CONJUNCTIVITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Conjunctivitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83841-0 1. Conjunctivitis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on conjunctivitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONJUNCTIVITIS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Conjunctivitis ............................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONJUNCTIVITIS ............................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Conjunctivitis .............................................................................. 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 70 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONJUNCTIVITIS ....................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 77 General References ....................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS ......................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Dissertations on Conjunctivitis ................................................................................................... 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CONJUNCTIVITIS .................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Recent Trials on Conjunctivitis ................................................................................................... 85 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS .................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patents on Conjunctivitis ............................................................................................................ 91 Patent Applications on Conjunctivitis ...................................................................................... 112 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 123 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS...................................................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 125 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 126 Chapters on Conjunctivitis ........................................................................................................ 127 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CONJUNCTIVITIS ........................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Bibliography: Multimedia on Conjunctivitis............................................................................. 131 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS ........................................................ 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 133 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 136 Academic Periodicals covering Conjunctivitis........................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ................................................................................. 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 139 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 142 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 142 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 147
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NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 149 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 151 The Genome Project and Conjunctivitis .................................................................................... 151 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 155 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 166 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 169 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 169 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 169 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 175 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 177 CONJUNCTIVITIS DICTIONARY............................................................................................ 179 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 261
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with conjunctivitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about conjunctivitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to conjunctivitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on conjunctivitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to conjunctivitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on conjunctivitis. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on conjunctivitis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and conjunctivitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Management of Apthous Ulcers Source: American Family Physician. 62(1): 149-154. July 1, 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. Publications Division, 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article reviews the management of aphthous ulcers (cold sores), a common and painful problem. Benign aphthae tend to be small (less than 1 cm in diameter) and shallow. Aphthous ulcers that occur in conjunction with inflammation of the eye, genital ulcerations, conjunctivitis (bacterial infection of the conjunctiva of the eye, commonly called pink eye), arthritis, fever, or adenopathy (gland enlargement) should prompt a search for a serious cause. The lack of clarity regarding the etiology of
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aphthous ulcers has resulted in treatments that are largely based on observation. These treatments include antibiotics, antiinflammatories, immune modulators, anesthetics, and alternative (herbal) remedies. The author briefly describes the typical administration and dosage of each of these treatment options. 3 figures. 2 tables. 12 references. •
Rosacea: When Flushing or Sunburn May Be Sight-threatening Source: Consultant. 36(7):1399-1403; July 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents an overview of rosacea, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, possible triggers, and treatment. The presentation of rosacea ranges from mild facial flushing to disfiguring rhinophyma. Typical signs include telangiectasia, erythema, edema, and papules or pustules. Ocular involvement is common, so physicians should be on the alert for conjunctivitis and punctate keratopathy. If untreated, serious ocular complications, including blindness, can occur. The differential diagnosis includes systemic lupus erythematosus, acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and local irritation or allergy. The first-line therapy for rosacea is oral tetracycline and topical metronidazole. Patients should be instructed to avoid possible triggers, such as sun exposure, spicy foods, alcohol, and other vasodilators. Rosacea has been linked with Helicobacter pylori gastrointestinal disease and sometimes responds to therapy for such disease. 8 references, 6 figures, and 4 tables. (AA-M).
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Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Source: Lancet, The. 351(9113): 1417-1420. May 9, 1998. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the classification, epidemiology, clinical features, causes, histopathology, pathogenesis, and treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). This disorder is difficult to define because its relationship to the erythema multiform (EM) skin diseases is unclear. TEN has sometimes been classified as the most severe type of EM skin disease. One current classification scheme defines TEN according to the amount of epidermal loss. TEN has been reported worldwide in all age groups, but it is more common in elderly people. The initial symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and pruritus. Mucous membranes are commonly affected 1 to 3 days before skin lesions appear. The lesions generally progress and extend for 3 to 4 days. Although mucocutaneous erosions are the most prominent feature, TEN can also affect internal organs. Many factors have been proposed in the pathogenesis of TEN, but dose dependent adverse reactions to drugs are the likely cause of most cases. The disorder also seems to be associated with acute graft host reaction. Therapy includes protecting exposed dermis and eroded mucosal surfaces, monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance and initiating therapy for imbalances, providing nutritional support, and monitoring for evidence of systemic infection. Care for exposed skin includes grafting, using synthetic skin substitutes, dressing with occlusive silver nitrate gauze, and using several newer dressings. Specific medical therapy, such as systemic corticosteroids, is controversial. 3 figures and 33 references.
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Pink Is Not a Good Eye Color Source: Diabetes In the News. 13(1): 26-27. January-February 1994. Summary: This patient education article discusses common eye infections, focusing on the importance for people with diabetes to control and prevent even minor eye infections. Topics include conjunctivitis (pink eye); styes; cellulitis; treatment options, including antibiotics; eye irritations that are caused by allergies or by dry eyes; and eye
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injuries, including scratches, cuts, and bruises. The article concludes with recommendations for contact lens wearers. Two sidebars summarize the symptoms of an eye infection and the recommendations for preventing eye infections.
Federally Funded Research on Conjunctivitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to conjunctivitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to conjunctivitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore conjunctivitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for conjunctivitis: •
Project Title: ALTERATION OF HOST IRON HOMEOSTASIS BY NEISSERIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bonnah, Robert A.; Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) infects a variety of mucosal epithelial surfaces, including the eye, causing hyperacute conjunctivitis. Untreated, these infections can cause visual impairment and blindness. GC infect only humans due to a tropism for human forms of host cell receptors and a requirement for human transferring (Tf). Tf is a host iron-binding glycoprotein that shuttles iron from sites of absorption to cells of the body. To acquire essential iron in vivo GC produce specific Tf-binding proteins (Tbps) in their outer membrane that allow the piracy of iron from host Tf. GC mutants devoid of Tbps are unable to initiate urethral infection in male volunteers. The goal of the proposed study is to improve current understanding of how pathogenic microbes alter the physiology of cells of the ocular surface, to attain sufficient iron for growth. GC likely play an active role in enhancing their supply of iron on the mucosal surface, by manipulating host conjunctival epithelial cells to downregulate transferrin receptors (TfR), and altering their TfR cycling and TfR distribution patterns. Since animal models for GC eye infections are lacking, conjunctival cell lines and where appropriate, donor tissues will be used to assess uninfected and infected conjunctival cells for downregulated Tf-receptor (TfR) by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Using a functional assay with radiolabeled Tf and live cells, the levels of host cell TfR will be measured and the TfR cycling rate will be determined in the presence and absence of infection. The other key host iron homeostasis proteins, ferritin, iron regulatory protein-1 (IRP1) and IRP2 levels and biological activity will also
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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be monitored during the course of GC infection. Wild type and isogenic GC mutants lacking specific virulence determinants will be used for the assays. In addition, a specially designed DNA microarray, the 'iron chip', will be used for simultaneous comprehensive analysis of GC alteration of host gene regulation of some 200 genes known to play a role in cellular iron homeostasis. These studies will aid in delineating the specific bacterial products and host signaling factors that may significantly contribute to the processes of iron withholding by host epithelial cells. These studies may lead to novel treatment strategies, since withholding iron can arrest bacterial growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIGEN PRESENTATION--MODEL OF ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Benichou, Gilles A.; Schepens Eye Research Institute Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Immediate hypersensitivity or allergy is the most widespread immunological disorder in humans. We have recently developed a mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis to cat dander (Fel dl), and characterized the T helper responses in susceptible animals. Approximately 25% of the world's population suffer from allergies; with ocular symptoms contributing a significant proportion of the discomfort and patient care costs associated with allergic disease. There is considerable interest among ophthalmologists for the development of new anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory compounds that can be used safely in the eye. A novel and promising approach to management of ongoing allergic disease is that of peptide immunotherapy. Identification of defined T cell epitopes containing peptides, based on the primary structure of major allergens may provide an effective tool for modification of human immediate hypersensitivity to allergens. Since functional and biochemical studies have demonstrated that the generation of T cell responses depends upon antigen receptors on T cells (TCR) recognizing peptide fragments of foreign proteins associated with products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), that are expressed on the membranes of accessory cells, any examination of T cell epitopes must also include MHC analysis. Therefore, the goal of this proposal is to use our mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis to clearly define the molecular interaction in the ternary complex of immunodominant peptide, the MHC on the antigen presenting cell (APC), and the T cell receptor. After we have define the specific T cell/peptide/APC interaction, we will use this information to develop a novel T cell vaccine my making an antigenized MHC-Ig chimera, and then to test this T cell vaccine in our mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOLOGY OF PHAGE INFECTION IN CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bavoil, Patrik M.; Oral & Craniofacial Biol Scis; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydial disease of humans includes predominant ocular, genital and respiratory tract infections, with sequelae ranging from blindness, to female infertility, arthritis and asthma. Chronic infection with the respiratory pathogen, Chlamydia pneumoniae is also associated with coronary heart disease, the number one killer disease of humans. In spite of their public health
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magnitude, chlamydiae are reputed for their elusiveness as infectious microorganisms to clinicians and molecular biologists alike. This owes to several factors, prominent among which are a unique obligate intracellular developmental lifestyle and the fact that chlamydiae have resisted genetic manipulation to this day. We have isolated a bacteriophage, phiCPG1 from the model Chlamydia psittaci strain ?Guinea Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis?. A member of the single-stranded DNA microviridae family, phiCPG1 is nearly identical to a ?virtual? phage of C. pneumoniae that was revealed by genome sequence analysis. The infection of an intracellular pathogen by its own parasitic bacteriophage is a unique biological phenomenon, with potentially important implications in infection and disease. Moreover, phages offer unique opportunities for the development of molecular and genetic tools for research. The objectives of this application are therefore to gain a broad understanding of Chlamydia phage biology in the context of chlamydial infection. We will determine the molecular basis of the interaction of the phage with its host and comparatively evaluate gene expression in phage-free and phage-infected bacteria. The availability of well-established models of infection and disease in the guinea pig will allow for the first time to study the impact of phage infection on the natural infection of a vertebrate animal by an obligate intracellular pathogen. Finally, the information gained in these studies will be exploited toward the development of genetic methodologies in Chlamydia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHLAMYDIA GENETICS AND OCULAR DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kane, Colleen D.; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000 Summary: Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiologic agent of trachoma, the world s leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. Trachoma is believed to be an immunopathologic disease which results from repeated exposure to chlamydial antigens. The chlamydial 60 kDa heat shock protein (GroEL) is the primary candidate for this immunopathologic antigen, although it remains controversial whether immune responses to Chlamydia-specific or highly conserved regions of GroEL lead to pathology. Moreover, it is unclear whether other chlamydial antigens contribute to immunopathology. This project will use a novel genetic approach to test the hypothesis that GroEL is responsible for the pathology of trachoma by identifying GroEl epitopes which elicit hypersensitivity in an animal model of ocular infection. This analysis will be extended to the study of recombinant chlamydiae expressing defined GroEL epitopes in the context of the whole organism. The long-term goals of this project include defining pathologic or protective GroEL epitopes to be excluded/included in a recombinant trachoma vaccine strain of Chlamydia. Perhaps more importantly, a reproducible system of gene replacement in Chlamydia will be developed and can be applied to the study of other chlamydial genes, providing unique insights into their function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CONJUCTIVAL MAST CELLS IN ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Barney, Neal P.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 22-DEC-2002 Summary: Background: Allergic eye disease, in some form, affects greater than 20 million people in the US. No systematic investigation has been undertaken to attempt to
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understand the molecular signaling events on the ocular surface and to explain the mechanism and course of cellular infiltration in allergic eye disease patients. Purpose: To determine if activated human conjunctival mast cells will supply sufficient cytokines and other mediators to initiate and direct a well orchestrated trafficking of eosinophils to the ocular surface, facilitate their adhesion, and cause their release of potent affecters of ocular surface damage. Secondly, to determine the differences in molecular signaling in patients undergoing seasonal allergic conjunctivitis compared to those with sight threatening disease such as Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis. Methods: Following activation with anti-IgE or secretagogue, human conjunctival mast cell release of cytokines will be evaluated by ELISA, RT-PCR, or micro bead assay. Following treatment with activated supernatants from conjunctival mast cells (identifying important cytokines using blocking antibodies), human conjunctival or corneal epithelial cells, will be evaluated by FACS, RT-PCR, and ELISA for production of cell adhesion molecules and eosinophil attracting chemokines. Eosinophil adhesion to these stimulated epithelial cells will be measured by eosinophil peroxidase adhesion assays. Following their attachment to epithelial cells, eosinophils will be measured for activation by evaluation of oxidative burst and for release of potent affecters of epithelial cell damage such as eosinophil cationic protein by ELISA. These in-vitro results will guide our in vivo evaluation (FACS, RT-PCR) of ocular surface cells (obtained by impression etiology) of patients undergoing an allergic reaction induced by topical provocation with allergen. Conclusion: We will be able to connect the molecular signaling events of cells of the ocular surface to the known pathologic findings of allergic eye diseases. This understanding will allow the development of precise strategies for intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTROL PRODUCTION
OF
CONJUNCTIVAL
GOBLET
CELL
MUCIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dartt, Darlene A.; Senior Scientiist, Acting Director of Re; Schepens Eye Research Institute Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1991; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The mucus layer, secreted primarily by the conjunctival goblet cells, is a critical protective layer for the ocular surface, shielding it from pathogenic and environmental challenges. To defend the ocular surface, goblet cells must be able to respond to the external challenges. These external challenges activate sensory nerves in the cornea to stimulate parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that surround the goblet cells. These nerves release neurotransmitters that interact with receptors in the goblet cell membranes and activate intracellular signaling pathways to induce goblet cell mucin secretion. The long term objective of this research is to identify, characterize the function of, and determine the activity of the specific cellular biochemical processes in the signaling pathways activated by parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters and to stimulate goblet cell mucin secretion and goblet cell proliferation. The focus of the present proposal will be cholinergic agonists (parasympathetic pathway), one of the major stimulatory pathways in the conjunctiva. It will be determined if cholinergic agonists: (1) activate a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathway to stimulate goblet cell mucin secretion; (2) activate a PKC-dependent pathway to stimulate goblet cell mucin secretion; (3) activate the MAP kinase pathway and the stress responsive transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 to induce goblet cell proliferation, and (4) mediate neurally-induced goblet cell proliferation. Rat conjunctiva will be incubated in vitro and an enzyme-linked lectin assay used to measure secretion of goblet cell mucin. This method will be combined with immunoprecipitation, Western
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blotting, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, ELISA, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay to determine identify, location, and activity of the individual components of the signaling pathways and bromo-2 deoxyuridine labeling to measure cell proliferation. Mucin production by the goblet cells is tightly regulated as either an increase or decrease in mucin secretion is associated with ocular surface disease. Neural stimulation of goblet cell secretion and proliferation is especially important. In diseases of mucin overproduction, such as giant papillary conjunctivitis, a constant irritative stimulus would activate sensory nerves in the cornea to stimulate efferent nerves in the conjunctiva to increase goblet cell secretion and proliferation. In diseases of mucin deficiency, such as anesthetic cornea and herpetic keratitis, sensory nerves in the cornea are rendered dysfunctional preventing activation of the efferent pathway and blocking goblet cell secretion and proliferation. Study of the cellular components of the signaling pathways that stimulate goblet cell secretion and proliferation will lead to the design of goblet cell-specific therapies for diseases of both mucus overproduction and deficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG LOADED PUNCTUM PLUG FOR TREATMENT OF OCULAR DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Widenhouse, Tamara; Veterinary Medical Solutions, Inc. Box 142763 Gainesville, Fl 32604 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this Phase I proposal, we will investigate the loading and release of ocular drugs of importance into/from silicone punctual occlusion devices. The ultimate goal of the work (Phase I, II, and Ill) is to bring a drug loaded punctual occlusion device to the commercial medical device market, and to provide data that will support the claim that an occlusion device may be used as a temporary implant for the purpose of increasing the drug delivery efficiency for topical medications. Specifically, we aim to assist therapy of several ocular disorders and procedures, including dry eye syndromes, corneal graft/transplants, glaucoma, temporary increase in IOP following cataract or other ocular surgery, bacterial conjunctivitis, and corneal ulcers. In this Phase I study, we will evaluate the feasibility, methods, and kinetics of loading and release of five drugs of ocular importance from silicone punctual occlusion devices. The methods used to load these compounds into the substrate of the devices are proven methods previously studied by the investigators. These methods include three separate methods to incorporate pharmaceutical and therapeutic compounds into medical devices to ensure at least one suitable method for each drug compound will be identified. Collaboration with a world internationally recognized expert in ophthalmology will facilitate the animal studies, and greatly increase the impact of the study on commercially available medical devices used to treat ocular disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENCAPSIDATION OF ADENOVIRUS DNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Imperiale, Michael J.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Adenoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses containing a linear double stranded DNA genome that were first discovered in 1945. The human adenoviruses are associated with a variety of diseases including upper
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respiratory infections, gastrointestinal illness, and conjunctivitis. For many years, these viruses have been outstanding model systems for the study of DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein translation, oncogenic transformation, and apoptosis. Most recently, interest in adenovirus has expanded due to its potential as a vector for vaccination and human gene transfer studies. Viral gene expression, genome replication, and viral assembly all take place in the nucleus of the infected cell. This project focuses on assembly and, in particular, the encapsidation of viral DNA. This process requires at least three elements: the viral packaging domain, which is located near the left end of the genome and is made up of repeated elements called A repeats; the viral IVa2 protein, which binds to required sequence motifs in this region; and the viral 52/55 kDa protein, which binds the IVa2 protein and plays an as of yet undetermined role. The goals of this proposal are to elucidate further the mechanism by which adenovirus encapsidates its DNA. The role of the 52/55 kDa protein will be uncovered through the analysis of a mutant virus that doesn't express the protein and by structure-function studies on the protein. The mechanism by which the lVa2 protein facilitates DNA packaging will be determined by construction and characterization of a mutant virus that does not express the protein, by determining whether the protein has a predicted ATPase activity, and by examining functional interactions of the IVa2 protein with other viral proteins. Finally, an in vitro system for encapsidation of viral DNA will be developed in order to obtain a detailed understanding of the roles of these two proteins, as well as other factors, in the process. The ultimate goal of the project is the development of an in vitro system for complete viral assembly. These studies will advance our basic understanding of how adenovirus packages its DNA and produces infectious virions. This knowledge will be applicable to the development of anti-viral drugs that block this process, as well as to the development of safer adenovirus vectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENTEROVIRUS RNA TRANSLATION AND REPLICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Barton, David J.; Assistant Professor; Microbiology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Enteroviruses cause a diverse spectrum of human diseases including conjunctivitis, myocarditits, aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and fatal systemic infections in neonates. Poliovirus, the prototypic enterovirus, is well characterized at the molecular level and still serves as the most appropriate virus for studies of RNA translation and replication. In this proposal, poliovirus mRNA translation and RNA replication will be studied in cell-free reactions capable of supporting the sequential translation and replication of poliovirus RNA. These reactions are advantageous because they support authentic translation and replication of poliovirus RNA while providing numerous technical advantages including the ability to synchronize viral mRNA translation and viral RNA replication. The interaction of cis-active RNA structures at the termini of poliovirus RNA will be examined. Temporally dynamic ribonucleoproteins form on poliovirus cis-active RNA structures to mediate and regulate the sequential steps of replication. Experiments will be performed to: 1) determine how the 5' cloverleaf RNA structure of poliovirus potentiates viral mRNA translation, 2) determine how translating ribosomes regulate, in part, the switch from viral mRNA translation to RNA replication, 3) determine how apparently distal cis-active RNA structures interact to regulate sequential steps of viral RNA translation and replication, and 4) determine the mechanisms behind the
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asymmetric replication of poliovirus RNA. These experiments will help elucidate the fundamental sequence of molecular interactions required for enterovirus RNA translation and replication. This information will provide for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which enteroviruses replicate. In particular, these studies will contribute substantial new information to support the popular new paradigm of 5'-3' RNA interactions in messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes and RNA replication complexes. The experiments directly test a hypothesis concerning the mechanism by which RNA replication machinery avoids ribosome-replicase collisions. Finally, the experiments test a new model that clearly explains the mechanisms controlling asymmetric RNA replication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETICS OF H. AEGYPTIUS BRAZILIAN PURPURIC FEVER CLONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Actis, Luis A.; Associate Professor; Microbiology; Miami University Oxford 500 E High St Oxford, Oh 45056 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 15-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a fatal disease caused by a unique invasive clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius (H. aegyptius), a bacterial species that is normally non-invasive and causes mild cases of conjunctivitis. The unusual invasive attributes of the BPF clone of H. aegyptius make this pathogen an ideal model to study the emergence of an invasive derivative, which expresses new virulence determinants, from an old bacterial pathogen. Furthermore, the availability of a tissue culture model using the natural host-target cells and the existence interactions, bacterial gene transfer, and the regulation of the expression of bacterial virulence genes. In addition, little is known about the molecular and genetic nature of the BPF virulence factors and the pathogenesis of the purpura fulminans caused by this pathogen. Thus, the long-term goal of this research project is the elucidation of the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in the invasion and destruction of the endothelial host-cells by the BPF clone. In this proposal, we address this overall goal through several approaches, combining classical methods used in bacterial genetics with techniques designed to isolate unique genes present in virulent strains and examine differential gene expression. The first Specific Aim involves the isolation and characterization of unique BPF genes, some of which may be involved in virulence. This will be achieved by constructing a gene library using the innovative subtraction genomic hybridization technique. The second Specific Aim is focused on the expression analysis of the unique BPF genes at the transcriptional and translational levels using northern and western blotting together with reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The third Specific Aim examines the role of unique BPF genes in the invasion and destruction of human endothelial cells using isogenic mutants. These mutants, which will be generated by site-directed insertion mutagenesis and allelic exchange, will be tested in the HMEC1 tissue culture model that mimics the vascular destruction produced during the infection process caused by the invasive strains of H. aegyptius. These proposed studies address an important and largely unexplored aspect of the pathogenesis of the vascular destruction caused by the BPF clone of H. aegyptius. Furthermore, these studies will lead to a better comprehension of the nature of other vascular destructive infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HOME HYGIENE INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Larson, Elaine; Professor; None; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: The role of the home environment in the transmission of infectious diseases and the impact of use of anti microbial products for cleaning in the home have not been studied in the U.S. The purposes of this blinded clinical trial with randomized group assignment are to test the effectiveness of two home hygiene regimens in reducing transmission of infectious disease symptoms among household members and to examine the effects of use of antibacterial products for dishwashing, laundry, and personal hygiene on the microbial flora of the hands and the development of anti microbial resistance. 240 households in the Washington Heights neighborhood of northern Manhattan, recruited from neighborhood schools, churches, neighbor referrals and three local WIC program offices, will be studied. Each household will be randomized to one of two interventions: a regimen in which anti microbial-containing, commercially available products will be used for dishwashing, laundry, and personal hygiene or a non-anti microbial regimen in which parallel products, but without anti microbial ingredients, will be used. Investigators and subjects will be blinded to group assignment. Study households will be contacted by telephone weekly and by home visit monthly for 12 months. Test products will be provided free to all participant households. The primary homemaker will provide information about hygiene practices in the home and about infectious disease symptoms in each member of the household. Disease transmission in the household will be defined as two or more persons in the same household with at least one related symptom (vomiting, diarrhea, fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, skin infection). The accuracy of symptom self-reporting will be verified by physical examination by a nurse practitioner. A hand culture will be obtained from the primary homemaker at the beginning of the study and quarterly during the study to examine any effects of use of anti microbial or non-anti microbial products on the types, numbers, and resistance patterns of bacteria on the hands. Logistic regression, Liang-Zeger regression, and Chi Square analyses will be used to test differences in rates of transmission of symptoms and changes in quantity, types and resistance patterns of microbial flora of the hands. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF ADENOVIRUS KERATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chodosh, James; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Ocular infection by subgroup D adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, or 37 causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, manifest by acute pseudomembranous conjunctivitis, punctate and macro-epithelial corneal erosions, and delayed-onset subepithelial corneal stromal infiltrates. Subepithelial infiltrates, the hallmark of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, cause photophobia, foreign body sensation, and reduced vision, and may persist for months to years. On the basis of evidence from our laboratory that adenovirus type 19 infection of human corneal fibroblasts in vitro induces the potent neutrophil chemotactant interleukin-8 (IL-8), we hypothesize that adenoviral subepithelial infiltrates result when infection of superficial keratocytes induces secretion of IL-8 and migration of neutrophils into the corneal stroma. Our long
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term goal is to understand the interplay between adenoviruses and mechanisms of innate immune response in the human cornea. The specific aims of this proposal are: 1) to test the hypothesis that IL-8 gene transcription in adenovirus-infected human corneal fibroblasts occurs before onset of adenoviral gene transcription, 2) to test the hypothesis that an intracellular signaling cascade mediates adenovirus-induced IL-8 gene transcription in human corneal fibroblasts, and 3) to test the hypothesis that inhibitors of intracellular signaling can be applied to prevent IL-8-induced conical inflammation. The National Plan for Vision Research (1999-2003) by the National Advisory Eye Council noted the "high morbidity and economic costs" of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (p. 42). Our proposal bridges the gap between studies of corneal immunobiology and corneal infectious diseases and meets a major program objective of the Council: to "analyze the molecular nature of corneal inflammation" (p. 51). The proposed studies are significant because they test novel mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and innate immune defense in the human cornea. Chronic discomfort and reduced vision in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis relate directly to the presence of subepithelial corneal infiltrates. The gaps in our knowledge that this grant intends to fill are: 1) by what mechanism does adenovirus infection stimulate IL-8 production by human corneal fibroblasts; and 2) can signal transduction inhibitors be used to inhibit the innate immune response to adenovirus infection of the human cornea? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPORT OF ADENOVIRUS DNA INTO THE NUCLEUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerace, Larry R.; Professor; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla, Ca 920371000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses with an -36 kb genome. In humans, adenoviruses cause a significant number of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. They also are a major cause of viral conjunctivitis, including epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), a condition that can threaten long-term visual function and for which there is no effective treatment. In addition, adenoviruses are being intensively investigated as vectors for human gene therapy because of their broad tissue tropism. Although significant insight has been obtained on how adenovirus penetrates the cell to reach the cytoplasm, little is known about the molecular mechanism of nuclear import of the adenovirus genome, which is critical for virus reproduction. This proposal is directed at obtaining detailed molecular insight on adenovirus DNA import. The aims are: 1) The mechanism for docking of adenovirus to the nuclear pore complex will be investigated, focusing on an analysis of the adenovirus hexon protein and its interaction with specific nucleoporins. 2) The role of protein VII in the transport of adenovirus DNA through the nuclear pore complex will be analyzed, and the possibility that protein VII can be used as a nonviral method for achieving efficient gene transfer will be investigated. 3) The role of cytosolic factors, including hsc70 and its cofactors, in virus uncoating at the pore complex and in DNA import, will be analyzed. Considered together, this work will provide a valuable model for understanding the nuclear import of the genomes of pathogenic DNA viruses. The work also could potentiate the development of new therapies for EKC in humans. Finally, it could provide the basis for developing efficient means for nonviral gene transfer, which would be useful for gene therapy and functional studies of cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IN VIVO IMAGING OF LEUKOCYTE-ENDOTHELIAL DYNAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mathers, William D.; Professor; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The process of leukocyte migration across the vascular endothelial barrier is fundamental to the process of inflammation and the response to infection. We will quantitate the effect of various medications such as topical corticosteroids, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and mast cell stabilizers in several of these processes. We have applied intravital microscopy in animal systems to visualize, quantitate and analyze this process. Recent advances in confocal microscopy have allowed a European group to quantitate leukocyte endothelial rolling and sticking in the microvasculature of the human eye. Combining our clinical expertise in confocal microscopy and our experience analyzing leukocyte vascular interactions, we propose to utilize in vivo confocal technology to quantitate leukocyte rolling and arrest in 4 different human vascular beds: the limbus, conjuctiva, episclera, and sclera. With these three specific aims: Aim one, we propose to image rolling and sticking of leukocytes in four different normal ocular vascular beds: the conjunctiva, limbus, episclera, and sclera. Aim two, we will compare leukocyte-endothelial dynamics in specific vascular beds in seven disease states: a) allergic seasonal conjunctivitis, b) Sjogren's syndrome and dry eye, c) blepharitis, d) graft versus host disease (GVHD), e) episcleritis, f) scleritis, and g) anterior uveitis. Aim three, we will determine the effect of medications including topical prednisolone acetate, a mast cell stabilizer (optipranolol), or an oral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (indomethacin) on endothelial-leukocyte dynamics in diseases for which each is frequently prescribed. Our studies will directly clarify the pathogenesis of several troublesome and rarely studied ocular disease processes. These studies will elucidate the mechanism by which medications alter these processes. Most importantly these studies will quantitate a fundamental human biological process in microvascular beds that have not previously been imaged. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OCULAR TISSUE AND RSV Principal Investigator & Institution: Barik, Sailen; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of South Alabama Mobile, Al 366880002 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this research is to investigate the interaction between the eye and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a clinically significant pathogen of the respiratory tract. Infection by RSV, a RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, produces bronchopulmonary dysplasia, destruction of lung cells, asthma, and results in an annual death toll of roughly 1 million, mostly infants. Thus, RSV is traditionally considered a respiratory pathogen. However, there is no comprehensive knowledge about the exact pathway(s) of entry of the virus into the lung in natural infection. More than a decade ago, indirect epidemiological studies suggested that the eye might play a role in the respiratory RSV disease. In recent times, studies from our laboratory and others' have established a significant association between allergic conjunctivitis and the presence of RSV and cytokines in the eye. Thus, we believe that the time is right to test whether the eye may be an important organ and route of RSVinfection. Based on this, we will test the following hypothesis:(i) The eye serves as a bona fide physiological organ that supports RSV infection; (ii) in this capacity, the eye provides a gateway through which RSV gains entry, and eventually proceeds to infect
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the lungs; (iii) RSV-infection of the eye leads to the elaboration of immunoregulatory cytokines/ chemokines, which may be an important cause of "Allergy Eye" (Red Eye), commonly seen in patients with respiratory disease. Our studies of ocular RSV infection will use the mouse model, well established for RSV-mediated respiratory infection that faithfully mimics the human respiratory disease. Should our hypotheses be proven, it would establish an animal model for RSV-eye interaction, and open new directions in ocular immunopathology, RNA virus-activated signaling pathways in the eye, and antiviral drug regimen targeting the eye Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MUCINS OF THE OCULAR SURFACE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gipson, Ilene K.; Senior Scientist; Schepens Eye Research Institute Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1979; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The mucus of the tear film is responsible for maintenance of fluid on the surface of the eye and for providing a microbe barrier to protect the eye from infection. Ocular surface diseases such as those of the dry eye type, vitamin A deficiency, ocular surface infections as well as allergic conjunctivits may involve mucus deficiency, disruption of the mucus layer, or discharge of large amounts of mucus. During the previous funding period, we demonstrated that three mucin genes are expressed by the ocular surface epithelium, two prevalent ones being the membrane- spanning mucin MUC4 and the goblet cell-specific mucin MUC5AC. We sequenced portions of MUC4 and developed probes, antibodies, and assay methods for both mucins that we now propose to use in four specific aims toward understanding aspects of the function and regulation of expression of these mucins on the ocular surface in normal and pathologic states. Aim I: Characterize two aspects of the membrane-spanning mucin MUC4 on the ocular surface. A. determine whether the mucin remains associated with the apical membrane glycocalyx or whether its extracellular domain is shed into the tear film. b. Test candidate inducers of MUC4 gene expression, based on presence of putative transcription factor binding sites identified from sequencing the MUC4 regulatory region and on preliminary data indicating their potential role in its regulation. Aim II: We hypothesize that conjunctival goblet cell differentiation is characterized by induction of expression of the MUC5AC gene and that such induction can be regulated by environmental stimuli as well as cellular effectors. We propose to: a. determine in a mouse model whether goblet cell differentiation/Muc5AC expression can be influenced by surface irritants, infections, or specific allergens; b. determine whether conjunctival goblet cell differentiation can be enhanced in vitro, based on demonstrated presence of regulatory elements in the promoter region of MUC5AC and on culture conditions known to affect gastrointestinal goblet cell differentiation. Aim III: Determine if MUC5AC has specific affinities for MUC4 and the bactericidal proteins prevalent in the tear film, lysozyme, and secretory IgA. Aim IV: Determine in a specific type of dry eye (Sjogren's syndrome), and in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis whether amounts of MUC4 and MUC5AC mRNA and protein differ from the normal population. We hypothesize that dry eye syndromes are characterized by loss of surface wetting due to reduced amounts of MUC5AC and MUC4 protein, whereas, allergic conjunctivitis is characterized by an increased amount of mucins to facilitate allergen removal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL TRANSPOSITION
MECHANISMS
FOR
DNA
INVERSION
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Karls, Anna C.; Associate Professor; Microbiology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL OPHTHALMIC DRUG DELIVERY VEHICLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hofland, Hans E.; Optime Therapeutics, Inc. 1333 N Mc Dowell Blvd Petaluma, Ca 94954 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-SEP-2002; Project End 08-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this proposal is to develop a novel, liposome-based platform for enhanced ophthalmic drug delivery. The specific aims include the optimization of the present delivery platform in order to boost intraocular drug concentration and drug retention. Following the physical and chemical characterization of all new formulations, those formulations which possess the most desirable characteristics (i.e. physical and chemical stability and sterility) will be used in an ex vivo model to examine whether they enhance drug absorption in the cornea. The formulations that most significantly increase corneal drug absorption will be chosen for in vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution analysis. Candidates which successfully increase the intraocular drug concentration and drug residence time will be chosen for commercial product development using the proprietary manufacturing technology belonging to OPTIME Therapeutics, Inc. Diclofenac is the drug model which is being used to develop this platform, but the platform will be able to accommodate any drug molecule of moderate to extreme lipophilicity. Potential uses for such an ophthalmic drug delivery platform primarily involve the treatment of intraocular diseases or disorders, but may also be used in conditions where the exterior ocular surface is affected. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: This liposome-based drug delivery platform could be used commercially in patients to reduce inflammation due to seasonal or bacterial conjunctivitis, to reduce post-surgical pain and inflammation, to prevent or treat fungal or bacterial infections of the eye, to treat herpes ophthalmicus, to reduce intraocular pressure, or to treat endophthalmitis. Additionally, such a drug delivery platform could be used to deliver drugs prior to a routine eye examination, or eye surgery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OCCUPATIONAL PROCESSING
ASTHMA
ASOCIATED
WITH
SEAFOOD
Principal Investigator & Institution: Robins, Thomas G.; Associate Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: This study proposes to explore the associations between occupational exposure to lobster and saltwater bony fish (pilchard, Cape anchovy, mackerel, light fish, redeye, Cape horse mackerel, lantern fish) and health outcomes expected to be mediated through an immunologic IgE mechanism. The research proposes to investigate occupational asthma and other allergic conditions associated with rock lobster and
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saltwater bony fish processing in South Africa. Ingestion related seafood allergy is a common problem in the general population. Allergic reactions most often related to inhalation of antigens have been increasingly recognized as a serious problem among seafood workers. The predictors of occupational sensitization and health outcomes associated with lobster and bony fish processing are not well understood.Exposureresponse relationships for occupational seafood allergy have been best characterized for exposure to a few crustaceans notably crab species. No published studies have examined this problem among workers exposed to crustaceans and bony fish common in the South Atlantic. A cross-sectional study is proposed to characterize the occupational environmental exposure of workers in a factory on the West Coast of South Africa, involved in the processing of rock lobster and saltwater bony fish (pilchard, Cape anchovy, mackerel, light fish, redeye, Cape horse mackerel, lantern fish) through measurement of total protein and specific allergen collected by air sampling. A second aim is to determine the prevalence of allergic sensitization and health outcomes (rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria/dermatitis and asthma) due to processing of rock lobster and saltwater bony fish through subject interviews, physical examination (skin), spirometry and methacholine challenge tests, skin prick tests (for common aeroallergens and specific seafood allergens) and skin patch testing. The third major aim is to characterize the relationship between exposure (measured as ambient concentrations of total protein and specific RAST inhibition), allergic responses to lobster and bony-fish allergens, and lung function changes. Statistical modeling will be used to identify the risk factors associated with the development of seafood allergy among seafood processing workers. Another aim is to isolate and characterize the seafood antigens present in aerosols generated during the processing of West Coast rock lobster and saltwater bony fish. The final aim is to investigate the extent to which any exposure response relationships are attenuated by the transfer of symptomatic workers from high to low exposure jobs. The development and application of state of the art techniques to address the specific aims is proposed. Potential public health benefits of this study would be the development of appropriate industrial hygiene monitoring techniques and medical surveillance protocols for monitoring the health of workers exposed to seafood allergens. By characterizing the occupational exposures among these high risk working populations. This study will also contribute towards a better understanding of the antigenic mechanisms causing seafood allergy among symptomatic individuals in the general population of the Western Cape province of South Africa and internationally. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF CELL INTEGRINS IN ADENOVIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nemerow, Glen R.; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla, Ca 920371000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: There are approximately 50 different types of adenoviruses (Ad) which are associated with a significant number of human respiratory, gastrointestinal and ocular infections. Ad types 2/5 are also being used as vectors for gene delivery in clinical trials to treat a variety of acquired and inherited diseases. Despite a wealth of information on the virus structure and its life-cycle, there is a lack of knowledge of the receptors used by certain Ad types associated with severe ocular infections (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, EKC). Specifically, Ad types belonging tO subgroup D (Ad37, Ad19a, Ad8) exhibit ocular cell tropism and cause EKC. Recent studies indicate that Ad37 recognizes a 50 kDa protein receptor that is preferentially expressed on conjunctival cells. This proposal seeks to identify the Ad37 receptor and confirm its role
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in ocular infection by other subgroup D adenoviruses. Further studies will also examine the role of integrins alpha-v-beta3 and alpha-v-beta3 and cell signaling pathways in Ad4nduced ocular infections. These molecules serve as coreceptors for Ad2 internalization; however, their role in infection of conjunctival, cornea and other ocular cell types by subgroup D viruses, has not been established. Finally, structural analyses of subgroup D Ads complexed with their primary receptor or with coreceptors or both molecules will be performed using cryoelectron microscopy or X-ray crystallography. These studies will allow a more complete understanding of the multistage process of adenovirus infection. They could also lead to the development of antiviral compounds to restrict ocular infection by subgroup D adenoviruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF C31G FOR OCULAR INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bax, Richard; Biosyn, Inc. 1800 Byberry Rd, Bldg 13 Huntingdon Valley, Pa 19006 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are extremely common conditions and can result in a wide range of pathologies. There are different manifestations of disease with complications, which occur rarely; however, because the infection is so common, alternative therapies are required. A broad-spectrum nonantibiotic which covers both bacteria and viruses could have great therapeutic utility on a worldwide basis. C31G is a broadly active anti-infective compound with high potency against bacterial and viral pathogens of the eye. C31G is active through surface contact with the pathogen, making resistance development unlikely. Of particular relevance to the eye is the established activity against Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world. C31G has been extensively evaluated in four Phase I clinical studies as a topical vaginal microbicide; however, no effort has been made to evaluate this agent in the eye. Therefore, this SBIR proposes a specific collection of studies to assess the potential of C31G as a treatment for a broad range of bacterial/viral conjunctivitis. Specifically, the aims of this Phase I effort are: (1) conduct an expanded in vitro evaluation of C31G aqueous solutions against primary bacterial and viral isolates that are relevant to ophthalmic infections; (2) assess C31G aqueous solutions for safety and tolerance in the eye in established animal models; and (3) develop candidate ophthalmic formulations of C31G that are appropriate for application in the eye against conjunctivitis caused by bacterial and viral infections. This effort will be primarily conducted at Biosyn; however the animal studies will be conducted with a consortium partner, Louisiana State University Eye Center. Upon achievement of these specific aims, the lead formulation will be advanced through preclinical FDA required studies via a Phase II SBIR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIRAL AND HOST FACTORS IN HERPETIC REACTIVATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Leib, David A.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-JAN-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (summarized from abstract) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is a leading cause of non-traumatic blindness in the US, with more that 200,000 cases per year. HSV can cause a variety of ocular diseases in humans ranging from self-limiting dendritic epithelial keratitis, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis to necrotizing stromal keratitis. In
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addition, HSV commonly causes cold sores, genital sores, and is a leading cause of viral encephalitis. The life cycles of HSV and other neurotropic herpesviruses are characterized by a lytic phase of infection at peripheral sites such as the cornea, and skin during which all virus genes are expressed, and a latent phase of infection in neurons, during which gene expression is extremely limited. Latency represents a lifelong source of virus which can reactivate periodically causing severe ocular and other mucocutaneous damage, and the ability to establish lifelong latency renders HSV resistant to cure. The unique regulatory switch between lytic and latent infection is poorly understood. The broad goals of this proposal are to elucidate host and viral factors involved in the various stages of latency. To this end, recombinant viruses will be created with lesions in DNA replication and latency-related genes are tested in a mouse ocular model for their ability to establish and reactivate from latency in mice. These studies will be performed in conjunction with knockout mice with lesions in host genes such as interferons, which may play key roles in controlling HSV infection. This will allow the elucidation of the possible interplay between host and viral genes. In addition, the PI will engineer a transgenic mouse line which will allow us to specifically target viral genes for deletion during latency in the mouse. Viruses will therefore be wild-type during infection, but genetically altered during latency. This entirely novel approach to the field of herpes pathogenesis will allow us to dissect the precise roles for certain viral genes during the stages of the life cycle of the virus. A better understanding of both viral and host factors and their interplay in HSV pathogenesis will allow further insight into the mechanisms by which HSV can persist for the lifetime of its host and indicate novel therapeutic approaches and targets for control of this blinding disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for conjunctivitis in the PubMed Central database: •
