatic dermatoses. Author(s): Mandojana RM, Letot B. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1987 July-September; 5(3): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3311336&dopt=Abstract
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History and fundamentals of psychosomatic dermatology. Author(s): Cossidente A, Sarti MG. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1984 October-December; 2(4): 1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6400322&dopt=Abstract
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Holistic approach to diagnosis in psychosomatic dermatology. Author(s): Shanon J. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1984 October-December; 2(4): 237-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6545774&dopt=Abstract
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Homeopathy in dermatology. Author(s): Smolle J. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919110&dopt=Abstract
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Homeopathy in dermatology. Author(s): Stibbe JR. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089588&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Barr PO, Enfors W, Eriksson G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1972 June; 86(6): 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5045953&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in dermatology. Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 393-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724204&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in dermatology. Author(s): Bellini MA. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 16(6): 725-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949919&dopt=Abstract
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Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Dantzig PI. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 September; 110(3): 393-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4141602&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in sensitization to oil of turpentine: recent data from a multicenter study on 45,005 patients from the German-Austrian Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Author(s): Treudler R, Richter G, Geier J, Schnuch A, Orfanos CE, Tebbe B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 February; 42(2): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703626&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone genistein: photoprotection and clinical implications in dermatology. Author(s): Wei H, Saladi R, Lu Y, Wang Y, Palep SR, Moore J, Phelps R, Shyong E, Lebwohl MG. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 133(11 Suppl 1): 3811S-3819S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608119&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology: a selective historical review. Author(s): Morelli JG, Parrish JA. Source: Photodermatol. 1985 October; 2(5): 303-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3906597&dopt=Abstract
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Lasers in dermatology: unapproved treatments. Author(s): Lewis AT, Benedetto AV. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 700-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490365&dopt=Abstract
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Llama dermatology. Author(s): Rosychuk RA. Source: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1989 March; 5(1): 203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2647233&dopt=Abstract
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Losing touch with the healing art: dermatology and the decline of pastoral doctoring. Author(s): Gibbs S.
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Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050600&dopt=Abstract •
Mexican dermatology of the pre-Columbian period. Author(s): Obermayer ME. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1974 September-October; 13(5): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4607696&dopt=Abstract
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Mind-body medicine. Practical applications in dermatology. Author(s): Bilkis MR, Mark KA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 November; 134(11): 1437-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828881&dopt=Abstract
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Nehushtan: international joint enterprises and dermatology. Author(s): Goihman-Yahr M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 June; 33(6): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8056473&dopt=Abstract
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Nehushtan: Joshua, meaningful survival, and dermatology. Author(s): Goihman-Yahr M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 April; 37(4): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9585894&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional dermatology. Author(s): Dattner AM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089587&dopt=Abstract
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Patient advocacy groups. A key prescription for dermatology. Author(s): Rolstad T, Zimmerman G. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 April; 18(2): 277-85, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791154&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric dermatology in antiquity: part III. Author(s): Radbill SX. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1978 June; 17(5): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=350786&dopt=Abstract
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Placebo therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Barfod TS.
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Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089589&dopt=Abstract •
Possible uses of hypnosis in dermatology. Author(s): CHEEK DB. Source: Med Times. 1961 January; 89: 76-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13692715&dopt=Abstract
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Potential therapeutic applications of tea in dermatology. Author(s): Alexis AF, Jones VA, Stiller MJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 38(10): 735-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561043&dopt=Abstract
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Practical and experimental consideration of sun protection in dermatology. Author(s): Ting WW, Vest CD, Sontheimer R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 42(7): 505-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839597&dopt=Abstract
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Practical aspects of psychosomatic dermatology. Author(s): WEISSBERG G. Source: N Y State J Med. 1961 July 15; 61: 2420-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13784125&dopt=Abstract
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Psychogenic aspects of dermatology: a clinical trial of Norpramin. Author(s): Ede M. Source: Psychosomatics. 1965 September-October; 6(5): 376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5319253&dopt=Abstract
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Psychoneuroimmunology and dermatology. Author(s): Farber EM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 February; 32(2): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7680021&dopt=Abstract
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Psychophysiology of stress in dermatology. The psychobiologic pattern of psychosomatics. Author(s): Panconesi E, Hautmann G. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 July; 14(3): 399-421. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818550&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosomatic dermatology. Author(s): Medansky RS.
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Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1978 October; 17(8): 678. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=730450&dopt=Abstract •
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids in dermatology. Author(s): Taplin D, Meinking TL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 February; 126(2): 213-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405780&dopt=Abstract
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Recent advances in dermatology. Author(s): Killey FP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 June 18; 326(25): 1706; Author Reply 1706-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1588996&dopt=Abstract
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Reflex therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Stuttgen G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 77-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089590&dopt=Abstract
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Shocking therapy: uses of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in dermatology. Author(s): Ely H. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1991 January; 9(1): 189-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022093&dopt=Abstract
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Some aspects of the use of cytostatic drugs in dermatology. Author(s): Falkson G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1966 April 23; 40(15): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4160603&dopt=Abstract
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Some historical aspects of dermatology in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Uragoda CG. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1984 January-February; 23(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6373636&dopt=Abstract
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Stress and skin diseases: psychosomatic dermatology. Author(s): Panconesi E. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1984 October-December; 2(4): Viii-Xiv. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6545770&dopt=Abstract
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Stress management in dermatology patients. Author(s): Marshall M.
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Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1991 March 6-12; 5(24): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1900182&dopt=Abstract •
The development of a time-based nursing information system in dermatology outpatients and day therapy areas. Author(s): Lynn SE. Source: Journal of Nursing Management. 2002 May; 10(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982782&dopt=Abstract
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The Egyptian sycamore tree: its use in dermatology. Author(s): El Zawahry M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1977 December; 16(10): 853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=340396&dopt=Abstract
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The general practice of dermatology. Author(s): WAISMAN M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1965 May; 58: 565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14280774&dopt=Abstract
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The Norwegian version of the dermatology life quality index: a study of validity and reliability in psoriatics. Author(s): Mork C, Wahl A, Moum T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(5): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430733&dopt=Abstract
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The use of emollients as sophisticated therapy in dermatology. Author(s): Nola I, Kostovic K, Kotrulja L, Lugovic L. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2003; 11(2): 80-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773264&dopt=Abstract
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Therapy in psychosomatic dermatology. Author(s): Sarti MG, Cossidente A. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1984 October-December; 2(4): 255-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6152774&dopt=Abstract
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Tibetan medicine and dermatology in the fifteenth century. Author(s): Jackson R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 December; 34(12): 834-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8647659&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional African medicine in dermatology: complementary medical practices from east Africa and “guboow”. Author(s): Urbani CE. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089579&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Arabic medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Oumeish OY. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089580&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Chinese medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Koo J, Desai R. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919111&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Chinese medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Koo J, Arain S. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089581&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Iberian folk medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Amezcua M. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089583&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Indian medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Routh HB, Bhowmik KR. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089584&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Korean medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Hann SK. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089582&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Native American medicine in dermatology. Author(s): Weigand DA. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089585&dopt=Abstract
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Training future dermatologists in psychodermatology. Author(s): Van Moffaert M. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1986 March; 8(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3957016&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of psoriasis at a Dead Sea dermatology clinic. Author(s): Abels DJ, Rose T, Bearman JE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 34(2): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7737775&dopt=Abstract
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Unapproved treatments or indications in dermatology: physical therapy including balneotherapy. Author(s): Millikan LE. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2000 January-February; 18(1): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701094&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. I. Hydnocarpus and chaulmoogra. Author(s): Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 October; 31(4): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089304&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. III. Corticosteroids, Strophanthus, and Dioscorea. Author(s): Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 February; 38(2 Pt 1): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486683&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. IV. Alizarin red and madder. Author(s): Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 September; 39(3): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738785&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. V. Capsicum and capsaicin. Author(s): Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 October; 39(4 Pt 1): 6268. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777770&dopt=Abstract
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Useful plants of dermatology. VI. The mayapple (Podophyllum). Author(s): Schwartz J, Norton SA.
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Useful plants of dermatology. VII: Cinchona and antimalarials. Author(s): Kinsley-Scott TR, Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 September; 49(3): 499502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963916&dopt=Abstract
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What's new in paediatric dermatology. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1984 August; 25(2): 45-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6397187&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to dermatology; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Alternative names: Genital Herpes, Cold Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shingles and Postherpetic Neuralgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitiligo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Benzamycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Clindamycin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Horse Chestnut Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10037,00.html Melissa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oenothera Biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DERMATOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to dermatology. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “dermatology” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dermatology, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Dermatology ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to dermatology. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Study of the Relationship of Three Teaching Methods in Dermatology and the Level of Knowledge and Problem-solving Skills Acquired. by Velasco-Perez, Nestor, DED from University of Houston, 1979, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7919406
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Characteristics and Predictors of Psychosocial Dysfunction in a Pediatric Dermatology Clinic Population by Mallin, Karen Sue; PSYD from Argosy University/twin Cities, 2002, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066146
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DERMATOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning dermatology.
Recent Trials on Dermatology The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to dermatology.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Health Services Implications of a Teledermatology Consult System Condition(s): Dermatology Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service Purpose - Excerpt: We have previously shown (IIR 95-045) that teledermatology, using store and forward technology, can result in reliable and accurate diagnostic outcomes when compared to clinic-based dermatology consultations. This investigation builds on that fundamental diagnostic information by assessing the health services implications of a teledermatology consult system. The primary objective of this study is to investigate health services outcomes related to teledermatology implementation. Outcomes of interest are the time to diagnosis and treatment initiation, the proportion of patients that avoid the need for a clinic-based encounter, and cost savings and cost effectiveness. This study is a randomized clinical trial that compares consultations performed by teledermatology with usual care dermatology consultations. Patients referred from the primary care clinics to the dermatology consult service are randomized to either usual care or a teledermatology consultation. In the usual care arm the consultant dermatologist reviews a text-based electronic consult and schedules the patient for a clinic visit. In the teledermatology arm, in addition to the electronic text-based consult, the consultant dermatologist reviews a digital image(s) and a standardized history. Patients in the teledermatology arm may be scheduled for a clinic visit or, alternatively,
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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the consultant dermatologist may provide information and recommendations for the referring clinician to implement, thus avoiding the need for a dermatology clinic visit. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013234
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “dermatology” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON DERMATOLOGY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “dermatology” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dermatology, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Dermatology By performing a patent search focusing on dermatology, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on dermatology: •
Agents promoting laminin production in skin cells Inventor(s): Amano; Satoshi (Yokohama, JP), Nishiyama; Toshio (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Shiseido Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,544,966 Date filed: September 29, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed are compositions for promoting the production of laminin 5 in epidermic cells which contain a lysophospholipid having a C.sub.14-22 fatty acid residue or a preparation derived from soybeans as an active ingredient and which can be used in the fields of cosmetics and dermatology. These compositions may be used especially for the purpose of potentiating the skin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to agents for promoting the production of laminin 5 in epidermic cells and skin potentiating compositions useful in the fields of cosmetics and dermatology. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of specific lysophospholipids and soybean-derived preparations for the purpose of potentiating skin functions through the medium of the promotion of laminin 5 production in epidermic cells. In the fields of cosmetics and dermatology, a wide variety of means have been proposed and tried to mitigate or cure the damage of the skin due to the influence of an external environment (e.g., exposure to sunlight) and aging. For example, main skin changes caused by aging include wrinkle formation, hardening and reduced elasticity. In connection with the causes of such changes, chief interest is directed not to the epidermis of the skin, but rather to the functions of collagen fibers and elastic fibers consisting of collagen and glycosaminoglycans and present in the dermis forming the substratum of the epidermis. As means for preventing or correcting such changes, the use of a hydroxycarboxylic acid (e.g., Japanese Patent No. 2,533,339) and the use of a lysophospholipid [Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 67621/'96 or Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society, Vol. 46, No. 9 (1997), pp. 13-19] have been proposed. In the former patent, it is suggested that the stratum corneum and wrinkles can be exterminated by preventing a loss of collagen fibers. On the other hand, it is suggested in the latter patent that lysophospholipids enhance the ability of human fibroblasts to produce a glycosaminoglycan (specifically, hyaluronic acid) and hence exhibit a skin beautifying effect. It is also suggested that lysophospholipids exert little influence on the synthesis of collagenous protein in skin fibroblasts (see the aforementioned Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544966__
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Apparatus for microdermabrasion by means of a jet of mixture of air/reducing substances and relating handle Inventor(s): Naldoni; Moreno (Via Salvador Allende, 22, 50018 Scandicci, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,971,999 Date filed: December 16, 1997
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Abstract: This invention is related to an apparatus for microdermoabrasion by means of a jet of a mixture of air and reducing crystals, and the associated handle. The apparatus is used in cosmetic surgery and/or dermatology and utilizes microdermoabrasion wherein a jet of reducing crystals is applied to human tissue. The jet of reducing crystals is, in particular, a jet of corundum crystals (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3). Excerpt(s): cutaneous ageing. Furthermore, the present apparatus can also be conveniently used in the trichologic field (e.g. peeling of the scalp). (3) possible dispersion in the environment of reducing crystals, together with particles of abraded tissue, which can be infectious. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05971999__ •
Biomaterial comprising hyaluronic acid and derivatives thereof in interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) Inventor(s): Callegaro; Lanfranco (Padua, IT), Giusti; Paolo (Pisa, IT) Assignee(s): M.U.R.S.T. Italian Ministry for Universitites and Scientific and (Rome, IT) Patent Number: 5,644,049 Date filed: February 23, 1995 Abstract: Provided is a biomaterial comprising an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), wherein one of the polymer components is an acidic polysaccharide or a semisynthetic derivative thereof. The polysaccharide can be hyaluronic acid, and the second polymer component can be a non-toxic, non-carcinogenic synthetic chemical polymer. The derivative can be a total or partial hyaluronic acid ester or a hyaluronic acid salt. The ester or salt can be formed with a pharmacologically active molecule. Methods for preparing the IPN are also disclosed. The acidic polysaccharide or derivative thereof and the synthetic chemical polymer comprising the IPN can be cross-linked, or the synthetic chemical polymer can be grafted onto the acidic polysaccharide. The crosslinking or grafting can be achieved using compounds capable of generating radicals, or via functional groups on the acidic polysaccharide and the synthetic chemical polymer. The IPN can be formed prior to cross-linking or grafting. The IPN biomaterial can be in the form of a film, a membrane, a sponge, a hydrogel, a guide channel, a thread, a gauze, or a non-woven tissue. Such IPN biomaterials can be used in the biomedical and sanitary fields, including dermatology, urology, orthopedics, otologic microsurgery, otoneurology, functional, post-traumatic and rhinosinusal endoscopic microsurgery, plastic surgery, and in the cardiovascular system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to interpenetrating polymer networks wherein one of the components is an acidic polysaccharide or a derivative thereof, a process for their preparation, and their use as biomaterials for biomedical and sanitary applications. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural heteropolysaccharide composed of alternate residues of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It is a linear polymer with a molecular weight of between 50,000 and 13,000,000, depending upon the source from which it is obtained and how it is prepared and analyzed. In nature, it is present in pericellular gels, in the fundamental substance of connective tissues in vertebrate organisms, of which it is one of the main components, in the synovial fluid of joints, the vitreous humor, umbilical cord tissues, and in cocks'to combs. Specific fractions of hyaluronic acid with definite molecular weights are known which do not possess inflammatory activity, and which can therefore be used to facilitate wound healing or to substitute the endobulbar fluids or in therapy for joint pathologies by intra-articular
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injection, as described in European Patent No. 0 138 572 granted to the present Applicants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05644049__ •
Composition comprising urea, and its uses in the field of cosmetics and/or dermatology Inventor(s): Burnier; Veronique (Chatellerault, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,303,656 Date filed: September 3, 1999 Abstract: A composition comprising urea and an N-substituted aminosulfonic acid. The composition may be used for the care, treatment and/or protection of human skin, mucous membranes and/or keratin fibers, in particular for moisturizing the skin and for the treatment of dry skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition which stably comprises urea and which is intended, in particular, for use in the fields of cosmetics and/or dermatology. The invention also relates to a use of this composition for the care, the treatment, the protection and/or hydration of human skin, of mucous membranes and/or keratin fibers, and for the treatment of dry skin. In cosmetic or dermatological compositions, moisturizers, i.e., hygroscopic substances which allow the water content in the skin to be retained and thus the suppleness and the touch of the skin to be affected advantageously, are widely used. Such moisturizers are also useful for hydrating the skin and, in particular for treating dry skin. Among the many moisturizers, urea is particularly important. Urea is a component of the NMF (natural moisturizer factor) and has a softening effect on the corneal layers of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06303656__
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Composition in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion having an evolutive shear rate Inventor(s): Afriat; Isabelle (New York, NY), Boulier; Virginie (Lamorlaye, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,562,354 Date filed: July 6, 2000 Abstract: The present provides a composition that includes, in a physiologically acceptable medium:an aqueous phase dispersed in an oily phase with a silicone emulsifier;wherein the aqueous phase represents at least 80% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition;wherein the silicone emulsifier is an alkyldimethicone copolyol comprising an HLB of less than 8; andwherein a weight ratio of the oily phase to the silicone emulsifier is greater than or equal to 5. The present invention also provides a cosmetic, which includes the above-mentioned composition and methods of using the above-mentioned composition for treating, protecting, caring for, or removing make-up from the skin, lips or hair, cleansing the skin, lips or hair, and making up the skin or lips, treating, protecting, and caring for the scalp, and treating greasy skin. The composition can be used in particular in cosmetics and/or dermatology.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition in the form of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion that includes a high content of water and a specific silicone surfactant. This composition has the appearance of a cream and is particularly suitable for use in cosmetics and/or dermatology. In cosmetics or dermatology, it is common practice to use water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion compositions which have the appearance of a cream and which contain an aqueous phase dispersed in an oily phase. These emulsions include an oily continuous phase and thus make it possible to form a lipid film at the surface of the skin which prevents transepidermal water loss and protects the skin against external attack. These emulsions are particularly suitable for protecting and nourishing the skin, and in particular for treating dry skin. In the fields under consideration, a cream is a composition which has a certain viscosity, as opposed to liquid or semi-liquid compositions such as lotions and milks, or alternatively solid compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562354__ •
Composition in the form of an O/W emulsion with a high wax content and uses thereof in cosmetics and dermatology Inventor(s): Roulier; Veronique (Paris, FR), Simon; Pascal (Seine, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,264,965 Date filed: December 1, 1999 Abstract: A creamy composition in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oily phase dispersed in an aqueous phase, characterized in that it contains at least one anionic emulsifier which is liquid at room temperature, and at least 5% by weight of one or more waxes relative to the total weight of the composition, and in that the oily phase is in the form of a soft paste at room temperature. The anionic emulsifier is preferably a surfactant containing a phosphate group, such as octyldecyl phosphate. The present invention also relates to the uses of the said composition in cosmetics and dermatology, in particular for caring for, treating and/or making up the skin and/or mucous membranes, and more particularly for treating wrinkles and/or fine lines of the skin and/or for treating dry skin. The invention also relates to a process for preparing this composition, characterized in that at least one step of the process is carried out using a mixer-extruder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition in the form of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion comprising a high content of wax, and to its uses in cosmetics and dermatology, in particular for caring for, treating and/or making up the skin and/or mucous membranes, and more particularly for treating wrinkles and/or fine lines of the skin and/or for treating and/or protecting dry skin. The invention also relates to a process for preparing this composition, where at least one step of the process is carried out using a mixer-extruder. It is well-known to use waxes in cosmetic creams in the form of emulsions intended for caring for human skin, in particular for the anti-wrinkle effects provided by these waxes. However, it is difficult to incorporate a high percentage of waxes into these compositions since waxes have a tendency to thicken the emulsions considerably. In addition, when a high percentage of waxes is incorporated into an emulsion, the emulsion is very difficult to apply to the skin since it does not slide. Moreover, a coarse effect appears on the skin. Such an emulsion is therefore unacceptable to users. Furthermore, it is known to incorporate a high percentage of
