Cor Pulmonale - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COR PULMONALE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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PULMONALE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cor Pulmonale: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00298-1 1. Cor Pulmonale-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cor pulmonale. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COR PULMONALE ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cor Pulmonale .............................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COR PULMONALE ........................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cor Pulmonale ............................................................................. 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COR PULMONALE ..................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 61 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 63 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 67 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 71 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 71 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 77 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 80 COR PULMONALE DICTIONARY............................................................................................. 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cor pulmonale is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cor pulmonale, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cor pulmonale, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cor pulmonale. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cor pulmonale, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cor pulmonale. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COR PULMONALE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cor pulmonale.

Federally Funded Research on Cor Pulmonale The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cor pulmonale. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cor pulmonale. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cor pulmonale. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cor pulmonale: •

Project Title: ENOS ENDOTHELIUM

REGULATION

BY

CALPAIN

IN

HYPOXIC

LUNG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Block, Edward R.; Medicine; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The Principal Investigator (PI) hypothesizes that calpain, a family of Ca++-regulated neutral cysteine proteases, regulates the activity and subcellular localization of the constitutive isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in hypoxic lung endotheial cells (LEC). To test this hypothesis, the PI proposes a multidisciplinary approach focusing on the following four interrelated specific aims. Aim #1: to verify that calpain is responsible for loss of eNOS activity in hypoxic LEC. To address this, the PI will study the effects on eNOS activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in porcine LEC of calpain inhibition mediated by (1) pharmacologic agents, (2) ovrexpression of calpastatin, the endogenous biologic inhibitor of calpain, and (3) antisense depletion of calpain. Aim #2: To determine whether calpain affects the subcellular localization of eNOS in hypoxic LEC. To address this aim, the PI will study the effects of calpain inhibition on eNOS subcellular localization in normoxic and hypoxic porcine LEC using (1) laser scanning confocal microscopy with deconvolution capability and (2) subcellular fractionation studies. Defining factors that regulate eNOS subcellular localization will greatly advance our understanding of NO biology because subcellular localization of eNOS determines optimal NO production by endothelial cells and affects the function of NO as a messenger molecule. Aim #3: To identify the role of the actin binding proteins fodrin and heatshock protein 90 (Hsp90) in the calpainmediated changes in eNOS in hypoxic LEC. To address this aim, the PI will examine the effects of normoxia and hypoxia in the presence and absence of calpain inhibition on Hsp9O and fodrin contents and on the protein: protein associations between Hsp90 and eNOS and fodrin and eNOS using immunoblot and co-immunoprecipitation analyses, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and deconvolution microscopy. The PI will also evaluate the effects of calpain inhibition and actin stabilization on the actin-cytoskeleton architecture in normoxic and hypoxic LEC using fluorescence microscopy. Aim #4: To evaluate whether calpain inhibition prevents or attenuates the decrease in NO production and/or endothelium-dependent vasodilation in intact hypoxic pulmonary arteries. To address this aim, the PI will assess whether alpain inhibition prevents or attenuates endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, NO production, and eNOS activity in intact porcine pulmonary arteries exposed directly to hypoxia. The results of these studies will advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which hypoxia alters pulmonary endothelial and vascular physiology in patients with lung disease and will lead to more effective care and to new and improved ways to reverse or attenuate pulmonary vascular complications such as hypertension, cor pulmonale, and impaired hypoxic vasoconstriction in these patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ETIOLOGIC ANTIGENS IN SARCOIDOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moller, David R.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that involves the lungs in over 90 percent of affected individuals and may cause endstage fibrosis, cor pulmonale, and death. The pathologic hallmark of sarcoidosis is noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. Since extracts of diseased tissue injected intradermally elicit a nidus of granulomatous inflammation in patients with sarcoidosis that is indistinguishable from spontaneously arising granulomas (the Kveim reaction), we postulate that sarcoid tissue extracts contain disease-relevant antigens. Biophysical properties of the active component in Kveim extracts include relative heat stability, resistance to neutral detergents and proteases, and a dependence on tertiary structure.

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The overall goal of this application is to identify these pathogenic tissue antigens in sarcoidosis. Our central hypothesis is that sarcoidosis is caused by linked T and B cell immune responses to aggregates of altered proteins of microbial origin. Consistent with this hypothesis, our preliminary studies demonstrate the presence of a small number of protease-resistant, neutral-detergent insoluble proteins that by immunoblot analysis are targets of T cell dependent IgG from patients with sarcoidosis but not healthy controls. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and immunoblot analysis has identified the mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mKatG) or M. smegmatis in these protein fractions from sarcoidosis but not control tissues. Preliminary studies demonstrate both T and B cell responses to mKatG proteins in sarcoidosis, suggesting the mKatG proteins are relevant, pathogenic antigens in sarcoidosis. To test the hypothesis that mycobacterial KatG proteins are pathogenic antigens in sarcoidosis, we propose studies to determine the presence of mycobacterial KatG proteins in sarcoidosis and control tissues using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and protein immunoblot analyses. To determine whether these microbial proteins induce disease-specific immune responses, we will determine the molecular basis of the B and T cell immune responses to both M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis KatG proteins and selected peptides, and determine whether mKatG proteins preferentially expand specific Valpha/Vbeta expressing T cells in patients with sarcoidosis and control subjects. Together, these studies offer the potential of identifying a specific group of microbial antigens involved in the pathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis, thus providing a novel target for therapy of this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GLUCOCORTICOIDS BLOCK EFFECT OF INSULIN ON HEPATIC GLUCOSE PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, a; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: In RMS severe insulin resistance is caused by defective insulin receptors. This patient lacks insulin receptor binding due to a truncation of one allele and a point mutation of the other allele of the ( subunit. He developed pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale and was considered for lung transplantation. A trial of Prednisone was initiated to determine if he could tolerate immunosuppressive therapy. We studied carbohydrate metabolism at baseline (BL) and after four days of glucocorticoid therapy (GC). Each study was preceeded by 24 hr of intravenous insulin to maintain plasma glucose (PG) at 150-200 mg/dl and a 12 hr fast. A primed continuous infusion of 6,62H2-glucose was started 2 hr before each study following which insulin was off for 2 hr (OFF) and resumed at 7 units/kg/hr for 2 hr. Dextrose was infused as needed to maintain PG at 170 mg/dl (CLAMP). Total glucose utilization did not change in response to large doses of exogenous insulin at BL or GC , indicat ing complete peripheral insulin resistance. HGP was partially suppressed during BL-CLAMP, indicating partial hepatic sensitivity to insulin. During GC, HGP failed to suppress despite similar free insulin levels, indicating that GC worsened hepatic insulin resistance. The effect of insulin on the liver in this insulin resistant state may be due to residual activity of the patient's defective insulin receptor, cross reactivity with the IGF-1 receptor or a non-insulin-mediated process. Regardless, this process appears to be blocked by glucocorticoids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Cor Pulmonale

Project Title: INHALED NO IN PREVENTION OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ballard, Roberta A.; Chief, Division of Neonatology; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 191044399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Respiratory morbidity, particularly chronic lung disease (CLD), remains a major cause of long-term morbidity and mortality for preterm infants. Although surfactant replacement has decreased acute respiratory morbidity and mortality, it has not reduced the incidence of CLD. A number of other approaches, including antenatal thyrotropin releasing hormone in conjunction with corticosteroids, postnatal steroid administration, as well as administration of Vitamin E, diuretics, and bronchodilators, have not resulted in clinically important decreases in CLD. Infants with the most severe CLD go on to develop findings suggestive of pulmonary hypertension with cor pulmonale. There is preliminary evidence in the preterm infant with severe chronic lung disease that low-dose inhaled nitric oxide may significantly attenuate the disease and decrease mortality. We propose a multi-center, controlled and blinded trial to investigate the hypothesis that low-dose inhaled nitric oxide administered to preterm infants between 500 and 1250 grams birth weight who continue to require mechanical ventilation at 10 days of age will increase survival without CLD at 36 weeks post menstrual age. Demonstrating an increase from 50 percent to 60 percent survival without CLD requires 726 randomized infants to have 80 percent power to detect this difference while controlling for a one-sided alpha of 0.05 and allowing for one interim analysis at one-third of outcome data available. Secondary outcomes are duration of ventilation, oxygen requirement and duration of hospitalization. We expect, in addition, that there will be improvement in infant respiratory status (ventilatory support, airway resistance and compliance) associated with inhaled nitric oxide treatment. Indicators of inflammation and oxidant stress will be assessed by measurements of specific cytokines and protein modifications in tracheal aspirate and plasma samples, respectively. We also will evaluate safety of this therapy by assessing toxicity as measured by clinical bleeding, including intraventricular hemorrhage as well as the incidence of other morbidities of the preterm infant (necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity and infection) and assess neurodevelopmental outcome through two years of age. In summary, this clinical trial will assess the efficacy and safety of inhaled nitric oxide for amelioration of a major disease of premature infants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bixler, Edward O.; Professor; Psychiatry; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of this proposal are to: 1) establish the prevalence of different types of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in a large general random sample of children; 2) identify important risk factors of SDB; (3) establish the family history of various risk factors associated with children with SDB; (4) assess the impact of SDB on clinical, psychometric and behavioral/academic outcomes; and 5) identify characteristics which will assist in identifying those children at risk for SDB for possible early intervention. Several studies evaluating select populations have suggested that various severe consequences are associated with SDB in children. These consequences include: cardiovascular complications such as pulmonary hypertension,

Studies

7

cor pulmonale, and arrhythmia; behavioral abnormalities such as excessive daytime sleepiness, poor school performance, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and social withdrawal; and growth disturbances which at times are reversed by successful treatment. To date, there have been only four studies evaluating the prevalence of sleep apnea using objective sleep evaluation methods in general random samples of children. Three studies evaluated a limited age range of 6 mos to 6 yrs, while the fourth assessed a range of 2-18 years. These studies employed relatively small samples in their sleep laboratory phase (N=lO, 11, 132, and 126, respectively). Thus, they could not adequately assess clinical significance. None of these studies evaluated: general development (eg height, weight, age adjusted BMI); the effects of SDB on physical health (eg blood pressure); academic achievement; or electrophysiologic defined sleep stages as possible outcome measures. Only one study reported a possible association with daytime sleepiness and behavior. Thus, the prevalence and clinical impact of SDB in school age children is unknown. In order to establish the prevalence and clinical significance of SDB in children aged 6 - 12 years with reasonable precision, we propose to employ a protocol similar to that used to establish the prevalence and clinical significance in two previously NIH supported protocols in adults. The proposed study will employ a twophase protocol: 1) questionnaire completed by the parents of every child enrolled in local elementary school which will assess general sleep, behavior and learning problems; 2) a random sample (n= 1,000) selected from the first sample based on risk for SDB and evaluated in the sleep laboratory to determine the presence of SDB. The second phase will receive a thorough pediatric ENT and pulmonary evaluation and school records and behavior will be assessed. The parents of this group will be interviewed for the family history of risk factors associated with SDB in children. This strategy will yield adequate power to establish the prevalence and clinical significance of SDB in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordon, John B.; Physiology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1992; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Remodeling of lung vessels in lung diseases contributes to mismatch of perfusion and ventilation, inefficient gas exchange, systemic hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale. Remodeling is conventionally defined by changes in connective tissue and smooth muscle composition of the vessel wall. Hypoxia promotes remodeling both as a primary chemical stimulus and by generating secondary mechanical stimuli. The motivating hypothesis is that changes in pulmonary vascular lumenal architecture, wall mechanics, and pressure-flow relationship that occur with hypoxia in the rat can be dissociated from vascular remodeling defined by the conventional histological criteria. Thus, the definition needs to be extended to include the changes in vascular architecture and vessel mechanics that are more immediately related to vascular function and not directly predictable from histology alone. This hypothesis follows from the observation that the histologically defined remodeling can be dissociated from the hypertension by treatments such as inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The rationale for addressing this hypothesis is that knowledge of remodeling stimuli and the ability to separate contributory from compensatory remodeling events are required to evaluate the significance of information obtained from cellular and molecular studies directed at a particular remodeling stimulus-response pathway. Specific Aims are to: 1) Determine the effects of acute hypoxic vasoconstriction on geometric and mechanical properties of