Adenovirus Strains of Subgenus D Associated with Nosocomial Infection as New Etiological Agents of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis in Japan. by Takeuchi S, Itoh N, Uchio E, Tanaka K, Kitamura N, Kanai H, Isobe K, Aoki K, Ohno S.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85580
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Characterization of E3/49K, a Novel, Highly Glycosylated E3 Protein of the Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis-Causing Adenovirus Type 19a. by Windheim M, Burgert HG.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136837
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Construction of a Stable Attenuated Shigella sonnei [Delta]virG Vaccine Strain, WRSS1, and Protective Efficacy and Immunogenicity in the Guinea Pig Keratoconjunctivitis Model. by Hartman AB, Venkatesan MM.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108562
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Diagnostic impact of signs and symptoms in acute infectious conjunctivitis: systematic literature search. by Rietveld RP, van Weert HC, Riet GT, Bindels PJ.; 2003 Oct 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=214099
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Evaluation of a new optical immunoassay for diagnosis of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis. by Roblin PM, Gelling M, Kutlin A, Tsumura N, Hammerschlag MR.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229615
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Genetic Relatedness among Nontypeable Pneumococci Implicated in Sporadic Cases of Conjunctivitis. by Barker JH, Musher DM, Silberman R, Phan HM, Watson DA.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85874
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Genome Typing of Adenovirus Type 34 Isolated in Two Cases of Conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. by Saitoh-Inagawa W, Tanaka K, Uchio E, Itoh N, Ohno S, Aoki K.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88514
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Identification of a new strain of fastidious enterovirus 70 as the causative agent of an outbreak of hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. by Shulman LM, Manor Y, Azar R, Handsher R, Vonsover A, Mendelson E, Rothman S, Hassin D, Halmut T, Abramovitz B, Varsano N.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229921
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Identification of the Hexon Region of an Adenovirus Involved in a New Outbreak of Keratoconjunctivitis. by Imai Y, Kameya S, Ohkoshi M, Yamaki K, Sakuragi S.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88273
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Increasing Bacterial Resistance in Pediatric Acute Conjunctivitis (1997 --1998). by Block SL, Hedrick J, Tyler R, Smith A, Findlay R, Keegan E, Stroman DW.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89927
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Novel transglutaminase inhibitors reverse the inflammation of allergic conjunctivitis. by Sohn J, Kim TI, Yoon YH, Kim JY, Kim SY.; 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151832
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Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. by Saitoh-Inagawa W, Oshima A, Aoki K, Itoh N, Isobe K, Uchio E, Ohno S, Nakajima H, Hata K, Ishiko H.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229199
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The effect of ketotifen on inflammatory markers in allergic conjunctivitis: an open, uncontrolled study. by Martin AP, Urrets-Zavalia J, Berra A, Mariani AL, Gallino N, Demel EG, Gagliardi J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Urrets-Zavalia E, M Serra H.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140320
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Weep, oh mine eyes: an outbreak of bacterial conjunctivitis. by Weir E.; 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111083
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with conjunctivitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for conjunctivitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A 10-year case report and current clinical review of chronic beta-hemolytic streptococcal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Bachman JA, Gabriel H. Source: Optometry. 2002 May; 73(5): 303-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363230&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical procedure to predict the value of temporary occlusion therapy in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Farrell J, Patel S, Grierson DG, Sturrock RD. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2003 January; 23(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535050&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical study in China of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wu SX, Yang J, Liu G. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 January-February; 42(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635988&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% ophthalmic solution and cromolyn sodium 2% ophthalmic solution in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Katelaris CH, Ciprandi G, Missotten L, Turner FD, Bertin D, Berdeaux G; International Olopatadine Study Group. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 October; 24(10): 1561-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462286&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the relative clinical efficacy of a single dose of ketotifen fumarate 0.025% ophthalmic solution versus placebo in inhibiting the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis as induced by the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Author(s): Crampton HJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 November; 24(11): 1800-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501875&dopt=Abstract
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A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children. Author(s): Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, Del Signore M, Cubillan L, Labrador MA, Chan P, Berman NG. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 134(5): 681-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429243&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blinded, comparative study of the effects of short preseason specific immunotherapy and topical steroids in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. Author(s): Rak S, Heinrich C, Jacobsen L, Scheynius A, Venge P. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 921-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742269&dopt=Abstract
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A phase III clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution versus 0.3% ofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Schwab IR, Friedlaender M, McCulley J, Lichtenstein SJ, Moran CT; Levofloxacin Bacterial Conjunctivitis Active Control Study Group. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623805&dopt=Abstract
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A phase III, placebo controlled clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Hwang DG, Schanzlin DJ, Rotberg MH, Foulks G, Raizman MB; Levofloxacin Bacterial Conjunctivitis Place-controlled Study Group. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 87(8): 1004-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881345&dopt=Abstract
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A qualitative study of patients' perceptions of acute infective conjunctivitis. Author(s): Everitt H, Kumar S, Little P. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2003 January; 53(486): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564275&dopt=Abstract
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A questionnaire to measure quality of life in adults with nocturnal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Juniper EF, Rohrbaugh T, Meltzer EO. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 111(3): 484-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642826&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of olopatadine 0.1% ophthalmic solution versus placebo for controlling the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Abelson MB, Turner D. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 March; 25(3): 931-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852709&dopt=Abstract
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A twenty-one year surveillance of adenoviral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Author(s): Aoki K, Tagawa Y. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2002 Winter; 42(1): 49-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189615&dopt=Abstract
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Active matrix metalloproteinases in the tear fluid of individuals with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Kumagai N, Yamamoto K, Fukuda K, Nakamura Y, Fujitsu Y, Nuno Y, Nishida T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 September; 110(3): 48991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209100&dopt=Abstract
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Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackievirus A24 variant, South Korea, 2002. Author(s): Oh MD, Park S, Choi Y, Kim H, Lee K, Park W, Yoo Y, Kim EC, Choe K. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 August; 9(8): 1010-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967504&dopt=Abstract
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Adenovirus detected by polymerase chain reaction in multidose eyedrop bottles used by patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Uchio E, Ishiko H, Aoki K, Ohno S. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 134(4): 618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383829&dopt=Abstract
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Advances in the diagnosis and management of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Pflugfelder SC. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 9(4): 50-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10387469&dopt=Abstract
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Air pollutants enhance rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in pollen-allergic individuals. Author(s): Riediker M, Monn C, Koller T, Stahel WA, Wuthrich B. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 October; 87(4): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686424&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in elite athletes: optimal management for quality of life and performance. Author(s): Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2003; 33(6): 401-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744714&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of conjunctivitis due to atypical Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Martin M, Turco JH, Zegans ME, Facklam RR, Sodha S, Elliott JA, Pryor JH, Beall B, Erdman DD, Baumgartner YY, Sanchez PA, Schwartzman JD, Montero J, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 20; 348(12): 1112-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646668&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual cause of conjunctivitis in a child. Author(s): Beri S, Langan U, Malik KP, Bhatnagar SK. Source: Trop Doct. 2002 July; 32(3): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139174&dopt=Abstract
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Antihistamines in rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Howarth P. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2002; 17: 179-220. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113217&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a model for studying atopic disease. Author(s): Bonini S, Lambiase A, Matricardi P, Rasi G, D'Amato M, Bonini S. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 88-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374055&dopt=Abstract
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Atopy and serum eosinophil cationic protein in 110 white children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis: differences between tarsal and limbal forms. Author(s): Pucci N, Novembre E, Lombardi E, Cianferoni A, Bernardini R, Massai C, Caputo R, Campa L, Vierucci A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 33(3): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614446&dopt=Abstract
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Azelastine eye drops in the treatment of perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Nazarov O, Petzold U, Haase H, Nguyen DT, Ellers-Lenz B, Hermann R. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705171&dopt=Abstract
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Azithromycin vs doxycycline in the treatment of inclusion conjunctivitis. Author(s): Katusic D, Petricek I, Mandic Z, Petric I, Salopek-Rabatic J, Kruzic V, Oreskovic K, Sikic J, Petricek G. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 135(4): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654359&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteremia, meningitis, and brain abscesses in a hospitalized infant: complications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa conjunctivitis. Author(s): Shah SS, Gloor P, Gallagher PG. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1999 September; 19(6 Pt 1): 462-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685281&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Chung C, Cohen E, Smith J. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 574-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230683&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma misdiagnosed as allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Lee DH, Sohn HW, Park SH, Kang YK. Source: Cornea. 2001 May; 20(4): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333335&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral herpetic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Souza PM, Holland EJ, Huang AJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623810&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Kocak Altintas AG, Gul U, Duman S. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999 April-June; 9(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435426&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in an immunocompetent non-contact lens wearer. Author(s): Lewis NL, Francis IC, Hawkins GS, Coroneo MT. Source: Cornea. 2003 May; 22(4): 374-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792484&dopt=Abstract
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Blister beetle periorbital dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis in Tanzania. Author(s): Poole TR. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 5): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10070529&dopt=Abstract
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Brazil faces worst outbreak of conjunctivitis in 20 years. Author(s): Finger C. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 17; 361(9370): 1714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767749&dopt=Abstract
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Can the standard gamble and rating scale be used to measure quality of life in rhinoconjunctivitis? Comparison with the RQLQ and SF-36. Author(s): Juniper EF, Thompson AK, Roberts JN. Source: Allergy. 2002 March; 57(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906333&dopt=Abstract
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Cataract surgery combined with ocular surface reconstruction in patients with severe cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Bissen-Miyajima H, Monden Y, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 August; 28(8): 1379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160807&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular mechanisms of chronic cell-mediated allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Calder VL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 32(6): 814-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047424&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in tear function and the ocular surface after topical olopatadine treatment for allergic conjunctivitis: an open-label study. Author(s): Dogru M, Ozmen A, Erturk H, Sanli O, Karatas A. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 August; 24(8): 1309-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240781&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of E3/49K, a novel, highly glycosylated E3 protein of the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis-causing adenovirus type 19a. Author(s): Windheim M, Burgert HG. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 January; 76(2): 755-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752165&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydial conjunctivitis (in adults), uveitis, and reactive arthritis, including SARA. Sexually acquired reactive arthritis. Author(s): Haller-Schober EM, El-Shabrawi Y. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 815-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473284&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydial conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers: successful treatment with single dose azithromycin. Author(s): Salopek-Rabatic J. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 2001 October; 27(4): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725983&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis in a patient with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and fatal Wegener granulomatosis. Author(s): Miserocchi E, Waheed NK, Baltatzis S, Foster CS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 132(6): 923-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730661&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and immunological features of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Zhan H, Smith L, Calder V, Buckley R, Lightman S. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Winter; 43(1): 59-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544395&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of a herbal eye drop formulation (Qatoor Ramad) of Unani medicine in conjunctivitis. Author(s): Siddiqui TA, Zafar S, Iqbal N. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 November; 83(1-2): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413702&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of 0.1% olopatadine hydrochloride and 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Yaylali V, Demirlenk I, Tatlipinar S, Ozbay D, Esme A, Yildirim C, Ozden S. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 81(4): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859265&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of emedastine 0.05% or nedocromil sodium 2% eye drops and placebo in controlling local reactions in subjects with allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Orfeo V, Vardaro A, Lena P, Mensitieri I, Tracey M, De Marco R. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 July-August; 12(4): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219994&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the efficacy of combined fluticasone propionate and olopatadine versus combined fluticasone propionate and fexofenadine for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis induced by conjunctival allergen challenge. Author(s): Lanier BQ, Abelson MB, Berger WE, Granet DB, D'Arienzo PA, Spangler DL, Kagi MK. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 July; 24(7): 1161-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182260&dopt=Abstract
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Conjunctivitis and bronchial asthma: symptoms of contact allergy to 1,3,5-tris (2hydroxyethyl)-hexahydrotriazine (Grotan BK). Author(s): Rasschaert V, Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423412&dopt=Abstract
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Contact lens chemistry and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Author(s): Donshik PC. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 January; 29(1 Suppl): S37-9; Discussion S57-9, S192-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772728&dopt=Abstract
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Contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis is associated with increased albumin deposits on extended wear hydrogel lenses. Author(s): Tan ME, Demirci G, Pearce D, Jalbert I, Sankaridurg P, Willcox MD. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt B): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614016&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal deposits after the topical use of ofloxacin in two children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Claerhout I, Kestelyn P, Meire F, Remon JP, Decaestecker T, Van Bocxlaer J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 87(5): 646. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714416&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal hydrops associated with vernal conjunctivitis as a presenting sign of keratoconus in a Congolese child. Author(s): Kaimbo WK. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2002; (283): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058484&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal surface changes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Part I: The surface proper. A non-contact photomicrographic in vivo study in the human cornea. Author(s): Tabery HM. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 May; 17(4): 482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802347&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal surface changes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Part II: The mucus component. A non-contact photomicrographic in vivo study in the human cornea. Author(s): Tabery HM. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 May; 17(4): 488-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802348&dopt=Abstract
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Death from invasive meningococcal disease following close contact with a case of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis--Langley, British Columbia, 1999. Author(s): Bigham JM, Hutcheon ME, Patrick DM, Pollard AJ. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 January 15; 27(2): 13-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227821&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed tear clearance in contact lens associated papillary conjunctivitis. Author(s): Chang SW, Chang CJ. Source: Current Eye Research. 2001 April; 22(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462163&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic study of paediatric allergic conjunctivitis within a multiethnic patient population. Author(s): Singh AJ, Loh RS, Bradbury JA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 87(9): 1195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928306&dopt=Abstract
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Dentist's occupational asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and allergic contact dermatitis from methacrylates. Author(s): Lindstrom M, Alanko K, Keskinen H, Kanerva L. Source: Allergy. 2002 June; 57(6): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028121&dopt=Abstract
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Detection & differentiation of Coxsackie A 24 variant isolated from an epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in north India by RT-PCR using a novel primer pair. Author(s): Kishore J, Isomura S. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 May; 115: 176-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362556&dopt=Abstract
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Development and validation of the mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Author(s): Juniper EF, Thompson AK, Ferrie PJ, Roberts JN. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 January; 30(1): 132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606940&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and management of chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. Author(s): Farpour B, McClellan KA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2001 July-August; 38(4): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495307&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and management of pediatric conjunctivitis. Author(s): Teoh DL, Reynolds S. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2003 February; 19(1): 48-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592117&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of chlamydial infection by direct enzyme-linked immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction in patients with acute follicular conjunctivitis. Author(s): Bersudsky V, Rehany U, Tendler Y, Leffler E, Selah S, Rumelt S. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1999 August; 237(8): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459609&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Bainbridge JW, Mackie IA, Mackie I. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 4): 748-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850281&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: which laboratory test? Author(s): Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Bailey AS, Tullo AB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 May; 83(5): 622-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216067&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic impact of signs and symptoms in acute infectious conjunctivitis: systematic literature search. Author(s): Rietveld RP, van Weert HC, ter Riet G, Bindels PJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 October 4; 327(7418): 789. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525879&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic significance of impression cytology in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Sapci T, Gurdal C, Onmus H, Gokdemir O, Ozkurt Y, Sengor T, Akbulut UG. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1999 January-February; 13(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088027&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptom prevalence: an ecological analysis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) data. ISAAC Phase One Study Group. Author(s): Ellwood P, Asher MI, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Pearce N, Robertson CF. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 March; 17(3): 436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405522&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in the changes of allergen-specific IgE serum levels and the chemiluminescence of peripheral blood phagocytes in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis during the ragweed season. Author(s): Szabo Z, Szilasi M, Brugos L, Szanto S, Kovacs I, Szeles M, Lakos G, AntalSzalmas P, Edes I, Sipka S. Source: Immunology Letters. 2000 November 1; 74(3): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11064101&dopt=Abstract
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Direct costs associated with a nosocomial outbreak of adenoviral conjunctivitis infection in a long-term care institution. Author(s): Piednoir E, Bureau-Chalot F, Merle C, Gotzamanis A, Wuibout J, Bajolet O. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2002 November; 30(7): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410217&dopt=Abstract
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Direct expenditures for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 1996, including the contributions of related airway illnesses. Author(s): Ray NF, Baraniuk JN, Thamer M, Rinehart CS, Gergen PJ, Kaliner M, Josephs S, Pung YH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 March; 103(3 Pt 1): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069872&dopt=Abstract
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Discoid lupus erythematosus and cicatrizing conjunctivitis: clinicopathologic study of two cases. Author(s): Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Nikolskaia O, Anhalt G, Nousari HC. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2002 December; 10(4): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854037&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy with standardized Parietaria judaica extract in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): La Rosa M, Ranno C, Andre C, Carat F, Tosca MA, Canonica GW. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 1): 42532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452766&dopt=Abstract
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Ear involvement in ligneous conjunctivitis: a rarity or an under-diagnosed condition? Author(s): Hyden D, Latkovic S, Brunk U, Laurent C. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 June; 116(6): 482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385369&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of airborne allergens on emergency visits by children for conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Author(s): Cakmak S, Dales RE, Burnett RT, Judek S, Coates F, Brook JR. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 16; 359(9310): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918918&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ingestion of honey on symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Rajan TV, Tennen H, Lindquist RL, Cohen L, Clive J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 February; 88(2): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868925&dopt=Abstract
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Effective treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis with topical plasminogen. Author(s): Watts P, Suresh P, Mezer E, Ells A, Albisetti M, Bajzar L, Marzinotto V, Andrew M, Massicotle P, Rootman D. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 133(4): 451-5. Erratum In: Am J Ophthalmol 2002 August; 134(2): 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931777&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of intranasal budesonide on symptoms, quality of life, and performance in elite athletes with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, Byth K. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2002 September; 12(5): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394202&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of lacrimal occlusion with collagen and silicone plugs on patients with conjunctivitis associated with dry eye. Author(s): Nava-Castaneda A, Tovilla-Canales JL, Rodriguez L, Tovilla Y Pomar JL, Jones CE. Source: Cornea. 2003 January; 22(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502940&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine eyedrops in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Pucci N, Novembre E, Cianferoni A, Lombardi E, Bernardini R, Caputo R, Campa L, Vierucci A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 September; 89(3): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269651&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of desonide phosphate for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A, Papa V, Milazzo G, Secchi AG. Source: Cornea. 2002 July; 21(5): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072722&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of topical azelastine compared with topical mitomycin C in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Sodhi PK, Pandey RM, Ratan SK. Source: Cornea. 2003 April; 22(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658084&dopt=Abstract
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Eotaxin in IgE-mediated rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Jahnz-Rozyk K, Targowski T, Glodzinska-Wyszogrodzka E, Plusa T. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 958-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269948&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis caused by a new genotype of adenovirus type 8 (Ad8)-a chronological review of Ad8 in Southern Taiwan. Author(s): Chang C, Sheu M, Chern C, Lin K, Huang W, Chen C. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 March-April; 45(2): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313048&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis--do outbreaks have to be epidemic? Author(s): Cheung D, Bremner J, Chan JT. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 April; 17(3): 356-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724699&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus dacryoadenitis resulting in keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a child. Author(s): Merayo-Lloves J, Baltatzis S, Foster CS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 132(6): 922-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730660&dopt=Abstract
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Erosive conjunctivitis and punctal stenosis secondary to docetaxel (taxotere). Author(s): Skolnick CA, Doughman DJ. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 April; 29(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695719&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of comfort using olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers compared to placebo using the conjunctival allergen-challenge model. Author(s): Brodsky M, Berger WE, Butrus S, Epstein AB, Irkec M. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 April; 29(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695716&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of quality of life in children and teenagers with allergic rhinitis: adaptation and validation of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ). Author(s): Nascimento Silva M, Naspitz C, Sole D. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2001 July-August; 29(4): 111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11674923&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of CD23/CD21 and CD40/CD40 ligand in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Abu El-Asrar AM, Fatani RA, Missotten L, Geboes K. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 April; 15(Pt 2): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339595&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of chemokine receptors in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Abu El-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Al-Mosallam AA, Missotten L, Van Damme J, Geboes K. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 November; 85(11): 1357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673306&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of T lymphocyte chemoattractants and activation markers in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): El-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Al-Kharashi SA, Missotten L, Van Damme J, Geboes K. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 86(10): 1175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234902&dopt=Abstract
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Eyelid dermatitis and conjunctivitis as sole manifestations of allergy to nickel in an orthodontic appliance. Author(s): Mancuso G, Berdondini RM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 April; 46(4): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081709&dopt=Abstract
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Facial dermatitis, contact urticaria, rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma induced by potato. Author(s): Jeannet-Peter N, Piletta-Zanin PA, Hauser C. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1999 March; 10(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10072339&dopt=Abstract
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Factitious keratoconjunctivitis (not another case of ocular Munchausen's syndrome). Author(s): Imrie FR, Church WH. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 March; 17(2): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640421&dopt=Abstract
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Flow cytometric analysis of conjunctival epithelium in ocular rosacea and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Pisella PJ, Brignole F, Debbasch C, Lozato PA, Creuzot-Garcher C, Bara J, Saiag P, Warnet JM, Baudouin C. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 October; 107(10): 1841-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013183&dopt=Abstract
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Follicular conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in an infant Saharan population: molecular and clinical diagnosis. Author(s): Javaloy J, Ferrer C, Vidal MT, Alio JL. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 87(2): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543737&dopt=Abstract
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Four new genotypes of adenovirus type 3 isolated from patients with conjunctivitis in Japan. Author(s): Itoh N, Tanaka K, Aoki K, Hinokuma R, Nakagawa H, Takeuchi S, Uchio E, Shiao S, Ohno S. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1999 September; 59(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10440811&dopt=Abstract
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Fungal keratitis associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Sridhar MS, Gopinathan U, Rao GN. Source: Cornea. 2003 January; 22(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502957&dopt=Abstract
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Gelatinase B in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Abu El-Asrar AM, Van Aelst I, Al-Mansouri S, Missotten L, Opdenakker G, Geboes K. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 119(10): 1505-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594952&dopt=Abstract
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General and local contact lens induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC). Author(s): Skotnitsky C, Sankaridurg PR, Sweeney DF, Holden BA. Source: Clin Exp Optom. 2002 May; 85(3): 193-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033982&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic characterization of adenovirus strains isolated from patients with acute conjunctivitis in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Tanaka K, Itoh N, Saitoh-Inagawa W, Uchio E, Takeuchi S, Aoki K, Soriano E, Nishi M, Junior RB, Harsi CM, Tsuzuki-Wang L, Durigon EL, Stewien KE, Ohno S. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2000 May; 61(1): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10745247&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic relatedness among nontypeable pneumococci implicated in sporadic cases of conjunctivitis. Author(s): Barker JH, Musher DM, Silberman R, Phan HM, Watson DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 December; 37(12): 4039-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565927&dopt=Abstract
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Genome typing of adenovirus type 34 isolated in two cases of conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Author(s): Saitoh-Inagawa W, Tanaka K, Uchio E, Itoh N, Ohno S, Aoki K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 4187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682557&dopt=Abstract
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Giant mucocoele masquerading as chronic unilateral conjunctivitis. Author(s): Peng KL, Tsai CC, Kau HC, Kao SC, Hsu WM. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 April; 17(3): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724729&dopt=Abstract
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Giant papillary conjunctivitis in frequent replacement contact lens wearers: a retrospective study. Author(s): Porazinski AD, Donshik PC. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1999 July; 25(3): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444049&dopt=Abstract
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Giant papillary conjunctivitis in frequent-replacement contact lens wearers: a retrospective study. Author(s): Donshik PC, Porazinski AD. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1999; 97: 205-16; Discussion 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703125&dopt=Abstract
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Giant papillary conjunctivitis--a review. Author(s): Katelaris CH. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1999; (228): 17-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337425&dopt=Abstract
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Gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis in adults. Author(s): Lee JS, Choi HY, Lee JE, Lee SH, Oum BS. Source: Eye (London, England). 2002 September; 16(5): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194086&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous kerato-conjunctivitis as a manifestation of Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): Barkana Y, Zadok D, Herbert M, Kornberg A, Nemet P. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 131(6): 796-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384580&dopt=Abstract
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Grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Lima MT, Wilson D, Pitkin L, Roberts A, Nouri-Aria K, Jacobson M, Walker S, Durham S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 April; 32(4): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972594&dopt=Abstract
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Group IIA phospholipase A2 content of tears in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Aho VV, Nevalainen TJ, Saari KM. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2002 July; 240(7): 521-3. Epub 2002 June 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136279&dopt=Abstract
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Group-C meningococcal conjunctivitis in a neonate. Author(s): Dinakaran S, Desai SP. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2000 June; 8(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10980686&dopt=Abstract
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Growth factors and collagen distribution in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A, Brun P, Tavolato M, Abatangelo G, Plebani M, Secchi AG. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 December; 41(13): 4175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095612&dopt=Abstract
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Haemophilus influenzae corneal ulcer associated with atopic keratoconjunctivitis and herpes simplex keratitis. Author(s): Siverio CD Jr, Whitcher JP. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 86(4): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914228&dopt=Abstract
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Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis as an initial manifestation of systemic meningococcal disease. Author(s): Tejwani D, Von Lany H, Reck A, Pathmanathan T. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 April; 15(Pt 2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339602&dopt=Abstract
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Hemorrhagic viral keratoconjunctivitis in Taiwan caused by adenovirus types 19 and 37: applicability of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in detecting adenovirus genotypes. Author(s): Chang CH, Sheu MM, Lin KH, Chen CW. Source: Cornea. 2001 April; 20(3): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322419&dopt=Abstract
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High level of Fc epsilon receptor I-bindable immunoglobulin E in the tear fluid and increased immunoglobulin E-saturated cells in the giant papillae of vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients. Author(s): Ebihara N, Okumura K, Nakayasu K, Kanai A, Ra C. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 July-August; 46(4): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225812&dopt=Abstract
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Histamine effects on conjunctival fibroblasts from patients with vernal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A, Radice M, Fregona IA, Plebani M, Abatangelo G, Secchi AG. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1999 June; 68(6): 739-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10375437&dopt=Abstract
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Homozygous and compound-heterozygous type I plasminogen deficiency is a common cause of ligneous conjunctivitis. Author(s): Schuster V, Zeitler P, Seregard S, Ozcelik U, Anadol D, Luchtman-Jones L, Meire F, Mingers AM, Schambeck C, Kreth HW. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 June; 85(6): 1004-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434676&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital-acquired adult gonococcal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Malhotra R, Karim QN, Acheson JF. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 November; 37(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892540&dopt=Abstract
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House-dust mite sublingual-swallow immunotherapy in perennial conjunctivitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Mortemousque B, Bertel F, De Casamayor J, Verin P, Colin J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 33(4): 464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680861&dopt=Abstract
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How do GPs diagnose and manage acute infective conjunctivitis? A GP survey. Author(s): Everitt H, Little P. Source: Family Practice. 2002 December; 19(6): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429670&dopt=Abstract
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Human homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency and ligneous conjunctivitis. Author(s): Mingers AM, Philapitsch A, Zeitler P, Schuster V, Schwarz HP, Kreth HW. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1999 January; 107(1): 62-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190281&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of the hexon region of an adenovirus involved in a new outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Imai Y, Kameya S, Ohkoshi M, Yamaki K, Sakuragi S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 August; 39(8): 2975-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474026&dopt=Abstract
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Immuno-histochemical evaluation of conjunctival remodelling in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Abu El-Asrar AM, Meersschaert A, Al-Kharashi SA, Missotten L, Geboes K. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 August; 17(6): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928693&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistological findings in a patient with unusual late onset manifestations of ligneous conjunctivitis. Author(s): Klebe S, Walkow T, Hartmann C, Pleyer U. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 July; 83(7): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636667&dopt=Abstract
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Immunologic reconstitution in a patient with keratoconjunctivitis, superficial candidiasis and hypoparathyroidism: the role of immunocompetent lymphocyte transfusion and transfer factor. Author(s): Wong VG, Kirkpatrick CH. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1973; 71: 254-67; Discussion 267-71. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949604&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological characteristics of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Fujishima H, Saito I, Takeuchi T, Tsubota K. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 May-June; 46(3): 244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063032&dopt=Abstract
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Immunology of trachomatous conjunctivitis. Author(s): Abu el-Asrar AM, Geboes K, Missotten L. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2001; (280): 73-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486468&dopt=Abstract
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Immunopathogenesis of chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Tabbara KF. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Winter; 43(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544390&dopt=Abstract
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Immunopathogenesis of conjunctival histopathologic alteration in non-Sjogren's keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Ye HQ, Chan CC, Smith JA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt B): 801-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613995&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy with a calcium phosphate-adsorbed five-grass-pollen extract in seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Leynadier F, Banoun L, Dollois B, Terrier P, Epstein M, Guinnepain MT, Firon D, Traube C, Fadel R, Andre C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 31(7): 988-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467988&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of the ocular surface using hypotonic 0.4% hyaluronic acid drops in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Iester M, Orsoni GJ, Gamba G, Taffara M, Mangiafico P, Giuffrida S, Rolando M. Source: Eye (London, England). 2000 December; 14(Pt 6): 892-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584850&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and host determinants of work-related rhinoconjunctivitis in apprentice pastry-makers. Author(s): Gautrin D, Ghezzo H, Infante-Rivard C, Malo JL. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 913-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269937&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis and other potential pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Di Bartolomeo S, Mirta DH, Janer M, Rodriguez Fermepin MR, Sauka D, Magarinos F, de Torres RA. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2001; 5(3): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724670&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of keratoconus in subjects with vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a videokeratographic study. Author(s): Totan Y, Hepsen IF, Cekic O, Gunduz A, Aydin E. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 April; 108(4): 824-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305286&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of sensitization, symptoms, and probable occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma in apprentices starting exposure to latex. Author(s): Archambault S, Malo JL, Infante-Rivard C, Ghezzo H, Gautrin D. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 107(5): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344363&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in CD45RO+ cells and activated eosinophils in chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Di Gioacchino M, Cavallucci E, Di Sciascio MB, Di Stefano F, Verna N, Lobefalo L, Crudeli C, Volpe AR, Angelucci D, Cuccurullo F, Conti P. Source: Immunobiology. 2000 April; 201(5): 541-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10834312&dopt=Abstract
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Increased expression of the type 1 growth factor receptor family in the conjunctival epithelium of patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Liu Z, Carvajal M, Carothers Carraway CA, Carraway KL, Pflugfelder SC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 April; 129(4): 472-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10764856&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing bacterial resistance in pediatric acute conjunctivitis (1997-1998). Author(s): Block SL, Hedrick J, Tyler R, Smith A, Findlay R, Keegan E, Stroman DW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 June; 44(6): 1650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817723&dopt=Abstract
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Individuals exhibiting conspicuous nevi (lentigo simplex) are resistant to allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis (pollinosis), but those who do not show increased susceptibility to pollinosis. Author(s): Awaya A, Watanabe K, Kato S. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2003; 47(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636259&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of an epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Pune, India. Author(s): Wairagkar NS, Gogate SS, Labhsetwar AS. Source: J Commun Dis. 1999 March; 31(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10810585&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a correlation between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and keratoconjunctivitis sicca? Author(s): Nepp J, Abela C, Polzer I, Derbolav A, Wedrich A. Source: Cornea. 2000 July; 19(4): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928764&dopt=Abstract
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Juvenile colloid milium associated with ligneous conjunctivitis: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Chowdhury MM, Blackford S, Williams S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 March; 25(2): 138-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10733640&dopt=Abstract
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Keratoconjunctivitis caused by echovirus type 13 in Japanese children. Author(s): Kimura H, Saitoh M, Miyakubo H, Yoshida H, Kato M, Nagai A, Kozawa K. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 August; 22(8): 758-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913782&dopt=Abstract
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca and chronic HCV infection. Author(s): Siagris D, Pharmakakis N, Christofidou M, Petropoulos JK, Vantzou C, Lekkou A, Gogos CA, Labropoulou-Karatza C. Source: Infection. 2002 August; 30(4): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236567&dopt=Abstract
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with lichen sclerosus at atrophicus. Author(s): Rabinowitz R, Rosenthal G, Yerushalmy J, Lifshitz T. Source: Eye (London, England). 2000 February; 14 ( Pt 1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755114&dopt=Abstract
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Keratoconus-like topographic changes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): De Paiva CS, Harris LD, Pflugfelder SC. Source: Cornea. 2003 January; 22(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502943&dopt=Abstract
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Keratonconjunctivitis sicca is not uncommon in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Jain V, Singh S, Sharma A. Source: Rheumatology International. 2001 May; 20(4): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411961&dopt=Abstract
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Ketotifen fumarate and olopatadine hydrochloride in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a real-world comparison of efficacy and ocular comfort. Author(s): Ganz M, Koll E, Gausche J, Detjen P, Orfan N. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 March-April; 20(2): 79-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836808&dopt=Abstract
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Ketotifen fumarate treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Udell IJ, Guidera AC, Madani-Becker J. Source: Cornea. 2002 November; 21(8): 778-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410035&dopt=Abstract
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Langerhans' cells in vernal keratoconjunctivitis express the costimulatory molecule B7-2 (CD86), but not B7-1 (CD80). Author(s): Abu-El-Asrar AM, Al-Kharashi SA, Al-Mansouri S, Missotten L, Geboes K. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 October; 15(Pt 5): 648-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702979&dopt=Abstract
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Lichen planus and cicatrizing conjunctivitis: characterization of five cases. Author(s): Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Nikolskaia OV, Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Nousari HC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 136(2): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888044&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis in a girl with severe type I plasminogen deficiency. Author(s): Kraft J, Lieb W, Zeitler P, Schuster V. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2000 September; 238(9): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045349&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis related to a defect in the fibrinolytic system. Author(s): Martinovic E, Ells A. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2001 April; 36(3): 147-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11367587&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis. Author(s): Schuster V, Seregard S. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 2003 July-August; 48(4): 369-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850227&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis: a case report. Author(s): Shimabukuro M, Iwasaki N, Nagae Y, Nakagawa Y, Ohtori Y, Inoue Y, Tano Y. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 July-August; 45(4): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485769&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis: a clinicopathologic study of 3 cases. Author(s): Rao SK, Biswas J, Rajagopal R, Sitalakshmi G, Padmanabhan P. Source: International Ophthalmology. 1998-99; 22(4): 201-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674863&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis: a local manifestation of a systemic disorder? Author(s): Chen S, Wishart M, Hiscott P. Source: J Aapos. 2000 October; 4(5): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040483&dopt=Abstract
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Ligneous conjunctivitis: biochemical evidence for hypofibrinolysis. Author(s): Ramsby ML, Donshik PC, Makowski GS. Source: Inflammation. 2000 February; 24(1): 45-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10704063&dopt=Abstract
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Local conjunctival immunotherapy: the effect of dermatophagoides pteronyssinus local conjunctival immunotherapy on conjunctival provocation test in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Nunez JA, Cuesta U. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2000 November-December; 28(6): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269896&dopt=Abstract
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Management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC): current therapeutic strategies. Author(s): Anderson DF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 31(6): 823-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422145&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms and comparison of anti-allergic efficacy of topical lodoxamide and cromolyn sodium treatment in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Avunduk AM, Avunduk MC, Kapicioglu Z, Akyol N, Tavli L. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 107(7): 1333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890862&dopt=Abstract
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Meta-analysis of six clinical phase III studies comparing lomefloxacin 0.3% eye drops twice daily to five standard antibiotics in patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Jauch A, Fsadni M, Gamba G. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1999 September; 237(9): 705-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10447643&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivitis with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Mohile M, Deorari AK, Satpathy G, Sharma A, Singh M. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532494&dopt=Abstract
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Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis after HAART. Author(s): Gajdatsy AD, Tay-Kearney ML. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 29(5): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720161&dopt=Abstract
