Cranberries - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CRANBERRIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

Author: Health Publica Icon Health Publications

30 downloads 339 Views 942KB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

CRANBERRIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cranberries: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83869-0 1. Cranberries-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cranberries. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CRANBERRIES ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cranberries.................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CRANBERRIES .................................................................................. 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cranberries .................................................................................. 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 18 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CRANBERRIES............................................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 26 General References ....................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CRANBERRIES ........................................................................................ 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Patents on Cranberries................................................................................................................. 31 Patent Applications on Cranberries............................................................................................. 44 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CRANBERRIES ............................................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 51 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 53 Chapters on Cranberries .............................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CRANBERRIES .............................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 55 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 57 Academic Periodicals covering Cranberries................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 59 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 60 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 75 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 75

viii Contents

ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 81 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 CRANBERRIES DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 109

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cranberries is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cranberries, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cranberries, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cranberries. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cranberries, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cranberries. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CRANBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cranberries.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cranberries, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Good Nutrition: Is There 'Diet' After Transplant? Source: NKF Family Focus. 2(1): 12. March 1991. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Medical Department, 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. Summary: This brief article discusses the need for a traditional renal diet after kidney transplantation. Topics include the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on the diet and on nutrition; how the diet will change from the first few weeks after surgery to the maintenance diet; the role of potassium, phosphorus, and protein foods; avoiding or dealing with post-transplant weight gain; and using nutritional measures to help avoid heart disease. Two recipes are included: cranberry cream salad, and cranberries and squash.

4

Cranberries

Federally Funded Research on Cranberries The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cranberries. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cranberries. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cranberries.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for cranberries in the PubMed Central database: •

Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. by Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, Pokka T, Koskela M, Uhari M.; 2001 Jun 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33514

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

Studies

5

The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cranberries, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cranberries (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A high molecular mass constituent of cranberry juice inhibits helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric mucus. Author(s): Burger O, Ofek I, Tabak M, Weiss EI, Sharon N, Neeman I. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2000 December; 29(4): 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118911&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection in women. Author(s): Stothers L. Source: Can J Urol. 2002 June; 9(3): 1558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121581&dopt=Abstract

•

An examination of the anti-adherence activity of cranberry juice on urinary and nonurinary bacterial isolates. Author(s): Schmidt DR, Sobota AE. Source: Microbios. 1988; 55(224-225): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3063927&dopt=Abstract

•

Are cranberry juice or cranberry products effective in the prevention or management of urinary tract infection? Author(s): Gray M. Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2002 May; 29(3): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011903&dopt=Abstract

•

A-Type proanthocyanidin trimers from cranberry that inhibit adherence of uropathogenic P-fimbriated Escherichia coli. Author(s): Foo LY, Lu Y, Howell AB, Vorsa N. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 September; 63(9): 1225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000024&dopt=Abstract

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

6

Cranberries

•

Can regular intake of either cranberry juice or a drink containing Lactobacillus bacteria prevent urinary tract infection (UTI) recurrence in women after an initial episode? Author(s): Triezenberg DJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 October; 50(10): 841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11674882&dopt=Abstract

•

Cancer risk and residential proximity to cranberry cultivation in Massachusetts. Author(s): Aschengrau A, Ozonoff D, Coogan P, Vezina R, Heeren T, Zhang Y. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 September; 86(9): 1289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806382&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry concentrate: UTI prophylaxis. Author(s): Walker EB, Barney DP, Mickelsen JN, Walton RJ, Mickelsen RA Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 August; 45(2): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267377&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry extract inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Wilson T, Porcari JP, Harbin D. Source: Life Sciences. 1998; 62(24): Pl381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627085&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry flavonoids, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health. Author(s): Reed J. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 301-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058989&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice and adhesion of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. Author(s): Howell AB, Foxman B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 June 19; 287(23): 3082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069670&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice and its impact on peri-stomal skin conditions for urostomy patients. Author(s): Tsukada K, Tokunaga K, Iwama T, Mishima Y, Tazawa K, Fujimaki M. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1994 November-December; 40(9): 60-2, 64, 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546109&dopt=Abstract

Studies

7

•

Cranberry juice and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. Author(s): Kerr KG. Source: Lancet. 1999 February 20; 353(9153): 673. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030358&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice and urinary tract infections: is there a beneficial relationship? Author(s): Kuzminski LN. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 November; 54(11 Pt 2): S87-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110581&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice and urinary tract infections: what is the evidence? Author(s): Lowe FC, Fagelman E. Source: Urology. 2001 March; 57(3): 407-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11248607&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice and urinary-tract health: science supports folklore. Author(s): Henig YS, Leahy MM. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 July-August; 16(7-8): 6847. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906597&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice consumption may reduce biofilms on uroepithelial cells: pilot study in spinal cord injured patients. Author(s): Reid G, Hsiehl J, Potter P, Mighton J, Lam D, Warren D, Stephenson J. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 January; 39(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224011&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Author(s): Papas PN, Brusch CA, Ceresia GC. Source: Southwest Med. 1966 January; 47(1): 17-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5900988&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice. Author(s): Leaver RB. Source: Prof Nurse. 1996 May; 11(8): 525-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8718343&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry proanthocyanidins and the maintenance of urinary tract health. Author(s): Howell AB. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 273-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058985&dopt=Abstract

8

Cranberries

•

Cranberry, feverfew, horse chestnut, and kava. Author(s): Rotblatt MD. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1999 September; 171(3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560296&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary supplementation with cranberry concentrate tablets may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Terris MK, Issa MM, Tacker JR. Source: Urology. 2001 January; 57(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164137&dopt=Abstract

•

Does cranberry juice have antibacterial activity? Author(s): Lee YL, Owens J, Thrupp L, Cesario TC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 April 5; 283(13): 1691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755494&dopt=Abstract

•

Does cranberry juice prevent or treat urinary tract infection? Author(s): Kiel RJ, Nashelsky J, Robbins B. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 February; 52(2): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585995&dopt=Abstract

•

Does drinking cranberry juice produce urine inhibitory to the development of crystalline, catheter-blocking Proteus mirabilis biofilms? Author(s): Morris NS, Stickler DJ. Source: Bju International. 2001 August; 88(3): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488728&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation. Author(s): Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 56(10): 1020-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373623&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of cranberry juice on bacteriuria in children with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization. Author(s): Schlager TA, Anderson S, Trudell J, Hendley JO. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 December; 135(6): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10586171&dopt=Abstract

Studies

9

•

Effect of cranberry juice on urinary pH in older adults. Author(s): Jackson B, Hicks LE. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 1997 March; 15(3): 198-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110682&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of cranberry juice on urinary pH. Author(s): Kinney AB, Blount M. Source: Nursing Research. 1979 September-October; 28(5): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=38439&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of cranberry juice on urine. Author(s): Kahn HD, Panariello VA, Saeli J, Sampson JR, Schwartz E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1967 September; 51(3): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6035629&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of blueberry and cranberry juice consumption on the plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy female volunteers. Author(s): Pedersen CB, Kyle J, Jenkinson AM, Gardner PT, McPhail DB, Duthie GG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 May; 54(5): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822287&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of cranberry juice and ascorbic acid in acidifying the urine in multiple sclerosis subjects. Author(s): Schultz A. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1984; 1(3): 159-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6569071&dopt=Abstract

•

Foods and health promotion: the case for cranberry. Author(s): Milner JA. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058983&dopt=Abstract

•

Identification of triterpene hydroxycinnamates with in vitro antitumor activity from whole cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Author(s): Murphy BT, MacKinnon SL, Yan X, Hammond GB, Vaisberg AJ, Neto CC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 4; 51(12): 3541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769521&dopt=Abstract

10

Cranberries

•

Infection control. The therapeutic uses of cranberry juice. Author(s): Nazarko L. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1995 May 17-23; 9(34): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7612429&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Author(s): Sobota AE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1984 May; 131(5): 1013-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368872&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric mucus by a highmolecular-weight constituent of cranberry juice. Author(s): Burger O, Weiss E, Sharon N, Tabak M, Neeman I, Ofek I. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058986&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of the adherence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial-cell surfaces by proanthocyanidin extracts from cranberries. Author(s): Howell AB, Vorsa N, Der Marderosian A, Foo LY. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 October 8; 339(15): 1085-6. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1998 November 5; 339(19): 1408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767006&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibitory effect of a high-molecular-weight constituent of cranberry on adhesion of oral bacteria. Author(s): Weiss EL, Lev-Dor R, Sharon N, Ofek I. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058987&dopt=Abstract

•

Interference with dipstick tests for glucose and hemoglobin in urine by ascorbic acid in cranberry juice. Author(s): Kilbourn JP. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 July; 33(7): 1297. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3594894&dopt=Abstract

•

Methenamine therapy and urine acidification with ascorbic acid and cranberry juice. Author(s): McLeod DC, Nahata MC. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1978 June; 35(6): 654. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=27096&dopt=Abstract

Studies

11

•

Morphological isolates in idioms: cranberries or real words? Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD001321 Source: Brain and Language. 1999 June 1-15; 68(1-2): 158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11686987

•

Nephrology nutrition notes. Recipe corner: cranberries. Author(s): Butler B. Source: Nephrol Nurse. 1983 November-December; 5(6): 45, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6560246&dopt=Abstract

•

New support for a folk remedy: cranberry juice reduces bacteriuria and pyuria in elderly women. Author(s): Fleet JC. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1994 May; 52(5): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8052456&dopt=Abstract

•

No more cranberry juice! Author(s): Jonquil SG. Source: Midwifery Today Childbirth Educ. 1995 Winter; (36): 15-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8603186&dopt=Abstract

•

On cranberry juice. Author(s): McIntyre RV. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1990 February; 83(2): 55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2308020&dopt=Abstract

•

Pass the cranberry juice. Author(s): Rogers J. Source: Nurs Times. 1991 November 27-December 3; 87(48): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1754454&dopt=Abstract

•

Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. Author(s): Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, Pokka T, Koskela M, Uhari M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 30; 322(7302): 1571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431298&dopt=Abstract

12

Cranberries

•

Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. Author(s): Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 March 9; 271(10): 751-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093138&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria using cranberry juice. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 August 24-31; 272(8): 588; Author Reply 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093188&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria using cranberry juice. Author(s): Haverkorn MJ, Mandigers J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 August 24-31; 272(8): 590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057506&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria using cranberry juice. Author(s): Katz LM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 August 24-31; 272(8): 589; Author Reply 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057505&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria using cranberry juice. Author(s): Hopkins WJ, Heisey DM, Jonler M, Uehling DT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 August 24-31; 272(8): 588-9; Author Reply 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057504&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria using cranberry juice. Author(s): Goodfriend R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 August 24-31; 272(8): 588; Author Reply 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057503&dopt=Abstract

•

Solid-state bioconversion of phenolics from cranberry pomace and role of Lentinus edodes beta-glucosidase. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD001321 Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 895-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11686987

Studies

13

•

The cranberry juice cure: fact or fiction? Author(s): Howe SM, Bates P. Source: Auaa J. 1987 July-September; 8(1): 13-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3662933&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of cranberry juice on the presence of bacteria and white blood cells in the urine of elderly women. What is the role of bacterial adhesion? Author(s): Avorn J. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 408: 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8895791&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of water, ascorbic acid, and cranberry derived supplementation on human urine and uropathogen adhesion to silicone rubber. Author(s): Habash MB, Van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Reid G. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1999 August; 45(8): 691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528401&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of cranberry and probiotics in intestinal and urogenital tract health. Author(s): Reid G. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 293-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058988&dopt=Abstract

•

The structure of cranberry proanthocyanidins which inhibit adherence of uropathogenic P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in vitro. Author(s): Foo LY, Lu Y, Howell AB, Vorsa N. Source: Phytochemistry. 2000 May; 54(2): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872208&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary ionized calcium in urolithiasis. Effect of cranberry juice. Author(s): Light I, Gursel E, Zinnser HH. Source: Urology. 1973 January; 1(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4792290&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary tract infections cranberry juice, underwear, and probiotics in the 21st century. Author(s): Miller JL, Krieger JN. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 August; 29(3): 695-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476532&dopt=Abstract