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Cor Pulmonale

pulmonary arteries, veins, and capillary bed, and how changes in these properties affect the longitudinal and parallel distributions of stresses and strains on and within the vessel walls; 2) Determine how the properties measured under Aim 1 are affected by vascular remodeling induced by chronic hypoxia with or without cotreatment with an ACE inhibitor or antioxidant, and 3) Continue development of a mathematical model of the pulmonary circulation to evaluate the functional implications of the observations from Aims 1 and 2. The primary measurement tool will be x-ray microangiography in dynamic planar and static three dimensional imaging modes. Continued development of the angiographic methods and hemodynamic model, having broader applications to related and other problems, is also expected to be a significant scientific contribution of the proposed studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cor pulmonale, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cor pulmonale” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cor pulmonale (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 26-month-old girl with cor pulmonale and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Dell KM, Friday JH. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1995 June; 7(3): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7663615

•

A pathological study of in situ thrombosis of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles in autopsy cases of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Wang C, Du M, Cao D, Weng X, Wu X, Chang Q, Wang Y. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1998 September; 111(9): 771-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155663

3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

9

•

A pathophysiological study of 10 cases of hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Wilkinson M, Langhorne CA, Heath D, Barer GR, Howard P. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1988 January; 66(249): 65-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3174923

•

A reversible cause of cor pulmonale in a five-year-old boy. Author(s): Clogg DK, Karo E, Parmar PH. Source: East Afr Med J. 1977 August; 54(8): 460-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598320

•

Abnormalities of breathing control and airway maintenance in infants and children as a cause of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Hunt CE, Brouillette RT. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 1982; 3(3): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6218485

•

Acute cor pulmonale and death due to massive fat embolism. Author(s): Reid CB, Hill DA. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1992 April; 62(4): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1550527

•

Acute cor pulmonale due to microscopic tumour embolism as the first manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Gutierrez-Macias A, Barandiaran KE, Ercoreca FJ, De Zarate MM. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 July; 14(7): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169988

•

Acute cor pulmonale due to tumor cell microemboli. Author(s): Odeh M, Oliven A, Misselevitch I, Boss JH. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1997; 64(5): 384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9311058

•

Acute cor pulmonale due to tumor emboli. Diagnosis by pulmonary artery catheterization. Author(s): Shapiro JM, Avigan DE, Warshofsky MK, Greenebaum E, Cole RP. Source: N Y State J Med. 1993 March; 93(3): 197-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8384350

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Acute cor pulmonale in acute respiratory distress syndrome submitted to protective ventilation: incidence, clinical implications, and prognosis. Author(s): Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Augarde R, Fellahi JL, Prin S, Page B, Beauchet A, Jardin F. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 August; 29(8): 1551-5. Erratum In: Crit Care Med 2002 March; 30(3): 726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505125

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Acute cor pulmonale in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a dreaded complication of the past? Author(s): Scherrer-Crosbie M, Streckenbach SC, Zapol WM. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 August; 29(8): 1641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505150

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Acute cor pulmonale in massive pulmonary embolism: incidence, echocardiographic pattern, clinical implications and recovery rate. Author(s): Vieillard-Baron A, Page B, Augarde R, Prin S, Qanadli S, Beauchet A, Dubourg O, Jardin F. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 September; 27(9): 1481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685341

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Acute cor pulmonale resulting from tumor microembolism. Author(s): Marini JJ, Bilnoski W, Huseby JS. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1980 January; 132(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7376655

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Acute cor pulmonale secondary to metastatic tumor to the heart: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Tallon JM, Montoya DR. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990 November-December; 8(6): 721-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2096170

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Acute effect of sublingual nifedipine on right and left ventricular function in patients with chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Wasir HS, Hariharan V, Malhotra A, Gopinath P. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 November; 34(11): 769-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558297

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Acute effects of oral captopril on hemodynamics in patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Takada K, Hayashi M, Takahashi K, Yasui S. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1986 November; 50(11): 1055-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3546763

Studies

11

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Acute haemodynamic effects of nifedipine at rest and during maximal exercise in patients with chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Singh H, Ebejer MJ, Higgins DA, Henderson AH, Campbell IA. Source: Thorax. 1985 December; 40(12): 910-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4095671

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Acute transient cor pulmonale due to foreign body asphyxia. Author(s): Aronson RJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1986 August 1; 58(3): 379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3739939

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Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Yates DW. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1988 September; 61(3): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3179156

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AIDS associated with severe cor pulmonale and large pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade. Author(s): Pai RK, Kedia A, Hsu PY, Osborn LA, Taylor RA. Source: Cardiology in Review. 2004 January-February; 12(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667265

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Alcohol and cor pulmonale in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Author(s): Jalleh R, Fitzpatrick MF, Jan MA, MacNee W, Douglas NJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 February 6; 306(6874): 374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8461684

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Almitrine bismesylate and oxygen therapy in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Evans TW, Tweney J, Waterhouse JC, Nichol J, Suggett AJ, Howard P. Source: Thorax. 1990 January; 45(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2108510

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alpha 1-Antitrypsin phenotypes in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Author(s): Stockley RA. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1979 July; 48(191): 419-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=317359

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Cor Pulmonale

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Alveolar hypoventilation and cor pulmonale associated with chronic airway obstruction in infants with Down syndrome. Author(s): Levine OR, Simpser M. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1982 January; 21(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6459903

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An analysis of sequential physiologic changes in hypoxic cor pulmonale during longterm oxygen therapy. Author(s): Cooper CB, Howard P. Source: Chest. 1991 July; 100(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1905619

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Aortic and pulmonary input impedance in patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Chen YT, Chen KS, Chen JS, Lin WW, Hu WH, Chang MK, Lee DY, Lee YS, Lin JR, Chiang BN. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1990 September; 31(5): 619-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2273555

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Assessment of cor pulmonale in cystic fibrosis by echocardiography. Author(s): Ryssing E. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1977 November; 66(6): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=144404

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Asthma presenting as cor pulmonale. Author(s): Corris PA, Gibson GJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 February 4; 288(6414): 38990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419940

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Asthma presenting as cor pulmonale. Author(s): Dunn AM, Hill LF, Wilson RS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983 December; 59(698): 777-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6657536

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Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in cor pulmonale. Hemodynamic and endocrine effects. Author(s): Cargill RI, Lipworth BJ. Source: Chest. 1996 November; 110(5): 1220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915224

Studies

13

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Bacterial flora in patients with chronic cor pulmonale during aggravation of symptoms. Author(s): Pietrzak-Nowacka M, Korzonek M, Tylutki-Pilek M, Giedrys-Kalemba S. Source: Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 1992; 60 Suppl 2: 94-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1305515

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Blood fibrinolytic activity in chronic cor pulmonale with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Laha PN, Jain PC. Source: Indian J Chest Dis. 1967 July; 9(3): 157-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5634278

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Blood volume and haematological studies in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Agarwal KN, Gupta GD, Khosla K. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1974 May; 22(5): 377-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4418807

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Body weight and body water in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Campbell RH, Brand HL, Cox JR, Howard P. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med. 1975 October; 49(4): 323-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1192692

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Can pulmonary vasodilators improve survival in cor pulmonale due to hypoxic chronic bronchitis and emphysema? Author(s): Whyte KF, Flenley DC. Source: Thorax. 1988 January; 43(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3281306

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Cardiac troponin I levels in patients with left heart failure and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Guler N, Bilge M, Eryonucu B, Uzun K, Avci ME, Dulger H. Source: Angiology. 2001 May; 52(5): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386382

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Cardiovascular-pulmonary interaction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with special reference to the pathogenesis and management of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Matthay RA, Niederman MS, Wiedemann HP. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1990 May; 74(3): 571-618. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2186234

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Case of the month. Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists. Cor pulmonale. Author(s): Pfeifer EA, Bjornsson J, Hanzlick R. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 January 12; 158(1): 14. Erratum In: Arch Intern Med 1998 April 13; 158(7): 803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9437373

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Changes in atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations during intravenous saline infusion in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Stewart AG, Bardsley PA, Baudouin SV, Waterhouse JC, Thompson JS, Morice AH, Howard P. Source: Thorax. 1991 November; 46(11): 829-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1837627

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Chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Weitzenblum E. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 February; 89(2): 225-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527688

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Chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Murphy ML, Dinh H, Nicholson D. Source: Disease-A-Month : Dm. 1989 October; 35(10): 653-718. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2699287

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Chronic cor pulmonale. Etiology and management. Author(s): Palevsky HI, Fishman AP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 May 2; 263(17): 2347-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2182919

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Clinicopathological correlations in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Calverley PM, Howatson R, Flenley DC, Lamb D. Source: Thorax. 1992 July; 47(7): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1412090

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Congenital acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting as cor pulmonale in a 10-year-old girl. Author(s): Hays MD, Wiles HB, Gillette PC. Source: American Heart Journal. 1991 March; 121(3 Pt 1): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2000766

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Controlling cor pulmonale. Author(s): Hickey M. Source: Nursing. 1990 May; 20(5): 32E-32H. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2362698

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Cor pulmonale and pneumoconiotic lung disease: an investigation using hospital discharge data. Author(s): Kusiak R, Liss GM, Gailitis MM. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993 August; 24(2): 161-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8213844

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Cor pulmonale and silicosis: a necropsy based case-control study. Author(s): Murray J, Reid G, Kielkowski D, de Beer M. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1993 June; 50(6): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329320

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Cor pulmonale and tumour cell microemboli. Author(s): Sekizawa K, Ohrui T, Nakayama K, Yanai M, Sasaki H. Source: Lancet. 1998 September 5; 352(9130): 822. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9737321

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Cor pulmonale as a complication of methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria (Cbl-C type). Author(s): Brandstetter Y, Weinhouse E, Splaingard ML, Tang TT. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 June; 36(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2368803

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Cor pulmonale as a complication of ventriculo-atrial shunts reviewed. Author(s): Sleigh G, Dawson A, Penny WJ. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1993 January; 35(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8449382

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Cor pulmonale caused by recurrent pulmonary emboli. Author(s): Hackel DB, Peter RH, Wagner GS. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1993 November; 16(11): 831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8269663

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Cor pulmonale due to adenoidal or tonsillar hypertrophy or both in children. Noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up. Author(s): Sofer S, Weinhouse E, Tal A, Wanderman KL, Margulis G, Leiberman A, Gueron M. Source: Chest. 1988 January; 93(1): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3335141

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Cor pulmonale due to obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Liam CK. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1993 September; 48(3): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8183151

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Cor pulmonale due to tumor cell microemboli. Report of a case with occult gastric carcinoma. Author(s): Hirata K, Miyagi S, Tome M, Asato H, Uechi N, Kunishima N. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 October; 148(10): 2287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2845876

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Cor pulmonale due to untreated asthma in a young woman with coexistent anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Wilson GE, Evans CC. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1995 October; 89(9): 631-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7494919

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Cor pulmonale in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Bannerman C, Chitsike I. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1995 June; 15(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677413

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Cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulatory pathophysiology and management. Author(s): Wiedemann HP, Matthay RA. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 1990 September; 11(3): 523-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1976054

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Cor pulmonale presenting in a patient with congenital kyphoscoliosis following intercontinental air travel. Author(s): Noble JS, Davidson JA. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 April; 54(4): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10455836

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Cor pulmonale subacute and recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Nery JA, Salles S, Malta AM, Duppre NC, Gallo ME, Sarno EN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1993 March; 64(1): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8464323

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Cor pulmonale. Treatment implications of right versus left ventricular impairment. Author(s): Sherman S. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 May 1; 91(6): 227-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1579529