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Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a healthy contact lens wearer without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Theng J, Chan C, Ling ML, Tan D. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 May; 108(5): 976-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320030&dopt=Abstract
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Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a healthy patient with a history of LASIK surgery. Author(s): Moon SJ, Mann PM, Matoba AY. Source: Cornea. 2003 April; 22(3): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658099&dopt=Abstract
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Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a HIV-seronegative patient treated with debridement and oral itraconazole. Author(s): Sridhar MS, Sharma S. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516821&dopt=Abstract
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Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in healthy individuals: a case series. Author(s): Chan CM, Theng JT, Li L, Tan DT. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 110(7): 1420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12867402&dopt=Abstract
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Microvascular submandibular gland transfer for severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Sieg P, Geerling G, Kosmehl H, Lauer I, Warnecke K, von Domarus H. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 September; 106(3): 554-60; Discussion 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987460&dopt=Abstract
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Microvascular submandibular gland transfer for severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca: operation key points, prevention and management of complications. Author(s): Yu G, Zhu Z, Mao C, Cai Z, Zou L, Lu L. Source: Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2002 September; 37(5): 353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425847&dopt=Abstract
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Microvirus of chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis: isolation and molecular characterization. Author(s): Hsia RC, Ting LM, Bavoil PM. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2000 July; 146 ( Pt 7): 1651-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878129&dopt=Abstract
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Mitomycin-C and vernal conjunctivitis. Author(s): MacLeod JD. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 December; 107(12): 2127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097580&dopt=Abstract
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Mitomycin-C and vernal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Pandey SK, Saini JS, Werner L, Apple DJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 December; 107(12): 2125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097575&dopt=Abstract
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Mizolastine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: a European clinical experience with 5408 patients managed in daily practice (PANEOS SAR Study). Author(s): Bachert C, Vovolis V, Margari P, Murrieta-Aguttes M, Santoni JP. Source: Allergy. 2001 July; 56(7): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421924&dopt=Abstract
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Mizolastine is effective and well tolerated in long-term treatment of perennial allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Riperex Study Group. Author(s): Scadding GK, Tasman AJ, Murrieta-Aguttes M, Bachert C. Source: J Int Med Res. 1999; 27(6): 273-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726236&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and cellular aspects of allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Liu G, Keane-Myers A, Miyazaki D, Tai A, Ono SJ. Source: Chem Immunol. 1999; 73: 39-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590573&dopt=Abstract
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Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in vernal keratoconjunctivitis associated with asthma. Author(s): Lambiase A, Bonini S, Rasi G, Coassin M, Bruscolini A, Bonini S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 121(5): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742837&dopt=Abstract
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Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Yeo AC, Tullo AB. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 June; 41(7): 1818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10845603&dopt=Abstract
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Mycobacterium chelonae conjunctivitis and scleritis following vitrectomy. Author(s): Margo CE, Pavan PR. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 118(8): 1125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10922212&dopt=Abstract
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Nasal immunotherapy at constant dosage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in grass-allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Pocobelli D, Del Bono A, Venuti L, Falagiani P, Venuti A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001; 11(2): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642577&dopt=Abstract
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Nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of ragweed pollen seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Blumenthal MN, Schwartz RH, Kaiser H. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2000 September; 8(3): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120577&dopt=Abstract
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Nedocromil sodium eye drops are more effective than sodium cromoglycate eye drops for the long-term management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Verin PH, Dicker ID, Mortemousque B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 April; 29(4): 529-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202368&dopt=Abstract
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Nedocromil sodium in golfers with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Alexander M, Allegro S, Hicks A. Source: Adv Ther. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783456&dopt=Abstract
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Nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solution 2% twice daily in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Tauber J; Alocril Community Allergy Trial Study Group. Source: Adv Ther. 2002 March-April; 19(2): 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069370&dopt=Abstract
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Neutrophil and eosinophil participation in atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Trocme SD, Leiferman KM, George T, Bonini S, Foster CS, Smit EE, Sra SK, Grabowski LR, Dohlman CH. Source: Current Eye Research. 2003 June; 26(6): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868012&dopt=Abstract
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New genome type of adenovirus serotype 19 causing nosocomial infections of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Japan. Author(s): Tanaka-Yokogui K, Itoh N, Usui N, Takeuchi S, Uchio E, Aoki K, Usui M, Ohno S. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 November; 65(3): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596089&dopt=Abstract
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New surgical treatment for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis and its association with conjunctivochalasis. Author(s): Yokoi N, Komuro A, Maruyama K, Tsuzuki M, Miyajima S, Kinoshita S. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 135(3): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614746&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide levels in tears of patients with mild forms of papillary conjunctivitis induced by rigid gas-permeable contact lenses. Author(s): Karakucuk S, Mirza GE, Karakucuk I, Akal A, Er M. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 2002 January; 28(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838991&dopt=Abstract
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No sequence variation in part of the hexon and the fibre genes of adenovirus 8 isolated from patients with conjunctivitis or epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) in Norway during 1989 to 1996. Author(s): Vainio K, Borch E, Bruu AL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2001 July; 54(7): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429431&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational allergic contact urticaria and rhinoconjunctivitis from a detergent protease. Author(s): Kanerva L, Vanhanen M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422276&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis induced by natural rubber latex exposure. Author(s): Fish JE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 110(2 Suppl): S75-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170247&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational IgE-mediated asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and contact urticaria caused by Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) and tulip. Author(s): Piirila P, Kanerva L, Alanko K, Estlander T, Keskinen H, Pajari-Backas M, Tuppurainen M. Source: Allergy. 1999 March; 54(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321564&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational protein contact dermatitis and rhinoconjunctivitis caused by spathe (Spathiphyllum) flowers. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Aalto-Korte K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 June; 42(6): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871119&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma in a wool worker caused by Dermestidae spp. Author(s): Brito FF, Mur P, Barber D, Lombardero M, Galindo PA, Gomez E, Borja J. Source: Allergy. 2002 December; 57(12): 1191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464049&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and food allergy because of aniseed sensitization. Author(s): Garcia-Gonzalez JJ, Bartolome-Zavala B, Fernandez-Melendez S, BarceloMunoz JM, Miranda Paez A, Carmona-Bueno MJ, Vega-Chicote JM, Negro Carrasco MA, Ameal Godoy A, Pamies Espinosa R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 May; 88(5): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027075&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular complications of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Tabbara KF. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1999 April; 34(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321319&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular surface changes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca with silicone punctum plug occlusion. Author(s): Dursun D, Ertan A, Bilezikci B, Akova YA, Pelit A. Source: Current Eye Research. 2003 May; 26(5): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854053&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular surface changes induced by topical application of latanoprost and timolol: a short-term study in glaucomatous patients with and without allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Costagliola C, Prete AD, Incorvaia C, Fusco R, Parmeggiani F, Di Giovanni A. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2001 November; 239(11): 809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789860&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular surface neoplasia masquerading as chronic blepharoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Akpek EK, Polcharoen W, Chan R, Foster CS. Source: Cornea. 1999 May; 18(3): 282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10336029&dopt=Abstract
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Olopatadine ophthalmic solution adjunctive to loratadine compared with loratadine alone in patients with active seasonal allergic conjunctivitis symptoms. Author(s): Lanier BQ, Gross RD, Marks BB, Cockrum PC, Juniper EF. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 June; 86(6): 641-8. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428736&dopt=Abstract
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Ophthalmologists with conjunctivitis: are they fit to work? Author(s): Webber SK, Blair DG, Elkington AR, Canning CR. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999 October; 13 ( Pt 5): 650-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696319&dopt=Abstract
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Otolaryngological manifestations of ligneous conjunctivitis. Author(s): Chai F, Coates H. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 February; 67(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623158&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Cuba. Author(s): Redon IA, Lago PJ, Perez LR, Puentes P, Corredor MB. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1999 July-August; 94(4): 467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10446002&dopt=Abstract
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Pemirolast potassium 0.1% ophthalmic solution is an effective treatment for allergic conjunctivitis: a pooled analysis of two prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Author(s): Abelson MB, Berdy GJ, Mundorf T, Amdahl LD, Graves AL; Pemirolast study group. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 October; 18(5): 475-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419098&dopt=Abstract
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Penicillium keratitis in vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Arora R, Gupta S, Raina UK, Mehta DK, Taneja M. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 September; 50(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12355698&dopt=Abstract
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Perennial allergic rhinitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Rihoux JP. Source: Thorax. 2000 October; 55 Suppl 2: S22-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10992550&dopt=Abstract
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Perforin hyperreleasability and depletion in cytotoxic T cells from patients with exacerbated atopic dermatitis and asymptomatic rhinoconjunctivitis allergica. Author(s): Ambach A, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 107(5): 878-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344356&dopt=Abstract
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Perilimbal conjunctival pigmentation in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a new sign. Author(s): Rao SK, Padmanabhan P. Source: Cornea. 2002 May; 21(4): 432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973399&dopt=Abstract
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Phage infection of the obligate intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Author(s): Hsia R, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Dautry-Varsat A, Bavoil PM. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2000 June; 2(7): 761-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955956&dopt=Abstract
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Phthiriasis palpebrarum: an unusual blepharoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Lin YC, Kao SC, Kau HC, Hsu WM, Tsai CC. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2002 October; 65(10): 498-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523816&dopt=Abstract
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Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study). Author(s): Moller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, Halken S, Host A, Jacobsen L, Koivikko A, Koller DY, Niggemann B, Norberg LA, Urbanek R, Valovirta E, Wahn U. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842293&dopt=Abstract
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Porphyria cutanea tarda presenting as cicatricial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Park AJ, Webster GF, Penne RB, Raber IM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 134(4): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383830&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis in a family with severe type I plasminogen deficiency, ligneous conjunctivitis and congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Schuster V, Seidenspinner S, Muller C, Rempen A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 May; 19(5): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360521&dopt=Abstract
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Presence of eotaxin in tears of patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis with severe corneal damage. Author(s): Fukagawa K, Nakajima T, Tsubota K, Shimmura S, Saito H, Hirai K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 103(6): 1220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359913&dopt=Abstract
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Preservative-free diclofenac sodium 0.1% for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): D'Angelo G, Lambiase A, Cortes M, Sgrulletta R, Pasqualetti R, Lamagna A, Bonini S. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2003 March; 241(3): 192-5. Epub 2003 February 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644942&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and onset of rhinitis and conjunctivitis in subjects with occupational asthma caused by trimellitic anhydride (TMA). Author(s): Grammer LC, Ditto AM, Tripathi A, Harris KE. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 December; 44(12): 1179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500461&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of atopic diseases in Nigerian children with vernal kerato-conjunctivitis. Author(s): Ajaiyeoba AI. Source: West Afr J Med. 2003 January-March; 22(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769299&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis pooled serotypes BDE and FGK in children with chronic follicular conjunctivitis. Author(s): Sirmatel F, Oguz H. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 September-October; 44(5): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033122&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of ocular injuries, conjunctivitis and use of eye protection among dental personnel in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al Wazzan KA, Almas K, Al Qahtani MQ, Al Shethri SE, Khan N. Source: Int Dent J. 2001 April; 51(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569669&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention and control of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in a teaching eye institute. Author(s): Gottsch JD, Froggatt JW 3rd, Smith DM, Dwyer DM, Borenstein P, Karanfil LV, Vitale S, Goldberg MF. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 1999 March; 6(1): 29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384682&dopt=Abstract
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Primary Sjogren's syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis sicca: diagnostic methods, frequency and social disease aspects. Author(s): Bjerrum KB. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2000; (231): 1-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763500&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective cohort trial of Euphrasia single-dose eye drops in conjunctivitis. Author(s): Stoss M, Michels C, Peter E, Beutke R, Gorter RW. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 December; 6(6): 499-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152054&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary involvement in a child with ligneous conjunctivitis and homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency. Author(s): Ozcelik U, Akcoren Z, Anadol D, Kiper N, Orhon M, Gocmen A, Irkec M, Schuster V. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 August; 32(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477736&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid onset of action of levocabastine eye-drops in histamine-induced conjunctivitis. Author(s): Stokes TC, Feinberg G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 September; 23(9): 791-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10779311&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid response to a conjunctivitis outbreak: the use of technology to leverage information. Author(s): Pryor JH, Martin MT, Whitney CG, Turco JH, Baumgartner YY, Zegans ME. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 2002 May; 50(6): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701651&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent conjunctivitis as a presentation of munchausen syndrome by proxy. Author(s): Baskin DE, Stein F, Coats DK, Paysse EA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917177&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis: a forme fruste manifestation of rosacea. Author(s): Blaustein BH, Gurwood AS. Source: Optometry. 2001 March; 72(3): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294589&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent shield ulcer following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Garg P, Bansal AK, Sangwan VS. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2003 March; 51(1): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701868&dopt=Abstract
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Refining the public health response to primary meningococcal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Poulos RG, Smedley EJ, Ferson MJ, Bolisetty S, Tapsall JW. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2002; 26(4): 592-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549532&dopt=Abstract
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Resolution of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in an AIDS patient treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Martins SA, Muccioli C, Belfort R Jr, Castelo A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 March; 131(3): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239874&dopt=Abstract
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Resolution of microsporidial sinusitis and keratoconjunctivitis by itraconazole treatment. Author(s): Rossi P, Urbani C, Donelli G, Pozio E. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 February; 127(2): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030568&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory syncytial virus and chlamydia are not detectable by PCR in ongoing vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Koulikovska M, van der Ploeg I, Herrmann B, Montan PG. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2001 December; 9(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935435&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory syncytial virus may be a pathogen in allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Fujishima H. Source: Cornea. 2002 March; 21(2 Suppl 1): S39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995809&dopt=Abstract
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Rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma caused by vine pollen: a case report. Author(s): Feo Brito F, Martinez A, Palacios R, Mur P, Gomez E, Galindo PA, Borja J, Martinez J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 February; 103(2 Pt 1): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949317&dopt=Abstract
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Rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma provoked by Asticot maggots. Author(s): Gonzalez Galan I. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1999 July-August; 27(4): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486446&dopt=Abstract
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Rhinoconjunctivitis and occupational asthma caused by Diplotaxis erucoides (wall rocket). Author(s): Brito FF, Mur P, Bartolome B, Galindo PA, Gomez E, Borja J, Martinez A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 108(1): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447393&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors associated with asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis among Swedish farmers. Author(s): Kronqvist M, Johansson E, Pershagen G, Johansson SG, van Hage-Hamsten M. Source: Allergy. 1999 November; 54(11): 1142-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604549&dopt=Abstract
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Role of chemokines in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Abu El-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Van Damme J, Geboes K. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Winter; 43(1): 33-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544393&dopt=Abstract
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Role of histamine in allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2000; (230): 18-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057344&dopt=Abstract
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Role of tear inflammatory mediators in contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis in soft contact lens wearers. Author(s): Irkec MT, Orhan M, Erdener U. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 1999 March; 7(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410873&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the bandage contact lens in the management of concomitant keratoconjunctivitis medicamentosa and cystoid macular edema. Author(s): Mackool RJ, Monsanto VR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 September; 28(9): 1714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231342&dopt=Abstract
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Route of antibiotic administration for conjunctivitis. Author(s): Fischer PR, Miles VH, Stampfl DR, Hoffman RO, Wald ER. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 October; 21(10): 989-90; Author Reply 990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394828&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and efficacy comparison of emedastine 0.05% ophthalmic solution compared to levocabastine 0.05% ophthalmic suspension in pediatric subjects with allergic conjunctivitis. Emadine Study Group. Author(s): Secchi A, Ciprandi G, Leonardi A, Deschenes J, Abelson MB. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2000; (230): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057350&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and fatty acid intake: a cross-sectional study in Japan. Author(s): Wakai K, Okamoto K, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Ohno Y. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2001 January; 11(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164121&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis and examinations: is this unfair discrimination? Author(s): Warner JO. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2000 August; 11(3): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981521&dopt=Abstract
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Self-induced cicatricial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Chapman FM, Dickinson AJ. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999 October; 13 ( Pt 5): 674-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696329&dopt=Abstract
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Self-inflicted (factitious) conjunctivitis. Author(s): Pokroy R, Marcovich A. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 110(4): 790-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689904&dopt=Abstract
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Short term oral cefixime therapy for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Wald ER, Greenberg D, Hoberman A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 November; 20(11): 1039-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734708&dopt=Abstract
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Should we prescribe antibiotics for acute conjunctivitis? Author(s): David SP. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 November 1; 66(9): 1649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449262&dopt=Abstract
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Similar T helper Th2-like cytokine mRNA expression in vernal keratoconjunctivitis regardless of atopic constitution. Author(s): Montan PG, Scheynius A, van der Ploeg I. Source: Allergy. 2002 May; 57(5): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972484&dopt=Abstract
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Single dose of ketotifen fumarate.025% vs 2 weeks of cromolyn sodium 4% for allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Greiner JV, Michaelson C, McWhirter CL, Shams NB. Source: Adv Ther. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 185-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431044&dopt=Abstract
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Skin tests and conjunctival and bronchial challenges with extracts of Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in patients with allergic asthma and/or rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Garcia Robaina JC, Sanchez Machin I, Fernandez-Caldas E, Iraola Calvo V, Vazquez Moncholi C, Bonnet Moreno C, de la Torre Morin F. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 July; 131(3): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876408&dopt=Abstract
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Sterile mucopurulent conjunctivitis associated with the use of dorzolamide eyedrops. Author(s): Schnyder CC, Tran VT, Mermoud A, Herbort CP. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999 October; 117(10): 1429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10532460&dopt=Abstract
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Sublingual immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Parietaria judaica extract standardized in mass units in patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, or both. Author(s): Purello-D'Ambrosio F, Gangemi S, Isola S, La Motta N, Puccinelli P, Parmiani S, Savi E, Ricciardi L. Source: Allergy. 1999 September; 54(9): 968-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10505460&dopt=Abstract
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Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis: multifactorial mechanical pathogenesis. Author(s): Cher I. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2000 June; 28(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981793&dopt=Abstract
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Supplementation of fexofenadine therapy with nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution to treat ocular symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Alexander M, Patel P, Allegro S, Hicks A. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 31(3): 206-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786770&dopt=Abstract
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Supratarsal injection of corticosteroids in the treatment of refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Sethi HS, Wangh VB, Rai HK. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 June; 50(2): 160-1; Author Reply 161. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194580&dopt=Abstract
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Supratarsal injection of corticosteroids in the treatment of refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Singh S, Pal V, Dhull CS. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2001 December; 49(4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12930116&dopt=Abstract
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Supra-tarsal injection of dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Lisanework M. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2003 January; 41(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764997&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical resection of giant papillae and autologous conjunctival graft in patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillae. Author(s): Nishiwaki-Dantas MC, Dantas PE, Pezzutti S, Finzi S. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 November; 16(6): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106188&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical treatment of limbal vernal keratoconjunctivitis by resection of a limbal lesion. Author(s): Kobayashi A, Nagata A, Shirao Y, Kawasaki K, Ohta T, Amaya-Ohkura Y, Nonomura A. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November-December; 46(6): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543198&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis in British cattle. Author(s): Otter A, Twomey DF, Rowe NS, Tipp JW, McElligott WS, Griffiths PC, O'Neill P. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2003 June 21; 152(25): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846296&dopt=Abstract
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Tear and mucus eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 in allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A, Jose PJ, Zhan H, Calder VL. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623809&dopt=Abstract
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Tear levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A, Brun P, Abatangelo G, Plebani M, Secchi AG. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 July; 44(7): 3052-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824251&dopt=Abstract
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The current and future therapy of allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Friedlaender MH. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 9(4): 54-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10387470&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of acupuncture on the temperature of the ocular surface in conjunctivitis sicca measured by non-contact thermography: preliminary results. Author(s): Nepp J, Tsubota K, Goto E, Schauersberger J, Schild G, Jandrasits K, Abela C, Wedrich A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt A): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613984&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of topically applied secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor on the eosinophil response in the late phase of allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Murata E, Sharmin S, Shiota H, Shiota M, Yano M, Kido H. Source: Current Eye Research. 2003 May; 26(5): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854054&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of cidofovir 1% with and without cyclosporin a 1% as a topical treatment of acute adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis: a controlled clinical pilot study. Author(s): Hillenkamp J, Reinhard T, Ross RS, Bohringer D, Cartsburg O, Roggendorf M, De Clercq E, Godehardt E, Sundmacher R. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 May; 109(5): 845-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986086&dopt=Abstract
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The first human case in Mexico of conjunctivitis caused by the avian parasite, Philophthalmus lacrimosus. Author(s): Lamothe-Argumedo R, Diaz-Camacho SP, Nawa Y. Source: J Parasitol. 2003 February; 89(1): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659326&dopt=Abstract
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The novel early region 3 protein E3/49K is specifically expressed by adenoviruses of subgenus D: implications for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and adenovirus evolution. Author(s): Blusch JH, Deryckere F, Windheim M, Ruzsics Z, Arnberg N, Adrian T, Burgert HG. Source: Virology. 2002 April 25; 296(1): 94-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036321&dopt=Abstract
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The outbreak of conjunctivitis at Dartmouth. Author(s): Feingold EK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 19; 348(25): 2577-8; Author Reply 2577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815147&dopt=Abstract
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The role of aspirin in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Anwar MS. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 March; 13(3): 178-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689545&dopt=Abstract
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Topical cyclosporine A (2%) eyedrops in the therapy of atopic keratoconjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis vernalis. Author(s): Tomida I, Brauning J, Schlote T, Heide PE, Zierhut M. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt B): 805-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613996&dopt=Abstract
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Topical cyclosporine A 0.5% as a possible new treatment for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Perry HD, Doshi-Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, Kornstein HS. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917176&dopt=Abstract
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Topical non-preserved diclofenac therapy for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): Rolando M, Barabino S, Alongi S, Calabria G. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt B): 1237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614059&dopt=Abstract
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Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Topical antibiotics in acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Crawford I, Othoro D. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 July; 19(4): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101146&dopt=Abstract
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Toxic eosinophil granule protein deposition in corneal ulcerations and scars associated with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Messmer EM, May CA, Stefani FH, Welge-Luessen U, Kampik A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 134(6): 816-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470748&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis: 1% fusidic acid viscous drops vs. 0.3% tobramycin drops. Author(s): Jackson WB, Low DE, Dattani D, Whitsitt PF, Leeder RG, MacDougall R. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2002 June; 37(4): 228-37; Discussion 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095096&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of viral conjunctivitis in children. Author(s): Bennett C. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 May 1; 67(9): 1873; Author Reply 1873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751650&dopt=Abstract
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Tsukamurella conjunctivitis: a novel clinical syndrome. Author(s): Woo PC, Ngan AH, Lau SK, Yuen KY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843095&dopt=Abstract
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Twice-daily and once-daily nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Alexander M, Allegro S, Hicks A. Source: Adv Ther. 2002 January-February; 19(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008862&dopt=Abstract
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Two mast cell stabilizers, pemirolast potassium 0.1% and nedocromil sodium 2%, in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a comparative study. Author(s): Shulman DG. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772816&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral follicular conjunctivitis with retained hair and pseudomonal infection. Author(s): Lavina AM, Mawn LA, Fan X, O'Day DM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 119(6): 901-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405844&dopt=Abstract
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Use of mitomycin C and r-tPA for the management of conjunctival membrane and cataracts in a child with conjunctivitis lignosa. Author(s): Meire FM, Claerhout I, Kestelyn PH. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 October; 84(10): 1204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202915&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a new questionnaire on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis in young adults. Author(s): Kilpelainen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Source: Allergy. 2001 May; 56(5): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350300&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the standardized version of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Author(s): Juniper EF, Thompson AK, Ferrie PJ, Roberts JN. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 1): 3649. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452758&dopt=Abstract
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in a Stockholm ophthalmic centre--epidemiological, functional, and immunologic investigations. Author(s): Montan PG, Ekstrom K, Hedlin G, van Hage-Hamsten M, Hjern A, Herrmann B. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 October; 77(5): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10551301&dopt=Abstract
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term followup. Author(s): Bonini S, Bonini S, Lambiase A, Marchi S, Pasqualetti P, Zuccaro O, Rama P, Magrini L, Juhas T, Bucci MG. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 June; 107(6): 1157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857837&dopt=Abstract
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Leonardi A, Secchi AG. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Winter; 43(1): 41-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544394&dopt=Abstract
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Collum LM. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1999; (228): 14-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337424&dopt=Abstract
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: evidence for immunoglobulin E-dependent and immunoglobulin E-independent eosinophilia. Author(s): Ono SJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 33(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614438&dopt=Abstract
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: pathogenesis and treatment. Author(s): Leonardi A. Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2002 May; 21(3): 319-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052387&dopt=Abstract
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Videokeratography findings in children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis versus those of healthy children. Author(s): Lapid-Gortzak R, Rosen S, Weitzman S, Lifshitz T. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 109(11): 2018-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414408&dopt=Abstract
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Weep, oh mine eyes: an outbreak of bacterial conjunctivitis. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 May 14; 166(10): 1305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12041849&dopt=Abstract
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Wegener's granulomatosis as a cause of cicatrising conjunctivitis. Author(s): Meier FM, Messmer EP, Bernauer W. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 May; 85(5): 628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351974&dopt=Abstract
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What type of eye drops should be given to a toddler with conjunctivitis? Author(s): Griffiths P. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2003 August; 8(8): 364-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937375&dopt=Abstract
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When is red eye not just conjunctivitis? Author(s): Vafidis G. Source: The Practitioner. 2002 July; 246(1636): 469-71, 474-5, 478-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12132264&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and conjunctivitis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Conjunctivitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “conjunctivitis” (or a synonym): •
Allergic blepharoconjunctivitis. Avoiding misdiagnosis and mismanagement. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95816. Source: Mannis, M J Postgrad-Med. 1989 September 15; 86(4): 123-9 0032-5481
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Atopic disease, rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and upper respiratory infections. Author(s): Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Schneider, L C Lester, M R Curr-Opin-Pediatr. 1997 October; 9(5): 537-47 10408703
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Azelastine eye drops reduce conjunctival hyperresponsiveness to hyperosmolar glucose challenge in children with asymptomatic mite conjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Genoa University, Italy. Source: Ciprandi, G Catrullo, A Tosca, M Cerqueti, P Mondino, C Passalacqua, G Canonica, G W J-Investig-Allergol-Clin-Immunol. 1999 Jan-February; 9(1): 35-8 10189068
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Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Hospital, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Kocak Altintas, A G Gul, U Duman, S Eur-J-Ophthalmol. 1999 Apr-June; 9(2): 130-3 1120-6721
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Characterization of the immunopathogenic responses to ovalbumin peptide 323-339 in experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Lewis rats. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan. Source: Fukushima, A Nishino, K Yoshida, O Ueno, H Curr-Eye-Res. 1998 August; 17(8): 763-9 0271-3683
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Clinical trial of sustained-release artificial tears in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and Sjogren's syndrome. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Lindahl, G Calissendorff, B Carle, B Acta-Ophthalmol-(Copenh). 1988 February; 66(1): 9-14 0001-639X
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Commercial cotton nesting material as a predisposing factor for conjunctivitis in athymic nude mice. Author(s): Department of Research Animal Resources, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 351, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Source: Bazille, P G Walden, S D Koniar, B L Gunther, R Lab-Anim-(NY). 2001 May; 30(5): 40-2 0093-7355
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Comparative double masked randomised placebo controlled clinical trial of a herbal eye drop preparation in trachoma and conjunctivitis. Author(s): Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi. Source: Das, G K Pandey, R M Biswas, N R J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 1995 October; 93(10): 383-4 0019-5847
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Comparison of genetic susceptibility to experimental allergic/immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis between Lewis and Fischer rats. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
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Source: Yoshida, O Yoshida, H Iwamoto, H Nishino, K Fukushima, A Ueno, H GraefesArch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 1998 November; 236(11): 859-64 0721-832X •
Comparison of lodoxamide 0.1% ophthalmic solution and levocabastine 0.05% ophthalmic suspension in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Service d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Jean Abadie, Bordeaux, France. Source: Verin, P Allewaert, R Joyaux, J C Piozzi, E Koliopoulos, J Bloch Michel, E Eur-JOphthalmol. 2001 Apr-June; 11(2): 120-5 1120-6721
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Comparison of topical 0.05% levocabastine and 0.1% lodoxamide in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Study Group. Author(s): Laboratoire Chauvin, Montpellier, France. Source: Richard, C Trinquand, C Bloch Michel, E Eur-J-Ophthalmol. 1998 Oct-December; 8(4): 207-16 1120-6721
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Conjunctivitis and pterygium associated with the American Indian type of polymorphous light eruption. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Source: Fletcher, D C Romanchuk, K G Lane, P R Can-J-Ophthalmol. 1988 February; 23(1): 30-3 0008-4182
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Contact lens induced conjunctivitis: a model of human ocular inflammation. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Source: Friedlaender, M H CLAO-J. 1996 July; 22(3): 205-8 0733-8902
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Ear involvement in ligneous conjunctivitis: a rarity or an under-diagnosed condition? Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Hyden, D Latkovic, S Brunk, U Laurent, C J-Laryngol-Otol. 2002 June; 116(6): 482-7 0022-2151
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Efficacy of lodoxamide eye drops on tear fluid cytology of patients with vernal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey. Source: Oguz, H Bitiren, M Aslan, O S Ozardali, I Acta-Med-Okayama. 1999 June; 53(3): 123-6 0386-300X
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Epitheliotropic lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) presenting as blepharoconjunctivitis in an Irish setter. Source: Donaldson, D. Day, M.J. J-small-anim-pract. London : British Veterinary Association. July 2000. volume 41 (7) page 317-320. 0022-4510
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Exertion of the suppressive effects of IFN-gamma on experimental immune mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Brown Norway rats during the induction phase but not the effector phase. Author(s): Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Fukushima, A Fukata, K Ozaki, A Takata, M Kuroda, N Enzan, H Ueno, H Br-JOphthalmol. 2002 October; 86(10): 1166-71 0007-1161
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Experimental allergic conjunctivitis: production of different isotypes of antibody by conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue in culture. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104.
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Source: Haldar, J P Khatami, M Donnelly, J J Rockey, J H Reg-Immunol. 1988 SepOctober; 1(2): 92-9 0896-0623 •
Experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in rats induced by immunization with ragweed pollen. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan. Source: Iwamoto, H Nishino, K Magone, T M Whitcup, S M Yoshida, O Yoshida, H Ozaki, A Fukushima, A Ueno, H Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 2000 April; 238(4): 346-51 0721-832X
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Eyelid dermatitis and conjunctivitis as sole manifestations of allergy to nickel in an orthodontic appliance. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Municipal Hospital of Lugo, Ravenna, Italy. Source: Mancuso, G Berdondini, R M Contact-Dermatitis. 2002 April; 46(4): 245 01051873
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Facial dermatitis, contact urticaria, rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma induced by potato. Author(s): Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Hopital Universitaire de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Jeannet Peter, N Piletta Zanin, P A Hauser, C Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1999 March; 10(1): 40-2 1046-199X
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Genetic background determines the nature of immune responses and experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis (EC). Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Japan. Source: Yoshida, O Yoshida, H Iwamoto, H Nishino, K Fukushima, A Ueno, H CurrEye-Res. 1999 February; 18(2): 117-24 0271-3683
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Immunosuppressive effect of cholera toxin B on allergic conjunctivitis model in guinea pig. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Saito, K Shoji, J Inada, N Iwasaki, Y Sawa, M Jpn-J-Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul-August; 45(4): 332-8 0021-5155
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Immunotherapy with alginate-conjugated two grass pollen extract in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Dept. of Internal Medicine, Centre for the Study of Alergic Diseases, Arienzo, Italy. Source: Tari, M G Mancino, M Pozzuoli, G Mauro, B Verga, A Monti, G AllergolImmunopathol-(Madr). 1990 Jan-February; 18(1): 35-40 0301-0546
•
Inhibitory effects of FK506 on the development of experimental allergic/immunemediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Lewis rats by systemic but not by topical administration. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan. Source: Iwamoto, H Yoshida, H Yoshida, O Fukushima, A Ueno, H Graefes-Arch-ClinExp-Ophthalmol. 1999 May; 237(5): 407-14 0721-832X
•
Lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis in cats. Source: Kerlin, R.L. Dubielzig, R.R. Vet-comp-ophtalmol. Santa Barbara, CA : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co., c1994-. 1997. volume 7 (3) page 177-179. 1076-4607
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Ocular surface changes induced by topical application of latanoprost and timolol: a short-term study in glaucomatous patients with and without allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Dipartimento di Discipline Medico-Chirurgiche della Comunicazione e del Comportamento, Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, Italy.
[email protected]
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Source: Costagliola, C Prete, A D Incorvaia, C Fusco, R Parmeggiani, F Di Giovanni, A Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 2001 November; 239(11): 809-14 0721-832X •
Patterns of responses to alternative medicines in controlling allergic conjunctivitis. Source: Batra, D Mohan, M Sharma, P Gupta, S K Indian-J-Ophthalmol. 1988 Jan-March; 36(1): 17-21 0301-4738
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Pemirolast potassium 0.1% ophthalmic solution is an effective treatment for allergic conjunctivitis: a pooled analysis of two prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Author(s): Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Abelson, M B Berdy, G J Mundorf, T Amdahl, L D Graves, A L J-OculPharmacol-Ther. 2002 October; 18(5): 475-88 1080-7683
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Role of substance P in experimental allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Source: Yamaji, M Takada, M Fujiwara, R Ohishi, H Izushi, K Sugimoto, Y Kamei, C Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1997 November; 19(9): 637-43 0379-0355
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Suppression of experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Brown Norway rats by topical application of FK506. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan. Source: Nishino, K Fukushima, A Okamoto, S Ohashi, Y Fukata, K Ozaki, A Ueno, H Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 2002 February; 240(2): 137-43 0721-832X
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Tear lysozyme and lactoferrin levels in giant papillary conjunctivitis and vernal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06032. Source: Rapacz, P Tedesco, J Donshik, P C Ballow, M CLAO-J. 1988 Oct-December; 14(4): 207-9 0733-8902
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The ability of salbutamol and theophylline to suppress immediate allergic conjunctivitis in the guinea pig. Author(s): Centre de Recherche, Merck Sharp & Dohme-Chibret, Riom, France. Source: Gautheron, P Sugrue, M F Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 1987; 225(5): 3314 0721-832X
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The role of nitric oxide in experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-ang University, College of Medicine, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul, Korea. Source: Ko, S M Kim, M K Kim, J C Cornea. 2000 January; 19(1): 84-91 0277-3740
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Topical anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of allergic pollinosic conjunctivitis: a comparative double-blind study. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy. Source: Ciprandi, G Buscaglia, S Cerqueti, M P Sacca, S Tosca, M Canonica, G W JInvestig-Allergol-Clin-Immunol. 1992 Sep-October; 2(5): 248-52 1018-9068
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Topical indomethacin for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology-II Medical College, Rohtak, India. Source: Gupta, S Khurana, A K Ahluwalia, B K Gupta, N C Acta-Ophthalmol-(Copenh). 1991 February; 69(1): 95-8 0001-639X
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Treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a retrospective clinical case study. Wallace F. Molinari Ocular Pharmacology Award. Author(s): New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts. Source: Coutu, R B Optom-Vis-Sci. 1991 July; 68(7): 561-4 1040-5488
•
Vick's Vaporub induced dermo kerato conjunctivitis--a case report. Source: Jaiwal, A Indian-J-Ophthalmol. 1989 Jul-September; 37(3): 154 0301-4738
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
Nutrition
•
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to conjunctivitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Minerals Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. CONJUNCTIVITIS
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to conjunctivitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to conjunctivitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to conjunctivitis: •
“High-dose” calcitriol for control of renal osteodystrophy in children on CAPD. Author(s): Salusky IB, Fine RN, Kangarloo H, Gold R, Paunier L, Goodman WG, Brill JE, Gilli G, Slatopolsky E, Coburn JW. Source: Kidney International. 1987 July; 32(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3626302&dopt=Abstract
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A large outbreak of conjunctivitis caused by a single genotype of Neisseria gonorrhoeae distinct from those causing genital tract infections. Author(s): Mak DB, Smith DW, Harnett GB, Plant AJ. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 June; 126(3): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467794&dopt=Abstract
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A review of plant species used to treat conjunctivitis. Author(s): Sharma P, Singh G. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 February; 16(1): 1-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807959&dopt=Abstract
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Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Wright PW, Strauss GH, Langford MP. Source: American Family Physician. 1992 January; 45(1): 173-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1309404&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea. Author(s): Subiza J, Subiza JL, Alonso M, Hinojosa M, Garcia R, Jerez M, Subiza E. Source: Ann Allergy. 1990 August; 65(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2382873&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative double masked randomised placebo controlled clinical trial of a herbal eye drop preparation in trachoma and conjunctivitis. Author(s): Das GK, Pandey RM, Biswas NR. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1995 October; 93(10): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9053413&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of a herbal eye drop formulation (Qatoor Ramad) of Unani medicine in conjunctivitis. Author(s): Siddiqui TA, Zafar S, Iqbal N. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 November; 83(1-2): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413702&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative effectiveness and molecular pharmacological mechanisms of antiallergic agents on experimental conjunctivitis in mice. Author(s): Hu S, Merayo-Lloves J, Zhao T, Foster CS. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 February; 14(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493784&dopt=Abstract
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Conjunctivitis due to soft lens solutions. Author(s): van Ketel WG, Melzer-van Riemsdijk FA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1980 August; 6(5): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6774850&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of sublingual immunotherapy with standardized olive pollen extract in pediatric patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and mild asthma due to olive pollen sensitization.