14

Cranberries

•

What's the use of cranberry juice? Author(s): Harkins KJ. Source: Age and Ageing. 2000 January; 29(1): 9-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690688&dopt=Abstract

15

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CRANBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cranberries.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cranberries The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

16

Cranberries

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cranberries” (or a synonym): •

Antioxidant activities and antitumor screening of extracts from cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of MassachusettsDartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA. Source: Yan, X Murphy, B T Hammond, G B Vinson, J A Neto, C C J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5844-9 0021-8561

•

Botanical perspectives on health: of cystitis and cranberries. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Mayday Hospital, Croydon, Surrey. Source: Patel, N Daniels, I R J-R-Soc-Health. 2000 March; 120(1): 52-3 0264-0325

•

Controlled-atmosphere effects on postharvest quality and antioxidant activity of cranberry fruits. Author(s): Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Gunes, G Liu, R H Watkins, C B J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5932-8 0021-8561

•

Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (Cochrane Review). Author(s): 1F1, 130 Portobello High Street, Edinburgh, UK, EH15 1AH. [email protected] Source: Jepson, R G Mihaljevic, L Craig, J Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2001; 3: CD001321 1469-493X

•

Cranberries for treating urinary tract infections. Author(s): 15 Blackwood Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 1QZ. [email protected] Source: Jepson, R G Mihaljevic, L Craig, J Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD001322 1469-493X

•

Cranberry flavonoids, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA. Source: Reed, J Crit-Rev-Food-Sci-Nutr. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 301-16 1040-8398

•

Cranberry juice cocktail: marketing without a health claim. Source: Starr, M. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1998/1999. volume 1 (4) page 288-291. 1096-620X

•

Cranberry juice induces nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in vitro and its infusion transiently reduces blood pressure in anesthetized rats. Source: Maher, M.A. Mataczynski, H. Stefaniak, H.M. Wilson, T. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. Fall 2000. volume 3 (3) page 141-147. 1096-620X

•

Cranberry juice inhibits metal and non-metal initiated oxidation of human low density lipoproteins. Source: Wilson, T. Porcari, J.P. Maher, M.A. J-nutraceuticals-funct-med-foods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 1999. volume 2 (2) page 5-14. 1089-4179

•

Do cranberries aid in the treatment of urinary tract infections? Author(s): American Dietetic Association's Knowledge Center, Chicago, Ill, USA. [email protected] Source: Cunningham, Eleese J-Am-Diet-Assoc. 2002 August; 102(8): 1118 0002-8223

Nutrition

17

•

Fecundity, number of diapause eggs, and egg size of successive generations of the blackheaded fireworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on cranberries. Source: Fitzpatrick, S.M. Troubridge, J.T. Environ-entomol. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America. August 1993. volume 22 (4) page 818-823. 0046-225X

•

Honey bees harvest pollen from the porose anthers of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) (Ericaceae). Source: Cane, J.H. Mackenzie, K. Schiffhauer, D. Am-Bee-J. Hamilton, Ill. : Dadant & Sons. April 1993. volume 133 (4) page 293-295. 0002-7626

•

Hydrophilic carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V. myrtillus). Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Jensen, H D Krogfelt, K A Cornett, C Hansen, S H Christensen, S B J-Agric-FoodChem. 2002 November 6; 50(23): 6871-4 0021-8561

•

Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1120 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. [email protected] Source: Prior, R L Lazarus, S A Cao, G Muccitelli, H Hammerstone, J F J-Agric-FoodChem. 2001 March; 49(3): 1270-6 0021-8561

•

Improved method for determination of chlorothalonil and related residues in cranberries. Author(s): Rutgers University, Cook College, Department of Environmental Science, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. Source: el Nabarawy, I M Carey, W F J-Assoc-Off-Anal-Chem. 1988 Mar-April; 71(2): 358-60 0004-5756

•

Infectivity, distribution, and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae all strain (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) applied by sprinklers or boom sprayer to dry-pick cranberries. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Source: Hayes, A E Fitzpatrick, S M Webster, J M J-Econ-Entomol. 1999 June; 92(3): 53946 0022-0493

•

Influence of cranberry juice on attachment of Escherichia coli to glass. Author(s): School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, U.K. [email protected] Source: Allison, D G Cronin, M A Hawker, J Freeman, S J-Basic-Microbiol. 2000; 40(1): 36 0233-111X

•

Morphological isolates in idioms: cranberries or real words? Author(s): University of Joensuu, Finland. [email protected] Source: Nenonen, M Niemi, J Brain-Lang. 1999 June 1-15; 68(1-2): 158-64 0093-934X

•

New research makes a case for cranberry juice. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. October 2001. volume 19 (8) page 1.

18

Cranberries

•

Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. Author(s): Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Source: Zheng, W Wang, S Y J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2003 January 15; 51(2): 502-9 0021-8561

•

Potential for mating disruption of Sparganothis sulfureana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in cranberries. Author(s): Rutgers University Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension Center, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA. Source: Polavarapu, S Lonergan, G Peng, H Neilsen, K J-Econ-Entomol. 2001 June; 94(3): 658-65 0022-0493

•

Relative efficacies of two commercial pheromone blends for monitoring the blackheaded fireworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of cranberries. Source: Fitzpatrick, S.M. Troubridge, J.T. J-Econ-Entomol. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America. June 1992. volume 85 (3) page 947-949. 0022-0493

•

The cranberry--promising health benefits, old and new. Source: Leahy, M. Roderick, R. Brilliant, K. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Sept/October 2001. volume 36 (5) page 254-265. 0029-666X

•

The role of cranberry and probiotics in intestinal and urogenital tract health. Author(s): Lawson Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. [email protected] Source: Reid, G Crit-Rev-Food-Sci-Nutr. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 293-300 1040-8398

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

19

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to cranberries; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Asiago Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cranberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,144,00.html Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kamut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pears Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,62,00.html Pecan Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

20

Cranberries

Rhubarb Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

21

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CRANBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cranberries. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cranberries and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cranberries: •

A randomized trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection in women. Author(s): Stothers L. Source: Can J Urol. 2002 June; 9(3): 1558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121581&dopt=Abstract

•

Alkaloids of cranberries. V. Author(s): Jankowski K. Source: Experientia. 1973 November 15; 29(11): 1334-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4761227&dopt=Abstract

•

Antioxidant activities and antitumor screening of extracts from cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Author(s): Yan X, Murphy BT, Hammond GB, Vinson JA, Neto CC.

22

Cranberries

Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5844-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358448&dopt=Abstract •

Are cranberry juice or cranberry products effective in the prevention or management of urinary tract infection? Author(s): Gray M. Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2002 May; 29(3): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011903&dopt=Abstract

•

Botanical perspectives on health: of cystitis and cranberries. Author(s): Patel N, Daniels IR. Source: J R Soc Health. 2000 March; 120(1): 52-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918785&dopt=Abstract

•

Can regular intake of either cranberry juice or a drink containing Lactobacillus bacteria prevent urinary tract infection (UTI) recurrence in women after an initial episode? Author(s): Triezenberg DJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 October; 50(10): 841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11674882&dopt=Abstract

•

Cloning, expression, and biological activity of recombinant alpha-cinnamomin: toxicity to cranberry and other plant species. Author(s): Ivanova DG, Sarkar HK, Singh BR. Source: Journal of Natural Toxins. 2002 May; 11(2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009117&dopt=Abstract

•

Controlled-atmosphere effects on postharvest quality and antioxidant activity of cranberry fruits. Author(s): Gunes G, Liu RH, Watkins CB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5932-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358462&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Author(s): Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (3): Cd001321. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686987&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Author(s): Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J.

Alternative Medicine 23

Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001321. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796774&dopt=Abstract •

Cranberries for treating urinary tract infections. Author(s): Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001322. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796775&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry flavonoids, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health. Author(s): Reed J. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 301-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058989&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice and adhesion of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. Author(s): Howell AB, Foxman B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 June 19; 287(23): 3082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069670&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry juice consumption may reduce biofilms on uroepithelial cells: pilot study in spinal cord injured patients. Author(s): Reid G, Hsiehl J, Potter P, Mighton J, Lam D, Warren D, Stephenson J. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 January; 39(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224011&dopt=Abstract

•

Cranberry proanthocyanidins and the maintenance of urinary tract health. Author(s): Howell AB. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 273-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058985&dopt=Abstract

•

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries. Author(s): Seeram NP, Momin RA, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 September; 8(5): 362-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695879&dopt=Abstract

•

Do cranberries aid in the treatment of urinary tract infections? Author(s): Cunningham E.

24

Cranberries

Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 August; 102(8): 1118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171456&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation. Author(s): Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 56(10): 1020-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373623&dopt=Abstract

•

Fighting infectious diseases with inhibitors of microbial adhesion to host tissues. Author(s): Sharon N, Ofek I. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 267-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058984&dopt=Abstract

•

Foods and health promotion: the case for cranberry. Author(s): Milner JA. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058983&dopt=Abstract

•

Human, rat, and mouse metabolism of resveratrol. Author(s): Yu C, Shin YG, Chow A, Li Y, Kosmeder JW, Lee YS, Hirschelman WH, Pezzuto JM, Mehta RG, van Breemen RB. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2002 December; 19(12): 1907-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523673&dopt=Abstract

•

Hydrophilic carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V. myrtillus). Author(s): Jensen HD, Krogfelt KA, Cornett C, Hansen SH, Christensen SB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 November 6; 50(23): 6871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405790&dopt=Abstract

•

Identification of triterpene hydroxycinnamates with in vitro antitumor activity from whole cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Author(s): Murphy BT, MacKinnon SL, Yan X, Hammond GB, Vaisberg AJ, Neto CC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 4; 51(12): 3541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769521&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibitory effect of a high-molecular-weight constituent of cranberry on adhesion of oral bacteria. Author(s): Weiss EL, Lev-Dor R, Sharon N, Ofek I.

Alternative Medicine 25

Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058987&dopt=Abstract •

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric determination of inhibition of human cytochrome P450 isozymes by resveratrol and resveratrol-3-sulfate. Author(s): Yu C, Shin YG, Kosmeder JW, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2003; 17(4): 307-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569440&dopt=Abstract

•

Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. Author(s): Zheng W, Wang SY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 January 15; 51(2): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517117&dopt=Abstract

•

Questions and answers. I am a 65-year-old woman who gets frequent urinary tract infections. What can I do to prevent recurrences? Author(s): Fihn SD. Source: Health News. 2003 September; 9(9): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14584477&dopt=Abstract

•

Select herbal remedies used to treat common urologic conditions. Author(s): Newton M, Combest W, Kosier JH. Source: Urologic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Urological Association Allied. 2001 June; 21(3): 232-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11998664&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of cranberry and probiotics in intestinal and urogenital tract health. Author(s): Reid G. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 293-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058988&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord lesion. Author(s): Biering-Sorensen F. Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 2002 January; 12(1): 45-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753133&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary tract infections cranberry juice, underwear, and probiotics in the 21st century. Author(s): Miller JL, Krieger JN.