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Cor pulmonale: an unusual presentation of tropical eosinophilia. Author(s): Quah BS, Anuar AK, Rowani MR, Pennie RA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1997 March; 17(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176582

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Cor pulmonale: correlation with central airway lesions, peripheral airway lesions, emphysema, and control of breathing. Author(s): Jamal K, Fleetham JA, Thurlbeck WM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 May; 141(5 Pt 1): 1172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2339840

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Cor pulmonale: variation on a theme. Author(s): Jolobe OM, Schlayer HJ, Yates A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 October; 77(912): 665, 675-7. Erratum In: Postgrad Med J 2002 January; 78(915): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11571381

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C-type natriuretic peptide levels in cor pulmonale and in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Cargill RI, Barr CS, Coutie WJ, Struthers AD, Lipworth BJ. Source: Thorax. 1994 December; 49(12): 1247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7878562

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Definition, incidence and pathogenesis of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Viswanathan R. Source: Indian J Chest Dis. 1965 October; 7(4): 155-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5863493

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Detection of intrapulmonary shunts in schistosomal cor pulmonale. Author(s): Rafla SM, Sourour S. Source: Chest. 1993 October; 104(4): 1280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8404210

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Development of tricuspid valvular regurgitation during the course of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Keller BD, Boal BH, Lewin A, Kaltman AJ. Source: Chest. 1970 February; 57(2): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5411727

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Diagnosis: pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy developing cor pulmonale. Author(s): Kinuya K, Yamanouchi K, Terahata S. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2002 May; 16(3): Frontpage, 220. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126051

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Diagnostic value of electrocardiogram on chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Kucukcakirlar T, Ekmekci A. Source: Bull Physiopathol Respir (Nancy). 1973 May-June; 9(3): 725-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4270938

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Differentiation of recurrent pulmonary emboli from chronic obstructive lung disease as a cause of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Fanta CH, Wright TC, McFadden ER Jr. Source: Chest. 1981 January; 79(1): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7449512

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Digitalis in pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale). Author(s): Doherty JE, Kane JJ, Phillips JR, Adamson JS. Source: Drugs. 1977 February; 13(2): 142-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=319992

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Distribution of 24Na and 42K between erythrocytes and blood plasma in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Grabowski R, Franecki G. Source: Pol Med J. 1968; 7(3): 550-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5669692

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Domiciliary oxygen and hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Howard P. Source: Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1985 September 28; 115(39): 1333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2416044

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Drugs or oxygen for hypoxic cor pulmonale? Author(s): Howard P. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 October 22; 287(6400): 115960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6414610

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Dynamics of heart contraction in chronic cor pulmonale with heart failure II-a Degree before and after treatment as revealed through phase analysis of the mechanical systole. Author(s): Batalov ZA. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1971; 13(4): 219-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5003938

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Early diagnosis of cor pulmonale with MR imaging of the right ventricle. Author(s): Pattynama PM, Willems LN, Smit AH, van der Wall EE, de Roos A. Source: Radiology. 1992 February; 182(2): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1531092

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Early effects of oxygen administration and prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Ashutosh K, Mead G, Dunsky M. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 April; 127(4): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6838047

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Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Tutar E, Kaya A, Gulec S, Ertas F, Erol C, Ozdemir O, Oral D. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 May 1; 83(9): 1414-7, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10235106

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Echocardiographic pattern of acute cor pulmonale. Author(s): Jardin F, Dubourg O, Bourdarias JP. Source: Chest. 1997 January; 111(1): 209-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996019

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Echocardiography in chronic cor pulmonale. Its value in early diagnosis compared with roentgenography and electrocardiography. Author(s): Ren J, Ma TX, Sun ZL, Wang Q, Tao HZ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1982 March; 95(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6807628

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Echocardiography in patients with suspected cor pulmonale. Author(s): Lesser LM, Johnson M, Felner JM, Hardison J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1982 April; 75(4): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7071631

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Echo-Doppler demonstration of acute cor pulmonale at the bedside in the medical intensive care unit. Author(s): Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K, Dubourg O, Jardin F. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 November 15; 166(10): 1310-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12421740

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Echo-Doppler evaluation of left ventricular impairment in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Schena M, Clini E, Errera D, Quadri A. Source: Chest. 1996 June; 109(6): 1446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8769491

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Effect of enalapril on renal profile and right ventricular dimensions in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Mahajan SK, Sharma VK, Thakral S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 May; 44(5): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9282581

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Effect of intravenous terbutaline on arterial blood gas tensions, ventilation, and pulmonary circulation in patients with chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Stockley RA, Finnegan P, Bishop JM. Source: Thorax. 1977 October; 32(5): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=594942

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Effect of vasodilators at rest and during exercise in young adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Geggel RL, Dozor AJ, Fyler DC, Reid LM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 April; 131(4): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3994148

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Effects of atrial septostomy in patients with terminal cor pulmonale due to pulmonary vascular disease. Author(s): Nihill MR, O'Laughlin MP, Mullins CE. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1991 November; 24(3): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722434

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Effects of erythrapheresis on pulmonary haemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients with secondary polycythaemia and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Wallis PJ, Skehan JD, Newland AC, Wedzicha JA, Mills PG, Empey DW. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1986 January; 70(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3943281

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Effects of oral hydralazine on gas exchange in patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Miller MJ, Chappell TR, Cook W, De Olazabal JR, Rubin LJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1983 December; 75(6): 937-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6650548

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Effects of packed cell volume reduction on renal haemodynamics and the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with secondary polycythaemia and hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Wallis PJ, Cunningham J, Few JD, Newland AC, Empey DW. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1986 January; 70(1): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3510802

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Effects of pirbuterol and sodium nitroprusside on pulmonary haemodynamics in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Green DW. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 January 21; 288(6412): 233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419867

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Effects of pirbuterol and sodium nitroprusside on pulmonary haemodynamics in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): MacNee W, Wathen CG, Hannan WJ, Flenley DC, Muir AL. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 October 22; 287(6400): 116972. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6138118

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Effects of prolonged oxygen therapy on pulmonary hypertension and blood viscosity in patients with advanced cor pulmonale. Author(s): Gluskowski J, Jedrzejewska-Makowska M, Hawrylkiewicz I, Vertun B, Zielinski J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1983 May-June; 44(3): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6857003

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Electrocardiographic evidence of transitory acute cor pulmonale in Boeck's sarcoid. Author(s): Ferrer MI. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1978 January; 33(1): 48-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=202625

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Electrocardiographic reversion of acute cor pulmonale on long-term oxygen therapy. Author(s): Burke GJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 December 31; 52(28): 1109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=609990

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Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale in 40 376 patients with silicosis. Author(s): Vermeulen R, Kenis J, Groetenbriel C, Lahaye D. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1978; 33(4): 263-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=152045

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Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale: A negative prognostic finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Incalzi RA, Fuso L, De Rosa M, Di Napoli A, Basso S, Pagliari G, Pistelli R. Source: Circulation. 1999 March 30; 99(12): 1600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10096937

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Electrocardiographic signs of cor pulmonale in asbestosis. Author(s): Kokkola K, Huuskonen MS. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1979 June 15; 43(3): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=457289

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Elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in chronic respiratory failure with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Bando M, Ishii Y, Sugiyama Y, Kitamura S. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1999 July; 93(7): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10464838

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Emergent Z stent placement for treatment of cor pulmonale due to pulmonary emboli after failed lytic treatment: technical considerations. Author(s): Koizumi J, Kusano S, Akima T, Isoda K, Hikita H, Kurita A, Nakamura H. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1998 May-June; 21(3): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9626447

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Endocrine and metabolic studies in unstable cor pulmonale. Author(s): Semple PD, Watson WS, Beastall GH, Hume R. Source: Thorax. 1983 January; 38(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6221432

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Etiology and management of chronic cor pulmonale in children. Author(s): Tang SG, Jin ZH. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1980 November; 93(11): 779-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6775889

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Etiology of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Shander D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 September 19; 264(11): 1409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2391736

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Evaluation of cor pulmonale on a modified short-axis section of the heart by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Saito H, Dambara T, Aiba M, Suzuki T, Kira S. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 December; 146(6): 1576-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456578

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Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of amrinone in chronic obstructive lung disease with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Van Mieghem W, Van den Brande P, De Waele R, Meirhaeghe J, Arens M, Demedts M. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1990; 45(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2316304

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Factors influencing pulmonary gas exchange in patients with acute edematous cor pulmonale due to chronic lung disease. Author(s): Penman RW, Howard P, Stentiford NH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1968 January; 44(1): 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5635290

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Failure to thrive secondary to upper respiratory tract obstruction and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Osborn LM, Metcalf T. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1982 July; 15(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7086384

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Fatal cor pulmonale caused by extensive tumor emboli in the small pulmonary arteries without emboli in the major pulmonary arteries or metastases in the pulmonary parenchyma. Author(s): Domanski MJ, Cunnion RE, Fernicola DJ, Roberts WC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 July 15; 72(2): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8328392

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Fibrosing mediastinitis. An unusual cause for cor pulmonale. Author(s): Cheris DN, Dadey JL. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1967 June; 100(2): 328-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6025202

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Focal myocardial necrosis in the cor pulmonale of emphysema. Author(s): Samad IA, Nochren TH. Source: Dis Chest. 1965 October; 48(4): 376-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5830918

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Functional diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale. I. P-pulmonale, P2-3, and their patterns of response. Author(s): Endersz F, Peko E, Walter J, Debroczi T. Source: Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1967; 24(3): 213-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5604981

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Functional diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale. II. Diminution of the cardiac shadow in response to modified Valsalva-test. Author(s): Endersz F, Walter J, Babiczky T. Source: Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1967; 24(3): 221-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5604982

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Functional morphometry of myocardial fibers in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Ishikawa S, Fattal GA, Popiewicz J, Wyatt JP. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972 March; 105(3): 358-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4258862

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Fundus changes and spinal manometry in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Zayed A, el-Ebrashy N, Elwan OH, Higazi AM. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1965; 48(11): 783-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5886657

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Haematological alterations in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Chattopadhyay DD, Jindal SK, Das KC, Mohanty D, Sharma RR, Wahi PL. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1978 October; 20(4): 154-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=750429

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Haemodynamic and endocrine effects of type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade in patients with hypoxaemic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Kiely DG, Cargill RI, Wheeldon NM, Coutie WJ, Lipworth BJ. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 1997 January; 33(1): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059545

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Haemodynamic disturbances in patients with chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Mise J. Source: Singapore Med J. 1973 September; 14(3): 304-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4273122

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Haemodynamics in chronic cor pulmonale. Study in a malnourished female group. Author(s): Padmavati S, Raizada V. Source: Indian Heart J. 1975 April; 27(2): 113-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1184055

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Heart failure in cystic fibrosis. Treatment and prognosis of cor pulmonale with failure of the right side of the heart. Author(s): Stern RC, Borkat G, Hirschfeld SS, Boat TF, Matthews LW, Liebman J, Doershuk CF. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1980 March; 134(3): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7361734

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Hemodynamic and hemorrheologic effect of ligustrazini in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Peng W, Duan SF. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1987 December; 100(12): 965-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3133172

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Hemodynamic effect of hydralazine in advanced, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with cor pulmonale. Immediate and short-term evaluation at rest and during exercise. Author(s): Lupi-Herrera E, Seoane M, Verdejo J. Source: Chest. 1984 February; 85(2): 156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6692695

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Hemodynamic effect of hydralazine in interstitial lung disease patients with cor pulmonale. Immediate and short-term evaluation at rest and during exercise. Author(s): Lupi-Herrera E, Seoane M, Verdejo J, Gomez A, Sandoval J, Barrios R, Martinez W. Source: Chest. 1985 May; 87(5): 564-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3987368

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Hemodynamic effects of phentolamine in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Gould L, DeMartino A, Gomprecht RF, Umali F, Michael A. Source: J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 1972 April; 12(4): 153-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4482026