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Author(s): Vourdas D, Syrigou E, Potamianou P, Carat F, Batard T, Andre C, Papageorgiou PS. Source: Allergy. 1998 July; 53(7): 662-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700035&dopt=Abstract •
Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. III. Efficacy and safety of unfractionated and high-molecular-weight preparations in rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. Author(s): Bousquet J, Maasch HJ, Hejjaoui A, Skassa-Brociek W, Wahl R, Dhivert H, Michel FB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 October; 84(4 Pt 1): 54656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2677092&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cyclosporine on conjunctival mucin in a canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca model. Author(s): Moore CP, McHugh JB, Thorne JG, Phillips TE. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 March; 42(3): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222523&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of eye rubbing on signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals. Author(s): Raizman MB, Rothman JS, Maroun F, Rand WM. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 December; 107(12): 2158-61. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097588&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Wagner VP. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 January; 157(1): A6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1603367&dopt=Abstract
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Erosive conjunctivitis and punctal stenosis secondary to docetaxel (taxotere). Author(s): Skolnick CA, Doughman DJ. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 April; 29(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695719&dopt=Abstract
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Folk medicines and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Taylor HR, Cadet JC, Sommer A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1982 October; 94(4): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7137284&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy with a calcium phosphate-adsorbed five-grass-pollen extract in seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
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Author(s): Leynadier F, Banoun L, Dollois B, Terrier P, Epstein M, Guinnepain MT, Firon D, Traube C, Fadel R, Andre C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 31(7): 988-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467988&dopt=Abstract •
Immunotherapy with alginate-conjugated two grass pollen extract in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Tari MG, Mancino M, Pozzuoli G, Mauro B, Verga A, Monti G. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1990 January-February; 18(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2382596&dopt=Abstract
•
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae. Author(s): Giacometti M, Janovsky M, Belloy L, Frey J. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 2002 August; 21(2): 335-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974619&dopt=Abstract
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Keratoconjunctivitis and periorbital papillomatosis associated with heavy periorbital infestation by the tail louse Haematopinus quadripertusus in heifers. Author(s): Yeruham I, Hadani A, Perl S, Elad D. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2001 March; 48(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315523&dopt=Abstract
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Manchineel keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Pitts JF, Barker NH, Gibbons DC, Jay JL. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 May; 77(5): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8318464&dopt=Abstract
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis. An outbreak during an epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Alfonso E, Friedland B, Hupp S, Olsen K, Senikowich K, Sklar VE, Forster RK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 August 12; 250(6): 794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6308287&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma due to fennel seed. Author(s): Schwartz HJ, Jones RT, Rojas AR, Squillace DL, Yunginger JW. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 January; 78(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9012619&dopt=Abstract
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Potent inhibitory effect of tetrandrine on experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Author(s): Hu S, Merayo-Lloves J, Zhao T, Foster CS. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 October; 13(5): 435-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326725&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective cohort trial of Euphrasia single-dose eye drops in conjunctivitis. Author(s): Stoss M, Michels C, Peter E, Beutke R, Gorter RW. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 December; 6(6): 499-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152054&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and fatty acid intake: a cross-sectional study in Japan. Author(s): Wakai K, Okamoto K, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Ohno Y. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2001 January; 11(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164121&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of acupuncture on the temperature of the ocular surface in conjunctivitis sicca measured by non-contact thermography: preliminary results. Author(s): Nepp J, Tsubota K, Goto E, Schauersberger J, Schild G, Jandrasits K, Abela C, Wedrich A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt A): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613984&dopt=Abstract
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Use of eyepatches in phototherapy: effects on conjunctival bacterial pathogens and conjunctivitis. Author(s): Fok TF, Wong W, Cheng AF. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 December; 14(12): 1091-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8745024&dopt=Abstract
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Vick's Vaporub induced dermo kerato conjunctivitis--a case report. Author(s): Jaiwal A. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1989 July-September; 37(3): 154. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2632456&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to conjunctivitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pink Eye Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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•
Chinese Medicine Gonglaomu Alternative names: Chinese Mahonia Stem; Caulis Mahoniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinlian Pian Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Tablets; Gegen Qinlian Pian Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qinlian%20Pian&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Xuanshen Alternative names: Figwort Root; Radix Scrophulariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Homeopathy Apis Mellifica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Argentum Nitricum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Euphrasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hepar Sulphuris Calcareum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mercurius Solubilis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natrum Muriaticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pulsatilla Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulphur Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eyebright Alternative names: Euphrasia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eyebright Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Olopatadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oregon Grape Alternative names: Berberis aquifolium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to conjunctivitis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “conjunctivitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on conjunctivitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Conjunctivitis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to conjunctivitis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
The Role of the Mast Cell in Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis by Anderson, D. F.; Phd from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f718609
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning conjunctivitis.
Recent Trials on Conjunctivitis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to conjunctivitis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Corneal and External Diseases Condition(s): Blepharitis; Dacryocystitis; Keratitis
Conjunctivitis;
Corneal
Disease;
Dacryoadenitis;
Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study offers evaluation and treatment for patients with certain corneal and external diseases of the eye (diseases of the surface of the eye and its surrounding structures). The protocol is not designed to test new treatments; rather, patients will receive current standard of care treatments. The purpose of the study is twofold: 1) to allow National Eye Institute physicians to increase their knowledge of various corneal and external conditions and identify possible new avenues of research in this area; and 2) to establish a pool of patients who may be eligible for new studies as they are developed. (Participants in this protocol will not be required to join a new study; the decision will be voluntary.) Children and adults with corneal or external eye diseases may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical history, brief physical examination, thorough eye examination and blood test. The eye examination includes measurements of eye pressure and visual acuity (ability to see the vision chart) and dilation of the pupils to examine the lens and retina (back part of the eye). Patients will also undergo the following procedures: 1. Eye photography - Special photographs of the inside of the eye to help evaluate the status of the cornea and conjunctiva (the most superficial layer of the eye) evaluate changes that may occur in the 8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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future. From two to 20 pictures may be taken, depending on the eye condition. The camera flashes a bright light into the eye for each picture. 2. Conjunctival or lacrimal gland biopsy - A small piece of the conjunctiva or the lacrimal (tear) gland, is removed for examination under the microscope. Anesthetic drops and possibly an injection of anesthetic are given to numb the eye. An antibiotic ointment and patch may be placed over the eye for several hours after the procedure. Participants will be followed at least 3 years. Follow-up visits are scheduled according to the standard of care for the individual patient's eye problem. Vision will be checked at each visit, and some of the tests described above may be repeated to follow the progress of disease and evaluate the response to any treatment that is given. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00008541 •
Screening for NEI Clinical Studies Condition(s): Conjunctivitis; Iritis; Keratitis; Retinitis; Uveitis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: This screening protocol is designed to facilitate patient recruitment to National Eye Institute (NEI) clinical research studies. Patients must meet specific requirements of a research study; this protocol serves as a first step for admitting patients to an appropriate program. Candidates may have a diagnosed or undiagnosed eye condition. They will be screened with a medical history, physical examination, eye examination and blood test. Other screening procedures may include routine laboratory tests, non-invasive imaging, and questionnaires. The eye examination includes measurement of eye pressure and dilation of the pupils to fully examine the lens, vitreous and retina. Specialized eye tests will be done only if needed to determine eligibility for a specific study. When the screening is completed, patients will be informed of their options to participate in a study. Patients who are found ineligible for a current study will be informed of alternative treatments or options. No treatment is offered under this protocol. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001734
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Six month clinical research study for patients with moderate or severe dry eye syndrome Condition(s): Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca; Sjogren's Syndrome; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Scleroderma, Systemic Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Allergan Purpose - Excerpt: A six-month clinical research trial to evaluate the effectiveness of an investigational medication for the treatment of dry eye syndrome in patients that have been diagnosed with moderate to severe dry eye syndrome, an autoimmune disorder AND/OR females 65 years of age or older. Phase(s): Phase III
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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): Rheumatology Research International 1-888-297-4247
[email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025818 •
Study of INS365 Ophthalmic Solution in a Controlled Adverse Environment in Patients with Dry Eye Condition(s): Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Inspire Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: Comparative efficacy trial of INS365 Ophthalmic Solution and placebo in patients with dry eye. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00037661
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Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome with Cyclosporin A Eye Drops Condition(s): Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca; Sjogren's Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine whether cyclosporin A eye drops alleviate dry eye syndrome, a disorder of tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. The condition damages the surface of the eye and causes discomfort. Age-related dry eye syndrome may result from a problem with the immune system in which cells called lymphocytes infiltrate the tear glands and cause a chronic, progressive inflammatory process. Previous studies suggest that cyclosporin A may increase tear production or decrease inflammation on the surface of the eye, or both, improving dry eye symptoms. Patients in the study will undergo a complete eye examination, and a small tear sample will be collected to study tear consistency and composition. A small amount of conjunctiva (the clear, thin covering of the eye lining the eyelids and eyeball) will be removed to study substances in it that might provide information on what causes dry eye. A blood sample also will be taken to look for antibodies found in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, a disorder characterized by dryness of the mouth, eyes and other mucous membranes. Patients will also fill out forms providing information on the extent to which their dry eyes bother them. Patients will be randomly divided into two treatment groups: one will take a cyclosporin 0.1% eye drop emulsion; the other will take the emulsion vehicle alone-that is, the same drops but without the active ingredient cyclosporin. Both groups will take one drop in each eye 4 times a day for 2 months. Neither the patients nor the doctors will know which patients are receiving which medication until the study ends. All patients will also be given artificial teardrops to use for comfort if needed. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001731
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “conjunctivitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on conjunctivitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Conjunctivitis By performing a patent search focusing on conjunctivitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on conjunctivitis: •
1, 3-bis-(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-ones and their use to treat VCAM-1 mediated disorders Inventor(s): Hoong; Lee K. (Suwanee, GA), Meng; Charles Q. (Alpharetta, GA), Ni; Liming (Duluth, GA), Sikorski; James A. (Alpharetta, GA) Assignee(s): Atherogenics, Inc. (Alpharetta, GA) Patent Number: 6,608,101 Date filed: June 20, 2001 Abstract: It has been discovered certain 1,3-bis-(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-ones, including compounds of formula (I) inhibit the expression of VCAM-1, and thus can be used to treat a patient with a disorder mediated by VCAM-1. Examples of inflammatory disorders that are mediated by VCAM-1 include, but are not limited to arthritis, asthma, dermatitis, cystic fibrosis, post transplantation late and chronic solid organ rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rhinitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, postangioplasty restenosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), glomerulonephritis, Graves disease, gastrointestinal allergies, conjunctivitis, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, angina and small artery disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention includes novel heteroaryl or heterocyclic 1,3-bis(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-ones as well as methods and compositions for the treatment of disorders mediated by VCAM-1 or MCP-1 and for the treatment of inflammatory disorders generally that include the administration of a 1,3-bis(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-one that has at least one phenyl substituent that is an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic moiety. Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium represents a fundamental, early event in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders and bacterial and viral infections. Leukocyte recruitment to endothelium is mediated in part by the inducible expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells that interact with counterreceptors on immune cells. Endothelial cells determine which types of leukocytes are recruited by selectively expressing specific adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin. VCAM-1 binds to the integrin VLA-4 expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils but not neutrophils. This interaction facilitates the firm adhesion of these leukocytes to the endothelium. VCAM-1 is an inducible gene that is not expressed, or expressed at very low levels, in normal tissues. VCAM-1 is upregulated in a number of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, asthma, dermatitis, psoriasis, cystic fibrosis, post transplantation late and chronic solid organ rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rhinitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, post-angioplasty restenosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), glomerulonephritis, Graves disease, gastrointestinal allergies, conjunctivitis, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, angina and small artery disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD), primarily as a result of atherosclerosis, remains the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by vascular inflammation, deposition of lipids in the arterial vessel wall and smooth muscle cell proliferation resulting in a narrowing of the vessel passages. In advanced stages of the disease atherosclerotic lesions can become unstable resulting in plaque rupture, thrombosis, myocardial infarction and
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ischemic heart disease. It is now well accepted that the initiating events in atherosclerosis are local injury to the arterial endothelium that results in the induction of VCAM-1 and recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes that express the integrin counterreceptor, VLA-4, (O'Brien, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 92: 945-951, 1993). Subsequent conversion of leukocytes to foamy macrophages results in the synthesis of a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and chemoattractants that help propagate formation of the mature atheromatous plaque by further inducing endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Pharmacological inhibition of VCAM-1 expression has been shown to inhibit atherosclerosis in several animal models (Sundell et al., Circulation, 100: 42, 1999). A monoclonal antibody against VCAM-1 has also been shown to inhibit neointimal formation in a mouse model of arterial wall injury (Oguchi, S., et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20: 1729-1736, 2000). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608101__ •
Attentuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain and method of use Inventor(s): Chang; Te Hung (Tao-Yuan, TW), Kwang; Jimmy (Kentview Park, SG) Assignee(s): Institute of Molecular Agrobiology (SG) Patent Number: 6,410,031 Date filed: November 24, 1999 Abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which has also been termed mystery swine disease, swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS), and porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), induces severe disease in pigs and causes considerable economic loss to farmers. The pathology of PRRS is characterized by severe reproductive failure in sows, mild to severe respiratory distress, increased mortality in weaning pigs, conjunctivitis, and lymphnode enlargement. The pathogen responsible for PRRS is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the Arterivirus group within the Togaviridae family. The PRRS viruses are single stranded RNA viruses having a viral genome of positive polarity and a size of approximately 15 kb. The positive-strand RNA genome possesses at least three major structural proteins designated N, M, and E. The PRRS viruses exist as a quasispecies and display considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. The present invention is directed toward the isolation, characterization, and utilization of a novel PRRS viral isolate designated JK-100. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the discovery, isolation, characterization and utilization of a novel strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. The invention further pertains to diagnostic and protective antigens and vaccines for the PRRS disease in pigs, and the methods of making and using the same. All publications and patent applications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was first described in the United States in 1987 and in Germany in 1990. Other countries subsequently reporting the disease include France (1), Denmark (2), the Netherlands (3), Japan (4), Canada (5), Spain (6), and England (7). PRRS has the potential to become an economic disaster for U S. and European swine producers. There is evidence of extreme genetic and antigenic variability between American and European isolates (29).
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410031__ •
Bacteriophage of chlamydia psittaci Inventor(s): Bavoil; Patrik M. (Pittsford, NY), Hsia; Ru-Ching (Pittsford, NY) Assignee(s): University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 5,741,697 Date filed: November 30, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an isolated bacteriophage designated.phi.CPG1. The invention is further directed to an isolated DNA molecule encoding bacteriophage.phi.CPG1, or a fragment thereof, a DNA molecule comprising DNA encoding bacteriophage.phi.CPG1 with heterologous DNA inserted therein, or a fragment thereof, and to oligonucleotides consisting essentially of a portion of the DNA molecule encoding.phi.CPG1. The bacteriophage.phi.CPG1 was isolated from Chlamydia psittaci strain Guinea Pig inclusion Conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an isolated bacteriophage, and more particularly to a bacteriophage designated.phi.CPG1 of Chlamydia psittaci strain Guinea Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis (GPIC), and uses of the bacteriophage. Chlamydia is a genus of gram-negative coccoidal bacteria which are obligate intracellular parasites. These pathogenic bacteria multiply only within the cytoplasm of vertebrate host cells by a developmental cycle that is unique among microorganisms. There are three stages in the cycle. The small infectious form of the microorganism first attaches itself to the host cell membrane and is engulfed by a process resembling phagocytosis. This small infectious form is called the elementary body (EB). A vacuole, derived from the host cell surface membranes, contains the EB and the EB is reorganized to form a larger body (called the reticulate body or RB). Within the membrane-bound vacuole (called the inclusion), the RB grows in size and divides repeatedly by binary fission. Numerous daughter cells are formed, and these again reorganize becoming small EBs. Eventually, the entire inclusion becomes filled with the small infectious particles (EBs). The EBs are then released after lysis of the cell, and can survive extracellularly to repeat the cycle and infect other healthy cells. Chlamydiae produce cytopathology and are the etiologic agents of a variety of diseases of man and other animals. Strains of C. trachomatis cause well-known diseases of the ocular and urogenital tracts in humans (including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, non-gonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and murine pneumonitis in mice. Strains of C. psittaci cause numerous diseases of man and animals, manifested primarily as pneumonitis, arthritis, placentitis (leading to abortion), and enteritis. C. psittaci causes psittacosis and ornithosis in wild and domestic birds, and psittacosis in man. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05741697__
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Compositions and methods for treating mast-cell mediated conditions Inventor(s): Dener; Jeffrey Mark (Daly City, CA), Gangloff; Anthony Robert (San Mateo, CA), Kuo; Elaine Yee-Lin (San Francisco, CA), Rice; Ken Duane (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): AXYS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 6,022,969 Date filed: September 14, 1995
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Abstract: Novel compounds, compositions and methods effective for the prevention and treatment of mast-cell mediated inflammatory disorders are described. The compounds, compositions and methods are effective for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with the respiratory tract, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, as well as other types of immunomediated inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, conjunctivitis and inflammatory bowel disease, various dermatological conditions, as well as certain viral conditions. The compounds comprise potent and selective inhibitors of the mast cell protease tryptase. The compositions for treating these conditions include oral, inhalant, topical and parenteral preparations as well as devices comprising such preparations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods effective for the prevention and treatment of mast-cell mediated inflammatory disorders. The invention includes compositions and methods effective for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with the respiratory tract, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. The compositions and methods of the present invention are especially useful for preventing or treating the late phase bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness associated with chronic asthma. In addition, the compositions and methods of the present invention have utility in treating other types of immunomediated inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, conjunctivitis and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as various dermatological conditions. Further, the compositions and methods of the present invention have utility in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. Asthma is a complex disease involving multiple biochemical mediators for both its acute and chronic manifestations. Increasingly, asthma is recognized as an inflammatory disorder (see, e.g., Hood, et al., IMMUNOLOGY 2nd ed., Benjamin-Cummings 1984). Asthma frequently is characterized by progressive development of hyperresponsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to both immunospecific allergens and generalized chemical or physical stimuli. The hyperresponsiveness of asthmatic bronchiolar tissue is believed to result from chronic inflammation reactions, which irritate and damage the epithelium lining the airway wall and promote pathological thickening of the underlying tissue. Bronchial biopsy studies have indicated that even patients with mild asthma have features of inflammation in the airway wall. One initiator of the inflammatory sequence is an allergic response to inhaled allergens. Leukocytes carrying IgE receptors, notably mast cells and basophils, but also including monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, are present in the epithelium and underlying smooth muscle tissues of bronchi where they are activated initially by binding of specific inhaled antigens to the IgE receptors. Activated mast cells release a number of preformed or primary chemical mediators of the inflammatory response and enzymes. Furthermore, numerous secondary mediators of inflammation are generated in situ by enzymatic reactions of activated mast cells, including superoxide and lipid derived mediators. In addition, several large molecules are released by degranulation of mast cells: proteoglycans, peroxidase, arylsulfatase B, and notably the proteases tryptase and chymotryptic proteinase (chymase). See Drug Therapy of Asthma, pp. 1054-54. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06022969__
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Compounds and methods for treatment of asthma, allergy and inflammatory disorders Inventor(s): Cai; Xiong (Belmont, MA), Chatelain; Pierre (Pierre, BE), Differding; Edmond (Louvain-La-Neuve, BE), Ellis; James (Boxford, MA), Grewal; Gurmit (Natick, MA), Hussoin; Sajjat (Lexington, MA), Lassoie; Marie-Agnes (Brainele-Chateau, BE), Lewis; Timothy (Framingham, MA), Scannell; Ralph (Hopkinson, MA), Toy-Palmer; Anna (Arlington, MA) Assignee(s): UCB, S.A. (Brussels, BE) Patent Number: 6,451,801 Date filed: March 24, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides 1,4 substituted piperazines, 1,4 substituted piperidines, and 1-substituted, 4-alkylidenyl peperidines compounds. The compounds of the invention are dual acting molecules having both leukotriene inhibition properties as well as antihistaminergic properties. The compounds of the invention are useful for treating conditions in which there is likely to be a histamine and/or leukotriene component. These conditions include preferable asthma, seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroid poisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, thrombotic disease and otitis media. Also provided are methods of treating asthma and rhinitis by administering an effective asthma and rhinitis-relieving amount of the compounds to a subject in need thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of 1,4 substituted piperazines, 1,4 substituted piperidines, and 1-substituted, 4-alkylidenyl piperidines. Leukotrienes are potent local mediators, playing a major role in inflammatory and allergic responses including arthritis, asthma, psoriasis, and thrombotic disease. Leukotrienes are straight chain eicosanoids produced by the oxidation of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenases. Arachidonic acid is oxidized by 5-lipoxygenase and ultimately converted to leukotrienes A4, B4, C4, D4 or E4. 15-Lipoxygenase is responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to various biologically active metabolites including 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). Both of these mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of airway and allergic diseases such as asthma by contributing to bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and eosinophil migration. A mixture of one or more of such leukotrienes are known to be potent bronchoconstrictors. Thus, leukotrienes have been shown to play an important role in the pathology of asthma. Rigorous proof for the role of leukotrienes in asthma has been provided by several pivotal clinical trials in which orally administered 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors (or LTD4 receptor antagonists) produce clear therapeutic benefit in asthma patients. These benefits include reduction in the use of classic asthma therapies such as beta agonists and corticosteroids. It is well known in the art that certain hydroxyurea- and hydroxyamide-substituted aromatic compounds can function as 5-LO inhibitors. For example, WO 92/09567 and WO 92/09566 disclose a wide variety of N-hydroxyurea and hydroxamic acid compounds as inhibitors of the lipoxygenase enzyme. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451801__
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Compounds with combined antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing activities, intended for ophthalmic use Inventor(s): Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Sarasota, FL) Assignee(s): Bridge Pharma, Inc. (Sarasota, FL) Patent Number: 6,207,684 Date filed: December 2, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to methods of treatment of ocular disease states, modulated by histaminergic and inflammatory mechanisms in a mammal using norketotifen, 10-OH-norketotifen and pharmaceutical compositions of those compounds. More particularly, this invention relates to methods of treating ocular diseases (such as, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and other forms of conjunctivitis, keratitis, hyperemia, cellular infiltration, vascularization, fibroblastic proliferation, inflammatory cell degranulation), while avoiding certain side effects, such as local irriation, using compounds with combined antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing activities. Excerpt(s): The compound described in this invention 10-oxo4Hbenzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene, hereinafter called norketotifen and the 10-OHsubstituted analogs thereof, hereinafter called 10-OH-norketotifen. Norketotifen can be metabolized in the body along various pathways. Thus, the two isomers of 10-OH norketotifen are formed by reduction of the norketotifen molecule. Norketotifen and 10OH norketotifen can also undergo N-glucuronidation. Other metabolites, such as for example 9-OH-norketotifen and 9,10-di-OH-norketotifen may be formed and may as well be therapeutically active entities for the ocular indications of this application. The metabolic pathways are different in different species and may also be different between infants and adult humans. Norketotifen has now been synthesized and studied pharmacologically. Surprisingly and importantly, a significant quantitative difference between ketotifen and norketotifen was found: It has now been found that norketotifen has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-histaminic effects and does not have irritating effects when applied to the eye. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207684__
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Condensed pyridazine compounds, their production and use Inventor(s): Gyoten; Michiyo (Daito, JP), Kawano; Yasuhiko (Suita, JP), Nagaya; Hideaki (Toyonaka, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,610,694 Date filed: April 2, 2001 Abstract: A condensed pyridazine derivative which exhibits anti-allergic activity, antihistaminic activity and/or eosinophil chemotaxis-inhibiting activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-PAF (platelet-activating factor) activity, and the like, and is useful as an agent for preventing or treating asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and the like. Excerpt(s): This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP99/05469, filed on Oct. 5, 1999. The present invention relates to novel condensed pyridazine derivatives exhibiting an excellent anti-allergic, anti-histaminic, anti-
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inflammatory or eosinophil chemotaxis-inhibiting activity, or other activities, and useful as agents for preventing or treating atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, chronic urticaria, etc., their pro-drugs, methods of their production, and their use in medicaments. wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, a phenyl group or a lower alkylcarbonylamino group; R.sup.1 represents morpholino or piperidino; R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group (at least one of R and R.sup.2 is a group other than a hydrogen atom; when R is a phenyl group, R.sup.1 is morpholino and R.sup.2 is a lower alkyl group); or a salt thereof, is useful as a bronchodilator for mitigating bronchial spasms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610694__ •
Drugs for topical application of sex steroids in the treatment of dry eye syndrome, and methods of preparation and application Inventor(s): Lubkin; Virginia (One Blackstone Pl., Bronx, NY 10471) Assignee(s): Lubkin; Virginia (Brnx, NY) Patent Number: 6,096,733 Date filed: December 10, 1998 Abstract: A topical drug application for the alleviation of kerato-conjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) is comprised of a solution of 17-.beta.-estradiol suspended or dissolved in a vehicle, and the method of preparation and application of the same. In the preferred embodiments, 17-.beta.-estradiol is in a lipid vehicle or 17-.beta.-estradiol 3-phosphate disodium dissolved in an aqueous vehicle having a pH of between about 6 to about 8. This invention may also be useful in treating other conditions where KCS may occur, such as post-operative corneal transplant patients and patients who cannot receive replacement estrogen therapy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the topical application of sex steroids in the treatment of human dry eye syndrome (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)) and, more specifically, to the preparation and application of 17-.beta.-estradiol and its derivatives in lipid, liposomes, polymers, or aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles for the topical treatment of the ocular surface tissues. This invention may also be useful in treating other conditions where KCS may occur, such as post-operative corneal transplant patients. The high incidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the population of postmenopausal women is attended by symptoms ranging from mild foreign body sensation to frank pain and visual loss due to ocular surface abnormalities. The standard treatment with artificial lubricants, which provides temporary symptomatic relief in most cases does not, however, address the cause of the dry eyes. While there has been described treatment of post menopausal females with dry eye syndrome using oral Premarin therapy, the oral or parenteral administration of estrogen can frequently produce side effects such as vaginal bleeding, breast tenderness and other undesired effects and the therapeutic effects derived from oral therapy are minimal. This result is now understood as a result of studies showing that there are very few estrogen receptors in the conjunctiva relative to other tissues of the body (Gans, L. A., et al., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 109(4):474-477 (1990)). Further, such oral or parenteral administration implicates the entire body structure in an indeterminate effort to secure an effect in a localized area (the eye), in the absence of any data relating the level of estrogen introduced into the blood stream to the level, if any, resulting in the tear fluid (it is known generally, that estrogen concentrations in the eye to be in the range of about 10% of serum levels). Conservative medicine would indicate the desirability of limiting the
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specific effect of the hormone to the recipient site if possible. One possible method of accomplishing this is through the use of topically applied steroids, in drop form. One early reference (Bohigian, G. Handbook of External Diseases of the Eye (Alcon, Inc.) 1980, p. 79) did refer to the use of "special drops" for treating KCS which in fact, contained conjugated estrogens, however, in a declaration during prosecution of U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,434 issued to Lubkin (reissued as U.S. Pat. No. Re. 34,578) and hereby incorporated by reference, Dr. Bohigian stated that the concentration of estrone in the drops was 0.0066% by weight and that it was not effective in alleviating any symptoms. In contrast, the U.S. Pat. No. Re. 34,578 patent of Lubkin showed that treatment of dry eye syndrome or KCS was shown to be effective using a form of estrogen in solution at concentrations of at least 0.1 mg/mL or 0.1% (w/v). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096733__ •
Formulations of magnesium compounds for local application and methods of treatment using the same Inventor(s): Marx; Alvin J. (511 Mirepoix, San Antonio, TX 78232-1951) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,898,037 Date filed: July 11, 1996 Abstract: This invention provides novel pharmaceutical compositions which comprise magnesium compounds in hypertonic amounts. These compositions are formulated for local application for the treatment of conditions such as acne, arthritis, periodontal disease ophthalmic conditions (e.g., conjunctivitis), hemorrhoids, vaginal infections and inflammation, and ulcerative colitis. The compositions are formulated with an acceptable dermatological, oral, rectal, vaginal, or ophthalmic carrier for use in treating these conditions. Also provided is a method for treating asthma wherein the magnesium compositions are administered by inhalation. Any of these treatments, and especially that for asthma, can be supplemented with oral administration of magnesium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions including magnesium compounds and to novel methods of treatment using the same, and is particularly directed to compositions for local application, such as topical, inhalational, rectal administration, including optionally systemic administration as a supplement thereto, and to novel treatments using the same. The magnesium cation is an essential mineral for many animals, including mammals, and especially for humans. As used herein, the term "magnesium" is intended to mean the salt or free ion form (as opposed to the non-ionic form). As such, magnesium is also a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions. It is involved in phosphate transfer from ADP and ATP muscle contractility, and neuronal transmission. The majority of magnesium in the human body is located in the bones in the form of phosphates and carbonates, and the remainder is found principally in the liver and muscles; red blood cells also contain magnesium. Magnesium inhibits nerve impulses and relaxes muscle contractions, thereby functioning antagonistically to calcium. On the other hand, like calcium, magnesium can bind phosphates and can substitute for calcium as a bone or tooth mineral. Accordingly, systemic (oral) calcium supplementation is often administered when magnesium is given systemically. Various magnesium compounds have been used via intramuscular, oral, and intravenous routes of administration For example, magnesium acetate is used as a source of magnesium and as an acetate supply of bicarbonate in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis solutions; magnesium chloride is likewise used in dialysis solutions.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05898037__ •
Fructose diphosphate topical compositions Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (27 Coginchaug Ct., Guilford, CT 06437) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,051,244 Date filed: August 14, 1998 Abstract: Topical application of fructose-1,6-diphosphate, its derivatives and/or precursors are used for treating or preventing epidermal or mucosal aging and inflammation. In preferred embodiments, the fructose diphosphate (or its derivative) is applied in admixture with a dermally, ophthalmically, orally, or nasally acceptable carrier. Topical application lessens symptoms of urticaria, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis among other inflammatory conditions and inhibit microscarring of the dermis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates primarily to the topical application of fructose diphosphate, or its derivatives, for the treatment of acute and chronic conditions of the skin and mucosa. Therapies according to the invention reduce or prevent tissue degenerative effects of aging and inflammatory disease using, as an active ingredient, a compound that participates widely in normal metabolic pathways. Epidermal inflammation and aging are closely related phenomena. So similar are the processes involved with both, that aging is sometimes described dermatologically as a chronic low grade inflammatory condition. In acute inflammation, there can be a respiratory burst of neutrophil activity that initiates cascades that typically involve a change in the oxidation state of the cell. Acute inflammation is also characterized by mast cell degranulation wherein serotonin is produced, which acts as a signal transduction factor. Following that, excited oxygen species are generated, e.g., superoxide anion, and these damage the lipid-rich membranes and activate the chemical mediators of proinflammation and inflammation. Alteration in the redox state of the cell activates transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B as well as AP1, which then causes production of proinflammation mediators. These mediators, such as TF.alpha. and various interleukins, cause a burst of cytokines. Arachadonic acid is released, which is oxidized to biologically active mediators. When arachadonic acid is oxidized via the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways, for example, prostaglandins, leukotrines, and hyroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) are produced, which cause erythma, edema, and free radical production. Transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B and AD1 alter DNA expression in the cell and produce cytokines and proteinases such as collagenase. Similar metabolic events are observed in epidermal aging. Cell age is due in part to free radical damage, which takes place mostly within the cell membrane. The cell membrane is most susceptible to attack by free radicals because of its dense molecular structure largely comprising lipids and lipoproteins, which are easily oxidized by reactive oxygen species. In the epidermis, reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, the superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as other free radicals, are generated in normal metabolism, as well as through ultraviolet sun exposure, other forms of radiation, other environmental factors such as pollution or exposure to chemicals in the home or workplace, and the like, active in the arachidonic acid cascade. As in inflammation, free radicals activate chemical mediators that produce prostaglandins and/or leukotrines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06051244__
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Implant for preventing conjunctivitis in cattle Inventor(s): Terry; Paul B. (1605 Independence Dr., Plattsburg, MO 64477) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,980,928 Date filed: July 29, 1997 Abstract: A method to reduce the likelihood of conjunctivitis in farm animals, especially cattle, includes the step of injecting an implant containing an antibiotic effective against the microbes associated with conjunctivitis subcutaneously into the animal in close proximity to the eye. Preferably the implant includes a matrix to allow time release of the antibiotic and the implant is placed in the animal near the first part of July. Also preferably the antibiotic is tetracycline. Excerpt(s): The present application is directed to a method of controlling a conjunctivitis known as "pinkeye", in cattle and other livestock by placing a subcutaneous antibiotic implant in close proximity to each eye of an animal to be treated in accordance with the method. Pinkeye is the common name for a conjunctivitis or inflammation of the conjunctiva. This conjunctivitis can result in ulceration of the eyeball, severe pain, blepharospasm, excess tearing and eventually corneal perforation with subsequent prolapse of the intraocular contents, blindness, weight loss and substantial decrease in value to the owner. Because of the colorization of the eyeball, the disease is commonly known as pinkeye. Various microbes may be associated with the inflammation with the most common being one or more of the strains of Moraxella Bovis. While microbes are associated with the inflammation, there appear to be different opinions as to the exact primary and secondary causes of conjunctivitis in cattle and as to what events must occur to result in such an inflammation. Obviously, there must be some exposure to the infecting microbe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980928__
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Method and composition for topical treatment of damaged tissue using histamine as active ingredient Inventor(s): Jack; Bruce A. (Albuquerque, NM), White; B. Thomas (Albuquerque, NM) Assignee(s): Maxim Pharmaceutical, Inc. (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,080,395 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition of water, water soluble vinyl polymer gel, amine alcohol dispersant and IEP is used topically to treat herpes labialis and aphthous stomatitis lesions, and also to treat herpes genitalis, chicken pox, allergic conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, stomatitis secondary to chemotherapy, thermal burn, sunburn, and decubitus ulcers and shingles. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of the viral diseases herpes labialis (cold sores or fever blisters), herpes genitalis, herpes zoster (shingles), varicella zoster (chickenpox); inflammatory diseases and/or diseases demonstrating compromise or reaction of the immune system including aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), oral mucositis (stomatitis) secondary to chemotherapy, allergic
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conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis; and lesions of injury to the skin including photodermatitis (sunburn, specifically second degree sunburn), thermal burns and pressure sores (decubitus ulcers). Histamine phosphate previously has been used as a diagnostic agent for determining a condition known as achlorhydria. Histamine phosphate also has been used intradermally to produce a flare-up reaction of the skin to test the ability of certain drugs to inhibit this histamine-induced wheal, thereby indicating clinical response for disease processes which liberate histamine. The histamine phosphate referred to is the compound 1H-imidazole-4ethanamine,phosphate (IEP), and is currently used in subcutaneous administration for the diagnosis of gastric function. Principle effects of IEP from subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administration occur on the vascular system, smooth muscles, and exocrine glands. In humans, IEP produces vasodilation in the blood vessels and capillaries, causing a flushing of the face, reduction in systemic blood pressure, increase in skin temperature, and increased capillary permeability sufficient to produce exudation of fluid, plasma proteins, and erythrocytes into extracellular spaces. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080395__ •