26

Cranberries

Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 August; 29(3): 695-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476532&dopt=Abstract •

Why do cranberries reduce incidence of urinary tract infections? Author(s): Dearing MD, Appel HM, Schultz JC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 May; 80(2-3): 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007714&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cranberries; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bladder Infection and Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 27

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uti Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus, European Blueberry, Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html

28

Cranberries

Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cranberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cranberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10019,00.html European Blueberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lansoprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Omeprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com OPCS (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vaccinium Alternative names: >Cranberry; Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vaccinium Macrocarpon Alternative names: Cranberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaccinium Myrtillus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 29

Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Viburnum Alternative names: Cramp Bark, Highbush Cranberry; Viburnum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

31

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CRANBERRIES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cranberries” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cranberries, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cranberries By performing a patent search focusing on cranberries, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

32

Cranberries

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cranberries: •

Adhesion inhibiting composition Inventor(s): Mickelsen; Jennifer N. (Ogden, UT), Mikelsen, Jr.; Richard A. (Ogden, UT), Roth; Brent L. (Ogden, UT), Walker; Edward B. (Ogden, UT) Assignee(s): JLB, Inc. (Ogden, UT) Patent Number: 5,474,774 Date filed: March 25, 1994 Abstract: An extract prepared from plants of the genus Vaccinium, especially cranberries, which is enriched for an activity which inhibits bacterial adhesion to surfaces. The extract is also enriched for polyphenol and flavonoid compounds, lacks detectable amounts of simple sugars, has a very low content of benzoic acid relative to raw cranberries, and lacks significant amounts of anthocyanins. Methods for preparing and for using the extract are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to plant extracts having therapeutic and other uses, and more particularly to an extract of cranberries. It is presently believed that cranberry juice or some fraction thereof inhibits the adhesion of bacteria to mammalian cells, particularly epithelial cells. This property of anti-adhesion can be applied to industrial uses, such as the cleaning of vats from bacterial fermentation, cleaning of medical and dental instruments, cleaning of dishes or tools used in sterile laboratory procedures, and the like. Many persons also consider cranberry juices and cranberry derivatives to be beneficial to health, and products including powders made from cranberries or cranberry juices are available commercially. Doctors often recommend cranberry products for female patients suffering from urinary tract infections. However, most available preparations, as well as raw cranberries and typical cranberry juice products have a relatively high acidity due in part to the amount of benzoic acid present. The acidity can cause stomach upset, stimulate tooth decay, and produces a sour taste which is unappealing to many persons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05474774__

•

Cranberry color extraction Inventor(s): Bordonaro; Michael E. (Fort Lee, NJ), Nini; David (Bronx, NY), Stahl; Howard D. (Scarsdale, NY) Assignee(s): General Foods Corporation (White Plains, NY) Patent Number: 4,775,477 Date filed: October 30, 1987 Abstract: A process for the extraction of cranberry presscake is disclosed which involves the steps of grinding the presscake, preferably with a filter aid like rice hulls, subjecting this mixture to water extraction, microfiltering the extract to remove colloidal high molecular weight components and passing the microfiltered extract through reverse osmosis to recover a red-colored solution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an aqueous process for the production of cranberry extracts and more particularly to a process for recovering various color and solid values

Patents 33

from cranberry presscake and the product of such process. Whereas the major focus of this invention has to do with the treatment of cranberries it will be seen as equally applicable to other natural color wastes such as grape waste, roselle, black currant, etc. which are similarly benefitted by removal of astringent and/or bitter flavor principles to be hereinafter discussed. Heretofore, cranberry presscake, a waste product of cranberry juice extraction, has been considered as a source of red color but its bitter and astringent off-flavors restricted its utility to low levels of usage or as a colorant for cranberry beverages such as cranberry cocktail. An approach by Chiriboga, et. al., Ion Exchange Purifed Anthocyanin Pigments As A Colorant For Cranberry Juice Cocktail, Journal of Food Science, volume 38 (1973) pp. 464-467 has been to separate the color components from the cranberry extract with ion exchange resins. Other art teaches acidic methanol and ethanol as preferred over water as an extractant. Cranberry presscake is available at multiple sites where juice is produced. However, because it is a waste material, it cannot be shipped for processing because of potential microbiological problems and/or cost. Most desirably an aqueous process would be employed for the present process, on site so-to-speak, at the cranberry processing plant where the presscake would be available as a byproduct. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04775477__ •

Cranberry extract and biologically active compounds derived therefrom Inventor(s): Mickelsen, Jr.; Richard A. (Ogden, UT), Mickelsen; Jennifer N. (Ogden, UT), Walker; Edward B. (Ogden, UT) Assignee(s): JLB, Inc. (Ogden, UT) Patent Number: 5,646,178 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Compounds isolated from plant materials of the genus Vaccinium, which have biological activity measurable as inhibition with adhesion of bacterial cells to surfaces, are described. The specific compounds include procyanidins, leucocyanin and leucodelphinin, and flavonol glucosides including myricetin-3-pyranoside. An exemplary procyanidin compound is a substituted epicatechin-catechin dimer or other polymer. Also described is an extract prepared from plants of the genus Vaccinium, especially cranberries, which is enriched for anti-adhesion activity. The extract is enriched for polyphenol and flavonoid compounds, lacks detectable amounts of simple sugars, has a very low content of benzoic acid relative to raw cranberries, and lacks significant amounts of anthocyanins. Methods for preparing and for using the extract are disclosed. Excerpt(s): May persons consider cranberry juice and derivatives to be beneficial to health, and products including powders made from cranberries or cranberry juices are commercially available. Doctors often recommend cranberry products to patients suffering from urinary tract infections. However, most available preparations, as well as raw cranberries and typical cranberry juice products, have a relatively high acidity. This acidity can cause stomach upset and produce a sour taste, which is unappealing to many people. Consequently, a need exists for a cranberry extract that includes the active fraction of cranberries responsible for its perceived beneficial actions. The invention includes methods of utilizing extracts of Vaccinium, and compounds derived therefrom, to interfere with microbial adhesion to a surface such as body tissue. Such body tissues include tissues associated with the mouth, such as the gums, teeth and oral cavity mucosal tissues, throat tissues, genital tissues, and cervical surface tissues. The

34

Cranberries

invention thus includes the use of the Vaccinium extracts and derived compounds to treat various maladies such as urinary tract infections. The invention also includes various extracts of Vaccinium and processes for obtaining these extracts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05646178__ •

Cranberry harvester Inventor(s): Abbott; Lee W. (Box No. 1, Speedwell, Chatsworth, NJ 08019) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,501,111 Date filed: September 16, 1982 Abstract: An apparatus primarily adapted for removing cranberries from vines in a flooded bog bed includes a self-propelled, wheeled chassis and at least a pair of forwardly mounted, transversely extending reel assemblies. Each reel assembly includes a support frame having a base portion and a pair of arms. A reel is rotatably supported on the arms of the support frame. The reel includes an elongated shaft and a plurality of spaced discs interconnected by rods. A trunnion drive motor is secured to one of the arms and is directly coupled to the shaft to rotate the reel during harvesting operations. The base portion of the frame is pivotally secured to a spindle support arm at a free end thereof. The opposite end of the spindle support arm is pivoted to the wheeled chassis. The reels may pivot about an axis transverse to the base portion of the frame and move vertically to conform to the bog bed. An expansible chamber motor is connected to the spindle support arm to control the pressure the reel exerts on the bed, to raise the reel for cleaning purposes and to pivot the reel to a vertical position about a pivot arm for over-road travel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to harvesting apparatus and more particularly to a self-propelled device primarily adapted for removing cranberries from the vines of a flooded cranberry bog. Cranberries grow on vines which are typically and preferably six to eight inches deep and often up to fourteen inches. In commercial cranberry growing operations, marsh areas or bogs are divided into relatively flat beds surrounded by dikes. The cranberry vines grow within the beds which may be flooded to protect the berries from frost. The beds are also flooded during harvesting operations to raise the vines. During harvesting, the berries are removed from the vines and float on the surface of the water. The berries may then be collected and removed for transport to a processing facility. Various proposals have been made for removing the cranberries from the relatively thick and tangled vine "carpets" in the bog beds. In one approach, a raking machine including a plurality of fingers or tines is moved through the bog. The fingers move under the berries and hold them while the vehicle moves, causing separation of the berries from the vines. These machines may deposit the berries into boats which are towed behind the vehicle. The boats are then removed from the bog and dumped into a truck. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04501111__

Patents 35

•

Cranberry harvesting machine Inventor(s): Furford; Julius M. (Rte. 1, Box 111, Grayland, WA 98547) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,881,544 Date filed: October 31, 1996 Abstract: A cranberry harvesting machine (20) including a main frame (22) supported by a wheel assembly (24) is provided. A harvesting assembly (26) is attached to the forward end of the main frame (22). A motor (M) is supported by the main frame (22) and includes a rotational output via a drive wheel (30). The drive wheel (30) drives both the harvesting assembly (26) and the wheel assembly (24). To accomplish this, a separate drive assembly (32) is interconnected between the drive wheel (30) and the wheel assembly (24) in order to operate the wheel assembly (24) independently of the harvesting assembly (26). The separate drive assembly (32) includes a transmission (34) having multiple operative modes and variable rotational output speeds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cranberry harvesting machines, and in particular, a self-propelled motorized vehicle for use in cranberry picking and pruning. Cranberries are grown in bogs having relatively flat bottom surfaces that are surrounded by dikes. During harvesting, these bogs may be flooded with water to facilitate picking or they may be kept relatively dry for certain types of harvesting operations. The cranberry vines are rooted in the bottom of the bog and form a tangle of vines reaching approximately one foot high. The cranberries themselves are attached to the ends of tips or tendrils that extend from the base of the vines roughly every six to eight inches. A conventional technique for harvesting the cranberries is to push a harvesting machine over the vines. The machine lifts the vines that are near the bottom of the bog and cuts them to allow new growth to form. Simultaneously, the machine separates the cranberries while leaving the tips intact. It is conventional for the machine to include conveying means that convey the cranberries to sacks or boxes located alongside the machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05881544__

•

Cranberry harvesting method and apparatus Inventor(s): Gidge; Lester (Nashua, NH) Assignee(s): Nashua Industrial Machine Corp. (Nashua, NH) Patent Number: 5,375,402 Date filed: August 31, 1992 Abstract: An apparatus for harvesting a crop, such as cranberries, includes a frame movable through a field of plants, a revolvable surface carried by the movable structure and supported to revolve about a horizontal axis, and resilient, rubbery fingers mounted rigidly on the revolvable surface and projecting outwardly therefrom. The revolvable surface and fingers are arranged to bring the fingers into contact with the crop plants. In addition, a method for harvesting berries includes the steps of moving a frame through a field, revolving a drum on the frame in a forward direction about a horizontal axis, with the drum having a plurality of semi-rigid, rubbery fingers rigidly mounted thereon and projecting outwardly therefrom, such that as the revolving drum moves through

36

Cranberries

the field, the fingers dislodge and sweep berries from plants onto an apron that leads to a conveyor or auger and to a container for further shipment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to harvesting crops. It is particularly useful for harvesting berries, and more particularly for harvesting berries such as cranberries that grow on low-lying plants. The apparatus and methods of this invention, however, may be used to harvest many kinds of crops, including vegetable, grain and fruit crops, particularly currants, blueberries and gooseberries. Cranberries are a delicious fruit with many uses, and they produce high yields of over 20,000 pounds per acre. The cranberry, however, is particularly difficult to harvest. Cranberries grow on low-lying plants that creep along the ground like ivy and typically rise up only 3-5 inches. The stems tend to become entwined with each other to form a tangled mass appearing almost as a green carpet, flecked with red at harvest time. Complete recovery of a crop is made more difficult because many ripened berries fall or are knocked to the ground and become nestled underneath this mass. Harvesting cranberries has therefore been a timeconsuming and inefficient process. Hand-picking recovers berries in the best condition, but it is slow, back-breaking work. Most cranberries are "wet-harvested." In this technique a field of ripe cranberries is flooded to a depth of one to two feet. Loose berries float to the surface of the water and are skimmed-off. To improve the yield, a rotating device, known as a "reel," may be used to beat the bushes while the field is flooded and dislodge additional berries. Such reels, which look somewhat like steamboat paddle wheels but have rods instead of flat blades and are typically about 4 to 10 feet wide and about 18 inches in diameter, tend however to bruise and damage the berries, reducing their storage life and perhaps making them fit only for juice and other products where damage can be tolerated. Berries in perfect condition command up to a 40% price premium over damaged berries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05375402__ •

Cranberry seed oil extract and compositions containing components thereof Inventor(s): Nawar; Wassef W. (Amherst, MA) Assignee(s): Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. (Lakeville-Middleboro, MA) Patent Number: 6,641,847 Date filed: June 1, 2000 Abstract: Isolated cranberry seed oil and components thereof, in a form suitable for use as a foodstuff, dietary supplement, or pharmaceutical composition, are disclosed. The isolated cranberry seed oil or compositions comprising one or a combination of components derived from the cranberry seed oil can be used as anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, antithrombotic, antioxidizing, antiatherogenic, antiinflammatory, and immunoregulatory agents. In addition, the invention features novel methods of extracting cranberry seed oil from cranberry seeds in a form suitable for adding to foodstuffs, dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical compositions. Excerpt(s): For millennia, humankind has relied on plant derivatives for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of aliments. For example, in China, various teas have been used as a crude medicine for over 4,000 years. And more recently, there has been considerable interest in taking advantage of various plant extracts as a source of health promoting substances such as, natural oxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. In part, this trend is due to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that some of these compounds have beneficial properties that may be advantageous in preventing or