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waxes into mascaras. However, compositions of this type cannot be used as care products on account of the drawbacks mentioned above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264965__ •
Cosmetic compositions comprising aqueous emulsions of organopolysiloxanes Inventor(s): Beucherie; Jeannine (Massy, FR), Mercier; Jean-Michel (Thiais, FR) Assignee(s): Rhone-Poulenc Chimie (Courbevoie Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 5,415,860 Date filed: January 18, 1994 Abstract: Fine and stable silicone-in-water emulsions, well suited for cosmetic applications, e.g., for the treatment of hair (shampoo, rinse, etc.) or skin (skin care, dermatology, etc.), include (a) a VHV polydiorganosiloxane having a viscosity of at least 9.times.10.sup.4 mPa.s at 25.degree. C., (b) at least one fluid silicone having a viscosity no greater than 50,000 mPa.s. at 25.degree. C. and (c) a sugar glyceride nonionic surfaceactive agent, and wherein the percentage by weight of such VHV polydiorganosiloxane (a) in the total silicone content (a)+(b) ranges from 5% to 50% and the ratio parts by weight of surface-active agent (c)/parts by weight of water is no greater than 0.7. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel cosmetic compositions especially well suited for the care of hair or of the skin and comprising certain silicone-in-water emulsions. The silicones have long been used as raw materials having a wide variety of properties (feel, spreading, inertness and the like) which can advantageously be formulated into cosmetic compositions. The application of silicone-based aqueous emulsions results in the formation of an invisible hydrophobic film and this property is particularly advantageous for application to skin (providing a non-tacky, nongreasy and soft feel) and for application to hair (untwisting or disentangling effect). In this instance, because of their easy dispersibility, silicone oils are typically used, of low molecular weights and which have a dynamic viscosity at 25.degree. C. well below 5.times.10.sup.4 mPa.s. However, because of their superior persistence or longevity, silicone compounds of higher molecular weights and viscosities have appeared to be the silicones of choice, such as oils and resins which have a viscosity at 25.degree. C. of at least 9.times.10.sup.4 mPa.s. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05415860__
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Dermatological laser treatment system with electronic visualization of the area being treated Inventor(s): Eastman; Jay M. (Pittsford, NY), Zavislan; James M. (Pittsford, NY) Assignee(s): Lucid Technologies Inc. (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 5,653,706 Date filed: February 27, 1995 Abstract: A hand held microsurgical instrument for applying laser energy to selected locations (sites) in an area under the skin (or other exposed translucent tissue) to provide localized photothermolysis of underlying tissue at these sites, is described. The laser energy is focused into a spot within the tissue. This spot is of sufficiently small size so that the energy density is sufficient to provide surgical or treatment effects within the
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tissue without damaging the surface tissue. In dermatology, for example, the technique can be used to destroy endothelial cells in blood vessels which are desired to be removed, such spider veins (nevi) in the skin, hair follicles to prevent hair growth therefrom, or other microsurgical procedures. The area is visualized while the laser beam is steered, using a deflection system, in X and Y coordinates. A telecentric optical system, in which a mirror of the deflection system is located, directs the laser light essentially perpendicular to the area to be treated as the beam is scanned over the area. The optical system also focuses illumination light reflected from the area to a sensor matrix of a CCD video camera. The reflected illumination light is imaged essentially parallel to the optical axis in the object space thereby providing a precise, high resolution image corresponding to the area. The laser beam may be tracked as it is deflected over the area to the selected locations by visualization thereof on a display or monitor associated with the video camera. The locations are then apparent to the treating physician who can then effect an increase of the beam power or turn the beam on so as to treat the tissue in the selected locations. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system (method and apparatus) for carrying out microsurgical treatments especially in dermatology and particularly for surgery in selected locations under the surface of the skin or other exposed translucent tissue. The present invention is especially suitable for providing a hand held instrument from which a laser beam projects. The beam is focused by optics in the instrument at spots within an area selected for treatment and is deflected across the area while the area is visualized using an electronic visualization means which provides, with the beam focusing optics, an image corresponding to the area under treatment. The deflection of the beam is controlled during visualization to place the focus (a spot) at the selected locations. Then the beam power may be increased or the beam turned on, as with a shutter or with means such as filters in the shutter, which can alterably attenuate the beam, while the beam is being located at the treatment sites. These sites may be along the veins such as spider veins which are photothermolyzed and undergo coagulation necrosis. Hair follicles can also be photothermolyzed so as to cause depilation. Other microsurgical procedures, such as to break adhesions between tendons and the surrounding sheath may be carried out using the invention. Devices for medical treatment have been provided which use laser beams. Also handpieces from which laser beams are projected and manually traced over the skin, which may be compressed under glass slides for protection and heat dissipation purposes, are available. Such devices and treatment techniques generally use laser energy of a wavelength which makes it effective for treatment of lesions, because the lesions selectively absorb that wavelength. The general area containing the lesion is effectively flooded with generally collimated laser light of a wavelength that is highly absorbed by the lesion or the laser beam is moved over the area. Selective absorption of the laser light by the lesion is then responsible for photothermolysis. This technique is called selective photothermolysis and is discussed with respect to the skin in an article by R. R. Anderson and J. A. Parrish which appeared in Science, Vol. 220, p. 524, on Apr. 29, 1983. Also, the wavelengths of the laser illumination for selective photothermolysis are subject to scattering and diffusion by the skin. Accordingly, the area exposed to the radiation is heated and may be subject to collateral damage (i.e. reddened or even burned). This produces discomfort to patients and militates against the use of such laser treatment instruments and techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05653706__
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Foaming oil-in-water emulsion based on nonionic surfactants, a fatty phase and a crosslinked cationic or anionic polymer, and its use in topical applications Inventor(s): Ambrosini; Emmanuelle (Paris, FR), Arnaud; Pascal (Creteil, FR), SebillotteArnaud; Laurence (Creteil, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal S.A. (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,579,907 Date filed: February 11, 2000 Abstract: A forming oil-in-water emulsion in the form of a cream comprising, in an aqueous medium, at least:a) from 5 to 20% of an exclusively nonionic surfactant system comprising at least one foaming nonionic surfactant;b) from 10 to 50% of an oily phase containing at least one water-insoluble oil whose solubility parameters dD, dP and dH according to Hansen's solubility space satisfy the conditions:15.5 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2.ltoreq.dD.ltoreq.18.0 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2and0 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2.ltoreq.dA.ltoreq.6.5 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2withdA=(dP.sup.2 +dH.sup.2).sup.1/2c) and, as a gelling agent, at least one crosslinked homopolymer or copolymer formed from at least one cationic or anionic monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation and from a crosslinking agent containing polyethylenic unsaturation. This composition is useful in cosmetics, dermatology and hygiene as a base for cleansing products for the skin, the hair, the mucous membranes and the scalp. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to forming oil-in-water emulsions in the form of a cream which are based on nonionic surfactants, a specific fatty phase and a crosslinked polymer comprising a cationic or anionic monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation. The present invention also relates to the use, in topical application, in particular in cosmetics and dermatology, of the disclosed foaming oil-in-water emulsions. Foaming creams for cleansing the skin, which have a smooth feel, are generally in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion containing detergent surfactants and foaming agents. The oily phase makes it possible to soften the skin after rinsing. However, the oily phase has a tendency to inhibit the foaming properties of these formulations; it is said to "break" the foam. Consequently, the oily phase is introduced into foaming creams at low concentrations, generally of less than 5% by weight. The surfactant systems used in foaming creams generally consist mainly of anionic surfactants. Despite their high foaming power and their good detergency, anionic surfactants have a certain irritant potential with regard to the skin and the eyes, and are incompatible with a large number of gelling agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579907__
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Homogeneous composition comprising fluorinated compounds and glycols, method of preparation thereof and use in cosmetics Inventor(s): Arnauld; Pascal (Creteil, FR), Mellul; Myriam (L'Hay les Roses, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,741,499 Date filed: October 21, 1996 Abstract: A homogeneous composition for use in cosmetics and dermatology comprises from 0.1 to 99%, preferably 0.5 to 90% by weight with respect to the total composition weight of at least one organofluorinated hydrocarbon compound or a perfluorinated
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carbon compound having at least one alcohol, thiol, primary of secondary amine functional group, and from 0.1 to 99%, preferably 0.5 to 70% by weight with respect to the total composition weight of at least one hydrocarbon glycol comprising two hydroxyl radicals. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns compositions comprising a fluorinated hydrocarbon compound or a perfluorinated compound in homogeneous solution with a glycol, a method for preparation thereof and use of these solutions in the cosmetics and dermatological fields. In cosmetics, prevention of skin ageing is a subject of constant study. One possible way of slowing cutaneous ageing of the skin consists in keeping it well moisturized. Numerous cosmetic and/or makeup compositions aim to accomplish this by associating moisturizing compounds with an appropriate lipophile system to produce a film on the surface of the skin. This film is intended to limit transepidermal water loss, requiring some hydrophobicity and resistance to secretions such as sweat or sebum, and to external environmental agents. It should also allow the skin to breathe, necessitating permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05741499__ •
Host cells for expression of clostridial toxins and proteins Inventor(s): Zdanovsky; Alexey G. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Promega Corporation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,214,602 Date filed: August 28, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods and compositions useful in the overproduction of Clostridium toxins and proteins by hosts such as E. coli. These proteins and toxins find use in various medical and veterinary applications, including vaccine production, and cosmetic dermatology, as well as treatment of neurological and other diseases and conditions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the overproduction of Clostridium toxins and proteins by hosts such as E. coli. These proteins and toxins find use in various medical and veterinary applications, including vaccine production, as well as treatment of neurological and other diseases and conditions. The genus Clostridium is comprised of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacilli. The natural habitat of these organisms is the environment and the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Indeed, clostridia are ubiquitous; they are commonly found in soil, dust, sewage, marine sediments, decaying vegetation, and mud. (See e.g., Sneath et al., "Clostridium," Bergey's Manual.RTM. of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2, pp. 1141-1200, Williams & Wilkins [1986]). Despite the identification of approximately 100 species of Clostridium, only a small number have been recognized as etiologic agents of medical and veterinary importance. Nonetheless, these species are associated with very serious diseases, including botulism, tetanus, anaerobic cellulitis, gas gangrene, bacteremia, pseudomembranous colitis, and clostridial gastroenteritis. Table 1 lists some of the species of medical and veterinary importance and the diseases with which they are associated. As virtually all of these species have been isolated from fecal samples of apparently healthy persons, some of these isolates may be transient, rather than permanent residents of the colonic flora. In most cases, the pathogenicity of these organisms is related to the release of powerful exotoxins or highly destructive enzymes. Indeed, several species of the genus Clostridium produce toxins and other enzymes of
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great medical and veterinary significance (Hatheway, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 3:66-98 [1990]). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214602__ •
Inhibitors of esterase-producing micro-organisms, for use primarily in deodorant compositions Inventor(s): Betts; John A. (Haslemere, GB) Assignee(s): Robertet S.A. (Grasse, FR) Patent Number: 5,525,331 Date filed: January 30, 1995 Abstract: Inhibitors of esterase-producing micro-organisms, primarily for use in dermatology and cosmetics and with particular application to personal deodorants and to anti-fungal agents and other preparations for the treatment of acne, dandruff and tinea pedis. The active ingredient of the inhibitor comprises an aromatic acid ester of a phenol or of an aromatic alcohol, the phenol or aromatic alcohol being sufficiently water-soluble to impart an anti-microbial action and the aromatic acid being sufficiently water-soluble to impart an anti-microbial action and/or to lower the pH of liquid bodysecretions to a level which at least inhibits the growth of micro-organisms in the liquid body-secretions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to inhibitors of esterase-producing micro-organisms for use primarily in deodorant compositions. The human skin as a large natural population of micro-organisms. These organisms are nourished by various skin secreted substances, skin cell debris, breakdown products of the skin and the organisms themselves. The skin secretions are conveniently divided into two groups, water- and lipid-soluble materials; these are eccrine and apocrine sweat and sebum which will be referred to as `liquid body-secretions` and will now be described, as will their functions as are generally understood. Eccrine sweat consists mainly of a watery solution of dissolved salts and is produced by glands distributed over the whole skin surfaces. In conditions of occulsion, e.g. feet enclosed in socks and shoes, the eccrine sweat accumulates and in these warm, damp conditions, the skin debris, together with nutrients from the sweat, provide a medium for micro-organism growth with the possibility of massive overgrowth of one type. This can result, in the first instance, in odorous metabolic products, and in the second, in clinical infection with maceration of the skin and irritation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05525331__
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Liposomes of thermal waters stabilized in a DNA gel Inventor(s): Cousse; Henri (Chemin de Lastinos, FR), Fabre; Pierre (Castres, FR), Mouzin; Gilbert (Toulouse, FR), Trebosc; Marie-Therese (Castres, FR) Assignee(s): Pierre Fabre Cosmetique (Boulogne, FR) Patent Number: 5,376,379 Date filed: June 4, 1993 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions based on thermal water containing liposomes of thermal water stabilized in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gel
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and a process for preparing thereof. The composition is useful in dermatology and cosmetology. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions based on thermal water containing liposomes of thermal water stabilized in a DNA gel, which are useful especially in dermatology and in cosmetology. Liposomes are microvesicles consisting of one or more lipid double layers delimiting a central aqueous space and, in the case of multilamellar liposomes, an aqueous behavior between two double layers. These structures consist of phospholipids to which sterols such as cholesterol are frequently added in order to increase the stability. Liposomes may be classified according to their size and their uni- or multilammelar character. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05376379__ •
Method and apparatus for dermatology treatment Inventor(s): Miller; Iain D. (26 Tremont St., Charlestown, MA 02129) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,658,323 Date filed: October 23, 1995 Abstract: A laser treatment method is provided which removes vascular and pigmented lesions from the skin of a living human. The methodology involves a carefully designed treatment protocol utilizing a modified optical apparatus. The apparatus is a modified diode laser system, designed for optimal therapeutic selectivity. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the prior filed co-pending provisional application Ser. No. 60/001,077, filed on Jul. 12, 1995 for "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PARAMETERS FOR LASER MEDICAL PROCEDURE", pending. The present invention is directed to the removal of vascular and other pigmented lesions from the skin utilizing a modified high power diode laser system under carefully controlled conditions. Human skin may contain a range of abnormalities including vascular and pigmented lesions. Although not always dangerous to the individual, such abnormalities are frequently cosmetically troublesome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05658323__
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Method and apparatus for dermatology treatment Inventor(s): Altshuler; Gregory B. (Beverly, MA), Anderson; R. Rox (Lexington, MA) Assignee(s): General Hospital Corporation (), Palomar Medical Technologies, Inc. () Patent Number: 6,273,884 Date filed: May 13, 1998 Abstract: Methods and apparatus for dermatology treatment are provided which involve the use of continuous wave (CW) radiation, preheating of the treatment volume, precooling, cooling during treatment and post-treatment cooling of the epidermis above the treatment volume, various beam focusing techniques to reduce scattering and/or other techniques for reducing the cost and/or increasing the efficacy of optical radiation for use in hair removal and other dermatological treatments. A number of embodiments are included for achieving the various objectives indicated above.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and apparatus for using optical radiation to treat dermatological problems and, more particular, to such methods and apparatus which require reduced energy and/or a lower cost radiation source by the use of continuous wave (CW) radiation (as this term is hereinafter defined), heating of the treatment area prior to irradiation and/or techniques for enhanced radiation utilization. Lasers, lamps, and other sources of electromagnetic radiation, particularly in the optical wavebands, are being increasingly utilized for various dermatological treatments and, in particular, for the removal of unwanted hair, spider veins, leg veins, other veins or other blood vessels which are visible through the patient's skin, lesions, port-wine stains, tattoos, and the like. In performing such treatments, it is desirable that the cost for the treatment be kept as low as possible, consistent with achieving desired results, and that risk of injury to the patient be minimized. Since continuous wave (CW) lasers and other CW radiation sources are typically substantially less expensive than pulsed sources of comparable wavelength and energy, for cost reasons, it would be preferable to use CW sources rather than pulsed sources for such dermatological treatments. However, in order to avoid injury to the patient, the duration of energy application to a given area of the patient's skin must be controlled, this generally resulting in the more expensive pulsed light sources being used for the various dermatological treatments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06273884__ •
Method and apparatus for hair removal Inventor(s): Miller; Iain D. (26 Tremont St., Charlestown, MA 02129) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,630,811 Date filed: March 25, 1996 Abstract: A laser treatment method for removing unwanted human hair includes irradiating a treatment site with post-coherent light of selected wavelength and peak power level and post duration, and repeating the post-coherent laser irradiation on one or more subsequent occasions with selected light parameters. A therapeutic treatment device has a laser and associated support elements and has a dermatology handpiece with a distance gage, a conduit for applying pressure and/or cooling to the treatment site and, optionally, cooling elements. Excerpt(s): Human skin contains a number of appendages. Vascular and lymphatic channels provide for nutrition, healing and transport. Sweat and sebaceous glands provide respectively for thermal control and lubrication. Pigmented structures provide for sun protection. Hair follicles and individual hairs provide for insulation, protection and individual differentiation. Growth of each hair is originated by germinative fibroblast cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. The hair grows both outwards and inwards during its growth cycle, and the follicle develops as an encapsulating pouch extending beyond the epidermis and down several millimeters in depth to the subcutaneous fat. Hair remains attached to the base of the follicle, where a capillary network develops to provide nourishment. During the anagenic growth phase, hair matrix cells divide rapidly and migrate upwards to form the shaft. A subsequent catagenic phase is marked by cessation of mitosis, and the reabsorption of the lower part of the follicle. Capillary nourishment is greatly reduced during this phase. In this or the final telogenic (resting) phase, the hair falls out and a new hair may replace it in a new growth cycle. At any particular time, approximately 10% of scalp hairs will be in telogenic mode. The growth cycle varies with anatomical location from as little as 3
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months for facial hair to as much as 7 years on the scalp. Hair in high friction pubic areas may be retained by the body as protection and may not shed at all. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05630811__ •
Method for separating a compound containing glycolipids, lysophospholipids, sphingolipids and ceramides of plant origin Inventor(s): Rousset; Gerard (Wissous, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratoires Inocosm (Chatenay Malabry, FR) Patent Number: 5,466,782 Date filed: April 22, 1994 Abstract: A method for separating a composition containing glycolipids, lysopholipids, sphingolipids and ceramides of plant origin is described. A liquid alcohol is heated to a temperature of between 50.degree. and 80.degree. C., a plant composition or plant extract is introduced into the alcohol to form a mixture, the mixture is hot-filtered so as to separate the filtrate from a dilapidated filter cake, and the alcohol is evaporated from the filtrate such that a lipid residue which contains glycolipids, lysophospholipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides is obtained. The lipid residue can be used in cosmetology or dermatology. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for separating a compound containing glycolipids, lysophospholipids, sphingolipids and ceramides of plant origin. The hydration of the skin is one of the greatest problems facing specialists in cosmetology: it is well known that water is a vital component of the human organism; its concentration, which amounts to 60 to 70% in the dermis, drops to 12% in the stratum corneum, i.e. the upper layers of the epidermis. In order for the skin to preserve its suppleness and elasticity and to prevent the premature formation of lines or small wrinkles, it is essential to maintain this water content, preventing any dehydration following cutaneous evaporation or sweating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05466782__
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Oil-in-water emulsion containing a perfluoropolyether, composition containing the same, preparation process and use in cosmetics and dermatology Inventor(s): Candau; Didier (Bievres, FR), Deprez; Sabine (Morangis, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,612,043 Date filed: January 19, 1995 Abstract: The invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion, characterized in that it contains at least:one perfluoropolyether,one fluoro surfactant, with the exception ofany cationic fluoro surfactant,one co-emulsifying agent,one fatty alcohol,a gelled aqueous phase,to a process for its preparation and to its use for the preparation of cosmetic compositions, as well as to the cosmetic compositions containing the same. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oil-in-water emulsions containing a perfluoropolyether, to their preparation, to cosmetic or dermatological compositions and to their use in the field of cosmetics and dermatology. In the field of emulsions,
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those based on a liquid perfluoropolyether are known. They are, however, difficult to formulate. Indeed, perfluoropolyethers can only be made compatible with the usual cosmetic starting materials with difficulty: perfluoropolyethers are effectively insoluble in water and in many organic substances, apart from organic substances having a high fluorine content. Numerous attempts have been made to overcome these difficulties. Thus, document EP-390206 describes an emulsion of liquid perfluoropolyethers in a hydrophilic medium where the hydrophilic phase consists essentially of a hydroxylated organic compound containing at least three hydroxyl units; the emulsion obtained then serves as a premix for the introduction of the perfluoropolyethers. This method is difficult to carry out insofar as it requires the production of a pre-emulsion into which the perfluoropolyether is introduced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05612043__ •
Oil-in-water emulsion which may be used for obtaining a cream Inventor(s): Candau; Didier (Bievres, FR), Simon; Pascal (Vitry sur Seine, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,603,940 Date filed: September 27, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to a stable oil-in-water emulsions comprising an oily phase dispersed in an aqueous phase with an emulsifying system. More precisely, the emulsifying system contains a first ester chosen from the fatty acid esters of glucose and the fatty acid esters of alkylglucose and at least one second fatty acid ester of sucrose. The emulsion according to the invention may be used in the cosmetic field and in the field of dermatology in order to obtain a skin cream. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new oil-in-water emulsion of creamy, white and shiny aspect, which is intended in particular for preparing (body, face) skincare creams and/or creams for face make-up, but also for treating certain skin diseases. If need be, these creams may be coloured using dye in order to produce foundations. These creams are thus intended for cosmetology and dermatology. The invention also relates to the use of a first and of a second esters as an emulsifying system. It is known for a person skilled in the art to use an emulsifying system in order to stabilize together an aqueous phase and an oily phase, in order thereby to obtain creams in particular. The choice of the emulsifying agents assumes a specific importance for the manufacture of creams that are well-tolerated by the consumer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05603940__
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Organopolysiloxane composition of gel-like appearance, containing no gelling agent, which may be used in cosmetics and dermatology Inventor(s): Candau; Didier (Bievres, FR), Simon; Pascal (Vitry Sur Seine, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,599,800 Date filed: October 4, 1994 Abstract: Compositions of gel-like appearance, comprising an oily phase formed of at least 75% of organopolysiloxane, dispersed in an aqueous phase containing at least 25%
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of water, using an emulsifying agent formed of at least one sucrose ester, are stable in the presence of compounds which are not compatible with conventional gelling agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to organopolysiloxane compositions of shiny and gel-like appearance, which contain no gelling agent. The present compositions constitute an excipient of choice for incorporating substances that are incompatible with the gelling agents conventionally used in preparations of gel-like appearance. The present compositions may serve as a base for the manufacture of creams used in many fields, in particular in cosmetology, dermatology, pharmaceutics and the like. The present invention very especially relates to care or makeup creams for the skin, the face and the body in general including the nails, the scalp and the eyelashes. Many products already exist both as cosmetic and dermatological or pharmaceutical products which are oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Depending on the choice of the starting materials (emulsifying agents, fatty substances, polyol polymers and other hydrophilic starting materials and the like), these dispersions may be provided in the form of creams of varied textures: more or less thick, more or less shiny and more or less gel-like. In order to obtain a cream which is pleasant from a sensory (its "feel") and from a visual (its appearance) point of view, the search is more for a shiny and gel-like appearance rather than a runny and matt appearance. In order to obtain such creams, a gelling agent (also known as a thickener) is customarily used, which is incorporated into the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsion and which imparts its consistency to the cream. The majority of the gelling agents conventionally used are carboxyvinyl polymers of the Carbomers (CTFA) type, which are neutralized by a base (sodium hydroxide or triethanolamine). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05599800__ •
Phosphate composition and its utilization Inventor(s): Dzneladze; Andro (Building 4, Apt. #112, Block 5, Vazha Pshavela Avenue, Tbilisi 380086, GE), Dzneladze; David (Building 4, Apt. #112, Block 5, Vazha Pshavela Avenue, Tbilisi 380086, GE), Jabishvili; Nargisa (Building 4, Apt. #112, Block 5, Vazha Pshavela Avenue, Tbilisi 380086, GE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,350,474 Date filed: June 7, 1999 Abstract: The invention deals with phosphate water solution with cold solidification capacity. Phosphate composition containing iron oxide solution in acid, water, advantages from the following properties; it contains orthophosphorus acid and in addition metal powder. Phosphate composition is ecologically pure product, non toxic, non cancerogenic, non-allergic. It has antimicrobial, antivirus and fungicidal properties. Phosphate composition can be applied within medicine: surgery, dermatology, dentistry, oncology, pharmacology and other branches. In agriculture use: as a means of curing plant diseases, within veterinary--as a means for preventive maintenance and curing of animal diseases, within construction--as an anticorrosive, fire-resistant, hydroelectric isolating covers, ceramic tiles, concretes, which protect against radiation, as well as for producing other composite materials. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to fields such as medicine, agriculture, cattle-raising and construction. The invention deals with water solutions with cold solidification capacity, which are known as mineral adhesives or astringents and are synthesised