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Hemodynamic effects of staged hematocrit reduction in patients with stable cor pulmonale and severely elevated hematocrit levels. Author(s): Weisse AB, Moschos CB, Frank MJ, Levinson GE, Cannilla JE, Regan TJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1975 January; 58(1): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1115064

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Hemodynamic estimation of chronic cor pulmonale by Doppler echocardiography. Clinical value and comparison with other noninvasive imaging techniques. Author(s): Zompatori M, Battaglia M, Rimondi MR, Battista G, Stambazzi C. Source: Rays. 1997 January-March; 22(1): 73-93. Review. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145016

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Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise after oral hydralazine in patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Rubin LJ, Peter RH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1981 January; 47(1): 116-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7457397

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Hemodynamics of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Bristow JD, Morris JF, Kloster FE. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1966 November; 9(3): 239-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5342232

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Hemoglobin S-C disease presenting as acute cor pulmonale. Author(s): Rowley PT, Enlander D. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968 September; 98(3): 494-500. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5673103

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Hemorrheologic changes in COPD patients with or without cor pulmonale. Author(s): Wang TS, Duan SF, Tang TQ. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1988; 8(4): 235-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3249352

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Hoarseness in schistosomal cor pulmonale. Author(s): Soliman MS. Source: Chest. 1997 October; 112(4): 1150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9377941

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Hoarseness of voice in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Abdullah AK, Al-Nozra M. Source: Chest. 1982 March; 81(3): 395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7056127

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How long do patients with cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary fibrosis survive? Author(s): Syabbalo NC. Source: Chest. 1991 January; 99(1): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1984977

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Hurler's syndrome with cor pulmonale secondary to obstructive sleep apnoea treated by continuous positive airway pressure. Author(s): Chan D, Li AM, Yam MC, Li CK, Fok TF. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003 September-October; 39(7): 558-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969215

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Hyperammonemia in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Szam I, Vass A, Wein I. Source: Cardiology. 1969; 54(6): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5385051

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Hyperreactivity to cow milk in young children with pulmonary hemosiderosis and cor pulmonale secondary to nasopharyngeal obstruction. Author(s): Boat TF, Polmar SH, Whitman V, Kleinerman JI, Stern RC, Doershuk CF. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 July; 87(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1173819

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Hypersomnia with primary hypoventilation syndrome and following cor pulmonale (Ondine's curse syndrome). Author(s): Fruhmann G. Source: Bull Physiopathol Respir (Nancy). 1972 September-October; 8(5): 1173-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4512041

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Hypoxemic respiratory failure and cor pulmonale in a 49-year-old man with familial polyposis coli. Author(s): Chabalko JJ. Source: Chest. 1994 July; 106(1): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8020284

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Hypoxic cor pulmonale: a review. Author(s): Bardsley P, Evely R, Howard P. Source: Herz. 1986 June; 11(3): 155-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2943654

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Idiopathic isolated pulmonary arteritis with chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Okubo S, Kunieda T, Ando M, Nakajima N, Yutani C. Source: Chest. 1988 September; 94(3): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3409761

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Idiopathic pulmonary arterial trunk aneurysm presenting as cor pulmonale: report of a case. Author(s): Chiu B, Magil A. Source: Human Pathology. 1985 September; 16(9): 947-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4029948

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Impaired theophylline clearance in patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Vicuna N, McNay JL, Ludden TM, Schwertner H. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 January; 7(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760740

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Importance of auscultation of the second heart sound in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Bose HK, Das PC. Source: Indian Heart J. 1966 January; 18(1): 45-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5905961

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Improved cardiac performance by salbutamol, a selective beta 2-agonist, in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Vik-Mo H, Halvorsen FJ, Thorsen E, Walde NH, Rosland GA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987 February; 9(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2435988

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Improved haemodynamics but reduced arterial blood oxygenation, at rest and during exercise after long-term oral prazosin therapy in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Vik-Mo H, Walde N, Jentoft H, Halvorsen FJ. Source: European Heart Journal. 1985 December; 6(12): 1047-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3938395

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Improved recognition of cor pulmonale in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Himelman RB, Struve SN, Brown JK, Namnum P, Schiller NB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 May; 84(5): 891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3364448

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Improved right ventricular systolic time intravals after digitalis in patients with cor pulmonale and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Smith DE, Bissett JK, Phillips JR, Doherty JE, Murphy ML. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1978 June; 41(7): 1299-1304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=665537

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Incidence of cor pulmonale in Mysore State. Author(s): Shankar PS, Basavaraj Urs MB. Source: Indian J Chest Dis. 1965 October; 7(4): 170-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5863494

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Increased IgD milk antibody responses in a patient with Down's syndrome, pulmonary hemosiderosis and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Galant S, Nussbaum E, Wittner R, DeWeck AL, Heiner DC. Source: Ann Allergy. 1983 October; 51(4): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6226218

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Influence of blood viscosity on circulatory parameters determined by first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Zambo K, Toth K. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 1993 December; 32(6): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8295826

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Influence of right ventricular pressure overload on left and right ventricular filling in cor pulmonale assessed with Doppler echocardiography. Author(s): Mizushige K, Morita H, Senda S, Matsuo H. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1989 October; 53(10): 1287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2533278

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Intrapulmonary acetylcholine in bilharzial cor pulmonale. Author(s): Abdel-Fattah MM, Abou-Zeina A, Nomeir AM, Badawi H, Salah M. Source: American Heart Journal. 1978 February; 95(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=622948

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Intravenous nitroglycerin in acute respiratory failure of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, secondary pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Fourrier F, Chopin C, Durocher A, Dubois D, Wattel F. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1982 March; 8(2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6804553

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Investigations on the blood clotting system in the syndrome of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Bielawiec M, Lukjan H. Source: Pol Med J. 1968; 7(1): 36-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5650200

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Irregularities of the cardiac rhythm in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Astin TW. Source: Scand J Respir Dis. 1973; 54(1): 16-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4120461

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Kartagener's syndrome with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Chandrasekhar KP, Pai KN. Source: Indian Heart J. 1966 January; 18(1): 89-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5295431

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Large tonsils and adenoids in small children with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Ainger LE. Source: British Heart Journal. 1968 May; 30(3): 356-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5651249

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Left ventricular dysfunction in obstructive lung disease: an echocardiographic and angiographic study of cor pulmonale patients with decreased mitral E-F slope. Author(s): Song GJ, Oldershaw PJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1989 October; 25(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2793262

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Left ventricular enlargement in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Mehrotra MP, Kishore B, Bansal RG. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1969 September 1; 53(5): 230-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4243270

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Left ventricular function in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Davies H, Overy HR. Source: Chest. 1970 July; 58(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4246563

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Left ventricular function, metabolism, and blood flow in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Frank MJ, Weisse AB, Moschos CB, Levinson GE. Source: Circulation. 1973 April; 47(4): 798-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4572384

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Left ventricular parameters in chronic cor pulmonale. An echocardiographic study. Author(s): Khastgir T, Gupta S, Manoharan S, Gupta MP. Source: Indian Heart J. 1987 July-August; 39(4): 266-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3447971

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Left ventricular performance and condition of coronary arteries in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Ozcan R, Ozsaruhan O, Danopulos D, Gazioglu K, Ekmekci A, Okur O. Source: Bull Physiopathol Respir (Nancy). 1973 May-June; 9(3): 723-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4752832

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Left ventricular volumetry and function in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Jezek V. Source: Cor Vasa. 1981; 23(2): 94-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7249663

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Letter: Carcinoid pulmonary embolism and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Shafir R, Dinbar A, Tulcinsky DB. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 May 4; 2(913): 273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4827081

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Letter: cor pulmonale secondary to severe kyphoscoliosis in Marfan's syndrome. Author(s): Wanderman KL, Goldstein MS, Faber J. Source: Chest. 1975 February; 67(2): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=123192

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Letter: Oedema in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Whitaker W. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 24; 1(7952): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=54720

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Life-threatening pulmonary emboli and cor pulmonale: treatment with percutaneous pulmonary artery stent placement. Author(s): Haskal ZJ, Soulen MC, Huettl EA, Palevsky HI, Cope C. Source: Radiology. 1994 May; 191(2): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8153324

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Long term follow-up of domiciliary oxygen therapy in hypoxic cor pulmonale associated with chronic obstructive airways disease. Author(s): Cooper CB, Howard P. Source: Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 1987 March-June; 62(1-2): 35-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3690041

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Long-term continuous oxygen therapy in chronic airway obstruction. Mortality in relationship to cor pulmonale, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. Author(s): Neff TA, Petty TL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1970 May; 72(5): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5448091

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Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Author(s): Leggett RJ, Cooke NJ, Clancy L, Leitch AG, Kirby BJ, Flenley DC. Source: Thorax. 1976 August; 31(4): 414-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=823658

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Long-term effects of nitrendipine on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Rubin LJ, Moser K. Source: Chest. 1986 January; 89(1): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2934230

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Long-term oxygen therapy for cor pulmonale in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Soler M, Michel F, Perruchoud AP. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1991; 58 Suppl 1: 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1925080

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Long-term oxygen therapy for cor pulmonale. Author(s): Anderson PB, Cayton RM, Holt PJ, Howard P. Source: Clin Sci. 1972 September; 43(3): 13P-14P. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5077509

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Long-term oxygen therapy in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Anderson PB, Cayton RM, Holt PJ, Howard P. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1973 July; 42(167): 563-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4728047

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Lung and heart impairment in patients with chronic cor pulmonale associated or not with acute myocardial infarction. Anatomoclinical and morphometric study. Author(s): Toporan D. Source: Rom J Intern Med. 1996 January-June; 34(1-2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8908633

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Lupus cor pulmonale with electron microscope and immunofluroescent antibody studies. Author(s): Yeo PP, Sinniah R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1975 October; 34(5): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1241263

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Management of patients with cor pulmonale. Author(s): Ferrer MI. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1979 January; 63(1): 251-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=431194

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Management of patients with cor pulmonale--acute and chronic. Author(s): Vance JW. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1967 March; 9(5): 470-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5336091

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Micrognathia, obstructive sleep apnoea and cor pulmonale--a case for tracheostomy. Author(s): Khan MI. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1985 January 19; 67(3): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3966202

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Microscopic pulmonary tumor embolism causing subacute cor pulmonale: a difficult antemortem diagnosis. Author(s): Schriner RW, Ryu JH, Edwards WD. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1991 February; 66(2): 143-8. Erratum In: Mayo Clin Proc 1991 April; 66(4): 439. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1847222

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Microscopic pulmonary tumoral embolism and subacute cor pulmonale as the first clinical signs of cancer. Author(s): Montero A, Vidaller A, Mitjavila F, Chivite D, Pujol R. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1999; 38(8): 1116-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10665773

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Myocardial carbohydrate metabolism in chronic cor pulmonale with hypoxemia. Author(s): Moret PR, Fournet PC, Bopp P, Infante F. Source: Helv Med Acta. 1967 August; 33(6): 468-78. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6081693

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Myocardial function and metabolism in idiopathic endomyocardial disease and subacute pericarditis, with a comparison of findings in cor pulmonale. An aid in differential diagnosis. Author(s): Brink AJ, Lewis CM, Bosman AR, Lochner A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1969 May; 23(5): 667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5771035

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Myocardial function in chronic pulmonary diseases. The role of the coronary arteries in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Baroldi G. Source: Bull Physiopathol Respir (Nancy). 1972 November-December; 8(6): 1406-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4267071

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Myocardial function in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Grover RF, Alexander JK, Hartley LH. Source: Aspen Emphysema Conf. 1968; 11: 121-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5711537

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Natural history and symptomatology of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Banerjea JC. Source: Indian J Chest Dis. 1965 October; 7(4): 174-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5863495

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Necrotizing and healing pulmonary arteritis in schistosomal cor pulmonale: a retrospective study of ten cases. Author(s): Chaves E. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1966 March; 15(2): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5910522

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Neuromuscular disease, respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. Author(s): White J, Bullock RE, Hudgson P, Gibson GJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 October; 68(804): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1461855