Patents 37

delaying, for example, the onset of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, several studies have suggested that beneficial fatty acid and other plant derived compounds have desirable effects ranging from reducing lipid levels, lowering blood pressure, and regulating inflammatory disease. For example, barley has been shown to be particularly effective in lowering lipid levels in test animals (Quereshi et al., Lipids, 20:817-24 (1985)). And in particular, a tocochromanol isolated from barley extract has been identified as an active compound suitable for treating hypercholesterolemia (Quereshi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 261:10544-50 (1986)). Similarly, other tocochromanols, for example,.gamma.-tocotrienol and.delta.-tocotrienol have also been shown to reduce hypercholesterolemia in mammals (European patent application 421,419). In general, hypercholesterolemia involves high serum cholesterol levels that are associated with a number of diseases including atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, high serum cholesterol levels are also seen in patients suffering from other diseases such as diabetes mellitus and familial hypercholesterolemia. While improvement of lipoprotein profiles and a decrease in total serum and low density lipoprotein cholesterol have been shown to slow the progression of such diseases, the exact link between hypercholesterolemia and, most notably, cardiovascular disease, has remained obscure. As a result, cardiovascular disease continues to remain a leading cause of death in the United States. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641847__ •

Fruit extraction and infusion Inventor(s): Mantius; Harold L. (Raynham, MA), Peterson; Peter R. (Taunton, MA) Assignee(s): Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. (Lakeville-Middleboro, MA) Patent Number: 5,320,861 Date filed: January 3, 1992 Abstract: Extraction, especially of firm fruit such as cranberries, with improved yields of high quality, low tannin juices by using an improved countercurrent extractor employing longitudinal members positioned between adjacent flights and reinfusion of decharacterized, extracted fruit pieces with infusion syrups, such as juices from fruits other than that extracted, to produce a fruit food product of various flavors having a desired level of inherent soluble fruit component, without the need to bleed off spent syrup as a byproduct. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the extraction and infusion of fruits, especially cranberries, for producing various food products. Countercurrent extractors are used in the fruit processing industry for extraction of juices from solid fruit matter. The extractor includes a screw conveyor which urges fruit solids in a first direction, while extraction fluid flows in the opposite direction, extracting juice from the solids by osmosis. Other juice extraction methods used in the processing of cranberries include processes which utilize presses in conjunction with pressing aids (e.g., rice hulls) to produce a high quality single strength juice. Higher yield processes often utilize enzymatic treatment at elevated temperature to break down pectin in raw fruit prior to extraction and may result in a juice of substantially lower quality. In aspects of the invention, fruits, especially firm berry fruits such as cranberries, are extracted by an improved countercurrent extraction apparatus resulting in improved and surprising yields of high quality juice, without the need for pressing aids, enzymatic treatments, non excessive heating of extraction liquid or extracted juice mixtures or the fruit itself. Further, because enzymes and high temperatures need not be used, the fruit maintains

38

Cranberries

substantial physical integrity in a decharacterized form post extraction. The decharacterized fruit, a product of the juice extraction process, may be used as a carrier for various flavorings by infusing the decharacterized fruit with a flavored liquid infusion syrup. Particularly, infusion may be achieved with a countercurrent apparatus similar to that used for extraction with the decharacterized fruit being loaded as a solid and the infusion syrup, carrying the flavoring, introduced in a countercurrent fashion. The resulting infused food product, still maintaining substantial physical integrity of the original raw fruit, provides unique flavors by virtue of the various infusion fluids possible, such as fruit juices from fruits other than the fruit decharacterized. The infused fruit product may also maintain the characteristic flavor of the fruit itself to a desired degree. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05320861__ •

Fruit harvester Inventor(s): Rosset; Rene R. (28 Braewood Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,499,493 Date filed: September 8, 1994 Abstract: A picking system for cranberries or similar small berries carried on vines lying across the ground includes a plurality of tines arranged as an array across the picking system transverse to the direction of movement. The tines include a vertical portion, a curved section and a horizontal front portion projecting forwardly. The tines are reciprocated by a cam action behind the vertical portion. Each tine has a vertical slot along its center line through which passes a stationary blade with a hooked upper end so that the movement of the tine provides a scissors action with the stationary blade. A suction duct is positioned directly above the horizontal front portion to draw the collected berries vertically upwardly for collection. An air jet nozzle is positioned at the front of the suction duct with an air jet projecting downwardly and rearwardly to hold berries onto the horizontal portion. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a fruit harvester which is particularly but not exclusively designed for harvesting small berries such as cranberries which grow on vines lying across the ground. One example of a harvester of this general type is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,047 of the present inventor and the present application is directed to a number of improvements over this device which are designed to improve the picking process. The above patent discloses an arrangement including a plurality of forwardly extending tines which are oscillated so that the tines move substantially vertically at their forward ends to lift the berries away from the vine. A suction duct is positioned above the tines and provides an open mouth from which duct extends vertically. The berries separated from the vine are thus sucked away by the vertical suction duct and carried to a container. It has been found that this arrangement, while generally satisfactory, has a number of disadvantages. Firstly the vertical movement of the tines is unsatisfactory and provides an excessive pulling force on the vines. Secondly, transverse vines remain looped over the tines and are thus pulled by the forward movement of the tines. This can lead to excessive pulling force on the roots of the vines tending to rip the vines from the ground and cause damage to the plant. Furthermore, the berries can roll forwardly of the tines at locations where the number of berries is reduced due to a bare spot in the vine so that the berries can simply roll beyond the front end of the tines and are lost to the ground.

Patents 39

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05499493__ •

Infused vegetable, fruit, herb, and/or seed fiber product and dietary supplements containing same Inventor(s): Mann; Douglas G. (P.O. Box 777, Buzzards Bay, MA 02532-0777) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,231,866 Date filed: April 30, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing a reconstituted fruit, herb, and/or seed fiber product, the product produced using the method, and dietary supplements containing the product. The steps used to produce the product include expressing juice from a fruit (such as cranberries), herb, or seed; concentrating the juice by removing water; infusing pomace obtained during expression of the juice with the concentrated juice, and drying the steeped pomace to obtain a dry, non-hygroscopic, free-flowing nutritional supplement. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to: (i) a method of producing a reconstituted vegetable, fruit, herb, and/or seed product, the product produced using the method, and dietary supplements containing the product; (ii) other methods which provide all natural solutions for carrying and delivering nutraceutical supplements into the human body; and (iii) a unique cranberry nutraceutical product which can be used effectively to promote and maintain a healthy urinary tract. Currently, powdered forms of cranberries and of many other fruits, produced for use as ingredients, are made from the juice portion of the fruit only. The juice is extracted from the whole fruit by pressing and then concentrating. During this stage, the plant-derived fiber portion, otherwise known as the pomace or marc, of the fruit is discarded, and the natural pectin in the juice is removed. The remainder fruit juice product is then spray dried, using a highheat drying method to remove most of the moisture, which reduces it to a powder. This final powder ingredient is a substantially-depleted version of the whole fruit plant, bearing little resemblance to the values contained in the complete fruit. These powdered fruit ingredients, now devoid of many of the important active components and enzymes which synergistically existed in the whole fruit plant, deliver little therapeutic value when incorporated into nutraceutical products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231866__

•

Method of separating fruit or vegetable products Inventor(s): Campbell; Duncan (Central Point, OR), Squyres; H. Parks (Medford, OR) Assignee(s): SRC Vision, Inc. (Medford, OR) Patent Number: 5,791,497 Date filed: May 8, 1996 Abstract: A method of separating selected fruit from a volume of fruit is based on the reflectivity of the selected fruit. The method utilizes an automated optical inspection and sorting system to illuminate a volume of fruit including cranberries characterized by a spectral power distribution in the infrared spectral region. The system detects reflections of wavelengths of the illumination in the infrared spectral region, identifies the selected

40

Cranberries

fruit based on the detected reflectivity, and sorts the selected fruit from the volume of fruit. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a method of operating automated optical inspection and sorting systems and, in particular, to methods for operating such systems to separate selected fruits or vegetables from a large group of produce. Automated optical inspection and sorting systems have been used to inspect and sort various target specimens including fruits and vegetables, processed meats, baked goods, and other foodstuffs; to separate different types of recyclable material; and to sort foreign or defective items from supplies of wood chips. These systems typically employ video cameras with photo detector arrays to acquire images of target specimens moved on a conveyor belt across an optical scanning area. Illumination of the specimens is generally provided by broad-spectrum tubular fluorescent lamps of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,127. Signal processing circuitry identifies variations in the shade of target specimen images and sorts target specimens accordingly. In the commercial harvesting of produce, such as cranberries, it is necessary to separate unacceptable berries from the acceptable berries. There are several types of defective cranberries that are difficult to detect when the fruit is picked and sorted in large volumes. The most notable of these is a berry that has a dark red color and is soft to the touch. This is due to rot caused by either bacterial infection or bruising. Another type of defective berry is a white berry that has a smooth outer skin like that of good fruit but which is compliant to the touch. The feel of this defective berry is like that of an inflated balloon. These defective berries are called "balloons" or "poppers." The compliancy may be due to a gaseous build up within the sealed outer skin produced as a by-product of bacterial action. Yet another defective berry is one that is deep red in color but which has been infected with a bacterium that makes the fruit fluoresce at 680 nm when illuminated with long-wave ultraviolet light in the region of 350 nm to 400 nm. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05791497__ •

Natural color concentrates and antimicrobial nutraceutial from plants Inventor(s): Shanbrom; Edward (Santa Ana, CA) Assignee(s): Shanbrom Technologies LLC (Ojai, CA) Patent Number: 6,093,401 Date filed: September 16, 1997 Abstract: An active coloring concentrate can be prepared from the juice of cranberries and blueberries by treating juice or homogenate with an appropriate binding matrix. Assorted ion exchange resins such as cholestyramine are effective binding matrices, but the currently preferred material is a food grade of cross-linked polyvinyl pyrollidone. The binding matrices are used to concentrate active materials from cranberry and a colored solid is produced. This substance shows anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. It can be readily consumed as a therapeutic or nutraceutical, used as a coloring agent, or it can be used topically. Significant amounts of active concentrate can be produced from cranberry presscake which is normally a waste material. Excerpt(s): The current invention concerns the field of natural products and foods and more specifically colors and an antimicrobial composition prepared from cranberry juice. Health foods are estimated to currently represent an annual market in the United States of at least ten billion dollars ($10,000,000,000.00). By health foods is meant vitamins, minerals and herbal products that are widely believed to be efficacious in

Patents 41

improving human health without the cost and side-effects of ordinary pharmaceuticals. In recognition of the popularity and importance of these products the term "nutraceutical" has been coined and the product category has received special government regulatory treatment. There can be no denying that vitamins and minerals are essential for normal human health. Whether "excessive" doses of some vitamins, for example Vitamin C, provide special benefits is more controversial. More controversial still are the many herbal products of recent popularity such as saw palmetto and Ginkgo biloba. Many people swear by these and related products while large pharmaceutical companies claim that these remedies are untested and worthless. Nevertheless, virtually all important pharmaceutical drugs are based on natural plant products. Not too long ago the study of botany was a mandatory part of medical education. It is also clear that at least some of the herbal cures are effective. For example, feverfew, long a folk cure for headaches, is currently used in Europe as a legitimate cure for migraines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06093401__ •