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oxide, phosphate or metal by means of ortho, pyro-, tri-, poly-, or any other phosphorus acid. They can be applied within medicine: surgery, dermatology, dentristry, oncology, pharmacology and other branches. In agricultural use: as a means of curing plant diseases; within veterinary--as a means for preventive maintenance and curing of animal diseases; within construction--as a anticorrosive, fire-resistant, decorative, hydro-electric isolating covers, ceramic tiles, concretes, which protect against radiation, as well as for producing other composite materials. There are well known examples of phosphate adhesives, containing zinc and aluminium, and phosphatic adhesives containing aluminium and magnesium, which are utilised both in dentistry as a means for producing dental cements and in construction--as a means for producing fire resistant covers (1,2), through thermos treatment. The phosphate binder of calcium is used in production of toothpastes, it can be served as an ingredient of animal food, can be used for production of anticorrosive and fire resistant covers in construction, through heat processing (1,2). There is also the example of phosphate binder, which contains iron polyphosphate, polyphosphoric acid and water (3). It is obtained through adding Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 to orthophosphoric acid and further boiling, during which the water vaporises and polycondenses and iron and tripolyphosphates emerge. Thus obtained phosphate binder is used for producing fire resistant material through heat processing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06350474__ •
Photomatrix device Inventor(s): Zharov; Vladimir Pavlovich (Moscow, RU) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas (Little Rock, AR) Patent Number: 6,443,978 Date filed: September 22, 2000 Abstract: A device for the physiotherapeutic irradiation of spatially extensive pathologies by light with the help of a matrix of the sources of optical radiation such as lasers or light diodes placed on the surface of a substrate whose shape is adequate to the shape of the zone of pathology is disclosed. In addition, the device contains stops and a holder to fix the substrate against the bioobject. Additional modules are provided to adjust the temperature, pressure, gas composition over the pathological area. As a source of radiation, chemical reactions accompanied by the luminescence of the products of reaction are suggested. The power supply unit can be autonomous with remote feeding through pulse magnetic field. A supplementary hood optically transparent is provided to localize the pathology as well as the strips that scatter the radiation to get a more uniform bioobject's exposure. Application: light-therapy to treat various extensive pathologies on the bioobject's surface including dermatology, cosmetology; the treatment of traumas, bruises, oedemas, varicose veins, blood therapy, treatment of infectious processes. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns medicine and biology, in particular, it concerns physiotherapy and photobiology and it deals with the therapeutic influence of light on various human being's organs, micro-organisms and plants in combination with other kinds of energy, including magnetic field, electrostimulation, mechanical therapy, vacuum-therapy, etc. A device for light-therapeutic influence on different human being's areas is known; it consists of the sources of optical radiation, for example, such as lasers or light diodes coupled with a power supply unit and a timer [Illarionov V.E. Fundamentals of laser therapy, Moscow, Respect, 1992, pp. 26, 31, 71-80]. Sources of radiation are placed separately or installed into anglepoised heads or connected with
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light fibers, through which the radiation is directed onto the bioobject. The disadvantage of such devices is the difficulty in creating the uniform light exposure over extensive pathological zones on the human being's body, especially when these zones have complex spatial geometry. The closest device, in technical terms, is a combined therapeutic device, which consists of several narrow-band sources in form of light diodes with the radiation wavelengths varying in the spectrum range from 0.25.mu.m to 2.mu.m [1]. The sources of radiation can operate either in a continuous mode or in a pulse one with a wide range of frequencies and pulse profiles. The sources of radiation are usually placed at the butt-end parts of anglepoised hands, which can be fixed against the shell of a power supply unit with the help of special holders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06443978__ •
Thickened composition in aqueous medium and process for thickening aqueous medium Inventor(s): Audebert; Roland (Saint Leu la Foret, FR), Dupuis; Christine (Paris, FR), Mondet; Jean (Aulnay sous Bois, FR), Tribet; Christophe (Villiers sur Orge, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,607,714 Date filed: September 17, 1996 Abstract: A thickening system for aqueous medium, which can be used in the fields of cosmetics, dermatology or hygiene, comprising at least one amphiphilic polymer comprising at least one fatty chain and at least one hydrophilic unit, and at least one protein. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel thickening system (agent), a composition in aqueous medium, comprising the novel thickening system, and the use of this novel thickening system in a composition in aqueous medium, in particular in the cosmetics field. It is known to use, as an agent for thickening aqueous media, watersoluble or water-dispersible polymers, and in particular polymers which may be crosslinked. The thickening is then brought about by interlinking of the polymer chains, the polymers preferably having a long chain length and a high molecular weight. It is also known to use, as a thickener for aqueous media, hydrophilic polymers containing hydrophobic groups, in the form of sequences, grafts and/or side groups distributed randomly. These polymers allow considerable thickening of the medium to be obtained even when they are used in small amounts. The thickening is generated by the formation of aggregates between the hydrophobic groups of the polymer, these aggregates constituting physical crosslinking points between the macromolecular chains. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607714__
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Topical application product containing a lipase, a vitamin precursor and a fatty alcohol Inventor(s): Boussouira; Boudiaf (Paris, FR), Pham; Dang-Man (Sucy En Brie, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,153,205 Date filed: July 6, 1999 Abstract: A product suitable for topical application to skin, containing at least one enzyme which is a lipase, at least one precursor of a vitamin used in cosmetics and/or dermatology, which is an ester comprising at least one ester function with a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated chain containing from 2 to 25 carbon atoms, and at least one C.sub.6 to C.sub.22 alcohol, where the weight ratio between the alcohol and the precursor is from 0.25 to 30/1, with the exception of alcohol/precursor combinations consisting of (1) cetyl alcohol/ascorbyl palmitate with a weight ratio of 4/1, and (2) stearyl alcohol/retinyl palmitate with a weight ratio of 1/0.6. According to a preferred form of the invention, the precursor and the lipase are packaged so as not to be in contact with each other until they are applied to the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a poduct for topical application which can release a cosmetic and/or dermatological active agent on the skin, and to the use of the product for the cosmetic and/or dermatological treatment of the skin, including the scalp. It is well-known to introduce active agents into cosmetic and/or dermatological compositions in order to allow specific skin treatments, for example to combat the drying-out, ageing or pigmentation of the skin, to treat acne or certain skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis), to combat excess weight or to promote the restructuring of the skin or its cell renewal. For example, ascorbic acid (or vitamin C) is known to stimulate the growth of connective tissue, and in particular that of collagen. It thus strengthens the skin tissue's defences against external attack such as ultraviolet radiation or pollution. It is also used to remove skin pigmentation and marks, as well as to promote cicatrization of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06153205__
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Topical formulations based on mineral gels Inventor(s): Fanelli; Mauro (Marta, IT) Assignee(s): Geomedical S.R.L. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,718,908 Date filed: June 27, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to topical formulations containing a gel or suspension obtainable by treatment of suitable pulverized minerals with aqueous solutions. The compositions of the invention can be used for the topical treatment of degenerative diseases of cartilage, and of skin damage due to ageing or exposure to electromagnetic radiation, associated with free radicals. The compositions of the invention find application in dermatology, physiotherapy and for cosmetic skin treatments. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of PCT EPO 95112222.9 patented on Aug. 14, 1995. The present invention relates to topical formulations containing a gel or suspension obtainable by treatment of suitable pulverized minerals with aqueous
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solutions. The compositions of the invention can be used for the topical treatment of degenerative diseases of cartilage, and of skin damage due to ageing or to exposure to electromagnetic radiation, associated with free radicals. The compositions of the invention find application in dermatology, physiotherapy and for cosmetic treatments of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05718908__ •
Transparent nanoemulsion based on silicone surfactants and use in cosmetics or in dermopharmaceuticals Inventor(s): Simonnet; Jean-Thierry (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,120,778 Date filed: December 23, 1996 Abstract: The present application relates to a transparent oil-in-water emulsion, the oil globules of which have a mean size of less than 100 nm, which comprises at least one silicone surfactant. The emulsion according to the invention is stable on storage and can contain significant amounts of oil while retaining good transparency. It can contain heat-sensitive active principles and can be used in particular in the cosmetics field and in dermatology for the treatment and the care of the skin, mucous membranes, nails, scalp and hair. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion, in particular a transparent oil-in-water emulsion, the oil globules of which have a mean size of less than 100 nm, which comprises at least one silicone surfactant. The present invention further relates to use of such an oil-in-water emulsion in topical application, in particular in the cosmetic and dermatological fields. Oil-in-water emulsions, wherein an oily phase is dispersed in an aqueous phase, are well-known in the field of cosmetics and in dermopharmaceuticals, in particular for the preparation of products such as lotions, skin tonics, serums, creams or eaux de toilette. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06120778__
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Treatment beam handpiece Inventor(s): Coleman; Tony D. (San Jose, CA), Davenport; Scott A. (Half Moon Bay, CA) Assignee(s): Laserscope (San Jose, CA) Patent Number: 5,628,744 Date filed: December 21, 1993 Abstract: A dermatology handpiece delivers a treatment beam of optical energy to a lesion. The handpiece has the ability to selectively determine whether or not the treatment beam is delivering optical energy to a lesion or to healthy tissue. This is achieved without visual inspection of the skin surface by the physician. Slight variations in tissue, not readily discernable by the human eye, can be detected and treated. A base line, or threshold, is established for the treatment area. Normal tissue, falling below the base line, does not receive a dose of optical energy. A threshold or base line signal is created by taking a reading of healthy skin. The dermatology handpiece is adjusted so that the treatment beam is not delivered until a threshold or base line signal is exceeded.
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Substantially all of a lesion receives the proper amount of optical energy in the treatment beam, while healthy tissue does not receive a dosage of optical energy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to devices that deliver energy to a treatment site, and more particularly, a dermatology handpiece for treating contrasting pigments in the skin. Lasers have found utility in the treatment of skin lesions such as port wine stains and telangiectasia. They exert their effects on tissue when the high-intensity incident beam of photons is absorbed by a pigment, chromophore, with an appropriate absorption spectrum, releasing heat at the site of this photo-thermal interaction. Laser wavelengths that are absorbed by target tissues, with the intent to leave surrounding tissues unaffected, improve the specificity of laser treatments. For treatment areas with complicated geometries one technique is to irradiate a large area of the lesion. Tissue absorption characteristics are used to deposit the laser energy in the desired location. This is, however, difficult because the difference in absorption between the target and surrounding tissue varies with each patient. An alternative is for the physician to track the target by following the outline of the treatment area by hand, thereby leaving the surrounding tissue unaffected. Some targets are too small to be lased by such a manual tracking technique. Complicated scanning mechanisms and impractical robotic schemes have been proposed and built to facilitate the laser treatment process. These have proven to be too expensive and clumsy to use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05628744__ •
Use of oils of chaulmoogra in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical domain, particularly in dermatology, for harmonizing pigmentation of the skin Inventor(s): LeClere; Jacques (Noisiel, FR) Assignee(s): Shiseido International France (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,514,712 Date filed: June 14, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of oils of chaulmoogra and derivatives thereof, particularly in the form of esters or salts, for preparing a cosmetic or pharmaceutical, particularly dermatological composition, intended for harmonizing the pigmentation of the skin. It concerns in particular a process for harmonizing tanning. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel use of oils of chaulmoogra in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical domain, particularly in dermatology, for harmonizing pigmentation of the skin. At the present time, in cosmetology, the principal vocation of sun-products is the more or less high protection of the skin from UVA-UVB radiations. Such protection is due to the presence of filters which, depending on their chemical structure, reflect or absorb the solar radiations in a more or less broad zone of the spectrum. Although these cosmetic products thus ensure a slow, progressive tanning, they do not respond to one preoccupation of the user, that of the harmonization of the pigmentation, the homogeneous distribution of the melanin, in order to prevent the appearance of slightly less pigmented marks after exposure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05514712__
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Use of potentilla erecta extract in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical field Inventor(s): Bonte; Frederic (Orleans, FR), Chaudagne; Catherine (Vitry-Aux-Loges, FR), Dumas; Marc (Orleans, FR), Meybeck; Alain (Courbevoie, FR) Assignee(s): LVMH Recherche (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,193,975 Date filed: May 6, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an extract of the plant Potentilla erecta in the field of cosmetics and pharmacy, especially in dermatology. The invention more particularly relates to any application in which it is sought to reinforce the dermoepidermal junction or to improve hair condition, by the improvement of the synthesis of collagen VII by keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts. In particular, these applications concern toning of the skin, diminishing of wrinkles or hair care. The invention also relates to a novel method of culture of cells, in particular of human fibroblasts or keratinocytes, for promoting the formation of collagen VII. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a new use of an extract of Potentilla erecta in the field of cosmetics or pharmacy, especially in dermatology. Tormentilla or Potentilla erecta Raeusch or Potentilla tormentilla Stokes or Neck is traditionally used in phytomedicine as an astringent, an anti-diarrhoea or as an anti-allergic. For this, see the work by Bisset "Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals" CRC Press Ed, Boca Raton, USA, 1994, p. 499-501, as well as the book entitled: "A modem herbal" Penguin Handbooks, Harmards worth, England, 1980, p. 819-820. Tormentilla is also a cultivated plant, in particular in central Russia in particular in Ural and is therefore easily accessible as has been described by Vasfilova E. S. and Ivanova G. A., Rastit. Resur 1989, 25, 67-73. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06193975__
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Use of ppar-.gamma. activators in dermatology Inventor(s): Michel; Serge (Roquefort les Pins, FR), Rivier; Michel (Nice, FR), Safonova; Irina (Nice, FR) Assignee(s): Galderma Research & Development S.N.C (Valbonne, FR) Patent Number: 6,403,656 Date filed: September 7, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns the use of at least one activator of receptors of the PPAR-.gamma. type for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for treating skin disorders related to an anomaly of the differentiation of epidermic cells. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of at least one activator of receptors of PPAR-.gamma. type for preparing a pharmaceutical composition, the composition being intended for treating skin disorders related to an abnormality of the differentiation of epidermal cells. Many skin disorders exist which are related to an abnormality of the differentiation of epidermal cells; as examples mention may be made of psoriasis, eczema, dermatitides, common acne, keratoses, including ichthyosis, and skin cancers. This abnormality of the differentiation of epidermal cells is generally accompanied by a hyperproliferation of epidermal cells. To treat these disorders, various pharmaceutical approaches have been envisaged. However, no treatment at this time is entirely satisfactory. Thus there is a need to improve the existing treatments.
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Peroxisomes are small organelles which are closely related to mitochondria and which contain a series of enzymes which are characteristic of the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide (catalase, urate oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase), and fatty acid.beta.-oxidation enzymes. Peroxisome proliferators are principally groups of chemical products which comprise hypolipidaemiants such as clofibrate, herbicides and industrial plastics such as phthalate esters. These peroxisome proliferators are non-genotoxic carcinogens which activate receptors, which are termed PPARs, and which are part of the steroid nuclear receptor super-family. These receptors can be activated by peroxisome proliferators, they can also be activated by natural fatty acids, and they thus stimulate the expression of genes which encode enzymes involved in peroxisomal and mitochondrial.beta.oxidation, or alternatively which encode P450-4A6 fatty acid.beta.-hydroxylase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403656__ •
Use of sophorolipids comprising diacetyl lactones as agent for stimulating skin fibroblast metabolism Inventor(s): Borzeix Concaix; Frederique (Rueil-Malmaison, FR) Assignee(s): Institut Fran.cedilla.ais du Petrole (Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, FR), Sophor S.A. (Rueil-Malmaison, FR) Patent Number: 6,596,265 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns the use of sophorolipids in lactone form comprising a major part of diacetyl lactones as agent for stimulating skin dermal fibroblast cell metabolism and more particularly as agent for stimulating collagen neosynthesis, at a concentration of 0.01 ppm at 5% (p/p) of dry matter in formulation. The invention is applicable in cosmetology and dermatology. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of at least one sophorolipid in the lactone form, as an agent for stimulating the metabolism of skin dermis fibroblast cells. The invention is of particular application to the fields of cosmetology and dermatology. Sophorolipids are glycolipids; they are produced by fermentation using Candida or Torulopsis type yeasts such as Torulopsis magnoliae, Candida bombicola, Candida apicola or Candida bogoriensis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596265__
Patent Applications on Dermatology As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to dermatology:
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AND USES COSMETICS AND DERMATOLOGY
THEREOF,
IN
PARTICULAR
IN
Inventor(s): CUPFERMAN, SYLVIE; (PARIS, FR), MARION, CATHERINE; (SCEAUX, FR) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20020098211 Date filed: November 9, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel antimicrobial agent, which withstands or allows the control of microbial degradation, comprising (I) at least one polyol and (II) 2-hydroxy-4-(1-methylethyl)cyclohepta-2 4 6-trier-1-one or sodium capryl lactyl lactylate, and to compositions, in particular cosmetic, dermatological, pharmaceutical or food compositions, containing such a agent in a physiologically acceptable support. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel antimicrobial agent comprising (I) at least one polyol in combination and (II) 2-hydroxy-4-(1-methylethyl)cyclohepta-2,4,6trien-1-one or sodium capryl lactyl lactylate. Additionally, the present invention relates to compositions, in particular cosmetic, dermatological, pharmaceutical or food compositions, containing the antimicrobial agent in a physiologically acceptable support. It is common practice to introduce chemical preserving agents into cosmetic or dermatological compositions in order to control the growth of microorganisms in these compositions, which would otherwise make them unsuitable for use. In particular, to protect against microorganisms that are able to grow in the composition and which the user might introduce into the composition by handling, for example, when the user takes products from a jar with the fingers. Chemical preserving agents commonly used are, in particular, parabens or formaldehyde donors. These preserving agents have the drawback of irritations and/or allergies, and in particular, effects to sensitive skin. The use of certain alcohols or polyols, such as ethanol or propylene glycol, may also irritate or illicit allergies to the user. This is particularly true when the alcohols or polyols are present in relatively large proportions, i.e. in amounts exceeding 20% by weight relative to the composition as a whole. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Anti-pollution topical composition Inventor(s): Cotovio, Jose; (Dammartin en Goele, FR), Labrousse, Emmanuelle; (Igny, FR) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020161104 Date filed: February 7, 2002 Abstract: The present application relates to the use of starch as an anti-pollution agent. The application also relates to a composition for topical application containing, in a physiologically acceptable medium, at least one starch and at least one silicone gum, and to its uses in cosmetics and dermatology. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to the use for example, in topical application, of starch as an antipollution agent, and to a cosmetic treatment process for protecting
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the body against the effects of pollution, for example by applying to keratin materials a composition containing an effective amount of starch in a physiologically acceptable medium. The application also relates to an antipollution composition for topical application containing, in a physiologically acceptable medium, at least one starch and at least one silicone gum, and to its uses in cosmetics and dermatology. Urban environments are regularly subjected to peaks of pollution. An individual in his daily environment, and particularly in an urban zone, may be subjected to a whole range of factors attacking keratin materials, and in particular the skin, the scalp and the hair, by various airborne pollutants. Atmospheric pollutants which are represented largely by the primary and secondary products of combustion represent a major source of environmental oxidative stress. Urban pollution is composed of various types of chemical and xenobiotic products and particles. The major categories of pollutants which may exert harmful effects on the skin and the hair are as follows: gases, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particulate elements which are combustion residues onto which are adsorbed a very large number of organic and mineral compounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition in the form of an O/W emulsion with a high wax content, and uses thereof in cosmetics and dermatology Inventor(s): Roulier, Veronique; (Paris, FR), Simon, Pascal; (Seine, FR) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20010001667 Date filed: January 19, 2001 Abstract: A creamy composition in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oily phase dispersed in an aqueous phase, characterized in that it contains at least one anionic emulsifier which is liquid at room temperature, and at least 5% by weight of one or more waxes relative to the total weight of the composition, and in that the oily phase is in the form of a soft paste at room temperature. The anionic emulsifier is preferably a surfactant containing a phosphate group, such as octyldecyl phosphate.The present invention also relates to the uses of the said composition in cosmetics and dermatology, in particular for caring for, treating and/or making up the skin and/or mucous membranes, and more particularly for treating wrinkles and/or fine lines of the skin and/or for treating dry skin.The invention also relates to a process for preparing this composition, characterized in that at least one step of the process is carried out using a mixer-extruder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition in the form of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion comprising a high content of wax, and to its uses in cosmetics and dermatology, in particular for caring for, treating and/or making up the skin and/or mucous membranes, and more particularly for treating wrinkles and/or fine lines of the skin and/or for treating and/or protecting dry skin. The invention also relates to a process for preparing this composition, where at least one step of the process is carried out using a mixer-extruder. It is well-known to use waxes in cosmetic creams in the form of emulsions intended for caring for human skin, in particular for the anti-wrinkle effects provided by these waxes. However, it is difficult to incorporate a high percentage of waxes into these compositions since waxes have a tendency to thicken the emulsions considerably. In addition, when a high percentage of waxes is incorporated into an
Patents 161
emulsion, the emulsion is very difficult to apply to the skin since it does not slide. Moreover, a coarse effect appears on the skin. Such an emulsion is therefore unacceptable to users. Furthermore, it is known to incorporate a high percentage of waxes into mascaras. However, compositions of this type cannot be used as care products on account of the drawbacks mentioned above. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions in the form of water-in-oil emulsions and their use as cosmetics Inventor(s): Simonnet, Jean-Thierry; (Paris, FR), Sonneville-Aubrun, Odile; (Antony, FR) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020034558 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a composition in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion containing at least 80% of aqueous phase and at least one glycoglyceride. The glycoglyceride may be obtained by synthesis or by extraction, and it may be, in particular, a galactolipid such as, for example, digalactosyl diglyceride or monogalactosyl diglyceride. The composition according to the invention provides a great sensation of freshness when applied to the skin, and may be used in particular in cosmetics and/or dermatology. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to French Patent Application No. 0005796, filed on May 5, 2000, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to compositions in the form of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion and which have a high water content and comprise at least one glycoglyceride. The present invention further relates to the uses of such compositions in particular in cosmetics and/or dermatology. It is common practice in cosmetics or dermatology to use compositions consisting of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion which comprises an aqueous phase dispersed in an oily phase. These emulsions comprise an oily continuous phase and thus make it possible to form on the surface of the skin a lipid film which prevents transepidermal water loss and protects the skin against external attack. These emulsions are particularly suitable for protecting and nourishing the skin, and in particular for treating dry skin. In addition, the lipid film formed at the surface of the skin may also increase the permanence of sunscreens. These emulsions also have the advantage of allowing the protection and transport of oxidation-sensitive hydrophilic active agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Foaming cosmetic cream for treating greasy skin and methods for using the same Inventor(s): Guillou, Veronique; (Antony, FR), Picard-Lesboueyries, Elisabeth; (Velizy, FR) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020058010 Date filed: August 30, 2001
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Abstract: The present patent application relates to a foaming composition for topical application, containing (1) a surfactant system such that at least one paracrystalline phase of direct or cubic hexagonal type appears when the temperature increases above 30.degree. C. and such that this paracrystalline phase remain present up to at least 45.degree. C., and (2) an active agent chosen from antibiotics and anti-seborrhoeic agents. The surfactant system which allows such a paracrystalline phase to be obtained preferably comprises at least one water-soluble surfactant and at least one waterinsoluble surfactant. It preferably comprises at least one water-soluble soap. These compositions exist in the form of creams with good physical stability at ambient temperature and even up to at least 45.degree. C. They may be used n cosmetics or dermatology, for cleansing or treating greasy skin and/or acne-prone skin. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to French Patent Application No. 001 1130, filed on Aug. 31, 2001, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to rinsable foaming compositions constituting a cream for topical application, which contain a particular surfactant system and an antibiotic or anti-seborrhoeic active agent, and having good physical stability up to at least 45.degree. C. The present invention also relates to the use of such compositions in cosmetics or dermatology, especially for cleansing or treating greasy skin and/or acne-prone skin. Cleansing the skin is very important for facial care. The cleansing should be as effective as possible since greasy residues such as excess sebum, residues of cosmetic products used daily and make-up products, in particular "waterproof" products, accumulate in the folds of the skin and can obstruct the pores of the skin and lead to the appearance of spots. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Heads for dermatology treatment Inventor(s): Altshuler, Gregory B.; (Beverly, MA), Anderson, R. Rox; (Lexington, MA) Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Powers; Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20030055414 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: Methods and apparatus for dermatology treatment are provided which involve the use of continuous wave (CW) radiation, preheating of the treatment volume, precooling, cooling during treatment and post-treatment cooling of the epidermis above the treatment volume, various beam focusing techniques to reduce scattering and/or other techniques for reducing the cost and/or increasing the efficacy of optical radiation for use in hair removal and other dermatological treatments. A number of embodiments are included for achieving the various objectives indicated above. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/634,981, filed Aug. 9, 2000, entitled Heads for Dermatology Treatment which claims priority to application Ser. No. 09/078,055, filed May 13, 1998, entitled Method and Apparatus for Dermatology Treatment now U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,884 which application claims priority from provisional specifications 60/046,542 filed May 15, 1997 and 60/077,726 filed March 12, 1998, the subject matter of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to apparatus for using optical radiation to treat dermatological problems and, more particularly, to heads for such apparatus which heads provide an elongated focus area at a selected depth and/or selected preconditioning, for example