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New aspects of the effects of aldosterone antagonists on respiration and pulmonary circulation in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Huettemann U, Schueren KP, Schaefer JH. Source: Bull Physiopathol Respir (Nancy). 1973 May-June; 9(3): 702-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4752827

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Nifedipine and impaired oxygenation in patients with chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Kalra L, Bone MF. Source: Lancet. 1989 May 20; 1(8647): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2566071

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Nifedipine in chronic cor pulmonale: acute and relatively long-term effects. Author(s): Mookherjee S, Ashutosh K, Dunsky M, Hill N, Vardan S, Smulyan H, Warner R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988 September; 44(3): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3138055

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Nifedipine inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during rest and exercise in patients with cystic fibrosis and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Michael JR, Kennedy TP, Fitzpatrick S, Rosenstein BJ. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 September; 130(3): 516-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6476600

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Nocturnal hypoxaemia and cor pulmonale in severe chronic lung disease. Author(s): Midgren B, White T, Petersson K, Bryhn M, Airikkala P, Elmqvist D. Source: Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1985 November-December; 21(6): 527-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4074959

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Nocturnal ventilation by nasal mask in an 8-year-old girl with thoracic scoliosis, hypercapnic respiratory failure, and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Paditz E, Reitemeier G, Schlafke ME, Schafer T, Paul KD, Dobrev H, Leupold W, Rupprecht E, Wunderlich P. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1995 January; 19(1): 60-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7675559

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Noninvasive method to assess cor pulmonale in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Yamaoka S, Yonekura Y, Koide H, Ohi M, Kuno K. Source: Chest. 1987 July; 92(1): 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2954775

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Noninvasive tests for responsiveness of pulmonary hypertension to oxygen. Prediction of survival in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Ashutosh K, Dunsky M. Source: Chest. 1987 September; 92(3): 393-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3622017

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Nursing care study. Cor pulmonale: a major set-back. Author(s): Hurst K. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1980 February 7; 150(6): 38-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6899299

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Nursing care study: a patient with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cor pulmonale and pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Wheeler HH. Source: Nurs Times. 1980 July 31; 76(31): 1339-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6902225

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Nursing care study: chronic bronchitis, emphysema and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Dromgoole DM. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 October 9; 71(41): 1608-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1196907

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O2-saturation in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Endersz F, Walter J, Debroczi T. Source: Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1967; 24(3): 229-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5605755

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Occult gastric cancer presenting as cor pulmonale resulting from tumor cell microembolism. Author(s): Cheung TC, Ng FH, Chow KC, Maw CK, Ng WF. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 June; 92(6): 1057-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9177536

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Oedema and cor pulmonale revisited. Author(s): Baudouin SV. Source: Thorax. 1997 May; 52(5): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176526

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Oedema in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Semple PD, Watson WS, Beastall GH. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1983 January; 64(1): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337006

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Oedema in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Richens JM, Howard P. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1982 March; 62(3): 255-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7037267

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Oral almitrine in treatment of acute respiratory failure and cor pulmonale in patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease. Author(s): Bardsley PA, Tweney J, Morgan N, Howard P. Source: Thorax. 1991 July; 46(7): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1908604

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Oral nifedipine in chronic cor pulmonale secondary to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Author(s): Sturani C, Bassein L, Schiavina M, Gunella G. Source: Chest. 1983 August; 84(2): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6872591

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Pathologic involvement of the left ventricle in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Kohama A, Tanouchi J, Hori M, Kitabatake A, Kamada T. Source: Chest. 1990 October; 98(4): 794-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2145135

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Pathological analysis of the right ventricular hypertrophy and ventricular interdependence in autopsied hearts with cor pulmonale and pulmonary hypertensive rat hearts. Author(s): Sekine I, Takahashi M, Murata M, Kira Y, Okabe F, Ito T. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1989 October; 53(10): 1245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2533277

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Pathological and prognostic correlations of exercise studies in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Calverley PM, Lamb D, Flenley DC. Source: Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1986; 146: 373-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3465564

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Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Part One. Author(s): MacNee W. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 September; 150(3): 833-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8087359

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Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Part two. Author(s): MacNee W. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 October; 150(4): 1158-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7921453

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Performance of new criteria for right ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to cor pulmonale and mitral stenosis. Author(s): Behar JV, Howe CM, Wagner NB, Leggett SI, Hinohara T, Moser KF, Freye CJ, Helms MJ, Jones MG, Peter RH, et al. Source: Journal of Electrocardiology. 1991 July; 24(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1833499

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Pharmacologic therapy of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Michael JR, Selinger SR, Buescher PC, Kennedy TP. Source: Cardiovasc Clin. 1987; 17(2): 171-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3536100

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Physiopathology and treatment of chronic cor pulmonale due to dysventilation syndrome. Author(s): Kunieda T, Naito M, Yoshioka T, Okubo S, Nakanishi N. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1989 October; 53(10): 1298-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2614878

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Primary pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Lehrman S, Romano P, Frishman W, Rashid A, Dobkin J, Reichel J. Source: Cardiology in Review. 2002 September-October; 10(5): 265-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215190

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Production of endogenous nitric oxide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patients with cor pulmonale. Correlates with echo-Doppler assessment. Author(s): Clini E, Cremona G, Campana M, Scotti C, Pagani M, Bianchi L, Giordano A, Ambrosino N. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 August; 162(2 Pt 1): 446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10934068

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Pulmonary arterial hypertension and cor pulmonale associated with chronic domestic woodsmoke inhalation. Author(s): Sandoval J, Salas J, Martinez-Guerra ML, Gomez A, Martinez C, Portales A, Palomar A, Villegas M, Barrios R. Source: Chest. 1993 January; 103(1): 12-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8417864

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Pulmonary changes in schistosomal cor pulmonale. Author(s): Sadigursky M, Andrade ZA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1982 July; 31(4): 77984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7102911

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Pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Fishman AP, Palevsky HI. Source: Heart Dis Stroke. 1993 July-August; 2(4): 335-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8156186

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Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in the sickle hemoglobinopathies. Author(s): Collins FS, Orringer EP. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 December; 73(6): 814-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7148875

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Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Auger WR. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 1995 July; 1(4): 303-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9363069

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Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Vandiviere HM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 October; 86(10): 2S7-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8211354

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Pulmonary tumor embolism to alveolar septal capillaries. An unusual cause of sudden cor pulmonale. Author(s): Soares FA, Landell GA, de Oliveira JA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1992 February; 116(2): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733415

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Pulmonary vascular damage and the development of cor pulmonale following hyaline membrane disease. Author(s): Hislop AA, Haworth SG. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1990; 9(3): 152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148977

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Pulmonary vascular reactivity and hemorheology in patients with chronic cor pulmonale: responses to pentoxifylline at rest and during exercise. Author(s): Sturani C, Palareti G, Poggi M, Schiavina M, Torricelli P, Papiris S, Coccheri S, Gunella G. Source: Ric Clin Lab. 1986 October-December; 16(4): 569-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3576055

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Pulmonary vasodilator therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale. Treatment with nifedipine, nitroglycerin, and oxygen. Author(s): Morley TF, Zappasodi SJ, Belli A, Giudice JC. Source: Chest. 1987 July; 92(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3109814

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Q/R ratio in lead a VR--diagnostic of RVH of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Mittal SR, Jain SC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 May; 32(5): 430-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6238944

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Quantitation of fibrosis of the heart in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with and without cor pulmonale. Author(s): Murphy ML, de Soyza N, Thenabadu PN. Source: Chest. 1983 November; 84(5): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6226497

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Quantitative determination of serum immunoglobulins in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases with special reference to cor pulmonale. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Fukuta S, Iwamoto S, Tokuhisa T, Mise J. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1976 February; 40(2): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1255920

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Radiographic aspects of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Torrance DJ. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1966 November; 9(3): 275-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5342233

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Radiographic studies of upper airway obstruction with cor pulmonale in a patient with pycnodysostosis. Author(s): Yousefzadeh DK, Agha AS, Reinertson J. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1979 February 26; 8(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=431992

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Radionuclide ventriculogram in cor pulmonale secondary to multiple pulmonary emboli. Author(s): Park CH, Kim SM, Intenzo CM, McEwan J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1993 December; 18(12): 1097-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8293638

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Rapid development of cor pulmonale following acute tonsillitis in adults. Author(s): Randall CS, Braman SS, Millman RP. Source: Chest. 1989 February; 95(2): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2914501

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Rapid resolution of acute cor pulmonale with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Author(s): Gore JM, Thompson MJ, Becker RC. Source: Chest. 1989 October; 96(4): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2507233

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Rapidly reversible acute cor pulmonale after intravenous injection of crushed dextromoramide (Palfium) pills. Author(s): Jullien T, Valtier B, Vieillard-Baron A, Bourdarias JP, Jardin F. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1996 March; 22(3): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8727446

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Rate of right ventricular isometric pressure increase in the patients with chronic cor pulmonale studied by the ventricular pressure derivative curves. Author(s): Jezek V. Source: Cardiology. 1966; 48(5): 461-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5982803

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Recurrent pulmonary embolism and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Fleischner FG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1967 June 1; 276(22): 1213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6024339

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Red cell magnesium concentration in cor pulmonale. Correlation with cardiopulmonary findings. Author(s): Angomachalelis NJ, Titopoulos HS, Tsoungas MG, Gavrielides A. Source: Chest. 1993 March; 103(3): 751-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8449063

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Regional pulmonary vasoconstriction as an individual factor in the genesis of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Read J, Lee J. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1967 December; 96(6): 1181-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4228578

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Relation between mean ventricular phases in chronic cor pulmonale measured by radionuclide ventriculography. Author(s): Tarkowska A, Zaorska-Rajca J, Wypych M, Adamczyk-Szarewicz W. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1990; 16(8-10): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2166668

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Renal function in patients with chronic hypoxaemia and cor pulmonale following reversal of polycythaemia. Author(s): Wilcox CS, Payne J, Harrison BD. Source: Nephron. 1982; 30(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7099325

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Respiratory failure and cor pulmonale associated with tracheal mucoid accumulation from a SCOOP transtracheal oxygen catheter. Author(s): Harrow EM, Oldenburg FA, Lingenfelter MS, Leonard J. Source: Chest. 1992 February; 101(2): 580-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1735301

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Respiratory function and right heart haemodynamics in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Shelgikar SK, Bidwai PS, Khattri HN, Berry JN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1971 July; 19(7): 519-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5122798

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Respiratory limited exercise tolerance and electrocardiographic signs of cor pulmonale in pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Kokkola K, Punsar S. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1972 December; 4(6): 330-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4660152

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Respiratory obstruction and cor pulmonale in the Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. Author(s): Robinow M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1991 December 15; 41(4): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1776647

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Rheological and clotting changes in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Dal Bo Zanon R, Saltarin P, Gribaldo R, Cafiero F, Girolami A. Source: Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch. 1981; 108(6): 844-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6176510

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Right ventricular echocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and electrocardiographic study in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Louridas G, Angomachalelis N, Patakas D, Stavropoulos C. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1980; 35(6): 429-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6453492

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Right ventricular function in cor pulmonale. Author(s): MacNee W. Source: Cardiology. 1988; 75 Suppl 1: 30-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3069214

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Role of digoxin in right ventricular failure due to chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Polic S, Rumboldt Z, Dujic Z, Bagatin J, Deletis O, Rozga A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1990; 10(3): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2228340

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Schistosomal cor pulmonale: A fluke in the Fas lane? Author(s): Robotham JL. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 NovemberDecember; 70(6): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732784

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Scoliosis and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Swank SM, Winter RB, Moe JH. Source: Spine. 1982 July-August; 7(4): 343-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7135067

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Serum soluble Fas in patients with Schistosomal cor pulmonale. Author(s): Salama M, El-Kholy G, Abd El-Haleem S, Elzamarany E, Abou Freikha M, Elwan N, El-Masry M, Al-Bacil A, Elhendy A. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 NovemberDecember; 70(6): 574-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732786