Oral compositions Inventor(s): Heckert; David Clinton (Oxford, OH), Sunberg; Richard Joseph (Oxford, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,683,678 Date filed: March 9, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to oral compositions containing cranberries or parts of cranberries, such as cranberry extract, or a mixture of such materials and other antibacterial/antimicrobial agents. The invention also relates to methods of treating plaque/gingivitis and other periodontal diseases as well as dental calculus and caries. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oral compositions containing cranberries or parts of cranberries, such as cranberry extract or other members of the Ericaceae family, as antiplaque, anticalculus and anticaries agents. Plaque induced diseases, including periodontitis and gingivitis, are believed to involve anaerobic bacterial infections. Periodontal disease affects the periodontium, which is the investing and supporting tissue surrounding a tooth (i.e., the periodontal ligament, the gingiva, and the alveolar bone). Gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory disorders of the gingiva and the periodontal ligament, respectively. Gingivosis and periodontosis are more severe conditions involving degenerative disorders of the tissue. Combinations of inflammatory and degenerative conditions are termed periodontitis complex. Periodontal disease is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. Tooth loss from periodontal disease is a significant problem beginning at age 35, but even by age 15 it is estimated that about 4 out of 5 persons already have gingivitis and 4 out of 10 have periodontitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05683678__

42

Cranberries

•

Process for producing semi-moist cranberries and the product therefrom Inventor(s): Ismail; Amr A. (Machias, ME) Assignee(s): Maine Wild Blueberry Company (Machias, ME) Patent Number: 4,814,190 Date filed: December 14, 1987 Abstract: A semi-moist cranberry fruit product which is produced by slicing the fruit and through a sugar-spraying process in conjunction with wash-rinsing, surface air drying and vacuum drying or vacuum freeze-drying with sudden release of vacuum. The semi-moist fruit produced has an unusual appearance, consistent, texture and typical, but sweetened cranberry flavor and/or cranberry and orange flavor. Further collecting sweetened juice runoff from the fruit and drying the runoff to produce a taffylike flavoring additive usable as a candy when the moisture content is reduced to 4-9% or reducing the moisture content to 1-2% and producing a crystalline flavoring additive. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to food preservation and sweetening and more particularly to the preservation of cranberries and the preserved product. U.S. Pat. No. 2,692,831, to Weckel et al, concerning preparing maraschino style cranberries including puncturing cranberries, bleaching the punctured cranberries in a SO2 solution from 3-6 days; leaching the bleached berries in water until the pH in the berry is from 3.8-3.9; subjecting the leached berries to a vacuum while covered by water at about 130.degree. F. for a period of about 15-20 minutes at a vacuum of about 23-25 inches; after evacuation, the berries assumed a shriveled condition and the berries are next blanched in steam, then the blanched berries are subjected to dyeing and sweetening treatments to color and introducing sugar into the cranberries. U.S. Pat. No. 2,865,758 to Weckel, concerning puncturing the air sacks of cranberries, submerging the punctured berries in a concentrated aqueous sugar syrup containing calcium chloride and alum and subjecting the berries in the syrup to a vacuum treatment while the temperature of the berries are maintained at a temperature below 130.degree. F. until the vacuum treatment is completed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04814190__

•

Processed cranberry product and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Kato; Reijiro (Kanagawa Pref., JP) Assignee(s): Kato Bihoen-Honpo Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 6,387,438 Date filed: August 11, 2000 Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a novel processed cranberry product which maintains the spherical form of the cranberry, and a process suitable for producing such a novel processed food. The processed cranberry product according to the present invention comprises the spherical skin of the cranberry filled with a softened and sweetened sarcocarp, and can be advantageously produced in a process in which a plurality of holes are provided through the skin of frozen cranberries by puncturing treatment, then the cranberries are immersed in a sugar solution having a sugar content of 45 to 65 degrees and heated until the sarcocarp is softened. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a processed cranberry product which is so prepared that the fruit becomes soft but the original cranberry form is maintained, and

Patents 43

to a process for preparing such a processed cranberry product. Cranberries are the fruits of the cranberry bush, which is a plant belonging to the heath family and is grown in bogs in the Northern Hemisphere from the frigid zone to the temperate zone. They are in the form of a ball having a diameter of 15 to 20 mm, the surface of which is covered with an ekocarp, which is a waxy skin similar to that of the Chinese lantern plant. As cranberries are strongly acidic, fresh cranberries are not suitable for eating; they are squeezed to provide cranberry juice, cocked with sugar to provide a preserve, or sweetened then dried to provide dried cranberries which are eaten as dried fruit. Since cranberries are covered with a relatively strong skin, and the ovary of the fruit is divided into three chambers by the dissepiment, when heated, air in the chamber of the ovary may expand and rupture the exocarp, or the sarcocarp may flow out to damage the appearance of the resulting product. Therefore it is difficult to obtain a product having a good appearance. Accordingly, no processed cranberry products are known in which the processed cranberries remain in the spherical form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387438__ •

Sex attractant for the cranberry fruitworm Inventor(s): Davis; Harry G. (Yakima, WA), McDonough; Leslie M. (Yakima, WA), Smithhisler; Constance L. (Yakima, WA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,607,670 Date filed: May 1, 1995 Abstract: A composition of two compounds, (E,Z)-8,10-pentadecadien-1-ol acetate and (E)-9-pentadecen-1-ol acetate, is a highly effective attractant for the male cranberry fruitworm. The novel composition provides a sensitive tool for detection of this pest. By attracting male cranberry fruitworm moths to field traps, the composition provides a means for detecting, surveying, monitoring, and controlling the cranberry fruitworm. The attractant composition can also be used as a direct control tool by dispensing it throughout the host crop canopy, thereby preventing male cranberry fruitworms from locating and mating with the females. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a novel composition and use thereof for insect control. More particularly, the invention relates to a composition of (E,Z)-8,10pentadecadien-1-ol acetate and (E)-9-pentadecen-1-ol acetate, and use of the composition as an attractant, mating disruptant, and monitoring agent for the cranberry fruitworm. The cranberry fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii Riley, is a member of the Pyralidae family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). It occurs throughout the United States and Canada wherever its host plants occur. It is the most important pest of cranberries and blueberries and is capable of decimating these crops. Other host plants include huckleberries, dangle-berries, beach plums, and apples. The cranberry fruitworm overwinters as a diapausing larva in a hibemaculum and is univoltine. A larva typically consumes 5-8 berries (Brodel and Roberts, Cranberry Fruitworm, Extension Bulletin, University of Massachusetts, East Wareham, Mass.). No attractant or pheromone has been known heretofore for the cranberry fruitworm, therefore, it was not possible to know, prior to crop damage, if cranberries, blueberries, or other host plants were infested with this insect, or whether or not control measures were required. What is needed is an effective attractant for detecting, monitoring and controlling this pest.

44

Cranberries

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05607670__ •

Soft cranberry and undersize cranberry separator and method Inventor(s): Zdroik; Jerome J. (7262 10th St., Stevens Point, WI 54481) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,544,761 Date filed: October 24, 1994 Abstract: A cranberry separator, and method, to separate soft and undersize cranberries from hard, marketable cranberries. Mushy cranberries do not clog the separator.Pressure is repeatedly applied to each cranberry, to a pressure less than 0.50 psi, as cranberries are transported from a loading hopper, along a roller conveyor, to an outlet.The roller conveyor comprises an overhead soft roller, and a finned hard roller, mounted under the soft roller. Each cranberry passes between multiple pinch points, between the upper and lower rollers.Each cranberry is supported across two fins, at the pinch point. Soft cranberries are forced between the fins, and are stripped out from between the fins, by comb teeth, extending upwardly between the fins. After each pinch point, the cranberry is rotated randomly, to present a new surface to be tested. Excerpt(s): The invention is a soft cranberry, and undersize cranberry separator and method; the invention relates to machines for separating hard, marketable cranberries, from soft and undersize cranberries; separation is based on the greater crush resistance of hard, marketable cranberries. Prior art cranberry sorting devices, separate soft cranberries from hard cranberries, based on the resilience of cranberries. That is, hard cranberries bounce, soft cranberries do not bounce. In prior art, cranberries, to be sorted, are dropped onto a hard surface. The hard surface is mounted at an angle to the direction of fall of the cranberries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05544761__

Patent Applications on Cranberries As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cranberries: •

Cranberry based dietary supplement and dental hygiene product Inventor(s): Selzer, Jonathan; (New Haven, CT), St. John, Franklin M.; (Wallingford, CT) Correspondence: John L. Cordani; Carmody & Torrance Llp; 50 Leavenworth Street; P.O. Box 1110; Waterbury; CT; 06721-1110; US Patent Application Number: 20030108627 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: A cranberry based dietary supplement or dental hygiene product is revealed with enhanced flavor characteristics. Cranberry sources are combined with extracts of

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 45

the fruit of Lou Han Kuo and/or extracts from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and/or extracts from the leaves of Chinese Blackberry. The resulting product is a pleasant tasting dietary supplement, which is easily absorbed by the body in liquid form, and provides substantially therapeutic effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cranberry based compositions with improved taste, and to a method for using such compositions as dietary supplements, therapeutic supplements and/or as dental hygiene products. The uses of cranberry as a therapeutic supplement are manifold and well documented in the scientific literature. Current research around the world is substantiating further claims for traditional herbal medicines. The most well documented therapeutic effect of cranberry concerns urinary tract infections. For many years it has been recognized that cranberry juice helps to relieve and possible cure urinary tract infections such a bladder and urethra infections. Originally, this effect was considered to be a result of lowered urinary pH (increased acidity) after ingestion of cranberry. The lowered pH was thought to make the urine an inhospitable milieu for the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as E. Coli. The bacteria would not grow and would be washed through the system and excreted from the body with the urine. It has recently been discovered, that certain components of cranberry, the proanthocyanidins, possess specific properties which inhibit the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the wall of the urinary tract. Without a hold, the bacteria are easily flushed with the urine and excreted. In some cases, cranberry has been at least as, if not more, effective in preventing urinary tract infections than the commonly prescribed antibiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cranberry seed oil, cranberry seed flour and a method for making Inventor(s): Heeg, Tim; (Bloomington, MN), Lager, Bernard G. II; (Wisconsin Rapids, WI) Correspondence: Schwegman, Lundberg, Woessner & Kluth, P.A.; P.O. Box 2938; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20020168430 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention includes a cranberry seed oil, a cranberry flour and a method for making cranberry seed oil and flour. The cranberry seed oil comprises beta sitosterol and phosphatidylcholine. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-In-Part of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/203775, filed May 12, 2000. The present invention relates to cranberry seed oil, cranberry seed flour and to a method for making cranberry seed oil and cranberry seed flour and products comprising cranberry seed oil and cranberry seed flour. American cranberries, Vaccinium macrocarpon, are native plants of open, acid peat bogs in North America. Cranberry plants are evergreen perennial vines that produce runners and upright branches with terminal flower buds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

46

Cranberries

•

Feminine care products for the delivery of therapeutic substances Inventor(s): Dvoracek, Barbara Jo; (Appleton, WI), Geiser, Kimberly Marie; (Appleton, WI), Koenig, David William; (Menasha, WI), Krzysik, Duane Gerard; (Appleton, WI), Minerath, Bernard Joseph; (Oshkosh, WI), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: Kimberly-clark Worldwide, INC.; 401 North Lake Street; Neenah; WI; 54956 Patent Application Number: 20030120224 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: An absorbent personal care device, such as an interlabial pad, tampon, sanitary pad or liner, or incontinence product adapted to deliver a therapeutic agent to the vaginal epithelium for systemic and topical treatment, the tampon including absorbent material and a formulation including a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a botanical. The botanical may be, but is not limited to, Agnus castus, aloe vera, comfrey, calendula, dong quai, black cohosh, chamomile, evening primrose, Hypericum perforatum, licorice root, black currant seed oil, St. John's wort, tea extracts, lemon balm, capsicum, rosemary, Areca catechu, mung bean, borage seed oil, witch hazel, fenugreek, lavender, soy, heath, cranberries, blueberries, azaleas, red onion skin, short red bell peppers, long red bell peppers, beet root extract, capsanthin, whortleberry, lingenberry, chokeberry, sweet rowan, rowanberry, seabuckhrouberry, crowberry, strawberries, or gooseberries. Excerpt(s): Many disease states and physiological conditions can occur in a woman, including symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, menstruation, and menopause. These symptoms may include dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramping), irritability, water retention, moodiness, depression, anxiety, skin changes, headaches, breast tenderness, tension, weight gain, cravings, fatigue, and hot flashes. Symptoms of conditions can include itching and other associated sensory maladies. Many of these symptoms are due to changes in hormonal levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cramping is associated with increased levels of prostaglandin F2.alpha., prostaglandin E2, and in some cases leukotrienes in the endometrium and menstrual fluid. These eicosinoids lead to restricted blood flow to the uterus and increased uterine contractions, causing pain. One example is dysmenorrhea, which is the occurrence of painful uterine cramps during menstruation that affects a large number of postpubescent women. The pain of dysmenorrhea originates in the uterus. Various analgesics can be effective in limiting the pain from dysmenorrhea; some have used orally-delivered analgesics, while others have searched for alternative analgesic delivery methods. Attempts have been made to deliver analgesics in the vicinity of the cervix and the vaginal mucosa using various vaginally-inserted devices and methods. A similar situation exists with many other disease states and physiological conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method for producing miniature cranberries and a substantially full yield thereof Inventor(s): Smith, Jonathan D.; (Port Edwards, WI) Correspondence: Jansson, Shupe & Munger, Ltd; 245 Main Street; Racine; WI; 53403; US Patent Application Number: 20030167685 Date filed: March 7, 2002