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heating and/or cooling, of a treatment area. Lasers, lamps, and other sources of electromagnetic radiation, particularly in the optical wavebands, are being increasingly utilized for various dermatological treatments and, in particular, for the removal of unwanted hair, spider veins, leg veins, other veins or other blood vessels which are visible through the patient's skin, lesions, port-wine stains, tattoos, and the like. In performing such treatments, it is desirable that the cost for the treatment be kept as low as possible, consistent with achieving desired results, and that risk of injury to the patient be minimized. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Informative nucleic arrays and methods for making same Inventor(s): Curto, Ernest V.; (Huntsville, AL), Davis, Richard L. JR.; (Huntsville, AL), Dooley, Thomas P.; (Vestavia Hills, AL) Correspondence: Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, Llp; Attn: Intellectual Property Department; 1333 H Street, N.W. Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20010046671 Date filed: January 16, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for making and using informative nucleic acid arrays (e.g., DNA including cDNA, RNA, PNA) for research and other applications in various disciplines or areas of interest. Examples of such disciplines include, without limitation, dermatology, pharmacology, toxicology, oncology, gynecology, urology, gastroenterology, as well as studies of sentinel gene discovery, signature gene discovery, mechanism of action, drug screening, drug metabolism, etc. The informative nucleic acid arrays of the present invention may contain only the gene sequences that are of interest in a particular area of interest or application, and may exclude other gene sequences. Excerpt(s): The present invention claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/176,022, filed Jan. 14, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/197,991, filed Apr. 18, 2000. The present invention relates generally to nucleic acid arrays and to methods for designing and using nucleic acid arrays. In particular, the present invention relates to informative nucleic acid arrays and methods for making the same, with an emphasis on the selection criteria for the individual gene sequences to be included in informative nucleic acid arrays. In general, most of the cells of an organism contain the same gene sequences. In eucaryotic organisms (i.e., those having a nucleus) the number of individual genes typically is in the range of tens of thousands of genes. All of these genes, however, are not used or expressed by all cells all of the time. Some genes are activated, or expressed, only at a specific time, at a specific level, at a specific developmental stage, and/or in a specific cellular, physiologic, and/or tissue context. Determining when a gene is expressed, and what causes the gene to be expressed, may be key in better understanding the effects of various agents on cellular responses (e.g., potential pharmaceuticals, toxins, chemicals, temperature, pressure, or electromagnetic radiation, etc.). In addition, determining when a gene is expressed may yield a better understanding of the effects of various normal or variant genes on disease pathogenesis (e.g., induced or hereditary disorders, etc.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for photodynamic therapy and applicator for carrying out said therapy Inventor(s): Davydov, Anatoly Borisovich; (Moscow, RU), Khromov, Gennady Lvovich; (Moscow, RU), Kuzmin, Sergei Georgievich; (Dolgoprudny Moskovski oblasti, RU), Loschenov, Viktor Borisovich; (Moscow, RU), Lukyanets, Evgeny Antonovich; (Moscow, RU), Luzhkov, Yury Mikhailovich; (Moscow, RU), Meerovich, Gennady Alexandrovich; (Korolev Moskovskoi obl., RU), Vorozhtsov, Georgy Nikolaevich; (Moscow, RU) Correspondence: Jenkens & Gilchrist, PC; 1445 Ross Avenue; Suite 3200; Dallas; TX; 75202; US Patent Application Number: 20030195250 Date filed: January 8, 2003 Abstract: Thee present invention relates to medicine, more concretely to photodynamic therapy, and may be used in oncology and dermatology.A method is proposed for photodynamic therapy of pathological surface formations, which comprises sensitizing a surface of the pathological area by superposing an applicator containing 5aminolevulinic acid, and irradiating the sensitized area with therapeutic optical radiation in the spectral range of 625-700 nm, wherewith an applicator is used which is transparent in the spectral range of at least 625-700 nm, and irradiation is carried out through the applicator.Wherewith therapeutic irradiation is carried out under control of the intensity of fluorescence of the tissues of the pathological area by irradiation of the tissues in the spectral range of 625-635 nm and measurement of the intensity of fluorescence in the range of 635-700 nm through the applicator.In the method an applicator may be used which is also transparent in at least one of the spectral ranges 390-460 nm, 510-540 nm or 570-590 nm. The applicator used in the proposed method consists of a base of a bioinertial material and a sensitizing layer including a carrier and 5-aminolevulinic acid dissolved or dispersed in the carrier. The base is made in the form of a film of a bioinertial polymer, transparent in the spectral range of at least 625-700 nm, and the carrier is made in the form of a film layer of biocompatible hydrophilic terpolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone, amide of acrylic acid and of ethyl ether of acrylic acid with a ratio of the monomeric links respectively (20-35):(35-60):(20-30) wt. % and a molecular weight of from 20 000 to 1 000 000 Daltons.The bioinertial polymer may also be transparent in at least one of the spectral ranges of 390-460 nm, 510-540 nm or 570-590 nm. This polymer is regenerated cellulose, polyethylene terephthalate or a polyamide.The proposed method for photodynamic therapy and the applicator for implementation of the method make it possible to enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and reduce the expenditure of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medicine, more concretely to photodynamic therapy (PDT), and may be used in oncology and dermatology. A method is known for photodynamic therapy of pathological surface areas, comprising applicative sensitization of the surface of the pathological area by superposing an applicator on the base of a layer of liquid ointment comprising 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), with an optically opaque coating on top of that layer, removing the layer of ointment after a predetermined time, carrying out a laser-fluorescent check of the concentration of a sensitizer (derivatives of porphyrin) in the tissues of the pathological area, and carrying out irradiation of that area with optical radiation in the spectral range of 625-700 nm [publication--PCT application WO 95/07077, published Mar. 16, 1995, IPC A 61 K 31/195]/1/. The known applicator described in /1/ comprises a carrier in the form of an ointment having a fluid, gel-like suspension or emulsion form, and 5-ALA dissolved or dispersed in the carrier.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for preparing a fatty substance ester and use thereof in pharmaceutics, cosmetics or food industry Inventor(s): Barrault, Joe; (Liguge, FR), Boisseau, Mickael; (Blaslay, FR), Piccirilli, Antoine; (Epernon, FR), Pouilloux, Yannick; (Mignoloux-Beauvoir, FR) Correspondence: Foley & Lardner; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street NW Suite 500; PO Box 25696; Washington; DC; 20007-8696; US Patent Application Number: 20030195367 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing a fatty substance ester, characterised in that it consists in subjecting to an esterification reaction at least a fatty substance with at least an alcohol compound selected from the group consisting of sterols, stanols, 4-methylsterols and their hydrogenated homologous, triterpene alcohols and their hydrogenated homologues, and mixtures thereof, in the presence of at least a solid catalyst selected in the group consisting of lanthanide oxides and the mixtures of said oxides. Said method enables to obtain products particularly suited for use in the field of pharmaceutics, in particular dermatology, cosmetics and special food production (functional food products, medicinal food products and dietetic food products) Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of an ester of fatty substance and of an alcohol chosen from the group consisting of sterols, stanols, 4-methylsterols and their hydrogenated homologs, triterpene alcohols and their hydrogenated homologs, and the mixtures of these, this ester being intended in particular for a pharmaceutical use, in particular a dermatological use, and for a cosmetic or food use. Phytosterols (family of the phytohormones) and essential fatty acids are compounds with a high biological activity which are therefore advantageous [lacuna] the fields of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and the human diet. Phytosterols are compounds of terpene origin which constitute the major fraction of plant unsaponifiable materials, an example of which is.beta.-sitosterol. Since the 50s, phytosterols have been known in particular for their hypocholesterolemic action (Ling & Jones (1995), Life Sciences, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 195-206). The hypothesized mechanism of action is as follows: phytosterols lead to a decrease in the blood cholesterol by competing with the latter for its dissolution within the micelles of the bile salts in the intestine. In addition, the sterols lead to a decrease in the blood cholesterol (LDL) and a slight increase in the synthesis and excretion of endogenous cholesterol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Physiologically active agents containing vicinal dithioglycols and use thereof in various branches of economy Inventor(s): Strelets, Boris Khaimovich; (St. Petersburg, RU), Zenovich, Sergei Mikhailovich; (Moscow, RU) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030018063 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the production of food and can be used to obtain food additives, biologically active food additives. The invention discloses the use of vicinal dithioglicol of general chemical formula RCH(SH)CH(SH)R.sup.1 as a food additive or a biologically active food additive having the property of binding carbonil compounds present in food products and the human body according to the reaction resulting in the formation of cyclic thioacetal or ketal which are easily removable from the human body as well as able to form complexes with ions of bivalent metals providing a physiologically beneficial effect on the transportation of said ions through sell membranes, on the glycolysis process, on the enzymatic catalysis process, on the catabolism of carbohydrate moiety of amino acids and on thiol-disulfide equilibrium in the metabolism of amino acids. As well as inhibiting undesirable processes in food products and human body.The invention also describes food additives, biologically active food additives, food products containing vicinal dithioglicol as well as processes for producing said additives and products.The technical result of the claimed technical solution is the use of vicinal dithioglicols as having immuno-corrective effect on human organism and stimulating a number of physiological processes and inhibiting undesirable processes in organisms and food products such as fatty acid peroxidation. On the ground of the above vicinal dithioglicols are used in food production to increase shelf life of products, to create new dietetic foodstuff, to increase biological value and activity of food, to enlarge the number of manufactured food additives and biologically active food additives.The invention also relates to cosmetology, particularly to medical cosmetology and dermatology. It can be used to prepare novel cosmetic agents, cosmetic means for treating skin by adding compounds selected from the group of vicinal dithioglicols as ingredients to cosmetic and/or dermatological preparations. Vicinal dithioglicols have a number of physiologically advantageous properties allowing to provide novel characteristics to cosmetic and dermatological means in relation to their action on skin and hair. The invention relates to a novel topical formulation? To a method of using the formulation and to a method of producing the same. It relates to compositions able to improve the condition and appearance of skin and having medicinal and prophylactic effect on hair and nails.The invention also relates to agriculture, for instance for production of feed and mixed fodder or in veterinary. Vicinal dithioglicols can be used as physiologically active substances and active ingredients of feed additives and/or feed and/or of other preparations for domestic animals, poultry, and pets.The invention teaches to use at least one vicinal dithioglicol as an active ingredient of physiologically active means, feed additives, feed having immunity stimulating and antioxidant effect and chemical activity of irreversible binding and removing some widespread toxic compounds from organisms of animals and poultry, such as heavy and radioactive metal compounds including mercury, lead, polonium, caesium, bismuth, cobalt, cadmium, as well as arsenic and other toxins. Vicinal dithioglicols of the claimed preparations stimulate some important physiological processes in organisms of animals and poultry. The invention also discloses a feed
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additive, feed for animals and poultry and other means comprising this substance, methods of their production and administration. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the production of food and it may be used to obtain a food additive which extends the shelf life of food products and a food supplement which is able to improve the immunity and to provide a physiologically beneficial effect; the supplement may be widely used for alleviating the hangover syndrome and which may be added into liquors and soft drinks, into bakery products, confectionery and other food. The invention also relates to cosmetics, in particular to medical cosmetics and dermatology and may be used to obtain novel cosmetic agents comprising, as active ingredients having cosmetic dermatological action, vicinal dithioglycols which have physiologically beneficial properties allowing to provide novel characteristics of cosmetic means for the treatment of skin and hair. The invention relates to a novel topical formulation, to a method for using the formulation and to a method for producing the same. It relates to compositions able to improve the condition and appearance of skin and to provide therapeutic, therapeutic-prophylactic effect on the skin and which are able to beneficially act on hair. The invention also relates to agriculture and may be us-ed, for instance, for production of feed and mixed fodder, or in veterinary, when physiologically active substances and active ingredients are administered to agricultural animals, pets and poultry, with feed additives to enhance the immunity, to promote growth and important physiological processes in the organisms of the animals and poultry, to reduce the level of heavy metals and toxic compounds in milk of the dairy cattle and in meat of the livestock and poultry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Preparation of polysaccharide betainate type compounds, compounds obtained, their use and compositions comprising them Inventor(s): Auzely-Velty, Rachel; (Saint-Georges de Commiers, FR), Dubief, Claude; (Le Chesnay, FR), Rinaudo, Marguerite; (Grenoble, FR) Correspondence: Thomas L. Irving; Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 Street I, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20030147818 Date filed: November 15, 2002 Abstract: A process for preparing compounds from the polysaccharide betainate family, novel compounds so obtained, and their use in cosmetics or in dermatology, as well as the compositions, such as cosmetic or dermatological compositions, comprising said novel compounds. Excerpt(s): Disclosed herein are methods for preparing compounds from the polysaccharide betainate family, novel compounds so obtained, and their use in cosmetics or in dermatology, as well as novel compositions, such as cosmetic or dermatological compositions, comprising said novel compounds. Certain starch betainates and their derivatives are compounds well known, for example, in the field of paper-manufacturing. It is known, such as from International Patent Application WO-A00/15669 and the article "Preparation of starch betainate: a novel cationic starch derivative" in 41 Carbohydrate Polymers 277-283 (2000), that potato starch betainates can be synthesized by esterifying hydroxyl groups in the starch with a betainyl chloride. Esterification is carried out in pyridine and 1,4-dioxane at a temperature of about 110.degree. C. But that synthesis can be difficult to carry out, due to the operating
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conditions and to the unstable nature of the betaine derivatives employed, which can impair the reaction yield. After a great deal of research, the inventors have developed at least two novel processes for synthesizing starch betainates, which can produce such compounds much more easily in an improved yield. Further, said processes can allow novel compounds from the polysaccharide betainate family to be prepared. These compounds can have at least one property that can be exploited in the cosmetic or dermatological fields. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
System for electromagnetic radiation dermatology and head for use therewith Inventor(s): Altshuler, Gregory B.; (Wilmington, MA), Zenzie, Henry M.; (Dover, MA) Correspondence: Peter C. Lando; Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20030065314 Date filed: September 17, 2002 Abstract: A system for treating a selected dermatologic problem and a head for use with such system are provided. The head may include an optical waveguide having a first end to which EM radiation appropriate for treating the condition is applied. The waveguide also has a skin-contacting second end opposite the first end, a temperature sensor being located within a few millimeters, and preferably within 1 to 2 millimeters, of the second end of the waveguide. A temperature sensor may be similarly located in other skin contacting portions of the head. A mechanism is preferably also provided for removing heat from the waveguide and, for preferred embodiments, the second end of the head which is in contact with the skin has a reflection aperture which is substantially as great as the radiation back-scatter aperture from the patient's skin. Such aperture may be the aperture at the second end of the waveguide or a reflection plate or surface of appropriate size may surround the waveguide or other light path at its second end. The portion of the back-scattered radiation entering the waveguide is substantially internally reflected therein, with a reflector being provided, preferably at the first end of the waveguide, for returning back-scattered light to the patient's skin. The reflector may be angle dependent so as to more strongly reflect back scattered light more perpendicular to the skin surface than back scattered radiation more parallel to the skin surface. Controls are also provided responsive to the temperature sensing for determining temperature at a predetermined depth in the patient's skin, for example at the DE junction, and for utilizing this information to detect good thermal contact between the head and the patient's skin and to otherwise control treatment. The head may also have a mechanism for forming a reflecting chamber under the waveguide and drawing a fold of skin therein, or for providing a second enlarged waveguide to expand the optical aperture of the radiation. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/268,433, filed Mar. 12, 1999, which application claims priority to Provisional Application 60/115,447, filed Jan. 8, 1999 and Provisional Application 60/077,794, filed Jan. 8, 1999. Said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/268,433 is also a continuation-inpart of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/759,036, filed Dec.2, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,404; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/759,136, filed Dec. 2, 1996, now abandoned; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/078,055, filed May 13, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,884, which application claims priority to Provisional Application 60/046,542, filed May 15, 1997; and Provisional Application 60/077,726, filed Mar. 12,
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1998. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/473,910, filed Dec. 28, 1999, which application claims priority to Provisional Application 60/164,492, filed Nov. 9, 1999; and Provisional Application 60/115,447, filed Jan. 8, 1999. Said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/473,910 is also a continuation-inpart of said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/078,055, filed May 13, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,884, which application claims priority to Provisional Application 60/046,542, filed May 15, 1997; and Provisional Application 60/077,726, filed Mar. 12, 1998. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/634,981, filed Aug. 9, 2000, which application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/078,055, filed May 13, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,884, which application claims priority to Provisional Application 60/046,542, filed May 15, 1997; and Provisional Application 60/077,726, filed Mar. 12, 1998. All of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to the utilization of electromagnetic (EM) radiation for treating selected dermatologic problems, and more particularly to a system which utilizes temperature detection at a waveguide though which radiation is being applied to the patient's skin to perform various control functions and to a head usable in such system or elsewhere, which head includes efficient reflectors for back-scattered radiation and/or for otherwise enhancing irradiation of a target volume containing the dermatologic problem. Lasers, lamps and other sources of electromagnetic radiation are being increasingly utilized to treat various dermatological conditions, and in particular for the removal of unwanted hair, spider veins, leg veins, other veins or blood vessels which are visible through the patient's skin, lesions, port-wine stains, tattoos and the like. One problem with such treatments is that the only way to get the radiation to a target volume in the dermis where treatment is desired is to transmit the radiation to such volume through the overlying epidermis. Further, since many of the treatments involve absorption of energy by melanin in the dermal volume being treated, for example in a hair follicle, and there is also melanin in the epidermis, particularly in the portion thereof at the dermal/epidermal (DE) junction, the EM radiation used for treatment is generally also absorbed to varying degrees in the epidermis. Further, the deeper in the dermis the treatment is desired and/or the larger the element being treated, the more energy must be used, this generally involving use of a more powerful laser or other radiation source with higher fluence and/or operating such source for longer time durations. However, as the energy applied through the epidermis increases, the potential for damage to the epidermis as a result of energy absorption therein also increases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Thermostimulating device for thermographic investigations in dermatology, oncology, angiology and capillaroscopy Inventor(s): Di Carlo, Aldo; (Rome, IT), Ippolito, Ferdinando; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030120174 Date filed: December 19, 2002 Abstract: A thermostimulation device is disclosed, said device being intended for application to thermographic investigation and allowing sensitivity and specificity in the clinical field of such investigation to be improved, in particular for dermatology, oncology, angiology and capillaroscopy. The finding comprises a probe whose inside is
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discontinuously supplied with a refrigerating or a heating liquid mixture that comes from a reservoir where it is kept at the temperature that has been set forth previously for the specific test, respectively +5.degree. C. in case of cryostimulation and +40.degree. C. in case of "hot" stimulation. The introduction of the mixture into the probe is adjusted by means of a valve whose opening time is controlled by the operator, so as to determine the passage of a predetermined volume of the mixture immediately before proceeding to thermal stimulation. At the end of thermal stimulation the liquid is sent back from the probe to the reservoir. Excerpt(s): It is the object of this invention a thermostimulating device that can be employed for thermographic investigation in dermatology, oncology, angiology and capillaroscopy and more particularly the object of this invention consists in a thermogenic probe, or a small rubber balloon containing a 50% water-alcohol mixture that is put in contact with the skin area to be examined for 20". The temperature of the mixture is previously set at the value of +5.degree. C. (cryostimulation) or of +40.degree. C. (hot stimulation). This is done with the aim of evaluating more exactly the thermographic gradients by means of the detection of the respective times of thermal recovery after thermal stimulation, instead of employing the direct thermographic observation. The telethermographic investigation employed in the study of cutaneous tumors has resulted in data of undoubtful interest both as far as the clinical standpoint is concerned, showing to be a useful complement for the diagnostic procedure and for checking in the lapse of time any suspectable lesions, and as to the experimental standpoint: for instance, in the case of melanoma, the finding of a tumoral hyperthermic image, the perilesion hyperthermic halo, the lymphocentric hot striae are important data which deserve futher deepening. Data obtained in the latest years through numerous observations carried out by means of telethermography on patients affected by cutaneous neoplastic manifestations have confirmed the usefulness of such methodology. Examinations of the superficial circulation, both of large and of small blood vessels, have confirmed the usefulness of such methodology also in the field of angiopathies and in capillaroscopy. Indeed, skin as a coating organ, allows a more authoritative exploration with respect to other deep organs. On the other side, it has been observed since a long time that the employment, during telethermographic investigations, of the cooling or heating of tissues to be examined using the parameters mentioned above (thermostimulation: +5.degree. C. or +40.degree. C.) the thermal gradients in the area are temporarily modified without any biological damage to tissues, and that a very sharp visualization of the specific thermographic frame is obtained. This occurred as a result of the objective differences in the thermal recovery time (TRT) even in the case of basic thermal gradients differences of very low value, and even lower than 0.1.degree. C., the technical limit of thermographic devices of the present time. TRTs are definitely the expression of thermogenic potentials of tumoral lesions or of the conditions of cutaneous irroration. For instance, in the case of ischemic angiopathies, the employment of a hot stimulus applied to the cutaneous region under examination allows the evaluation to be carried out of ischemia or the hypoflow into the thermostimulated cutaneous area. Thermostimulation has been employed since the time of its first applications in the telethermographic study but in a very empirical way, for instance employing a hair dryer or by dipping the part to be tested into cold/warm water and it has been little employed because it was badly affected both by the nonstandardized distance from the position where the hair dryer was held, and by forced evaporation, as well as by the residual presence of water on the cutaneous surface etc. Moreover, said procedures do not allow some physical variables to be controlled with certainty, such as the degree of thermal stimulus in.degree. C., the duration of said thermal stimulus, the thermal recovery times.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Transport system conjugates Inventor(s): Imfeld, Dominik; (Basel, CH), Ludin, Christian; (Aesch, CH), Schreier, Thomas; (Bubendorf, CH) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20020035243 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to transport system conjugates as transmembrane transport systems for topical and transdermal applications, especially in dermatology and cosmetics, and for pharmaceutically active ingredients with a systemic action. The transport system according to the invention can be used for peptide active ingredients as well as for non-peptide active ingredients, such as vitamins, hormones and antibiotics. There are numerous fields of application of the topical and transdermal use of the transport system conjugates according to the present invention, including the transport of active ingredients into and through the skin for healing wound, protecting the skin, and controlling various disorders including skin aging, inflammation, cellulitis, psoriasis, melanoma, arthritis, acne, neurodermatitis, eczema, paradontitis, burns, and so forth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transport system conjugates as transmembrane transport systems for topical and transdermal applications, especially in dermatology and cosmetics, and for pharmaceutical active ingredients with a systemic action. The transport system according to the invention can be used for peptide active ingredients as well as for non-peptide active ingredients, e.g. vitamins, hormones or antibiotics. There are numerous fields of application for the topical and transdermal use according to the invention, for example the transport of active ingredients into and through the skin for healing or protecting the skin, as described below. The transport of pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically useful active ingredients, for example polypeptides, through a cell membrane to the intracellular site of action in sufficient concentration is a critical factor in the development of a topically or transdermally active application. Thus, for example, the majority of polypeptides are large polar molecules which are poorly absorbed on oral or parenteral administration. One way around the problem is transdermal administration. The advantage here is that the skin possesses only a few proteolytic enzymes capable of hydrolysing the polypeptide. The obstacles to be overcome in the case of transdermal application consist of the natural lipid barrier of the outermost layer of skin--the corneal layer--and also the cell membranes where intracellularly active substances are involved. As lipophilicity is required to overcome lipophilic membrane barriers, the transport properties of polypeptides can be increased by a lipophilic modification, but normally this objective is not adequately achieved. It is known from J. Med. Chem. 1992, (35), pages 118-123, Pharmaceutical Research 1989, (6), pages 171-170 and European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 1999, (48), pages 21-26 that short peptides conjugated with fatty acid radicals have an increased lipophilicity and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Thus.alpha.-melanotropin conjugated with decanoic acid or hexadecanoic acid effects a certain darkening of the skin in an Eidechsen skin model. However, the activity of conjugates is on the whole unsatisfactory and the principle of conjugates, in particular, cannot be applied more widely.
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USE OF ELLAGIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN COSMETICS AND DERMATOLOGY Inventor(s): BONTE, FREDERIC; (ORLEANS, FR), SAUNOIS, ALEX; (ORLEANS, FR) Correspondence: Dennison, Schultz & Dougherty; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020098213 Date filed: March 28, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of ellagic acid and its derivatives in the field of cosmetics and pharmacy, especially dermatology.It relates more particularly to all applications where it is desired to reinforce the dermal-epidermal junction or improve hair condition by increasing the proportion of collagen VII in the presence of keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts.In particular, these applications involve toning up the skin, reducing wrinkles or improving hair condition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates essentially to a novel use of ellagic acid, its salts, its metal complexes or its mono- or polyether or mono- or polyacylated derivatives in the field of cosmetics or pharmacy, especially dermatology. Ellagic acid, which also has the name 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy(1)-benzo- pyrano-pyrano (5,4,3-cde)(1)benzopyran5,10-dione, is a well-known molecule belonging to the group of the polyphenols and is found in the plant kingdom. Reference may be made to the publication Merck Index 20th edition (1996), no. 3588. Document FR-A-1 478 523 has disclosed a process for the purification of ellagic acid and the purified ellagic acids obtained by such a process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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USE OF THE RB1, GINSENOSIDE FOR STIMULATING ELASTIN SYNTHESIS Inventor(s): CHAUDAGNE, CATHERINE; (VITRY-AUX-LOGES, FR), DUMAS, MARC; (ORLEANS, FR), MEYBECK, ALAIN; (COURBEVOIE, FR) Correspondence: Dennison Meserole Scheiner & Schultz; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Suite 612; Arlington; VA; 22202-3417; US Patent Application Number: 20020015743 Date filed: February 3, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns novel uses in cosmetics or pharmaceutics, in particular in dermatology, of Rb1 ginsenoside(G-Rb1) and plant extracts containing same, to stimulate elastin synthesis by dermal fibroblasts. The invention also concerns cosmetic or pharmaceutical, in particular dermatological, compositions containing said ginsenoside or plant extracts for stimulating the elastin synthesis by dermal fibroblasts. Said compositions advantageously contain an extract of Asiatic ginseng or of American ginseng. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel uses of ginsenoside Rb1 as agent intended to stimulate the synthesis of elastin. This invention finds applications essentially in the field of cosmetics and pharmacy, notably in the field of dermatology. Generally, when it is sought to fight effectively against skin ageing, it is attempted to treat the skin with products having an anti-radical activity which are susceptible in particular to trapping
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the free radicals which are responsible, in part, for the harmful effects leading to an ageing of the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with dermatology, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on dermatology. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning dermatology. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON DERMATOLOGY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to dermatology. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on dermatology include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on dermatology: •
Images in Clinical Medicine Source: Waltham, MA: New England Journal of Medicine Books. 1997. 319 p. Contact: Available from New England Journal of Medicine Books. P.O. Box 9130, Waltham, MA 02254-9130. (617) 893-3800. Fax (781) 893-0413. PRICE: $30.00. ISBN: 0910133417. Summary: This book collects visual images that were first published in the New England Journal of Medicine (beginning in 1992). This feature of the Journal offers a broad representation of useful and clinically important images. The hope is that exposure to these types of photographs will help sharpen the readers' ability to identify common problems. The clinical images are presented in fourteen categories: infectious diseases; cardiology; hematology and oncology; gastroenterology; nephrology; pulmonary diseases; endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition; wounds and injuries; allergy, rheumatology, and connective tissue diseases; surgery; neurology; dermatology;
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parasites and insects; and miscellaneous. Each image includes a brief description by the physician who saw the case, and relevant correspondence is often included as well. The book concludes with a subject index. •
Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 1999. 38th ed Source: Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1999. 1672 p. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Companies. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (800) 352-3566 or (212) 512-4100. Fax (212) 512-4105. Website: www.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838515509. Summary: This general medical textbook is designed as a single source reference for practitioners in both hospital and ambulatory settings. The textbook offers extensive coverage of all primary care topics, including gynecology, obstetrics, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, psychiatry, neurology, and urology. Chapter 1 presents general information on patient care, including health maintenance and disease prevention and management of pain and other common symptoms. Chapter 2 presents information on preoperative assessment and perioperative management and Chapter 3 addresses special problems of the older patient. Chapter 4 discusses medical management of cancer and Chapter 5 addresses care at the end of life. Chapters 6 through 28 describe diseases and disorders of various organ systems and their treatment. Chapter 29 sets forth the basic concepts of nutrition in modern medical practice. Chapters 30 to 37 cover infectious diseases and antimicrobial therapy. Chapters 38 and 39 cover disorders due to physical agents and poisoning; Chapter 40 discusses the principles of genetics as applied to medical disorders; and Chapter 41 discusses laboratory tests and the diagnostic process. The appendix provides information about therapeutic drug levels and reference ranges for the commonly used laboratory tests. A detailed subject index concludes the volume.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “dermatology” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “dermatology” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “dermatology” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Handbook of Systemic Drug Treatment in Dermatology by Sarah H. Wakelin (Editor); ISBN: 1840760133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840760133/icongroupinterna
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A New Look at Old Skin: A Challenge to Cosmetology (Cosmetic Dermatology, Vol 1) by P. Morganti, W. Montagna (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0879360178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879360178/icongroupinterna
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ABC of Dermatology by Paul K. Buxton, P.K. Buxton (Editor); ISBN: 0727911503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0727911503/icongroupinterna
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Adult and Pediatric Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment by Lowell A. Goldsmith, et al; ISBN: 0803601468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803601468/icongroupinterna
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Aquatic Dermatology by Gianni Angelini, Domenico Bonamonte (2003); ISBN: 8847001102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8847001102/icongroupinterna
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Atlas of Dermatology CD-ROM for PC (English/German Version, for Windows) by T. L. Diepgen (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3540146695; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540146695/icongroupinterna
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Biology of Heritable Skin Diseases (Current Problems in Dermatology, Vol 17) by K.D. Wuepper, T., Jr. Gedde-Dahl (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3805543980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805543980/icongroupinterna
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Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Dermatology by Anthony V. Benedetto; ISBN: 1842142445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842142445/icongroupinterna
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Bsava Manual of Small Animal Dermatology by Aiden P. Foster (Editor), Carol S. Foil (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0905214587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905214587/icongroupinterna
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Classics in Clinical Dermatology with Biographical Sketches, 50th Anniversary Second Edition by Walter B. Shelley (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1842142070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842142070/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Dermatology by Savin J. A., et al (2003); ISBN: 0632059168; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632059168/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Dermatology by Rona M. MacKie (2003); ISBN: 019852580X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019852580X/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Dermatology Diagnosis and Therapy: Diagnosis & Therapy for Macintosh/Windows by Thomas P. Habif, et al (1996); ISBN: 0815141599; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815141599/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Dermatology Illustrated: A Regional Approach by John R. T. Reeves, Howard I. Maibach; ISBN: 0803602790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803602790/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Protocols for General Dermatology by Larry E. Millikan (2004); ISBN: 1842141740; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842141740/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Protocols in Dermatology by Wilma F. Bergfeld; ISBN: 1842141724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842141724/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Tropical Dermatology by Roger R.M. Harman (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0865421951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865421951/icongroupinterna
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Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology by Thomas B., Md. Fitzpatrick, et al; ISBN: 0071360387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071360387/icongroupinterna
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Color Atlas & Synopsis of Pediatric Dermatology by Kay Shou-Mei Kane (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0070062943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070062943/icongroupinterna
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Color Atlas of Dermatology by Gary M. Levene's Color Atlas of Dermatology White (2004); ISBN: 0723432988; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723432988/icongroupinterna
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Color Atlas of Pediatric Dermatology by Samuel Weinberg, et al; ISBN: 0070692491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070692491/icongroupinterna
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Color Atlas of Small Animal Dermatology by Linda Medleau, Keith A. Hnilica; ISBN: 0721681522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721681522/icongroupinterna
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Color Handbook of Occupational Dermatology by English, John S. C. English; ISBN: 0838510744; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838510744/icongroupinterna
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Condensed Handbook of Occupational Dermatology by L. Kanerva (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 3540443487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540443487/icongroupinterna
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Contact & Occupational Dermatology by James G. Marks, et al; ISBN: 0323014739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323014739/icongroupinterna
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Cosmetic Surgery: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Basic and Clinical Dermatology) by Rhoda S. Narins (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0824703022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824703022/icongroupinterna
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Current Opinion in Dermatology by Mark V. Dahl (1994); ISBN: 1870485777; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870485777/icongroupinterna
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Current practice of dermatology; ISBN: 1859228011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859228011/icongroupinterna
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Current Practice of Medicine: Dermatology by Jeffrey P. Callen, Ann Saydlowski (Illustrator) (1995); ISBN: 1859226884; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859226884/icongroupinterna
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Death of Medicine in Nazi Germany: Dermatology and Dermatopathology Under the Swastika by Wolfgang Weyers, A. Bernard Ackerman (1998); ISBN: 1568331223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568331223/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology by Otto Braun-Falco (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 3540594523; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540594523/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology by J. D. Wilkinson, S. Shaw; ISBN: 0443058520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443058520/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology & Immunology Words: Includes Rheumatology, Allergy, and Transplantation by Stedmans; ISBN: 0781730597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781730597/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology (2 Volume Set) by Jean L. Bolognia, et al (2003); ISBN: 0323024092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323024092/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology (Pocket Brain) by Kimberly N. Jones, Barbara B. Wilson (2002); ISBN: 0967783968; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967783968/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology E-Dition by Joseph Jorizzo (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0323025781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323025781/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology for the Small Animal Practitioner by Ralf S. Mueller, Dr. Ralf Mueller; ISBN: 1893441210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893441210/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology Nursing: A Practical Guide by Esther Hughes (Editor), Julie Van Onselen (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0443062099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443062099/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology Pearls by Eleanor E. Sahn (Editor), A Hanley & Belfus Publication (1999); ISBN: 1560533153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560533153/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology Pocket Picture Book by Anthony Du Vivier, et al; ISBN: 063205428X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/063205428X/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology Secrets in Color by James E. Fitzpatrick (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 1560534028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560534028/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology Therapy: A to Z Essentials by Norman Levine (Editor), Carol C. Levine (Editor); ISBN: 3540008640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540008640/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology: An Illustrated Colour Text by David J. Gawkrodger (1997); ISBN: 0443053286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443053286/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology: Diagnosis and Therapy by Edward E. Bondi, et al; ISBN: 0838512747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838512747/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology: Just the Facts by Francisco Jimenez-Acosta, Francisco A. Kerdel; ISBN: 0071391436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071391436/icongroupinterna
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Dorland's Dermatology Word Book for Medical Transcriptionists by Susan M. Goeltzenleuchter (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0721695264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721695264/icongroupinterna
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Emergency Dermatology : A Rapid Treatment Guide by Alan B. Fleischer (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0071379959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071379959/icongroupinterna
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Evidence-Based Dermatology by Howard I. Maibach, et al (2002); ISBN: 1550091727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550091727/icongroupinterna
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Field Guide to Clinical Dermatology by David H. Frankel (Editor), William Frankel; ISBN: 0781717302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781717302/icongroupinterna
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Fitzpatrick's Dermatology In General Medicine (Two Vol. Set) by Irwin M. Freedberg (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0071380760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071380760/icongroupinterna
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Geriatric Dermatology by Robert A. Norman (Editor); ISBN: 1850703116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850703116/icongroupinterna
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Global Dermatology (1994); ISBN: 3540941401; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540941401/icongroupinterna
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Glycolic Acid Peels (Basic and Clinical Dermatology) by Ronald L. Moy (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0824707222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824707222/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Pediatric Dermatology by S. B. Mallory, P. A. Treadwell; ISBN: 1850707537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850707537/icongroupinterna
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Historical Atlas of Dermatology and Dermatologists by John Thorne Crissey, et al; ISBN: 1842141007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842141007/icongroupinterna
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Hyperhidrosis and Botulinumtoxin in Dermatology (Current Problems in Dermatology, 30) by O. P. Kreyden (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 3805573065; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805573065/icongroupinterna
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Immunodeficiency and Skin (Current Problems in Dermatology, Vol 18) by P. Fritsch, et al (1989); ISBN: 3805548885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805548885/icongroupinterna
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Lecture Notes on Dermatology by Tony Burns, R. A. C. Graham-Brown (2002); ISBN: 0632064943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632064943/icongroupinterna
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Lecture Notes on Dermatology by Tony Burns, et al; ISBN: 086542635X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086542635X/icongroupinterna
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Levene's Color Atlas of Dermatology by Gary White; ISBN: 0723425523; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723425523/icongroupinterna
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Manual of Dermatology in Chinese Medicine by De-Hui Shen, et al (1996); ISBN: 0939616203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939616203/icongroupinterna
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Marketing Dermatology: in A Changing Healthcare Environment by Cynthia Hough; ISBN: 1890018139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890018139/icongroupinterna
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Metabolic Disorders and Nutrition Correlated With Skin (Current Problems in Dermatology, Vol 20) by International Symposium on Metabolic Disorders and Nutrition Related T, et al (1991); ISBN: 3805553617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805553617/icongroupinterna
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Mosby's Color Atlas and Text of Dermatology by John F. Bourke, R. A. C. GrahamBrown (1998); ISBN: 0723424217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723424217/icongroupinterna
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Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology by George H. Muller, et al (2001); ISBN: 0721676189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721676189/icongroupinterna
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Occupational and Industrial Dermatology by Howard I. Maibach (Editor); ISBN: 0815157290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815157290/icongroupinterna
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Pediatric Dermatology by Lawrence A., Md. Schachner (Editor), Ronald C., Md. Hansen (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0323026117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323026117/icongroupinterna
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181
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Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatopathology: A Concise Atlas by Ruggero Caputo, Carlo Gelmetti; ISBN: 184184120X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184184120X/icongroupinterna
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Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatopathology: A Text and Atlas by Ruggero Caputo, et al (1996); ISBN: 0683014382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683014382/icongroupinterna
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Photodermatology by J. L. M. Hawk, J.l.m. Hawk; ISBN: 0340740949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340740949/icongroupinterna
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Photosensitivity (Topics in Clinical Dermatology) by Vincent A. Deleo (Editor); ISBN: 0896402185; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896402185/icongroupinterna
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Physical Signs in Dermatology by Clifford M. Lawrence, Neil H. Cox; ISBN: 0723431841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723431841/icongroupinterna
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Pocket Atlas of Dermatology (1993); ISBN: 3136404025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3136404025/icongroupinterna
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Pocket Guide to Medications Used in Dermatology by Andrew J. Scheman, David L. Severson (2003); ISBN: 0781746841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781746841/icongroupinterna
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Practical Dermatology by Beth G. Goldstein, Adam O. Goldstein (Contributor); ISBN: 0815137648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815137648/icongroupinterna
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Practical Equine Dermatology by Lowell J. Ackerman, Paul W. Pratt (Editor); ISBN: 0939674211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939674211/icongroupinterna
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Practical Feline Dermatology by Lowell J. Ackerman; ISBN: 093967422X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093967422X/icongroupinterna
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Practical Problems in Dermatology by Ronald Marks, James G. Marks (1997); ISBN: 185317050X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185317050X/icongroupinterna
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Prenatal Diagnosis of Heritable Skin Diseases (Current Problems in Dermatology, Vol 16) by K.D. Wuepper (Editor), Tobias Gedde-Dahl (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3805543972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805543972/icongroupinterna
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Primary Care Dermatology by Kenneth A. Arndt (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0721660967; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721660967/icongroupinterna
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Principles of Dermatology by Danald P. Lookingbill, et al; ISBN: 0721679714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721679714/icongroupinterna
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Protective Gloves for Occupational Use (Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science) by Anders Boman (2004); ISBN: 0849315581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849315581/icongroupinterna
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Relationships in Dermatology (New Clinical Applications Dermatology) by Julian L. Verbov (Editor), Julien Verbov (1988); ISBN: 0746200978; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0746200978/icongroupinterna
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Sexually Transmitted Disease (Clinical Guides in Dermatology) by Tomasz F. Mroczkowski; ISBN: 0896401634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896401634/icongroupinterna
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Skin Barrier Function in Health and Disease (Dermatology-Clinical & Basic Science) by Saqib J. Bashir (2004); ISBN: 0849310660; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849310660/icongroupinterna
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Surgical Gems in Dermatology by Perry Robins (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0896402061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896402061/icongroupinterna
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Telemedicine and Teledermatology (Current Problems in Dermatology, 32) by G. Burg (Editor), Claus Oeftiger (2002); ISBN: 3805574630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805574630/icongroupinterna
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Text Atlas of Podiatric Dermatology by Rodney Dawber, et al; ISBN: 1841842230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841842230/icongroupinterna
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Textbook of Cosmetic Dermatology by Robert, MD Baran (Editor), Howard I., MD Maibach (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1853174785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853174785/icongroupinterna
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The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Dermatology by Karen Helton (Editor), Rhodes (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0683305743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683305743/icongroupinterna
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The Epidermis in Wound Healing (Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science) by David T. Rovee (Editor), Howard I. Maibach (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0849315611; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849315611/icongroupinterna
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The Foot: problems in podiatry and dermatology - pocketbook (1996); ISBN: 1853173428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853173428/icongroupinterna
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The Little Black Book of Dermatology by Stanford I. Lamberg (Editor); ISBN: 0632045191; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632045191/icongroupinterna
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The Principles And Practice Of Contact And Occupational Dermatology In The AsiaPacific Region by See Ket Ng (Editor), et al; ISBN: 9810246412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810246412/icongroupinterna
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Therapeutic Photomedicine (Current Problems in Dermatology, Vol 15) by H Honigsmann, et al (1986); ISBN: 3805541511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805541511/icongroupinterna
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Treatment in Dermatology by Barbara Leppard, Richard Ashton (1995); ISBN: 1870905520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870905520/icongroupinterna
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Ultrasound in dermatology; ISBN: 3540537503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540537503/icongroupinterna
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Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clinical Dermatology by Stephen Jolles (Editor), Jolles (2002); ISBN: 1841841366; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841841366/icongroupinterna
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Vitamin D in Dermatology by Knud Kragballe (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0824777042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824777042/icongroupinterna
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Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery 2002 (Year Book of Dermatology and Dermatological Surgery, 2002) by Bruce H. Thiers (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0323004490; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323004490/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Color atlas of dermatology, by Joseph Kimmig and Michael Jänner. Amer. ed. tr. and rev. by Herbert Goldschmidt. Author: Frieboes, Walter,; Year: 2000; Philadelphia, Saunders, 1966
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Dermatology [by] A. Keenan [and] J. O'D. Alexander. Author: Keenan, A.; Year: 1964; London, Heinemann Medical Books [1971]; ISBN: 0433182709 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0433182709/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology [by] R. M. B. Mackenna and E. Lipman Cohen. Author: MacKenna, Robert M. B. (Robert Merttins Bird),; Year: 1964; London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox [1964]
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Dermatology specialty board review; 1290 multiple choice questions and referenced answers, by Victor J. Selmanowitz and Norman Orentreich. Author: Selmanowitz, Victor J.,; Year: 1965; Flushing, N. Y., Medical Examination Pub. Co., c1972; ISBN: 0874883113 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874883113/icongroupinterna
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Dermatology; current concept and practice [by] Patrick Hall-Smith and Robert J. Cairns. Author: Hall-Smith, Patrick.; Year: 1964; London, Staples, 1964
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Itching and scratching; psycho-dynamics in dermatology [by] H. Musaph, with the collaboration of J. R. Prakken [and J. Bastiaans. Author: Musaph, Herman,; Year: 1964; Philadelphia, Davis [1964]
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Lecture notes on dermatology. Author: Solomons, Bethel.; Year: 1965; Philadelphia, Davis [1965]
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Louis A. Duhring, M. D.: pathfinder for dermatology. Author: Parish, Lawrence Charles.; Year: 1963; Springield, Ill., Thomas [c1967]
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Chapters on Dermatology In order to find chapters that specifically relate to dermatology, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and dermatology using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on dermatology: •
Chapter 265: Lasers in Dermatology Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2901-2921. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with a clinical rationale for choosing specific laser therapies in dermatology. The chapter begins with a discussion of the optics of the skin. Absorption and scattering determine the penetration of light into skin. The chapter continues by describing laser-skin interactions, including photothermal effects, photochemical effects, and photomechanical effects. Thermal effects on tissue are both time and temperature dependent. Photothermal interactions include vaporization and selective photothermolysis. Photochemical interactions related to dermatology include both native photobiologic responses to ultraviolet radiation and photosensitizer-induced responses. Photomechanical injury is characterized by disruption of organelles, membranes, and cells. The chapter then addresses the issue of laser safety. The principles of laser safety focus on the maintenance of a safe environment and protection of the patient, surgeon, and surgical staff. Biological hazards include risks to the ocular, respiratory, and skin regions and also risk of transmission of infection. The remainder of the chapter discusses the use of laser treatment for various lesions. Laser treatment of postinflammatory pigmentation has been disappointing, and laser treatment for melasma generally cannot be recommended because of the expense and risk of side effects. However, lasers may be used to treat vascular lesions such as portwine stains, strawberry hemangioma, essential telangiectasias, and phlebectasias; pigmented lesions such as cafe au lait macules; dermal melanocytoses such as nevus of Ota; nevomelanocytic lesions; Becker's nevus; nevus spilus; and epidermal nevi. Lasers can also be used to remove tattoos and hair, create recipient sites for hair transplant grafts, and resurface photodamaged and acnedamaged skin. The chapter discusses laser skin resurfacing in terms of indications and contraindications, patient selection, laser method, perioperative and anesthesia considerations, safety, anesthesia requirements, effectiveness, side effects, mechanisms of action, and recent advances. 8 figures, 1 table, and 58 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON DERMATOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on dermatology. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Dermatology The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in dermatology (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on dermatology: •
19th Zola Cooper memorial clinicopathologic seminar in dermatology 1972 [slide] Source: [Produced by] Eli Lilly and Company; Year: 1972; Format: Slide; Indianapolis: Lilly, 1972
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20th Zola Cooper memorial clinicopathologic seminar in dermatology 1973 [slide] Source: [Produced by] Eli Lilly and Company; Year: 1973; Format: Slide; Indianapolis: Lilly, 1973
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CDI, clinical dermatology illustrated [electronic resource]: a regional approach Source: by John R.T. Reeves, Howard Maibach; CMEA Multimedia Group; Year: 1995; Format: Electronic resource; [San Diego, Calif.]: CMEA, c1995
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Clinical dermatology [slide] Source: Roger Harrison Brodkin; Year: 1970; Format: Slide; New York: Medcom, c1970
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Cryosurgery in dermatology [videorecording]: a useful office technique. Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; New York: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1984
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Dermatology [videorecording] Source: University of Texas System Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; Houston: The Institute, 1976
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Dermatology [videorecording] Source: History On Video Productions; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, GA: History On Video, c2002
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Dermatology Foundation of Miami oral history collection Source: interviews conducted by Victor H. Witten, 1960-1996; Year: 1996; United States: Victor H. Witten, M.D. , 1960-1996
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Dermatology online journal [electronic resource]. Year: 9999; Format: Electronic resource; [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, c1995-
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Dermatology, a study in progress [motion picture] Source: Walter J. Klein Company; Year: 1981; Format: Motion picture; Charlotte, N.C.: The Company, c1981
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Derm-challenger [electronic resource]: interactive dermatology quiz and atlas. Year: 1999; Format: Electronic resource; Memphis, TN: Challenger Corp., c1999
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Dialogues in dermatology [sound recording] Source: American Academy of Dermatology; Year: 9999; Format: Sound recording; Evanston, Ill.: AAD, [1977-
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Geriatric dermatology [slide] Source: Robert Jackson, John E. Adam; Year: 1974; Format: Slide; New York: Medcom, c1974
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Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Year: 9999; St. Louis, Mo., Mosby
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Pediatric dermatology, part II [slide] Source: Gunter Kahn; Year: 1973; Format: Slide; [New York]: Medcom, c1973
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Profiles of the past [sound recording]: an audio history of dermatology: a collection of 5 compact discs Source: Dermatology Foundation of Miami, Tape Studio and Library; Year: 1992; Format: Sound recording; Miami, FL:
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Video journal of dermatology [videorecording]. Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, NJ: Visual Information Systems, c1986-[1994]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DERMATOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover dermatology.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on dermatology is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to dermatology. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “dermatology” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for dermatology: •
Barrier Therapeutics dermatology drug wins E.U. orphan status Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 13, 2003
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Glaxo acquires five dermatology drugs from Elan Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 23, 2002
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Connetics wins new indication for dermatology drug Olux Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 23, 2002
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Laserscope gets Japanese clearance for dermatology laser Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 07, 2002
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Senetek out-licenses Korean rights to Kinetin dermatology product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2002 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “dermatology” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to dermatology, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “dermatology” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on dermatology: •
Dermatologic Tongue Conditions Easy to Manage Source: Skin and Allergy News. 31(8): 21. August 2000. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: The tongue can be the site of a number of dermatologic conditions that are very troubling for patients, but most are either easy to treat or require no treatment at all. This brief news article familiarizes readers with common dermatologic tongue conditions and how they are managed. The article reports on a recent talk at the Alabama Dermatology Society, given by Dr. Roy S. Rogers III. Dr. Rogers described 10 of the most common tongue troubles: furred tongue, black hairy tongue, smooth tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, geographic tongue, sublingual varices, oral hairy leukoplakia, herpetic geometric glossitis, and enlarged tongue. The article briefly describes each of these 10 conditions, noting the recommended treatment for each. 2 figures.