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Severe pectus excavatum associated with cor pulmonale and chronic respiratory acidosis in a young woman. Author(s): Theerthakarai R, El-Halees W, Javadpoor S, Khan MA. Source: Chest. 2001 June; 119(6): 1957-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399733

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Severe pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Himelman RB, Dohrmann M, Goodman P, Schiller NB, Starksen NF, Warnock M, Cheitlin MD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 December 1; 64(19): 1396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2531539

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Severe pulmonary hypertension in a patient with bronchiectasis complicated by cor pulmonale and a right-to-left shunt presenting for surgery. Author(s): Yim CF, Lim KS, Low TC. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 August; 30(4): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180586

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Significance of electrocardiotopography (ECTG) in revealing cor pulmonale in patients with chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases. Author(s): Boksha VG, Pesochensky RN. Source: Adv Cardiol. 1981; 28: 163. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7234567

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Significance of rightsided electrocardiographic leads in the diagnosis of cor pulmonale in pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Jain PK, Singh RG, Agrawal BV, Jha VK. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1978 July; 20(3): 112-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=721167

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Solitary pulmonary artery myxoma manifesting as pulmonary embolism and subacute cor pulmonale. Author(s): Huang CY, Huang CH, Yang AH, Wu MH, Ding YA, Yu WC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 1; 115(8): 680-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14656630

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Spontaneous rupture of the bladder in a patient with cor pulmonale presenting as acute abdominal emergency. Author(s): Woo J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1986 July; 62(729): 702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3748942

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Studies on cor pulmonale in cystic fibrosis: I. Effects of diuresis. Author(s): Whitman V, Stern RC, Bellet P, Doershuk CF, Liebman J, Boat TF, Borkat G, Matthews LW. Source: Pediatrics. 1975 January; 55(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=234188

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Studies on some parameters of tricuspid valve echocardiogram in the early diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Tang TQ, Duan SF, Zhang QP. Source: Acta Acad Med Wuhan. 1983; 3(2): 117-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6866385

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Subacute cor pulmonale due to microscopic pulmonary tumour cell embolization. Author(s): Lambert-Jensen P, Mertz H, Nyvad O, Christensen JH. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1994 November; 236(5): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7964440

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Subacute cor pulmonale due to tumor cell pulmonary embolization. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 June; 149(6): 1459, 1462. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2730270

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Subacute cor pulmonale due to tumor embolization to the lungs. Author(s): He XW, Tang YH, Luo ZQ, Gong LD, Cheng TO. Source: Angiology. 1989 January; 40(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2910141

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Subacute cor pulmonale due to tumor embolization. Author(s): Veinot JP, Ford SE, Price RG. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1992 February; 116(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733403

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Subacute cor pulmonale due to tumour embolization to the lungs. Author(s): Rodriguez-Garcia JL, Hernando JC, Serrano M, Aguinaga MA, Escribano L. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 January; 66(771): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2349177

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Subacute cor pulmonale in children: report of two cases. Author(s): Soares FA, Landell GA, de Oliveira JA. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1992 January; 12(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1579377

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Subacute cor pulmonale in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A case report. Author(s): Bank L, Benatar SR. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1982 November 13; 62(21): 768-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7135142

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Sympathetic nervous systems in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Watanabe E, Ogawa K, Ban M, Satake T. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1981 June; 45(6): 646-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6264174

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Thallium-201 scintigraphic visualization at rest of a dilated and hypertrophied right ventricle in a patient with sarcoidosis complicated by cor pulmonale. Author(s): Shih WJ, Friedman B, Domstad PA, DeLand FH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1985 June; 10(6): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3160525

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The diagnosis of "cor pulmonale" by non-invasive methods: a challenge for pulmonologists and cardiologists. Author(s): Weitzenblum E, Zielinski J, Bishop JM. Source: Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1983 September-October; 19(5): 423-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6227352

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The effects of controlled oxygen therapy on ventricular function in patients with stable and decompensated cor pulmonale. Author(s): MacNee W, Wathen CG, Flenley DC, Muir AD. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 June; 137(6): 1289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3202369

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The effects of flosequinan on hemodynamics and oxygen delivery in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Elborn JS, Richardson G, Murphy P, MacMahon J. Source: Chest. 1992 October; 102(4): 1155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1395760

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The effects of long term methyldopa in patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Evans TW, Waterhouse J, Finlay M, Suggett AJ, Howard P. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1988 October; 82(4): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3076795

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The interaction of long term domiciliary oxygen therapy and almitrine bismesylate in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Evans TW, Tweney J, Waterhouse JC, Suggett AJ, Nicholl A, Howard P. Source: Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1986; 146: 665-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3465587

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The management of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Romano PM, Peterson S. Source: Heart Disease. 2000 November-December; 2(6): 431-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728294

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The nineteenth pregnancy in a patient with cor pulmonale and severe pulmonary hypertension: a management challenge. Author(s): Al-Mobeireek AF, Almutawa J, Alsatli RA. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 July; 82(7): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12790853

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The renal glomerulus in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Campbell JL, Calverley PM, Lamb D, Flenley DC. Source: Thorax. 1982 August; 37(8): 607-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7179190

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The renin-angiotensin system and the "lesser circulation". A role in cor pulmonale? Author(s): Rubin LJ. Source: Chest. 1996 September; 110(3): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8797391

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The Sixth National Conference on Cor Pulmonale. Author(s): Wang ZL. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1992 June; 105(6): 506-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1360397

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Tissue oxygen delivery and cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Bergofsky EH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 May 5; 308(18): 1092-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6835322

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Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale: a comparison with radiological procedures. Author(s): Vieillard-Baron A, Qanadli SD, Antakly Y, Fourme T, Loubieres Y, Jardin F, Dubourg O. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1998 May; 24(5): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9660256

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Transitional cell carcinoma manifesting as acute cor pulmonale: cause of microscopic tumor embolism. Author(s): Dhillon SS, Singh DJ, Dass B, Schaub CR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 October; 94(10): 1030-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702817

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Transpulmonary angiotensin II formation in patients with chronic stable cor pulmonale. Author(s): Neilly JB, Clark CJ, Tweddel A, Rae AP, Hughes DM, Hutton I, Morton JJ, Stevenson RD. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 April; 135(4): 891-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3032031

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Treatment of heart failure following chronic cor pulmonale with ibopamine. Author(s): Sabino F, Bianco L, Cantoni V, Ghirardi P, Marchetti GV, Cicchetti V. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1988; 54 Suppl 1: 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3231901

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Tricuspid leaflet flail secondary to severe chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Terlizzi R, Maggiolo G, Desideri A, Celegon L. Source: Cardiologia. 1999 September; 44(9): 841. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609395

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Tumor cell embolism to pulmonary alveolar capillaries. Cause of sudden cor pulmonale. Author(s): Abbondanzo SL, Klappenbach RS, Tsou E. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1986 December; 110(12): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3022673

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Twelve year clinical study of patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale given long term domiciliary oxygen therapy. Author(s): Cooper CB, Waterhouse J, Howard P. Source: Thorax. 1987 February; 42(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3124283

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Unilateral calcified fibrothorax with cor pulmonale: failure to improve with decortication. Author(s): Chee YC, Poh SC. Source: Singapore Med J. 1983 February; 24(1): 63-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6867770

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Unilateral hyperlucent lung with polycythemia and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Llamas R, Schwartz A, Gupta SK, Baum GL. Source: Chest. 1971 June; 59(6): 690-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5087944

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Upper airway obstruction resulting in cor pulmonale. Author(s): Mullens PD, Nagaraj HS, McMurray GT. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1978 May; 76(5): 223-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=650067

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Use of diuretics in congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema and cor pulmonale. Author(s): Heinemann HO. Source: Mod Treat. 1970 March; 7(2): 380-400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5428983

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Vasodilator therapy in chronic obstructive lung disease complicated by pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale: report of a case. Author(s): D'Alonzo GE, Crevey BJ, Dantzker DR. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1983 June; 82(10): 760-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6874441

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Vectorcardiographic and electrocardiographic differentiation between cor pulmonale and anterior wall myocardial infarction. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Nishijima K, Richman H, Simonson E. Source: American Heart Journal. 1972 September; 84(3): 302-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5075639

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Ventilatory function and electrocardiographic pattern of cor pulmonale in pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Kokkola K. Source: Scand J Respir Dis Suppl. 1972; 78: 1-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4516546

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When cor pulmonale complicates the problem. Author(s): Petty TL. Source: Med Times. 1978 January; 106(1): 34-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=622017

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COR PULMONALE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cor pulmonale.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cor Pulmonale The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cor pulmonale” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Cor Pulmonale

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cor pulmonale” (or a synonym): •

Ma xing er san tang for treatment of cor pulmonale at acute onset stage--a report of 250 cases. Author(s): Air Force General Hospital, Beijing. Source: Wei, H Du, H J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 December; 18(4): 243-6 0254-6272

•

Treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic cor pulmonale with fei xin ling syrup. Author(s): Guang An Men Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Liu, W Yang, R J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1997 March; 17(1): 21-5 0254-6272

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PULMONALE

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

COR

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cor pulmonale. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cor pulmonale and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cor pulmonale” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cor pulmonale: •

Beneficial effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction in chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Kwan R, Mir MA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 April; 82(4): 751-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3105310

•

Boosting effects of drugs benefiting vital energy and activating blood and transfer factor on the immunity of patients with chronic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Chen WB, Li TQ, Yan LQ, Li ZY, Liu MY. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1983 March; 3(1): 63-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6553135

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•

Ma xing er san tang for treatment of cor pulmonale at acute onset stage--a report of 250 cases. Author(s): Wei H, Du H. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 December; 18(4): 243-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453589

•

Optimization and mechanism of step-leap respiration exercise in treating of cor pulmonale. Author(s): Bai J, Lu H, Zhang J, Zhao B, Zhou X. Source: Computers in Biology and Medicine. 1998 May; 28(3): 289-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784965

•

Treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic cor pulmonale with fei xin ling syrup. Author(s): Liu W, Yang R. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 March; 17(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437239

•

Treatment of chronic right-heart lesions. Proscillaridin for cor pulmonale and the senile heart. Author(s): Neumann H. Source: Geriatrics. 1966 June; 21(6): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5949184

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

Alternative Medicine 57

• WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

59

APPENDICES

61

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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63

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cor pulmonale” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5848 119 813 2 46 6828

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “cor pulmonale” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

65

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

67

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cor pulmonale can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cor pulmonale. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cor pulmonale. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cor pulmonale”:

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Congenital Heart Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Heart Valve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartvalvediseases.html Pulmonary Embolism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryembolism.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cor pulmonale. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

69

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cor pulmonale. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cor pulmonale. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cor pulmonale. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cor pulmonale” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cor pulmonale”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cor pulmonale” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cor pulmonale” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

71

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

73

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cor pulmonale: •

Basic Guidelines for Cor Pulmonale Acidosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001181.htm ALS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000688.htm Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000091.htm Collagen vascular disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001223.htm COPD Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000091.htm Cor pulmonale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000129.htm

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Pulmonary hypertension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000112.htm SLE Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000435.htm •

Signs & Symptoms for Cor Pulmonale Abnormal heart sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003266.htm Airway obstruction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Diaphoresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Heart sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003266.htm Hemoptysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Hepatomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Leg swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htm Lung disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htm Morbid obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003102.htm Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm

Online Glossaries 79

Peripheral edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Tachypnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cor Pulmonale AMP Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003368.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm BUN Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Echocardiogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869.htm Electrocardiogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm Heart catheterization Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003419.htm Hematocrit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003646.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Pulmonary function Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003443.htm

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Pulmonary function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003853.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Radionuclide ventriculography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003822.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Cor Pulmonale Tracheostomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002955.htm

•

Background Topics for Cor Pulmonale Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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COR PULMONALE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean

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intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Aldosterone Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of aldosterone. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Its therapeutic use in congestive heart or left ventricular failure is associated with significant increases in the cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. One of its more serious side effects is thrombocytopenia in some patients. [NIH]

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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiocardiography: Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH]

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Apnoea: Cessation of breathing. [EU] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of

Dictionary 85

tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents,

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and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It

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differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Chemoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.