Patents 47

Abstract: A method of enhancing and modifying the productivity of cranberry plants through commercial application of a plant-growth regulating composition to the plants during their bloom period to achieve a substantially consistent yield of miniature cranberries, and the yield of miniature cranberries that result therefrom. The method involves applying a plant-growth regulating composition, preferably gibberellin, to cranberry plants, most preferably during their mid-bloom period. The invention gives increased fruit set levels--80 % or even higher. In addition to higher fruit sets and, therefore, higher yields, application of the plant-growth regulator results in miniature parthenocarpic cranberries. Excerpt(s): This invention relates broadly to the field of plant productivity enhancement and modification. More specifically, the invention relates to methods for improving and modifying the productivity of plants used in commercial production of fruit and, still more specifically, to cranberry production. As one of only a few native North American fruits, the cranberry was an important staple long before the Pilgrims arrived. Native Americans made cakes prepared with lean, dried strips of meat pounded into paste and mixed with animal fat, grains and cranberries. Today, cranberries are enjoyed as fresh fruit, canned sauce, bottled juice, frozen concentrate, jams, sauces, relishes, and special low-calorie products. Many people enjoy muffins which include cranberries. During the production of such muffins, or other baked goods, cranberries are typically introduced to the batter before the muffins are baked. During the baking process, cranberries typically experience weeping, in which water in the cranberry cells is released. This results in the muffins being oversoaked from the released water. In addition, it usually causes the cranberries to change color to blue upon the loss of the water, which can be unappealing to consumers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel compositions derived from cranberry and grapefruit and therapeutic uses therefor Inventor(s): Guthrie, Najla; (London, CA), Kurowska, Elzbieta; (London, CA), Leahy, Margaret M.; (Pocasset, MA), Starr, Martin; (Plymouth, MA) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020054924 Date filed: April 13, 2001 Abstract: Novel compositions derived from grapefruit and cranberry are disclosed, as well as therapeutic uses for the compositions in treating or preventing cancer and hypercholesterolemia in a subject. The compositions are, in particular embodiments, derived from grapefruit essence oil, grapefruit peel oil, grapefruit peel, and decharacterized cranberry fruit. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/196,886, entitled "NOVEL COMPOSITIONS DERIVED FROM CRANBERRY AND GRAPEFRUIT AND THERAPEUTIC USES THEREFOR," filed on Apr. 13, 2000, incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. The contents of all patents, patent applications, and references cited throughout this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. For millennia, humankind has relied on plant derivatives for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of aliments. For example, in China, various teas have been used as a crude medicine for over 4,000 years. And more recently, there has been considerable interest in taking advantage of various plant

48

Cranberries

extracts as a source of health promoting substances such as, natural oxidants, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tocochromanols, and beneficial fatty acids. In part, this trend is due to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that some of these compounds have beneficial properties that may be advantageous in preventing or delaying the onset of disease. Indeed, several epidemiological studies considering the affect of diet on disease such as, e.g., cancer and hypercholesterolemia, have provided leads in the search for naturally-occurring anti-cancer or anti-cholesterol agents. For example, some studies suggest that plant-based diets, rich in whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, may reduce the risk of various types of cancer, including breast cancer (Steinmetz & Potter, 1991). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for producing sugars and acids-rich juice and phytochemical-rich juice Inventor(s): Mantius, Harold L.; (North Kingstown, RI), Rose, Lawrence; (N. Dighton, MA) Correspondence: Anita L. Meiklejohn, PH.D.; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020197380 Date filed: June 26, 2001 Abstract: A method is described for processing fruit or vegetables, e.g., cranberries, into two different juices. One of the two juices has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. The other of the two juices has a relatively low level of phytochemicals and a relatively high level of sugars and acids. The method of the invention entails providing three juice streams. The first juice stream is passed through an ultrafiltration apparatus or some other apparatus that is capable of preferentially separating the relatively lower molecular weight compounds, e.g., sugars and acids, from the relatively higher molecular weight compounds, e.g., phytochemicals. This process creates two juice fractions: a juice fraction that is relatively enriched in sugars and acids and a juice fraction that is relatively enriched in phytochemicals. The second juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is relatively enriched in sugars and acids to create a juice that has a relatively high level of sugars and acids and a relatively low level of phytochemicals. The third juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is relatively enriched in phytochemicals to create a juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. Excerpt(s): Fruits and vegetables contain a wide variety of compounds including sugars, acids, and phytochemical compounds. Depending on the product desired, it can be beneficial to have a relatively high level or a relatively low level of each of these compounds. A method is described for processing fruits or vegetables, e.g., cranberries, into two different juices. One of the two juices has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. The other of the two juices has a relatively low level of phytochemicals and a relatively high level of sugars and acids. The method of the invention entails providing three juice streams. The first juice stream is passed through an ultrafiltration apparatus or some other apparatus that is capable of preferentially separating the relatively lower molecular weight compounds, including sugars and acids, from the relatively higher molecular weight compounds, including phytochemicals. This process creates two juice fractions: a juice fraction that is enriched in sugars and acids ("a sugars and acids-rich juice fraction") and

Patents 49

a juice fraction that is enriched in phytochemicals ("a phytochemical-rich juice fraction"). The second juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is enriched in sugars and acids to create a juice that has a relatively high level of sugars and acids and a relatively low level of phytochemicals. The third juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is enriched in phytochemicals to create a juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. Fruit or vegetable juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids can be used for a variety of purposes. For example, because many phytochemicals are believed to confer health benefits, juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids can be used in its pure form or combined with other juices to provide a health benefit enriched juice or blended juice product. In addition, juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids can be used in its pure form or combined with other juices to provide a juice or blended juice product of reduced caloric content. In addition, because such juices contain a relatively high level of pigments they can be used to enhance the color of blended juice products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for the fortification of a fruit based food product with calcium Inventor(s): Bontenbal, Elize Willem; (Wageningen, NL), Bouman, Simone Johanna; (Almkerk, NL) Correspondence: Pepper Hamilton Llp; 600 Fourteenth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030059499 Date filed: September 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the fortification of food products containing fruit, such as fruit juices, concentrates, syrups or spreads with calcium. According to this process an inorganic calcium salt and a calcium salt of an organic acid are added to the fruit containing food product. In particular this method is suitable for food products with fruit containing anthocyanins, such as cranberries. A preferred combination of calcium salts is a calcium salt of lactic acid with calcium chloride. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the fortification of food products containing fruit such as fruit juices, concentrates, syrups or spreads with calcium. Such processes are known from the prior art. In WO 00/28838 a calcium fortified juice based nutritional beverage is described containing depectinized fruit juice and a source of calcium selected from natural milk mineral, calcium lactate gluconate or mixtures thereof. The beverage can further contain nutrients such as vitamins. In EP 397 232 also a nutritional beverage containing fruit juice is described wherein as a calcium source calcium chloride, calcium carbonate or calcium-citrate-malate is used. U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,927 describes a process for preparing a calcium enriched food product by subsequently mixing in water or fruit juice of calcium hydroxide, a phosphorus based acid, calcium lactate and calcium phosphate. The mixture comprises about 40 wt. % of total calcium derived from calcium hydroxide, about 15 wt. % of total calcium derived from calcium lactate and about 45 wt. % of total calcium derived from calcium phosphate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

50

Cranberries

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cranberries, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cranberries. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cranberries. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

51

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CRANBERRIES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cranberries. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cranberries include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cranberries” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cranberries” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cranberries” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums (Royal Horticultural Society/Timber Press Plant Collectors Guides Series) by Jennifer Trehane (2004); ISBN: 0881926159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881926159/icongroupinterna

•

Cape Cod Cookbook: 210 Traditional Recipes from Chatham Cranberry Salsa to Provincetown Crab Cakes by Jerome Rubin (2002); ISBN: 1580625843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580625843/icongroupinterna

•

Celebrating Cranberries: A Collection of Cranberry Recipes by Fern Walker (2002); ISBN: 0968459609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968459609/icongroupinterna

•

Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases by Frank L. Caruso (Editor), Donald C. Ramsdell (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0890541736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890541736/icongroupinterna

52

Cranberries

•

Cooking With Cranberries by Lura Rogers (2002); ISBN: 1580174817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580174817/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberries by Elaine Elliott (1999); ISBN: 088780473X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088780473X/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberries; ISBN: 7216009568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7216009568/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberries by William Jaspersohn; ISBN: 0395520983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0395520983/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberries by Bob Adams Publishers; ISBN: 155850494X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155850494X/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberries from A to Z: An Educational Picture Book by Ann Kurz; ISBN: 0962278408; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962278408/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberries: Fruit of the Bogs by Diane L. Burns, Cheryl Walsh Bellville (Photographer) (1995); ISBN: 0876149646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876149646/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry (Natural Health Guide) by Phyllis Dales, Bruce Dales (2002); ISBN: 1553120078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1553120078/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry circus! : the how-to book for home health care by Ki Ki Dowd; ISBN: 0965528103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965528103/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry Companion by Liz Clark, et al (2004); ISBN: 1883283280; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883283280/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry Connection (The Connection Cookbook Series) by Beatrice Ross Buszek; ISBN: 0920852300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920852300/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry Cookbook by Philip Webb (Author); ISBN: 060059629X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/060059629X/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry Cookery II by R. Marilyn Schmidt (1997); ISBN: 0937996173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937996173/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry Cooking for All Seasons by Nancy Cappelloni; ISBN: 0932027717; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932027717/icongroupinterna

•

Cranberry Juice - US [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Global Industry Analysts (Author); ISBN: B00005V84Q; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005V84Q/icongroupinterna

•

Crazed for Cranberries; Lowfat Recipes by Coastal New England Publications, et al; ISBN: 188686215X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188686215X/icongroupinterna

•

Diseases of Small Fruits: Blackberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Grape, Raspberry, Strawberry (Digital Images Collection) (2000); ISBN: 089054252X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089054252X/icongroupinterna

Books

53

•

In A Nutshell--Healing Herbs: Cranberry by Jill Nice, Jill Rosemary Davies; ISBN: 1862047073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862047073/icongroupinterna

•

The American Cranberry by Paul Eck (1990); ISBN: 0813514916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813514916/icongroupinterna

•

The Berry Book: Strawberries Blueberries Raspberries Blackberries Cranberries (Cookbook) by Lawrence Rosenberg, Larry Rosenberg (Photographer) (1995); ISBN: 0942320484; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942320484/icongroupinterna

•

The Cranberry Book by Elizabeth Gemming; ISBN: 0698205685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0698205685/icongroupinterna

•

The Cranberry Connection: Cranberry Cookery With Flavour, Fact, and Folklore, from Memories, Libraries, and Kitchens of Old and New Friends and stran by Beatrice Ross, Buszek; ISBN: 0828903379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0828903379/icongroupinterna

•

The Cranberry Tea Room Cookbook by Richard Martinez, Gloria Chavez; ISBN: 0809529505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809529505/icongroupinterna