•
Laser Surgery: Sometimes the Right Choice, Sometimes Not Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 18(4): 1-3. April 2000. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who may need a surgical procedure with information on laser surgery. Laser is a acronym that stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Laser beams are strong beams of light produced by electrically simulating a solid, liquid, or gas. Lasers are usually named for the substances that produce them. Uses include cutting or destroying abnormal or diseased tissue, shrinking or destroying tumors or lesions, burning off or vaporizing tissue, sculpting tissue, and sealing bleeding blood vessels. Lasers have some distinct advantages over traditional methods, such as causing minimal bleeding, posing less risk of infection, causing minimal scarring, and being faster than traditional surgery. However, in many cases, conventional surgery is more effective than laser surgery, and laser surgery is not necessarily pain free or risk free. The article discusses common uses
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of laser surgery in dermatology, plastic surgery, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, gynecology, urology, cardiology, neurosurgery, dentistry, otorhinolaryngology, and orthopedics.
Academic Periodicals covering Dermatology Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to dermatology. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering dermatology that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “dermatology” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
A Collaboration in Caring. Patient Care Protocols of the HIV Outpatient Clinic, Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans Contact: Louisiana State University Medical Center, Delta Region AIDS Education and Training Center, 136 S Roman St 3rd Fl, New Orleans, LA, 70112, (504) 903-0788, http://www.deltaetc.org. Summary: This training manual presents protocols for use in an HIV outpatient clinic. The 53 protocols were developed in accordance with current literature on HIV treatment and the clinical experience gained from treating thousands of patients in a medical center HIV clinic. They are based on a multidisciplinary team approach, with doctors, nurses, and other providers working together. The protocols for each condition are grouped under the following main chapter headings: cardiovascular, dermatology, EENT/mouth, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, gynecological, health maintenance, hematological, medications, neuro/psychiatric, opportunistic infections, pediatric, prophylaxis, respiratory, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
15 16
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 14364 2384 958 72 6 17784
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “dermatology” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
17
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
19
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on dermatology can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to dermatology. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to dermatology. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “dermatology”:
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•
Other guides Scars http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scars.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Skin Pigmentation Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html Vitiligo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitiligo.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to dermatology, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Your Skin and Your Dermatologist Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/yourskin.html
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Diagnosis/Symptoms Skin Rashes and Other Changes: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/545.html
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Treatment Dermabrasion Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/Patients/FactSheets/patients-Fact_Sheetdermabrasion.html Dermatology Procedures Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/dermatology_proced.html FDA Approves First in New Class of Antibiotics Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01252.html Laser Applications Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/Patients/FactSheets/patients-Fact_Sheet-lasers.html What Is Dermatologic Surgery? Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/Patients/expert/skin_surgery_expert-what_is.html
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects About Ichthyosis: Frequently Asked Questions Source: Foundation for Ichthyosis & Related Skin Types http://www.scalyskin.org/column.cfm?ColumnID=13
Patient Resources
About Ichthyosis: Skin Care Tips Source: Foundation for Ichthyosis & Related Skin Types http://www.scalyskin.org/content.cfm?ContentID=65&ColumnID=15 About Ichthyosis: Types of Ichthyosis Source: Foundation for Ichthyosis & Related Skin Types http://www.scalyskin.org/column.cfm?ColumnID=14 Boils and Carbuncles Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00466 Bullous Pemphigoid Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/bullous_pemphigoid.html Common Skin Problems from Sports Can Sideline Athletes if Left Untreated Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/common.html Corns and Calluses Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00033 Dandruff Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00456 Dry Skin ( Xerosis) Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/dry_skin.html Erythema Nodosum Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/erythema_nodosum.html Graves' Dermopathy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00605 Health Effects of Overexposure to the Sun Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvandhealth.html Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/312.html Keratosis Pilaris Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00611 Lichen Planus Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/lichen.html Mastocytosis Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/masto.htm
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Molluscum Contagiosum Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/molluscum.html Pityriasis Rosea Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/pityrias.html Puffy Eyes: What Causes Them? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00664 Questions and Answers about Epidermolysis Bullosa Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/epidermolysis_bullosa/epidermolysis_bullo sa.htm Questions and Answers about Lichen Sclerosus Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/lichen/lichen.htm Skin Care for African-Americans Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/africanamericans.html What Is Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)? Source: Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association of America, Inc. http://www.debra.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid =2&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 What Is Pemphigus? Source: International Pemphigus Foundation http://www.pemphigus.org/whatisgus.html •
Children Erythema Toxicum Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/erythema_toxicum.html Guide to Your Child's Symptoms: Skin Problems Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/pubserv/skinpr.htm Protecting Children's Skin During Winter Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00418 What's That Rash? Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/rash.html Whole Story on Skin Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/skin_noSW.html
Patient Resources
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Latest News New Gel Better for Rosacea Source: 11/17/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14714 .html
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Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/ Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types Source: Foundation for Ichthyosis & Related Skin Types http://www.scalyskin.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/
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Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: The Skin Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZQYMPCGJC &sub_cat=98
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Prevention/Screening Proper Skin Care Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00113
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Research Recall of Skin Diseases That Disqualify People from Preexposure Smallpox Vaccination Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/1/I-32
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Statistics FASTATS: Dermatological Conditions Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/skin.htm
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Teenagers Skin, Hair, and Nails Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/skin_hair_nails.html
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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on dermatology. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Dermatology Procedures Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have skin conditions with information on types of dermatology procedures. The fact sheet briefly describes the following procedures: shave and punch biopsy, Grenz ray treatments, ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy, psoralen plus UV A therapy, electrodessication and curettage, intralesional injections, cryosurgery, and acne surgery.
•
Lasers in Dermatology Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS). 1997. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. ATTN: Pamphlets, 930 North Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-6016. (800) 441-2737 or (847) 330-9830. Fax (847) 330-1135. Website: www.asds-net.org. PRICE: Package of 50 for members, $25.00; for nonmembers, $40.00; bulk orders sold to physicians only. Call '800' number or access website for single free copy. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide the general public with information on the use of lasers in dermatology. The pamphlet explains how a laser works, what type of laser should be used to treat various skin conditions, and who is qualified to perform laser surgery. It presents an overview of laser types,such as the carbon dioxide laser, the argon laser, the yellow and red light lasers, various Qswitched lasers, and the KTP laser, and their uses in dermatology. Other topics include the benefits of laser surgery and other applications of laser technology. A chart lists various skin conditions and the laser system used to treat them. In addition, the pamphlet provides information on the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and another source of information. 1 figure.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Dermatologic Surgery Summary: Dermatologic surgeons are board-certified specialists in dermatology who are trained and experienced in procedures to repair the function and improve the appearance of the skin. Source: American Society For Dermatologic Surgery http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6739
•
Find a Dermatologist Summary: The American Academy of Dermatology is the largest and most influential of all dermatologic associations. Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6805
•
Online Digital Dermatology Image Library Summary: This site features over 3,000 dermatology images for use by health care professionals, parents, and patients. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7241
•
Questions and Answers About Behcet's Disease Summary: The disease was first described in 1937 by Dr. Helusi Behçet, a professor of dermatology in Istanbul. Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6720 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to dermatology. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Dermatology The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to dermatology: •
American Academy of Dermatology Address: 930 East Woodfield Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173 Phone: 847-330-0230 Toll-free: 888-462-3376 Fax: 847-330-8907 Website: http://www.aad.org Background: The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) is a professional medical association that was founded in 1938 to represent physicians who specialize in the treatment of conditions of the skin, hair, and nails. The Academy, which currently consists of over 11,000 dermatologists, is committed to promoting and advancing the science and art of medicine and surgery related to the skin; promoting high standards in clinical practice, education, and research in dermatology; supporting and enhancing patient care; and promoting the public interest relating to dermatology through public education programs. The AAD provides a broad range of educational opportunities on a national and regional level that are designed to advance the dermatologist's proficiency in diagnosing and managing diseases of the skin. These include conducting annual meetings and summer sessions; providing a variety of professional educational materials including teaching slides, a monthly audio journal, and a video library; and offering the "Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology," "Dermatology World," and other publications. The Society also has a "DERMatology INFOrmation NETwork (DERM/INFONET)," which consists of a collection of dermatologic databases that are available to members on a subscription or purchase basis. In addition, the AAD has a not-for-profit subsidiary, known as the Sulzberger Institute, whose primary audience includes dermatologists, students, patients, and the public. The goal of the Institute is to enhance patient care through the development and promotion of quality educational programs on the care and disorders of the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. The Academy also has a web site on the Internet that provides information on the AAD's
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mission, goals, and services; professional information; news updates in the field of dermatology; and a patient education pamphlet series.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to dermatology. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with dermatology. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about dermatology. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “dermatology” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “dermatology”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “dermatology” (or synonyms) into the “For
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these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “dermatology” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
215
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
217
DERMATOLOGY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Rosacea: An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acupuncture Analgesia: Analgesia produced by the insertion of acupuncture needles at certain points in the body. These activate the small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary hypothalamus - to produce analgesia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the
218 Dermatology
enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]
Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU]
Dictionary 219
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH]
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Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or
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company. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU]
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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU]
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Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Balneology: Therapy by various hot or warm baths in natural mineral waters, spas, or "cures". It includes not only bathing in, but also drinking the waters, but it does not include whirlpool baths (hydrotherapy). [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus
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and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Sciences: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning
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technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or
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animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capital Financing: Institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH]
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Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU]
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Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Ceramides: Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of sphingolipids. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in fabry disease. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]
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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrization: The formation of a cicatrix or scar. [EU] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is
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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colonic flora: The bacteria normally residing within the colon. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]
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Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH]
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Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Cost-Benefit Analysis: A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]
Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]
Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Daptomycin: A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented
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with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Cements: Substances used as bonding or luting agents in restorative denistry, root canal therapy, prosthedontics, and orthodontics. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care
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of skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermo-epidermal: A patch of skin taken from the patient is directly grafted on the wound. [NIH]
Desmosomes: Attachment bodies between cells such as in the corneal epithelium, which possibly allow tonofibrils to pass from cell to cell and which can degenerate to allow cells to migrate to cover a denuded area. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH]
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Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Costs: The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysplastic nevi: Atypical moles; moles whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles and have irregular and indistinct borders. Their color frequently is not uniform and ranges from pink to dark brown; they usually are flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH]
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Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollients: Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official
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standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH]
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Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equipment and Supplies: Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical
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disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Fabry Disease: Lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A and resulting in an accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in the renal and cardiovascular systems. The disease is X-linked and is characterized by telangiectatic skin lesions, renal failure, and disturbances of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]
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Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the
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processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas Gangrene: A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH]
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Gemfibrozil: A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the
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body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH]
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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemidesmosomes: An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate, similar in morphology to halves of desmosomes. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where intermediate filaments bind on the cytoplasmic face to the transmembrane linkers, integrins, via intracellular attachment proteins, while the extracellular domain of the integrins binds to extracellular matrix proteins. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
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Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU]
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Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness,
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and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Immunotoxins: Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including radioactive isotopes and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies, and antigens. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic
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acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood
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glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intercellular Junctions: Strictly, and so far as it can be distinguished, the amorphous isotropic layer between adjacent primary walls of cells. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]
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Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal
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layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with
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an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Regeneration: Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when
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heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lung metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung. [NIH]
Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH]
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Lysophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger
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cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts
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in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Waters: Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases (carbon dioxide). [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other
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procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Morula: The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mycological: Relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. [EU] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit.
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Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nem: The unit of nutrition in Pirquet's system of feeding, equivalent to the nutritive value of 1 g of breast milk. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurodermatitis: An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neutral Glycosphingolipids: A subclass of glycosphingolipids containing one or more sugars within their head group connected directly to a ceramide moiety. They consist of monoglycosyl-, and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyland
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oligoglycosylceramides. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin). [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a
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vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Orthodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion). [NIH] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH]
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Otorhinolaryngology: That branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and
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losses. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. [NIH]
Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU]
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Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peroxisome Proliferators: A class of nongenotoxic carcinogens that induce the production of hepatic peroxisomes and induce hepatic neoplasms after long-term administration. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived
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from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylating: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photobiology: The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms. [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photopheresis: A process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as PUVA therapy. Photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH]
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Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Podiatry: A specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders and injuries and anatomic defects of the foot. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called
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tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Practice Management: Business management of medical and dental practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Preimplantation Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the ovum, zygote, or blastocyst prior to implantation. Cytogenetic analysis is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease. [NIH]
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Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prescription Fees: The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed
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and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudomembranous Colitis: Severe irritation of the colon. Caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria. Occurs after taking oral antibiotics, which kill bacteria that normally live in the colon. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU]
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Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ultraviolet irradiation. They consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers stop DNA replication. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not
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sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. [NIH]
Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Cytokine: Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH]
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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH]
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Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinyl palmitate: A drug being studied in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Rhinophyma: A manifestation of severe Acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Root Canal Therapy: A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, root canal preparation is available. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure.
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Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the
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one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicone Oils: Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. [NIH] Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]
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Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and
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digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH]
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Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU]
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Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Telemedicine: Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services. [NIH] Telepathology: Transmission and interpretation of tissue specimens via remote telecommunication, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or consultation but may also be used for continuing education. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used
Dictionary 279
mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific
280 Dermatology
biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Training Support: Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation: Electrical stimulation of nerves and/or muscles to relieve pain; it is used less frequently to produce anesthesia. The optimal placements of electrodes or "trigger points" may correspond with acupuncture analgesia points. TENS is sometimes referred to as acupuncture-like when using a low frequency stimulus. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH]
Dictionary 281
Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Turpentine: The concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Mill. (Pinaceae) and other species of Pinus. It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. (Dorland, 28th ed) Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. Turpentine toxicity is of medical interest. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urate Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urate and unidentified products. It is a copper protein. The initial products decompose to form allantoin. EC 1.7.3.3. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This
282 Dermatology
includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereology: A branch of medicine which deals with sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract. [NIH]
Dictionary 283
Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wounds and Injuries: Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease affecting all races. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ultraviolet light as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
284 Dermatology
285
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 31, 217 A Abdomen, 217, 225, 249, 252, 275, 276 Abdominal, 217, 241, 261 Aberrant, 5, 217 Ablation, 15, 217 Acantholysis, 217, 262 Acatalasia, 217, 227 Acceptor, 217, 252, 261 ACE, 12, 58, 217 Acne, 20, 63, 88, 97, 126, 146, 154, 157, 162, 171, 184, 204, 217, 272 Acne Rosacea, 97, 126, 217 Acrylonitrile, 217, 272 Acupuncture Analgesia, 217, 280 Acyl, 217, 228, 238, 254 Adaptability, 217, 227, 228 Adenosine, 217, 223, 262, 264 Adenosine Deaminase, 217, 262 Adhesions, 143, 218 Adhesives, 151, 217, 218 Adjuvant, 20, 218 Adjuvant Therapy, 20, 218 Adolescence, 218, 262 Adrenal Cortex, 218, 231, 267 Adverse Effect, 88, 218, 273 Aerobic, 218, 256, 261 Aerosol, 218, 277 Affinity, 28, 218, 252, 274 Ageing, 139, 145, 154, 155, 172, 218 Agonist, 9, 218, 235, 259 Airway, 52, 218 Albumin, 218, 278 Algorithms, 8, 87, 219, 225 Alimentary, 219, 261, 262 Alkaline, 219, 226, 261, 263, 278 Alkaloid, 219, 226, 229, 259 Alleles, 219, 253 Allergen, 219, 273 Allylamine, 219 Alpha Particles, 219, 270 Alpha-helix, 219, 250 Alternative medicine, 70, 104, 105, 112, 114, 188, 219 Amine, 145, 219 Amino Acid Sequence, 219, 221, 242
Amino Acids, 166, 219, 242, 262, 265, 268, 277, 281 Aminolevulinic Acid, 164, 219 Ammonia, 217, 219, 277, 281 Amphetamines, 219, 229 Amplification, 189, 220 Ampulla, 220, 237 Anaerobic, 145, 220 Anaesthesia, 220, 248 Anal, 58, 220, 240, 252 Analogous, 220, 280 Anaphylatoxins, 220, 230 Anatomical, 148, 220, 228, 237, 247, 273 Androgens, 218, 220, 231 Anemia, 220, 226, 229 Anesthesia, 184, 218, 220, 221, 280 Angina, 220, 250 Angina Pectoris, 220, 250 Angiogenesis, 22, 220, 254 Animal model, 26, 34, 57, 220 Anionic, 141, 144, 160, 220 Anions, 218, 220, 250 Ankle, 220, 282 Anomalies, 220, 260, 278 Anorexia, 219, 220, 241 Antiallergic, 221, 231 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 221, 269, 280 Antibacterial, 221, 275 Antibiotic, 20, 88, 162, 221, 232, 257, 275, 278 Antibodies, 34, 66, 93, 221, 223, 244, 247, 253, 257, 265 Antibody, 218, 221, 230, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 254, 257, 270, 273, 275, 283 Anticoagulant, 221, 268 Antidepressive Agents, 221, 269 Antigen, 6, 21, 28, 32, 35, 52, 218, 221, 230, 233, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 254, 267, 273 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 221, 230 Antigen-presenting cell, 221, 233 Anti-infective, 221, 241, 246, 274 Anti-Infective Agents, 221, 241 Anti-inflammatory, 221, 231, 242, 266 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 221, 231 Antimicrobial, 19, 65, 98, 151, 159, 176, 221, 234 Antineoplastic, 222, 231, 242, 262 Antineoplastic Agents, 222, 262
286 Dermatology
Antioxidant, 67, 104, 113, 166, 222, 261 Antiviral, 32, 222, 247, 249 Anus, 220, 222, 225 Aperture, 168, 222 Apolipoproteins, 222, 242 Apoptosis, 20, 38, 71, 222 Arachidonic Acid, 222, 251 Arginine, 220, 222, 260, 269 Argon, 204, 222 Aromatic, 146, 160, 222, 263, 276 Arterial, 219, 222, 246, 268 Arteries, 222, 225, 231, 253, 256, 281 Arterioles, 222, 225, 226 Articular, 139, 222 Ascorbic Acid, 154, 222, 246 Assay, 42, 222 Astringent, 157, 222 Atopic, 36, 52, 91, 97, 114, 116, 222, 223 Atopic Eczema, 91, 114, 223 ATP, 223, 235, 242, 243, 264, 268 Atrophy, 4, 217, 223 Atypical, 8, 223, 235 Autoantibodies, 21, 223 Autoantigens, 223 Autoimmune disease, 12, 21, 34, 35, 57, 223, 257, 264 Autoimmunity, 12, 21, 35, 54, 223 B Bacteremia, 145, 223 Bacteria, 217, 221, 223, 224, 230, 233, 237, 241, 243, 253, 256, 268, 275, 276, 278, 280, 282 Bactericidal, 223, 238 Bacteriophage, 223, 280 Balneology, 113, 117, 223 Basal cell carcinoma, 4, 104, 113, 223 Basal cells, 223, 259 Base, 21, 47, 53, 144, 148, 151, 155, 164, 223, 233, 242, 250, 263 Basement Membrane, 223, 239, 251 Basophils, 28, 223, 243, 251 Baths, 223, 224 Benign, 8, 18, 224, 241, 258, 259, 270, 283 Bile, 165, 224, 241, 243, 245, 252, 276 Bile Acids, 224, 276 Bile Acids and Salts, 224 Biochemical, 6, 11, 15, 23, 45, 67, 104, 113, 219, 224, 263, 273 Biological response modifier, 224, 249 Biological Sciences, 12, 46, 224 Biological therapy, 224, 244 Biological Transport, 224, 234
Bioluminescence, 224, 253 Biomarkers, 8, 224 Biophysics, 23, 26, 50, 59, 224 Biopsy, 31, 39, 204, 224, 239 Biosynthesis, 222, 224, 253, 260 Biotechnology, 59, 60, 183, 188, 195, 224 Biotransformation, 225 Bismuth, 166, 225 Bivalent, 166, 225 Bladder, 6, 225, 257, 268, 281 Blastocyst, 15, 225, 265, 266, 280 Blister, 45, 225, 262 Blood Coagulation, 225, 226, 279 Blood pressure, 225, 246, 256, 274 Body Fluids, 224, 225, 274, 281 Bone Marrow, 33, 225, 243, 247, 253, 275 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 33, 225 Bowel, 220, 225, 234, 249 Bowel Movement, 225, 234 Brachytherapy, 225, 249, 250, 270, 283 Branch, 105, 213, 225, 260, 261, 262, 264, 269, 275, 279, 282 Breakdown, 146, 225, 234, 241 Breast Self-Examination, 225, 273 Breeding, 16, 225 Bronchi, 226, 238, 280 Bronchial, 226 Bronchitis, 19, 226 Bronchopulmonary, 29, 226 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 29, 226 Buccal, 17, 226, 253 Bullous, 4, 201, 226 Burns, 126, 171, 180, 226 Burns, Electric, 226 C Cadmium, 166, 226 Cadmium Poisoning, 226 Calcium, 152, 226, 230, 250, 254, 261, 274, 278 Callus, 226, 236 Capillary, 148, 226, 282 Capital Financing, 226, 266 Capsaicin, 124, 226 Carbohydrate, 166, 167, 226, 231, 243, 259, 266 Carbon Dioxide, 145, 204, 226, 232, 240, 256, 265, 271 Carcinogenesis, 16, 31, 46, 47, 56, 226 Carcinogenic, 139, 227, 248, 260, 267, 276 Carcinogens, 42, 158, 227, 263 Carcinoma, 227 Cardiac, 219, 227, 238, 250, 257, 276
Index 287
Cardiology, 29, 37, 48, 50, 175, 190, 227 Cardiovascular, 4, 7, 48, 49, 139, 196, 227, 239, 251, 273 Cardiovascular System, 7, 139, 227, 239 Case report, 67, 81, 227, 229 Case-Control Studies, 8, 227 Catabolism, 166, 227 Catalase, 158, 217, 227 Catecholamine, 221, 227, 235, 263 Cations, 227, 250 Celiac Disease, 21, 227 Cell Adhesion, 22, 27, 227, 249 Cell Cycle, 45, 47, 227, 267, 268 Cell Death, 33, 36, 38, 55, 222, 227, 258 Cell Differentiation, 11, 227, 274 Cell Division, 223, 227, 228, 244, 254, 255, 256, 265, 267, 273 Cell membrane, 171, 224, 227, 233, 250, 264 Cell motility, 10, 27, 228 Cell proliferation, 22, 32, 228, 260, 274 Cell Respiration, 228, 256, 261, 271 Cell Survival, 228, 244 Cellobiose, 228 Cellulitis, 126, 145, 171, 228 Cellulose, 164, 228, 265 Central Nervous System, 219, 228, 229, 234, 239, 241, 251, 255, 257, 273 Ceramides, 149, 228 Character, 147, 220, 228, 233, 243 Cheilitis, 4, 228 Chemoprevention, 33, 38, 228 Chemotactic Factors, 228, 230 Chemotherapy, 218, 228 Chin, 104, 112, 217, 228 Cholesterol, 147, 165, 224, 228, 242, 253, 276 Cholinergic, 228, 259 Chromatin, 222, 228, 259 Chromosomal, 220, 228 Chromosome, 39, 228, 244, 252, 273, 281 Chronic, 4, 9, 32, 34, 77, 100, 223, 226, 229, 230, 248, 250, 252, 262, 268, 272, 276, 278, 283 Chronic Disease, 229, 230 Cicatrix, 229 Cicatrization, 154, 229 Citrus, 222, 229 Clinical Medicine, 175, 229, 266 Clinical study, 229, 231
Clinical trial, 4, 9, 12, 21, 33, 37, 38, 39, 44, 57, 120, 133, 134, 195, 229, 235, 257, 262, 268, 270 Cloning, 58, 224, 229 Coagulation, 143, 225, 229, 244, 251 Cobalt, 166, 229 Coca, 229 Cocaine, 27, 229 Cod Liver Oil, 229, 237 Coenzyme, 222, 229, 253 Cofactor, 229, 268, 279 Colitis, 229, 282 Collagen disease, 4, 230 Collapse, 225, 230 Colloidal, 218, 230, 256, 263, 277 Colonic flora, 145, 230 Complement, 21, 170, 220, 230, 242, 249, 254, 273 Complementary and alternative medicine, 111, 114, 129, 230 Complementary medicine, 69, 104, 111, 114, 230 Computational Biology, 195, 230 Congestion, 230, 238 Conjugated, 171, 224, 231 Connective Tissue Cells, 231 Connective Tissue Diseases, 175, 231 Constriction, 231, 250 Consultation, 26, 40, 62, 69, 72, 79, 80, 91, 133, 231, 278 Consumption, 231, 234, 241, 271 Contact dermatitis, 36, 51, 231 Contraindications, ii, 88, 184, 231 Controlled clinical trial, 38, 43, 231 Coordination, 11, 12, 19, 27, 231, 257 Cornea, 97, 231, 243, 283 Corneum, 138, 149, 231, 238, 247 Coronary, 220, 231, 256 Coronary Thrombosis, 231, 256 Corticosteroid, 42, 231, 266 Cortisone, 231, 266 Cost Savings, 133, 231 Cost-benefit, 60, 61, 85, 92, 232 Cost-Benefit Analysis, 60, 85, 92, 232 Cranial, 232, 258 Criterion, 56, 232 Crossing-over, 232, 270 Cryosurgery, 185, 204, 232 Cultured cells, 17, 232 Curative, 232, 279 Curettage, 204, 232 Curette, 232
288 Dermatology
Cyclic, 32, 166, 232, 274 Cytokine, 21, 34, 65, 71, 105, 232 Cytoplasm, 222, 224, 227, 232, 237, 243, 259 Cytoskeleton, 232, 249 Cytostatic, 121, 232 Cytotoxic, 12, 55, 115, 118, 226, 232, 270, 274 D Daptomycin, 83, 232 Data Collection, 232, 240 Databases, Bibliographic, 195, 232 Deamination, 232, 281 Decarboxylation, 232, 260, 269 Decision Making, 14, 232 Decubitus, 233, 274 Decubitus Ulcer, 233, 274 Defense Mechanisms, 233, 249 Degenerative, 154, 155, 233, 254, 271, 272 Dehydration, 149, 233 Deletion, 222, 233, 252 Denaturation, 38, 233 Dendrites, 233, 258 Dendritic, 28, 233, 254 Dendritic cell, 28, 233 Density, 7, 18, 142, 233, 260, 265, 274, 275 Dental Caries, 233, 240 Dental Cements, 152, 233 Deoxyribonucleic, 146, 233 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 146, 233 Deoxyribonucleotides, 233 Depigmentation, 233, 283 Depolarization, 233, 274 Dermal, 22, 27, 36, 158, 169, 172, 184, 233, 252 Dermatitis, 4, 16, 22, 36, 52, 65, 85, 97, 100, 104, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 126, 233, 236 Dermatologic Agents, 233, 236 Dermatologist, 8, 39, 100, 133, 200, 205, 234 Dermo-epidermal, 157, 234 Desmosomes, 11, 234, 244 Detergents, 234, 274 Deuterium, 234, 246 Developed Countries, 32, 234, 241 Dextroamphetamine, 234, 255 Diacetyl, 158, 234 Diagnostic procedure, 137, 170, 188, 234 Diagnostic Services, 234, 278 Diarrhoea, 157, 234, 241 Dietary Fats, 234, 252 Diffusion, 7, 95, 143, 224, 234, 248
Digestion, 219, 224, 225, 234, 249, 252, 262, 276, 282 Digestive system, 135, 234, 241 Digestive tract, 234, 275, 276 Dilatation, 234, 267 Dimethyl, 234, 250 Diploid, 234, 265 Direct, iii, 9, 19, 27, 30, 33, 40, 51, 53, 75, 162, 170, 229, 235, 253, 271, 283 Disinfectant, 235, 239 Dissociation, 218, 235 DNA Topoisomerase, 235, 242 Dopamine, 229, 234, 235, 263 Double-blinded, 45, 235 Drug Costs, 91, 235 Drug Interactions, 80, 235 Drug Tolerance, 235, 279 Duodenum, 224, 235, 237, 276 Dyes, 75, 224, 235, 241, 259, 263 Dysplastic nevi, 84, 235 Dystrophic, 15, 202, 235, 238 Dystrophy, 29, 236 E Eczema, 36, 61, 126, 154, 157, 171, 236 Edema, 22, 231, 236 Effector, 34, 230, 236 Effector cell, 34, 236 Efficacy, 31, 42, 44, 57, 70, 105, 114, 147, 162, 164, 236, 280 Elasticity, 138, 149, 236, 274 Elastin, 10, 23, 172, 230, 231, 236, 239 Elective, 40, 44, 236 Electrocoagulation, 229, 236 Electrolyte, 231, 236, 256, 274 Electrons, 222, 223, 236, 250, 261, 270 Ellagic Acid, 172, 236 Embryo, 225, 227, 236, 248, 257, 281 Embryogenesis, 10, 236 Emollients, 122, 236 Empirical, 8, 170, 236 Emulsion, 140, 141, 144, 149, 150, 151, 155, 160, 161, 164, 236, 240 Enamel, 233, 237, 250 Encephalitis, 237 Encephalomyelitis, 57, 237 Endocrine Glands, 237, 261 Endocrine System, 237 Endocrinology, 21, 26, 29, 50, 59, 175, 237, 244 Endocytosis, 32, 237 Endoscope, 237 Endoscopic, 139, 237
Index 289
Endothelial cell, 6, 22, 24, 143, 237, 240, 279 Endothelium, 22, 237 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 237 Endothelium, Vascular, 237 Endotoxin, 237, 281 Environmental Exposure, 29, 237 Environmental Health, 23, 194, 196, 237 Enzymatic, 166, 171, 226, 230, 233, 237, 238, 271, 282 Eosinophil, 52, 237 Eosinophilia, 52, 238 Eosinophilic, 237, 238 Epidemic, 49, 50, 238 Epidemiological, 33, 43, 93, 238 Epidermal, 11, 28, 31, 36, 93, 157, 169, 172, 184, 238, 250, 251, 254, 283 Epidermal Growth Factor, 31, 238 Epidermoid carcinoma, 238, 275, 276 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 15, 202, 238 Epinephrine, 235, 238, 281 Epithelial, 5, 7, 17, 46, 224, 238, 251 Epithelial Cells, 17, 238, 251 Epithelium, 11, 223, 234, 237, 238, 271, 283 Equipment and Supplies, 29, 238 Erythema, 3, 31, 126, 201, 202, 231, 238 Erythrocytes, 220, 225, 238, 273 Esophagus, 234, 238, 241, 263, 276, 282 Esterification, 165, 167, 238 Ethanol, 159, 238, 240 Ether, 164, 239 Eukaryotic Cells, 239, 247, 260 Evoke, 239, 276 Excipient, 151, 239 Excisional, 239, 283 Exogenous, 225, 236, 239, 243 Exotoxin, 67, 239 Extensor, 239, 268, 283 External-beam radiation, 239, 250, 270, 283 Extracellular, 6, 10, 12, 23, 231, 237, 239, 240, 244, 249, 254, 274, 278 Extracellular Matrix, 6, 10, 12, 23, 231, 239, 240, 244, 249, 254 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 10, 239, 244, 254 Extracellular Space, 239 Extracorporeal, 239, 264 Extraction, 14, 17, 161, 239, 271 F Fabry Disease, 228, 239 Facial, 6, 149, 162, 239
Faecal, 234, 239 Family Planning, 195, 239 Fat, 148, 222, 224, 225, 231, 233, 239, 252, 257, 259, 272, 273, 275, 277, 278 Fatty acids, 105, 158, 165, 218, 240, 243, 252, 263, 274 Fermentation, 158, 240, 241 Fetus, 240, 254, 265, 267, 281 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 11, 240 Fibroblasts, 8, 10, 16, 22, 27, 42, 138, 157, 172, 231, 240 Fibronectin, 10, 27, 240 Fibrosis, 34, 219, 240, 273 Fixation, 240, 273 Flatus, 240, 241 Flavoring Agents, 240, 241, 263 Flexor, 239, 240, 251 Fluorescence, 58, 75, 164, 240 Fluorine, 150, 240 Focus Groups, 33, 240 Fold, 50, 168, 240 Follicles, 240 Food Additives, 166, 240 Food Coloring Agents, 241 Food Preservatives, 241 Formulary, 19, 241 Friction, 149, 241, 253 Fungi, 224, 241, 243, 256, 257, 283 G Gallbladder, 217, 234, 241 Ganglion, 241, 283 Gas, 145, 152, 189, 219, 222, 226, 234, 240, 241, 246, 259, 277, 282 Gas Gangrene, 145, 241 Gastric, 238, 241, 262 Gastritis, 241, 282 Gastroenteritis, 145, 241 Gastroenterology, 6, 12, 21, 37, 163, 175, 190, 241 Gastrointestinal, 4, 196, 226, 238, 239, 241, 251, 273, 277, 281 Gastrointestinal tract, 238, 241, 251, 273, 281 Gels, 139, 154, 241 Gemfibrozil, 38, 242 Gene Expression, 8, 18, 20, 24, 32, 39, 44, 242 Genetic Code, 242, 259 Genetic Engineering, 224, 229, 242 Genetic Markers, 34, 242 Genistein, 30, 112, 118, 242 Genital, 77, 79, 126, 242, 244, 281
290 Dermatology
Genitourinary, 92, 196, 242, 281 Genotype, 242, 263 Germanium, 44, 242 Ginseng, 172, 242 Gland, 218, 231, 242, 253, 261, 265, 268, 273, 276, 277, 279 Glossitis, 189, 242 Glucocorticoid, 45, 242, 266 Glucose, 150, 222, 228, 242, 243, 248, 249, 270, 272 Glucuronic Acid, 139, 242, 243, 245 Glucuronides, 242, 243 Gluten, 227, 243 Glycerol, 243, 263, 264 Glycerophospholipids, 243, 264 Glycine, 219, 224, 243 Glycols, 144, 243, 246 Glycolysis, 166, 243 Glycoprotein, 240, 243, 251, 279, 281 Glycosaminoglycan, 138, 243 Gonadal, 243, 276 Governing Board, 243, 266 Graft, 35, 70, 243, 245, 247, 257, 268 Graft Rejection, 243, 247 Grafting, 139, 243, 247 Graft-versus-host disease, 70, 243, 257, 268 Gram-positive, 145, 232, 243, 257, 276 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 232, 243 Granulocytes, 243, 251, 274, 283 Grasses, 243, 245 Growth factors, 47, 244, 260 Gynecology, 26, 37, 48, 92, 163, 176, 190, 244 H Habitat, 145, 244 Habitual, 228, 244 Hair follicles, 143, 148, 244, 283 Half-Life, 244, 265 Hallucinogens, 244, 269 Haploid, 244, 265 Haplotypes, 45, 244 Haptens, 218, 244 Health Education, 86, 244 Health Services, 133, 244, 278 Hematology, 12, 48, 50, 175, 244 Heme, 219, 244 Hemidesmosomes, 36, 244 Hemorrhage, 236, 244, 269, 276 Hemostasis, 244, 249, 273 Heparin, 27, 245 Hepatic, 218, 245, 252, 263
Herbicides, 158, 245 Hereditary, 14, 163, 231, 245 Heredity, 242, 245 Herpes, 4, 79, 105, 126, 245 Herpes Zoster, 4, 105, 245 Heterodimers, 245, 249 Heterogeneity, 218, 245 Hirsutism, 4, 245, 246 Histology, 10, 31, 39, 245, 254 Homeostasis, 36, 93, 245 Homogenate, 16, 245 Homogeneous, 144, 145, 156, 245 Homologous, 17, 165, 219, 225, 232, 245, 268, 273, 277 Hormonal, 79, 223, 231, 245 Hormone, 218, 231, 238, 245, 248, 255, 267, 272, 274, 279 Hormone therapy, 218, 245 Horny layer, 238, 245 Host, 35, 39, 145, 223, 245, 247, 251, 281 Humoral, 32, 34, 243, 245 Humour, 245 Hybrid, 5, 246 Hydration, 140, 149, 246 Hydrogel, 139, 246 Hydrogen, 158, 217, 219, 223, 226, 227, 233, 234, 239, 246, 252, 256, 259, 261, 268 Hydrogen Peroxide, 158, 227, 246, 252 Hydrolysis, 217, 225, 228, 246, 263, 265, 268 Hydrophilic, 150, 151, 153, 161, 164, 234, 246 Hydrophobic, 142, 153, 234, 243, 246 Hydroxides, 246 Hydroxyl Radical, 145, 246 Hydroxylysine, 230, 246 Hydroxyproline, 230, 246 Hygienic, 246, 274 Hyperplasia, 246, 251 Hypersecretion, 52, 246 Hypersensitivity, 219, 237, 246, 251, 272, 273 Hypertension, 246, 250 Hypertrichosis, 245, 246 Hypertrophy, 246, 247, 272 Hypothalamic, 4, 246 Hypothalamus, 217, 246, 265 I Ichthyosis, 18, 157, 200, 201, 203, 246 Id, 108, 125, 201, 202, 203, 206, 212, 214, 247
Index 291
Immune response, 32, 35, 79, 218, 221, 223, 231, 243, 244, 247, 254, 273, 277, 281, 282 Immune system, 33, 35, 221, 223, 224, 236, 247, 251, 253, 254, 257, 282, 283 Immunity, 32, 33, 34, 166, 167, 247 Immunization, 247, 267, 273 Immunodeficiency, 35, 180, 247 Immunoglobulins, 247 Immunohistochemistry, 20, 24, 247 Immunologic, 21, 228, 247, 270 Immunology, 5, 9, 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 28, 32, 33, 35, 54, 55, 178, 218, 247 Immunosuppressive, 85, 106, 118, 242, 247, 262, 278 Immunosuppressive therapy, 247 Immunotherapy, 33, 57, 224, 247 Immunotoxins, 35, 247 Impairment, 100, 247, 255 Implant radiation, 247, 249, 250, 270, 283 Implantation, 6, 247, 266, 280 In situ, 5, 11, 20, 24, 247 In Situ Hybridization, 11, 20, 24, 247 In vitro, 22, 28, 31, 32, 35, 42, 45, 248, 278, 279 In vivo, 13, 28, 31, 35, 38, 42, 52, 80, 245, 248, 278 Indicative, 176, 248, 262, 282 Induction, 31, 46, 220, 248 Infarction, 231, 248, 256 Infertility, 248, 281 Infiltration, 248, 283 Inflammation, 13, 22, 28, 32, 52, 127, 171, 217, 218, 221, 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245, 248, 251, 272, 278, 282, 283 Ingestion, 226, 248, 265, 278 Inhalation, 218, 248, 265 Initiation, 16, 30, 133, 248, 280 Inorganic, 246, 248, 253, 257 Inositol, 46, 248 Inpatients, 73, 248 Insight, 38, 46, 248 Insulator, 248, 257 Insulin, 21, 248, 250 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 248 Integrins, 27, 244, 249 Intercellular Junctions, 22, 249 Interferon, 71, 249 Interferon-alpha, 249 Interleukin-1, 13, 249 Interleukin-10, 13, 249 Interleukin-2, 249
Intermediate Filaments, 244, 249 Intermittent, 249, 252 Internal Medicine, 5, 9, 12, 18, 26, 27, 35, 50, 66, 98, 104, 105, 237, 241, 244, 249, 258, 272 Internal radiation, 249, 250, 270, 283 Interstitial, 225, 239, 249, 250, 283 Intestinal, 145, 227, 249, 254, 282 Intestine, 165, 224, 225, 235, 245, 249, 251, 276 Intracellular, 36, 171, 244, 248, 249, 255, 270, 274 Intramuscular, 250, 261 Intravascular, 39, 250 Intravenous, 182, 250, 261 Intrinsic, 22, 218, 223, 250 Invasive, 247, 250 Invertebrates, 250, 253 Involuntary, 250, 257, 271 Ionizing, 219, 237, 250, 270 Ions, 166, 223, 235, 236, 246, 250, 256 Irradiation, 31, 148, 152, 164, 169, 250, 256, 269, 283 Ischemia, 170, 220, 223, 233, 250 Islet, 21, 250 Isotonic, 38, 250, 256 Isradipine, 27, 250 J Joint, 40, 41, 119, 139, 222, 240, 250, 278 K Kb, 194, 250 Keratin, 36, 140, 160, 250, 273 Keratinocytes, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 31, 51, 59, 157, 172, 250 Kinetic, 250, 251 L Labile, 230, 251 Laceration, 251, 278 Laminin, 138, 223, 239, 251 Large Intestine, 234, 249, 251, 271 Laryngeal, 7, 251 Larynx, 6, 251, 280, 283 Laser Surgery, 44, 189, 204, 251 Laser therapy, 152, 251 Latency, 31, 34, 251 Lens, 251, 283 Lesion, 69, 143, 155, 156, 251, 252, 279, 281 Leucocyte, 237, 251 Leukemia, 251, 262 Leukocytes, 17, 223, 225, 228, 243, 249, 251, 259, 281 Leukoplakia, 189, 251
292 Dermatology
Leukotrienes, 55, 222, 251 Library Services, 212, 251 Lichen Planus, 4, 201, 251 Ligands, 249, 252 Ligation, 28, 252 Light microscope, 252, 256 Linkage, 17, 19, 45, 228, 242, 252, 263 Lipase, 154, 252 Lipid, 38, 141, 146, 147, 149, 161, 171, 222, 242, 243, 248, 252, 257, 261 Lipid Peroxidation, 252, 261 Lipophilic, 171, 252 Liposomes, 83, 146, 147, 252 Lipoxygenase, 251, 252 Liver, 29, 217, 218, 222, 224, 234, 237, 241, 242, 245, 252, 253, 266, 281 Liver Regeneration, 29, 252 Localization, 247, 252 Localized, 4, 106, 142, 233, 240, 245, 246, 248, 251, 252, 258, 265, 272, 278, 281 Locomotion, 252, 265 Longitudinal study, 50, 252 Long-Term Care, 47, 252 Loss of Heterozygosity, 20, 252 Lovastatin, 38, 253 Low-density lipoprotein, 253 Lubricants, 253 Lubrication, 148, 253 Lucida, 251, 253 Luminescence, 152, 253 Lung metastases, 38, 253 Lupus, 21, 35, 45, 253, 278 Lupus Nephritis, 21, 253 Lymph, 237, 245, 253, 271, 276 Lymph node, 253, 271 Lymphatic, 148, 237, 248, 253, 255, 275, 279 Lymphocyte, 35, 221, 253, 254 Lymphocytic, 20, 253 Lymphoid, 221, 251, 253 Lymphoma, 22, 44, 59, 70, 127, 253, 264 Lymphoproliferative, 44, 253, 262 Lysophospholipids, 138, 149, 254 M Maceration, 146, 254 Macrophage, 24, 249, 254 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 244, 254 Malabsorption, 227, 254 Malignant, 19, 31, 35, 38, 59, 69, 100, 222, 254, 258, 267, 270 Malnutrition, 218, 223, 254
Matrix metalloproteinase, 24, 254 Meat, 167, 234, 254 Mediate, 10, 46, 235, 254 Mediator, 46, 249, 254, 273 Medical Records, 43, 254 Medical Staff, 235, 254 MEDLINE, 195, 254 Meiosis, 225, 254, 277, 281 Melanin, 156, 169, 233, 254, 255, 263, 281 Melanocytes, 8, 38, 59, 254, 255, 259 Melanoma, 4, 8, 18, 20, 33, 38, 39, 42, 55, 59, 63, 68, 69, 87, 93, 99, 170, 171, 255 Melanosomes, 254, 255 Membrane, 47, 139, 171, 227, 230, 233, 237, 239, 244, 251, 252, 255, 257, 260, 264, 271, 274, 278, 280 Membrane Proteins, 252, 255 Memory, 32, 220, 255 Mental Disorders, 135, 255, 267, 269 Mental Health, iv, 4, 135, 194, 197, 255, 267, 269 Mental Processes, 235, 255, 269 Mentors, 48, 255 Mercury, 166, 255 Mesenchymal, 27, 238, 255 Meta-Analysis, 19, 255 Metabolite, 225, 234, 253, 255, 264 Metaphase, 225, 255, 281 Metastasis, 12, 28, 254, 255 Metastatic, 68, 255, 273 Methamphetamine, 27, 255 Methoxsalen, 255, 264 MI, 215, 256 Micelles, 165, 256 Microbiology, 11, 12, 22, 35, 39, 40, 54, 223, 256 Microorganism, 229, 256, 262, 283 Micro-organism, 146, 152, 233, 256 Microscopy, 11, 23, 67, 80, 223, 256 Microsurgery, 139, 256 Migration, 6, 9, 22, 27, 35, 38, 52, 256 Mineral Waters, 223, 256 Mineralocorticoids, 218, 231, 256 Minority Groups, 40, 256 Mitochondria, 158, 256, 260 Mitochondrial Swelling, 256, 258 Mitosis, 148, 222, 256 Modeling, 14, 33, 256 Modification, 171, 242, 256, 269 Molecule, 5, 26, 139, 172, 221, 223, 229, 230, 235, 236, 243, 246, 256, 261, 270, 274, 282
Index 293
Monitor, 21, 30, 143, 256, 259 Monoclonal, 247, 250, 257, 270, 283 Monoclonal antibodies, 247, 257 Monocyte, 34, 257 Mononuclear, 257, 281 Morphogenesis, 11, 257 Morphological, 15, 218, 236, 254, 257 Morphology, 22, 244, 257 Morula, 225, 257 Motility, 257, 273 Mucosa, 227, 253, 257 Mucus, 52, 257 Multicenter study, 118, 257 Multiple sclerosis, 21, 35, 57, 257 Mupirocin, 104, 257 Muscular Dystrophies, 236, 257 Mycological, 75, 257 Mycophenolate mofetil, 85, 106, 257 Myelin, 257 Myocardium, 220, 256, 257 Myopathy, 4, 257 N Naive, 32, 257 Nausea, 241, 257 NCI, 1, 33, 134, 193, 258 Necrosis, 143, 222, 248, 256, 258 Nem, 84, 258 Neonatal, 29, 258 Neoplasia, 7, 47, 258 Neoplasm, 258 Neoplastic, 10, 170, 225, 253, 258, 260 Nephrology, 21, 50, 175, 258 Nerve, 217, 220, 228, 233, 241, 254, 257, 258, 266, 271, 273, 276, 280, 283 Nervous System, 228, 254, 258, 277 Networks, 139, 258 Neural, 245, 258, 271 Neuralgia, 105, 127, 258 Neurodermatitis, 171, 258 Neurology, 12, 21, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 50, 57, 175, 176, 258 Neurons, 229, 233, 258, 259, 277 Neurosurgery, 26, 50, 190, 258 Neutral Glycosphingolipids, 228, 258 Neutrons, 219, 250, 259, 270 Neutrophils, 243, 251, 259 Nevus, 184, 259 Nicotine, 27, 259 Nitrogen, 219, 220, 222, 239, 240, 259, 280 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 55, 259 Nonverbal Communication, 259, 269
Nuclear, 31, 158, 229, 236, 239, 241, 258, 259, 260, 267 Nuclei, 219, 236, 242, 256, 259, 268 Nucleic acid, 58, 163, 242, 247, 259, 275 Nucleus, 163, 222, 223, 228, 232, 234, 239, 249, 254, 257, 259, 267, 268 Nursing Staff, 29, 259 Nutritive Value, 240, 258, 259 O Obstetrics, 26, 48, 92, 176, 254, 259 Ocular, 97, 184, 217, 259 Odour, 222, 259 Ointments, 259, 274 Oncogenes, 55, 260, 268 Oncogenic, 8, 249, 260 Oncology, 12, 20, 29, 33, 37, 44, 48, 53, 55, 59, 76, 151, 152, 163, 164, 169, 170, 175, 260, 271 Opacity, 233, 260 Ophthalmic, 44, 260 Ophthalmologic, 4, 260 Ophthalmology, 35, 37, 39, 43, 50, 61, 97, 176, 190, 240, 260, 271 Opportunistic Infections, 196, 260 Orbit, 6, 260 Organ Culture, 260, 279 Organ Transplantation, 35, 260 Organelles, 158, 184, 232, 254, 255, 260, 265 Ornithine, 31, 260, 269 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 31, 260 Orthodontics, 233, 260 Orthopedics, 9, 26, 29, 37, 139, 190, 260 Osteonecrosis, 4, 260 Osteoporosis, 4, 45, 260 Otolaryngology, 12, 176, 260 Otorhinolaryngology, 190, 261 Outpatient, 9, 19, 60, 79, 85, 107, 196, 261 Ovum, 257, 261, 266, 267, 280, 283 Oxidation, 158, 161, 217, 222, 225, 252, 261 Oxidative metabolism, 251, 261 Oxidative Stress, 48, 160, 261 Oxides, 165, 261 P Paediatric, 82, 92, 106, 125, 261 Palate, 6, 261 Palliative, 261, 279 Pancreas, 217, 224, 234, 241, 248, 250, 252, 261, 281 Parasite, 39, 261 Parathyroid, 104, 261, 278 Parathyroid Glands, 261
294 Dermatology
Parathyroid hormone, 104, 261 Parenteral, 171, 261 Particle, 261, 275, 280 Partnership Practice, 261, 267 Parturition, 259, 262 Patch, 65, 86, 114, 234, 251, 262, 280 Pathogen, 32, 262 Pathogenesis, 26, 32, 42, 57, 59, 163, 262 Pathologic, 59, 222, 224, 231, 246, 262, 268 Pathologic Processes, 222, 262 Pathologies, 22, 139, 152, 262 Pathophysiology, 35, 54, 262 Patient Advocacy, 7, 262 Patient Education, 204, 210, 212, 215, 262 Patient Selection, 184, 262 Pediatrics, 5, 9, 11, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 50, 59, 84, 202, 262 Peer Review, 41, 56, 103, 262 Pemphigus, 45, 202, 217, 262 Pentostatin, 76, 262 Peptic, 262, 282 Peptic Ulcer, 262, 282 Peptide, 6, 24, 34, 44, 104, 171, 240, 250, 262, 265, 268 Perception, 14, 244, 262 Perforation, 222, 262 Pericardium, 263, 278 Perioperative, 176, 184, 263 Peripheral blood, 17, 249, 263, 264 Peripheral stem cells, 243, 263 Peroxisome Proliferators, 158, 263 Petrolatum, 237, 263 Pharmaceutic Aids, 241, 263 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 228, 239, 263, 267 Pharmacists, 20, 263 Pharmacodynamics, 27, 263 Pharmacokinetic, 263 Pharmacologic, 220, 244, 263, 279 Pharmacotherapy, 27, 116, 263 Pharynx, 6, 263 Phenolphthalein, 237, 263 Phenotype, 17, 28, 51, 263 Phenylalanine, 128, 263, 281 Phosphatidic Acids, 254, 263 Phospholipases, 263, 274 Phospholipids, 147, 239, 248, 263 Phosphorus, 152, 226, 261, 264 Phosphorylated, 5, 229, 264 Phosphorylating, 5, 264 Phosphorylation, 5, 9, 31, 264, 268 Photobiology, 22, 51, 152, 264
Photochemotherapy, 3, 264 Photocoagulation, 229, 264 Photodynamic therapy, 88, 164, 264 Photopheresis, 70, 264 Photosensitivity, 65, 181, 264, 283 Photosensitizer, 184, 264 Photosensitizing Agents, 264 Phototherapy, 204, 264 Physical Therapy, 124, 264 Physiologic, 14, 59, 163, 218, 224, 244, 250, 264, 270 Physiology, 4, 23, 26, 46, 49, 56, 93, 224, 227, 237, 241, 244, 258, 264, 282 Pigment, 156, 233, 254, 255, 259, 264, 265, 271 Pigmentation, 154, 156, 184, 265 Pilot Projects, 33, 265 Pilot study, 265 Pituitary Gland, 231, 240, 265 Placenta, 265, 267, 269, 281 Plant Diseases, 151, 152, 265 Plants, 99, 107, 114, 124, 125, 152, 219, 224, 225, 226, 229, 242, 245, 255, 257, 265, 272, 280 Plasma, 22, 218, 221, 227, 237, 240, 244, 256, 265 Plasma cells, 221, 265 Plastids, 260, 265 Platelet Activation, 265, 274 Pleated, 250, 265 Podiatry, 182, 265 Poisoning, 176, 226, 241, 255, 258, 265 Polonium, 166, 265 Polyethylene, 164, 265 Polymers, 151, 153, 167, 265, 268, 274, 276 Polymorphic, 58, 265 Polymorphism, 45, 58, 265 Polypeptide, 171, 219, 229, 238, 265, 283 Polysaccharide, 139, 167, 221, 228, 243, 266, 268 Population Control, 8, 266 Port, 148, 156, 163, 169, 266 Port-a-cath, 266 Posterior, 220, 261, 266 Postmenopausal, 260, 266 Postsynaptic, 266, 274, 277 Post-traumatic, 139, 266 Potentiates, 249, 266 Potentiating, 138, 266 Potentiation, 266, 274 Practicability, 266, 280 Practice Guidelines, 197, 266
Index 295
Practice Management, 73, 74, 266 Preclinical, 6, 266 Precursor, 154, 222, 235, 236, 237, 263, 266, 275, 280, 281 Prednisolone, 266 Prednisone, 100, 266 Preimplantation Diagnosis, 40, 266 Prenatal, 40, 181, 236, 267 Prescription Fees, 235, 267 Prevalence, 36, 43, 49, 97, 267 Prickle, 217, 251, 267 Primary Prevention, 34, 267 Private Practice, 7, 267 Private Sector, 36, 267 Probe, 44, 169, 170, 267 Problem Solving, 53, 267 Progesterone, 267, 276 Progression, 10, 20, 31, 220, 267 Progressive, 156, 227, 235, 244, 257, 258, 265, 267 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, 31, 267 Proline, 230, 246, 267 Promoter, 45, 267 Prone, 162, 267 Prophase, 225, 267, 277, 281 Prophylaxis, 65, 196, 267, 282 Propylene Glycol, 159, 267 Prospective study, 19, 252, 267 Prostate, 224, 268, 281 Protein C, 11, 23, 24, 51, 218, 219, 222, 223, 250, 268, 281 Protein Kinases, 31, 260, 268 Protein S, 6, 24, 183, 225, 242, 268, 279 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 242, 268 Proteoglycans, 10, 23, 223, 239, 268 Proteolytic, 171, 230, 268 Protocol, 3, 38, 147, 268 Protons, 219, 246, 250, 268, 270 Proto-Oncogenes, 260, 268 Pruritic, 236, 251, 268, 272, 279 Pruritus, 258, 268 Pseudomembranous Colitis, 145, 268 Psoralen, 204, 268 Psoriasis, 3, 4, 13, 22, 47, 57, 61, 92, 107, 116, 124, 127, 154, 157, 171, 264, 268 Psychiatric, 26, 196, 255, 268 Psychiatry, 26, 27, 29, 79, 124, 176, 240, 268, 269, 282 Psychic, 269 Psychogenic, 120, 258, 269 Psychology, 27, 235, 269
Psychosomatic, 89, 90, 112, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 269 Psychotherapy, 69, 104, 114, 269 Psychotropic, 85, 90, 269 Psychotropic Drugs, 85, 269 Public Health, 13, 25, 26, 34, 39, 50, 53, 197, 269 Public Policy, 195, 269 Publishing, 60, 269 Puerperium, 259, 269 Pulmonary, 5, 21, 50, 59, 175, 225, 226, 231, 238, 251, 269, 277, 282 Pulse, 43, 152, 153, 256, 269 Purpura, 4, 201, 269 Putrescine, 260, 269, 275 Pyridoxal, 260, 269 Pyrimidine Dimers, 30, 269 Q Quality of Life, 19, 61, 86, 91, 269 Quiescent, 269, 283 R Race, 14, 90, 256, 269 Radiation therapy, 217, 218, 239, 249, 250, 270, 283 Radioactive, 166, 244, 246, 247, 249, 250, 257, 259, 260, 265, 270, 283 Radiolabeled, 250, 270, 283 Radiological, 15, 270 Radiologist, 14, 270 Radiology, 14, 26, 33, 37, 50, 59, 270 Radiotherapy, 225, 250, 270, 283 Randomized, 38, 43, 62, 91, 133, 236, 270 Randomized clinical trial, 133, 270 Reabsorption, 148, 270 Receptivity, 52, 270 Receptor, 9, 11, 12, 28, 31, 44, 158, 221, 235, 270, 273, 274 Receptors, Cytokine, 20, 270 Recombinant, 15, 24, 270, 282 Recombination, 17, 242, 270 Rectum, 222, 225, 234, 240, 241, 251, 268, 271 Recurrence, 228, 271 Reductase, 253, 271 Refer, 1, 19, 226, 230, 240, 241, 245, 252, 253, 257, 259, 271 Reflex, 112, 121, 271 Refraction, 271, 275 Regeneration, 240, 271 Regimen, 236, 263, 271 Regional lymph node, 98, 271 Reliability, 63, 97, 122, 271
296 Dermatology
Research Design, 5, 13, 53, 271 Respiration, 226, 256, 261, 271 Respiratory distress syndrome, 29, 226, 271 Restoration, 264, 271, 272, 283 Retina, 251, 271, 283 Retinal, 271, 274 Retinal Detachment, 271, 274 Retinoid, 20, 272 Retinyl palmitate, 154, 272 Rheumatism, 272 Rheumatoid, 21, 35, 57, 230, 272 Rheumatoid arthritis, 21, 35, 57, 230, 272 Rheumatology, 5, 9, 12, 21, 35, 50, 55, 58, 175, 178, 272 Rhinophyma, 217, 272 Rigidity, 265, 272 Risk factor, 8, 33, 267, 272 Root Canal Therapy, 233, 272 Rubber, 85, 170, 217, 272 S Salivary, 234, 272, 276 Salivary glands, 234, 272 Sanitary, 139, 272 Saponins, 272, 276 Scabies, 67, 272 Scatter, 152, 168, 272 Scleroderma, 34, 272 Scleroproteins, 250, 272 Sclerosis, 21, 29, 34, 57, 230, 257, 273 Screening, 16, 31, 34, 58, 69, 96, 163, 229, 273 Sebaceous, 148, 272, 273, 283 Sebaceous gland, 148, 272, 273, 283 Sebum, 145, 146, 162, 273 Secondary tumor, 255, 273 Secretion, 32, 231, 238, 245, 246, 249, 256, 257, 273, 282 Secretory, 273, 277, 282 Segregation, 39, 270, 273 Self-Examination, 8, 273 Semisynthetic, 87, 247, 273 Senile, 260, 273 Sensitization, 52, 118, 164, 273 Sensor, 143, 168, 273 Sequencing, 18, 20, 24, 273 Serotonin, 263, 273, 280 Serous, 237, 273 Serum, 218, 220, 230, 242, 250, 253, 256, 273, 281 Sexual Partners, 49, 273
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 49, 196, 273 Side effect, 4, 42, 184, 218, 224, 273, 279 Signal Transduction, 5, 30, 35, 47, 248, 274 Silicone Oils, 142, 274 Siloxanes, 274 Skeletal, 220, 257, 260, 274 Skeleton, 250, 274 Skin Aging, 171, 274 Skin Care, 142, 201, 202, 203, 274 Skin Pigmentation, 4, 154, 200, 274 Skull, 260, 274 Smooth muscle, 10, 219, 220, 231, 250, 274, 277 Soaps, 274 Social Environment, 269, 274 Sodium, 151, 159, 256, 270, 274, 277 Soft tissue, 225, 241, 274, 275 Solar radiation, 156, 275 Solid tumor, 220, 275 Solvent, 239, 243, 267, 275, 281 Somatic, 218, 236, 245, 254, 256, 275 Somatic cells, 254, 256, 275 Sound wave, 270, 275 Specialist, 63, 114, 207, 275 Species, 6, 19, 145, 217, 226, 238, 241, 246, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 269, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281, 283 Specificity, 156, 169, 218, 275 Spectrum, 19, 53, 153, 156, 275 Sperm, 220, 228, 275 Spermidine, 260, 275 Sphincter, 251, 275 Spinal cord, 217, 228, 237, 241, 258, 271, 275, 277 Spinous, 238, 251, 275 Spleen, 253, 275 Squamous, 4, 8, 20, 46, 238, 259, 275, 276 Squamous cell carcinoma, 4, 8, 46, 238, 275 Squamous cells, 259, 275, 276 Standard therapy, 264, 276 Statistically significant, 38, 276 Sterile, 261, 276 Sterilization, 23, 276 Steroid, 158, 224, 231, 243, 272, 276 Stimulant, 27, 234, 255, 276 Stimulus, 170, 236, 251, 271, 276, 279, 280 Stomach, 217, 234, 238, 241, 245, 257, 263, 275, 276 Streptococci, 257, 276 Streptococcus, 11, 276
Index 297
Stress, 38, 120, 121, 227, 241, 258, 261, 272, 276 Stroke, 135, 194, 276 Styrene, 272, 276 Subacute, 248, 276 Subclinical, 248, 276 Subcutaneous, 21, 98, 148, 228, 236, 261, 276 Sublingual, 189, 276 Submaxillary, 238, 276 Subspecies, 275, 277 Substance P, 255, 273, 277 Substrate, 5, 152, 244, 277 Sulfur, 239, 277 Suppression, 4, 51, 231, 277 Suppurative, 228, 277 Surfactant, 141, 144, 149, 155, 160, 162, 277 Suspensions, 16, 277 Sweat, 145, 146, 148, 277 Sweat Glands, 277 Sympathetic Nervous System, 258, 277 Sympathomimetic, 234, 235, 238, 255, 277 Synaptic, 259, 274, 277 Synaptic Transmission, 259, 277 Synergistic, 27, 46, 262, 277 Synovial, 139, 278 Synovial Fluid, 139, 278 Synovial Membrane, 278 Systemic disease, 247, 278 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 12, 230, 253, 278 T Tachycardia, 223, 278 Tachypnea, 223, 278 Tacrolimus, 71, 85, 106, 278 Teichoic Acids, 243, 278 Telangiectasia, 156, 278 Telecommunications, 278 Telemedicine, 15, 32, 43, 60, 61, 62, 76, 77, 86, 87, 89, 95, 100, 182, 278 Telepathology, 32, 278 Teratogenic, 39, 278 Testicular, 273, 278 Tetani, 278 Tetanic, 278 Tetanus, 145, 278 Tetany, 261, 278 Tetracycline, 20, 278 Therapeutics, 13, 19, 29, 45, 47, 187, 279 Thermal, 37, 146, 147, 148, 156, 168, 170, 184, 235, 259, 279 Threshold, 19, 155, 246, 279
Thrombin, 268, 279 Thrombomodulin, 268, 279 Thrombosis, 249, 268, 276, 279 Thymus, 247, 253, 279 Thyroid, 261, 279, 281 Thyroid Gland, 261, 279 Tinea Pedis, 146, 279 Tissue Culture, 11, 16, 23, 38, 51, 279 Tolerance, 57, 217, 279 Tomography, 86, 279 Tonicity, 250, 279 Toxic, iv, 21, 57, 139, 151, 166, 167, 235, 237, 239, 243, 247, 259, 269, 276, 279 Toxicity, 235, 255, 279, 281 Toxicokinetics, 279 Toxicology, 8, 27, 163, 196, 279 Toxins, 145, 163, 166, 221, 237, 242, 247, 248, 257, 279 Trace element, 229, 240, 280 Trachea, 226, 251, 263, 279, 280 Training Support, 50, 280 Tranquilizing Agents, 269, 280 Transcription Factors, 45, 260, 280 Transcutaneous, 121, 280 Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, 121, 280 Transdermal, 171, 280 Transduction, 5, 27, 274, 280 Transfection, 23, 224, 280 Translational, 12, 13, 20, 33, 41, 45, 46, 52, 53, 56, 280 Transmitter, 235, 254, 280 Transplantation, 12, 57, 178, 247, 254, 280 Trauma, 258, 280 Treatment Outcome, 73, 280 Trees, 272, 280 Trophoblast, 225, 280 Tryptophan, 230, 273, 280 Tuberculosis, 231, 253, 281 Tumor marker, 224, 281 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 71, 281 Tumor suppressor gene, 253, 281 Turpentine, 118, 281 Tyrosine, 5, 31, 235, 268, 281 U Ulcer, 228, 233, 262, 281, 282 Umbilical Arteries, 281 Umbilical Cord, 139, 281 Unconscious, 233, 247, 281 Univalent, 246, 261, 281 Urate Oxidase, 158, 281 Urea, 140, 260, 277, 281
298 Dermatology
Urinary, 6, 242, 281 Urinary tract, 281 Urine, 225, 238, 243, 281 Urogenital, 242, 281 Urology, 37, 60, 139, 163, 176, 190, 281 Uterus, 254, 267, 281 V Vaccination, 21, 32, 44, 203, 281 Vaccine, 32, 145, 218, 268, 282 Vacuoles, 237, 260, 282 Vaginal, 127, 253, 282 Varices, 189, 282 Varicose, 152, 282 Varicose vein, 152, 282 Vascular, 22, 48, 147, 148, 184, 219, 237, 248, 250, 265, 279, 282 Vasculitis, 4, 282 Vector, 280, 282 Vein, 38, 250, 259, 281, 282 Venereology, 68, 70, 74, 78, 80, 81, 88, 98, 282 Venous, 78, 268, 282 Ventilation, 226, 282 Ventricle, 246, 269, 282 Venules, 225, 226, 237, 282 Vesicular, 223, 245, 282 Veterinary Medicine, 105, 195, 282 Villous, 227, 282 Viral, 32, 237, 260, 268, 280, 282, 283 Virus, 223, 242, 249, 280, 282, 283
Viscosity, 141, 142, 282 Vitamin A, 248, 272, 282 Vitamin U, 154, 282 Vitiligo, 73, 127, 200, 268, 283 Vitreous Humor, 139, 271, 283 Vitro, 28, 245, 283 Vivo, 28, 31, 35, 283 Vocal cord, 6, 283 Vulgaris, 45, 126, 217, 283 W War, 73, 283 Warts, 79, 127, 283 White blood cell, 221, 251, 253, 254, 257, 265, 283 Windpipe, 263, 279, 283 Wound Healing, 4, 9, 22, 27, 47, 127, 139, 182, 229, 240, 249, 254, 257, 283 Wounds and Injuries, 175, 283 X Xenograft, 220, 283 Xeroderma Pigmentosum, 42, 283 X-ray, 240, 250, 259, 270, 283 X-ray therapy, 250, 283 Y Yeasts, 158, 241, 263, 283 Z Zoster, 79, 283 Zygote, 266, 283 Zymogen, 268, 283
Index 299
300 Dermatology