Method for the treatment of bronchial asthma and like hypersensitivity diseases by administration of anionic polymers Inventor(s): Gleich; Gerald J. (Rochester, MN) Assignee(s): Donlar Corporation (Bedford Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,827,512 Date filed: January 28, 1997 Abstract: A method is provided for treating a hypersensitivity disease comprising parenterally administering to a human afflicted with such a disease an amount of an anionic polymer effective to counteract the symptoms of a disease selected from the group consisting of bronchial asthma, eosinophil-associated nasal inflammation and vernal conjunctivitis, by counteracting the effect of at least one cationic toxin released by the eosinophils of said human. Excerpt(s): For many years, bronchial asthma was regarded as an abnormality of respiratory smooth muscle in which afflicted individuals experienced the onset of bronchospasm as a consequence of overreactivity of the bronchial smooth muscle. Later, the bronchial mast cell was thought to play a critical role in the stimulation of bronchial smooth muscle by producing leukotriene C4 (the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) and histamine which cause contraction. However, over the past few years, a dramatic change in thinking regarding the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma has occurred and in this new appreciation of this disease, inflammation of the airway, particularly that caused by eosinophilic leukocytes, or "eosinophils," has been suspected. Eosinophils are a type of leukocyte containing cytoplasmic granules that stain strongly with acidic dyes. Eosinophils have been associated with bronchial asthma since the early part of this century and they are characteristically found in large numbers in the lung tissue of patients dying of asthma (A. G. Ellis et al., J. Med. Sci., 136, 407 (1908)). In the mid 1970s, it was demonstrated that the severity of bronchial asthma can be related to the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of the patients (B. R. Horn et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 292, 1152 (1975)). Also around this time, studies of eosinophils had shown the presence of basic (cationic) granule proteins. One of the principal proteins associated with eosinophil granules, the major basic protein (MBP), was so-named because in the guinea pig it comprises more than 50% of the granule protein, is strongly basic
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(arginine-rich), and is proteinaceous (G. J. Gleich, J. Exp. Med., 137, 1459 (1973); T. L. Wasmoen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263, 12559 (1988)). MBP is toxic to worms (helminths) and mammalian cells, and causes damage to bronchial respiratory epithelium (G. J. Gleich et al., Adv. Immunol., 39, 177 (1986)). For example, direct application of MBP to respiratory epithelium in concentrations as low as 10.mu.g/ml (7.1.times.10.sup.-7 M) causes ciliostasis and epithelial damage. This damage consists of desquamation of epithelial cells into the lumen of the respiratory tract, as well as frank disruption of epithelial cells. The effects of MBP were dose-related and higher doses cause damage more quickly and to a greater extent than lower doses (E. Frigas et al., Lab. Invest., 42, 35 (1980)). These effects were caused both by MBP from guinea pig eosinophils and from human eosinophils on both guinea. pig and human respiratory tissues (G. J. Gleich et al., J. Immunol., 123, 2925 (1979)). The findings that MBP caused ciliostasis, desquamation of respiratory epithelial cells, and damage to the respiratory epithelial cells are suggestive of the pathologic changes observed in bronchial asthma. In bronchial asthma, an exudate of eosinophils, normal and degenerating bronchial epithelial cells, and clumps of epithelial cells, referred to as Creola bodies, are present in the bronchial lumen. In the bronchial mucosa and submucosa, edema, separation and shedding of ciliated cells, and eosinophil infiltration are seen. Thus, the effects of the eosinophil granule MBP in vitro are similar to the pathology characteristic of bronchial asthma (M. S. Dunnill, J. Clin. Path., 13, 27 (1960)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05827512__ •
Method for treating late phase allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Ahmed; Tahir (Coral Gables, FL) Assignee(s): Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 5,980,865 Date filed: August 4, 1997 Abstract: A method of treating a mammalian patient suffering from or prone to a condition characterized by late phase allergic reactions, airway hyperresponsiveness or inflammatory reactions, e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis, comprising the administration to the patient of an oral, parenteral, intrabronchial, topical, intranasal or intraocular pharmaceutical composition containing in each dose about 0.005 to about 1.0 mg per kilogram of patient body weight of ultra-low molecular weight heparins (ULMWH) or other sulfated polysaccharides having average molecular weights of about 1,000-3,000 daltons. Suitable inhalant and other pharmaceutical compositions for use in the novel treatment method are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods and compositions for preventing and reversing the symptoms and manifestations of late phase allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases. Chronic asthma can be considered to be predominantly an inflammatory disease with associated bronchospasm. The degree of reactivity and narrowing of the bronchi in response to stimuli is greater in asthmatics than in normal individuals. Persistent inflammation is responsible for the bronchial hyperreactivity or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Mucosal edema, mucus plugging and hypersecretion may be present; pulmonary parenchyma is normal. Airway narrowing may reverse spontaneously or with therapy. Type 1 (immediate) immune responses may play an important role in the development of asthma in children and many adults; however, when onset of disease occurs in adulthood, allergic factors may be difficult to
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identify. Exposure to cold dry air, exercise and other aggravating factors also may trigger asthma. The general goals of drug therapy for asthma are prevention of bronchospasm and long-term control of bronchial hyperreactivity. Because it is usually not possible for either patient or physician to predict when bronchospasm may occur, patients with all but the most episodic and/or entirely seasonal attacks may require continuous therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980865__ •
Method of using IL-11 for treating antibiotic induced diarrhea Inventor(s): Keith; James (Andover, MA), Schendel; Paul (Wayland, MA) Assignee(s): Genetics Institute, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,948,402 Date filed: July 15, 1997 Abstract: Provided by the present invention are methods of treating a variety of disorders including AIDS, arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathies), antibiotic induced diarrheal diseases (Clostridium difficile), multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, gingivitis, peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, diabetes, retinitis, uveitis, reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction (MI) or cerebral vascular accident (CVA), aphthous ulcers (oral), atherosclerosis (plaque rupture), prevention of tumor metastases, asthma, preeclampsia, and allergic disorders such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods of treating disorders such as AIDS, arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathies), antibiotic induced diarrheal diseases (Clostridium difficile), multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, gingivitis, peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, diabetes, retinitis, uveitis, reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral vascular accident (CVA), aphthous ulcers (oral), atherosclerosis (plaque rupture), prevention of tumor metastases, asthma, preeclampsia, and allergic disorders such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Inflammatory responses include a broad range of host reaction to a variety of insults, such as injury, infection, or rejection. It is the over production of mediators that is believed to be associated with a broad range of disorders, including AIDS, arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathies), antibiotic induced diarrheal diseases (Clostridium difficile), multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, gingivitis, peptic ulcer disease. esophagitis, diabetes, retinitis, uveitis, reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction (MI). cerebral vascular accident (CVA), aphthous ulcers (oral), atherosclerosis (plaque rupture), tumor metastases, asthma, preeclampsia, and allergic disorders such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and urticaria. These disorders and their symptoms are briefly summarized below. According to the methods of the present invention, IL-11 is administered to modulate the hosts' over reaction to insult thereby treating the following disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05948402__
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Pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating allergic diseases and a method for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Hwang; Woo-Jun (Cheollabook-do, KR), Jang; Chul-Ho (Jeollabook-do, KR), Kim; Hyung-Min (Cheollabook-do, KR), Park; Eun-Jeung (Cheollabook-do, KR) Assignee(s): Biomedpark Co., Ltd. (Yongin, KR), Daehan Biolink Co., Ltd. (Chungbuk, KR) Patent Number: 6,524,627 Date filed: March 20, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising Platycodi Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Ponciri Fructus, Schizonepetae Herba, Bupleuri Radix, Angelicae dahuricae Radix, Paeoniae Radix alba, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Lonicerae Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Trichosanthis Radix, Ulmi Cortex Radicis, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba, Rehmanniae Rhizoma, Zanthoxyli Fructus, Magnoliae Flos, Xanthii Fructus, Mori Cortex Radicis, Pinelliae Tuber, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Puerariae Radix and Menthae Herba as the active ingredients for preventing and/or treating acute and/or chronic allergic nasal diseases (including chronic paranasal sinusitis), allergic dermatitis, allergic otitis media (including recurrent otitis media with effusions), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, etc., and to a method for preparation thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating allergic diseases and to a method for preparation thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising Platycodi Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Ponciri Fructus, Schizonepetae Herba, Bupleuri Radix, Angelicae dahuricae Radix, Paeoniae Radix alba, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Lonicerae Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Trichosanthis Radix, Ulmi Cortex Radicis, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba, Rehmanniae Rhizoma, Zanthoxyli Fructus, Magnoliae Flos, Xanthii Fructus, Mori Cortex Radicis, Pinelliae Tuber, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Puerariae Radix and Menthae Herba as the active ingredients for preventing and/or treating acute and/or chronic allergic nasal diseases (including chronic paranasal sinusitis), allergic dermatitis, allergic otitis media (including recurrent otitis media with effusions), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, etc., and to a method for preparation thereof. A normal immune reaction may cause local inflammations or eliminate foreign substance without damaging tissues of their hosts by stimulating effective molecules to remove attacks from allergen through various mechanisms. However, the term of hypersensitivity or allergy is used when an immune reaction is excessively activated or progressed in an undesirable direction to harm the human body. Today, allergic diseases cost a lot of money, because they tend to be more severe in civilized societies. According to a literature [Scientific American, September, 1993], more than 20% of American people are suffering from various allergic symptoms, and allergic rhinitis is the most common form of allergy. The attack of allergen can sometimes be fatal. According to the statistical data of 1990, it was reported that 3.6 billion dollars had been spent to the direct medical cost for asthma. As to the number of patients who are suffering from these allergic diseases, Korea is also on the similar level to the developed countries. The number is increasing every year. In particular, young child patients are on rapid increase. Thus, many researchers are devoting themselves in developing a drastic cure to reduce economic, biological and physical burden of the patient from such allergic diseases. It might be said that diversity and complexity of allergic diseases are from the exposure to many kinds of allergen in the modern life. Synthetic fibers such as nylon and Teflon, and
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synthetic resins such as polyethylene, polyester and epoxy resin, which brought innovation to the textile industry, cause anaphylactic contact dermatitis at skin or mucous membrane by various chemical substances like monomer and polymer that are produced in the manufacturing process. On the other hand, allergic inflammations on the skin are caused by contact with glass frames, artificial teeth, wrist watch chains, plastic raincoats, umbrella handles, etc. The substances such as polyurethane, which are widely used as paints for cars, furniture and musical instruments, are the main cause of bronchial asthma. Rubber, leather, cement, and metals such as platinum, gold, mercury and nickel may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Accessories, such as earrings, necklace and finger rings, or rubber products, may also cause allergy. It is well known that fast food, antiseptic, synthetic sweetening, and additives including food colors may also cause food allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524627__ •
Process for preparing of aqueous formulation for opthalmic use Inventor(s): Asero; Antonino (Valverde, IT), Blanco; Anna Rita (Acireale, IT), Mazzone; Maria Grazia (Acireale, IT), Moschetti; Valeria (Gravina, IT) Assignee(s): S.I.F.I. Societa Industria Farmaceutica Italiana S.p.A. (Lavinaio, IT) Patent Number: 6,277,829 Date filed: December 27, 1999 Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the preparation of aqueous formulations containing azithromycin for ophthalmic use, as well any formulations obtained by this process and their topical use in the ocular bacterial infections, more preferably in the treatment of conjunctivitis, keratitis and blepharitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of aqueous formulations for ophthalmic use. Specifically, the present invention relates to a process for preparing ophthalmic formulations containing azithromycin, as well any formulations obtained through a such process, and their ophthalmic use against ocular bacterial infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens (e.g. Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Chlamydia spp.) as well as from other microorganisms generally involved in the most common ocular infections (e.g. conjunctivitis, keratitis and blepharitis). Azithromycin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,359) is a well-known antibiotic belonging to the macrolide class (of which erythromycin is the precursor), antibiotics having a structural similarity, most of them isolated from fermentation of Streptomices spp., and essentially utilized in the treatment of the skin and soft tissue infections caused by gram-positive organisms, even though the spectrum of action of the newer macrolides also includes some gramnegative organisms (e.g. Haemophilus influenzae). Notwithstanding the structural similarity, azithromycin can be considered as unique within the macrolides class, such as to be included in a new class of antibiotics known as azalides. In particular, the specific characteristics of azithromycin make this molecule more stable, tolerated and effective than its precursor erythromycin (S. Alvarez-Elcoro, M. J. Enzler, "The macrolides: Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin", Mayo Clinic Proceeding, 1999, 74: 613-634). In fact, erythromycin and its salt derivatives (e.g. erythromycin lactobionate, erythromycin glucoheptonate, erythromycin estolate, erythromycin succinate etc.) have often been shown unstable in acidic medium and physiological conditions as well, by causing degradation products in microbiologically-inactive
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structures [P. J. Atkins et al., "Kinetic studies on the decomposition of erithromycin A in aqueous acidic and neutral buffers", Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 1986, 30: 199-207; E. Fieser, S. H. Steffen "Comparison of the acid stability of azithromycin and erithromycin A", J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1990, (Suppl. A) 25: 39-47; M. M. Amer, K. F. Takla "Studies on the stability of some pharmaceutical formulations. V-stability of erythromycin", Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06277829__ •
Remedy for keratoconjunctival diseases Inventor(s): Hamano; Takashi (Ashiya, JP), Nakamura; Masatsugu (Nara, JP), Nakata; Katsuhiko (Sakurai, JP) Assignee(s): Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,040,343 Date filed: July 17, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel substance which promotes the production and secretion of mucin in ophthalmic tissues.The therapeutic agent for keratoconjunctiva diseases according to the present invention contains gefarnate as an active ingredient. This therapeutic agent for keratoconjunctiva diseases is applicable to dry eye, keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, etc. The dosage form is preferably an ophthalmic solution. Concentration of gefarnate is, for example, 0.1-3% (w/v). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent for keratoconjunctiva diseases containing gefarnate as an active ingredient. In general, organisms directly contact the outside demarcated by mucous surface of digestive tracts, respiratory organs, etc. and are always exposed to the danger of invasion of microbes and foreign substances from outside. Therefore, organisms are equipped with a defense mechanism for protecting the mucous membrane. That is to say, although mucous membrane is covered with only a single layer of mucoepithelium, the epithelial cells are always covered with a viscous exocrine liquid containing mucin secreted from exocrine gland and the exocrine liquid prevents microbes and foreign substances from contacting the epithelial cells directly. In eyes, tear plays such a role and wets the surface of the eye balls. Tear layer consists of three layers, that are oily layer, aqueous layer and mucus layer, and keratoconjunctiva epithelial cells are adjacent to the mucus layer. Mucin, which constitutes the mucus layer, is a glycoprotein mainly secreted from goblet cells of conjunctiva. It was known that mucin layer covers the surface of the hydrophobic keratoconjunctiva epithelial cells and change the property to hydrophilic ones to assist the maintenance and expansion of aqueous layer in tear whereby it plays an important role in keeping the normal structure of tear (Journal of the Eye, 8, 1037-1042(1991)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06040343__
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Substituted ureas as cell adhesion inhibitors Inventor(s): DeLaszlo; Stephen E. (Rumson, NJ), Hagmann; William K. (Westfield, NJ), Kamenecka; Theodore M. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,353,099 Date filed: August 17, 2000 Abstract: Compounds of Formula I are antagonists of VLA-4 and/or.alpha.sub.4.beta.sub.7, and as such are useful in the inhibition or prevention of cell adhesion and cell-adhesion mediated pathologies. These compounds may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions and are suitable for use in the treatment of AIDS-related dementia, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, atherosclerosis, autologous bone marrow transplantation, certain types of toxic and immune-based nephritis, contact dermal hypersensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, inflammatory lung diseases, inflammatory sequelae of viral infections, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, multiple myeloma, myocarditis, organ transplantation, psoriasis, pulmonary fibrosis, restenosis, retinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, stroke, tumor metastasis, uveititis, and type I diabetes. Excerpt(s): The compounds of the present invention are antagonists of the VLA-4 integrin ("very late antigen-4"; CD49d/CD29; or.alpha.sub.4.beta.sub.1), the.alpha.4.beta.7 integrin (LPAM-1 and.alpha.sub.4.beta.sub.p), and/or the.alpha.9.beta.1 integrin, thereby blocking the binding of VLA-4 to its various ligands, such as VCAM-1 and regions of fibronectin,.alpha.4.beta.7 to its various ligands, such as MadCAM-1, VCAM-1 and fibronectin, and /or.alpha.9.beta.1 to its various ligands, such as tenascin, osteopontin and VCAM-1. Thus, these antagonists are useful in inhibiting cell adhesion processes including cell activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation. These antagonists are useful in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases mediated by VLA-4,.alpha.4.beta.7-, and/or.alpha.9.beta.1binding and cell adhesion and activation, such as AIDS-related dementia, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Alzheimer's disease, aortic stenosis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autologous bone marrow transplantation, certain types of toxic and immune-based nephritis, contact dermal hypersensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, inflammatory lung diseases, inflammatory sequelae of viral infections, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, organ transplantation, psoriasis, restenosis, retinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, stroke, tumor metastasis, type I diabetes, vascular occlusion following angioplasty. The present invention relates to substituted urea derivatives which are useful for the inhibition and prevention of leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte adhesionmediated pathologies. This invention also relates to compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment using such compounds. Many physiological processes require that cells come into close contact with other cells and/or extracellular matrix. Such adhesion events may be required for cell activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are mediated through several families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) including the selectins, integrins, cadherins and immunoglobulins. CAMs play an essential role in both normal and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, the targetting of specific and relevant CAMs in certain disease conditions without interfering with normal cellular functions is essential for an effective and safe therapeutic agent that inhibits cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06353099__ •
TH2-specific gene Inventor(s): Gu; Wei (Brookline, MA), Lehar; Sophie (Boston, MA), Levinson; Doug (Sherborn, MA) Assignee(s): Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,190,909 Date filed: June 25, 1997 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the discovery, identification and characterization of nucleic acids that encode a novel protein differentially expressed within the TH2 cell subpopulation (hereinafter referred to as STIF). The invention encompasses STIF nucleotides, host cell expression systems, STIF proteins, fusion proteins, polypeptides and peptides, antibodies to the STIF protein, transgenic animals that express a STIF transgene, or recombinant knock-out animals that do not express the STIF protein, and compounds that modulate STIF gene expression or STIF activity that can be used for diagnosis, drug screening, clinical trial monitoring, and/or used to treat STIF based disorders, such as proliferative disorders and T-lymphocyte-related disorders including, but not limited to, chronic inflammatory diseases and disorders, such as Crohn's disease, reactive arthritis, including Lyme disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, organ-specific autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, graft rejection, graft versus host disease, sarcoidosis, atopic conditions, such as asthma and allergy, including allergic rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergies, including food allergies, eosinophilia, conjunctivitis, glomerular nephritis, certain pathogen susceptibilities such as helminthic (e.g., leishmaniasis) and certain viral infections, including HIV, and bacterial infections, including tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy. Two distinct types of T lymphocytes are recognized: CD8.sup.+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4.sup.+ helper T lymphocytes (TH cells). CTLs recognize and kill cells which display foreign antigens on their surfaces. CTL precursors display T cell receptors that recognize processed peptides derived from foreign proteins, in conjunction with class I MHC molecules, on other cell surfaces. This recognition process triggers the activation, maturation and proliferation of the precursor CTLS, resulting in CTL clones capable of destroying the cells exhibiting the antigens recognized as foreign. The cell-mediated, or cellular, immune response, functions to neutralize microbes which inhabit intracellular locations. Foreign antigens, such as, for example, viral antigens, are synthesized within infected cells and presented on the surfaces of such cells in association with class I MHC molecules. This, then, leads to the stimulation of the CD8.sup.+ class I MHC-restricted CTLs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06190909__
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Therapeutic agents for respiratory diseases Inventor(s): Hiki; Masato (Osaka, JP), Tanaka; Masaya (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Medion Research Laboratories (Hyogo, JP) Patent Number: 6,309,674 Date filed: November 19, 1999
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Abstract: Prophylactic or therapeutic agents for respiratory diseases, allergic diseases, keratosis, and carcinomatous pain, containing Smilax china or a plant analogous thereto as the active ingredient. These agents can improve the condition and predisposition of acute and chronic respiratory diseases, such as acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pan bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, pollinosis, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, and keratosis, such as psoriasis, lichen, ichthyosis, furfur, and palmoplantar keratosis without side effects and at the same time can lower serum IgE level on an abnormally high level in a short period of time. After the symptom and predisposition have been improved, these agents can, even after suspension of administration, persistently lower the serum IgE level and in addition can inhibit the recurrence of the symptom. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/JP98/02237, filed May 21, 1998. The therapeutic agent for respiratory disease according to this invention relates to a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for respiratory diseases, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for allergic diseases, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for keratosis, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for carcinomatous pain, a health food, a performance food, a cosmetic additive and a cosmetic product, which are capable of improving the symptom of, and the predisposition to, acute and chronic respiratory diseases, such as acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pan bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, pollinosis, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, and keratosis, such as psoriasis, lichen, ichthyosis, furfur, and palmoplantar keratosis without side effects and at the same time capable of lowering serum IgE level on an abnormally high level in a short period of time. After the symptom and predisposition have been improved, these agents can, even after suspension of administration, persistently lower the serum IgE level if it is still abnormally high and in addition can inhibit the recurrence of the symptom. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases such as acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, diffuse ordinary bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis are intractable diseases. The therapy of these diseases is generally a symptomatic treatment centered around temporary control of coughing with an antitussive or, in case respiratory distress intervenes, assisted respiration with a bronchodilator, although the treatment is not rewarding in cases of severe coughing. Moreover, bronchial asthma can be regarded as allergy and anti-allergics are also used for its prevention or therapy but the efficacy of such medication is not always reliable but even in patients with remission of the symptom, suspension of the administration results in recurrence of the symptoms. Adrenocortical hormones are administered in severe cases but, despite a certain rewarding effect they provide, sometimes cause intense side effects. Moreover, those, too, are symptomatic remedies. Thus, no drug is known of which recurrence of the symptom does not occur after suspension of administration. Health foods, for instance, are also available with claims to the effect that their intake leads to improvements in the patient's predisposition and a cure of diseases or control of symptoms but their efficacy is either not steadfast or has not been medically proven. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06309674__
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Tricyclic benzazepine compounds Inventor(s): Fusihara; Kenichi (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Imai; Megumi (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Iwasaki; Takako (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Kawaguchi; Mami (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Nishizuka; Toshio (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Ogino; Hiroko (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Ohtsuka; Yasuo (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Shiokawa; Sohjiro (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Shishikura; Takashi (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Shito; Keiko (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Tsuchiya; Koji (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Tsutsumi; Seiji (Kanagawa-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. (Tokyo-to, JP) Patent Number: 6,093,714 Date filed: June 17, 1998 Abstract: Tricyclic benzazepine compounds represented by the following formula (I) and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof are disclosed. These compounds have antiallergic activity and are useful for treatment and prevention of bronchial asthma, eczema, hives, allergic gastrointestinal troubles, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, etc. wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl or a protective group and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, substituted C.sub.1-4 alkyl, substituted C.sub.2-12 alkenyl, substituted C.sub.1-12 alkoxy, or substituted amino. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tricyclic benzazepine compounds having antiallergic activity and pharmaceutical compositions, useful for treatment and prevention of allergic diseases, comprising at least one of the tricyclic benzazepine compounds as an active ingredient. The present invention relates also to intermediate for providing the above compounds and pharmaceutical compositions and a process for producing the same. In recent years, allergic reactions induced by various stimuli, such as immunoreactions, have been clarified to be divided into two reactions, i.e., an immediate phase response which occurs immediately after the stimulation and a late phase response which occurs several hours after the stimulation (see, for example, "Late Asthmatic Responses", P. M. O'byrne, J. Dolovich and F. E. Hargreave, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1987; 136: 740-751). Especially, importance has been attached to the control of the latter reaction. In clinical studies, there are few drugs satisfactorily useful for the late phase allergic response, and the development of drugs having therapeutic effect for both the immediate phase response and the late phase response has been expected in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06093714__
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Use of a porphyrin for producing a medicine reducing the number of eosinophils Inventor(s): Francis; Beauvais (Sevres, FR), Joly; Francine (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Sephra S.A.R.L. (FR) Patent Number: 6,423,703 Date filed: October 18, 2000 Abstract: Use of zinc protoporphyrin IX and its salts to reduce the number of eosinophils in tissues, particularly for treating hypereosinophilia such as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The presents invention relates to the domain of chemistry and more particularly to that of human or veterinary therapeutic chemistry. The present invention especially concerns the use of porphyrin for the production of a medicine lowering the
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number of eosinophils. In fact, many illnesses or pathologies are connected with hypereosinophilia; amongst them, bronchial asthma can be particularly cited. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423703__
Patent Applications on Conjunctivitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to conjunctivitis: •
Antihistamine leukotriene combinations Inventor(s): Engel, Jurgen; (Alzenau, DE), Poppe, Hildegard; (Dresden, DE), Szelenyi, Istvan; (Schwaig, DE) Correspondence: Gabriel P. Katona L.L.P.; 14th Floor; 708 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010025040 Date filed: February 15, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis, which comprises (a) a nonsedating antihistamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) a leukotriene D.sub.4 antagonist, or a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, or a FLAP antagonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (c) one or more of a conventional pharmaceutical vehicle, extender, and excipient, and to its use for manufacturing a composition for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions which contain a nonsedating antihistamine and a substance influencing leukotriene action to improve the local therapy of allergic and/or vasomotor rhinitis and of allergic conjunctivitis. The number of allergic disorders is greatly increasing worldwide. Studies have shown that on average worldwide 7.5% of all children and adolescents suffer from rhinoconjunctivitis which is hay fever combined with an ocular symptomatology (Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema: ISAAC, Lancet, 351, 1225-1332, 1998). In West European countries, the prevalence, at about 14%, is markedly higher (Annesi-Maesano, I. and Oryszczyn, M. P.: Rhinitis in adolescents, Results of the ISAAC survey, Revue Francaise d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique, 38, 283-289, 1998; Norrman, E., L. Nystrom, E. Jonsson and N. Stjernberg: Prevalence and incidence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in Swedish teenagers, European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 53, 28-35, 1998). Intensive research activities of recent years have led to the recognition that allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is an inflammatory process in the sense of a persistent inflammatory reaction. While histamine is still regarded as the most important mediator of the early phase and as the most important trigger of the symptoms such as reddening, sneezing, itching and hypersecretion (rhinorrhea and lacrimation), further mediators such as the leukotrienes are involved in the nasal
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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obstruction, secretion and in the progression of the inflammation (e.g. attraction of the proinflammatory cells, promotion of cellular infiltration, etc.). Accordingly, the aims of the therapy have been shifted from symptomatic therapy to an additional antiinflammatory therapy with influencing of the inflammation underlying the allergic disorders. Both histamine and leukotrienes (LTs) are released in the allergic early phase and late phase. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Eosinophil eotaxin receptor Inventor(s): Daugherty, Bruce L.; (South Orange, NJ), Demartino, Julie A.; (Cranford, NJ), Siciliano, Salvatore J.; (East Brunswick, NJ), Springer, Martin S.; (Westfield, NJ) Correspondence: Merck & CO., INC.; Patent Department; P.O. Box 2000 - Ry60-30; Rahway; NJ; 07065-0907; US Patent Application Number: 20020192214 Date filed: August 6, 2001 Abstract: The eosinophil eotaxin receptor has been isolated, cloned and sequenced. This receptor is a human.beta.-chemokine receptor and has been designated "CC CKR3". The eosinophil eotaxin receptor may be used to screen and identify compounds that bind to the eosinophil eotaxin receptor. Such compounds would be useful in the treatment and prevention of atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and particularly bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): This application claims priorty under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) from provisional application Case Number 19634PV, filed Apr. 26, 1996 and from provisional application Case Number 19697PV, filed Apr. 26, 1996 as U.S. Ser. No. 60/016,158. This invention relates to an eosinophil eotaxin receptor ("CC CKR3"), in particular, the human eosinophil eotaxin receptor and nucleic acids encoding this receptor. This invention further relates to assays which may be used to screen and identify compounds that bind to the eosinophil eotaxin receptor. Such compounds would be useful in the treatment and prevention of atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and particularly bronchial asthma. Eosinophils play prominant roles in a variety of atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and particularly bronchial asthma (for a reviews see e.g. Gleich, G. J., et al., Eosinophils. J. I. Gallin, I. M. Goldstein, R. Snyderman, Eds., Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates (Raven Press, Ltd., New York, 1992) and Seminario, M. C., et al. (1994) Current Opinion in Immunology 6, 860-864). A pivotal event in the process is the accumulation of eosinophils at the involved sites. While a number of the classical chemoattractants, including C5a, LTB4, and PAF, are known to attract eosinophils (Gleich, G. J., et al., Eosinophils. J. I. Gallin, et al. Eds., Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates (Raven Press, Ltd., New York, 1992)), these mediators are promiscuous, acting on a variety of leukocytes including neutrophils, and are unlikely to be responsible for the selective accumulation of eosinophils. In contrast, the chemokines a family of 8-10 kDa proteins are more restricted in the leukocyte subtypes they target and are potential candidates for the recruitment of eosinophils in atopic diseases and asthma (Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B. and Moser, B. (1994) Advances in Immunology 55, 97-179). Although there is a mounting body of evidence that eosinophils are recruited to sites of allergic inflammation by a number of.beta.chemokines, particularly eotaxin and RANTES, the receptor which mediates these actions has not been identified.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Indole derivatives, process for preparation of the same and use thereof Inventor(s): Kobayashi, Kaoru; (Mishima-gun, JP), Nambu, Fumio; (Mishima-gun, JP), Torisu, Kazuhiko; (Mishima-gun, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030176400 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: Indole derivatives represented by formula (I): 1(wherein all symbols are described in the description), a process for the preparation of the same and a DP receptor antagonist comprising it as an active ingredient. Since the compounds of formula (I) binds to and are antagonistic to a DP receptor, they are useful in for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases, for example, allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, food allergy, etc., systemic mastocytosis; disorders due to systemic mastocyte activation, anaphylactic shock, bronchoconstriction, urticaria, eczema, etc.), diseases accompanied with itching (atopic dermatitis, urticaria, etc.), secondary diseases caused by behaviors (scratching behaviors, beating, etc.) (cataract, retinal detachment, inflammation, infection, sleep disorder, etc.), inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic reperfusion disorder, cerebrovascular disorder, pleuritis complicated by rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to indole derivatives. (wherein all symbols have the same meanings as described below), a process for the preparation of the same and use thereof. Prostaglandin D (hereinafter referred to as "PGD") are known as a metabolite in the arachidonic acid cascade, and are known to have effects of bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation or vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation inhibition. PGD is considered to be produced from mast cells, and the increase of PGD concentration has been recognized among systemic mastocytosis patients (New Eng. J. Med., 303, 1400-1404 (1980)). Also, PGD is considered to relate to neuro activities, especially, sleep and hormone secretion. Furthermore, there are reports suggesting participations in platelet aggregation, glycogen metabolism, ocular tension adjustment and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for inhibiting skin lesion formation using histamine as the active ingredient Inventor(s): Jack, Bruce; (Albuquerque, NM), White, B. Thomas; (Albuquerque, NM) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030187048 Date filed: September 24, 2002 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition of water, water soluble vinyl polymer gel, amine alcohol dispersant and IEP is used topically to treat herpes labialis and aphthous stomatitis lesions, and also to treat herpes genitalis, chicken pox, allergic conjunctivitis,
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giant papillary conjunctivitis, stomatitis secondary to chemotherapy, thermal burn, sunburn, and decubitus ulcers and shingles. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of allowed application Ser. No. 09/511,085, filed Feb. 23, 2000, entitled "METHOD FOR INHIBITING SKIN LESION FORMATION USING HISTAMINE AS THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT", which is a continuation of allowed application Ser. No. 09/196,840 filed Nov. 20, 1998, entitled "METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR TOPICAL TREATMENT OF DAMAGED TISSUE USING HISTAMINE PHOSPHATE AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT", which is a continuation of allowed application Ser. No. 09/020,321 filed Feb. 9, 1998, which is a divisional of allowed application Ser. No. 08/691,446 filed Aug. 2, 1996, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/199,103 filed Feb. 22, 1994, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of allowed application Ser. No. 07/886,304 filed May 21, 1992 entitled "COMPOSITION FOR THE TREATMENT OF COLD SORES AND THE LIKE", which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/715,410, filed Jun. 14, 1991, now abandoned. The invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of the viral diseases herpes labialis (cold sores or fever blisters), herpes genitalis, herpes zoster (shingles), varicella zoster (chickenpox); inflammatory diseases and/or diseases demonstrating compromise or reaction of the immune system including aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), oral mucositis (stomatitis) secondary to chemotherapy, allergic conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis; and lesions of injury to the skin including photodermatitis (sunburn, specifically second degree sunburn), thermal burns and pressure sores (decubitus ulcers). Histamine phosphate previously has been used as a diagnostic agent for determining a condition known as achlorhydria. Histamine phosphate also has been used intradermally to produce a flare-up reaction of the skin to test the ability of certain drugs to inhibit this histamine-induced wheal, thereby indicating clinical response for disease processes which liberate histamine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for treating or preventing inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Peterson, Ward M.; (Morrisville, NC), Yerxa, Benjamin R.; (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: Howrey Simon Arnold & White, Llp; Box 34; 301 Ravenswood AVE.; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030125299 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preventing or treating an inflammatory disease, including but not limited to, sinusitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory collagen vascular diseases, glomerulonephritis, inflammatory skin diseases, and sarcoidosis. The method comprises administrating to a subject a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a nucleotide receptor agonist, such as nucleoside diphosphate, nucleoside triphosphate, or dinucleoside polyphosphate, according to general formula Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, or III. Preferred indications of the present invention are perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, infectious allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,828, filed Nov. 6, 2001. This invention relates to a method of treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms and manifestations of inflammatory diseases. This invention also relates to a method of treating, preventing, and/or alleviating the
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symptoms and manifestation of allergic reactions. Nucleotide receptor agonists are used in the present invention. Studies suggest that activation of P2Y receptors and/or P2X receptors by extracellular nucleotides (such as ATP and UTP) elicit responses from inflammatory cells (such as mast cells, eosinophil, leukocytes, neutrophils) consistent with a pro-inflammatory effect. ATP is required to stimulate histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells and histamine and prostaglandin D2 in rat serosal mast cells (Jaffar and Pearce, Agents Actions 30(1-2): 64-6 (1990); Izushi and Tasaka, Pharmacology 42(6): 297-308 (1991)). In the latter case, the effects of ATP were inhibited by reactive blue 2 and suramin, two putative antagonists for P2Y receptors. Anti-IgE-induced histamine release from human lung mast cells was significantly enhanced by ATP and UTP at low concentrations (10.sup.-6 to 10.sup.-4 M) but inhibited at high concentrations (10.sup.-3 M), indicating a bimodal action (Schulman, et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 20(3):530-7(1999)). Adenine and uridine nucleotides (ADP, ATP, and UTP) activate chemotaxic signals on cultured rat bone marrow mast cells and may function to recruit mast cells by intestinal mucosa as part of a parasitic response (Saito, et al., Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 94(1-4): 68-70 (1991); McCloskey, et al., J. Immunol. 163(2): 9707 (1999)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel compounds and compositions for treating diseases asociated with protease activity Inventor(s): Church, Timothy J.; (Redwood City, CA), Cutshall, Neil Scott; (San Mateo, CA), Gangloff, Anthony R.; (Pacifica, CA), Jenkins, Thomas E.; (La Honda, CA), Linsell, Martin S.; (Foster City, CA), Litvak, Joane; (Oakland, CA), Rice, Kenneth D.; (Sausalito, CA), Spencer, Jeffrey R.; (San Mateo, CA), Wang, Vivian R.; (Redwood City, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20010053779 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: Novel compounds, compositions and methods effective for the prevention and treatment of mast-cell mediated inflammatory disorders are described. The compounds, compositions and methods are effective for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with the respiratory tract, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, as well as other types of immunomediated inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, conjunctivitis and inflammatory bowel disease, various dermatological conditions, as well as certain viral conditions. The compounds comprise potent and selective inhibitors of the mast cell protease tryptase. The compositions for treating these conditions include oral, inhalant, topical and parenteral preparations as well as devices comprising such preparations. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/833,674, filed Apr. 7, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/357,491, filed Dec. 14, 1994, which are herein incorporated by reference, and relates to compounds and compositions for treating diseases associated with serine protease, particularly tryptase, activity. Tryptase, the predominant protease secreted from human mast cells, is thought to be involved in neuropeptide processing and tissue inflammation. Tryptase concentrations are elevated in the bloodstream for several hours following anaphylaxis (Schwartz et al. (1987) N. Eng. J. Med. 316:1622-1626), are increased in nasal and lung lavage fluid from atopic subjects following specific antigen
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challenge (Castells et al. (1988) J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 141:563-568) and are elevated in lung lavage fluid of atopic asthmatics after endobronchial allergen challenge. Smokers often have striking elevations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tryptase levels, a finding that provides some support for the hypothesis that release of proteinase from activated mast cells could contribute to lung destruction in smoker's emphysema. (Celenteron et al. (1988) Chest 94:119-123). In addition, tryptase has been shown to be a potent mitogen for fibroblasts, suggesting that it is involved in pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease (Ross et al. (1991) J. Clin. Invest. 88:493-499). Asthma is recognized as an inflammatory disorder (Hood et al. (1984) In: Benjamin-Cummings, ed. Immunology 2nd ed.) and frequently is characterized by progressive development of hyperresponsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to both immunospecific allergens and generalized chemical or physical stimuli. The disease involves multiple biochemical mediators in both its acute and chronic stages. The hyper-responsiveness of asthmatic bronchiolar tissue is believed to be the result of chronic inflammatory reactions, which irritate and damage the epithelium lining the airway wall and promote pathological thickening of the underlying tissue. Bronchial biopsies in patients with only mild asthma have features of inflammation in the airway wall. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the topical treatment of rhinitis, conjunctivitis cold, and cold-like and flu symptoms Inventor(s): Crespo, Maria Del Carmen Diez; (Madrid, ES), Mainardi, Roberto; (Sau Paulo, BR), Muckenschnabel, Reinhard; (Frankfurt, DE), Szelenyi, Istvan; (Schwaig, DE) Correspondence: Gabriel P. Katona L.L.P.; 708 Third Avenue; 14 Floor`; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20020037297 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition of topically effective amounts of (i) a nonsedating antihistamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with (ii) an.alpha.-adrenergic agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a process for the treatment of or prophylaxis against allergic rhinitis, vasomotoric rhinitis, conjunctivitis, cold, cold-like and/or flu symptoms, by topically administering the composition to mucous tissues of a patient in need therefor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel pharmaceutical compositions for the topical treatment of rhinitis, conjunctivitis cold, and cold-like and flu symptoms. In industrialized countries, more than 10-15% of the population suffer from allergic rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis. Allergic rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis are type I allergic responses that are mediated by IgE antibodies. As a part of an allergic response to antigen, reaginic antibodies (IgE) are generated and bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils via high affinity Fc receptors (FceRI) that are specific for IgE. Antigen cross-linking the IgE-molecules leads to cellular responses involving release of performed mediators (e.g. histamine), lipid mediator formation and release, and cytokine generation. Mast cells with their mediators can be regarded as central to the initiation and mediation of the early phase of allergic inflammation. Symptoms of rhinitis are sneezing, itching (nasal irritation), rhinorrhea (nasal secretion) and nasal blockage (congestion). Nasal blockage is the result of the pooling of blood in the capacitance vessels of the mucosa, and to some degree the result of tissue oedema. Patients with allergic conjunctivitis show similar symptoms.
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Substituted cyclic amidine derivatives as inhibitors of cell adhesion Inventor(s): Doherty, George A.; (Princeton, NJ), Hagmann, William K.; (Westfield, NJ), Shah, Shrenik; (Metuchen, NJ) Correspondence: Merck And CO Inc; P O Box 2000; Rahway; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20020010199 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: Compounds of Formula I are antagonists of VLA-4 and/or.alpha.sub.4.beta.sub.7, and as such are useful in the inhibition or prevention of cell adhesion and cell-adhesion mediated pathologies. These compounds may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions and are suitable for use in the treatment of AIDS-related dementia, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, atherosclerosis, autologous bone marrow transplantation, certain types of toxic and immune-based nephritis, contact dermal hypersensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, inflammatory lung diseases, inflammatory sequelae of viral infections, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, multiple myeloma, myocarditis, organ transplantation, psoriasis, pulmonary fibrosis, restenosis, retinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, stroke, tumor metastasis, uveititis, and type I diabetes. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from provisional application No. 60/206,183 filed on May 22, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The compounds of the present invention are antagonists of the VLA-4 integrin ("very late antigen-4"; CD49d/CD29; or.alpha.sub.4.beta.sub.1- ) and/or the.alpha.4.beta.7 integrin (LPAM-1 and.alpha.sub.4.beta.sub.- p), thereby blocking the binding of VLA-4 to its various ligands, such as VCAM-1 and regions of fibronectin, and.alpha.4.beta.7 to its various ligands, such as MadCAM-1, VCAM-1 and fibronectin. Thus, these antagonists are useful in inhibiting cell adhesion processes including cell activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation. These antagonists are useful in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases mediated by VLA-4- and/or.alpha.4.beta.7binding and cell adhesion and activation, such as AIDS-related dementia, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Alzheimer's disease, aortic stenosis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autologous bone marrow transplantation, certain types of toxic and immune-based nephritis, contact dermal hypersensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, inflammatory lung diseases, inflammatory sequelae of viral infections, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, organ transplantation, psoriasis, restenosis, retinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, stroke, tumor metastasis, type I diabetes, and vascular occlusion following angioplasty. The present invention relates to susbstituted cyclic amine derivatives which are useful for the inhibition and prevention of leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte adhesion-mediated pathologies. This invention also relates to compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment using such compounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Topical formulations for delivery of interleukin-11 Inventor(s): Bedrosian, Camille L.; (Belmont Hills, MA), Keith, James C. JR.; (Andover, MA), Schendel, Paul F.; (Wayland, MA), Schwerschlag, Ullrich S.; (Beverly Farms, MA), Warne, Nicholas W.; (Andover, MA) Correspondence: Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris,; Glovsky And Popeo, P.C.; One Financial Center; Boston; MA; 02111; US Patent Application Number: 20030147849 Date filed: February 7, 2003 Abstract: Provided by the present invention are topical formulations of Interleukin-11 and methods for treating a variety of disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, and infectious colitis), mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis, gastrointestinal mucositis, nasal mucositis, and proctitis), necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and contact hypersensitivity), aphthous ulcers, pharyngitis, esophagitis, peptic ulcers, gingivitis, periodontitis, and ocular diseases (e.g., conjunctivitis, retinitis, and uveitis). Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/179,026 filed Oct. 26, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/892,407, filed Jul. 15, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,402, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/495,724, filed Jun. 27, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,339, issued Oct. 21, 1997. The present invention relates generally to novel compositions and methods for topical delivery of interleukin-11 (IL-11). In preferred embodiments, patients are treated employing topical delivery of recombinant human IL-11 for inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, and infectious colitis), mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis, gastrointestinal mucositis, nasal mucositis, and proctitis), necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and contact hypersensitivity), aphthous ulcers, pharyngitis, esophagitis, peptic ulcers, gingivitis, periodontitis, and ocular diseases (e.g., conjunctivitis, retinitis, and uveitis). Inflammatory responses include a broad range of host reaction to a variety of insults, such as injury, infection, or rejection. It is the overproduction of mediators that is believed to be associated with a broad range of disorders, including AIDS, arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathies), antibiotic-induced diarrheal diseases, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, gingivitis, peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, diabetes, retinitis, uveitis, reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accident, aphthous ulcers (oral), atherosclerosis, tumor metastases, asthma, preeclampsia, pancreatitis, psoriasis, infertility and allergic disorders such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Treatment and inhibition of ocular infections and wounds by CAP37 and CAP37 peptides Inventor(s): Callegan, Michelle C.; (Edmond, OK), Chodosh, James; (Edmond, OK), Pereira, Heloise Anne; (Edmond, OK) Correspondence: Dunlap, Codding & Rogers P.C.; PO Box 16370; Oklahoma City; OK; 73114; US Patent Application Number: 20030206938 Date filed: April 25, 2003
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Abstract: A method for treating ocular conditions such as bacterial keratitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers and wounds, endophthalmitis, and blebitis in mammals, by using a native, synthetic, or recombinant CAP37, or effective peptide portions thereof including CAP37 peptides 20-44, 23-42, 102-122, and 120-146 and monocysteine derivatives of peptides 20-44 and 23-42. The CAP37, peptides, and peptide derivatives can also be used to store, clean, sterilize, or coat contact lenses, and may be used in media for storing mammalian corneal transplants. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Serial No. 60/378,295, filed May 3, 2002, which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Ocular infections such as bacterial keratitis are serious clinical problems. Bacterial keratitis, for example, is a component of many ocular infections, especially among those who have sustained penetrating corneal injuries, used extended-wear contact lenses, undergone incisional refractive surgery, or are immunocompromised. Bacterial keratitis is an important cause of visual morbidity. Contact lens wearers are most at risk. More recently, the use of refractive correction in the form of incisional and laser surgery has emerged as a new cause of bacterial keratitis (1-4). Loss of vision and permanent scarring are commonly due to toxic bacterial products and the host inflammatory response to wounding and infection. Common causative organisms are the Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5-7). The bacterial products and toxins and host inflammatory reaction stimulated in response to wounding and infection often leads to extensive tissue damage with permanent scarring and irreversible loss of vision (1). Current treatments include the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Topical antibiotic drops are the preferred treatment for corneal and conjunctival infections. Intravitreal antibiotics are preferred for endophthalmitis and parenteral antibiotics are recommended for deep infections. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Treatment of conjunctivitis Inventor(s): Nuttall, Patricia Anne; (Culham, GB), Paesen, Guido Christiaan; (Jericho, GB) Correspondence: David A. Jackson; Klauber & Jackson; 4th Floor; 411 Hackensack Street; Hackensack; NJ; 07601; US Patent Application Number: 20020151499 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the discovery that various proteins isolated from ticks are effective in the treatment of conjunctivitis. These proteins may most suitably be applied topically to an affected area and are effective to ameliorate the symptoms of this condition. Excerpt(s): Conjunctivitis, or "pink eye", is the name given to the inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye when exposed to bacteria, viruses or other irritants. Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease in the developed world and can vary in severity from a mild inflammation with tearing to a severe inflammation that causes tissue injury. The most common cause of conjunctivitis is viral infection, caused mainly by adenovirus. Other types of conjunctivitis include bacterial and fungal disease, caused mainly by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Noninfective, or allergic, conjunctivitis is characterised by ocular redness and itching and may involve mucus production in the eye. Other clinical manifestations are tearing
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(clear tears), crusting of the eyelids and photophobia. This condition is normally seasonal and is very frequent in patients that suffer from allergic rhinitis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of lipid conjugates in the treatment of disease Inventor(s): Ginsburg, Isaac; (Jerusalem, IL), Golomb, Gershon; (Efrat, IL), Higazi, Abdal-Roof; (Shimshon, IL), Krimsky, Miron; (Jerusalem, IL), Ligumski, Moshe; (Jerusalem, IL), Ojcius, David; (Vincennes, FR), Reich, Reuven; (Rehovot, IL), Schnitzer, Edit; (Tel Aviv, IL), Shuseyov, David; (Carmei Yossef, IL), van der Woude, Fokko Johannes; (Hirschberg-Leutershausen, DE), Yard, Benito Antonio; (Freinsheim, DE), Yedgar, Saul; (Jerusalem, IL) Correspondence: Eitan, Pearl, Latzer, & Cohen-zedek; One Crystal Park, Suite 210; 2011 Crystal Drive; Arlington; VA; 22202-3709; US Patent Application Number: 20020049183 Date filed: January 10, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides novel methods for treating disease based upon the medicinal use of lipids and phospholipids covalently bound to physiologically acceptable monomers or polymers. Phosphatidylethanolamine moieties conjugated to physiologically acceptable monomers and polymers (PE conjugates) manifest an unexpectedly wide range of pharmacological effects, including stabilizing cell membranes; limiting oxidative damage to cell and blood components; limiting cell proliferation, cell extravasation and (tumor) cell migratory behavior; suppressing immune responses; and attenuating physiological reactions to stress, as expressed in elevated chemokine levels. The surprisingly manifold pharmacological properties of the PL-conjugates allow for the invention, disclosed herein, of novel methods for the treatment of a diverse range of disease states, including obstructive respiratory disease, including asthma; colitis and Crohn's disease; central nervous system insult, including blood brain barrier compromise, ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis; contact dermatitis; psoriasis; cardiovascular disease, including ischemic conditions and prophylaxis for invasive vascular procedures; cellular proliferative disorders, including anti-tumor vasculogenesis, invasiveness, and metastases; anti-oxidant therapy; hemolytic syndromes; sepsis; acute respiratory distress syndrome; tissue transplant rejection syndromes; autoimmune disease; viral infection; and hypersensitivity conjunctivitis. The therapeutic methods of the invention include administration of phosphatidylethanolamine bound to carboxymethylcellulose, heparin, hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol, and hemaccel. Disclosed herein are also new compounds comprised of phospholipid moieties bound to low molecular weight monomers and dimers, including mono- and disaccharides, carboxylated disaccharides, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, salicylates, bile acids, and fatty acids. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides administrating a class of pharmaceutically active lipid conjugate compounds directed to treating disease, including obstructive respiratory disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, central nervous system insult, multiple sclerosis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, including prophylaxis for invasive procedures, invasive cellular proliferative disorders, anti-oxidant therapy, hemolytic syndromes, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tissue transplant rejection syndromes, autoimmune disease, viral infection, chlamydia infection, and hypersensitivity conjunctivitis. Some high molecular weight conjugates have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817, and in the publications referenced herein, in
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particular wherein the conjugated moiety is dodecandioic, dextrane, dextranamide, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose-acyl, poly-D-glutamic acid, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, hydroxyethyl starch, heparin, hyaluronic acid, and polygleatin (`hemacell`), but these compounds were not known to be of wide-spectrum pharmacological effectiveness. These compounds are known to have the pharmacological activity of inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A.sub.2 (PLA.sub.2, EC 3.1.1.4), which catalyzes the breakdown of phospholipids at the sn-2 position to produce a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. The activity of this enzyme has been correlated with various cell functions, particularly with secretory processes such as exocytosis and eicosanoid production (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes). The biological activity ascribed to these mostly phospholipid derivatives was limited to inhibition of platelet aggregation, thromboxane secretion, and selective inhibition of phospholipase A.sub.2. Accordingly, the use of PLA.sub.2-inhibitors was proposed for treatment of diseases which are associated with enhanced cellular secretions, such as in allergy and inflammation. Thus phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugates (PE-conjugates) of high molecular weight, and related phospholipid conjugate compounds (PLconjugates), were judged to be useful in the treatment of PLA.sub.2-related conditions, particularly since their relatively high molecular size renders them useful as selective inhibitors of this hydrolase enzyme activity at the level of the cell membrane. Thus the presumed medical use of these compounds was necessarily limited to the treatment of PLA.sub.2-related pathological conditions. Since their inception, the PL-conjugates have been subjected to intensive laboratory investigation directed towards establishing new methods of treating common but severe diseases which, being of multifactorial origins, continue to account for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. From these studies there has emerged for the PL-conjugates a wide spectrum of potent and useful biological action and which, in terms of the treatment of specific disease, the role of these compounds has not heretofore been introduced to the medical art. This invention provides lipid conjugates, primarily comprised from phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, and related phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, which when appropriately prepared by conjugation to a physiologically compatible monomer, dimer, oligomer or polymeric moiety, display an unexpected wide range and potency of pharmacological activities. Administration of these compounds comprises effective treatment of a subject afflicted with disease including obstructive respiratory disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, central nervous system insult, multiple sclerosis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, including prophylaxis for invasive procedures, invasive cellular proliferative disorders, anti-oxidant therapy, hemolytic syndromes, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tissue transplant rejection syndromes, autoimmune disease, viral infection, chlamydia infection, and hypersensitivity conjunctivitis. For these diseases, use of the PL-conjugates as pharmacological therapy represents a new class of drugs, conferring benefit to many patients who currently continue to suffer from their affliction despite rigorous compliance to the conventional regimens prescribed by their physicians. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of ophthalmic agent Inventor(s): Fetz, Andrea; (Wetzikon, CH), Trimming, Julian; (Forch, CH) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis Corporation; Patent And Trademark Dept; 564 Morris Avenue; Summit; NJ; 079011027 Patent Application Number: 20010006968 Date filed: December 20, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is related to the use an ophthalmic composition comprising ketotifen in the preparation of an eye medicament for the treatment allergic conjunctivitis of contact lens wearers. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the use of an ophthalmic composition comprising a pharmaceutically active agent, in particular ketotifen as an active agent in connection with contact lens, in particular soft contact lens. Prior art teaches that patients who use topical ophthalmic medications and wear soft contact lens must remove their lenses before drop instillation to prevent absorption of the medication into the lenses (Christensen et al., CLAO Journal, 1998, 227-231). If said contact lens is not removed and said medicament is administered repeatedly, an accumulation of said absorbed medicament is presumed, which might typically cause ocular irritation, hypersensitivity, keratitis and the like. It has now surprisingly found, that a composition comprising ketotifen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in particular in a concentration of from 0.01 to 0.05%, is compatible with soft contact lens. Consequently, patients do not have to remove their lens when they are in need of said medication. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with conjunctivitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on conjunctivitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning conjunctivitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to conjunctivitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on conjunctivitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “conjunctivitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “conjunctivitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “conjunctivitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (1989); ISBN: 4130681508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4130681508/icongroupinterna
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Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis: Etiology, Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations by Y. Uchida, et al (1989); ISBN: 3805549970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805549970/icongroupinterna
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Cicatrising Conjunctivitis (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 28) by W. Bernauer (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3805564430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805564430/icongroupinterna
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Conjunctivitis of the New Born: Prevention and Treatment at the Primary Health Care Level (1986); ISBN: 9241560886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241560886/icongroupinterna
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It's Catching: Chicken Pox / Colds and Flu / Conjunctivitis / Head Lice / Warts and Verrucas (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 0431128618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431128618/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Conjunctivitis by Icon Health Publications, et al (2002); ISBN: 0597831785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831785/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Allergies sourcebook: basic consumer health information about allergic disorders, triggers, reactions, and related symptoms: including anaphylaxis, rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and multiple chemical sensitivity: along with tips on diagnosis, prevention and treatment, statistical data, a glossary, and a directory of sources for further help and information Author: Muth, Annemarie.; Year: 1989; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, c2002; ISBN: 0780803760 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780803760/icongroupinterna
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Care of the patient with conjunctivitis: reference guide for clinicians Author: American Optometric Association. Consensus Panel on Care of the Patient with Conjunctivitis.; Year: 1952; St. Louis, MO: American Optometric Association, c1995 (1996 printing)
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Conjunctivitis. Author: American Academy of Ophthalmology.; Year: 1956; San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1998
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Experimental toxoplasmic conjunctivitis in rabbits [by] Fialho, S. Abreu [and others. Author: Fialho, Sylvio Abreu.; Year: 1933; Rio de Janeiro, Eye Clinic of the Medical School, 1956]
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Gonococcal conjunctivitis in the Ngaanyatjarra homelands of Western Australia: April-June 1981: investigation and outbreak control measures Author: Condon, Robert.; Year: 1950; [Perth]: Health Dept. of Western Australia, [1991]
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Military ophthalmic surgery by Allen Greenwood, including a chapter on trachoma, other contagious conjunctival diseases and gas conjunctivitis, by G. E. De Schweinitz, and a chapter on ocular malingering, by Walter R. Parker. Author: Greenwood, Allen,; Year: 1982; Philadelphia, Lea; Febiger, 1918
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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On precipitating factors in phlyctenular kerato-conjunctivitis; a study on the rôle of tuberculosis and streptococcal and staphylococcal infection in phlyctenular disease. Author: Björkenheim, Barbro.; Year: 1986; Helsingfors, 1951
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Pink eye Author: Royston, Angela.; Year: 1932; Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, c2001; ISBN: 1588102300 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588102300/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Conjunctivitis Roundtable Meeting, November 25, 1995 at the Deerhurst Resort, Huntsville, Ontario; Year: 1996; Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Medicöpea, c1996; ISBN: 0919821405
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Rhinoconjunctivitis: new perspectives in topical treatment Author: Mygind, Niels.; Year: 1946; Toronto; Lewiston, NY: Hogrefe; Huber, c1989; ISBN: 0920887546 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920887546/icongroupinterna
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Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis: proceedings of a round table discussion held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK, on 19 December 2002. Author: Easty, D. L.; Year: 1991; London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, c2003; ISBN: 1853155543
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The Current role of Opticrom in the management of allergic conjunctivitis Author: Collum, L. M. T.; Year: 1961; Oxford: Medicine Publishing Foundation, 1982; ISBN: 0906817285
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Trachoma. Embodying the Hunterian Lecture at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1936, on the surgery and pathology of trachomatous conjunctivitis, by A. F. MacCallan. Author: Maccallan, Arthur Ferguson.; Year: 1989; London, Butterworth; co. (publishers) ltd., 1936
Chapters on Conjunctivitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to conjunctivitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and conjunctivitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on conjunctivitis: •
Eyes Source: in Daugirdas, J.T. and Ing, T.S., eds. Handbook of Dialysis. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1994. p. 590-597. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $37.95. ISBN: 0316173835. Summary: This chapter on eye diseases is from a handbook that outlines all aspects of dialysis therapy, emphasizing the management of dialysis patients. The author notes that, with infrequent exceptions, kidney disorders do not directly affect vision or change the morphology of the eyes. Ophthalmic complications of diabetes mellitus, the firstranked cause of irreversible renal failure, are the most prevalent eye disorders noted in
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dialysis patients. Two sections cover anterior eye disease, including conjunctivitis, corneal-conjunctival calcification, ocular pressure and glaucoma, and cataracts; and posterior eye disease, including complications of hypertension, complications of diabetes, retinal toxicity associated with deferoxamine (DFO) administration, retinal findings with selected systemic infections, including bacterial endocarditis, cytomegalovirus infection, systemic candidiasis, and HIV, and retinal oxalosis. The author presents information in outline form, for easy reference. 1 table. 13 references. •
Ocular Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 275-277. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on ocular (eye) manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as IBD. Historically, IBD related ocular inflammation could result in blindness, although blindness is less likely today due to better treatments. Ocular inflammation in patients with IBD has a reported range of frequency from as low as 1.9 percent to as high as 13 percent of patients. Ulcerative colitis appears to be less likely to have associated ocular inflammation than does Crohn's disease. Although a large number of inflammatory conditions have been reported with IBD, including uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, retinitis, retinal vasculitis, choroiditis, optic neuritis, orbital myositis, and orbital pseudotumor, lesions that appear to be more clearly associated with IBD include anterior uveitis, scleritis, keratitis, and retinal vasculitis and/or posterior uveitis. Of these, anterior uveitis is the most common and the primary focus of this chapter. Most patients with the serious ocular manifestations of IBD will be symptomatic, although the symptoms may need to be elicited. Any ocular symptoms should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist, as there are no symptoms that are specific for IBD related eye disease, and the symptoms of several problems are similar. Acute problems often are manifested by pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and sometimes blurred vision, whereas chronic problems may present with blurred vision. Typical treatment involves topical prednisolone acetate 1 percent every hour while awake, and once inflammation is controlled, the frequency of administration is slowly tapered off. 8 references.
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Chapter 8-F: Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms: Periodic Syndromes Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 194-201. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the inheritance patterns, clinical and laboratory features, and treatment of disorders that present with episodic fever and arthritis. The hereditary periodic fever syndromes are a group of four genetic diseases featuring episodes of fever and serosal, synovial, or cutaneous inflammation. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive
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autoinflammatory disease found most frequently in Jewish, Armenian, Arab, Turkish, and Italian populations. The magnitude of fever in FMF varies, and attacks resolve spontaneously within 1 to 3 days. Most patients have abdominal symptoms that vary from mild to severe. Arthralgia is common but nonspecific. Systemic amyloidosis is the most serious complication of FMF. Daily use of colchicine is the mainstay of treatment. Another recessively inherited autoinflammatory disorder is hyperimmunoglobulinemia D (HIDS) with period fever syndrome. People of northern European ancestry are most often affected. Febrile episodes last from 3 to 7 days. Clinical features include fever, abdominal pain, skin rashes, and arthralgia. Although there is no satisfactory treatment for HIDS, some people have benefitted from nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, colchicine, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, or intravenous immunoglobulin. Another periodic fever syndrome, but one that is dominantly inherited, is tumor necrosis factor receptor associated syndrome (TRAPS). Inflammatory episodes of TRAPS are characterized by fever with abdominal pain, pleurisy, arthralgia, myalgia, and skin rash. Attacks of TRAPS are self limited, and the disorder is not life threatening unless systemic amyloidosis develops. Drug therapies include colchicine and corticosteroids. Another dominantly inherited periodic fever syndrome is Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS). Most reported cases have been from northern Europe. Symptoms observed in some patients during acute episodes include conjunctivitis, episcleritis, and abdominal pain. Anecdotal evidence suggests that high colchicine and high dose corticosteroids may ameliorate MWS attacks, but it is not known whether these agents prevent the development of amyloidosis. In addition, there is a group of periodic arthritides of unknown etiology in which genetics has a less important role, including palindromic rheumatism, intermittent hydrarthrosis, and eosinophilic synovitis. 1 figure, 2 tables, and 20 references. •
Disease of the Eyes and Mouth Source: in Andersen, R.D., et al. Infections in Children: A Sourcebook for Educators and Child Care Providers. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1994. p.83-89. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. P.O. Box 990, 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701-9727. Voice (800) 638-8437. PRICE: $36.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0834203871. Summary: This chapter, from a sourcebook on infections in children, is intended to familiarize educators with diseases of the eyes and mouth. Diseases of the eyes included are blepharitis, stye, nasolacrimal (tear) duct obstruction, dacryocystitis, and conjunctivitis. Diseases of the mouth included are thrush (oral moniliasis or candidiasis); herpes simplex infections; hand, foot and mouth disease; herpangina; canker sores (aphthous ulcers); mumps; and dental disease. For each disease, the authors briefly describe the symptoms, cause, and treatment options. 4 references.
•
Erythema Multiforme Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 68-70. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses erythema multiforme (EM), a common complex skin disease. As the name
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suggests, the clinical lesions can take many forms. About 40 percent of EM patients have mucosal involvement. Typically, there may be oral mucosal blisters and erosions; ocular changes including conjunctivitis, uveitis, and scarring; and urethral and genital erosions leading to bowel and urinary retention. EM is self-limited and tends to resolve after two to three weeks. When it is recurrent, it is almost always connected with recurrent herpes simplex. The chapter covers etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapy. The authors caution that stomatitis caused by medications may appear similar to localized EM. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter. 5 figures. 13 references. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on conjunctivitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Conjunctivitis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in conjunctivitis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on conjunctivitis: •
["Garden variety" conjunctivitis] [slide] Source: [by Louis J. Catania]; Year: 1982; Format: “Garden variety” conjunctivitis; Dresher, Pa.: Primary Eyecare, c1982
•
Acute conjunctivitis [electronic resource] Source: [Harvey J. Hamrick, Floyd W. Denny, Jr., and Anthony E. Hilger]; Year: 1996; Format: Electronic resource; Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium, c1996
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONJUNCTIVITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover conjunctivitis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on conjunctivitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to conjunctivitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for conjunctivitis: •
Montelukast helpful in conjunctivitis in asthmatics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 22, 2003
•
Alcon cleared to sell new antibiotic solution for pink eye Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2003
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•
Alcon cleared to sell new antibiotic solution for conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 16, 2003
•
Allergan's Zymar wins FDA nod for conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 31, 2003
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Conjunctivitis outbreak last year due to atypical type of S. pneumoniae Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 20, 2003
•
Outbreak of pneumococcal conjunctivitis reported at an elementary school Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 30, 2003
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InSite, FDA agree on phase III protocol for conjunctivitis drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 16, 2003
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UK survey raises doubts over treatment of conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 14, 2002
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InSite conjunctivitis drug effective in phase II trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 25, 2002
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Bacterial conjunctivitis spread among Dartmouth students Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 14, 2002
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Santen's Quixin solution for "pink eye" infection approved by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 22, 2000
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US approves new "pink eye" treatment Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2000
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FDA approves allergic conjunctivitis treatment Alocril Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 15, 1999
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First case of AIDS-related primary meningococcal conjunctivitis reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 1999
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Effects of new ophthalmic agent for allergic conjunctivitis immediate and durable Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 12, 1998
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Lomefloxacin as effective as chloramphenicol for acute bacterial conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 11, 1998
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Miami On Alert For Outbreak Of Acute Hemorrhagic Viral Conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 23, 1997
Periodicals and News
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Overuse Of Eyedrops May Cause Conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 04, 1997
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Children With Symptoms Of Conjunctivitis Should Not Attend School Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 28, 1995
•
RSV Linked To Allergic Conjunctivitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 03, 1995
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to conjunctivitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on conjunctivitis: •
Pemphigus Vulgaris and Ocular Involvement: A Survey Source: Quarterly: The Journal of the International Pemphigus Foundation. 32: 6-7. Spring 2003. Contact: Available from National Pemphigus Foundation. P.O. Box 9606, Berkeley, CA 94709-0606. (510) 527-8497. Website: www.pemphigus.org. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article describes the results of a survey conducted by the International Pemphigus Foundation on eye involvement in pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Questions were designed to differentiate between eye problems before and after the onset of PV, as well as between eye problems resulting from treatment of the disease and from the disease itself. Findings include that it is important for patients newly diagnosed with PV to consult with an ophthalmologist; eyelid involvement and conjunctivitis are the most common problems associated with PV; and ophthalmologists may be the first to notice the appearance of the disease in a patient as eye symptoms often precede the appearance of mouth and skin lesions. 2 tables and 5 references.
•
When the Eyes Have It Source: National Pemphigus Foundation Quarterly. Issue 16: 8. Spring 1999. Contact: Available from National Pemphigus Foundation. P.O. Box 9606, Berkeley, CA 94709-0606. (510) 527-4970. Fax (510) 527-8497. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.pemphigus.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on ocular involvement in pemphigus. Each type of pemphigus and related diseases has different kinds and percentages of ocular involvement. Although eye involvement in pemphigus vulgaris is uncommon, blisters can involve the skin surface of the eyelids and may form on the eyelid margins. Ocular involvement in pemphigus foliaceus is more common. The skin around the eyes, eyebrows, eyelid, and eyelid margins is often affected. Conjunctivitis with redness and mucous secretion often occurs. Paraneoplastic pemphigus commonly has eye involvement, including a marked conjunctivitis with erosions. Occasional involvement of the conjunctiva and eyelid margins with
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inflammation and scarring has been reported in bullous pemphigoid. Cicatricial pemphigoid commonly involves the mouth and eyes. Both eyes are usually affected with a chronic conjunctivitis with thick stringy discharge, burning, and tearing. Scarring beneath the conjunctival epithelium is common. An immunosuppressive drug such as prednisone may be used as treatment. However, prednisone can cause cataracts and glaucoma.
Academic Periodicals covering Conjunctivitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to conjunctivitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering conjunctivitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for conjunctivitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with conjunctivitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to conjunctivitis: Antihistamines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Conta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html
Azelastine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Optivar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500223.html
Ciprofloxacin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html
Cromolyn •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Intal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202166.html
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Nasal - U.S. Brands: Nasalcrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202167.html
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Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Crolom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202168.html
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Oral - U.S. Brands: Gastrocrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202169.html
Doxycycline •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Atridox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203716.html
Erythromycin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ilotycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202220.html
Framycetin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202220.html
Gentamicin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
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Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; OcuMycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
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Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html
Researching Medications
Ketorolac •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Acular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202714.html
Ketotifen •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Zaditor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500012.html
Levofloxacin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Quixin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500189.html
Loteprednol •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alrex; Lotemax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203541.html
Measles Virus Vaccine Live •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Attenuvax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202338.html
Naphazoline •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Con; Albalon; Allerest; I-Naphline; Nafazair; Naphcon; VasoClear http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202389.html
Nedocromil •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alocril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500105.html
Neomycin •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Mycifradin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202396.html
•
Topical - U.S. Brands: Myciguent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202397.html
Norfloxacin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Chibroxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202635.html
Ofloxacin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ocuflox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202687.html
Olopatadine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Patanol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203483.html
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Pemirolast •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alamast http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500115.html
Tobramycin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AKTob; Tobrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202570.html
Varicella Virus Vaccine Live •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Varivax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202998.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to conjunctivitis by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at
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http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for conjunctivitis: •
Lodoxamide tromethamine (trade name: Alomide Ophthalmic Solution) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=127
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Cromolyn sodium 4% ophthalmic solution (trade name: Opticrom 4% ophthalmic solution) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=353
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Cyclosporine Ophthalmic (trade name: Optimmune) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=373
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Pilocarpine HC1 (trade name: Salagen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=379
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Treatment of mild to moderate keratoconjunctivitis http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=679
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Bromhexine http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=879
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
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Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 14484 114 771 26 1 15396
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Conjunctivitis In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and conjunctivitis. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for conjunctivitis: •
Conjunctivitis, Ligneous Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?217090 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
24
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on conjunctivitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to conjunctivitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to conjunctivitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “conjunctivitis”:
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Other guides Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Diabetic Eye Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Glaucoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/glaucoma.html Laser Eye Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Macular Degeneration http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maculardegeneration.html Refractive Errors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/refractiveerrors.html Retinal Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/retinaldisorders.html Sun Exposure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sunexposure.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html Vision Disorders & Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersblindness.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to conjunctivitis, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Eye Injury Prevention Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZFDIAP3SC&s ub_cat=2015 Saving Your Sight--Early Detection Is Critical Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/202_eyes.html
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Diagnosis/Symptoms Eye Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/505.html Signs of Possible Eye Trouble in Adults Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/signsadults.html
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Treatment Eye Drops to Treat Childhood Eye Disorder Work As Well As Patching the Eye Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2002/nei-13.htm
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Benign Essential Blepharospasm Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/blepharospasm.htm Blepharitis Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/blepharitis/index.htm Conjunctivitis Source: Cleveland Clinic Foundation http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/healthinfo/docs/1900/1951.asp?index=8614 Cornea and Corneal Disease Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cornealdisease/index.htm Dry Eyes Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00463 Ectropion Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/ectropion.html Entropion Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/entropion.html Excessive Watering Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00054 Eye Donation and Corneal Transplantation: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers Source: Eye Bank Association of America http://www.restoresight.org/general/faqs.htm Floaters Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/floatersFAQ.html Histoplasmosis Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/histoplasmosis/index.htm Optic Neuritis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00227
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Orbital Tumors Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/tumors.html Thyroid Disease and the Eye Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/thyroid.html Uveitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00610 Wet Eye: Excessive Tearing Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/weteye.html •
Children Amblyopia Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/amblyopia/index.htm Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/anoph/index.htm Big Look at the Eye Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/eye_noSW.html Congenital Ptosis: Upper Eyelid Drooping Present Since Birth Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/congenital.html Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/conjunctivitis.html Cross-Eyes Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Cross Eyes Septo Optic Dysplasia Source: MAGIC Foundation http://www.magicfoundation.org/divisions/sod.htm Statement on the Success of Reduced Daily Eye Patching to Treat Severe Amblyopia Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/statements/amblyopia.htm Strabismus Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/children/StrabismusFAQ.html
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Symptoms of Vision Problems Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=/ZZZ44DKVR7 C&sub_cat=105 Tear-Duct Obstruction and Surgery Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/tear_duct_obstruct_surgery.html What Is a Pediatric Ophthalmologist? http://www.aap.org/sections/he3006.pdf •
From the National Institutes of Health Are You at Risk for Eye Disease? Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/risk.htm
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Law and Policy Healthy People 2010, the National Health Blueprint, Includes Vision Objectives for the First Time Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/pressreleases/060100.htm
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Men Focus on Women's Eyes Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/news/releases/women_0499.html
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Organizations American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.aao.org/ American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/ National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/ Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/
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Pictures/Diagrams Diagram of the Eye Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/eyediagram/index.htm Eye Disease Anatomy Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/eyedis/index.htm
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Eye Disease Simulations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm Eye Examinations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/eye_exam/eye_exam.htm •
Prevention/Screening Checklist for Your Eye Doctor Appointment Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/doc_checklist.html How Often to Have an Eye Exam Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZAKCLP3SC& sub_cat=113 How to Protect and Care for Your Eyes Source: American Medical Women's Association http://www.amwa-doc.org/publications/WCHealthbook/eyesamwa-ch23.html Selecting the Right Sunglasses Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZLSXBLH4C& sub_cat=113
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Research Botox Effective in Treating Upper Eyelid Retraction Associated with Thyroid Disease Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZM6LR552D& sub_cat=2 Damaged DNA Synthesis Enzyme Shown to Cause Progressive Muscle Weakening Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2002/niehs-06.htm LASIK for Farsightedness Effective in Correcting Cross-Eyes, but Predicting Outcomes Remains Problematic Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZHT5Q652D& sub_cat=2 Lutein and Eye Disease Prevention Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/statements/lutein.htm Macular Degeneration Treatment Also Effective for Treating Ocular Fungus Disease (Histoplasmosis) Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ8WQ30U4D &sub_cat=2
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Oxygen Restrictions Can Be Eased for Premature Infants with Blinding Eye Disease Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/pressreleases/020700.htm •
Statistics Vision Problems in the U.S. Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/pdf/VPUS.pdf
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Women Focus on Women's Eyes Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/news/releases/women_0499.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on conjunctivitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Lichen Planus Source: Detroit, MI: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. 1997. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. (AARDA). Michigan National Bank Building, 15475 Gratiot Avenue, Detroit, MI 48205. (313) 371-8600. Website: www.aarda.org. PRICE: Single copy free; send self-addressed, stamped envelope. Summary: This brochure for people with lichen planus discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this inflammatory autoimmune skin disease that can affect the eye, the skin, and the mucosal lining of the mouth and genitalia. The disease usually begins with pin-sized papules or eruptions on the skin or mucosa. Once the papules break, they form rough, scaly patches that cause acute or chronic itching. Conjunctivitis sometimes occurs with this disease. Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, and tests. Treatment is usually patient specific. Corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and antimalarial drugs may be used to control the disease, and a dressing of topical corticosteroid may be helpful in relieving itching. The brochure also explains
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what autoimmunity is, lists other common autoimmune diseases, and outlines the activities of the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. 2 references. •
Chlamydia : Questions and Answers Contact: Planned Parenthood of Federation of America Incorporated, PO Box 4457, New York, NY, 10163-4457, (800) 669-0156, http://www.plannedparenthood.org. Summary: This brochure presents general information about chlamydia using a question and answer format. The brochure presents the general symptoms of chlamydia and methods of transmission including unprotected vaginal or anal sex. Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States (US), and can lead to the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a condition that can block fallopian tubes in women. The symptoms of PID in women include longer and/or heavier periods, more cramping during periods, abnormal mucus discharge, lower abdomen pain, tiredness, weakness, fever, vomiting, and/or pain during vaginal intercourse or a pelvic exam. Chlamydia also can cause sterility or Reiter's syndrome in men. Chlamydia can be passed to infants from their mothers during pregnancy or childbirth leading to neonatal conjunctivitis, chlamydia pneumonia, miscarriage, or stillbirth. It can be diagnosed through a cervical exam; lab tests of cells from the penis, cervix, urethra, or anus; or tests of urine samples. Chlamydia can be treated easily using antibiotics such as doxycycline, azithromycin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, or erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Persons with chlamydia should adhere to their medical regimen, undergo follow-up visits with their physicians, and get their partner(s) treated at the same time. Persons who have a number of different sex partners, who don't use condoms, or who have a history of other STDs are most likely to get chlamydia. Persons with chlamydia can avoid spreading their infection to others by informing their sex partners about their condition, avoiding sex until treatment is complete, getting their partners tested and treated at the same time, and using female or male condoms during each sexual activity. Persons can prevent getting chlamydia by practicing safer sex or abstaining from intercourse altogether. Birth control pills may increase women's chances for contracting this STD, therefore, they should also use a male or female condoms. Concerned individuals can get tested for chlamydia at Planned Parenthood centers, their doctors' offices, health departments, and clinics.