•

US CRANBERRY REPORT 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006SLMK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006SLMK/icongroupinterna

•

Very Cranberry by Jennifer Trainer Thompson (2003); ISBN: 1587611805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587611805/icongroupinterna

•

Wild & Wonderful Cranberries by Helen Webber, et al; ISBN: 1894022041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1894022041/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

10

Cranberry fruit: Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton: standards of analysis, quality control, and therapeutics. Author: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.; Year: 2002; Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, c2002; ISBN: 1929425155

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

54

Cranberries

Chapters on Cranberries In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cranberries, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cranberries using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

55

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CRANBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cranberries.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cranberries is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cranberries. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cranberries” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cranberries: •

Patients on warfarin advised against drinking cranberry juice Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 18, 2003

•

Experts warn warfarin users about cranberry juice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 18, 2003

56

Cranberries

•

Cranberry phenolics reduce stroke damage in cultured rat neurons Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 09, 2003

•

Cranberry extract may help reduce stroke damage Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 09, 2003

•

Cranberry juice raises HDL cholesterol levels Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 25, 2003

•

Cranberry juice may inhibit respiratory bacteria Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 28, 2002

•

Cranberry juice blocks H. influenzae activity in vitro Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 28, 2002

•

Cranberry juice keeps urinary tract infection away Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 29, 2001

•

Consumption of cranberry juice reduces UTI risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 29, 2001

•

Cranberry juice better than yogurt drink for urinary bugs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 11, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to

Periodicals and News

57

Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cranberries” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cranberries, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cranberries” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on cranberries: •

Cranberry: Science Backs Folk Remedy for Urinary Infections Source: Environmental Nutrition. 22(6): 8. June 1999. Contact: Available from Environmental Nutrition, Inc. 52 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10024-6599. (800) 829-5384. Summary: This brief article offers research support for the use of cranberries as a folk remedy for urinary tract infections (UTIs). Well controlled clinical evidence is limited to a 1994 landmark study of 153 elderly women. Those who drank 10 ounces of a saccharin sweetened cranberry beverage daily for six months were about half as likely to have bacteria in their urine (an indication of infection) compared to those who drank a placebo beverage. Cranberry acts against infection, but does not acidify urine and kill bacteria, as was once thought. Instead, laboratory studies show that cranberry prevents bacteria like E. coli from adhering to the lining of the urinary tract. Presumably, rather than hanging around to multiply, bacteria are flushed out in the urine. The active compounds in cranberry have recently been identified as the same proanthocyanidins found in blueberries. The article concludes with recommendations for readers who wish

58

Cranberries

to utilize cranberry as a preventive measure against UTIs. The author notes that a capsule containing 300 to 800 milligrams of dried cranberry powder is available, but it is not yet known if the body absorbs as much proanthocyanidins from supplements as it does from juice. •

Cranberry Connection Source: Quality Care. 18(3): 4. Summer 2000. Contact: Available from National Association for Continence. P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) 252-3337 or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. Summary: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a serious health problem that affects nearly 7 million women a year. Often UTIs are recurrent, requiring patients to take daily doses of antibiotics to prevent infections. Prolonged antibiotic use has resulted in bacterial resistance problems and has left researchers searching for alternative therapies. This brief article reviews the connection between cranberry juice and the maintenance of urinary tract health. There is mounting scientific evidence to suggest that cranberries do help ward off UTIs. Research has shown that compounds called tannins can prevent Escherichia coli, the primary cause of UTIs, from attaching to the walls of the urinary tract, therefore preventing their multiplying and causing infection. Tannin has been extracted from cranberries. A 10 ounce glass of cranberry juice or two 400 milligram capsules of cranberry powder supplement each day can result in the beneficial effect of these tannins (research studies showed a reduction of nearly 50 percent in urinary tract bacteria in elderly women who followed this regimen). The author cautions that cranberry juice products must be labelled as at least 25 percent cranberry; juices are often diluted or sweetened with white grape juice and other juices. Juice blends such as cranberry apple can also be low in cranberry. Blueberries (1 cup of fresh or frozen per day) can be eaten as an alternative to cranberries. Blueberries are closely related to cranberries and contain the same tannins. Other foods such as grapes and wine have a different type of tannin and are not effective against UTIs.

Academic Periodicals covering Cranberries Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cranberries. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cranberries that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

59

CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cranberries. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cranberries. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

60

Cranberries

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cranberries: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202075.html •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atrosept; Dolsed; Hexalol; Prosed/DS; UAA; Urimed; Urised; Uriseptic; Uritab; Uritin; Uro-Ves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202075.html

Lansoprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html

Methenamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hiprex; Mandelamine; Urex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202354.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA

Researching Medications

61

through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

63

APPENDICES

65

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

66

Cranberries

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

67

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

68

Cranberries

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 65 1 522 0 0 588

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “cranberries” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

69

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

71

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cranberries can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cranberries. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cranberries. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cranberries”:

72

Cranberries

•

Other guides Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Kidney Failure and Dialysis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailureanddialysis.html Nausea and Vomiting http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nauseaandvomiting.html Urinary Tract Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cranberries. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

73

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cranberries. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cranberries. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cranberries. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cranberries” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cranberries”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For

74

Cranberries

publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cranberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cranberries” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

75

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

76

Cranberries

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

77

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

78

Cranberries

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

79

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

80

Cranberries

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

81

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

83

CRANBERRIES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH]

84

Cranberries

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat

Dictionary 85

as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract

86

Cranberries

infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta-Glucosidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of beta-glucose. EC 3.2.1.21. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU]

Dictionary 87

Butterflies: Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which

88

Cranberries

can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH]

Dictionary 89

Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholestyramine: Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation

90

Cranberries

occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

Dictionary 91

etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Calculus: Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses. [NIH] Dental Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

92

Cranberries

Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH]

Dictionary 93

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU]

94

Cranberries

Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin

96

Cranberries

help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH]

Dictionary 97

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Exchange Resins: High molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal

98

Cranberries

tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH]

Dictionary 99

Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Moths: Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order Lepidoptera. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH]

100 Cranberries

Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens

Dictionary 101

rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal Ligament: Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase

102 Cranberries

"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH]

Dictionary 103

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH]

104 Cranberries

Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics

Dictionary 105

when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between

106 Cranberries

the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Urostomy: An operation to create an opening from inside the body to the outside, making a new way to pass urine. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

108 Cranberries

viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH]

109

INDEX A Abdomen, 83, 98, 105 Abdominal, 83, 102 Acceptor, 83, 101 Acetylcholine, 83, 89, 100 Acrylonitrile, 83, 104 Adenosine, 83, 101 Adverse Effect, 83, 97, 105 Agar, 83, 102 Algorithms, 83, 86 Alkaline, 83, 87 Aloe, 46, 83 Alternative medicine, 56, 83 Alum, 42, 83 Aluminum, 83 Amino Acids, 83, 84, 87, 103, 106 Anaerobic, 41, 84 Analgesic, 46, 84 Analogous, 84, 102, 106 Aneurysm, 84, 107 Anions, 84, 97 Anthocyanins, 17, 32, 33, 49, 84 Antibacterial, 8, 41, 84, 105 Antibiotic, 6, 23, 58, 84, 86, 105 Antibody, 84, 89, 96 Anticoagulant, 84, 103, 108 Antidote, 84, 87 Antigen, 84, 90, 96 Antimicrobial, 40, 41, 84 Antioxidant, 9, 16, 21, 22, 23, 84, 85, 101 Antipruritic, 84, 89 Antithrombotic, 36, 84 Anxiety, 46, 84, 97 Apolipoproteins, 84, 98 Aqueous, 32, 42, 84, 86 Arachidonic Acid, 84, 97, 103 Arginine, 85, 100 Aromatic, 85, 87, 105, 106 Arterial, 85, 89, 96, 103 Arteries, 85, 86, 91, 98, 99, 100 Arterioles, 85, 86, 87 Arteriolosclerosis, 85 Arteriosclerosis, 37, 85 Ascorbic Acid, 9, 10, 13, 85 Astringent, 33, 85 Atrial, 85, 108 Atrial Fibrillation, 85, 108 Autoimmune disease, 85, 99

B Bacteria, 6, 10, 13, 22, 24, 32, 45, 56, 57, 58, 84, 85, 86, 92, 94, 95, 99, 105, 107 Bacterial Adhesion, 13, 32, 85 Bacterial Infections, 41, 85 Bactericidal, 85, 93 Bacteriophage, 85, 102 Bacterium, 40, 85, 95 Bacteriuria, 8, 11, 12, 85 Base, 34, 35, 86, 91, 97 Benzoic Acid, 32, 33, 86 Beta-Glucosidase, 12, 86 Bile, 86, 89, 98 Biliary, 86, 89 Biofilms, 7, 8, 23, 86 Biotechnology, 4, 53, 56, 67, 86 Bladder, 8, 26, 45, 86, 91, 96, 99, 100, 104, 107 Blood Coagulation, 86, 87 Blood Glucose, 86, 95 Blood pressure, 16, 37, 86, 88, 96 Blood vessel, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 106, 107 Body Fluids, 86, 92 Bradykinin, 86, 100 Branch, 79, 86, 105, 106 Broad-spectrum, 40, 86 Butterflies, 43, 87 C Calcification, 85, 87 Calcium, 13, 42, 49, 87, 90 Calcium Carbonate, 49, 87 Calcium Chloride, 42, 49, 87 Calcium Hydroxide, 49, 87 Calendula, 46, 87 Capillary, 86, 87, 88 Capillary Fragility, 87, 88 Capsaicin, 87 Capsicum, 46, 87 Capsules, 58, 87 Carboxy, 87 Carboxylic Acids, 17, 24, 87 Carcinogens, 87, 101 Cardiovascular, 6, 16, 23, 37, 87, 97 Cardiovascular disease, 37, 87 Carotene, 88, 89 Carotenoids, 87, 88 Catechin, 33, 88 Catheterization, 8, 88, 97

110 Cranberries

Cations, 88, 97 Cause of Death, 37, 88 Cell, 10, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108 Cell Division, 85, 88, 94, 102, 105 Cell proliferation, 85, 88 Cellulose, 88, 102 Central Nervous System, 83, 88, 95, 97, 99 Cerebrovascular, 88 Cervical, 33, 88 Cervix, 46, 88 Chamomile, 46, 88 Character, 88, 91 Cholesterol, 37, 48, 56, 86, 88, 89, 91, 96, 98 Cholesterol Esters, 89, 98 Cholestyramine, 40, 89 Choline, 88, 89 Chronic, 27, 89, 90, 96, 106, 108 Chylomicrons, 89, 98 Citrus, 85, 89 Clinical trial, 4, 67, 89, 104 Cloning, 22, 86, 89 Coagulation, 86, 89, 108 Coenzyme, 85, 89 Cofactor, 89, 103 Collagen, 88, 89, 102 Colloidal, 32, 89 Comfrey, 46, 89 Complement, 89, 90 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 29, 90 Complementary medicine, 21, 90 Computational Biology, 67, 90 Concretion, 90, 91 Conjugated, 86, 90, 91 Connective Tissue, 85, 89, 90, 98, 101 Consciousness, 84, 90 Consumption, 7, 8, 9, 23, 24, 56, 90 Contraindications, ii, 90 Coordination, 90, 99 Coronary, 87, 90, 91, 99, 100 Coronary heart disease, 87, 91 Coronary Thrombosis, 91, 99, 100 Coumarins, 88, 91 Curative, 91, 106 Cyclic, 91, 94, 100, 103 Cysteine, 91, 106 Cystitis, 16, 22, 72, 91 Cytochrome, 25, 91 D Databases, Bibliographic, 67, 91 Degenerative, 41, 91