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Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of

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the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decortication: Removal of part or all of the external surface of an organ. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. [NIH]

Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until

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it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]

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Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Familial polyposis: An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation,

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damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH]

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Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Sounds: The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of systole and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the atria; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling but is rarely audible in the normal heart. The physiological concept of heart sounds is differentiated from the pathological heart murmurs. [NIH]

Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorheology: The study of the flow of blood in relation to the pressures, flow, volumes, and resistances in blood vessels in macroscopic, microscopic, and submicroscopic dimensions. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemosiderosis: Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the reticuloendothelial system, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH]

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Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyaline membrane disease: A respiratory disease of newborns, especially premature infants, in which a membrane composed of proteins and dead cells forms and lines the alveoli making gas exchange difficult or impossible. [NIH] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypercapnia: A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoventilation: A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH]

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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Manometry: Tests that measure muscle pressure and movements in the GI tract. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle

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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although

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total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

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Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumoconiosis: Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a

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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pulmonary Gas Exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air

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and pulmonary capillary blood. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Valve: A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radionuclide Ventriculography: Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which

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contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Roentgenography: Production of an image of an object on film, or other kind of sensitized plate, usually by means of X-radiation or gamma radiation, the contrast between different areas of the image being the result of differential interaction of the radiation in the object. [NIH]

Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoid: A cutaneus lesion occurring as a manifestation of sarcoidosis. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicosis: A type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of particles of silica, quartz, ganister or slate. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Stages: Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters

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distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body

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cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Extracts: Preparations made from animal tissues or organs; they usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active; extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions. [NIH]

Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH]

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Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricuspid Valve: The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

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Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Ventricular Pressure: The pressure within a cardiac ventricle. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., Doppler echocardiography). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the myocardium, cardiac valves, and pericardium, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality

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disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

113

INDEX A Abdominal, 45, 81, 100 Abscess, 81, 106 Acatalasia, 81, 86 Acetylcholine, 29, 81, 99 Acidosis, 44, 77, 81 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 14, 44, 81 Actin, 4, 81, 99, 109 Adenocarcinoma, 81, 94 Adenosine, 81, 108 Adrenal Cortex, 81, 82, 103, 104 Adrenergic, 81, 98, 101, 102, 108 Affinity, 81, 82, 106 Aggravation, 13, 82 Agonist, 28, 82, 98, 108 Airway, 6, 9, 12, 17, 27, 32, 41, 49, 78, 82, 85, 106 Airway Obstruction, 12, 32, 41, 49, 82 Airway Resistance, 6, 82 Aldosterone, 21, 35, 82 Aldosterone Antagonists, 35, 82 Algorithms, 82, 85 Alkaline, 81, 82, 85 Almitrine, 11, 37, 47, 82 Alpha-1, 82, 101, 102 Alternative medicine, 82 Alveoli, 82, 95, 110 Amenorrhea, 82, 83 Amino Acids, 82, 83, 100, 103, 106, 108 Amrinone, 23, 82 Anatomical, 83, 84, 88, 90, 96, 100 Anemia, 83, 85, 94 Anesthesia, 82, 83 Aneurysm, 28, 83, 110 Angina, 83, 99 Anginal, 83, 99 Angiocardiography, 29, 83 Angiotensinogen, 83, 104 Anorexia, 16, 83 Anorexia Nervosa, 16, 83 Antagonism, 83, 108 Antibodies, 83, 95 Antibody, 29, 33, 81, 83, 87, 96, 104 Antigen, 81, 83, 88, 95, 96 Antihypertensive, 83, 95, 98, 99 Anti-inflammatory, 83, 93 Antimicrobial, 83, 89

Antioxidant, 8, 83 Aorta, 83, 110 Apnea, 83 Apnoea, 16, 27, 33, 84 Arginine, 84, 99 Arterial, 20, 28, 39, 82, 84, 86, 95, 99, 103, 107 Arteries, 4, 8, 23, 31, 34, 83, 84, 85, 89, 98, 104 Arteriolar, 84, 85, 104 Arterioles, 8, 84, 85, 86, 110 Arteriosus, 84, 103 Arteritis, 28, 34, 84 Artery, 83, 84, 89, 91, 100 Asbestos, 84 Asbestosis, 22, 84 Asphyxia, 11, 84 Aspirate, 6, 84 Atrial, 12, 14, 15, 20, 84, 94, 109, 110 Atrioventricular, 84 Atrium, 84, 109, 110 Atrophy, 84, 91 Auscultation, 28, 84 Autopsy, 8, 14, 84 B Bacteria, 83, 84, 91, 98, 109 Bacterium, 84, 108 Base, 84, 97, 102 Bilateral, 84, 91 Bile, 84, 93, 97, 107 Biopsy, 79, 84, 101 Biosynthesis, 82, 85, 106 Biotechnology, 8, 63, 85 Bladder, 45, 85, 88, 109 Blood Cell Count, 85, 94 Blood pressure, 7, 83, 85, 86, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 106 Blood vessel, 85, 86, 88, 91, 93, 94, 98, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110 Blood Viscosity, 21, 29, 85 Body Fluids, 85, 90, 106 Bradykinin, 85, 99 Bronchi, 85, 98, 108, 109 Bronchial, 85, 108 Bronchiectasis, 44, 85 Bronchitis, 11, 13, 20, 32, 35, 36, 85, 87 Bronchodilator, 85, 108

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C Calcium, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 99, 109 Calcium Channel Blockers, 85, 99 Calpain, 4, 86 Capillary, 8, 82, 85, 86, 93, 103, 104, 110 Captopril, 10, 86 Carbohydrate, 5, 34, 55, 86 Carbon Dioxide, 82, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 103, 105 Carcinogenic, 86, 107 Carcinoma, 16, 48, 86 Cardiac, 11, 13, 14, 24, 28, 30, 82, 86, 94, 99, 100, 104, 107, 110 Cardiac catheterization, 86, 104 Cardiopulmonary, 42, 86 Cardiotonic, 82, 86, 90 Cardiovascular, 6, 13, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 33, 41, 80, 86, 92 Case report, 10, 46, 86, 87 Case series, 86, 87 Catalase, 5, 81, 86 Catheter, 42, 86, 97 Catheterization, 9, 20, 79, 86, 97, 110 Cell Respiration, 87, 105 Central Nervous System, 81, 87, 93, 108 Centrifugation, 87, 94 Cerebrospinal, 87, 106 Cerebrospinal fluid, 87, 106 Chemoreceptors, 82, 87 Cholesterol, 84, 87, 107 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 48, 82, 87 Clinical study, 49, 87 Clinical trial, 3, 6, 63, 87, 103, 104 Cloning, 85, 87 Collapse, 87, 106 Colon, 87, 92 Complement, 87, 88 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 57, 88 Complementary medicine, 55, 88 Compliance, 6, 88 Computational Biology, 63, 88 Congestion, 88, 91 Congestive heart failure, 13, 17, 49, 88 Connective Tissue, 7, 88, 92, 93, 97 Connective Tissue Cells, 88 Constriction, 88, 110 Constriction, Pathologic, 88, 110 Continuous infusion, 5, 88 Contraindications, ii, 88

Contrast medium, 83, 88, 104 Conus, 89, 103 Coronary, 31, 34, 89, 98, 100 Coronary Thrombosis, 89, 98 Cortex, 89, 92 Corticosteroids, 6, 89, 93 Cyclic, 86, 89, 93, 99, 101, 108 Cyst, 84, 89 Cysteine, 4, 86, 89 Cystine, 89 Cytokine, 89, 100 Cytoplasm, 89, 91, 97, 99 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 86, 89 Cytoskeleton, 4, 89 D Decarboxylation, 89, 98 Decortication, 49, 89 Degenerative, 89, 105 Dementia, 81, 89 Detergents, 4, 89 Diagnostic procedure, 89 Diastole, 90 Diastolic, 19, 90, 95 Digestion, 84, 90, 97, 107 Digitalis, 18, 29, 90 Dilatation, Pathologic, 90, 110 Dilation, 85, 90, 110 Dilator, 90, 99 Dimethyl, 90, 99 Direct, iii, 90, 95, 104 Diuresis, 45, 90, 108 Duct, 86, 90, 107 Dyspnea, 78, 90, 103 E Echocardiography, 12, 19, 20, 26, 29, 48, 90, 110 Edema, 37, 78, 79, 90 Effector, 81, 87, 90, 101 Efficacy, 6, 23, 90 Elastic, 90, 107 Electrocardiogram, 18, 79, 90 Electrocardiography, 19, 90 Electrolyte, 82, 90, 102, 106 Electron microscope, 33, 90 Electrons, 83, 84, 90, 100, 104 Emaciation, 81, 90 Emboli, 9, 15, 18, 22, 23, 32, 41, 45, 46, 90, 91 Embolism, 9, 33, 34, 40, 48, 49, 91, 103 Embolization, 45, 46, 91 Emphysema, 11, 13, 17, 24, 32, 34, 36, 87, 91

115

Enalapril, 20, 91 Endogenous, 4, 39, 86, 91 Endothelial cell, 4, 91 Endothelium, 4, 91, 99 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 91 Endothelium, Vascular, 91 Endothelium-derived, 91, 99 Environmental Health, 22, 62, 64, 91 Enzymatic, 85, 88, 91, 92, 98 Enzyme, 7, 86, 90, 91, 93, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108 Eosinophilia, 17, 91 Eosinophils, 91 Epithelium, 91 Erythema, 17, 91 Erythema Nodosum, 17, 91 Erythrocytes, 18, 83, 85, 86, 91 Evoke, 92, 107 Exercise Test, 92 Exercise Tolerance, 43, 92 Exogenous, 5, 86, 91, 92 Expiration, 92, 104 Extracellular, 88, 92, 106 Extracellular Matrix, 88, 92 F Familial polyposis, 27, 92 Family Planning, 63, 92 Fat, 9, 91, 92, 97, 98, 107 Fatigue, 92, 94 Fibrin, 92, 102, 108 Fibrinolytic, 13, 92 Fibrosis, 4, 12, 20, 25, 35, 40, 45, 92, 103, 105 Flatus, 92, 93 Fluorescence, 4, 92 Forearm, 85, 92 Fractionation, 4, 92 Free Radicals, 83, 92 Friction, 82, 93 Frostbite, 93, 101 G Gallbladder, 81, 93 Ganglia, 81, 93, 99, 101 Gas, 7, 20, 21, 86, 92, 93, 95, 99, 103, 105, 110 Gas exchange, 7, 21, 93, 95, 103, 105, 110 Gastric, 16, 36, 93 Gastrin, 93, 95 Gastrointestinal, 84, 85, 93, 107 Gastrointestinal tract, 93, 107 Gene, 85, 93 Genotype, 93, 101

Gland, 81, 93, 97, 100, 107, 108 Glomerular, 93, 99 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 93, 99 Glomerulus, 47, 93 Glucocorticoid, 5, 93 Glucose, 5, 93, 94, 96, 101, 105 Gonadal, 93, 107 Governing Board, 93, 102 Guanylate Cyclase, 93, 99 H Haematological, 13, 24, 94 Haematology, 94 Heart failure, 13, 19, 25, 48, 94, 102, 103 Heart Sounds, 78, 94 Hematocrit, 26, 79, 85, 94 Hemodynamics, 10, 26, 32, 47, 94 Hemoglobin, 26, 83, 85, 91, 94 Hemoglobin M, 94 Hemoglobinopathies, 39, 94 Hemorheology, 40, 94 Hemorrhage, 6, 94, 108 Hemosiderosis, 27, 29, 94 Hepatic, 5, 94 Hepatocellular, 9, 94 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 9, 94 Hereditary, 94, 101 Histology, 7, 95 Hormone, 6, 82, 89, 93, 95, 96, 103, 108 Hyaline membrane disease, 40, 95 Hydralazine, 21, 25, 26, 95 Hydrogen, 81, 84, 86, 95, 98, 100 Hydrogen Peroxide, 86, 95 Hydrophilic, 89, 95 Hydrophobic, 89, 95 Hypercapnia, 32, 95 Hypersensitivity, 46, 95 Hypertension, 4, 7, 39, 85, 91, 95, 101, 102 Hypertrophy, 11, 16, 37, 38, 95, 102, 109 Hypoventilation, 12, 27, 95 Hypoxemia, 7, 34, 95 Hypoxia, 4, 7, 32, 95 Hypoxic, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 24, 28, 32, 35, 38, 47, 49, 95 I Idiopathic, 28, 34, 95, 105 Ileostomy, 95, 99 Immune response, 5, 83, 95, 96, 110 Immune system, 95, 96, 109, 110 Immunity, 55, 81, 95, 109 Immunodeficiency, 16, 81, 95 Immunoglobulins, 40, 95 Immunologic, 96, 100

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Immunosuppressive, 5, 93, 96 Immunosuppressive therapy, 5, 96 Impairment, 17, 20, 33, 96 Impotence, 96, 101 In situ, 8, 96 In vitro, 85, 96 Incision, 96, 97 Infarction, 96 Infection, 6, 16, 81, 91, 95, 96, 97, 100, 107, 110 Inflammation, 4, 6, 83, 84, 85, 92, 96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108 Infusion, 14, 96 Inhalation, 39, 84, 96, 106 Inotropic, 82, 96 Insulin, 5, 96 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 96 Intensive Care, 10, 20, 30, 41, 44, 48, 96 Interstitial, 25, 96 Intestines, 81, 93, 96, 99 Intoxication, 96, 111 Intracellular, 85, 96, 97, 99, 102 Intravenous, 5, 14, 20, 30, 41, 96, 97 Intubation, 87, 97 Invasive, 46, 95, 97, 104 K Kb, 62, 97 L Lesion, 97, 105 Ligaments, 89, 97 Lipid, 96, 97 Liver, 5, 81, 84, 86, 93, 94, 97, 104, 105 Localization, 4, 97 Localized, 81, 96, 97, 102 Lung Transplantation, 5, 97 Lymph, 91, 97, 98, 105 Lymph node, 97, 98, 105 Lymphatic, 91, 96, 97, 107 Lymphocyte Count, 81, 97 Lymphocytes, 81, 83, 97, 107, 110 Lymphoid, 83, 89, 97, 108 Lytic, 22, 97 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 23, 97 Malignant, 81, 97, 99 Manometry, 24, 98 Mechanical ventilation, 6, 98 Mediastinitis, 24, 98 Mediastinum, 98 Medical Records, 98, 105 MEDLINE, 63, 98 Membrane, 88, 92, 95, 98, 101, 102, 105

Memory, 83, 89, 98 Metastasis, 98 Metastatic, 10, 98 Methyldopa, 47, 98 Methylmalonic Acid, 15, 98 Microbe, 98, 108 Microscopy, 4, 98 Mitochondrial Swelling, 98, 99 Molecular, 5, 7, 63, 65, 85, 88, 98, 102 Molecule, 4, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104 Morphology, 94, 98 Myocardial infarction, 33, 38, 50, 89, 98 Myocardium, 98, 110 Myofibrils, 86, 99 Myosin, 99, 109 N Necrosis, 24, 96, 98, 99, 105 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 6, 99 Neoplasm, 99, 109 Nephron, 42, 93, 99 Nervous System, 46, 87, 99, 101 Neuromuscular, 35, 81, 99 Neuromuscular Junction, 81, 99 Neuropeptides, 86, 99 Neurotransmitter, 81, 85, 99, 100 Nifedipine, 10, 11, 35, 37, 40, 99 Nitrendipine, 32, 99 Nitric Oxide, 4, 6, 39, 99 Nitroglycerin, 30, 40, 99 Nitroprusside, 21, 100 Norepinephrine, 81, 98, 99, 100 Nuclear, 41, 42, 46, 90, 99, 100 Nuclei, 90, 97, 100 O Occult, 16, 36, 100 Opportunistic Infections, 81, 100 Oxidation, 83, 89, 94, 100 Oxygen Consumption, 92, 100, 105 Oxygenation, 28, 35, 95, 100 P Pancreas, 81, 96, 100 Parenchyma, 23, 100 Parotid, 100, 105 Pathologic, 4, 37, 81, 84, 89, 95, 100 Pathophysiology, 16, 38, 100 Pentoxifylline, 40, 100 Peptide, 12, 14, 17, 22, 100, 103, 108 Percutaneous, 32, 101 Perfusion, 7, 95, 101 Pericardial Effusion, 11, 101 Pericarditis, 34, 101

117

Pericardium, 101, 110 Peripheral Nervous System, 98, 99, 101 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 101 Peroxidase, 5, 101 Peroxide, 101 Pharmacologic, 4, 38, 83, 101, 108, 109 Phenotypes, 11, 101 Phentolamine, 26, 101 Phosphodiesterase, 82, 100, 101 Phospholipids, 92, 101 Phosphorylase, 86, 101 Physiologic, 12, 82, 85, 101, 104 Physiology, 4, 7, 102 Plants, 86, 90, 93, 98, 100, 102, 105, 109 Plasma, 5, 6, 18, 22, 83, 91, 93, 94, 102, 104 Plasmin, 102, 108 Platelet Aggregation, 99, 100, 102 Platelets, 86, 99, 102, 108 Pleural, 98, 102 Pneumoconiosis, 102, 106 Pneumonia, 88, 102 Pneumonitis, 46, 102 Point Mutation, 5, 102 Polyposis, 102 Postnatal, 6, 102 Potassium, 82, 102 Practice Guidelines, 64, 102 Prazosin, 28, 102 Prevalence, 6, 102 Progesterone, 103, 107 Progressive, 89, 99, 103, 109 Protease, 5, 103, 108 Protein C, 103, 109 Protein S, 85, 103 Proteins, 4, 5, 82, 83, 86, 87, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, 109 Proteolytic, 82, 88, 102, 103, 108 Protocol, 7, 103 Proximal, 103, 106 Psychiatry, 6, 103, 110 Psychoactive, 103, 111 Public Policy, 63, 103 Pulmonary Alveoli, 95, 103 Pulmonary Artery, 9, 32, 45, 85, 103, 110 Pulmonary Circulation, 8, 20, 35, 103 Pulmonary Edema, 49, 103 Pulmonary Embolism, 10, 31, 36, 42, 45, 48, 68, 103 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 27, 103 Pulmonary Gas Exchange, 23, 103 Pulmonary hypertension, 5, 6, 7, 21, 30, 36, 38, 39, 44, 47, 49, 78, 104

Pulmonary Valve, 94, 104 R Radiation, 92, 104, 105, 111 Radiation therapy, 92, 104 Radioactive, 95, 100, 104 Radiological, 48, 101, 104 Radiology, 19, 22, 32, 41, 104 Radionuclide Ventriculography, 42, 104 Randomized, 6, 90, 104 Receptor, 5, 25, 83, 104 Recombinant, 41, 104 Rectum, 87, 92, 93, 104 Refer, 1, 87, 97, 104 Regimen, 90, 104 Regurgitation, 18, 104 Renin, 21, 47, 83, 86, 104 Renin-Angiotensin System, 47, 86, 104 Respiration, 9, 21, 32, 35, 43, 44, 48, 56, 82, 83, 86, 104 Respirator, 98, 105 Respiratory distress syndrome, 10, 105 Respiratory failure, 22, 27, 30, 35, 37, 42, 105 Respiratory Physiology, 105, 110 Retina, 89, 105 Retinopathy, 6, 105 Retrospective, 34, 105 Retrospective study, 34, 105 Reversion, 22, 105 Rheology, 100, 105 Risk factor, 6, 105 Roentgenography, 19, 105 S Saline, 14, 105 Saponins, 105, 107 Sarcoid, 4, 21, 105 Sarcoidosis, 4, 46, 105 Schizoid, 105, 110 Schizophrenia, 105, 106, 110 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 106, 111 Scoliosis, 35, 43, 106 Screening, 87, 106 Senile, 56, 106 Septal, 40, 106 Serine, 106, 108 Serous, 91, 106 Serum, 40, 44, 87, 106 Shunt, 44, 106 Side effect, 82, 106, 108 Silicosis, 15, 22, 106 Skeletal, 99, 106, 109 Skeleton, 81, 106

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Cor Pulmonale

Sleep apnea, 7, 8, 106 Sleep Stages, 7, 106 Small intestine, 95, 96, 106 Smooth muscle, 7, 85, 86, 88, 99, 104, 106 Sodium, 21, 82, 99, 106 Specialist, 69, 90, 106 Species, 106, 109, 110 Spinal cord, 87, 99, 101, 107 Spleen, 97, 105, 107 Stabilization, 4, 107 Stenosis, 38, 107 Stent, 22, 32, 107 Steroid, 6, 105, 107 Stimulant, 82, 107 Stimulus, 7, 107, 108 Stomach, 81, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107 Stress, 6, 107 Stricture, 107 Stroma, 100, 107 Subacute, 17, 33, 34, 45, 46, 96, 107 Subclinical, 96, 107 Subcutaneous, 90, 107 Sublingual, 10, 107 Surfactant, 6, 107 Symptomatology, 34, 107 Systemic, 7, 82, 83, 85, 94, 96, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110 Systole, 19, 94, 107 Systolic, 29, 95, 107 T Tamponade, 11, 107 Terbutaline, 20, 108 Theophylline, 28, 108 Thoracic, 9, 21, 32, 35, 43, 44, 48, 108 Threshold, 95, 108 Thrombocytopenia, 82, 108 Thrombosis, 8, 103, 108 Thyroid, 108 Thyroid Gland, 108 Thyroid Hormones, 108 Thyrotropin, 6, 108 Thyroxine, 108 Tissue Extracts, 4, 108 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 41, 108 Tonsillitis, 41, 108 Tonsils, 30, 108 Toxic, iv, 90, 95, 108 Toxicity, 6, 108 Toxicology, 64, 108

Toxins, 83, 96, 109 Trachea, 85, 98, 108, 109 Tracheostomy, 33, 80, 109 Transfection, 85, 109 Transfer Factor, 55, 109 Transmitter, 81, 98, 100, 109 Trauma, 99, 109 Tricuspid Atresia, 109 Tricuspid Valve, 45, 109 Tropomyosin, 109 Troponin, 13, 109 Tuberculosis, 5, 43, 44, 50, 109 Tumour, 9, 15, 45, 46, 109 U Urinary, 102, 108, 109 Urinary Retention, 102, 109 Urine, 85, 90, 109 Uterus, 103, 108, 109 V Vaccine, 103, 109 Vagina, 108, 109 Valves, 109, 110 Vascular, 4, 7, 20, 40, 77, 82, 85, 91, 96, 99, 108, 109, 110 Vascular Resistance, 82, 110 Vasoconstriction, 4, 7, 35, 42, 110 Vasodilation, 4, 110 Vasodilator, 40, 49, 82, 85, 95, 99, 100, 110 Vein, 83, 97, 100, 110 Venous, 85, 99, 103, 109, 110 Ventilation, 6, 7, 10, 20, 35, 110 Ventricle, 19, 37, 46, 84, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110 Ventricular, 10, 17, 19, 20, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 47, 82, 94, 104, 109, 110 Ventricular Dysfunction, 30, 110 Ventricular Function, 10, 30, 31, 43, 47, 104, 110 Ventricular Pressure, 29, 41, 110 Venules, 85, 86, 91, 110 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 110 Virulence, 108, 110 Virus, 16, 81, 110 Viscosity, 85, 105, 110 W White blood cell, 83, 97, 110 Withdrawal, 7, 101, 110 X X-ray, 8, 79, 80, 89, 92, 100, 104, 111

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Cor Pulmonale

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