•
About Chalmydia Contact: Washington State Department of Health Office of STD Services, PO Box 47842, Olympia, WA, 98504-7842, http://www.doh.wa.gov/cfh/STD/default.htm. Summary: This brochure, written for the general public, provides information about the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. Chlamydia is a disease caused by bacteria and is the most common STD. If not treated, chlamydia can infect the tubes of the sex organs of men and women, blocking them with scar tissue, leading to sterility. It also can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), perihepatitis of the liver, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), epididymitis of the testicles, Reiter's syndrome, conjunctivitis of the eye, proctitis of the anus, and eye infections and pneumonia in infants. The symptoms of chlamydia include painful urination, genital discharge, swelling of the testicles in men, and soreness of the rectum. Women should make sure that they get tested for chlamydia. Chlamydia is cured by antibiotics. During treatment, individuals should adhere to the regimen guidelines. Individuals can help to prevent chlamydia by abstaining from sex, avoiding substance abuse, which can affect decision making about sex, not injecting drugs, learning more about STDs in general, limiting
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their sex partners, talking with their partners about safer sex with condoms, and engaging in safer sex with condoms. •
Reiter's Syndrome Source: Detroit, MI: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. (AARDA). Michigan National Bank Building, 15475 Gratiot Avenue, Detroit, MI 48205. (313) 371-8600. Website: www.aarda.org. PRICE: Single copy free; send self-addressed, stamped envelope. Summary: This fact sheet for people with Reiter's syndrome discusses the affected population, symptoms, and treatment of this autoimmune syndrome, which consists of arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. People with all three of these manifestations have the complete syndrome, while those patients who have an initiating infectious episode and the infectious arthritis have an incomplete one. Although Reiter's occurs mainly in men, it is also found in women. Typically, arthritis appears 2 to 6 weeks after the beginning of the initiating infectious episode. Other signs include swelling of the fingers, toes, Achilles tendon region, or sole of the foot; low back pain; mouth sores; urogenital problems; noninfectious conjunctivitis; and sacroiliitis. The main medication used to treat arthritis in Reiter's syndrome is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, although methotrexate, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine may also be used. Although prognosis is usually good, recurrences are common. 2 references.
•
Musculoskeletal Problems Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), presents information about HIV/AIDS and musculoskeletal problems. Musculoskeletal problems represent disorders of the muscles (myositis), joints (arthritis), and connective tissues (tendonitis). A variety of rheumatologic conditions such as arthralgia, fibromyalgia syndrome, Reiter's syndrome, and myositis, have been described in HIV-positive individuals. Arthralgia refers to pain in the joints without evidence of inflammation. Fibromyalgia syndrome causes widespread pain in the body and characteristic muscle tenderness. Reiter's syndrome includes some combination of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis. Myositis presents with muscle weakness of the shoulders and upper legs. The most common overall symptoms of musculoskeletal problems include pain of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues; fever; chills; weakness; and swelling or redness of the affected area(s). Musculoskeletal problems are often diagnosed through an analysis of individuals' medical histories, a physical examination, blood serology, arthrocentesis, electromyography, and a muscle or bone biopsy. Most musculoskeletal problems are managed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS's) and/or antibiotics.
•
Psoriasis on Specific Skin Sites Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 1998. 12 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. P.O. Box 9009, Portland, OR 97207-9009. (800) 723-9166 Ext. 12 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. E-mail:
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[email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: $0.35 each plus shipping and handling; bulk orders available. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have psoriasis with information on treating specific skin sites, including the face, eyelids, eyes, ears, mouth, skin folds, hands, feet, palms, soles, and nails. The first method of treating facial psoriasis is with moisturizers and Vaseline. Mild topical steroids can be used intermittently. Other drugs and ultraviolet light can also be effective. Eyelid inflammation requires washing the lid margins and eyelashes with tap water and baby shampoo. Special ophthalmic steroid medication is used if scaling on the eyelid must be treated. Topical antibiotics are used to treat conjunctivitis, the most common type of interior eye involvement. Scale buildup that blocks the ear canal should be removed by a physician or by means of an over-thecounter ear cleaning kit. Treatment for oral psoriasis involves topical steroids designed to treat moist areas, while steroid creams and ointments are effective in treating psoriasis on skin folds. General measures for treating psoriasis on the hands and feet include emollients, mild soaps, and soap substitutes. Other methods are traditional topical therapy, psoralen plus ultraviolet light A (PUVA), and systemic therapies. Pustular psoriasis of the palms and soles is normally treated with topical agents; although PUVA or systemic therapies may be needed, as well. The major treatments for nails are topical therapy, intralesional injection of steroids, systemic therapy, and cosmetic repair. The pamphlet provides guidelines on nail care and concludes with information on the National Psoriasis Foundation. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Care of the patient with conjunctivitis Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 1995 (reviewed 1999); 54 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1994&nbr=1220&a mp;string=conjunctivitis
•
Conjunctivitis Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 September; 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1668&nbr=894&am p;string=conjunctivitis Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:
Patient Resources
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Allergic Conjunctivitis Summary: This patient health information document presents a general overview on allergic conjunctivitis. The information given includes causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment options. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3758
•
Allergy Shots Summary: This article discusses allergy shots (immunotherapy or desensitization) -currently in use for treating allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6117
•
Answers to Your Questions About: Conjunctivitis Summary: This online consumer health information mini-fact sheet provides basic information about the eye disease conjunctivitis, more commonly known as Source: American Optometric Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3756
•
Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) Questions and Answers Summary: A consumer fact sheet provides basic information about the eye disease conjunctivitis, more commonly known as Source: South Dakota Department of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4406
•
Eye Care Links Summary: This page links to general eye care information and glossaries as well as to information on amblyopia, astigmatism/myopia, cataracts, conjunctivitis, enucleation, glaucoma, low vision, macular Source: Surgical Eye Expeditions International http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7703
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Pink Eye (Infectious Conjunctivitis) in the First Two Months of Life Summary: This online consumer health information document addresses the eye disease conjunctivitis, commonly known as Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3757
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to conjunctivitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to conjunctivitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with conjunctivitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about conjunctivitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “conjunctivitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “conjunctivitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “conjunctivitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “conjunctivitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
26
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
27
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on conjunctivitis: •
Basic Guidelines for Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001010.htm Pink eye Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001010.htm Stevens-Johnson syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000851.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Conjunctivitis Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Chemosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003038.htm
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Eye pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003032.htm Gritty feeling in the eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003034.htm Itching of the eye Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003034.htm Myalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Redness in the eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Sensitivity to light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003041.htm Sneezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003060.htm Tearing, increased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003036.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Conjunctivitis ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Immunofluorescence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003521.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm
•
Background Topics for Conjunctivitis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Allergen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Conjunctiva Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002326.htm
Online Glossaries 177
Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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CONJUNCTIVITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Achlorhydria: A lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice despite stimulation of gastric secretion. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU]
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Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU]
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Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines
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include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH]
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Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine
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receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH]
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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH]
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Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids. [NIH]
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Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]
Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to
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contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadherins: A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calciumdependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and Ncadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and
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osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU]
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Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by betalactamases. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell
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adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also
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controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chimera: An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory
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retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroiditis: Inflammation of the choroid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Ciliated cells: Epithelial cells with fine hair-like strands on their free borders. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by
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physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in
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addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Conjunctivitis, Allergic: Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]
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Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coreceptors: Invariant receptor of the helper T-cells. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]
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Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Cryoelectron Microscopy: Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH]
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Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystoid: Like a bladder or a cyst. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Granules: Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat,
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and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the form of its mesylate. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyuridine: 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis, Contact: A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for dermatoses. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH]
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Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysis Solutions: Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH]
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Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]
Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dry Eye Syndrome: A common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable. Common symptoms of dry eye include pain, stinging, burning, scratchiness, and intermittent blurring of vision. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges)
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covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical
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conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes
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it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Enucleation: Removal of the nucleus from an eucaryiotic cell. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagitis, Peptic: Inflammation of the esophagus caused by reflux of gastric juice and/or stomach and duodenal contents. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH]
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Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation,
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visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Eye Injuries: Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries. [NIH] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral,
Dictionary 209
anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fixatives: Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies
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located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH]
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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]
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Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH]
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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal
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failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Genitalis: Herpes simplex of the genitals. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH]
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Host-cell: A cell whose metabolism is used for the growth and reproduction of a virus. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor
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formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH]
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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
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Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers.
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They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-11: Lymphohematopoietic cytokine that has the ability to modulate antigenspecific antibody responses, potentiate megakaryocytes, and regulate bone marrow adipogenesis. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU]
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Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Kerato: Prefix indicating relationship to the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH]
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Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. [NIH] Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene that interferes with the release of inflammatory mediators and blocks histamine H1 receptors. It has been proposed as an anti-asthmatic and for the treatment of rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal Apparatus: The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system. [NIH] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH]
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Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentigo: Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH]
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Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Local therapy: Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close to it. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Low vision: Visual loss that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses and interferes with daily living activities. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transfusion: The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the
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U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]
Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Magnesium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malingering: Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mastocyte: A mast cell. [EU] Mastocytosis: A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical
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substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methacrylates: Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as
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treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microviridae: A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria. It contains two genera: Microvirus and Spiromicrovirus. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It acts as a bi- or trifunctional alkylating agent causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]
Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]
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Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Lining: The lining of GI tract organs that makes mucus. [NIH] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidose: Occurring in, or using multiple doses. [EU] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Munchausen Syndrome: A factitious disorder characterized by habitual presentation for hospital treatment of an apparent acute illness, the patient giving a plausible and dramatic history, all of which is false. [NIH]
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Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of child abuse, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular
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arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasolacrimal: Pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]
Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are
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parasites. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It
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is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH]
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Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes
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outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithosis: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from
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carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU]
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Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU]
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Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived
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from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photodermatitis: Dermatitis caused or elicited by exposure to ultraviolet light, may be phototoxic or photoallergic. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pink eye: Acute contagious conjunctivitis. [NIH] Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and
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other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in which a copious exudation of serum occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united
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by adhesions, which are usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side. [EU] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: An acute or sub-acute (i. e. more slowly occurring) failure of the lung function. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's
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life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare
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the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]
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Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psittaci: Causal agent of ornithosis. [NIH] Psittacosis: A lung disease caused by a Chlamydia bacterium; occurs in domestic fowls, ducks, pigeons, turkeys and many wild birds and is contracted by man by contact with these birds; the human symptoms are headache, nausea, epistaxis and fever and usually with added symptoms. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of
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literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to
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crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH]
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Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Reticulate: An area of the cell wall involved in the coalescence of two vessel elements having multiple perforations that are netlike. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH]
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Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinitis, Vasomotor: A form of rhinitis brought about by changes in vascular tone and permeability. The etiology is obscure. [NIH] Rhinophyma: A manifestation of severe Acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH]
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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the
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elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female
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or male. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sicca: Failure of lacrimal secretion, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, failure of secretion of the salivary glands and mucous glands of the upper respiratory tract and polyarthritis. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH]
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Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones,
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bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
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Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH]
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Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermography: Measurement of the regional temperature of the body or an organ by infrared sensing devices, based on self-emanating infrared radiation. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]
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Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate
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organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Trachoma: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is
256 Conjunctivitis
analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This
Dictionary 257
condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncontrolled study: A clinical study that lacks a comparison (i.e., a control) group. [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH]
258 Conjunctivitis
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH]
Dictionary 259
Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitrectomy: Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
260 Conjunctivitis
Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
261
INDEX A Abdomen, 162, 179, 188, 219, 223, 234, 236, 250, 251, 253, 259 Abdominal, 129, 179, 234, 236, 257 Abdominal Pain, 129, 179, 257 Acanthocephala, 179, 213 Acantholysis, 179, 235 Acceptor, 179, 233 Accommodation, 179, 229 Acetylcholine, 179, 193, 231 Achlorhydria, 102, 115, 179 Acne, 4, 99, 179, 246 Acne Vulgaris, 4, 179 Acrylonitrile, 179, 246 Actin, 179, 228, 229 Acute renal, 179, 213 Acyl, 122, 179 Adaptation, 34, 179 Adenopathy, 3, 180 Adenosine, 180, 237, 253 Adenovirus, 10, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 61, 120, 180 Adenylate Cyclase, 180, 193 Adhesions, 180, 239 Adjustment, 114, 179, 180 Adrenal Cortex, 180, 198, 206, 240 Adrenal Glands, 180, 182 Adrenergic, 117, 180, 205, 241, 254 Adverse Effect, 180, 181, 249 Aerosol, 180, 240 Afferent, 180, 232 Affinity, 117, 180, 250 Agar, 180, 237 Age Groups, 4, 180 Aged, 80 and Over, 180 Agonist, 115, 117, 180 Airway, 31, 95, 96, 102, 103, 117, 181, 189 Albumin, 28, 181, 233, 237 Algorithms, 181, 187 Alimentary, 181, 234, 235 Alkaline, 181, 182, 190, 236 Alkaloid, 181, 195, 237, 253 Allergen, 8, 15, 17, 22, 28, 31, 34, 105, 117, 176, 181, 200, 248 Allogeneic, 181, 212 Allylamine, 181, 182 Alopecia, 26, 66, 181 Alpha Particles, 181, 243
Alternative medicine, 69, 135, 181 Amblyopia, 158, 165, 181 Amebiasis, 181, 225 Amine, 101, 114, 118, 140, 181, 214 Amino Acid Sequence, 182, 183, 210 Amino Acids, 182, 206, 210, 230, 235, 239, 242, 246, 248, 256, 257 Ammonia, 181, 182, 257 Ampulla, 182, 208 Amyloidosis, 129, 182 Anaesthesia, 182, 217 Anal, 162, 182, 209 Analgesic, 182, 201, 222 Analogous, 110, 182, 239, 256 Anaphylactic, 106, 114, 182 Anaphylaxis, 102, 116, 126, 182, 221 Anatomical, 182, 197, 202, 217, 234, 247 Androgens, 180, 182, 198 Anemia, 153, 182, 227 Anesthesia, 181, 182, 204 Anesthetics, 4, 182, 205 Aneurysm, 182, 258 Angina, 92, 183, 241 Angiogenesis, 183, 224 Angioplasty, 92, 108, 118, 183, 228 Animal model, 5, 7, 15, 18, 93, 183 Anionic, 102, 183 Anions, 181, 183, 220 Annealing, 183, 239 Antagonism, 183, 253 Antiallergic, 74, 111, 183, 198 Antiarrhythmic, 183, 254 Antibacterial, 12, 183, 232, 250 Antibodies, 8, 15, 87, 109, 117, 176, 183, 206, 213, 216, 223, 237 Antibody, 67, 93, 180, 183, 195, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 225, 227, 248, 250 Anticoagulant, 183, 242 Antifungal, 183, 220 Antigen, 6, 7, 108, 116, 117, 118, 180, 182, 183, 195, 206, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 225, 248 Antihistamine, 112, 117, 183 Antihypertensive, 184, 254 Anti-infective, 18, 184, 220, 249 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 14, 69, 97, 98, 163, 184, 185, 198, 200, 201, 211, 217, 221, 240, 246, 247
262 Conjunctivitis
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 163, 184, 185, 198, 221 Antimetabolite, 184, 200 Antimicrobial, 42, 184, 202 Antineoplastic, 184, 198, 209, 215, 226, 252 Antipyretic, 184, 201 Antiseptic, 106, 184, 240 Antitussive, 110, 184 Antiviral, 15, 18, 184, 209 Anus, 162, 182, 184, 188, 238, 244 Aphakia, 184, 245 Aphthous Stomatitis, 101, 114, 115, 184 Apoptosis, 10, 184 Applicability, 38, 184 Aqueous, 18, 98, 106, 107, 184, 186, 199, 204, 222, 223 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 184, 223 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 184, 223 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 184, 223 Arachidonic Acid, 96, 100, 114, 184, 185, 203, 222, 241 Arginine, 103, 185, 231 Aromatic, 96, 185, 251 Arterial, 92, 181, 185, 192, 216, 242, 253 Arteries, 185, 188, 197, 220, 226, 228, 254 Arterioles, 185, 188, 190 Arthralgia, 129, 163, 185 Articular, 185, 233 Ascites, 185, 232 Aseptic, 10, 185, 233, 250 Aspergillosis, 185, 220 Aspirin, 61, 185 Assay, 5, 8, 15, 185, 216 Astigmatism, 165, 185, 244 Astringents, 185, 225 Asymptomatic, 52, 66, 181, 185, 234 Ataxia, 152, 153, 185, 215, 253 Atopic Eczema, 31, 112, 185 Atrophy, 152, 179, 185 Attenuated, 17, 20, 185 Atypical, 24, 134, 185 Autacoids, 185, 217 Autodigestion, 186, 234 Autoimmune disease, 121, 162, 186, 227 Autoimmunity, 109, 162, 186 Autologous, 59, 108, 118, 186 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 108, 118, 186 Avian, 60, 186 Azithromycin, 25, 27, 106, 162, 186
B Bacteria, 7, 12, 18, 94, 120, 162, 179, 183, 186, 187, 194, 196, 203, 205, 206, 207, 210, 212, 226, 232, 243, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257 Bacterial Infections, 16, 106, 109, 156, 186, 192, 212, 222, 245 Bacterial Physiology, 179, 186 Bactericidal, 15, 186, 207 Bacteriophage, 7, 94, 186, 237, 255, 259 Bacteriostatic, 186, 206 Bacterium, 52, 120, 186, 196, 213, 242 Basal Ganglia, 185, 186, 188, 210 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 185, 186 Base, 186, 200, 206, 210, 220, 236, 257 Basement Membrane, 186, 207 Basophil, 186, 214 Benign, 3, 157, 186, 188, 210, 213, 230, 247 Beta-Lactamases, 187, 191 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 187, 219 Bilateral, 25, 26, 66, 187, 229, 245 Bile, 121, 187, 209, 223, 251 Bile Acids, 121, 187, 251 Bile Acids and Salts, 187 Biliary, 187, 234 Biliary Tract, 187, 234 Bilirubin, 181, 187 Binding Sites, 15, 187 Biochemical, 6, 8, 44, 95, 117, 184, 187, 189, 221, 233, 248 Biological therapy, 187, 213 Biopsy, 86, 95, 163, 187 Biosynthesis, 185, 187, 248 Biotechnology, 19, 21, 126, 135, 149, 151, 152, 153, 187 Bladder, 187, 199, 217, 227, 230, 241, 257 Blastomycosis, 187, 220 Blepharitis, 14, 18, 78, 85, 106, 129, 157, 187 Blepharospasm, 101, 157, 188 Blister, 26, 188, 235 Blood Coagulation, 188, 190, 254 Blood Platelets, 188, 225, 238, 248 Blood pressure, 102, 184, 188, 191, 216, 227, 250 Blood vessel, 102, 183, 188, 191, 192, 204, 207, 211, 213, 220, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 258 Blood Volume, 188, 240 Body Fluids, 188, 202, 209, 231, 250 Bone Marrow, 116, 186, 188, 198, 212, 216, 219, 223, 225, 227, 251
Index 263
Bone Marrow Transplantation, 188 Bowel, 128, 130, 182, 188, 201, 205, 218, 219, 221, 236, 257 Bowel Movement, 188, 201 Bradykinin, 188, 231, 238 Brain Neoplasms, 188, 215, 253 Branch, 173, 188, 203, 235, 242, 250, 252, 253 Breakdown, 122, 188, 201, 210, 232 Broad-spectrum, 18, 188, 232, 255 Bronchi, 95, 103, 117, 188, 189, 205, 253, 255 Bronchial, 28, 58, 95, 98, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 188, 189, 214, 253 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 103, 188 Bronchial Spasm, 98, 189 Bronchiectasis, 110, 189 Bronchioles, 189 Bronchiolitis, 110, 189 Bronchitis, 110, 189, 194 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 117, 189 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 117, 189 Bronchoconstriction, 95, 96, 114, 189 Bronchodilator, 98, 110, 189 Bronchopulmonary, 14, 189 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 14, 189 Bronchospasm, 102, 103, 189 Bronchus, 189 Buccal, 189, 223, 251 Budesonide, 33, 189 Buffers, 107, 189 Bullous, 137, 189 Burns, 102, 115, 189 Burns, Electric, 189 C Cadherins, 108, 189 Calcifediol, 189, 190 Calcification, 128, 190 Calcitriol, 73, 190 Calcium, 40, 75, 99, 189, 190, 195, 224, 226, 228, 234, 249 Callus, 190, 221 Calmodulin, 8, 190 Candidiasis, 40, 128, 129, 190 Candidosis, 190 Capillary, 102, 188, 190, 258 Capillary Permeability, 102, 188, 190 Carbohydrate, 190, 198, 211, 212, 239, 248 Carbon Dioxide, 190, 191, 199, 209, 237, 245 Carboxymethylcellulose, 121, 122, 191 Carcinogen, 191, 206, 226, 228
Carcinogenic, 191, 218, 232, 241, 251 Cardiac, 181, 183, 191, 204, 205, 210, 229, 245, 250 Cardiovascular, 121, 191, 222, 248 Cardiovascular disease, 121, 191 Carotene, 191, 245 Carrier Proteins, 191, 237 Case report, 21, 44, 55, 70, 77, 191, 194 Case series, 46, 63, 191, 194 Cataract, 9, 26, 56, 114, 184, 191, 245 Catheterization, 183, 191, 228 Caudal, 191, 239 Cause of Death, 92, 191 Caustic, 191, 249 Cefixime, 57, 191 Cell, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 26, 62, 83, 92, 94, 95, 97, 100, 102, 108, 109, 116, 118, 121, 122, 152, 153, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259 Cell Adhesion, 8, 92, 108, 118, 189, 191, 218 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 8, 108, 191 Cell Death, 184, 192, 211, 229 Cell Degranulation, 97, 100, 192 Cell Differentiation, 15, 192, 249 Cell Division, 152, 186, 192, 213, 226, 237 Cell membrane, 8, 94, 100, 121, 122, 191, 192, 200, 207, 237 Cell proliferation, 8, 92, 121, 192, 219, 249 Cell Respiration, 192, 234, 245 Cell Survival, 192, 213 Cellulitis, 4, 192 Central Nervous System, 121, 179, 188, 192, 209, 210, 211, 213, 215, 222, 223, 227, 232, 248, 253 Central Nervous System Infections, 192, 213, 215 Cerebellar, 185, 192, 244, 256 Cerebral, 104, 119, 185, 186, 188, 192, 197, 205, 207, 215 Cerebral Infarction, 192, 215 Cerebrospinal, 192, 215 Cerebrospinal fluid, 192, 215 Cerebrovascular, 114, 186, 191, 192, 253 Cerebrum, 192, 256
264 Conjunctivitis
Cervical, 162, 193 Cervix, 162, 193 Chamomile, 74, 80, 193 Character, 193, 200 Chemokines, 8, 15, 56, 113, 193 Chemotaxis, 97, 98, 193 Chemotherapy, 42, 101, 115, 193 Chickenpox, 101, 115, 193 Chimera, 6, 193 Chlamydia, 6, 7, 18, 21, 35, 41, 45, 46, 52, 53, 55, 94, 106, 121, 162, 193, 212, 223, 233, 242, 255 Cholera, 68, 193, 248, 258 Cholera Toxin, 68, 193 Cholesterol, 187, 193, 197, 223, 251 Choline, 193 Cholinergic, 8, 193 Cholinergic Agonists, 8, 193 Chorioretinitis, 193, 245 Choroid, 193, 194, 245, 257 Choroiditis, 128, 194 Chromatin, 184, 194 Chromosome, 194, 196, 257 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 92, 96, 114, 194 Chronic renal, 194, 239, 257 Cicatricial, 26, 27, 52, 57, 137, 194 Cidofovir, 60, 194 Ciliated cells, 103, 194 CIS, 10, 194, 245 Clarithromycin, 106, 194 Clinical Medicine, 194, 240 Clinical study, 21, 194, 197, 257 Clinical trial, 5, 12, 17, 22, 66, 85, 88, 96, 109, 149, 194, 197, 198, 202, 242, 243 Clone, 11, 194 Clonic, 188, 194 Cloning, 187, 194 Coagulation, 188, 194, 214, 221, 238, 254 Cod Liver Oil, 195, 204 Cofactor, 99, 195, 230, 242, 254 Colchicine, 129, 195 Coliphages, 186, 195 Colitis, 119, 121, 128, 195 Collagen, 33, 38, 115, 186, 195, 207, 208, 224, 238, 241, 247 Collagen disease, 195, 247 Collapse, 182, 188, 195 Colloidal, 181, 195, 207, 236 Complement, 195, 196, 218, 224, 238, 248 Complementary and alternative medicine, 73, 81, 195
Complementary medicine, 73, 196 Complete remission, 196, 244 Computational Biology, 149, 151, 196 Conception, 196, 208, 250 Concomitant, 56, 196 Condoms, 162, 163, 196 Cone, 196, 221, 252 Congestion, 117, 196, 206 Conjugated, 68, 76, 99, 121, 122, 187, 196, 199, 231, 246 Conjugation, 122, 196 Conjunctiva, 3, 8, 14, 85, 87, 98, 101, 107, 120, 136, 176, 196, 220, 221, 247, 255 Conjunctivitis, Allergic, 97, 105, 108, 118, 165, 196 Connective Tissue, 163, 188, 192, 195, 196, 197, 208, 209, 223, 236, 246, 253 Connective Tissue Cells, 196, 197 Consciousness, 182, 197, 200, 202, 245 Constitutional, 197, 245 Constriction, 197, 220, 258 Constriction, Pathologic, 197, 258 Consumption, 197, 201, 234 Contact dermatitis, 29, 106, 109, 121, 197 Contractility, 99, 197 Contraindications, ii, 197 Contrast Sensitivity, 197, 232 Controlled clinical trial, 22, 27, 66, 74, 197 Controlled study, 39, 40, 48, 75, 197 Convulsions, 197, 203, 240 Coordination, 197, 227 Coreceptors, 18, 197 Corneal Stroma, 12, 197 Corneal Ulcer, 9, 38, 62, 107, 120, 197 Corneum, 197, 205, 216 Coronary, 6, 92, 191, 197, 226, 228 Coronary heart disease, 6, 92, 191, 197 Coronary Thrombosis, 197, 226, 228 Corpus, 198, 235, 240 Cortex, 105, 181, 185, 198, 207, 244 Cortical, 181, 198, 207, 248, 253 Corticosteroid, 161, 198, 200, 240 Cortisol, 181, 198 Cortisone, 198, 201, 240 Coumarins, 193, 198 Coxsackieviruses, 198, 213 Craniocerebral Trauma, 186, 198, 213, 215, 253, 254 Cromolyn Sodium, 22, 45, 58, 198 Cryoelectron Microscopy, 18, 198 Cryptosporidiosis, 186, 198 Curative, 198, 253
Index 265
Cutaneous, 128, 187, 190, 197, 198, 220, 221, 223 Cyclic, 118, 180, 190, 198, 213, 231, 241, 247, 253 Cyclosporine, 33, 61, 75, 129, 143, 161, 198 Cyst, 199 Cysteine, 193, 199 Cystoid, 56, 199 Cytochrome, 199, 245 Cytochrome b, 199, 245 Cytokine, 58, 117, 199, 219 Cytomegalovirus, 128, 199 Cytoplasm, 13, 94, 184, 192, 193, 199, 205, 212, 227, 246, 257 Cytoplasmic Granules, 102, 199 Cytoskeleton, 199, 218 Cytotoxic, 52, 109, 199, 217, 249 D Databases, Bibliographic, 149, 199 Deamination, 199, 257 Decarboxylation, 199, 214 Decision Making, 162, 199 Decubitus, 101, 102, 115, 199 Decubitus Ulcer, 101, 102, 115, 199 Defense Mechanisms, 200, 218 Deferoxamine, 128, 200 Degenerative, 100, 200, 233, 245 Dehydration, 193, 200 Deletion, 19, 184, 200 Dementia, 108, 118, 200 Denaturation, 200, 239 Dendrites, 200, 230 Dendritic, 18, 200, 225 Density, 200, 223, 232, 239 Deoxyuridine, 9, 200 Depolarization, 200, 249 Deprivation, 181, 200 Dermal, 108, 118, 200, 222 Dermatitis, Contact, 35, 68, 200 Dermatologic Agents, 200 Desensitization, 165, 200 Desonide, 33, 200 Desquamation, 103, 200 Deuterium, 200, 215 Developed Countries, 105, 201 Developing Countries, 201, 224 Dexamethasone, 59, 201 Diabetes Mellitus, 127, 201, 211, 213 Diabetic Retinopathy, 42, 92, 201, 259 Diagnosis, Differential, 130, 201 Diagnostic procedure, 91, 135, 201 Dialysis Solutions, 99, 201
Dialyzer, 201, 213 Diarrhea, 12, 104, 181, 198, 201 Diastolic, 201, 216 Diclofenac, 16, 53, 61, 201 Diclofenac Sodium, 53, 201 Diethylcarbamazine, 201, 252 Diffusion, 190, 201, 218 Digestion, 181, 187, 188, 201, 219, 223, 235, 251 Digestive system, 88, 201, 227 Digestive tract, 107, 201, 249 Dilatation, 182, 183, 189, 201, 202, 258 Dilatation, Pathologic, 202, 258 Dilation, 85, 86, 188, 202, 215, 258 Direct, iii, 8, 30, 31, 103, 105, 139, 194, 202, 211, 244, 252 Disaccharides, 121, 202 Discrimination, 57, 202 Dissociation, 180, 202 Distal, 10, 202, 242 Diuresis, 202, 253 Docetaxel, 34, 75, 202 Domesticated, 202, 213 Dorsal, 202, 206, 239 Double-blinded, 22, 202 Doxycycline, 25, 140, 162, 202 Drug Interactions, 142, 202 Drug Tolerance, 202, 255 Dry Eye Syndrome, 9, 15, 86, 87, 98, 202 Duct, 129, 159, 182, 191, 202, 207, 247 Duodenum, 187, 202, 251 Dura mater, 202, 225, 234 Dyes, 102, 203 Dysplasia, 153, 158, 203 Dyspnea, 203, 239, 243 Dystrophy, 152, 203 E Eclampsia, 187, 203, 240 Eczema, 96, 111, 114, 203 Edema, 4, 56, 100, 103, 197, 201, 203, 219, 228, 232, 240, 257 Effector, 67, 179, 195, 203, 230 Effector cell, 203, 230 Efficacy, 20, 22, 28, 33, 43, 45, 57, 67, 75, 87, 110, 203 Effusion, 203, 238, 252 Eicosanoids, 96, 203 Elastin, 195, 203, 207 Electrolyte, 4, 198, 203, 209, 226, 231, 240, 250, 257 Electromyography, 163, 203 Electrons, 186, 203, 220, 233, 243
266 Conjunctivitis
Embolus, 203, 217 Embryo, 192, 203, 217, 239 Emergency Medicine, 61, 203 Emergency Treatment, 203 Emollient, 204, 211, 232 Emphysema, 117, 194, 204 Emulsion, 87, 204, 209 Encephalitis, 19, 204 Encephalitis, Viral, 204 Endarterectomy, 183, 204 Endemic, 193, 204, 250 Endocarditis, 128, 190, 204 Endocardium, 204 Endophthalmitis, 16, 120, 204, 259 Endothelial cell, 11, 92, 204, 219, 254 Endothelium, 92, 204, 231, 238 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 204 Endothelium, Vascular, 204 Endothelium-derived, 204, 231 Endotoxin, 205, 256 End-stage renal, 194, 205, 239 Enteritis, 94, 205 Enterocolitis, 205 Enterovirus, 10, 20, 198, 205 Enucleation, 165, 205 Environmental Exposure, 17, 205, 232 Environmental Health, 16, 148, 150, 160, 205 Enzymatic, 95, 99, 190, 191, 195, 205, 208, 214, 239, 245 Enzyme Inhibitors, 205, 238 Eosinophil, 8, 25, 48, 60, 62, 96, 97, 98, 102, 113, 116, 205 Eosinophilia, 64, 109, 205 Eosinophilic, 102, 129, 205 Epidemic, 12, 13, 17, 19, 27, 30, 33, 34, 42, 48, 49, 53, 61, 75, 76, 93, 205, 250 Epidemiological, 14, 63, 205 Epidermal, 4, 100, 205, 220, 222, 225 Epidermis, 100, 179, 188, 197, 205, 214, 216, 220, 222, 235, 243 Epinephrine, 180, 205, 231 Episcleritis, 14, 128, 129, 205, 247 Epistaxis, 205, 242 Epithelial, 5, 8, 12, 18, 103, 107, 193, 194, 197, 200, 205, 206, 212 Epithelial Cells, 5, 8, 103, 107, 193, 206 Epithelium, 15, 35, 42, 95, 103, 117, 137, 186, 204, 206, 210, 220, 245, 260 Epitopes, 6, 7, 206 Erectile, 206, 235 Erythema, 4, 129, 197, 206, 252, 257
Erythema Multiforme, 129, 206 Erythrocytes, 102, 182, 188, 206, 244, 248 Erythromycin, 106, 140, 162, 186, 194, 206 Erythromycin Estolate, 106, 206 Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate, 162, 206 Esophagitis, 104, 119, 206 Esophagitis, Peptic, 119, 206 Esophagus, 201, 206, 244, 251 Essential Tremor, 152, 206 Estradiol, 98, 206 Estrogen, 98, 206 Estrogen receptor, 98, 206 Estrone, 99, 206 Ethanol, 207, 208 Evoke, 207, 251 Excipient, 112, 207 Excitatory, 207, 211 Exfoliation, 200, 207, 229 Exocrine, 102, 107, 207, 234 Exocytosis, 122, 192, 207, 214 Exogenous, 203, 207 Expander, 207, 240 Expiration, 207, 245 Extender, 112, 207 Extensor, 207, 242, 259 Extracellular, 15, 93, 102, 108, 116, 196, 207, 208, 218, 224, 250 Extracellular Matrix, 93, 108, 196, 207, 208, 218, 224 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 207, 224 Extracellular Space, 102, 207 Extraction, 184, 207, 245 Extravasation, 121, 207 Exudate, 103, 193, 207, 238 Eye Infections, 4, 5, 162, 180, 207 Eye Injuries, 5, 208 Eye socket, 208, 236 F Facial, 4, 35, 68, 164, 208, 235 Fallopian Tubes, 162, 208 Family Planning, 149, 208 Fat, 185, 187, 188, 191, 197, 198, 199, 203, 208, 222, 227, 239, 246, 247, 250 Fatty acids, 121, 181, 203, 208, 211, 223, 241, 249 Febrile, 129, 208, 233 Fermentation, 106, 208 Ferritin, 5, 208 Fetus, 208, 237, 251, 257 Fibrin, 188, 208, 238, 254 Fibrinogen, 208, 237, 238, 254 Fibrinolytic, 44, 208
Index 267
Fibroblasts, 12, 38, 117, 197, 208, 219 Fibronectin, 108, 118, 208 Fibrosis, 92, 153, 181, 208, 243, 247 Fish Products, 208, 247 Fixation, 208, 248 Fixatives, 198, 209 Flaccid, 10, 209 Flatus, 209, 210 Flexor, 207, 209, 222, 253 Fluid Therapy, 209, 231 Flushing, 4, 102, 209 Folate, 200, 209 Forearm, 188, 209 Fructose, 100, 209, 212 Fumigation, 209 Fungi, 183, 185, 196, 204, 207, 209, 226 Fungus, 160, 190, 209, 228 G Gallbladder, 179, 187, 201, 209 Gamma-interferon, 209, 218 Ganglia, 179, 186, 209, 230 Ganglion, 209, 232, 260 Gangrenous, 210, 248 Gas, 49, 126, 182, 191, 201, 209, 210, 215, 228, 230, 231, 258 Gastric, 102, 179, 186, 206, 210, 214, 215, 235 Gastric Juices, 210, 235 Gastric Mucosa, 210, 235 Gastrin, 210, 214 Gastrointestinal, 4, 10, 13, 15, 17, 92, 109, 111, 119, 188, 205, 207, 210, 222, 248, 251, 258 Gastrointestinal tract, 207, 210, 222, 248 Gefarnate, 107, 210 Gels, 210, 226 Gene, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 92, 109, 126, 153, 154, 180, 187, 210, 232 Gene Expression, 7, 10, 11, 15, 19, 109, 153, 210 Gene Library, 11, 210 Genetic Code, 210, 231 Genetic testing, 210, 239 Genetics, 11, 104, 129, 196, 210 Genital, 3, 6, 19, 73, 130, 162, 210, 257 Genitourinary, 210, 257 Genomic Library, 210 Genotype, 33, 73, 211 Giant Cells, 211, 247 Giardiasis, 211, 225 Gland, 3, 46, 86, 107, 180, 198, 211, 223, 224, 234, 235, 237, 241, 247, 251, 254
Glomerular, 109, 211, 244 Glomeruli, 211 Glomerulonephritis, 92, 115, 211 Glomerulus, 211, 230 Glucocorticoid, 189, 201, 211, 240 Glucose, 66, 152, 201, 211, 212, 213, 218, 247 Glucose Intolerance, 201, 211 Glucuronic Acid, 211, 214 Glutamate, 211 Glutamic Acid, 122, 211, 241 Glycerol, 211, 237 Glycerophospholipids, 211, 237 Glycine, 187, 211, 248 Glycogen, 114, 193, 212 Glycols, 212, 215 Glycoprotein, 5, 107, 208, 211, 212, 227, 254, 256 Glycoside, 202, 212, 247 Goblet Cells, 8, 107, 212 Gonadal, 212, 250 Gout, 195, 212 Governing Board, 212, 240 Grade, 100, 212 Graft, 4, 9, 14, 59, 109, 212, 214, 217, 228, 242 Graft Rejection, 109, 212, 217 Grafting, 4, 212 Graft-versus-host disease, 212, 242 Gram-negative, 94, 106, 193, 212, 232, 255, 258 Gram-positive, 106, 212, 232, 251 Granule, 62, 102, 212, 246 Granulocytes, 186, 212, 222, 249, 259 Granuloma, 212, 224 Granuloma Inguinale, 212, 224 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 212, 245 Growth factors, 38, 93, 213 Guanylate Cyclase, 213, 231 Guinea Pigs, 69, 213 H Habitual, 193, 213, 227 Hair follicles, 213, 259 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 129, 213 Haptens, 180, 213 Headache, 213, 215, 242 Heart attack, 191, 213 Heart failure, 213, 232, 243 Helminths, 103, 213, 218, 229 Hemodialysis, 99, 201, 213 Hemoglobin, 182, 206, 213 Hemoglobinuria, 152, 213
268 Conjunctivitis
Hemolytic, 21, 121, 213 Hemorrhage, 198, 213, 214, 228, 237, 243, 251, 259 Hemorrhoids, 99, 214 Hemostasis, 214, 218, 248 Heparin, 121, 122, 214, 238 Hepatic, 181, 214 Hereditary, 128, 212, 214, 236, 245 Heredity, 179, 210, 214 Herpes, 16, 18, 38, 101, 114, 115, 129, 130, 214 Herpes Genitalis, 101, 114, 115, 214 Herpes Zoster, 101, 115, 214 Heterodimers, 214, 218 Heterogeneity, 93, 180, 214 Histamine, 38, 54, 56, 96, 101, 102, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 183, 214, 221, 223 Histamine Release, 116, 214 Histidine, 214 Homeostasis, 5, 214 Homologous, 214, 248, 252 Hormonal, 185, 198, 214 Hormone, 99, 114, 190, 198, 203, 205, 206, 210, 214, 218, 220, 240, 246, 247, 249, 254 Horny layer, 205, 214 Host-cell, 11, 215 Humoral, 212, 215 Hybrid, 194, 215 Hybridization, 11, 215 Hydrocephalus, 52, 215, 219 Hydrochloric Acid, 179, 215 Hydrogel, 28, 215 Hydrogen, 98, 111, 179, 181, 186, 189, 190, 200, 207, 215, 227, 230, 231, 233, 242 Hydrolysis, 187, 191, 215, 235, 236, 239 Hydrophilic, 107, 215 Hydrophobic, 107, 211, 215, 223 Hydroxides, 215 Hydroxyl Radical, 100, 215 Hydroxylation, 190, 215 Hydroxylysine, 195, 215 Hydroxyproline, 195, 215 Hydroxyurea, 96, 215 Hyperaemia, 196, 215 Hyperplasia, 215, 222 Hypersecretion, 103, 112, 216 Hypertension, 128, 191, 216, 219, 240, 241, 257 Hypertrophy, 216, 246 I Ichthyosis, 110, 216 Id, 70, 77, 157, 158, 164, 166, 172, 174, 216
Idiopathic, 216, 247 Ileostomy, 216, 229 Imidazole, 102, 214, 216 Immune Sera, 216 Immune system, 87, 101, 115, 186, 187, 203, 216, 217, 222, 223, 224, 227, 257, 259 Immunity, 216, 256 Immunization, 68, 216, 217, 248 Immunoassay, 20, 30, 216 Immunocompromised, 120, 216 Immunodeficiency, 45, 152, 163, 216 Immunofluorescence, 9, 176, 216 Immunoglobulin, 38, 64, 129, 183, 216, 227 Immunologic, 16, 40, 63, 216 Immunosuppressive, 68, 137, 211, 217, 247 Immunosuppressive Agents, 217, 247 Immunosuppressive therapy, 217 Immunotherapy, 6, 22, 32, 37, 39, 40, 45, 48, 52, 58, 68, 74, 75, 76, 165, 187, 200, 217 Impairment, 5, 185, 208, 217, 225 In situ, 95, 217 In vitro, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 103, 217, 239, 248, 254 In vivo, 5, 8, 14, 16, 29, 214, 217, 254 Incision, 217, 220 Incisional, 120, 217 Incontinence, 215, 217 Incubated, 8, 217 Indicative, 125, 217, 235, 258 Indomethacin, 14, 69, 217, 221 Induction, 15, 67, 93, 182, 217 Infant, Newborn, 180, 217 Infarction, 104, 192, 217, 244 Infection, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 30, 31, 39, 43, 45, 52, 62, 73, 104, 114, 119, 120, 121, 127, 128, 134, 162, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 192, 194, 197, 198, 199, 204, 207, 211, 216, 217, 221, 222, 223, 231, 233, 246, 248, 251, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260 Infertility, 6, 93, 119, 218 Infestation, 76, 218 Infiltration, 8, 97, 103, 113, 211, 218, 260 Inflammatory bowel disease, 92, 95, 96, 103, 108, 115, 116, 118, 119, 128, 218 Ingestion, 17, 32, 218, 239 Inguinal, 218, 223 Inhalation, 17, 99, 140, 180, 218, 233, 239 Initiation, 117, 218, 255 Initiator, 95, 218 Inorganic, 215, 218, 224, 227, 236
Index 269
Insight, 13, 19, 218 Instillation, 123, 218 Insulator, 218, 227 Insulin, 109, 218 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 218 Integrins, 18, 108, 218 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 92, 218 Interferons, 19, 218 Interleukin-1, 119, 219 Interleukin-11, 119, 219 Interleukin-2, 219 Interleukin-8, 12, 219 Interleukins, 100, 217, 219 Intermittent, 129, 202, 209, 219, 223, 236 Interstitial, 117, 189, 207, 219, 230, 244 Intervertebral, 219, 223 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 219, 223 Intestinal, 116, 190, 191, 193, 198, 205, 219, 224 Intestine, 187, 188, 205, 219, 221 Intracellular, 7, 8, 13, 52, 94, 109, 212, 217, 218, 219, 231, 240, 241, 243, 247, 249 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 215, 219, 253 Intracranial Hypertension, 213, 215, 219, 254 Intramuscular, 99, 102, 219, 234 Intraocular, 16, 101, 103, 204, 208, 219, 259 Intraocular pressure, 16, 219 Intravenous, 99, 102, 129, 219, 234 Intrinsic, 180, 186, 219 Invasive, 11, 29, 86, 121, 216, 220 Involuntary, 186, 206, 220, 229, 249, 250 Iodine, 220, 240 Ion Channels, 220, 230 Ionizing, 181, 205, 220 Ions, 186, 189, 190, 202, 203, 215, 220, 224, 227 Iris, 197, 220, 243, 257 Irritants, 15, 120, 220 Ischemia, 92, 185, 199, 220, 228, 244 Ischemic stroke, 121, 220 Itraconazole, 46, 55, 220 J Joint, 185, 209, 220, 233, 250, 252, 253 K Kb, 13, 93, 148, 220 Keratinocytes, 219, 220 Keratitis, 9, 18, 36, 38, 51, 85, 86, 97, 106, 107, 120, 123, 128, 220 Kerato, 34, 37, 53, 70, 77, 98, 127, 220 Keratoconus, 26, 29, 41, 43, 55, 66, 221
Keratosis, 110, 179, 221 Ketorolac, 28, 141, 221 Ketorolac Tromethamine, 28, 221 Ketotifen, 20, 22, 43, 58, 97, 123, 141, 221 Kidney Disease, 88, 148, 153, 221, 244 Kinetics, 9, 221 L Lacrimal, 33, 86, 221, 229, 232, 249 Lacrimal Apparatus, 221, 229 Lacrimal gland, 86, 221 Large Intestine, 201, 219, 221, 244, 249 Larynx, 221, 255 Laser Surgery, 120, 221 Latency, 19, 221 Latent, 19, 221, 240 Lavage, 116, 221 Laxative, 180, 191, 221 Lectin, 8, 221 Leishmaniasis, 109, 221 Lens, 5, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 37, 45, 49, 56, 67, 74, 75, 85, 86, 120, 123, 184, 191, 222, 259 Lentigo, 42, 222 Leprosy, 109, 222 Lesion, 59, 114, 187, 212, 222, 249, 256 Lethal, 186, 222, 228 Lethargy, 215, 222 Leucocyte, 205, 222 Leukemia, 152, 222 Leukocytes, 14, 92, 95, 102, 113, 116, 188, 193, 212, 217, 219, 222, 227, 236, 256 Leukotrienes, 96, 112, 122, 184, 185, 203, 222 Levo, 222, 254 Levofloxacin, 22, 141, 222 Library Services, 172, 222 Lichen Planus, 161, 222 Life cycle, 19, 209, 222 Ligament, 222, 241, 250 Ligands, 108, 118, 191, 218, 222 Limbic, 30, 43, 49, 58, 61, 222 Lipid, 95, 98, 100, 117, 121, 190, 193, 211, 218, 222, 223, 227 Lipopolysaccharide, 212, 222 Lipoprotein, 212, 223 Liposome, 16, 223 Lipoxygenase, 96, 100, 112, 184, 222, 223 Liver, 99, 162, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 189, 199, 201, 204, 209, 211, 212, 214, 222, 223, 240, 247, 257 Local therapy, 112, 223
270 Conjunctivitis
Localized, 98, 130, 182, 209, 217, 222, 223, 232, 237, 256, 257 Long-Term Care, 31, 223 Loratadine, 51, 223 Low Back Pain, 163, 223 Low vision, 165, 223 Lubricants, 98, 223 Lumbar, 219, 223 Lumen, 103, 204, 223 Lupus, 32, 86, 92, 223, 253 Lymph, 180, 193, 204, 223, 228, 238, 247, 251 Lymph node, 193, 223, 228, 247 Lymphatic, 204, 217, 223, 232, 250, 254 Lymphocyte, 35, 40, 109, 183, 223, 224, 225 Lymphocyte Transfusion, 40, 223 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 94, 212, 223 Lymphoid, 25, 67, 183, 222, 224 Lymphoma, 25, 37, 67, 152, 224, 228 Lytic, 19, 224, 226, 248, 259 M Macrolides, 106, 224 Macrophage, 219, 224 Magnesium Chloride, 99, 224 Magnesium Compounds, 99, 224 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 6, 224 Malabsorption, 152, 224 Malignant, 152, 184, 188, 219, 224, 227, 228 Malignant tumor, 224, 227 Malingering, 126, 224 Malnutrition, 181, 185, 224, 228 Mammogram, 190, 224, 226 Manifest, 12, 121, 224 Mastitis, 224, 248 Mastocyte, 114, 224 Mastocytosis, 114, 224 Matrix metalloproteinase, 23, 60, 224 Mediate, 8, 10, 191, 224 Mediator, 112, 117, 219, 224, 238, 248 Medical Records, 225, 246 Medical Staff, 202, 225 Medicament, 123, 225, 252 MEDLINE, 149, 151, 153, 225 Megakaryocytes, 219, 225 Megaloblastic, 200, 225 Melanocytes, 225, 230 Melanoma, 152, 225 Memory, 200, 225 Meninges, 192, 198, 202, 225 Meningitis, 10, 25, 108, 118, 220, 225, 237 Menopause, 225, 239, 241
Mental Disorders, 89, 225, 237 Mental Health, iv, 5, 89, 148, 150, 225, 242 Mercury, 106, 225 Metabolite, 114, 189, 206, 225 Metastasis, 108, 118, 192, 224, 225 Methacrylates, 29, 225 Metronidazole, 4, 225 MI, 31, 104, 126, 161, 163, 177, 226 Microbe, 15, 101, 226, 255 Microbicide, 18, 226 Microbiology, 9, 10, 11, 16, 36, 39, 42, 46, 62, 179, 185, 226 Microcalcifications, 190, 226 Microorganism, 94, 195, 226, 235, 259 Microscopy, 9, 14, 186, 198, 226, 231 Microviridae, 7, 226 Migration, 12, 14, 96, 108, 118, 218, 226 Mineralocorticoids, 180, 198, 226 Miscarriage, 162, 226 Mitomycin, 33, 46, 47, 63, 226 Mitosis, 184, 226 Mitotic, 202, 226 Mitotic inhibitors, 202, 226 Mobility, 9, 226 Modeling, 17, 226 Modification, 6, 226, 243 Molecular Structure, 100, 227, 256 Monitor, 227, 231 Monoclonal, 93, 227 Monocytes, 92, 95, 219, 222, 227 Mononuclear, 93, 212, 227, 256 Morphology, 127, 191, 227 Motility, 217, 227, 248 Mucins, 15, 212, 227 Mucociliary, 227, 249 Mucocutaneous, 4, 19, 221, 227 Mucolytic, 189, 227 Mucopurulent, 58, 227 Mucosa, 25, 100, 103, 116, 117, 129, 161, 205, 210, 223, 227, 229, 251 Mucosal Lining, 161, 227 Mucositis, 101, 115, 119, 227 Mucus, 8, 15, 29, 60, 96, 103, 107, 120, 162, 227, 246, 257 Multidose, 23, 227 Multiple Myeloma, 108, 118, 227 Multiple sclerosis, 92, 104, 108, 109, 118, 119, 121, 227, 232 Munchausen Syndrome, 54, 227, 228 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, 54, 228 Muscle Contraction, 99, 189, 228 Muscle Fibers, 228, 229
Index 271
Muscular Atrophy, 152, 228 Muscular Dystrophies, 203, 228 Mustard Gas, 220, 228 Mutagenesis, 11, 228 Mutagens, 228 Myalgia, 129, 176, 228 Mycosis, 67, 228 Mycosis Fungoides, 67, 228 Mydriatic, 202, 228 Myelin, 227, 228 Myocardial infarction, 92, 104, 119, 187, 197, 226, 228, 241 Myocardial Reperfusion, 228, 244 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 228, 244 Myocarditis, 108, 118, 229 Myocardium, 226, 228, 229 Myopia, 165, 229, 244, 245 Myosin, 228, 229 Myositis, 128, 163, 229 Myotonic Dystrophy, 152, 229 N Nasal Cavity, 229, 234 Nasal Obstruction, 113, 229 Nasolacrimal, 129, 229 Nausea, 229, 242, 257 NCI, 1, 88, 147, 194, 229 Nearsightedness, 229 Nebramycin, 229, 255 Necrolysis, 4, 229 Necrosis, 184, 192, 197, 204, 217, 226, 228, 229, 244, 247 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 119, 229 Need, 3, 96, 117, 123, 127, 128, 136, 143, 167, 194, 212, 224, 229, 255 Nematoda, 213, 229 Neonatal, 20, 21, 41, 45, 162, 230 Neoplasia, 50, 152, 230 Neoplastic, 224, 230 Nephritis, 108, 109, 118, 230 Nephropathy, 221, 230 Nerve, 99, 180, 182, 185, 200, 209, 225, 227, 230, 232, 235, 240, 247, 251, 254, 256, 260 Nervous System, 122, 152, 180, 192, 224, 230, 251 Neural, 9, 180, 215, 230, 245 Neuritis, 230, 232 Neurogenic, 230, 257 Neurologic, 215, 230 Neuronal, 99, 230, 236 Neurons, 19, 200, 207, 209, 230, 252 Neuropeptide, 116, 230 Neuroretinitis, 230, 245
Neurotransmitters, 8, 230 Neutrons, 181, 230, 243 Neutrophil, 12, 48, 100, 218, 230 Nevus, 222, 230 Nickel, 35, 68, 106, 230 Nitric Oxide, 69, 230 Nitrogen, 181, 182, 207, 209, 231, 256 Norepinephrine, 180, 231 Nosocomial, 19, 31, 48, 231 Nuclear, 13, 186, 196, 203, 210, 229, 231 Nuclear Pore, 13, 231 Nuclear Proteins, 231 Nuclei, 181, 196, 203, 226, 230, 231, 232, 242 Nucleic acid, 109, 113, 210, 215, 228, 231, 243, 246 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 215, 231 Nucleolus, 231, 246 Nucleus, 10, 184, 186, 194, 198, 199, 200, 205, 219, 227, 230, 231, 242, 251, 253 Nutritional Support, 4, 231 O Occupational Exposure, 16, 231 Oculi, 188, 232 Odour, 185, 232, 257 Oedema, 117, 232 Ofloxacin, 22, 28, 141, 162, 232 Ointments, 164, 193, 232, 249 Oncogene, 152, 232 Oncogenic, 10, 218, 232 Opacity, 191, 200, 232 Ophthalmologist, 128, 136, 159, 232 Opsin, 232, 245 Optic disc, 232 Optic Disk, 201, 232 Optic Nerve, 181, 230, 232, 234, 245, 247 Optic Neuritis, 128, 157, 232 Orbicularis, 188, 232 Orbit, 208, 233, 236 Orbital, 128, 158, 232, 233 Organ Culture, 233, 254 Organ Transplantation, 108, 118, 233 Organelles, 198, 199, 225, 227, 233 Ornithosis, 94, 233, 242 Osmotic, 181, 233 Osteoarthritis, 104, 119, 233 Osteoporosis, 104, 119, 233 Otitis, 96, 105, 233 Otitis Media, 96, 105, 233 Otitis Media with Effusion, 105, 233 Ovalbumin, 66, 233 Ovaries, 208, 233
272 Conjunctivitis
Ovary, 206, 233, 239 Ovum, 222, 233, 241, 260 Oxidation, 96, 100, 179, 184, 199, 233 Oxidative metabolism, 222, 233 Oxygen Consumption, 234, 245 P Pachymeningitis, 225, 234 Paediatric, 29, 234 Palate, 234, 251 Palliative, 234, 253 Pancreas, 179, 201, 218, 234 Pancreatic, 152, 234 Pancreatic cancer, 152, 234 Pancreatitis, 119, 234 Papilla, 234 Papillary, 9, 28, 29, 36, 37, 49, 56, 69, 101, 102, 115, 234 Paralysis, 10, 234 Paranasal Sinuses, 234, 249 Parasite, 60, 234, 256 Parasitic, 7, 116, 179, 198, 213, 218, 234 Parathyroid, 190, 234 Parathyroid hormone, 190, 234 Parenchyma, 103, 234 Parenteral, 95, 98, 103, 116, 120, 234 Parotid, 235, 247 Paroxysmal, 152, 235 Partial remission, 235, 244 Particle, 223, 235, 255 Patch, 17, 86, 235 Pathogen, 6, 11, 14, 18, 55, 93, 109, 235 Pathogenesis, 4, 11, 13, 14, 19, 58, 64, 96, 235 Pathologic, 7, 8, 15, 103, 184, 187, 190, 197, 209, 216, 235, 242, 245 Pathologic Processes, 184, 235 Pathologies, 18, 108, 112, 118, 235 Pathophysiology, 102, 235 Patient Education, 4, 161, 170, 172, 177, 235 Pelvic, 94, 162, 235, 241 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 94, 162, 235 Pemphigus, 136, 179, 235 Penis, 162, 196, 235 Pepsin, 235 Pepsin A, 235 Peptic, 104, 119, 235 Peptic Ulcer, 104, 119, 235 Peptide, 6, 66, 120, 193, 194, 235, 239, 241, 242 Peptide Chain Elongation, 194, 235 Peptide Fragments, 6, 235
Perennial, 25, 39, 47, 51, 96, 115, 235, 256 Perforation, 101, 236 Pericardium, 236, 253 Periodontal disease, 99, 236 Periodontitis, 119, 236 Periorbital, 26, 76, 236 Peripheral blood, 31, 102, 236 Peripheral Nerves, 222, 236 Peritoneal, 99, 116, 185, 232, 236 Peritoneal Cavity, 185, 232, 236 Peritoneal Dialysis, 99, 236 Peritoneum, 236 Peroxidase, 8, 95, 184, 236 Peroxide, 236 Petrolatum, 204, 236 Phagocytosis, 94, 219, 236 Pharmacokinetic, 16, 236 Pharmacologic, 182, 185, 236, 254, 255, 257 Pharyngitis, 4, 119, 236 Phenolphthalein, 204, 236 Phenyl, 92, 98, 236 Phosphates, 99, 236 Phospholipases, 236, 249 Phospholipids, 121, 122, 208, 223, 236 Phosphorus, 190, 237 Photodermatitis, 102, 115, 237 Photophobia, 12, 121, 128, 237 Phototherapy, 77, 237 Physical Examination, 12, 17, 85, 86, 161, 163, 228, 237 Physiologic, 180, 187, 237, 241, 243, 245, 256 Physiology, 5, 31, 237, 258 Pigment, 187, 225, 237, 245 Pigmentation, 52, 237 Pilot study, 60, 237 Pink eye, 3, 4, 120, 127, 133, 134, 175, 237 Piperidines, 96, 237 Pituitary Gland, 198, 237 Placenta, 206, 237, 240 Plants, 181, 191, 193, 211, 212, 221, 227, 231, 237, 239, 247, 255, 256 Plaque, 92, 104, 183, 237 Plasma cells, 183, 227, 237 Plasma protein, 102, 181, 204, 237 Plasmin, 238 Plasminogen, 32, 39, 44, 52, 54, 238 Plasminogen Activators, 238 Platelet Activation, 238, 249 Platelet Aggregation, 114, 122, 231, 238, 254 Platelet Factor 4, 219, 238
Index 273
Platelets, 184, 187, 192, 231, 238, 254 Platinum, 106, 238 Platyhelminths, 213, 238 Pleura, 238 Pleural, 232, 238 Pleural cavity, 232, 238 Pleurisy, 129, 238 Pneumonitis, 94, 233, 239 Poisoning, 96, 225, 229, 239 Pollen, 24, 37, 40, 48, 52, 55, 68, 74, 75, 76, 80, 239 Polyarthritis, 221, 239, 249 Polycystic, 153, 239 Polyethylene, 106, 121, 122, 239 Polymerase, 11, 23, 30, 38, 47, 239 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 11, 23, 30, 38, 47, 239 Polymers, 98, 102, 121, 239, 242, 251 Polymorphism, 20, 38, 239 Polypeptide, 182, 195, 208, 215, 235, 238, 239, 260 Polysaccharide, 183, 239, 242 Polyunsaturated fat, 239, 254 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, 93, 239 Posterior, 128, 182, 185, 194, 202, 220, 232, 234, 239, 247 Postmenopausal, 98, 233, 239 Postoperative, 221, 240 Postsynaptic, 240, 249, 252 Potassium, 51, 62, 69, 226, 240, 249 Potentiate, 13, 219, 240 Potentiation, 240, 249 Povidone, 22, 240 Povidone-Iodine, 22, 240 Practice Guidelines, 150, 164, 240 Precipitating Factors, 127, 240 Preclinical, 18, 240 Precursor, 106, 109, 185, 193, 203, 205, 231, 238, 240, 256 Predisposition, 110, 240 Prednisolone, 14, 128, 240 Prednisone, 137, 240 Preeclampsia, 104, 119, 240 Prevalence, 17, 31, 53, 112, 240 Progeny, 196, 240 Progesterone, 240, 250 Progression, 113, 183, 241 Progressive, 87, 95, 117, 160, 192, 194, 197, 200, 202, 213, 228, 229, 233, 238, 241, 243, 244 Prolapse, 101, 241
Proline, 195, 215, 241 Promoter, 15, 241 Prone, 103, 241 Prophylaxis, 117, 121, 241, 257 Propranolol, 241, 254 Prostaglandin, 114, 116, 241, 254 Prostaglandins A, 100, 217, 241 Prostaglandins D, 241 Prostate, 152, 241 Protease, 49, 60, 95, 116, 241 Protein C, 50, 181, 182, 186, 208, 210, 223, 242, 257 Protein S, 126, 153, 187, 194, 206, 210, 242, 246, 253 Proteinuria, 227, 240, 242 Proteoglycans, 95, 186, 207, 242 Protocol, 85, 86, 134, 242 Protons, 181, 215, 220, 242, 243 Protozoa, 196, 221, 226, 242, 256 Proximal, 202, 229, 242 Pruritic, 203, 222, 242 Pruritus, 4, 96, 176, 242, 257 Psittaci, 7, 46, 52, 94, 233, 242 Psittacosis, 94, 242 Psoralen, 164, 242 Psoriasis, 92, 96, 108, 109, 110, 118, 119, 121, 163, 164, 228, 242 Psychogenic, 242, 257 Public Health, 6, 17, 55, 76, 150, 242 Public Policy, 149, 242 Publishing, 19, 127, 242 Pulmonary, 54, 103, 108, 117, 118, 188, 189, 197, 205, 222, 243, 258 Pulmonary Artery, 188, 243 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 108, 117, 118, 243 Pupil, 197, 202, 228, 232, 243 Purines, 243, 248 Purpura, 11, 243 Purulent, 204, 243, 258 Pustular, 164, 179, 243 Q Quality of Life, 23, 24, 26, 30, 33, 34, 63, 243 R Race, 226, 243 Radiation, 100, 205, 220, 226, 243, 252, 253, 259 Radioactive, 215, 231, 232, 243 Radiolabeled, 5, 240, 243 Randomized, 12, 23, 27, 37, 51, 69, 74, 203, 243 Reactive Oxygen Species, 100, 243
274 Conjunctivitis
Receptors, Serotonin, 243, 248 Recombinant, 7, 19, 109, 119, 120, 243, 258 Recombination, 196, 243 Reconstitution, 40, 244 Rectal, 99, 244 Rectum, 162, 184, 188, 201, 209, 210, 217, 218, 221, 241, 244, 252 Recurrence, 110, 244 Red blood cells, 99, 206, 213, 244, 247 Red Nucleus, 185, 244 Refer, 1, 99, 189, 195, 208, 209, 214, 230, 231, 244 Reflux, 206, 244 Refraction, 229, 244, 250 Refractive Errors, 156, 181, 244 Refractive Power, 229, 244 Refractory, 59, 244 Regeneration, 244 Regimen, 12, 15, 162, 203, 244 Remission, 110, 244 Renal failure, 127, 244 Renal Osteodystrophy, 73, 244 Reperfusion, 92, 104, 114, 119, 228, 244 Reperfusion Injury, 92, 104, 119, 244 Resection, 59, 244 Resorption, 190, 215, 245 Respiration, 110, 191, 227, 234, 245 Respiratory Burst, 100, 245 Respiratory distress syndrome, 121, 189, 245 Respiratory syncytial virus, 14, 55, 95, 245 Restoration, 228, 244, 245, 259 Resuscitation, 203, 245 Reticulate, 94, 245 Retina, 85, 86, 185, 193, 194, 201, 222, 229, 230, 232, 245, 246, 257, 259 Retinal, 64, 114, 128, 156, 196, 201, 232, 245, 259 Retinal Detachment, 114, 201, 245, 259 Retinitis, 86, 104, 108, 118, 119, 128, 245 Retinoblastoma, 152, 245 Retinol, 245, 246 Retrobulbar, 232, 246 Retrospective, 37, 70, 246 Retrospective study, 37, 246 Rheumatism, 129, 246 Rheumatoid, 43, 86, 95, 96, 103, 104, 108, 114, 116, 118, 119, 195, 246 Rheumatoid arthritis, 43, 95, 96, 103, 104, 108, 114, 116, 118, 119, 195, 246 Rhinitis, 32, 34, 42, 51, 53, 63, 66, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109,
110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 126, 165, 181, 189, 221, 223, 246, 248 Rhinitis, Vasomotor, 112, 117, 246 Rhinophyma, 4, 246 Rhinorrhea, 112, 117, 246 Ribonucleic acid, 246 Ribonucleoproteins, 10, 246 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 215, 246 Ribosome, 11, 246, 256 Risk factor, 17, 56, 246 Rod, 186, 246 Rubber, 49, 106, 179, 246 S Salicylate, 193, 246 Salicylic, 246 Salicylic Acids, 246 Saline, 189, 246 Salivary, 199, 201, 234, 247, 249, 251, 259 Salivary glands, 199, 201, 247, 249 Saponins, 247, 251 Sarcoidosis, 78, 109, 115, 247 Sclera, 14, 194, 196, 205, 247, 257 Scleritis, 14, 47, 128, 247 Sclerosis, 104, 122, 152, 195, 227, 247 Screening, 86, 109, 194, 247 Scrotum, 247, 253 Seafood, 17, 247 Sebaceous, 220, 246, 247, 259 Sebaceous gland, 220, 246, 247, 259 Sebum, 179, 247 Second Messenger Systems, 230, 247 Secondary tumor, 225, 247 Secretory, 15, 60, 122, 192, 248, 252 Secretory Vesicles, 192, 248 Seizures, 235, 248 Semen, 241, 248 Semisynthetic, 194, 248 Senile, 222, 233, 248 Sensitization, 17, 41, 50, 74, 248 Sepsis, 121, 248 Septic, 108, 118, 185, 248 Septicaemia, 248 Sequence Analysis, 7, 248 Sequencing, 15, 239, 248 Serine, 116, 248 Serologic, 216, 248 Serology, 163, 176, 248 Serotonin, 100, 243, 248, 256 Serotypes, 12, 53, 198, 248 Serous, 204, 238, 248
Index 275
Serum, 25, 31, 98, 110, 181, 195, 216, 226, 238, 244, 248, 256 Sex Determination, 153, 248 Sharpness, 249, 259 Shedding, 103, 200, 249 Shock, 7, 114, 182, 249, 256 Sicca, 21, 24, 29, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 50, 54, 60, 61, 66, 75, 77, 86, 87, 98, 221, 249 Side effect, 97, 98, 110, 139, 143, 180, 187, 249, 255 Signal Transduction, 13, 100, 249 Signs and Symptoms, 20, 22, 23, 31, 75, 128, 244, 249, 257 Sinusitis, 55, 105, 115, 126, 249 Skeletal, 182, 227, 228, 249, 250 Skeleton, 179, 220, 241, 249 Small intestine, 202, 205, 211, 214, 219, 249, 258 Smooth muscle, 92, 95, 102, 181, 185, 188, 189, 197, 214, 249, 250, 251 Sneezing, 112, 117, 176, 249 Soaps, 164, 249 Social Environment, 243, 250 Sodium, 28, 48, 59, 62, 143, 201, 212, 226, 249, 250 Soft tissue, 106, 188, 249, 250 Spasm, 188, 250 Specialist, 166, 202, 250 Species, 11, 17, 74, 97, 100, 181, 193, 195, 202, 205, 213, 215, 221, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 243, 250, 251, 255, 256, 258, 259 Specificity, 180, 184, 189, 250, 255 Spectrum, 10, 106, 120, 122, 250 Sperm, 182, 194, 239, 250, 253 Spinal cord, 192, 193, 203, 210, 225, 230, 234, 236, 250 Spinous, 205, 220, 250 Spirometry, 17, 250 Spleen, 182, 199, 223, 247, 250 Sporadic, 20, 36, 245, 250 Sprains and Strains, 223, 250 Stabilizer, 14, 191, 250 Sterile, 58, 185, 234, 250 Sterility, 16, 162, 218, 250 Steroid, 164, 187, 198, 247, 250 Stillbirth, 162, 251 Stimulant, 214, 251 Stimulus, 9, 181, 189, 197, 203, 219, 220, 221, 251, 253 Stomach, 179, 186, 201, 206, 210, 214, 221, 229, 235, 236, 244, 249, 250, 251
Stomatitis, 101, 115, 130, 251 Strand, 93, 239, 251 Streptococcal, 21, 127, 251 Streptococcus, 24, 106, 120, 251 Stress, 8, 121, 198, 209, 229, 240, 246, 251, 257 Stroke, 89, 108, 118, 148, 157, 191, 220, 251 Stroma, 12, 220, 234, 251 Stromal, 18, 251 Styrene, 246, 251 Subacute, 217, 223, 249, 251 Subarachnoid, 213, 219, 237, 251 Subclinical, 217, 248, 251 Subcutaneous, 101, 102, 192, 203, 210, 232, 234, 251 Sublingual, 32, 37, 39, 58, 74, 251 Submandibular, 46, 251 Subspecies, 250, 251 Substance P, 206, 225, 244, 248, 251 Substrate, 9, 205, 252 Sunburn, 4, 101, 102, 115, 252 Superoxide, 95, 100, 245, 252 Supplementation, 59, 99, 252 Suppositories, 226, 252 Suppression, 69, 108, 118, 198, 200, 252 Suppressive, 67, 252 Suppurative, 192, 204, 210, 252 Suramin, 116, 252 Symphysis, 241, 252 Symptomatic, 17, 98, 110, 113, 128, 189, 234, 252 Symptomatic treatment, 110, 252 Symptomatology, 112, 252 Synapses, 230, 252 Synaptic, 249, 252 Synovial, 128, 252 Synovial Membrane, 252 Synovitis, 129, 252 Systemic disease, 216, 252 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 4, 195, 253 Systemic therapy, 164, 253 Systolic, 216, 253 T Tear Gases, 220, 253 Teichoic Acids, 212, 253 Telangiectasia, 4, 153, 253 Tendonitis, 163, 253 Testicles, 162, 247, 253 Testis, 206, 253 Tetracycline, 4, 101, 202, 253 Thalamic, 185, 253 Thalamic Diseases, 185, 253
276 Conjunctivitis
Theophylline, 69, 243, 253 Therapeutics, 16, 22, 23, 27, 28, 51, 74, 77, 142, 253 Thermal, 101, 102, 115, 202, 230, 239, 253 Thermography, 60, 77, 253 Thorax, 51, 179, 223, 253 Threonine, 248, 253 Threshold, 201, 216, 253 Thrombin, 208, 238, 242, 254 Thrombolytic, 238, 254 Thrombomodulin, 242, 254 Thrombosis, 39, 92, 187, 218, 242, 251, 254 Thromboxanes, 122, 185, 203, 254 Thrombus, 197, 217, 220, 228, 238, 254 Thymus, 216, 223, 254 Thyroid, 158, 160, 220, 234, 254 Thyroid Gland, 234, 254 Thyroiditis, 109, 254 Thyroxine, 181, 254 Ticks, 120, 218, 254 Timolol, 50, 68, 254 Tin, 238, 254 Tinnitus, 233, 254 Tissue Culture, 11, 254 Tissue Distribution, 189, 254 Tobramycin, 62, 142, 255 Tolerance, 18, 211, 255 Tonic, 188, 255 Tooth Preparation, 179, 255 Torsion, 217, 255 Toxaemia, 240, 255 Toxic, iv, 4, 62, 103, 108, 118, 120, 181, 196, 205, 216, 251, 255 Toxicity, 128, 202, 225, 255 Toxicology, 150, 255 Toxins, 120, 181, 183, 204, 211, 217, 255 Toxoplasmosis, 186, 255 Trace element, 230, 254, 255 Trachea, 95, 117, 188, 189, 221, 254, 255 Trachoma, 7, 66, 74, 94, 126, 127, 255 Transcriptase, 11, 255 Transcription Factors, 8, 100, 255 Transduction, 249, 255 Transfection, 187, 255 Transfer Factor, 40, 216, 256 Transfusion, 207, 256 Translating, 10, 256 Translation, 10, 206, 256 Translational, 11, 256 Translocation, 194, 206, 256 Transmitter, 179, 220, 225, 231, 252, 256 Transplantation, 92, 157, 194, 216, 224, 256
Trauma, 206, 208, 229, 234, 256 Trees, 246, 256 Tremor, 254, 256 Trichomoniasis, 225, 256 Tricyclic, 111, 256 Tropism, 5, 13, 17, 256 Trypanosomiasis, 252, 256 Tryptophan, 195, 248, 256 Tuberculosis, 109, 127, 197, 223, 246, 256 Tuberous Sclerosis, 153, 256 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 129, 256 U Ulcer, 55, 104, 192, 199, 235, 256 Ulceration, 101, 199, 256 Ulcerative colitis, 99, 108, 114, 118, 119, 128, 218, 256 Unconscious, 182, 200, 216, 257 Uncontrolled study, 20, 257 Univalent, 215, 233, 257 Uraemia, 234, 257 Urea, 108, 257 Uremia, 244, 257 Urethra, 162, 235, 241, 257 Urethritis, 94, 162, 163, 257 Urinary, 130, 210, 215, 217, 257 Urinary Retention, 130, 257 Urinate, 257 Urine, 162, 187, 202, 206, 213, 217, 242, 257 Urogenital, 94, 163, 210, 257 Urticaria, 17, 35, 49, 68, 96, 97, 98, 100, 104, 114, 119, 182, 223, 257 Uterus, 193, 198, 208, 233, 241, 257, 258 Uvea, 204, 257 Uveitis, 14, 27, 86, 104, 119, 128, 130, 158, 257 V Vaccination, 10, 257 Vaccine, 5, 6, 7, 20, 141, 142, 242, 257 Vacuole, 94, 257 Vagina, 190, 193, 258 Vaginal, 18, 98, 99, 162, 258 Vaginitis, 190, 258 Varicella, 101, 115, 142, 258 Vasculitis, 128, 234, 258 Vasoconstriction, 114, 205, 258 Vasodilatation, 114, 258 Vasodilation, 102, 258 Vasodilator, 188, 214, 228, 258 Vasomotor, 112, 258 Vector, 10, 255, 258 Vein, 182, 219, 231, 235, 258 Venous, 187, 192, 214, 232, 242, 258
Index 277
Ventilation, 189, 258 Ventricles, 192, 215, 258 Ventricular, 215, 228, 258 Venules, 188, 190, 204, 258 Vertigo, 233, 258 Vesicular, 185, 213, 214, 258 Vestibule, 229, 258 Veterinary Medicine, 76, 149, 258 Vibrio, 193, 258 Vibrio cholerae, 193, 258 Villi, 215, 258 Virulence, 6, 11, 185, 255, 259 Virulent, 11, 259 Viscera, 228, 259 Visceral, 221, 236, 259 Visual Acuity, 85, 197, 247, 259 Visual Cortex, 181, 259 Vitiligo, 242, 259 Vitrectomy, 47, 259 Vitreous Body, 194, 245, 259
Vitreous Hemorrhage, 201, 259 Vitreous Humor, 245, 259 Vitro, 8, 10, 214, 259 Vivo, 16, 259 Vulgaris, 136, 179, 259 W Wart, 221, 259 White blood cell, 183, 186, 217, 222, 223, 224, 227, 230, 237, 259 Windpipe, 189, 254, 259 Wound Healing, 192, 218, 224, 259 X Xenograft, 183, 259 Xerostomia, 221, 259 X-ray, 18, 224, 231, 250, 259 Z Zoster, 101, 115, 260 Zygote, 196, 260 Zymogen, 242, 260
278 Conjunctivitis
Index 279
280 Conjunctivitis