Dendrites, 91, 100 Density, 6, 16, 37, 91, 98, 100 Dental Calculus, 41, 91 Dental Instruments, 32, 91 Diabetes Mellitus, 37, 91, 94, 95 Diagnostic procedure, 31, 57, 91 Diarrhea, 89, 92 Diffusion, 92, 107 Digestion, 86, 92, 98, 101, 105 Dilatation, 84, 92, 107 Dilatation, Pathologic, 92, 107 Dilation, 86, 92, 107 Diploid, 92, 102 Direct, iii, 43, 59, 92, 104 Disinfectant, 92, 93, 105 Diuretic, 87, 92 Diurnal, 87, 92 Drive, ii, vi, 15, 34, 35, 57, 92 Drug Interactions, 60, 92 Duct, 38, 88, 92 Duodenum, 86, 92, 106 Dysmenorrhea, 46, 92 E Elasticity, 85, 92 Electrolyte, 92, 95, 102 Electrons, 84, 86, 92, 97, 100, 101 Emboli, 92, 108 Embolism, 92, 104, 108 Embolization, 92, 108 Embryo, 92, 102 Emodin, 83, 92 Endometrium, 46, 93, 99 Endothelium, 93, 100 Endothelium-derived, 93, 100 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 93 Enzymatic, 37, 87, 88, 90, 93 Enzyme, 86, 89, 93, 94, 97, 98, 108 Epidemiological, 48, 93 Epithelial, 32, 93 Epithelial Cells, 32, 93 Epithelium, 46, 93 Esophagus, 93, 106 Ethanol, 33, 93 Evacuation, 42, 93 Extracellular, 86, 90, 93 Extraction, 32, 33, 37, 93 F Family Planning, 67, 93 Fat, 19, 47, 84, 88, 91, 92, 93, 98, 99 Fatigue, 46, 93 Fatty acids, 48, 87, 93, 98, 103 Fermentation, 32, 93

Index 111

Fetus, 93, 107 Forearm, 86, 93 Fructose, 93, 94 Fungi, 93, 99 Fungistatic, 86, 93 G Gas, 92, 94, 96, 100, 106 Gastric, 5, 10, 94, 95, 101 Gastritis, 94, 95 Gastrointestinal, 86, 93, 94, 97 Gastrointestinal tract, 93, 94, 98 Gene, 53, 86, 94, 105 Genital, 33, 94, 107 Genitourinary, 94, 107 Germ Cells, 94, 100 Gibberellin, 47, 94 Glucose, 10, 85, 86, 88, 91, 94, 95, 104 Glucose Intolerance, 91, 94 Glycine, 86, 94 Governing Board, 94, 102 Grade, 40, 94 Graft, 94, 96 Gram-negative, 94, 95 Granulocytes, 94, 108 Growth, 35, 45, 47, 84, 88, 93, 94, 95, 102 Guanylate Cyclase, 94, 100 H Hair follicles, 94, 108 Haploid, 94, 102 Headache, 95, 102 Health Promotion, 9, 24, 95 Heart attack, 88, 95 Helicobacter, 5, 10, 95 Helicobacter pylori, 5, 10, 95 Heme, 91, 95 Hemodiafiltration, 95, 107 Hemodialysis, 87, 95, 107 Hemofiltration, 95, 107 Hemoglobin, 10, 95 Hemorrhage, 95, 106 Hepatotoxic, 89, 95, 104 Heredity, 94, 95 Homogenate, 40, 95 Hormonal, 46, 95 Hormone, 95 Host, 24, 43, 85, 96, 97, 108 Hydrogen, 83, 86, 96, 99, 101 Hydrolysis, 86, 96 Hydrophobic, 96, 98 Hypercholesterolemia, 37, 47, 48, 96 Hypersensitivity, 96, 97 Hypertension, 85, 88, 95, 96

I Id, 19, 26, 72, 78, 80, 96 Immune adjuvant, 83, 96 Immune response, 83, 84, 85, 96, 108 Immune system, 96, 98, 99, 101, 107, 108 Immunosuppressive, 3, 96 In vitro, 9, 13, 16, 24, 56, 96 In vivo, 96, 100 Incontinence, 27, 46, 96 Indicative, 51, 96, 107 Infarction, 96 Infection, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 40, 56, 57, 58, 86, 96, 98, 106, 107, 108 Inflammation, 26, 27, 91, 94, 96, 97, 101, 108 Infusion, 16, 37, 96 Ingestion, 12, 45, 97, 99, 102 Inhalation, 97, 102, 105 Inorganic, 49, 97, 99 Insect Control, 43, 97 Insomnia, 97, 102 Insulator, 97, 99 Intermittent, 8, 97 Intestinal, 13, 18, 25, 88, 95, 97 Intestines, 83, 89, 94, 97 Intracellular, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103 Intravenous, 96, 97 Intubation, 88, 97 Ion Exchange, 33, 40, 88, 97 Ion Exchange Resins, 33, 40, 97 Ions, 86, 89, 92, 96, 97 Isozymes, 25, 97 K Kava, 8, 97 Kb, 66, 97 Kidney stone, 8, 24, 97, 100 Kidney Transplantation, 3, 97 L Larva, 43, 97 Lesion, 25, 97 Leukotrienes, 46, 85, 97 Library Services, 78, 98 Life cycle, 93, 97, 98 Ligament, 41, 98 Linkages, 95, 98 Lipid, 37, 84, 85, 89, 98, 99 Lipoprotein, 6, 37, 94, 98 Lipoxygenase, 97, 98 Liver, 83, 85, 86, 95, 98 Localized, 96, 98, 102 Locomotion, 98, 102 Low-density lipoprotein, 98

112 Cranberries

Lymph, 88, 93, 98 Lymph node, 88, 98 Lymphatic, 93, 96, 98 M Meat, 47, 98 Medial, 85, 98 MEDLINE, 67, 98 Membrane, 90, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104 Menopause, 46, 98 Menstrual Cycle, 46, 99, 102 Menstruation, 46, 92, 98, 99, 102 Methanol, 33, 99 Methionine, 28, 99, 106 MI, 81, 99 Microbe, 99, 106 Microbiological, 33, 99 Microbiology, 5, 13, 86, 99 Micro-organism, 95, 99, 102 Milligram, 58, 99 Mineralization, 87, 99 Modification, 47, 99 Molecular, 5, 10, 24, 32, 48, 67, 69, 84, 86, 90, 95, 97, 99, 104 Molecular mass, 5, 99 Molecule, 84, 86, 89, 90, 93, 96, 99, 100, 101 Moths, 43, 99 Mucosa, 46, 99 Mucus, 5, 10, 99 Multiple sclerosis, 9, 99 Mung bean, 46, 99 Myelin, 99, 100 Myocardial infarction, 91, 99, 100, 108 Myocardium, 99, 100 N Nausea, 72, 100, 102 Necrosis, 96, 99, 100 Need, 3, 33, 37, 54, 57, 73, 100 Nephrolithiasis, 8, 100 Nerve, 91, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107 Nervous System, 88, 100 Neurogenic, 8, 100 Neurons, 56, 91, 100 Nitric Oxide, 16, 100 Nitrogen, 99, 100 O Ointments, 88, 100 Opacity, 91, 100 Osmosis, 32, 37, 100 Ovary, 43, 100, 102 Oxidants, 36, 48, 100 Oxidation, 6, 16, 83, 84, 91, 100, 101 Oxidation-Reduction, 100, 101

Oxidative metabolism, 97, 101 P Palliative, 101, 106 Pathogen, 95, 101 Peptic, 95, 101 Peptic Ulcer, 95, 101 Perennial, 45, 89, 101, 106 Periodontal disease, 41, 101 Periodontal Ligament, 41, 101 Periodontitis, 41, 101 Phagocyte, 100, 101 Pharmacologic, 101, 106 Pheromone, 18, 43, 101 Phospholipids, 93, 98, 101 Phosphorus, 3, 49, 87, 101 Photoreceptors, 101 Physiologic, 99, 101, 103 Pigments, 33, 49, 84, 88, 102 Pilot study, 7, 23, 102 Plants, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 43, 45, 47, 88, 89, 92, 94, 102, 104, 105, 106 Plaque, 41, 102 Plasma, 9, 89, 94, 95, 102 Platelet Aggregation, 100, 102 Platelets, 100, 102 Poisoning, 87, 100, 102 Pollen, 17, 102 Polymers, 86, 97, 102, 103, 106 Potassium, 3, 102 Practice Guidelines, 68, 102 Precursor, 85, 89, 93, 102 Premenstrual, 46, 102 Premenstrual Syndrome, 46, 102 Progression, 37, 103 Progressive, 85, 94, 100, 103 Prophylaxis, 5, 6, 21, 103, 108 Prostaglandin, 46, 103 Prostaglandins A, 103 Protein C, 84, 85, 98, 103 Protein S, 53, 86, 103 Proteins, 83, 84, 89, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106 Protozoa, 99, 103 Public Policy, 67, 103 Publishing, 4, 103 Pulmonary, 86, 90, 95, 97, 103, 104, 108 Pulmonary Artery, 86, 103, 104 Pulmonary Embolism, 104, 108 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 89, 104 R Randomized, 5, 21, 104 Recombinant, 22, 104

Index 113

Rectum, 94, 96, 104 Recurrence, 6, 22, 104 Refer, 1, 89, 93, 98, 104 Regimen, 58, 104 Remission, 104 Renal pelvis, 97, 104 Research Support, 57, 104 Restoration, 104, 108 Retina, 104 Rheumatoid, 101, 104 Rigidity, 102, 104 Risk factor, 8, 24, 104 Rod, 85, 104 Rubber, 13, 83, 104 S Saccharin, 57, 104 Salicylate, 88, 104 Sanitary, 46, 104 Saponins, 87, 89, 104 Sclerosis, 85, 99, 105 Screening, 16, 21, 89, 105 Sebaceous, 105, 108 Secretion, 99, 105 Sedative, 97, 105 Segregation, 86, 105 Sequencing, 95, 105 Serum, 37, 89, 98, 105 Side effect, 59, 83, 105, 106 Skeleton, 103, 105 Solvent, 93, 99, 105 Specialist, 73, 92, 105 Species, 22, 87, 88, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107 Spectrum, 105 Sperm, 102, 105 Spices, 87, 105 Spinal cord, 7, 23, 25, 88, 100, 105 Sprayer, 17, 105 Sterile, 32, 105 Stimulus, 92, 105 Stomach, 32, 33, 83, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 105 Stool, 96, 106 Stress, 87, 100, 104, 106 Stroke, 56, 66, 88, 106 Styrene, 104, 106 Subacute, 96, 106 Subclinical, 96, 106 Subspecies, 105, 106 Suction, 38, 106 Sulfur, 18, 99, 106 Supplementation, 8, 13, 106 Systemic, 46, 60, 86, 96, 106, 108

T Therapeutics, 53, 60, 106 Thrombosis, 103, 106 Tissue, 33, 41, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105, 106, 108 Tooth Loss, 41, 106 Topical, 46, 85, 93, 106 Toxic, iv, 95, 99, 106 Toxicity, 22, 92, 106 Toxicology, 68, 106 Toxins, 22, 84, 96, 106 Transfection, 86, 106 Trees, 104, 106 Tuberculosis, 90, 107 U Ultrafiltration, 48, 95, 107 Unconscious, 96, 107 Ureters, 97, 107 Urethra, 45, 107 Urinary tract, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 32, 33, 39, 45, 56, 57, 58, 85, 107 Urine, 8, 9, 10, 13, 45, 57, 84, 85, 86, 92, 96, 97, 104, 107 Urogenital, 13, 18, 25, 94, 107 Urolithiasis, 13, 107 Urostomy, 6, 107 Uterine Contraction, 46, 107 Uterus, 46, 88, 93, 99, 107 V Vaccine, 83, 107 Vagina, 88, 99, 107 Vaginal, 46, 107 Vascular, 93, 96, 100, 107 Vasodilation, 16, 107 Vasodilators, 100, 107 Venous, 27, 103, 107, 108 Venous Thrombosis, 107, 108 Vertebrae, 105, 107 Veterinary Medicine, 67, 107 Viral, 40, 107 Virulence, 106, 107 Virus, 85, 102, 107, 108 Vitro, 108 Vivo, 108 Vulgaris, 27, 108 W Warfarin, 55, 108 Weight Gain, 3, 46, 108 White blood cell, 13, 84, 99, 108 Womb, 107, 108 Wound Healing, 89, 108

114

Index 115

116 Cranberries

Cranberries - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cranberries - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents