A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Coffee: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83583-7 1. Coffee-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on coffee. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COFFEE ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Coffee .......................................................................................... 10 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 23 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COFFEE ......................................................................................... 153 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 153 Finding Nutrition Studies on Coffee ......................................................................................... 153 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 160 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 160 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COFFEE ................................................................... 165 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 165 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 165 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 173 General References..................................................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COFFEE ..................................................................................... 181 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 181 Dissertations on Coffee .............................................................................................................. 181 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 182 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND COFFEE ................................................................................ 183 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 183 Recent Trials on Coffee .............................................................................................................. 183 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 184 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON COFFEE ................................................................................................ 187 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 187 Patents on Coffee ....................................................................................................................... 187 Patent Applications on Coffee ................................................................................................... 220 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 263 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON COFFEE.................................................................................................... 265 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 265 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 265 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 266 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 283 Chapters on Coffee ..................................................................................................................... 285 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COFFEE ...................................................................... 291 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 291 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 291 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 295 Academic Periodicals covering Coffee........................................................................................ 300 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES.......................................................................................... 303 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 303 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 303 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 305 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 309 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 311 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 311 Patient Guideline Sources ......................................................................................................... 311 Finding Associations ................................................................................................................. 320 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ............................................................................... 323
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Overview ....................................................................................................................................323 Preparation .................................................................................................................................323 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................323 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................323 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................329 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................329 COFFEE DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................331 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................400
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with coffee is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about coffee, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to coffee, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on coffee. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to coffee, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on coffee. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COFFEE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on coffee.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and coffee, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·
Effect of Coffee on Motor and Sensory Function of Proximal Stomach Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 46(5): 945-951. May 2001. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Customer Service Department, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (781) 871-6600. Fax (781) 6819045. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.wkap.nl. Distribution Centre, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 31 78 6392392. Fax: 31 78 6546474. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: Some people attribute symptoms of dyspepsia to drinking coffee, suggesting that coffee affects one or more functions of the proximal gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms that have been attributed to coffee ingestion are heartburn, abdominal discomfort, bloating, and nausea. In this randomized, controlled, cross over, single-
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blinded study, the effects of coffee on gastric (stomach) relaxation, gastric wall compliance and sensations, elicited by distension, were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. Using the barostat technique, volume changes of an intragastric bag were recorded for 20 minutes after intragastric administration of 280 milliliters of coffee or water. Then, after deflation, the volume of the bag was increased stepwise every 3 minutes to assess gastric wall compliance and wall tension. At the end of every volume step, sensations (nausea, pain, and bloating) were scored. During the first 20 minutes after coffee administration, the volume change of the intragastric bag was larger than after water. There were no differences in gastric wall compliance, wall tension, or symptom scores. In conclusions, coffee, in comparison with water, enhances the adaptive relaxation of the proximal stomach, but has no effect on its wall compliance, wall tension, or sensory function. 4 figures. 50 references. ·
Prospective Study of Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Symptomatic Gallstone Disease in Men Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 281(22): 2106-2112. June 9, 1999. Summary: Coffee has several metabolic effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation. This article reports on a study undertaken to examine the association between coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. The authors used data from the Health Professionals Follow Up Study, a prospective cohort study, in which the consumption of coffee and other caffeinated drinks was assessed starting in 1986 (as part of the 131 item food frequency questionnaire given to United States male health professionals with followup through 1996). The participants included a total of 46,008 men, aged 40 to 75 years in 1986, without history of gallstone disease. The main outcome measures were newly symptomatic gallstone disease or a cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). During 404,166 person years of followup, 1,081 subjects reported symptomatic gallstone disease, of whom 885 required cholecystectomy. After adjusting for other known or suspected risk factors, compared with men who did not consumer regular coffee in 1986 and 1990, the adjusted relative risk (RR) for those who consistently drank 2 to 3 cups of regular coffee per day was 0.60 and for those who drank 4 or more cups per day the RR was 0.55. All coffee brewing methods showed a decreased risk. The risk of symptomatic gallstone disease also declined with increasing caffeine intake. In contrast, decaffeinated coffee was not associated with a decreased risk. The authors conclude that, in this cohort of U.S. men, coffee consumption may have helped to prevent symptomatic gallstone disease. 4 tables. 49 references.
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Effect of Decaffeination of Coffee on Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Patients with Reflux Disease Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11(3): 483-486. June 1997. Contact: Available from Mercury Airfreight International, Ltd. 2323 EF, Randolph Avenue, Avenel, NJ 07001. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This article reports on a study to investigate the effect of decaffeination of coffee on reflux disease. Patients with reflux disease often complain of heartburn after ingestion of coffee. The reflux was reduced when the coffee had undergone a decaffeination process. Seventeen reflux patients underwent two esophageal 3 hour pH measurements. The patients received, in a double blind study design in a randomized order, 300 mL of either regular or decaffeinated coffee together with a standardized
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breakfast. The fraction time esophageal pH less than 4 was calculated during the three postprandial hours. For regular coffee, the fraction time was calculated to a median of 17.9 percent. The fraction time was significantly reduced to 3.1 percent after ingestion of decaffeinated coffee. The authors conclude that the amount of gastroesophageal reflux induced by the intake of regular coffee in patients with reflux disease can be reduced by the decaffeination of coffee. 1 figure. 22 references. (AA-M). ·
Smoking, Alcohol, Coffee, and Tea Intake and Incidence of Cancer of the Exocrine Pancreas: The Iowa Women's Health Study Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 6:1081-1086, December 1997. Summary: Researchers report the results of a prospective study of 33,976 white, American women with 9 years of followup to test the hypothesis that smoking and coffee, tea, and alcohol intake increase the risk of cancer of the exocrine pancreas. The Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS) was the source of data. In this study, women, aged 55 to 69 years, completed questionnaires assessing diet and beverage intake in 1986. Researchers tracked these women for mortality and cancer incidence through 1994, using Iowa death certificates, mailed followup questionnaires, and the National Death Index. Current smokers were more than twice as likely to develop pancreatic cancer compared with past smokers and nonsmokers. Adjusting for age, smoking status, and smoking frequency, researchers found a higher risk for pancreatic cancer among alcohol users. This risk was higher in women who reported greater consumption of beer, wine, and liquor. Adjusting for the same variables as above, researchers found no relation between tea intake and cancer but did find that those who drank more than 17.5 cups of coffee a week had twice the risk for cancer than those who drank less than 7 cups a week. These results are contrary to those of other studies. Methodological issues that may have confounded these results are (1) potential exposure to other contaminants in the alcohol and coffee drinkers, (2) lack of control for socioeconomic status, (3) low incidence (66 cases) of pancreatic cancer in the sample, (4) reliance on self-reported data, and (5) study design. Since other prospective studies have found little evidence of an association of alcohol and coffee consumption on pancreatic cancer incidence, further studies are needed. 5 tables, 64 references.
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Case-Control Study of Pancreatic Cancer and Cigarettes, Alcohol, Coffee and Diet Source: American Journal of Public Health. 79(8):1016-1019, August 1989. Summary: A pancreatic cancer case-control study was conducted in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Case subjects were deceased white males, ages 40 to 84, who died of pancreatic cancer (exocrine only) between January 1, 1980 and June 30, 1983. Populationbased control subjects were white males, ages 40 to 84, ascertained at random. Family members were interviewed about the subject's usage of cigarettes, alcohol, coffee, and other dietary factors in the 2 years prior to death (212 cases) or prior to interview (220 controls). Individual dietary information was obtained by a frequency-of-use questionnaire. An increased risk of pancreatic cancer was observed for current cigarette smoking and, to a lesser extent, for duration. A decrease in heavy alcohol and meat consumption and a corresponding increase in vegetables may contribute to a decline in risk. The results support the belief that coffee is not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. 3 tables, 28 references.
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Reactions to Life-Style Warnings: Coffee and Cancer Source: Health Education Quarterly. 12(2):129-134, Summer 1985.
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Summary: A well-publicized report linking coffee to cancer of the pancreas provided an opportunity to examine how people react to lifestyle warnings. According to the concepts of cognitive dissonance and defensive avoidance, coffee drinkers might be expected to avoid this report or dispute its validity. Within the sample of 89 secretarial and clerical workers, coffee drinkers were found to be somewhat more likely to be aware of and to recall the contents of the report than non-coffee drinkers. The more they drank, the more likely they were to have changed their coffee consumption in response to the new information. Coffee drinking had no effect on interest in receiving a copy of the original report nor were coffee drinkers more likely than nondrinkers to doubt the future confirmation of the reported link between coffee and cancer. It is suggested that lifestyle warnings, particularly warnings about risks that are newly recognized, do not produce strong avoidance motivations toward the warnings. 14 references. ·
Effect of Maternal Smoking and Coffee Consumption on the Risk of Having a Recognized Down Syndrome Pregnancy Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 152(12):1185-1191, December 15, 2000. Summary: Researchers analyzed data from a case-control study of 997 liveborn infants or fetuses with Down syndrome in California from 1991 to 1993 and 1,007 liveborn controls without a birth defect to evaluate the possible effects of maternal smoking and caffeine or coffee consumption on the occurrence of Down syndrome. Interviews with mothers covered demographic information, pregnancy, and medical history, with detailed questions on the use of tobacco, alcohol, and caffeinated beverages. All analyses were age-adjusted. High alcohol consumption, i.e. four or more drinks per week, in the first month of pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk for a recognized Down syndrome conceptus. Maternal smoking during the periconceptional period was not associated with risk of recognized Down syndrome, but maternal consumption of four or more cups of coffee per day was inversely associated. In multivariate analysis, a significant interaction between coffee drinking and smoking was noted. The inverse association remained only for nonsmoking mothers who drank four or more cups of coffee per day. These results suggest that among nonsmoking mothers, high coffee consumption is more likely to reduce the viability of a Down syndrome conceptus than that of a normal conceptus. 4 references, 52 references.
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Coffee and Alcohol Intake, Smoking and Risk of Multiple Pregnancy Source: Human Reproduction. 11(10):2306-2309, October 1996. Summary: Researchers analyzed the relationship between coffee and alcohol intake, smoking, and risk of multiple pregnancies using data from a case-control study on risk factors for multiple births conducted in Italy. Cases were 133 women (median age 31 years) who delivered multiple births not related to treatment for infertility. Controls were 395 women (median age 30 years) admitted for normal delivery at the same clinics at which cases were identified. Trained interviewers questioned cases and controls using a standard questionnaire. In addition to sociodemographic questions, participants were asked about consumption of coffee, alcohol, and cigarettes, both in the past and at present (particularly at conception), and duration of the habit in years. The odds ratios of multiple pregnancy were 1.5 and 2.0 for women drinking either 1-2 or 3 or more cups of coffee per day, in comparison with noncoffee drinkers. The risk of multiple pregnancy tended to be higher for women drinking more than 15 alcoholic drinks a week. Heavy smokers (those who smoked more than 10 cigarettes daily) were at increased risk of multiple pregnancy; in comparison with never smokers, the estimated OR for multiple pregnancy was 1.6. Considering separately the two groups of multiple
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pregnancy, the OR of dizygotic and monozygotic pregnancy were 1.4 and 2.4 for women smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day, but the trend in risk with number of cigarettes smoked per day and duration of habit were not significant. Researchers concluded that, although there appears to be an increased risk of monozygotic multiple pregnancies in coffee drinkers, more information is needed to definitively link coffee, alcohol, and smoking to the risk of twin pregnancies. 2 tables, 14 references. ·
Effect of Cigarette Smoking and Coffee Drinking on Time to Conception Source: Epidemiology. 6(4):403-408, July 1995. Summary: To test the hypothesis that coffee consumption and cigarette smoking are associated with time to conception, researchers analyzed data from 1,341 primigravidas who participated in a study from 1959 to 1966. These women were interviewed in person about their reproductive and medical history, smoking status, coffee and alcohol consumption, and sociodemographic characteristics. A questionnaire was used to assess the number of cigarettes smoked per day and whether women had quit smoking, when, and why. A woman who reported smoking at least one cigarette per day after discontinuation of contraception was considered to be a smoker. To assess dose response, the researchers categorized the women as nonsmokers, light (1-9 cigarettes per day), moderate (10-19 cigarettes per day), and heavy (over 19 cigarettes per day) smokers. Coffee consumption was divided into (1) less than one cup per day, (2) one to three cups per day, and (3) more than three cups per day. Of the participants, 20.0 percent consumed neither cigarettes nor coffee, 7.0 percent smoked but did not drink coffee, 38.7 percent did not smoke but consumed coffee, 34.3 percent consumed both. Of the participants, 75.8 percent had conceived within 3 months. Logistic regression models showed that after adjusting for covariates, women who smoked cigarettes had about half the fertility (adjusted OR 0.5-0.6) of those who do not smoke or drink coffee for times to conception of 6 and 12 months, regardless of whether they drank coffee. On the other hand, coffee consumers who did not smoke did not have decreased fertility compared with nondrinkers who did not smoke (adjusted OR 1.0-1.2). Coffee drinking did not increase the risk of delayed conception among smokers over the risk posed by the smoking exposure by itself (adjusted OR 0.6-0.8). Smoking even at low doses (1-9 cigarettes per day) decreased fertility. 3 tables, 29 references.
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Cigarettes, Coffee, and Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 135(8):895-903, April 15, 1992. Summary: Researchers studied the relation of maternal cigarette smoking and coffee consumption to both preterm rupture of the membranes (PROM) and spontaneous preterm labor not complicated by premature rupture of the membranes (preterm NONPROM) in a large cross-sectional data base. They used data from the Delivery Interview Program at Boston Hospital for Women from August 1977 to March 1980. This data was obtained postpartum by personal interviews and review of medical records. Information acquired by interview included medical and obstetric history and lifestyle characteristics. Women were asked about coffee consumption during the first trimester and cigarette smoking during the entire pregnancy. Information about labor and delivery and infant outcomes was obtained by review of medical records. The preterm PROM cases comprised 307 women whose medical records indicated a physician diagnosis of both premature rupture of the membranes and delivery prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. The preterm NONPROM cases comprised 488 women with medical records indicating spontaneous labor with intact membranes and preterm delivery. These women were compared with 2,252 randomly selected women who
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delivered at term at the same institution. Researchers used multiple logistic regression techniques to derive maximum likelihood estimates of adjusted odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals. After confounders had been adjusted for, the relative risk of preterm PROM for women who reported ever having smoked during pregnancy, as compared with nonsmokers, was 1.6. However, no gradient between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the risk of preterm PROM was observed. Similar results were observed for preterm NONPROM. Women who consumed three or more cups of coffee daily during the first trimester had a 2.2-fold greater risk of preterm PROM than did women who drank two or fewer cups. 4 tables, 33 references. 4 tables, 33 references. ·
Cigarette, Alcohol, and Coffee Consumption and Spontaneous Abortion Source: American Journal of Public Health. 82(1):85-87, January 1992. Summary: Researchers in Canada analyzed data from a survey of occupational factors and pregnancy outcome to examine the effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption on pregnancy outcome. Subjects were all women who had delivery or a spontaneous abortion in 11 Montreal hospitals during 1982-1984. The 35,848 subjects completed interviews that asked for information about occupational, personal, and social factors for all recently completed and previous pregnancies. For each pregnancy, an inquiry was made about coffee, alcohol, and cigarette consumption during the first trimester. The number of cigarettes and cups of coffee per day and drinks of each type per week were recorded. In calculating alcohol consumption, one and a half glasses of wine were taken as equivalent to a glass of beer or measure of spirits. All previous pregnancies were included in the data collection, but induced abortions were excluded. Researchers controlled for possible confounding by maternal age, educational level, ethnic group, and employment. Data analysis indicated that there were clear and statistically significant associations between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption and spontaneous abortion. There was a weaker but statistically significant association with coffee consumption. If the associations were causal, 11 percent of the spontaneous abortions could be attributed to cigarette smoking, 5 percent to alcohol consumption, and 2 percent to coffee consumption. 2 tables, 15 references.
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Cigarette, Alcohol, and Coffee Consumption and Prematurity Source: American Journal of Public Health. 82(1):87-90, January 1992. Summary: Researchers analyzed data from a survey conducted in Montreal of occupational and other factors in pregnancy to assess the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption on prematurity. Subjects included 40,445 just completed single pregnancies. Prematurity was defined as low birth weight (LBW; under 2,500 g), preterm birth (fewer than 37 weeks), and LBW for gestational age (bottom 5 percent). Overall rates for these conditions among the pregnancies were 5.7 percent for LBW; 7 percent for preterm birth; and 5.2 percent for LBW for gestational age. To investigate the dependence of these three measures on the factors of interest, researchers used logistic regression, adjusting for confounding factors such as (1) age, (2) parity, (3) previous spontaneous abortion, (4) multiple births, (5) prepregnancy weight, (6) ethnic group (white English speakers, white French speakers, and others), (7) education completed, and (8) employment. The risk of LBW for gestational age was found to increase substantially with smoking; for every 10 cigarettes smoked per day, the risk of LBW for gestational age increased by a factor of 1.51. Smoking accounted for 39 percent of cases of LBW for gestational age, 35 percent of cases of LBW, and 11 percent of preterm births. Occasional consumers of alcohol (fewer than seven drinks per week) had a slightly reduced risk relative to total abstainers. More frequent drinkers experienced a small
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increase in prematurity risk. Risk of having an LBW baby increased slightly with coffee consumption, reaching a peak at a factor of about 1.4 among women consuming over 10 cups per day. For LBW for gestational age, the risk of smoking was apparently greater for French-speaking women than for others by a factor of 1.55; that of alcohol consumption was 1.35 times greater for mothers over age 30; and that of coffee consumption was 1.27 times greater for alcohol consumers than for abstainers. Women who stopped smoking in the first trimester had little or no greater risk of having an LBW baby than did nonsmokers. 6 tables, 26 references. ·
Cigarette, Alcohol, and Coffee Consumption and Congenital Defects Source: American Journal of Public Health. 82(1):91-93, January 1992. Summary: Researchers studied the relationships between cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects, using data from a survey of occupational factors in pregnancy conducted in Montreal, Canada during 1982 to 1984. All current and previous pregnancies of more than 20 weeks' duration, whether or not the woman was employed during the pregnancy, were included in the present analysis. Information on these factors was available for 80,319 of these pregnancies. Congenital defects were ascertained in current pregnancies from pediatric records, and mothers were interviewed about previous pregnancies. Defects were classified into 90 groups. This analysis concerned eight defects: Chromosomal, neural tube, cleft of lip or palate, cardiovascular, digestive or respiratory, renal or urinary, clubfoot, and musculoskeletal. Possible confounders were maternal age, educational level, and ethnic group. Logistic regression analyses showed no evidence of an association between any congenital defect and smoking. Results for alcohol and coffee consumption were largely negative, but there was a weak association with musculoskeletal defects in babies born to women who drank one or more alcoholic drinks a day. Odds ratios (relative to nonsmokers) for mothers who smoked 1-9 cigarettes a day were on the borderline of statistical significance, but were lower in heavier smokers. Thus the association is weak, as it would be more convincing if the heavier smokers had shown the same effects. Coffee consumption was associated only with heart defects and that association was not strong. 3 tables, 11 references.
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Cigarette Smoking, Tea and Coffee Drinking, and Subfecundity Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 133(7):734-739, April 1, 1991. Summary: A researcher in Denmark analyzed the association between caffeine intake and subfecundity for women smokers and nonsmokers in the last trimester of pregnancy. Between 1984 and 1987, 10,886 pregnant women in two Danish cities completed a questionnaire on cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, eating habits, and time to pregnancy. An association between coffee/tea consumption and subfecundity, or prolonged time to pregnancy, was present only among women who smoked and consumed heavy amounts of caffeine (8 cups or more per day). However, smoking was associated with other potential risk factors for subfecundity, as was consumption of coffee or tea. Partners' smoking habits related to subfecundity in a dose-response manner in women who smoked as well as in women who did not. The increase in the prevalence of subfecundity was statistically significant for women who smoked more than five cigarettes per day in all categories. Also associated with subfecundity were increasing age for the father and the mother and a low level of education. A number of factors not considered in the analysis may have confounded the results. No data on previous sexually transmitted diseases or on frequency and timing of sexual intercourse were available. The researchers concluded that the association of smoking and heavy
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consumption of coffee/tea with subfecundity is impressive and may have public health implications if it reflects a causal relationship. 4 tables, 21 references. ·
Effects of Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol, Coffee and Tea Consumption on Preterm Delivery Source: Early Human Development. 7(3):239-250, December 6, 1982. Summary: Researchers conducted a case-control study of 175 mothers of singleton, preterm infants (before 37 weeks' gestation) and 313 mothers of singleton, term infants at Yale-New Haven Hospital in 1977, to explore possible risk factors of preterm delivery. Factors included those that were sociodemographic, medico-obstetrical, and environmental; discussed here are factors related to cigarette smoking and to consumption of coffee, tea, and alcohol. Data were obtained from a structured, standardized questionnaire administered to the women during their postpartum stay in the hospital. Hospital delivery and neonatal records were also abstracted for information related to maternal complications, labor, and delivery. Characteristics of cases and controls were compared and tested for statistical significance; log linear and logistic regression models were also used to examine the effect of one variable while controlling for the effects of others. Most controls and cases were between 25 and 29 years old (range, 14-41); about 70-75 percent were white and the rest were black. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy was considerably more common among the cases (49.1 percent) than the controls (36.2 percent). Women smoking 10 or more cigarettes a day were at a significantly higher risk for a preterm delivery than were light smokers or nonsmokers. Although the odds ratios for heavy smokers (more than 20/day) were actually lower than for moderate smokers (10-19/day), a linear trend was seen between the amount of cigarette smoking and the risk of a preterm delivery for each pregnancy trimester. The effect of smoking was less pronounced once confounding variables were considered. An average of two or more drinks of alcohol per day during pregnancy was associated with an approximately 3-fold risk of preterm delivery. No association was seen between coffee drinking and shortened gestations and no significant relation was seen between heavy tea drinking and preterm delivery after controlling for effects of other risk factors. 6 tables, 31 references.
Federally Funded Research on Coffee The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to coffee. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to coffee.
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore coffee. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for coffee: ·
Project Title: A DEVICE FOR READING CONSUMER ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shen, Huiying; Blindsight Corporation 45-A Fayerweather St Cambridge, MA 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This is a revised proposal to further develop and evaluate a display-reader for blind users, a device that reads a loud the LED and LCD displays found on many electronic appliances and instruments. Such a display-reader would be indispensable to a great number of blind persons, as more and more ordinary devices has such displays (ovens, washers, coffee makers, fax machines, telephones, VCRs, thermostats). The key challenges are in developing the machine vision algorithms to read a broad range of displays, investigating the human factors and hardware engineering issues that go into image acquisition and useful audio or other output, and incorporating these findings into a practical display-reader. The device will have two embodiments: variants of the current prototype, based on a portable PC or palmtop computer and a consumer CCD camera; ad a completely self-contained hand-held version. The hardware for the latter will be developed based on one of the new, high-speed digital signal processor chips. Criteria for a successful prototype are: 1)speed: one second to read a display, 2)accuracy: 98 percent of display outputs read correctly in trials wit blind subjects, and 3)ease of use: handling, user-interface, battery life, and other subjective measures obtained through blind user feedback during trials. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON STRESS REACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lane, James D.; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: Caffeine is the most widely consumed drug in the U.S., yet questions remain about the long-term health consequences of habitual consumption, especially with regard to cardiovascular diseases. Caffeine is known to raise blood pressure (BP), and research shows that it can potentiate cardiovascular and neuroendocrine stress reactivity. Both effects could increase the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart disease. The long-term objectives of this project are to investigate caffeine's effects, determine their implications for cardiovascular health and disease, and characterize the individuals who are most at risk. The specific aim of this application is to explore the potential cardiovascular health benefits that hypertensive individuals could obtain from the cessation of habitual caffeine consumption. Two hypotheses will be tested. (1) Caffeine cessation results in clinically significant reductions in BP in hypertensive individuals. (2) Caffeine cessation reduces activation of the neuroendocrine stress pathways that can mediate BP elevations. This clinical intervention trial includes groups of habitual coffee drinkers who have blood pressures in the high normal or mild hypertensive range and those who are currently receiving medication for established hypertension. Subjects will complete 7-day periods of ad lib caffeine consumption or experimental caffeine abstinence followed by a day of
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ambulatory monitoring. The effects of caffeine cessation on BP will be evaluated using both casual (office) and ambulatory measurements collected during the activities of the normal day. The effects of cessation on activation of neuroendocrine stress response pathways will be investigated in ambulatory measures of urinary catecholamine and cortisol excretion in the same environment. Hypertensive individuals could receive an immediate benefit if we learn that caffeine cessation reduces blood pressure. Those with high normal BP or mild hypertension might avoid or postpone the need for antihypertensive medications by adding caffeine cessation to a program of dietary and lifestyle management. Hypertensive patients already receiving pharmacological treatment might lower BP even more by caffeine cessation, further reducing their risk of long-term complications and perhaps reducing their need for medication. Although caffeine cessation may not be necessary for everyone, it may clearly contribute to BP management in hypertensive individuals and thereby reduce the risks for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease that are the consequences of this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CARDIAC AND RENAL DISEASE STUDY (CARDS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Iribarren, Carlos; Physician / Scientist; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, CA 94612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mild-to-moderate chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is reaching epidemic proportions in the US. Studies relating mild-to-moderate CRI and cardiovascular risk are limited and inconsistent. Although we have learned much about the natural history and adverse outcomes associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), we have little specific information regarding risk factors for the development or progression of renal disease. Using a population-based, ethnically diverse large cohort of male and female health plan enrollees with extended follow-up, we propose: Aim 1: To evaluate: a) whether baseline and decline in renal function overtime are independent predictors of coronary heart disease (CHID), stroke, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease; b) effect modifiers of these relationships, including baseline hypertension and diabetes status. Aim 2: To determine whether baseline and increase over time in blood pressure level (as well as prevalent and incident hypertension) are predictive of the subsequent risk of ESRD after adjusting for diabetes and for baseline serum creatinine, proteinuria and hematuria. Aim 3: To examine other potential predictors of ESRD including demographic factors (race/ethnicity, level of education) total cholesterol level, family history of renal disease, body mass index, sagittal abdominal diameter, cigarette (as well as cigar and pipe) smoking, coffee intake, alcohol consumption, family history of renal disease and self-reported occupational exposures. We will take advantage of existing longitudinal data resources at the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Division of Research and available patient-level crosslinkage with the US Renal Data System end-stage renal disease registry to obtain comprehensive renal and cardiovascular outcomes. A de novo prospective study of this magnitude and duration will be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. This proposal will leverage unique resources and methodological expertise to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of renal disease and its association with cardiovascular events. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA AND DRUG USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Werler, Martha M.; Associate Professor; Slone Epidemiology Unit; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Hemifacial microsomia (HFM), the second most common craniofacial malformation, has significant functional and cosmetic consequences. While experimental evidence suggests a vascular etiology, there have been no published epidemiologic studies of risk factors for HFM, and its causes remain largely unknown. The proposed project is a continuation of a multicenter case-control study of HFM in relation to 1) maternal exposure to decongestants; 2) maternal exposure to other vasoactive agents, such as alcohol, coffee, cigarette smoking, aspirin, and ibuprofen; 3) maternal exposure to other environmental risk factors, such as other medications, illnesses, and nutritional factors; and 4) possible gene/environment interactions. We propose an additional aim: 5) to examine HFM risk in relation to the combination of decongestant and cigarette use. Cases will be identified at tertiary care institutions in 26 metropolitan areas in the U.S. and Canada. Controls will be identified by the case infant's primary physician (pediatrician or family doctor) and will comprise the next three infants born after the case. Mothers of cases and controls will be interviewed within three months after the date of case ascertainment by telephone. The standardized questionnaire inquires in detail about demographic factors; reproductive, medical and pregnancy illness histories; medication use; behaviors (smoking, alcohol, coffee); and nutrition. Before the interview, each mother will be sent a medication identification booklet which includes color pictures of over 200 over-the-counter cough/cold and analgesic products to help recall of medications used during early pregnancy. A separate component of the study will be collection of buccal cell samples from the study infant, and his/her mother and father. Standardized photographs will be taken and the medical record of each case infant will be reviewed for HFM classification. The original study expected to include 275 cases and 825 controls (3 controls per case) within 38 months of data collection. Ascertainment of cases has been lower than originally projected, with 77 percent of 275 (or 213) cases to be included by the end of data collection phase of the study. Continuation of the project for an additional 18 months will allow an additional 63 cases and 228 controls to be included. Thus, the original target number of cases and controls will be met. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIGITAL IMAGE ARCHIVE ON THE AMERICAN EUGENICS MOVEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Micklos, David A.; Director; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 Bungtown Road Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-MAR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: In this proposal we seek three-year support for continued development of a Digital Archive on the American Eugenics Movement. The Archive is intended as an educational tool to allow individuals to learn about society's past involvement in genetics by exploring primary materials, many of which originated at Cold Spring Harbor's Eugenics Record Office, that have been inaccessible to the layperson. During the initial term of the grant. 1,230 images were collected from three major archives and incorporated into a WWW database; image collection trips to several additional
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American and European archives are proposed to increase the number of images to 2,500. Our aim, without leading the viewer to any "correct" interpretation of the materials, is to present images with adequate narrative background. To achieve this, eleven "themes" have been drafted to give the images historical, social, scientific, and ethical context. Brief (1000 words) theme essays serve as an authoritative introduction to the key events, persons, and social conditions that contributed to the development of eugenics. Continued support will enable development of a site guide, of special use to teachers, that will help users draw parallels between eugenics and modern topics in genetics. All images currently appear as photographs, including manuscripts, handwritten correspondence, and printed documents; we propose to transcribe all "text" images to allow full text searches. The Editorial Advisory Panel (EAP) established has been key in the development and scripting of the theme essays and in the formulation of an online publication policy. Input from a "working group of the EAP will have additional responsibilities in a second term, including: provide leads to other archives of eugenics materials; write essays, commentaries, and biographies for the online publication, as well as for a CD-ROM and "coffee table" book publication of the Archive; serve as "lecturers" in moderated online chat presentations and Ask the Expert bulletin board features; and speak at Eugenics and the New Biology: Perspectives and Parallels, a small, professional meeting to be held at CSHL's Banbury Center. In addition to extending the EAP's participation, we will initiate a fellowship in the history of eugenics to provide research assistance for the Archive. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND BIOLOGIC PREDICTORS OF IVF SUCCESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cramer, Daniel W.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: In 1994, more than 39,000 cycles involving ART were performed in the United States. Given the cost of approximately 8,000 per cycle, studies are needed which could improve the likelihood that ART will result in a successful pregnancy. In 1994, the investigators initiated a study of couples seeking ART that involved collect of baseline epidemiologic data, treatment variables, and biological specimens. The preliminary data collected on 927 couples, support published findings and suggest exciting new ones. Only 8 percent of women over the age of 39 years became pregnant other first ART cycle and the number of eggs retrieved during ART decline more rapidly after the age of 33 years. Key exposure examined in men and women included caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. In women, smoking was the principal exposure that decreased number of eggs retrieved. The decrease occurred in both current and former smokers. In men, caffeine use decreased ART success. This association was not present if the ART cycle involved direct injection of sperm in eggs which suggests that caffeine (or tannins in coffee or tea) could be affecting ART success (or natural fertility) by interfering with sperm-egg penetration. Women with the primary diagnosis of endometriosis had fewer eggs retrieved, whereas diagnosis of hernia or varicocele was linked to decreased sperm concentration. Use of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist in a long or down regulation fashion prior to ovarian stimulation was associated with markedly better ART success and egg retrieval than used in the short or flare regimen. The joint effect of these female, male and treatment variables will be examined in discrete failure application, the investigators propose continuation of the study, anticipating that in increase in the sample size of 3,000 would allow them to examine important associations in diagnostic or treatment subgroups, as well as expand the power to study other
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intriguing preliminary findings. These include an association between endometriosis and a polymorphic variant, known as N314D, a key gene in galactose metabolism; evidence that acetaminophen use may lower follicle stimulating hormone levels; and evidence that alcohol use in men adversely affect sperm morphology. The investigators' ability to study male factor infertility will be enhanced by collection of a blood specimen from men and retrieval of residual semen after ART. The continued goal is to assess the effect of epidemiologic and biologic markers and treatment-related variables of ART success and to address broader aspects of reproductive physiology by examining gamete number and quality as outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rocca, Walter A.; Professor of Epidemiology and Neurology; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, MN 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and disabling condition in the expanding elderly population of the US and worldwide. Its etiology remains unknown and both genetic and environmental factors have been suspected. The long-term goal of the proposed studies based in different sampling is to clarify the etiology of PD and to identify means to prevent it. Three independent but related studies based on different sampling and measurement strategies are proposed. The hypotheses tested derive directly from our current work and preliminary findings. A case control study will include 800 cases of PD referred to the Mayo clinic from a 120 mile radius or from a 5 state region and 800 controls free pf PD and parkinsonism matched by age (+ 2 years), sex and region of residence. Controls from the general population will be identified from health care financial administration lists for cases aged 65 years or above and through random digit dialing for cases below 65 years. Exposures will be accessed through direct telephone interview, and will include tobacco, coffee, and alcohol use; markers of novelty seeking behavior; and, for women, use of estrogen replacement therapy after menopause and other reproductive and estrogen related factors. A first historical cohort study will test the association between unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy before menopause and PD in an established population based cohort. The study will include 2,533 women who underwent oophorectomy in 1950-1987 while residing in Olmsted County, MN and 2,533 women of the same age and residence who did not undergo oophorectomy. A second historical study will test the association between personality traits measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and PD in an established research cohort. This study will include 8,775 persons who underwent MMPI testing in 1962-1965 while residing in Minnesota. The proposed case-control study is strong because it has adequate statistical power to confirm our preliminary findings on the role of estrogen in PD and to explore the link between substance use and novelty seeking behaviors in PD. All interviews with case and controls will be direct, the proposed oophorectomy cohort study is strong because of its cohort design, its population-based sampling, its adequate statistical power, and because of the expected high rate of follow-up through both passive and active strategies. The proposed MMPI cohort study is strong because of its cohort design, its adequate statistical power and because of our extensive experience with tracing and interviewing individuals. These three studies will contribute greatly to understanding the causes and possible prevention of PD by exploring novel hypotheses and by using innovative methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTION OF THE BILE ACID RECEPTOR FXR Principal Investigator & Institution: Moore, David D.; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The liver plays a central role in the complex process of cholesterol homeostasis. Hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids is a particularly important aspect of this process that is tightly regulated by nuclear hormone receptors. In response to an increased cholesterol load, activation of the LXRs increases bile acid production. Conversely, activation of the bile acid sensor FXR by increased bile acid levels decreases bile acid production via a nuclear receptor cascade that also includes the orphan receptors SHP and LRH-1. In addition to this repression of bile acid biosynthetic enzymes, FXR regulates expression of genes involved in bile acid transport and lipoprotein metabolism. The identification of FXR as a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism raises the important question of how exogenous FXR ligands might affect cholesterol levels. We have identified guggulsterone, the active component of a natural extract that lowers LDL cholesterol in humans, as an FXR antagonist. Strong evidence that inhibition of FXR is responsible for the cholesterol lowering effect of guggulsterone is provided by the observation that mice lacking FXR are resistant to this effect. We have also identified cafestol, a coffee oil and the most potent LDL cholesterol raising agent known, as a potential FXR agonist. We hypothesize that FXR antagonists provide a novel therapeutic approach to decreasing cholesterol levels. To test this hypothesis and further explore the function of FXR we will: 1) define the specific and overlapping functions of FXR isoforms, particularly their expression patterns and functional effects on different promoters, 2) use wild type and FXR knockout mice to test the role of FXR in the effects of guggulsterone and cafestol, and 3) define the molecular and biochemical basis for the effects of guggulsterone on cholesterol metabolism in vivo. These studies will provide new insights into the molecular basis of FXR function and its potential as a therapeutic target for modulation of cholesterol metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENES, ENVIRONMENTT AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE: STUDIES IN 4 UNIQUE COHORTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanner, Caroline M.; Director of Clinical Research; Parkinson's Institute 1170 Morse Ave Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The long -term goal of this research is to determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of typical PD. This work will extend ongoing investigations of both risk and protective factors for PD in four unique populations: the NAS /NRC World War II Veteran Twins cohort (TWINS), the Agricultural Health Study of Farming and Movement Evaluation (FAME ), the Honolulu Asian Aging Study (HAAS ), and the PD Epidemiology at Kaiser project (PEAK). By taking advantage of both the unique and the common features of each cohort, unresolved questions regarding risk and protective factors for PD will be addressed. In particular, by pooling data and results from the four studies, it will be possible to address important questions on gene-environment interactions that require a larger sample size than is available in a single study. The investigators will take advantage of exciting new work identifying polymorphisms in specific membrane transporters for xenobiotics and new and existing state-of-the-art exposure assessment
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methods in these four cohorts to investigate important gene-environment interactions in PD. This work will be carefully coordinated with each of the other projects in this application and will extend the questions addressed by those integrated research projects to human populations, thereby directly assessing their relevance to PD. The investigators' work in all four cohorts is dedicated to exploring the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to PD and is therefore highly relevant to the CCPDER concept. Observations in these populations have already provided pivotal insights regarding the importance of environmental determinants to the cause of PD and the strong inverse (and thus potentially neuroprotective) associations of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking. In this application, the investigators propose to extend these observations in order to obtain clues to the underlying causes of these inverse associations. In addition, they will investigate the hypothesis that differential susceptibility to xenobiotic exposure affects the risk for PD. The investigators will do this by investigating specific genetic variants in xenobiotic transporters, both alone and in combination with transporter-specific exposures. They plan to explore these questions within individual cohorts, as well as in a combined analysis . Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: GLYCOBIOLOGY OF MALARIA PARASITE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gowda, D C.; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: RVV-X (93 kDa) and RVV-V (31 kDa), the coagulation factor X and V activating glycoproteins of Russell's Viper venom, are synthesized by the same venom gland and are capable of activating blood coagulation factors X and V, respectively. They both contain N-linked oligosaccharides but are differentially glycosylated. Cobra venom mucin is a high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated protein that is secreted abundantly by the cobra venom gland. It contains largely 0-linked oligosaccharides with terminal cc-galactosylated Le' and Le' antigenic determinants. Recent studies suggest that this mucin activates human complement in an cc-galactoside residue-dependent manner The carbohydrates released from RVV-X., RVV-V and cobra mucin were analyzed by a combination of electrospray mass spectrometry, collision-induced decomposition (CID), and for cobra mucin, specific enzymatic hydrolysis. The objective was to provide broad mass profiles and general structural features for the N-linked glycans while more specific structural details for the cobra mucin oligomers were sought, related to the presence of theantigenic (x-galactose residues. Base-released oligosaccharide alditols from cobra mucins were partitioned on Bio-Gel P 30 columns and then digested with coffee bean (x-galactosidase. By comparing the mass profiles for the smaller oligomers before and after enzyme treatment, combined with CID structural analysis, it was shown that (x-galactosidase sensitivity required the presence of a terminal hexose-hexose pair. The combination of endo-o-galactosidase and CID wasused to probe for internal structural features such as branching and tandem hexose repeats. Molecular weight distributions of the intact species of the very large oligomers are being determined by M[ALDI-TOF MS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SENSATION
INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
ON
MOVEMENT
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Stuart, Douglas G.; Professor; Physiology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, AZ 857223308
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The brain provides a seamless integration of the motor and sensory components of movement. The 50 speakers at the 2001 International Conference on MOVEMENT AND SENSATION in Cairns, Australia, will focus on neural mechanisms that utilize the sensation of movement to modulate its manifestation under normal and pathophysiological conditions. At the cellular level, speakers will describe recent advances in the transducing and integrating characteristics of individual motor and sensory neurons. At the systems and behavioral level, speakers will discuss new work on adaptive sensory perceptions and motor output. New state-of-the-art experimental and integrative (systems) modeling techniques will be a dominant theme throughout the conference, with an emphasis on what can be studied in freely moving subjects, particularly in the human. Gandevia, Proske and Stuart were co-organizers of several previous conferences and co-editors of conference volumes that were major influences in several aspects of movement and sensation, including fatigue (Gandevia, Stuart), kinesthesis (Gandevia, Proske), muscle receptors (Proske), locomotion (Stuart), and respiration (Gandevia). The organizers anticipate that the 2001 Cairns meeting will allow important new concepts to be presented to a diverse audience of 250-300 expected attendees. The four Australian co-organizers are taking primary responsibility for the local arrangements of the meeting, while Stuart is focussing on its international attendance and liaison. The Cairns Convention Center is a first-class, modern facility, with nearby hotels at relatively modest cost for US participants. The meeting is structured to provide maximal interaction between speakers and attendees, with a special emphasis on the needs of pre- and postdoctoral trainees. The poster area will be set up next to the lecture theater. There will be dedicated time to view posters as well as coffee breaks served in the poster area. The beginning of the meeting is timed to allow attendees to fly from Christchurch, New Zealand, at the conclusion of the 34th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS). The Cairns 2001 meeting will be open to all interested parties and will shortly be advertised widely in the 2001 IUPS program, as well as in mailings and calendars with international distributions like the newsletters of IBRO and the Society for Neuroscience. Gandevia will be the chief editor of the symposium volume to be published by Plenum Press, and Proske and Stuart will be co-editors. We expect that the symposium and its volume will have a wide impact on the field and will be of particular interest to a diverse group of basic and clinical movement and sensation neuroscientists, biomechanists, robotocists, designers of motor prostheses, and clinicians who focus on movement disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MOVEMENT CONTROL IN MANIPULATING DYNAMIC OBJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dingwell, Jonathan B.; Rehabilitation Institute Research Corp Research Corporation Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001 Summary: Every day, humans interact with objects that challenge their ability to control movement stability, such as carrying a cup of hot coffee. For patients with movement disorders, such as those associated with basal ganglia or cerebellar disease, such tasks can significantly impact their ability to perform everyday tasks. However, surprisingly little is known about how the central nervous system (CNS) controls movement when interacting with dynamically complex objects. The CNS uses internal representations of object mechanical properties to manipulate simple rigid objects, and can also learn internal models of complex external force fields for making reaching movements. It was hypothesized that subjects learn similar internal representations of the dynamical
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properties of complex objects. Preliminary experiments from our lab indicate that healthy subjects adapt their movements to maintain stability of non-rigid objects during a goal-directed reaching task. The proposed research will first endeavor to determine if this adaptation occurs as the result of the development of an internal model of object dynamics, and second, to characterize those aspects of adaptation that are specifically related to maintaining movement stability when manipulating complex objects. Experiments will be conducted using a robotic manipulandum that allows the intrinsic dynamical properties of complex "virtual objects" to be precisely defined. In the first experiment, subjects will be trained to make point-to-point reaching movements while manipulating a dynamically complex virtual object. A comparison of figural errors (which quantify differences in kinematic shape profiles) between movements made with dynamic and rigid objects will be used to determine if subjects are learning and internal model of the object dynamics, or are simply increasing overall limb stiffness or memorizing the specific patterns of forces imposed by the manipulandum. In the second experiment, subjects will make continuous rhythmic movements with the dynamic object. Methods from nonlinear dynamics will be used to quantify movement dimensionality (correlation dimensions) and the sensitivity of the neuromuscular control system to internally-generated local perturbations (Lyapunov exponents). It is hypothesized that the dimensionality of movement is determined by the intrinsic mechanics of the arm+object, and will therefore not change significantly as a function of training, but that the central nervous system adapts its control strategy to make movements less sensitive to local perturbations. It is anticipated that the results of these experiments will lead to a better understanding of the neuromuscular control processes underlying object manipulation and will eventually help provide clearer direction for developing functionally realistic virtual interactions for motor rehabilitation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: NOVEL NEUROPROTECTION BY CAFFEINE IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwarzschild, Michael A.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Recent epidemiological studies have strongly linked the common consumption of coffee and other caffeinated beverages to a significantly reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), raising the possibility of neuroprotection by caffeine. Many CNS effects of caffeine have been attributed to its antagonistic actions on the A2A subtype of adenosine receptor (A2AR). We have recently found that caffeine and chlorostyryl-caffeine (a more specific A2A antagonist) as well as genetic inactivation of the A2AR all protect against MPTP neurotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, we have observed that A2AR blockade or A2A deficiency can reduce the levels of the toxic MPTP metabolite, MPP+ in vivo. Based on the convergence of epidemiological and molecular data, we hypothesize that caffeine attenuates neurotoxin-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration through a novel A2Adependent mechanism. We propose (in response to PA 99-054) to systematically characterize caffeine-induced neuroprotection and its mechanism in the MPTP model of PD using complementary pharmacological and genetic approaches to A2AR inactivation. Specific Aim 1 will investigate the effects of caffeine on MPTP-induced neurotoxicity by analyzing the death as well as dysfunction of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons (i.e., dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra, as well as depletion of dopamine content and re-uptake sites in the striatum). Caffeine's potency
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and time course of protection against these MPTP-induced nigrostriatal lesions will be established. Specific Aim 2 will determine caffeine's initial mechanism of action in the attenuation of MPTP toxicity. Pharmacological consideration of caffeine's known molecular targets as candidate mediators of neuroprotection will be pursued by comparing the effects of specific inhibitors of A1 receptors, A2 receptors, GABAA receptors and phosphodiesterase activity in the MPTP model. A more definitive demonstration of A2AR involvement will be pursued by comparing the effects of caffeine in wild-type and A2AR knockout mice. Specific Aim 3 will explore two plausible mechanisms of A2AR-mediated neuroprotection by caffeine. We will examine MPTP metabolism in vivo and monoamine oxidase activity in vitro to pursue the possibility that altered neurotoxin metabolism contributes to the neuroprotective effects of caffeine. Lastly, based on evidence that A2AR blockade reduces striatal glutamate and dopamine release, we will assess the ability of caffeine and A2AR inactivation to reduce the potentially toxic extracellular levels of these neurotransmitters induced by MPTP in vivo. Together these experiments stand to establish a novel neuroprotective role for A2AR inactivation in the MPTP model of PD, as well as a potential mechanism by which caffeine may reduce the risk of developing PD. As specific A2A receptor antagonists are now being introduced in PD clinical trials for their acute motor benefits, an understanding of their effects on the underlying neurodegenerative process in PD may be of considerable therapeutic, as well as epidemiological, significance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: PARAXANTHINE AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bracken, Michael B.; Professor and Head; Epidemiology and Public Health; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1987; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiologic studies of antenatal caffeine consumption and adverse pregnancy outcomes have produced conflicting results. Most prior studies relied on self-reported caffeine consumption as a measure of caffeine exposure. However, caffeine metabolism and clearance greatly affect internal dose and, subsequently, fetal dose and consumption data may not provide a valid assessment of caffeine exposure. Because only 2.0% of caffeine is excreted as such in urine, there is considerable opportunity for error in estimating caffeine exposure using urinary caffeine levels. Paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine are primary metabolites of caffeine in humans and readily detected in body fluids. These metabolites may provide more reliable estimates of the biologically effective internal dose of caffeine. The specific aims of this application are: 1) to examine associations between intra-uterine growth retardation, preterm delivery, and birthweight with fetal caffeine exposure as estimated by cord blood serum paraxanthine; 2) to examine associations between serum paraxanthine, urinary caffeine, other metabolites, and self-reported caffeine intake; 3) to develop statistical models to determine the most precise predictive factors of caffeine exposure. We will link the analysis of serum caffeine metabolites with data previously collected on a large cohort of pregnant women (n=1775). Trained research assistants administered a baseline interview that included detailed questions on caffeine and decaffeinated beverage consumption, demographics, pregnancy history, medical history, tobacco and alcohol use, physical activity, use of nutritional supplements, and other reproductive risk factors. All women were asked to provide a urine sample at a baseline interview and cord blood was routinely collected and stored. In addition, women were randomly assigned to provide urine samples at 20, 28 or 36 weeks
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gestation. Medical records were abstracted to obtain information on obstetrical outcomes. The proposed work would conduct detailed biomarker analyses on samples collected from this cohort to provide a more complete understanding of effects of caffeine exposure on perinatal outcomes from a more accurate estimate of fetal exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: RISK FACTORS FOR PANCREATIC CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, I-Min M.; Assistant Professor of Medicine; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, MA 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by Applicant) Pancreatic cancer is the ninth most commonly occurring cancer, but the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the US. It is one of the most rapidly fatal cancers, with 1- and 5-year survival of only 16 percent and 0.4 percent. As there are currently no effective treatments for this disease, prevention is of paramount importance. Only older age and cigarette smoking are well- established risk factors. The roles of other risk factors, such as pipe and cigar smoking, coffee, tea and alcohol consumption, the presence of diabetes mellitus, and physical activity are unclear. To provide more information, we propose to analyze the associations of these characteristics with pancreatic cancer risk using previously collected data. In 1962 or 1966 (1962/1966), 29,347 men and women, who were free of cancer and aged 30-79 years, returned a health questionnaire. Subjects also returned another health questionnaire in 1977. They provided a wide range of information on these two questionnaires, including data on cigarette, pipe and cigar smoking, coffee, tea and alcohol consumption, physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and physical activity. Between 1962/1966 through 1993, 210 subjects died from pancreatic cancer. We request funds to collect another two years of mortality data through 1995 (given the costs constraints of the small grants program), bringing the total of pancreatic cancer deaths to an estimated 230. Power calculations show adequate power to detect moderate increases in relative risks (1.5-2.5) associated with these risk factors. This large database provides a unique and cost-effective opportunity to examine the associations of various characteristics, most of which are modifiable, with pancreatic cancer risk. Findings from these analyses will have public health significance for a highly fatal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TREATMENT OF ACUTE STROKE ETHANOL AND CAFFEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grotta, James C.; Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, TX 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Neuroprotection refers to the concept of administering a drug that ameliorates at the cellular level those biochemical perturbations leading to brain damage after an acute stroke. Many neuroprotective drugs have been shown to reduce damage in animal models of stroke. For instance, drugs that block glutamate receptors or downstream effects of glutamatergic activity reduce infarct volume by about 50% in rats. However, Clinical trials of these same drugs have failed to demonstrate efficacy. There are probably many reasons for these failures, but in summary, we have failed to design our clinical studies to match the circumstances under which these drugs are effective in the laboratory. For instance: 1.
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We have started drugs 6-24 hours after stroke onset in humans when they have only been effective in the lab if started within 2-3 hours. 2. We have standardized stroke severity and location in the lab, but have not done so when selecting patients for Clinical trials. 3. We have not routinely coupled neuroprotective therapy to attempts at reperfusion (i.e. giving them along with thrombolytic drugs), even though they are most effective in laboratory models of temporary arterial occlusion. 4. Because of side effects that limit doses we are able to give medically unstable stroke patients, we have not been able to achieve blood levels that are effective in animal models. Another important reason for our clinical failures may be that the drugs we have tested have not been sufficiently potent at protecting cells and reversing the biological abnormalities that occur after stroke. Stronger drugs or combinations of drugs affecting multiple pathways may be needed. This is a proposal for a pilot study that will address all these deficiencies. In work carried out in our laboratory over the past 2 years, we have found that the combination of various doses of ethanol and caffeine can reduce infarct volume by up to 80% after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion, while the same doses given alone of ethanol are harmful and of caffeine are only slightly protective. This combination is effective if started up to 3 hours after the onset of stroke, and produces blood levels which are within the range that are very well tolerated in humans (i.e. below the legal intoxicating blood alcohol level and roughly 3 cups of coffee). Finally, this treatment is even more effective if coupled with mild hypothermia (body temperature reduced to 35 C). See Preliminary Results and Appendix #7 for details. A number of questions remain. The mechanism(s) of action of this combination are unclear. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors that may lead to changes in glutamate release. Ethanol may affect glutamate and GABA, and also enhances the cellular uptake of a number of substances. These mechanisms need to be explored in future laboratory studies, which have been recently funded in a NIH RO-1, grant to Dr. Aronowski. The combination is less effective in animals that had been previously exposed to ethanol, suggesting a tolerance effect. This may limit its use or require higher doses in a population where alcohol is widely consumed. Finally, the optimal dose of this combination remains to be established in human stroke patients. There are no known reports of the use of the combination of ethanol and caffeine in human stroke patients. One lesson from previous neuroprotective trials is that we should try to achieve doses in humans resulting in blood levels at the high range of efficacy in animals. This may be particularly true in the case of ethanol/caffeine because of previous exposure of our patients to ethanol. In laboratory studies, 5-10% ethanol and 10-mg./kg. caffeine given intravenously in combination over 1 hour are most effective; higher doses provide no additional benefit in naive animals. It is unclear if these doses will be tolerated or effective in human stroke patients. However, the doses to be used in this study are well within the usually consumed amounts of these compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: UNDERSTANDING ROUTINE SEQUENTIAL ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Botvinick, Matthew M.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): A Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K0l) is requested, to support the establishment of an interdisciplinary research program examining the cognitive mechanisms underlying routine sequential behavior. Routine, goal-oriented action on objects -- the kind of action involved in everyday tasks such as making a cup of coffee -- is fundamental to independent functioning in daily life. When
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the ability to perform such actions is impaired, as frequently seen in stroke, head injury and neurodegenerative disorders, the impact is typically devastating. Understanding the mechanisms underlying routine sequential behavior, including those involved in representing goals, sequencing actions, and selecting objects, thus represents an important public health objective. The training and research contained in the present proposal pursue this goal by drawing on three important developments in recent research: (1) the application of recurrent neural network models to routine sequential action, (2) detailed tracking of eye and hand movements during the performance of naturalistic tasks, and (3) the analysis of performance in disorders affecting routine sequential action, e.g., action disorganization syndrome (ADS). Recurrent neural networks provide a framework for understanding routine behavior that differs strongly from traditional, schema-based accounts, and which appears to overcome several of their basic problems. In the proposed work, a series of computer simulations will evaluate recurrent networks as models of sequential action on objects, with an initial focus on two theoretically important issues: how objects are selected to become targets of action, and how established procedural knowledge is extended to partially novel task circumstances. Concurrent behavioral experimentation will serve to test predictions of the modeling work, and to provide empirical constraints for the developing theory. Four specific studies are proposed, two using error analyses and chronometric techniques to test predictions about naturalistic task performance in normal subjects and patients with ADS, and two using eye- and hand-tracking techniques to test detailed predictions about object selection and behavior in partially novel settings, again involving both normal and apraxic patients. In support of these research activities, the proposal includes coursework, mentored training activities, and external laboratory rotations, designed to facilitate the acquisition of new skills relating both to computational modeling and empirical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for coffee in the PubMed Central database: ·
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A cDNA encoding a metallothionein I-like protein from coffee leaves (Coffea arabica).. by Moisyadi S, Stiles JI. 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=161217
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Biosynthesis of Caffeine in Leaves of Coffee.. by Ashihara H, Monteiro AM, Gillies FM, Crozier A. 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157891
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Coffea arabica L., a new host plant for Acetobacter diazotrophicus, and isolation of other nitrogen-fixing acetobacteria.. by Jimenez-Salgado T, Fuentes-Ramirez LE, TapiaHernandez A, Mascarua-Esparza MA, Martinez-Romero E, Caballero-Mellado J. 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=168673
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Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study. by Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB. 2003 Feb 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149440
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Regulation of Purine Metabolism in Intact Leaves of Coffea arabica.. by Nazario GM, Lovatt CJ. 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159106
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Separate de Novo and Salvage Purine Pools Are Involved in the Biosynthesis of Theobromine but Not Caffeine in Leaves of Coffea arabica L.. by Nazario GM, Lovatt CJ. 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159107
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with coffee, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “coffee” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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“Coffee and”: a way to treat the untreatable. Author(s): Masnik R, Bucci L, Isenberg D, Normand W. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1971 August; 128(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5112943&dopt=Abstract
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“Coffee grounds” through the chest tube. Author(s): Al-Mobeireek AF, Al-Kattan K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 August; 16(2): 361-3. Erratum In: Eur Respir J 2000 November; 16(5): 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968515&dopt=Abstract
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“Coffee groups”: a nine-year follow-up study. Author(s): Masnik R, Olarte SW, Rosen A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 January; 137(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7352568&dopt=Abstract
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8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA from leukocytes of healthy adults: relationship with cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee consumption. Author(s): van Zeeland AA, de Groot AJ, Hall J, Donato F. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 February 19; 439(2): 249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023075&dopt=Abstract
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A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. II. Incidence and types of neoplasms. Author(s): Wurzner HP, Lindstrom E, Vuataz L, Luginbuhl H. Source: Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1977 August; 15(4): 289-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=590890&dopt=Abstract
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A case-control study of pancreatic cancer and cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and diet. Author(s): Olsen GW, Mandel JS, Gibson RW, Wattenberg LW, Schuman LM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1989 August; 79(8): 1016-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2751016&dopt=Abstract
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A critique of the rationale for cancer treatment with coffee enemas and diet. Author(s): Green S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 December 9; 268(22): 3224-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433763&dopt=Abstract
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A cup of coffee. Author(s): Skucas J. Source: Academic Radiology. 1996 February; 3(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8796661&dopt=Abstract
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A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Hernan MA, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F, Gestal-Otero JJ. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 September; 52(3): 276-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205639&dopt=Abstract
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A meta-analysis of coffee, myocardial infarction, and coronary death. Author(s): Greenland S. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1993 July; 4(4): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8347748&dopt=Abstract
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A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality. Author(s): Hindmarch I, Rigney U, Stanley N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 April; 149(3): 203-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823400&dopt=Abstract
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A new kind of hospital magazine. Holy Name Hospital reaches Bergen County coffee tables. Author(s): Botvin JD. Source: Profiles Healthc Mark. 2002 March-April; 18(2): 24-31, 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11915202&dopt=Abstract
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A piece of my mind. So long, coffee shop. Author(s): Cohen RL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 September 1; 262(9): 1234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2761064&dopt=Abstract
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A placebo-controlled parallel study of the effect of two types of coffee oil on serum lipids and transaminases: identification of chemical substances involved in the cholesterol-raising effect of coffee. Author(s): van Rooij J, van der Stegen GH, Schoemaker RC, Kroon C, Burggraaf J, Hollaar L, Vroon TF, Smelt AH, Cohen AF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 June; 61(6): 1277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7762531&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Author(s): Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 June 9; 281(22): 2106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367821&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women. Author(s): Kawachi I, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996 March 11; 156(5): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8604958&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized intervention study of the effects of discontinuing coffee intake on growth and morbidity of iron-deficient Guatemalan toddlers. Author(s): Dewey KG, Romero-Abal ME, Quan de Serrano J, Bulux J, Peerson JM, Engle P, Solomons NW. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 February; 127(2): 306-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039832&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized study on coffee and blood pressure. Author(s): Bak AA, Grobbee DE. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1990 June; 4(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2362257&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, double-blind comparison of two different coffee-roasting processes on development of heartburn and dyspepsia in coffee-sensitive individuals. Author(s): DiBaise JK. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 April; 48(4): 652-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741451&dopt=Abstract
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A retrospective study of renal cancer with special reference to coffee and animal protein consumption. Author(s): Armstrong B, Garrod A, Doll R. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1976 February; 33(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=944046&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the relationship between coffee consumption and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Christensen L, Murray T. Source: Journal of Community Health. 1990 December; 15(6): 391-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2149141&dopt=Abstract
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A study of the impact of Arabic coffee consumption on serum cholesterol. Author(s): el Shabrawy Ali M, Felimban FM. Source: J R Soc Health. 1993 December; 113(6): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308844&dopt=Abstract
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A two-coffee culture. Author(s): Morowitz HJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1988 February 15; 23(2): 257, 261. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3125200&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption and subjective effects of caffeine from coffee, cola and capsules. Author(s): Liguori A, Hughes JR, Grass JA. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1997 November; 58(3): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9329065&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption and urinary excretion of the coffee diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Author(s): De Roos B, Meyboom S, Kosmeijer-Schuil TG, Katan MB. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1998 December; 244(6): 451-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893098&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption of caffeine from tea, coffee, and coca cola. Author(s): Marks V, Kelly JF. Source: Lancet. 1973 April 14; 1(7807): 827. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4121243&dopt=Abstract
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Abstention from filtered coffee reduces the concentrations of plasma homocysteine and serum cholesterol. Author(s): Wolever TM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 75(5): 948-9; Author Reply 949-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976172&dopt=Abstract
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Abstention from filtered coffee reduces the concentrations of plasma homocysteine and serum cholesterol--a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Christensen B, Mosdol A, Retterstol L, Landaas S, Thelle DS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 September; 74(3): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522552&dopt=Abstract
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Abstinence from coffee leads to a fall in blood pressure. Author(s): Bak AA, Grobbee DE. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1989 December; 7(6): S260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2632724&dopt=Abstract
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Acute effect of decaffeinated coffee on heart rate, blood pressure, and exercise performance in healthy subjects. Author(s): Prakash R, Kaushik VS. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1988 January; 80(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3339645&dopt=Abstract
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Acute health effects of organophosphorus pesticides on Tanzanian small-scale coffee growers. Author(s): Ngowi AV, Maeda DN, Partanen TJ, Sanga MP, Mbise G. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2001 JulyAugust; 11(4): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571613&dopt=Abstract
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Acute symptoms in coffee workers. Author(s): Uragoda CG. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 June; 91(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3392766&dopt=Abstract
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Acute ventilatory response to green coffee dust extract. Author(s): Zuskin E, Kanceljak B, Witek TJ Jr, Schachter EN. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 March; 66(3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1900983&dopt=Abstract
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Adaptation of blood pressure to continuous heavy coffee drinking in young volunteers. A double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Ammon HP, Bieck PR, Mandalaz D, Verspohl EJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 June; 15(6): 701-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6871070&dopt=Abstract
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Advancing surgical techniques during abdominal sacrocolpopexy: the case for interdisciplinary discussions over coffee sacrocolpopexy:. Author(s): Chehata A, Clark F, Fettke G, Sherwood R. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 August; 42(3): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230070&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol, coffee, fat, and breast cancer. Author(s): Skegg DC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 October 24; 295(6605): 10112. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3120849&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol, smoking, coffee and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Author(s): Tavani A, Bertuzzi M, Negri E, Sorbara L, La Vecchia C. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(12): 1131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530773&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992 November 15; 136(10): 1248-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1476147&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Author(s): Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Hanley AJ, Mao Y. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2000 February; 9(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10777010&dopt=Abstract
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Alcoholism, cigarette smoking, coffee drinking and extraversion. Author(s): Ayers J, Ruff CF, Templer DI. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1976 July; 37(7): 983-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=972550&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic manifestations due to castor beans: an undue risk for the dock workers handling green coffee beans. Author(s): Patussi V, De Zotti R, Riva G, Fiorito A, Larese F. Source: Med Lav. 1990 July-August; 81(4): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2150429&dopt=Abstract
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Allergy to the coffee plant. Author(s): Axelsson IG. Source: Allergy. 1994 December; 49(10): 885-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710000&dopt=Abstract
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Alterations in urinary VMA levels following cigarette smoking, coffee drinking and alcohol consumption. Author(s): Sharma TR, Chansouria JP, Udupa KN. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1980 July-September; 24(3): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7461807&dopt=Abstract
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Aluminium coffee percolators as a source of dietary aluminium. Author(s): Lione A, Allen PV, Smith JC. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1984 April; 22(4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6539273&dopt=Abstract
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An update on research with coffee/caffeine (1989-1990). Author(s): Stavric B. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1992 June; 30(6): 533-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1500039&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of green coffee bean and castor bean allergens using RAST inhibition. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Karr RM, Salvaggio JE. Source: Clin Allergy. 1981 July; 11(4): 357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7296806&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of the content of the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in coffee brews. Author(s): Gross G, Jaccaud E, Huggett AC. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1997 June; 35(6): 547-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225012&dopt=Abstract
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And coffee too. Author(s): Cameron P, Boehmer J. Source: Int J Addict. 1982 April; 17(3): 569-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7095932&dopt=Abstract
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Another look at coffee drinking and cancer of the urinary bladder. Author(s): Bross ID, Tidings J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1973 November; 2(3): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4774263&dopt=Abstract
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Antiadhesive effect of green and roasted coffee on Streptococcus mutans' adhesive properties on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. Author(s): Daglia M, Tarsi R, Papetti A, Grisoli P, Dacarro C, Pruzzo C, Gazzani G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 February 27; 50(5): 1225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853508&dopt=Abstract
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Antibacterial activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffee arabica) with special reference to Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Shetty M, Subbannayya K, Shivananda PG. Source: J Commun Dis. 1994 September; 26(3): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868837&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant activity of Cleome arabica leaves extract. Author(s): Selloum L, Sebihi L, Mekhalfia A, Mahdadi R, Senator A. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 November; 25(4): S608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9450036&dopt=Abstract
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Antithiamine effect of coffee. Author(s): Somogyi JC, Nageli U. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1976; 46(2): 149-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1032625&dopt=Abstract
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Anyone for a coffee enema? Author(s): McBryde B. Source: Nurs Times. 2000 December 14-2001 January 3; 96(50): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11965801&dopt=Abstract
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Are coffee and tea consumption associated with urinary tract cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Author(s): Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 April; 30(2): 353-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369742&dopt=Abstract
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Are coffee, tea, and total fluid consumption associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Author(s): Zeegers MP, Dorant E, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 April; 12(3): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405328&dopt=Abstract
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Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Author(s): Nehlig A. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 1999 March; 23(4): 563-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073894&dopt=Abstract
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Arrhythmias related to coffee and tea. Author(s): Flynn JT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 January 26; 211(4): 663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5466945&dopt=Abstract
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Association between coffee drinking and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. PANKRAS II Study Group. Author(s): Porta M, Malats N, Guarner L, Carrato A, Rifa J, Salas A, Corominas JM, Andreu M, Real FX. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 November; 53(11): 702-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656099&dopt=Abstract
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Association between habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure levels. Author(s): Salvaggio A, Periti M, Miano L, Zambelli C. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1990 June; 8(6): 585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2165094&dopt=Abstract
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Association of boiled and filtered coffee with incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction: the SHEEP and the VHEEP study. Author(s): Hammar N, Andersson T, Alfredsson L, Reuterwall C, Nilsson T, Hallqvist J, Knutsson A, Ahlbom A; SHEEP and the VHEEP study. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2003 June; 253(6): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755961&dopt=Abstract
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Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. Author(s): Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Tung KH, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Curb JD, Popper JS, White LR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 May 24-31; 283(20): 2674-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819950&dopt=Abstract
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Association of coffee consumption with gallbladder disease. Author(s): Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 December 1; 152(11): 1034-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11117612&dopt=Abstract
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Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Kabuto M, Shimizu H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 30(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507508&dopt=Abstract
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Association of dietary protein intake and coffee consumption with serum homocysteine concentrations in an older population. Author(s): Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Miller ER 3rd, Maguire MG, Selhub J, Appel LJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 March; 69(3): 467-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075332&dopt=Abstract
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Association of meat and coffee use with cancers of the large bowel, breast, and prostate among Seventh-Day Adventists: preliminary results. Author(s): Phillips RL, Snowdon DA. Source: Cancer Research. 1983 May; 43(5 Suppl): 2403S-2408S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6831464&dopt=Abstract
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Association of serum lipids with coffee, tea, and egg consumption in free-living subjects. Author(s): Green MS, Jucha E. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1986 December; 40(4): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3655625&dopt=Abstract
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Association of serum lipoproteins and health-related habits with coffee and tea consumption in free-living subjects examined in the Israeli CORDIS Study. Author(s): Green MS, Harari G. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1992 July; 21(4): 532-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1409495&dopt=Abstract
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Association of tumor differentiation with caffeine and coffee intake in women with breast cancer. Author(s): Pozner J, Papatestas AE, Fagerstrom R, Schwartz I, Saevitz J, Feinberg M, Aufses AH Jr. Source: Surgery. 1986 September; 100(3): 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3738767&dopt=Abstract
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Associations between maternal decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee consumption and fetal growth and gestational duration. Author(s): Eskenazi B, Stapleton AL, Kharrazi M, Chee WY. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1999 May; 10(3): 242-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230832&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic hypersensitivity to a protein of the green coffee bean and absence of allergic reactions to chlorogenic acid, low-molecular-weight components of green coffee, or to roasted coffee. Author(s): Layton LL, Panzani R, Greene FC, Corse JW. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1965; 28(1): 116-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4955565&dopt=Abstract
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Bean hypersensitivity in coffee workers' asthma: a clinical and immunological appraisal. Author(s): Lehrer SB. Source: Allergy Proc. 1990 March-April; 11(2): 65-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2338237&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral economics of drug self-administration. IV. The effects of response requirement on the consumption of and interaction between concurrently available coffee and cigarettes. Author(s): Bickel WK, Hughes JR, DeGrandpre RJ, Higgins ST, Rizzuto P. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1992; 107(2-3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1615122&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral treatment of caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking. Author(s): Foxx RM, Rubinoff A. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1979 Fall; 12(3): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=511802&dopt=Abstract
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia: the opposite effects of alcohol and coffee intake. Author(s): Gass R. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410741&dopt=Abstract
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Biopharmacological effects of coffee substances other than caffeine. Author(s): Czok G. Source: Arch Sci Med (Torino). 1974 January-March; 131(1): 15-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4441270&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder cancer and coffee consumption in smokers and non-smokers in Spain. Author(s): Escolar Pujolar A, Gonzalez CA, Lopez-Abente G, Errezola M, Izarzugaza I, Nebot M, Riboli E. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 February; 22(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8449645&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder cancer and coffee drinking: a summary of case-control research. Author(s): Viscoli CM, Lachs MS, Horwitz RI. Source: Lancet. 1993 June 5; 341(8858): 1432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099140&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder cancer, tobacco smoking, coffee and alcohol drinking in Brescia, northern Italy. Author(s): Donato F, Boffetta P, Fazioli R, Aulenti V, Gelatti U, Porru S. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 October; 13(7): 795-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384269&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure in coffee drinkers. Author(s): Williamson MR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 November 16; 299(20): 1137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=703798&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure response to the “second cup of coffee”. Author(s): Goldstein IB, Shapiro D, Hui KK, Yu JL. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1990 May-June; 52(3): 337-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2195580&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure, coffee, tea and tobacco consumption: an epidemiological study in Algiers. Author(s): Lang T, Bureau JF, Degoulet P, Salah H, Benattar C. Source: European Heart Journal. 1983 September; 4(9): 602-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6641752&dopt=Abstract
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Boiled coffee and blood pressure. A 14-week controlled trial. Author(s): van Dusseldorp M, Smits P, Lenders JW, Thien T, Katan MB. Source: Hypertension. 1991 November; 18(5): 607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1937663&dopt=Abstract
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Boiled coffee increases serum low density lipoprotein concentration. Author(s): Aro A, Tuomilehto J, Kostiainen E, Uusitalo U, Pietinen P. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1987 November; 36(11): 1027-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3312933&dopt=Abstract
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Breakfast cereal and caffeinated coffee: effects on working memory, attention, mood, and cardiovascular function. Author(s): Smith AP, Clark R, Gallagher J. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1999 August 1; 67(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463623&dopt=Abstract
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Breakfast cereal, caffeinated coffee, mood, and cognition. Author(s): Smith A. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 March; 16(3): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705080&dopt=Abstract
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Breast cancer and the consumption of coffee. Author(s): Rosenberg L, Miller DR, Helmrich SP, Kaufman DW, Schottenfeld D, Stolley PD, Shapiro S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 September; 122(3): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4025289&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchial reactivity in green coffee exposure. Author(s): Zuskin E, Kanceljak B, Skuric Z, Butkovic D. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1985 June; 42(6): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4005196&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchodilator effects of caffeine in coffee. A dose-response study of asthmatic subjects. Author(s): Gong H Jr, Simmons MS, Tashkin DP, Hui KK, Lee EY. Source: Chest. 1986 March; 89(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3948545&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchoprovocation studies in coffee worker's asthma. Author(s): Karr RM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1979 December; 64(6 Pt 2): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=512261&dopt=Abstract
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Burkitt's lymphoma of the stomach: a case presenting with a submucosal tumor and coffee-cup-like ulcers. Author(s): Miyaguchi S, Hibi T, Kanai T, Tashiro H, Suematsu M, Guevara FM, Tsuchiya M. Source: Endoscopy. 1993 September; 25(7): 494-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262003&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor...I am 72 years old and generally healthy, but I have an annoying problem: at the end of the day, my voice gets weak and hoarse. I wonder if it's related to my heartburn, which wakes me up occasionally with an acid taste in my throat and mouth. I drink a lot of coffee, and I used to be a heavy smoker but gave that up 15 years ago. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 June; 25(8): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10810068&dopt=Abstract
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Cadmium and cobalt in tea and coffee and their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Horwitz C, van der Linden SE. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1974 February 9; 48(6): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4814501&dopt=Abstract
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Cafestol (a coffee lipid) decreases uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in human skin fibroblasts and liver cells. Author(s): Rustan AC, Halvorsen B, Ranheim T, Drevon CA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 September 20; 827: 158-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9329750&dopt=Abstract
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Cafestol and kahweol, two coffee specific diterpenes with anticarcinogenic activity. Author(s): Cavin C, Holzhaeuser D, Scharf G, Constable A, Huber WW, Schilter B. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 August; 40(8): 1155-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067578&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee effects on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and lipase activity: a controlled, randomized trial. Author(s): Superko HR, Bortz W Jr, Williams PT, Albers JJ, Wood PD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 September; 54(3): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1877516&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeinated beverages, decaffeinated coffee, and spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Fenster L, Hubbard AE, Swan SH, Windham GC, Waller K, Hiatt RA, Benowitz N. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1997 September; 8(5): 515-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270953&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking: an analysis of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Author(s): Klesges RC, Ray JW, Klesges LM. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 1994; 6(4): 407-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7780298&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine and coffee tolerance. Author(s): Notarius CF, Rongen GA, Floras JS. Source: Circulation. 2003 August 12; 108(6): E38-40; Author Reply E38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914013&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine and coffee tolerance. Author(s): Schmitt J, Schimitt J. Source: Circulation. 2003 August 12; 108(6): E38-40; Author Reply E38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914011&dopt=Abstract
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caffeine and coffee tolerance. Author(s): Lovallo WR, Whitsett TL, Wilson MF. Source: Circulation. 2003 August 12; 108(6): E38-40; Author Reply E38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914010&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine and coffee tolerance. Author(s): Siegel S, Sokolowska M, Kim JA. Source: Circulation. 2003 August 12; 108(6): E38-40; Author Reply E38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12912798&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine and coffee: effects on health and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Chou TM, Benowitz NL. Source: Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1994 October; 109(2): 173-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7881818&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals. Author(s): Acheson KJ, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Pittet P, Anantharaman K, Jequier E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1980 May; 33(5): 989-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7369170&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine in coffee: its removal. Why and how? Author(s): Ramalakshmi K, Raghavan B. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1999 September; 39(5): 441-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10516914&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine metabolism and coffee-attributed sleep disturbances. Author(s): Levy M, Zylber-Katz E. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 June; 33(6): 770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6851408&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine self-administration in humans: 2. A within-subjects comparison of coffee and cola vehicles. Author(s): Liguori A, Hughes JR. Source: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 August; 5(3): 295-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260078&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine self-administration, withdrawal, and adverse effects among coffee drinkers. Author(s): Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Bickel WK, Hunt WK, Fenwick JW, Gulliver SB, Mireault GC. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991 July; 48(7): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2069491&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine, coffee and ephedrine: impact on exercise performance and metabolism. Author(s): Graham TE. Source: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee. 2001; 26 Suppl: S103-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897887&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporotic women is determined by dietary calcium and coffee intake. Author(s): Hasling C, Sondergaard K, Charles P, Mosekilde L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1992 May; 122(5): 1119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1564564&dopt=Abstract
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California man convicted for brewing a coffee scam. Author(s): Meadows M. Source: Fda Consumer. 2001 November-December; 35(6): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11785491&dopt=Abstract
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Calling “Dr. SUMEX”: the diagnostician's new colleague needs no coffee breaks. Author(s): Stengel R, Thompson D. Source: Time. 1982 May 17; 119(20): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10298506&dopt=Abstract
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Can coffee help fighting the drug problem? Preliminary results of a Brazilian youth drug study. Author(s): Flores GB, Andrade F, Lima DR; Brazilian Youth Drug Study. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 December; 21(12): 1059-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603278&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer mortality in relation to national consumption of cigarettes, solid fuel, tea and coffee. Author(s): Stocks P. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1970 June; 24(2): 215-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5451565&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer of the bladder and cigarette smoking, coffee and alcohol drinking in Lebanon. Author(s): Abou-Daoud KT. Source: J Med Liban. 1980; 31(3): 251-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7218288&dopt=Abstract
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Carbon monoxide exposure from coffee roasting. Author(s): Newton J. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2002 September; 17(9): 6002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216587&dopt=Abstract
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Carbon monoxide poisoning from industrial coffee extraction. Author(s): Nishimura F, Abe S, Fukunaga T. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 16; 290(3): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865373&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and stress in regular coffee drinkers. Author(s): Lane JD, Williams RB Jr. Source: Psychophysiology. 1987 March; 24(2): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602267&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular effects of coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Lovallo WR. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 October 1; 54(7): 941. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486061&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular effects of coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Whitsett TL, Manion CV, Christensen HD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 March 15; 53(7): 918-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6702647&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular reactivity, mood, and task performance in deprived and nondeprived coffee drinkers. Author(s): Ratliff-Crain J, O'Keeffe MK, Baum A. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1989; 8(4): 427-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2583079&dopt=Abstract
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Case-control studies on the acute effects of coffee upon the risk of myocardial infarction: problems in the selection of a hospital control series. Author(s): Rosenberg L, Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Miettinen OS. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981 June; 113(6): 646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7234852&dopt=Abstract
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Case-control study of decaffeinated coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Wynder EL, Dieck GS, Hall NE. Source: Cancer Research. 1986 October; 46(10): 5360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3756885&dopt=Abstract
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Casual blood pressure in a general Danish population. Relation to age, sex, weight, height, diabetes, serum lipids and consumption of coffee, tobacco and alcohol. Author(s): Kirchhoff M, Torp-Pedersen C, Hougaard K, Jacobsen TJ, Sjol A, Munch M, Tingleff J, Jorgensen T, Schroll M, Olsen ME. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1994 May; 47(5): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7730872&dopt=Abstract
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Champagne or coffee? NATN Theatre Mastermind visit to the Netherlands. Author(s): Sheeran C. Source: Natnews. 1986 September; 23(9): 30-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3641058&dopt=Abstract
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Change in alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption in pregnant women: evolution between 1988 and 1992 in an area of high consumption. Author(s): Kaminski M, Lelong N, Bean K, Chwalow J, Subtil D. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1995 June; 60(2): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641962&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in cigarette smoking and coffee drinking after alcohol detoxification in alcoholics. Author(s): Aubin HJ, Laureaux C, Tilikete S, Barrucand D. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1999 March; 94(3): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605869&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effects of coffee bean and rice constituents on colorectal carcinogenesis. Author(s): Mori H, Kawabata K, Matsunaga K, Ushida J, Fujii K, Hara A, Tanaka T, Murai H. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 12(1-4): 101-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216469&dopt=Abstract
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Children who can't smell the coffee: isolated congenital anosmia. Author(s): Assouline S, Shevell MI, Zatorre RJ, Jones-Gotman M, Schloss MD, Oudjhane K. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1998 April; 13(4): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568760&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market. Author(s): Uematsu Y, Hirata K, Suzuki K, Iida K, Saito K. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 February; 18(2): 177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288915&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol-raising effects of coffee: clues to regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Author(s): Grundy SM. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995 December; 238(6): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9422032&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee does not pass a paper filter. Author(s): van Dusseldorp M, Katan MB, van Vliet T, Demacker PN, Stalenhoef AF. Source: Arterioscler Thromb. 1991 May-June; 11(3): 586-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2029499&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic consumers of boiled coffee have elevated serum levels of lipoprotein(a). Author(s): Urgert R, Weusten-van der Wouw MP, Hovenier R, Lund-Larsen PG, Katan MB. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1996 December; 240(6): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010383&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland. Author(s): Zatonski WA, Boyle P, Przewozniak K, Maisonneuve P, Drosik K, Walker AM. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 February 20; 53(4): 601-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8436433&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette smoking, obesity, diuretic use, and coffee consumption as risk factors for renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Yu MC, Mack TM, Hanisch R, Cicioni C, Henderson BE. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986 August; 77(2): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461197&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette smoking, tea and coffee drinking, and subfecundity. Author(s): Olsen J. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 April 1; 133(7): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2018028&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects. Author(s): McDonald AD, Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1992 January; 82(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536342&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and prematurity. Author(s): McDonald AD, Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1992 January; 82(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536341&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Armstrong BG, McDonald AD, Sloan M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1992 January; 82(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536340&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and peptic ulcer. Author(s): Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB, Seltzer CC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 February 28; 290(9): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4810814&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarettes, alcohol, coffee, and caffeine as risk factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps. Author(s): Lee WC, Neugut AI, Garbowski GC, Forde KA, Treat MR, Waye JD, Fenoglio-Preiser C. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1993 May; 3(3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8275195&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarettes, coffee, and preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Author(s): Williams MA, Mittendorf R, Stubblefield PG, Lieberman E, Schoenbaum SC, Monson RR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992 April 15; 135(8): 895-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1585902&dopt=Abstract
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Circulatory effects of coffee in relation to the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Author(s): Smits P, Thien T, van't Laar A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985 December 1; 56(15): 958-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4072930&dopt=Abstract
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Clastogenic agents in the urine of coffee drinkers and cigarette smokers. Author(s): Dunn BP, Curtis JR. Source: Mutation Research. 1985 August; 147(4): 179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022032&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding coffee bean alphagalactosidase. Author(s): Zhu A, Goldstein J. Source: Gene. 1994 March 25; 140(2): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8144030&dopt=Abstract
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Clustering of atherogenic behaviors in coffee drinkers. Author(s): Puccio EM, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor E, Ganiats TG. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 November; 80(11): 1310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2240295&dopt=Abstract
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Coexistence of type I and type IV sensitization in occupational coffee allergy. Author(s): Treudler R, Tebbe B, Orfanos CE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 February; 36(2): 109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062751&dopt=Abstract
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'Coffee & condoms': the implementation of a sexual health programme in acute psychiatry in an inner city area. Author(s): Woolf L, Jackson B. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1996 February; 23(2): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708243&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Author(s): Corti R, Binggeli C, Sudano I, Spieker L, Hanseler E, Ruschitzka F, Chaplin WF, Luscher TF, Noll G. Source: Circulation. 2002 December 3; 106(23): 2935-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460875&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and alcohol as determinants of risk of pancreas cancer: a case-control study from Toronto. Author(s): Jain M, Howe GR, St Louis P, Miller AB. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1991 February 1; 47(3): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1993545&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts. Author(s): Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 May; 10(5): 429-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352851&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and alcohol intake and risk of ovarian cancer: an Italian case-control study. Author(s): Tavani A, Gallus S, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, Montella M, Conti E, La Vecchia C. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588899&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and alcohol intake as predictors of smoking cessation and tobacco withdrawal. Author(s): Hughes JR, Oliveto AH. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 1993; 5(3): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8312736&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and alcohol intake, smoking and risk of multiple pregnancy. Author(s): Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Benzi G, Di Cintio E, Dal Pino D, Tozzi L, Fedele L. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 October; 11(10): 2306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8943546&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and alcohol use and the risk of ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Boyko EJ, Perera DR, Koepsell TD, Keane EM, Inui TS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 May; 84(5): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2719009&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and birth defects. Author(s): Jacobson MF, Goldman AS, Syme RH. Source: Lancet. 1981 June 27; 1(8235): 1415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6113366&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and blood lipids in women. Author(s): Masse J. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 February; 24(1): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7797351&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and caffeine and alcohol effects on psychomotor function. Author(s): Nuotto E, Mattila MJ, Seppala T, Konno K. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1982 January; 31(1): 68-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7053307&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Horwitz DL. Source: Compr Ther. 1981 September; 7(9): 3-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7307465&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. Author(s): Lowenfels AB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 February 19; 247(7): 979-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7057588&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. Author(s): Cuckle HS, Kinlen LJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1981 November; 44(5): 760-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7317276&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. Author(s): MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, Warren K, Nardi G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 March 12; 304(11): 630-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7453739&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer of the pancreas: an Italian multicenter study. The Italian Pancreatic Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Gullo L, Pezzilli R, Morselli-Labate AM. Source: Pancreas. 1995 October; 11(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8577674&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer. Author(s): Jensen OM. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 206: 287-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952094&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer: a prospective study of 43,000 Norwegian men and women. Author(s): Stensvold I, Jacobsen BK. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1994 September; 5(5): 401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999961&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer: a review of epidemiological studies, 1990-1999. Author(s): Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2000 August; 9(4): 241-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958327&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cancer: a review of human and animal data. Author(s): Nehlig A, Debry G. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1996; 79: 185-221. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9111815&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Dawber TR. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1976 March; 15(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=960790&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cardiovascular disease. Observations from the framingham study. Author(s): Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Gordon T. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 October 24; 291(17): 871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4412497&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cardiovascular risk: epidemiological findings in Austria. Author(s): Schwarz B, Bischof HP, Kunze M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 December; 19(4): 894-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2084018&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cholesterol in epidemiological and experimental studies. Author(s): Thelle DS, Heyden S, Fodor JG. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1987 October; 67(2-3): 97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3314888&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cholesterol, an Italian study. Author(s): Salvaggio A, Periti M, Miano L, Quaglia G, Marzorati D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 July 15; 134(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1862798&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cholesterol: is it all in the brewing? The Tromso Study. Author(s): Bonaa K, Arnesen E, Thelle DS, Forde OH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 October 29; 297(6656): 1103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3143443&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cholesterol: what is brewing? Author(s): Thelle DS. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 October; 230(4): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919420&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and cola beverage consumption as heart disease risk factors in men. Author(s): Stanton MF, Ahrens RA, Douglass LW. Source: Experientia. 1978 September 15; 34(9): 1182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=720516&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and coronary disease. Author(s): Stone MC. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1987 April; 37(297): 146-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3694569&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and coronary disease. Author(s): Kannel WB, Dawber TR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 July 12; 289(2): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4710393&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993 April 12; 153(7): 902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8466384&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Myers MG, Basinski A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 September; 152(9): 1767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1387780&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and coronary heart disease. A new problem with old brew? Author(s): Willet W. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1994 November; 4(6): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7804506&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and coronary heart disease: a review. Author(s): Rosmarin PC. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1989 November-December; 32(3): 239-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2682780&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and delayed conception. Author(s): Williams MA, Monson RR, Goldman MB, Mittendorf R, Ryan KJ. Source: Lancet. 1990 June 30; 335(8705): 1603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1972529&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and doughnut maculopathy: a cause of acute central ring scotomas. Author(s): Kerrison JB, Pollock SC, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 February; 84(2): 158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10655191&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and fibrocystic breast disease. Author(s): Heyden S. Source: Surgery. 1980 November; 88(5): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7434218&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and gastrointestinal function: facts and fiction. A review. Author(s): Boekema PJ, Samsom M, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ. Source: Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1999; 230: 35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10499460&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and health in the elderly. Author(s): Zivkovic R. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 2000; 54(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914439&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and health: what's brewing? Author(s): Goldman P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 March 22; 310(12): 783-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6700659&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and heart disease: the hypothesis re-examined. Author(s): Vandongen R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1988 February 15; 148(4): 161-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3277015&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and homocysteine. Author(s): Vollset SE, Nygard O, Refsum H, Ueland PM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648251&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and hypertension. Author(s): Simon NM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 May 11; 298(19): 1092. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=643022&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and hypokalemia. Author(s): Rudy DR, Lee S. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1988 June; 26(6): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3379370&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and lipoprotein cholesterol. Author(s): Grossman EM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 September; 56(3): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503076&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: a case-control study. Author(s): Lubin F, Ron E, Wax Y, Modan B. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1985 March; 74(3): 569-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3856060&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Maugh TH. Source: American Heart Journal. 1974 November; 88(5): 672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4419294&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Jick H, Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Shapiro S, Heinonen OP, Slone D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 July 12; 289(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4710407&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and nonulcer dyspepsia. Author(s): Talley NJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 June; 88(6): 966. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8503399&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and opiate receptors. Another cup of coffee? Author(s): Iverson LL. Source: Nature. 1983 January 20; 301(5897): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6296692&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and ovarian cancer. Author(s): Hartge P, Lesher LP, McGowan L, Hoover R. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1982 October 15; 30(4): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7141746&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and ovarian cancer. Author(s): Trichopoulos D, Papapostolou M, Polychronopoulou A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1981 December; 28(6): 691-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7333704&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreas cancer: controversy in part explained? Author(s): Kinlen L, Goldblatt P, Fox J, Yudkin J. Source: Lancet. 1984 February 4; 1(8371): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6143024&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer (Chapter 2) Author(s): Hsieh CC, MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, Warren K, Nardi G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 August 28; 315(9): 587-9. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1986 October 2; 315(14): 905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3736647&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer in a rural California county. Author(s): Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Benenson AS, Cottrell L. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 January; 148(1): 48-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3277336&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Heilbrun LK. Source: Lancet. 1981 August 22; 2(8243): 415. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6115175&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Jick H, Dinan BJ. Source: Lancet. 1981 July 11; 2(8237): 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6113465&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Nomura A, Heilbrun LK, Stemmermann GN. Source: Lancet. 1984 April 21; 1(8382): 917. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6143229&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer. The problems of etiologic science and epidemiologic case-control research. Author(s): Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI, Spitzer WO, Battista RN. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 August 28; 246(9): 957-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7253179&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer: an analysis of international mortality data. Author(s): Binstock M, Krakow D, Stamler J, Reiff J, Persky V, Liu K, Moss D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1983 November; 118(5): 630-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6637990&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and plasma lipid levels. Author(s): Kokjohn K. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 October 14; 268(14): 1858-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1404708&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and serum cholesterol. Author(s): Arnesen E, Forde OH, Thelle DS. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 June 30; 288(6435): 1960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6428620&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: a study of self-defense officials in Japan. Author(s): Kono S, Shinchi K, Imanishi K, Todoroki I, Hatsuse K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 April 1; 139(7): 723-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909403&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and serum lipids: findings from the Olivetti Heart Study. Author(s): Jossa F, Krogh V, Farinaro E, Panico S, Giumetti D, Galasso R, Celentano E, Mancini M, Trevisan M. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1993 May; 3(3): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8275197&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and serum-lipids in coronary heart-disease. Author(s): Little JA, Shanoff HM, Csima A, Toronto MA, Yano R. Source: Lancet. 1966 April 2; 1(7440): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4159718&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Author(s): Longstreth WT Jr. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 August; 73(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122164&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea and the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Baron JA, Greenberg ER, Haile R, Mandel J, Sandler RS, Mott L. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1997 January; 6(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8993790&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea consumption and breast disease. Author(s): Lawson DH, Jick H, Rothman KJ. Source: Surgery. 1981 November; 90(5): 801-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7302833&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea consumption and cancers of the bladder, colon and rectum. Author(s): Woolcott CG, King WD, Marrett LD. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2002 April; 11(2): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984131&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease in men and women: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Author(s): Brown CA, Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1993 June; 47(3): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8350026&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea consumption in relation to the risk of large bowel cancer: a review of epidemiologic studies. Author(s): Rosenberg L. Source: Cancer Letters. 1990 July 31; 52(3): 163-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2199027&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality. Author(s): Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 August; 53(8): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10562866&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea consumption, dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol concentration of Finnish men and women. Author(s): Aro A, Pietinen P, Uusitalo U, Tuomilehto J. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1989 August; 226(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2769178&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea in psychiatric hospitals. Author(s): Rippere V. Source: Lancet. 1981 July 4; 2(8236): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6113421&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea influence pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic drugs. Author(s): Kulhanek F, Linde OK. Source: Lancet. 1981 August 15; 2(8242): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6115126&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: a study of 3,530 cases and 7,057 controls. Author(s): Tavani A, Pregnolato A, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Talamini R, Franceschi S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 October 9; 73(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9335441&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and tea intake and the risk of myocardial infarction. Author(s): Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 January 15; 149(2): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921961&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and the gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Turnberg LA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1978 September; 75(3): 529-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=680520&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and the heart. Author(s): Aro A. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1985; 17(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4015024&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and the human cardiovascular system. Author(s): Smits P, Thien T, van 't Laar A. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1987 August; 31(1-2): 36-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3309692&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and the immune system. Author(s): Melamed I, Kark JD, Spirer Z. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1990; 12(1): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2303315&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and the pancreas. Author(s): Trethewie ER. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 January 7; 140(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6087098&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee as therapy for hypotension. Author(s): Barrow R. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1991 August; 39(8): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071818&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee beans as a natural test food for the evaluation of the masticatory efficiency. Author(s): Schneider G, Senger B. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2001 April; 28(4): 342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350587&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee break with a difference. Author(s): MacTavish D, Dogan RK. Source: Can Nurse. 1970 September; 66(9): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5466736&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee break. Interview by Pat Anderson. Author(s): Kone D. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 August 5-11; 94(31): 38-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752205&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption among alcoholics as a function of time hospitalized. Author(s): Mozdzierz GJ, Goetz DJ, Semyck R, DeVito R, Davis WE. Source: Int J Addict. 1981 February; 16(2): 253-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7275379&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption among psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Winstead DK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1976 December; 133(12): 1447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10747&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and bladder cancer in nonsmokers: a pooled analysis of casecontrol studies in European countries. Author(s): Sala M, Cordier S, Chang-Claude J, Donato F, Escolar-Pujolar A, Fernandez F, Gonzalez CA, Greiser E, Jockel KH, Lynge E, Mannetje A, Pohlabeln H, Porru S, Serra C, Tzonou A, Vineis P, Wahrendorf J, Boffetta P, Kogevina M. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 December; 11(10): 925-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142527&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and bladder cancer risk. Author(s): D'Avanzo B, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Negri E, Talamini R, Buttino I. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1992; 28A(8-9): 1480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1515271&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and bladder cancer risk. Author(s): Clavel J, Cordier S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1991 January 21; 47(2): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1988365&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and blood pressure: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Author(s): Rosmarin PC, Applegate WB, Somes GW. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1990 May-June; 5(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2095747&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and blood pressure: an Italian study. Author(s): Periti M, Salvaggio A, Quaglia G, Di Marzio L. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1987 April; 72(4): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3829593&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and cause-specific mortality. Association with age at death and compression of mortality. Author(s): Lindsted KD, Kuzma JW, Anderson JL. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992 July; 45(7): 733-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1619453&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and cognitive function among older adults. Author(s): Johnson-Kozlow M, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Morton D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 November 1; 156(9): 842-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397002&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men. Author(s): Wilhelmsen L, Tibblin G, Elmfeldt D, Wedel H, Werko L. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1977; 201(6): 547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=878912&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in women. A ten-year follow-up. Author(s): Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 February 14; 275(6): 458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8627967&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Scottish men: a 21 year follow up study. Author(s): Hart C, Smith GD. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1997 August; 51(4): 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328559&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and death from coronary heart disease in middle aged Norwegian men and women. Author(s): Tverdal A, Stensvold I, Solvoll K, Foss OP, Lund-Larsen P, Bjartveit K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 March 3; 300(6724): 566-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2108750&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and decreased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and aminotransferase activities among male alcohol drinkers. Author(s): Tanaka K, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Tokudome S, Akamatsu T, Moriyama T, Zakouji H. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 June; 27(3): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9698132&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and decreased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: a study of middle-aged Japanese men. Author(s): Nakanishi N, Nakamura K, Nakajima K, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 May; 16(5): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997828&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and digestive tract cancers. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Ferraroni M, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Decarli A, Levi F, Franceschi S. Source: Cancer Research. 1989 February 15; 49(4): 1049-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2912550&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and fibrocystic breasts: an unlikely association. Author(s): Heyden S, Fodor JG. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 May; 29(3): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3708462&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and intrauterine growth retardation in Brazil. Author(s): Rondo PH, Rodrigues LC, Tomkins AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 50(11): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933114&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease and other causes: results from the Lutheran Brotherhood study, 1966-1978. Author(s): Murray SS, Bjelke E, Gibson RW, Schuman LM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981 June; 113(6): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7234854&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and mortality in a community study--Evans Co., Ga. Author(s): Heyden S, Tyroler HA, Cassel JC, Hames CG, Becker C, Heiss G. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1976 June; 15(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=969703&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and mortality in the Chicago Western Electric Company Study. Author(s): LeGrady D, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, Stamler J, Liu K, Paul O, Lepper M, Shryock AM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 November; 126(5): 803-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3661528&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and mortality. Total mortality, stroke mortality, and coronary heart disease mortality. Author(s): Heyden S, Tyroler HA, Heiss G, Hames CG, Bartel A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 October; 138(10): 1472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=708166&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and myocardial infarction in women. Author(s): Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Shapiro S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 April 15; 141(8): 724-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7709915&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and myocardial infarction in women. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Gentile A, Negri E, Parazzini F, Franceschi S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 September; 130(3): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2763993&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer: temporal and spatial correlation. Author(s): Benarde MA, Weiss W. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 February 6; 284(6313): 4002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6800475&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and plasma homocyst(e)ine: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Author(s): Nieto FJ, Comstock GW, Chambless LE, Malinow RM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 December; 66(6): 1475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394702&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and plasma total homocysteine: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Author(s): Nygard O, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Stensvold I, Nordrehaug JE, Kvale G, Vollset SE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 January; 65(1): 136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988925&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and reproductive failures. Author(s): Berg JE. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1992 May; 3(3): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1591330&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italian males. GISSIEFRIM. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto, Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio del'Infarto Miocardico. Author(s): D'Avanzo B, La Vecchia C, Tognoni G, Franceschi S, Franzosi MG, Nobili A, Santoro L, Scarsi G. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1993 November; 3(6): 595-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921306&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in a population based prospective cohort of Swedish women. Author(s): Terry P, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A. Source: Gut. 2001 July; 49(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413115&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of fatal cancers. Author(s): Snowdon DA, Phillips RL. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1984 August; 74(8): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6742274&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of gallstone disease. Author(s): Chadi BH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 December 15; 282(23): 2212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605971&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of hospitalized miscarriage before 12 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Di Cintio E, Mezzopane R, Surace M, Zanconato G, Fedele L, Benzi G. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 August; 13(8): 2286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9756312&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of ischaemic heart disease--a settled issue? Author(s): Gyntelberg F, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Sorensen H. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995 January; 237(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7830032&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Tavani A, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1994 July; 3(4): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7950889&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Liati P, Decarli A, Negri E, Franceschi S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1987 September 15; 40(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3623714&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Isogawa A, Noda M, Takahashi Y, Kadowaki T, Tsugane S. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 22; 361(9358): 703-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606201&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Yoshioka K, Kogure A, Yoshida T, Yoshikawa T. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 22; 361(9358): 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606200&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Reunanen A, Heliovaara M, Aho K. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 22; 361(9358): 702-3; Author Reply 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606198&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Tan DS. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 22; 361(9358): 702; Author Reply 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606197&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): van Dam RM, Feskens EJ. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 9; 360(9344): 1477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433517&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum aminotransferases in middle-aged Japanese men. Author(s): Honjo S, Kono S, Coleman MP, Shinchi K, Sakurai Y, Todoroki I, Umeda T, Wakabayashi K, Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M, Nakagawa K, Yoshizawa N. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2001 August; 54(8): 823-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470392&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum cholesterol in the hypertension detection and followup program. Author(s): Davis BR, Curb JD, Borhani NO, Prineas RJ, Molteni A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 July; 128(1): 124-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3381821&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum cholesterol. GISSI-EFRIM Study Group. Author(s): D'Avanzo B, Santoro L, Nobill A, La Vecchia C. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1993 March; 22(2): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8483860&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum cholesterol: an epidemiological study in Belgium. Author(s): Pietinen P, Geboers J, Kesteloot H. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 March; 17(1): 98-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3384555&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum lipids. Author(s): Masse J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 December; 89(6): 836. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2252058&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Author(s): Jee SH, He J, Appel LJ, Whelton PK, Suh I, Klag MJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 February 15; 153(4): 353-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207153&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Author(s): Rosmarin PC, Applegate WB, Somes GW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 April; 88(4): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2183599&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Author(s): LaCroix AZ, Mead LA, Liang KY, Thomas CB, Pearson TA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 October 16; 315(16): 977-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3762618&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Talamini R, Decarli A, Franceschi S, Parazzini F, Tognoni G. Source: Surgery. 1986 September; 100(3): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3738766&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Tavani A, Pregnolato A, La Vecchia C, Favero A, Franceschi S. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1998 February; 7(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9511854&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. A prospective study of 14,593 Norwegian women. Author(s): Vatten LJ, Solvoll K, Loken EB. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1990 August; 62(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2386741&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: a case-control study in a low-risk population. Author(s): Lyon JL, Mahoney AW, French TK, Moser R Jr. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1992 March; 3(2): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1576222&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease and death. Author(s): Kleemola P, Jousilahti P, Pietinen P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 December 11-25; 160(22): 3393-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112231&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and total body water homeostasis as measured by fluid balance and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Author(s): Neuhauser-Berthold, Beine S, Verwied SC, Luhrmann PM. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1997; 41(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9194998&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption as a factor in iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women and their infants in Costa Rica. Author(s): Munoz LM, Lonnerdal B, Keen CL, Dewey KG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 September; 48(3): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3414579&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption as trigger for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood. Author(s): Tuomilehto J, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Virtala E, LaPorte R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 March 10; 300(6725): 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322701&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption during pregnancy and selected congenital malformations: a nationwide case-control study. Author(s): Kurppa K, Holmberg PC, Kuosma E, Saxen L. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1983 December; 73(12): 1397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6638236&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption in hypertensive men in older middle-age and the risk of stroke: the Honolulu Heart Program. Author(s): Hakim AA, Ross GW, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Burchfiel CM, Sharp DS, Yano K, Abbott RD. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1998 June; 51(6): 487-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9635997&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption is correlated with serum cholesterol in middle-aged Finnish men and women. Author(s): Tuomilehto J, Tanskanen A, Pietinen P, Aro A, Salonen JT, Happonen P, Nissinen A, Puska P. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1987 September; 41(3): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3443818&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption not associated with risk of pancreas cancer in Finland. Author(s): Partanen T, Hemminki K, Vainio H, Kauppinen T. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1995 March; 24(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7597024&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking as determinants of serum total and HDL cholesterol in two Serbian cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Author(s): Jansen DF, Nedeljkovic S, Feskens EJ, Ostojic MC, Grujic MZ, Bloemberg BP, Kromhout D. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995 November; 15(11): 1793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7583557&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, benign breast disease, and breast cancer. Author(s): Le MG. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 October; 122(4): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4025311&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, birthweight, and reproductive failures. Author(s): Olsen J, Overvad K, Frische G. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1991 September; 2(5): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742388&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, blood pressure tonus and reactivity to physical challenge in 338 women. Author(s): Hofer I, Battig K. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1993 March; 44(3): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8451260&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, cigarette smoking and reporting of drowsiness in anxious patients treated with benzodiazepines or placebo. Author(s): Downing RW, Rickels K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1981 November; 64(5): 398-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7051756&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, diet, and lipids. Author(s): Haffner SM, Knapp JA, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Rosenthal M, Franco LJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 July; 122(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4014187&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, RF, and the risk of RA. Author(s): Hutchinson D, Moots R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 May; 60(5): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345081&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, RF, and the risk of RA. Author(s): Glaser JH. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 December; 59(12): 1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087705&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption, rheumatoid factor, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Heliovaara M, Aho K, Knekt P, Impivaara O, Reunanen A, Aromaa A. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 August; 59(8): 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10913061&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption. Author(s): Stoffer SS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 October; 139(10): 1194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=485763&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption: relationship to blood lipids in middle-aged women. Author(s): Carson CA, Caggiula AW, Meilahn EN, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 June; 23(3): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7960376&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee debate still percolating. Author(s): Atkinson HG. Source: Health News. 2000 July; 6(7): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932641&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking among Finnish youth. Author(s): Hemminki E, Rahkonen O, Rimpela A, Rimpela M. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1988; 26(2): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3347851&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Nichols AB. Source: Lancet. 1973 March 3; 1(7801): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4120385&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Steinke J. Source: Lancet. 1973 February 3; 1(7797): 258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4119396&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Yudkin J. Source: Lancet. 1973 January 27; 1(7796): 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4118835&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Dalderup LM. Source: Lancet. 1973 January 13; 1(7794): 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4118628&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and bladder cancer in Connecticut. Author(s): Marrett LD, Walter SD, Meigs JW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1983 February; 117(2): 113-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6829543&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and bladder cancer. Author(s): Ciccone G, Vineis P. Source: Cancer Letters. 1988 July; 41(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3390802&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and bladder cancer. Author(s): Hopkins J. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1984 June; 22(6): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6539739&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and blood cholesterol--effects of brewing method, food intake and life style. Author(s): Lindahl B, Johansson I, Huhtasaari F, Hallmans G, Asplund K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 October; 230(4): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919422&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Author(s): Morrison AS, Buring JE, Verhoek WG, Aoki K, Leck I, Ohno Y, Obata K. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1982 January; 68(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6948130&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Author(s): Simon D, Yen S, Cole P. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1975 March; 54(3): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1123851&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and cigarette smoking: I. Coffee, caffeine and cigarette smoking behavior. Author(s): Marshall WR, Epstein LH, Green SB. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1980; 5(4): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7211535&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and cigarette smoking: II. Coffee, urinary pH and cigarette smoking behavior. Author(s): Marshall WR, Green SB, Epstein LH, Rogers CM, McCoy JF. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1980; 5(4): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7211536&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and death due to coronary heart disease. Author(s): Hennekens CH, Drolette ME, Jesse MJ, Davies JE, Hutchison GB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 March 18; 294(12): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1246256&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and ischemic heart-disease. Author(s): Seakins JW. Source: Lancet. 1973 March 24; 1(7804): 666. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4121868&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and mortality in a 25-year follow up. Author(s): Vandenbroucke JP, Kok FJ, van 't Bosch G, van den Dungen PJ, van der Heide-Wessel C, van der Heide RM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 February; 123(2): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3946381&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and myocardial infarction in young women. Author(s): Rosenberg L, Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Stolley PD, Miettinen OS. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1980 June; 111(6): 675-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7386442&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and myocardial infarction in young women: an update. Author(s): Rosenberg L, Werler MM, Kaufman DW, Shapiro S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 July; 126(1): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3591779&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and nonfatal myocardial infarction in men under 55 years of age. Author(s): Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Shapiro S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 September; 128(3): 570-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3414661&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and prevalence of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Annesi I, Kauffmann F, Oryszczyn MP, Neukirch F, Dore MF. Source: Chest. 1990 May; 97(5): 1268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2378623&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and prevalence of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Pagano R, Negri E, Decarli A, La Vecchia C. Source: Chest. 1988 August; 94(2): 386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3396420&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and risk of bladder cancer. Author(s): Hartge P, Hoover R, West DW, Lyon JL. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1983 June; 70(6): 1021-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6574270&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and risk of coronary heart disease. Cholesterol concentration may have been within natural fluctuations. Author(s): Gurr MI. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 March 1; 314(7081): 680. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066498&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: an extended study of SelfDefense Officials of Japan. Author(s): Honjo S, Kono S, Coleman MP, Shinchi K, Sakurai Y, Todoroki I, Umeda T, Wakabayashi K, Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M, Nakagawa K, Yoshizawa N. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1999 July; 9(5): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976859&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and the risk of adenomatous polyps. Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Kvale G, Heuch I. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992 September; 45(9): 1031-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1432018&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and the risk of colon cancer: unfinished business. Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Kvale G, Heuch I. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1991 January; 2(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2021672&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Decarli A, Gentile A, Liati P, Regallo M, Tognoni G. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1984 May 15; 33(5): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6724734&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking in patients with duodenal ulcer and a control population. Author(s): Eisig JN, Zaterka S, Massuda HK, Bettarello A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 September; 24(7): 796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2799282&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking increases levels of urinary hydrogen peroxide detected in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Long LH, Halliwell B. Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 May; 32(5): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766414&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking influences plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. Author(s): Natella F, Nardini M, Giannetti I, Dattilo C, Scaccini C. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 6211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358504&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking prior to acute myocardial infarction. Results from the KaiserPermanente Epidemiologic Study of Myocardial Infarction. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 October 29; 226(5): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4800303&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and Parkinson's disease. Author(s): James WH. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 April; 53(4): 546; Author Reply 546. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666128&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking, mortality, and cancer incidence: results from a Norwegian prospective study. Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Bjelke E, Kvale G, Heuch I. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986 May; 76(5): 823-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3457969&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking, smoking, pollution, and cardiovascular disease: a problem of selfselection. Author(s): Hickey RJ, Clelland RC, Harner EB, Boyce DE. Source: Lancet. 1973 May 5; 1(7810): 1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4121563&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee drinking: a minor risk factor for bone loss and fractures. Author(s): Johansson C, Mellstrom D, Lerner U, Osterberg T. Source: Age and Ageing. 1992 January; 21(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1553855&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee during pregnancy: a reproductive hazard? Author(s): Narod SA, De Sanjose S, Victora C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 April; 164(4): 1109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014836&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee eating in chronic schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Benson JI, David JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 July; 143(7): 940-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3717451&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee extracts inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Bydlowski SP, Yunker RL, Rymaszewski Z, Subbiah MT. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1987; 57(2): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3115908&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee grinders assist pediatric dosing. Author(s): Burkhart CG. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 May; 65(5): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826085&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee in the cornflakes: time-of-day as a modulator of executive response control. Author(s): Manly T, Lewis GH, Robertson IH, Watson PC, Datta AK. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595257&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee increases levels of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in rats. Author(s): Sakamoto W, Isomura H, Fujie K, Nishihira J, Ozaki M, Yukawa S. Source: Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504356&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee increases state anxiety in males but not in females. Author(s): Botella P, Parra A. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590408&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee induced thermogenesis and skin temperature. Author(s): Tagliabue A, Terracina D, Cena H, Turconi G, Lanzola E, Montomoli C. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1994 August; 18(8): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7951473&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Klag MJ, Mead LA, LaCroix AZ, Wang NY, Coresh J, Liang KY, Pearson TA, Levine DM. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1994 November; 4(6): 425-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7804496&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and death from coronary heart disease. Coffee drinking was compared with tea drinking in monozygotic twins in 18th century. Author(s): Breimer L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 15; 312(7045): 1539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8646159&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and death from coronary heart disease. Coffee may have both short and long term effects. Author(s): Marchioli R, Di Mascio R, Marfisi RM, Vitullo F, Tognoni G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 15; 312(7045): 1539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8646160&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and elevated cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in men. Author(s): Williams PT, Wood PD, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Garay SC, Taylor CB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 March 8; 253(10): 1407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3968770&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and other factors in relation to multiple deliveries: a study in Greece. Author(s): Kapidaki M, Roupa Z, Sparos L, Tzonou A, Olsen J, Trichopoulos D. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1995 May; 6(3): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7619939&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and risk of hip fracture in women in northern Italy. Author(s): Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1995 July; 24(4): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7479631&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake and risk of hypertension: the Johns Hopkins precursors study. Author(s): Klag MJ, Wang NY, Meoni LA, Brancati FL, Cooper LA, Liang KY, Young JH, Ford DE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 March 25; 162(6): 657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911719&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women. Author(s): Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci EL. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 December; 123(6): 1823-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454839&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee intake over 33 years is not associated with developing hypertension. Author(s): Basile J. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 NovemberDecember; 4(6): 434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461309&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee is not a clear liquid. Author(s): Sosis MB. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 November; 91(5): 1308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049932&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee or decaff? Author(s): Grober SE. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 January; 60(1): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114292&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee or sugar. Which is to blame in IDDM? Author(s): Pozzilli P, Bottazzo GF. Source: Diabetes Care. 1991 February; 14(2): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2060419&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee pots, clean sheets and a star patient. Author(s): Jobling D. Source: Nurs Times. 1982 September 8-14; 78(36): 1527. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6923247&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee shops and clinics: the give and take of doing HIV/AIDS research with injecting drug users. Author(s): Marsh A, Loxley W. Source: Aust J Public Health. 1992 June; 16(2): 182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1391161&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee stimulation of cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction in humans. Author(s): Douglas BR, Jansen JB, Tham RT, Lamers CB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 September; 52(3): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393014&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee treat or trick? Author(s): Johnson RB, McCance DM, Lukash WM. Source: American Family Physician. 1975 June; 11(6): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1130255&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee use prior to myocardial infarction restudied: heavier intake may increase the risk. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 September; 132(3): 479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2389752&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee worker's allergy. Author(s): Osterman K, Zetterstrom O, Johansson SG. Source: Allergy. 1982 July; 37(5): 313-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6214962&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee worker's asthma: a clinical appraisal using the radioallergosorbent test. Author(s): Karr RM, Lehrer SB, Butcher BT, Salvaggio JE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1978 September; 62(3): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681627&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee worker's lung. A new example of extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Author(s): van Toorn DW. Source: Thorax. 1970 July; 25(4): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4922066&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee worker's lung: reconsideration of a case report. Author(s): Van den Bosch JM, Van Toorn DW, Wagenaar SS. Source: Thorax. 1983 September; 38(9): 720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6623427&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, alcohol and coronary risk factors. Author(s): Thelle DS. Source: Sozial- Und Praventivmedizin. 1988; 33(4-5): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3188662&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men living in Hawaii. Author(s): Yano K, Rhoads GG, Kagan A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 August 25; 297(8): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=882109&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, alcohol, and liver enzymes. Author(s): McLean AE. Source: Lancet. 1968 November 9; 2(7576): 1035. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4176362&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, alcohol, and the liver. Author(s): Sharp DS, Everhart JE, Benowitz NL. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1999 October; 9(7): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501405&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study. Author(s): Clavel F, Benhamou E, Auquier A, Tarayre M, Flamant R. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1989 January 15; 43(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2910828&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, arrhythmias, and common sense. Author(s): Graboys TB, Lown B. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 April 7; 308(14): 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6188049&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, blood pressure and plasma lipids: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Burr ML, Gallacher JE, Butland BK, Bolton CH, Downs LG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 July; 43(7): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2680475&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Author(s): Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 November; 53(11): 831-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556993&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine and hemostasis: a review. Author(s): Bak AA, Grobbee DE. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1990 December; 37(5-6): 242-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2074919&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine and hemostasis: results from two randomized studies. Author(s): Bak AA, van Vliet HH, Grobbee DE. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1990 August; 83(2-3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2146967&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine, and cardiovascular disease in men. Author(s): Grobbee DE, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Colditz G, Stampfer M, Willett W. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 October 11; 323(15): 1026-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2215561&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine, and serum cholesterol in Japanese men in Hawaii. Author(s): Curb JD, Reed DM, Kautz JA, Yano K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 April; 123(4): 648-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3953543&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine, and the risk of liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Corrao G, Zambon A, Bagnardi V, D'Amicis A, Klatsky A; Collaborative SIDECIR Group. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2001 October; 11(7): 458-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557177&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, caffeine, cholesterol, cardiologists and confusion. Author(s): Beamish RE. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1990 April; 6(3): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340443&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cardiac disease, cancer and common sense. Author(s): Hegde BM. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1994 March; 92(3): 76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057002&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cardiovascular and behavioral effects current research trends. Author(s): Battig K. Source: Rev Environ Health. 1991; 9(2): 53-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1771277&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, catecholamines and cardiac arrhythmia. Author(s): Wennmalm A, Wennmalm M. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1989 June; 9(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743738&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cholesterol, and colon cancer: is there a link. Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Thelle DS. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 January 3; 294(6563): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3101792&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Thelle DS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 April 6; 302(6780): 804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2025702&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cigarette smoking, and bladder cancer in western New York. Author(s): Vena JE, Freudenheim J, Graham S, Marshall J, Zielezny M, Swanson M, Sufrin G. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1993 November; 3(6): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921304&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cigarettes, and drug metabolism. Author(s): Granacher RP Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 June; 137(6): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7377410&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cocktails and coronary candidates. Author(s): Kannel WB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 August 25; 297(8): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=882116&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, coronary heart disease and mortality in middle-aged Swedish men: findings from the Primary Prevention Study. Author(s): Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 July; 230(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2066712&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, cream, and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Weisburger JH. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1994 March; 5(2): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8031372&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, dietary habits, and serum cholesterol among men and women 35-49 years of age. Author(s): Solvoll K, Selmer R, Loken EB, Foss OP, Trygg K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 June; 129(6): 1277-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729262&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, K-ras mutations and pancreatic cancer: a heterogeneous aetiology or an artefact? Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Heuch I. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 September; 54(9): 654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942442&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, lipids and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Hegele RA. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1991 January 15; 144(2): 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1986833&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Pirich C, O'Grady J, Sinzinger H. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1993; 105(1): 3-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8438598&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, pancreatic cancer and the question of causation. Author(s): Kuper HE, Mucci LA, Trichopoulos D. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 September; 54(9): 650-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942440&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, pancreatic cancer, and K-ras mutations: updating the research agenda. Author(s): Porta M, Malats N, Alguacil J, Ruiz L, Jariod M, Carrato A, Rifa J, Guarner L. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 September; 54(9): 656-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942443&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, plasma cholesterol, and lipoproteins. A population study in an adult community. Author(s): Mathias S, Garland C, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 June; 121(6): 896-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4014181&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, samba, football and. social inequalities: reflections on mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Lotufo PA. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2001 May 3; 119(3): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11391449&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, soya, and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): McMichael AJ. Source: Lancet. 1981 September 26; 2(8248): 689-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6116061&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, soya, and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Spector T. Source: Lancet. 1981 August 29; 2(8244): 474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6115229&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, sugars, and chronic diarrhea. Why a dietary history is important. Author(s): Babb RR. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1984 June; 75(8): 82, 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6728746&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea and cholesterol. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Petitti DB, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985 February 15; 55(5): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3969902&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea and cigarette use. Author(s): Gilbert RM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1979 March 3; 120(5): 522, 524. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=436031&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Thelle DS. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 1995 February; 6(1): 25-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7735710&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea and VPB. Author(s): Prineas RJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Crow RS, Blackburn H. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1980; 33(2): 67-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6153390&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Author(s): Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2002 January; 12(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750236&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Merlino L, Mudano AS, Burma M, Folsom AR, Saag KG. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 January; 46(1): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817612&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and coronary heart-disease. Author(s): Herbel ES, Scala J. Source: Lancet. 1973 July 21; 2(7821): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4124074&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and lifestyle. Author(s): Schwarz B, Bischof HP, Kunze M. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1994 May; 23(3): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8078860&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and mortality. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1993 July; 3(4): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8275213&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and plasma cholesterol: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic prevalence study. Author(s): Yudkin J. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 November 9; 291(6505): 1353. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3933667&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and plasma cholesterol: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic prevalence study. Author(s): Kark JD, Friedlander Y, Kaufmann NA, Stein Y. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 September 14; 291(6497): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3929904&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, or frostbite? A case report of inflight freezing hazard from dry ice. Author(s): Gamble WB, Bonnecarre ER. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1996 September; 67(9): 880-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9025807&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, or milk? Part 1: the service side of care delivery. Author(s): Barnes S. Source: Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses / American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses. 2002 October; 17(5): 346-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384904&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, tobacco, and cancer of the large bowel. Author(s): Baron JA, Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Ekbom A. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1994 October-November; 3(7): 565-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827586&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for cancer and adenoma of the large intestine. Author(s): Olsen J, Kronborg O. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 June; 22(3): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8359954&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee. Author(s): Morowitz HJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1984 September; 19(9): 203,208. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6432819&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee. Author(s): Mullner JW. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1969 April 12; 100(14): 683. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5776447&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee. Facts and controversies. Author(s): Etherton GM, Kochar MS. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1993 March; 2(3): 317-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8252153&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee: an unknown risk factor? Author(s): de Leeuw PW. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1987 August; 31(1-2): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3658056&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee: brew or bane? Author(s): Thompson WG. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1994 July; 308(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8010338&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee: good for what ails you? Author(s): Stevenson JM. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1978 February; 71(2): 96-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=344807&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee-associated osteoporosis offset by daily milk consumption. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Author(s): Barrett-Connor E, Chang JC, Edelstein SL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 January 26; 271(4): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8295286&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee-drinking and bladder cancer. Author(s): Fraumeni JF Jr, Scotto J, Dunham LJ. Source: Lancet. 1971 November 27; 2(7735): 1204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4108010&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee-drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Author(s): Cole P. Source: Lancet. 1971 June 26; 1(7713): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4103399&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee-drinking and personality as factors in the genesis of cancer and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Grossarth-Maticek R, Eysenck HJ. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1990-91; 23(3): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2098673&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee--grounds for reassurance. Author(s): Vaisrub S. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 October; 138(10): 1471. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=708165&dopt=Abstract
Studies 85
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Coffee-reaginic human sera tested in human volunteers and macaque monkeys. Absence of reactions to chlorogenic acid. Author(s): Layton LL, Panzani R, Cortese TA. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1968; 33(5): 417-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5657239&dopt=Abstract
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Cohort study of coffee intake and death from coronary heart disease over 12 years. Author(s): Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Jacobsen BK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 March 2; 312(7030): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595285&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative inhibition of coffee-induced gastric acid secretion employing misoprostol and cimetidine. Author(s): Salmon PR, Barton T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1986 February; 31(2 Suppl): 55S-62S. Erratum In: Dig Dis Sci 1987 October; 32(10): 1214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3080289&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacology between habitual and non-habitual coffee-drinkers: a practical class exercise in pharmacology. Author(s): Satoh H, Tanaka T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 52(3): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9218933&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of coffee intake and coffee-induced symptoms in patients with duodenal ulcer, nonulcer dyspepsia, and normal controls. Author(s): Elta GH, Behler EM, Colturi TJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 October; 85(10): 1339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2220726&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of effect of cafetiere and filtered coffee on serum concentrations of liver aminotransferases and lipids: six month randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Urgert R, Meyboom S, Kuilman M, Rexwinkel H, Vissers MN, Klerk M, Katan MB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 30; 313(7069): 1362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956701&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of next-of-kin with self-respondents regarding questions on cigarette, coffee, and alcohol consumption. Author(s): McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS, Mehl ES, Blot WJ. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1990 September; 1(5): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2078619&dopt=Abstract
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Confounders contributing to the reported associations of coffee or caffeine with disease. Author(s): Schreiber GB, Robins M, Maffeo CE, Masters MN, Bond AP, Morganstein D. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1988 May; 17(3): 295-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405986&dopt=Abstract
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Consequences on the newborn of chronic maternal consumption of coffee during gestation and lactation: a review. Author(s): Nehlig A, Debry G. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1994 February; 13(1): 6-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157856&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tobacco, and gastric cancer in Spain. Author(s): Agudo A, Gonzalez CA, Marcos G, Sanz M, Saigi E, Verge J, Boleda M, Ortego J. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1992 March; 3(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562703&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of boiled coffee is correlated with serum cholesterol in Finland. Author(s): Pietinen P, Aro A, Tuomilehto J, Uusitalo U, Korhonen H. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 September; 19(3): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2262252&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of coffee during pregnancy: article raises more questions than it answers. Author(s): Tsoi L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 7; 326(7401): 1268; Author Reply 1269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791760&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of coffee during pregnancy: authors should adjust for history of drug abuse. Author(s): Sindos M, Pisal N, Michala S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 7; 326(7401): 1268; Author Reply 1269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791758&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of coffee during pregnancy: data do not support claim. Author(s): Jacobs A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 7; 326(7401): 1268-9; Author Reply 1269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791759&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of coffee or tea and symptoms of anxiety. Author(s): Eaton WW, McLeod J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1984 January; 74(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6689844&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of French-press coffee raises cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity levels before LDL cholesterol in normolipidaemic subjects. Author(s): De Roos B, Van Tol A, Urgert R, Scheek LM, Van Gent T, Buytenhek R, Princen HM, Katan MB. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2000 September; 248(3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971787&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. Author(s): Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Zock PL, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 March; 73(3): 532-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237928&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of tea and coffee and the risk of lung cancer in cigarette-smoking men: a case-control study in Uruguay. Author(s): Mendilaharsu M, De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Carzoglio JC, Ronco A. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1998 February; 19(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9567246&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of unfiltered coffee brews in elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators. Author(s): Urgert R, de Groot CP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 July; 50 Suppl 2: S101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841789&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy to green coffee bean dust in a coffee processing plant worker. Author(s): Diba VC, English JS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225422&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee: a randomized controlled trial in humans. Author(s): Verhoef P, Pasman WJ, Van Vliet T, Urgert R, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450889&dopt=Abstract
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Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and coffee in healthy, community-living men and women. Author(s): Carmody TP, Brischetto CS, Matarazzo JD, O'Donnell RP, Connor WE. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1985; 4(4): 323-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4054078&dopt=Abstract
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Coronary mortality and living standard. II. Coffee, tea, cocoa, alcohol and tobacco. Author(s): Brummer P. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1969 July-August; 186(1-2): 61-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5807646&dopt=Abstract
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Coronary risk factors in middle-aged men as related to smoking, coffee intake and physical activity. Author(s): Hostmark AT, Berg J, Brudal S, Berge SR, Kierulf P, Bjerkedal T. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1992 December; 20(4): 196-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1475645&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of decaffeinated coffee choice. Author(s): Leviton A, Allred EN. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1994 September; 5(5): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7986869&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation of smoking and coffee drinking with sperm progressive motility in infertile males. Author(s): Adelusi B, al-Twaijiri MH, al-Meshari A, Kangave D, al-Nuaim LA, Younnus B. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998 March-June; 27(1-2): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456129&dopt=Abstract
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Cytogenetic response to coffee in Chinese hamster ovary AUXB1 cells and human peripheral lymphocytes. Author(s): Tucker JD, Taylor RT, Christensen ML, Strout CL, Hanna ML. Source: Mutagenesis. 1989 September; 4(5): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2687627&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxic testing and leucocyte increase as an index to food sensitivity. II. Coffee and tobacco. Author(s): Ulett GA, Perry SG. Source: Ann Allergy. 1975 March; 34(3): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1168438&dopt=Abstract
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Dacryocystorhinostomy use of a “coffee can lid” stent. Author(s): Tenzel DP, Loff HJ, Tenzel RR. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991; 7(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1863565&dopt=Abstract
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Daily intake of trace metals through coffee consumption in India. Author(s): Suseela B, Bhalke S, Kumar AV, Tripathi RM, Sastry VN. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 February; 18(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288908&dopt=Abstract
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Deaths related to coffee enemas. Author(s): Eisele JW, Reay DT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 October 3; 244(14): 1608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7420666&dopt=Abstract
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Decaffeinated coffee and acute myocardial infarction. A case-control study in Italian women. Author(s): La Vecchia C, D'Avanzo B, Negri E, Franceschi S, Gentile A, Tavani A. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1993 November; 3(6): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921307&dopt=Abstract
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Decaffeinated coffee and serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Author(s): Pearson TA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 September; 56(3): 604-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503075&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase: positive interaction with alcohol and body mass index, negative association with coffee. Author(s): Poikolainen K, Vartiainen E. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 December 15; 146(12): 1019-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420526&dopt=Abstract
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Determinism versus stochasticism: in support of long coffee breaks. Author(s): Tam CC, Lopman BA. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 July; 57(7): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821684&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic tests in allergy to green coffee. Author(s): Osterman K, Johansson SG, Zetterstrom O. Source: Allergy. 1985 July; 40(5): 336-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4037254&dopt=Abstract
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Dicinnamoylquinides in roasted coffee inhibit the human adenosine transporter. Author(s): de Paulis T, Schmidt DE, Bruchey AK, Kirby MT, McDonald MP, Commers P, Lovinger DM, Martin PR. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 May 10; 442(3): 215-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065074&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and cancer: food additives, coffee, and alcohol. Author(s): Sandler RS. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1983; 4(4): 273-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6348707&dopt=Abstract
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Diet, alcohol, coffee and pancreatic cancer: final results from an Italian study. Author(s): Soler M, Chatenoud L, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Negri E. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1998 December; 7(6): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926293&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of coffee on speed and power tests. Author(s): Lienert GA, Huber HP. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 1966 July; 63(2): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5966307&dopt=Abstract
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Diterpene composition of oils from Arabica and Robusta coffee beans and their effects on serum lipids in man. Author(s): Mensink RP, Lebbink WJ, Lobbezoo IE, Weusten-Van der Wouw MP, Zock PL, Katan MB. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995 June; 237(6): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7782725&dopt=Abstract
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Diterpenes from coffee beans decrease serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in humans: results from four randomised controlled trials. Author(s): Urgert R, Weusten-van der Wouw MP, Hovenier R, Meyboom S, Beynen AC, Katan MB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 51(7): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9234024&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee consumption increase the risk of reproductive adversities? Author(s): Leviton A. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1995 January-February; 50(1): 20-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860962&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee consumption protect against thyroid disease? Author(s): Linos A, Linos DA, Vgotza N, Souvatzoglou A, Koutras DA. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1989 June-July; 155(6-7): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2816215&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a metaanalysis. Author(s): Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stone CB. Source: British Heart Journal. 1994 September; 72(3): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946780&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee influence the lipid metabolism? Author(s): Heyden S. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1969 July; 9(4): 388-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5394270&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee protect against hepatocellular carcinoma? Author(s): Gallus S, Bertuzzi M, Tavani A, Bosetti C, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 956-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434283&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee protect against liver cirrhosis? Author(s): Gallus S, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2002 April; 12(3): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897178&dopt=Abstract
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Does coffee protect against the development of Parkinson disease (PD)? Author(s): Hern T, Newton W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2000 August; 49(8): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10947128&dopt=Abstract
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Does pancreatic cancer lead to an increased coffee consumption? Author(s): Heuch I, Kvale G, Jacobsen BK, Bjelke E. Source: Lancet. 1985 February 9; 1(8424): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2857387&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-dependent effect on serum cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations by consumption of boiled, non-filtered coffee. Author(s): Aro A, Teirila J, Gref CG. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1990 August; 83(2-3): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2242101&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-related sleep disturbances induced by coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Lasagna L. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1977 February; 21(2): 244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=837642&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-related sleep disturbances induced by coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Karacan I, Thornby JI, Anch M, Booth GH, Williams RL, Salis PJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1976 December; 20(6): 682-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=186223&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-response relationship between coffee and the risk of pancreas cancer. Author(s): Nishi M, Ohba S, Hirata K, Miyake H. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1996 February; 26(1): 42-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8551666&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking coffee and carbonated beverages blocks absorption of nicotine from nicotine polacrilex gum. Author(s): Henningfield JE, Radzius A, Cooper TM, Clayton RR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 September 26; 264(12): 1560-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2395197&dopt=Abstract
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Duration of coffee- and exercise-induced changes in the fatty acid profile of human serum. Author(s): Mougios V, Ring S, Petridou A, Nikolaidis MG. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2003 February; 94(2): 47684. Epub 2002 September 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391036&dopt=Abstract
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Dutch coffee shops and trends in cannabis use. Author(s): Korf DJ. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2002 November-December; 27(6): 851-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369472&dopt=Abstract
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Early follicular phase hormone levels in relation to patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and coffee use. Author(s): Lucero J, Harlow BL, Barbieri RL, Sluss P, Cramer DW. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 October; 76(4): 723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591405&dopt=Abstract
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Earthquake in Colombia: the tragedy of the coffee growing region. Health impact and lessons for the health sector. Author(s): Restrepo HE. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 October; 54(10): 761-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990480&dopt=Abstract
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Eating fresh coffee grounds: psychoneurosis or sub-clinical pellagra. Author(s): Moore DF. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1973 February; 66(2): 121-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685432&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: A break for the coffee-break. Author(s): Vaisrub S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 March 3; 231(9): 965. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1173105&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: Cuppa coffee for the cardia? Or Sanka soothes the sphincter? Author(s): Pope CE 2nd. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 October 30; 293(18): 931-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1177992&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a coffee lipid (cafestol) on cholesterol metabolism in human skin fibroblasts. Author(s): Halvorsen B, Ranheim T, Nenseter MS, Huggett AC, Drevon CA. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 April; 39(4): 901-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555953&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a coffee lipid (cafestol) on regulation of lipid metabolism in CaCo-2 cells. Author(s): Ranheim T, Halvorsen B, Huggett AC, Blomhoff R, Drevon CA. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1995 October; 36(10): 2079-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8576635&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a lipid-rich fraction from boiled coffee on serum cholesterol. Author(s): Zock PL, Katan MB, Merkus MP, van Dusseldorp M, Harryvan JL. Source: Lancet. 1990 May 26; 335(8700): 1235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1971319&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running. Author(s): Wiles JD, Bird SR, Hopkins J, Riley M. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992 June; 26(2): 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1623356&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of caffeine on coffee drinking. Author(s): Kozlowski LT. Source: Nature. 1976 November 25; 264(5584): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1004557&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee consumption on apolipoprotein B levels. Author(s): Periti M, Salvaggio A, Quaglia G, Di Marzio L, Miano L. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 March; 6(1): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2344880&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking on time to conception. Author(s): Alderete E, Eskenazi B, Sholtz R. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1995 July; 6(4): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7548349&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee and amphetamine on blood concentrations of sodium, potassium and chlorides during physical exercise and restitution. Author(s): Markiewicz K, Cholewa M, Chmura J. Source: Acta Med Pol. 1979; 20(2): 60-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=532702&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee and cigarette smoking on the blood pressure of patients with accelerated (malignant) hypertension. Author(s): Freestone S, Yeo WW, Ramsay LE. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1995 February; 9(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752180&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee and cigarette smoking on the blood pressure of untreated and diuretic-treated hypertensive patients. Author(s): Freestone S, Ramsay LE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 September; 73(3): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7124761&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee and tea drinking on postprandial hypotension in older men and women. Author(s): Rakic V, Beilin LJ, Burke V. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1996 June-July; 23(6-7): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8800584&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee and tea on blood levels and efficacy of antipsychotic drugs. Author(s): Bowen S, Taylor KM, Gibb IA. Source: Lancet. 1981 May 30; 1(8231): 1217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6112560&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Author(s): Avisar R, Avisar E, Weinberger D. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 June; 36(6): 992-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022898&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee ingestion on adrenocortical secretion in young men and dogs. Author(s): Bellet S, Kostis J, Roman L, DeCastro O. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1969 December; 18(12): 1007-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5362686&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee ingestion on catecholamine release. Author(s): Bellet S, Roman L, DeCastro O, Kim KE, Kershbaum A. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1969 April; 18(4): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5777013&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee ingestion on the left ventricular systolic time intervals at rest, during physical effort and the recovery period. Author(s): Markiewicz K, Cholewa M. Source: Cor Vasa. 1981; 23(4): 280-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7297074&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee lipids (cafestol and kahweol) on regulation of cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Rustan AC, Halvorsen B, Huggett AC, Ranheim T, Drevon CA. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997 October; 17(10): 21409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9351383&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with treated hypertension. Author(s): Eggertsen R, Andreasson A, Hedner T, Karlberg BE, Hansson L. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993 April; 233(4): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8463768&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on cholesterol and apolipoproteins, corroborated by caffeine levels. Author(s): Sedor FA, Schneider KA, Heyden S. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1991 November-December; 7(6): 3916. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1790048&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on distal colon function. Author(s): Brown SR, Cann PA, Read NW. Source: Gut. 1990 April; 31(4): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2338272&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on exercise-induced angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease in habitual coffee drinkers. Author(s): Piters KM, Colombo A, Olson HG, Butman SM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985 February 1; 55(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3969861&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease and healthy controls. Author(s): Boekema PJ, Samsom M, Smout AJ. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1999 November; 11(11): 1271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563539&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on glucose tolerance and circulating insulin in men with maturityonset diabetes. Author(s): Jankelson OM, Beaser SB, Howard FM, Mayer J. Source: Lancet. 1967 March 11; 1(7489): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4163899&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on human lower oesophageal function. Author(s): Salmon PR, Fedail SS, Wurzner HP, Harvey RF, Read AE. Source: Digestion. 1981; 21(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7227671&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on motor and sensory function of proximal stomach. Author(s): Boekema PJ, Samsom M, Roelofs JM, Smout AJ. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 May; 46(5): 945-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341663&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on solid-phase gastric emptying in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Author(s): Chang LM, Chen GH, Chang CS, Lien HC, Kao CH. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1995 August; 11(8): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7674421&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coffee on the speed of subject-paced information processing. Author(s): Battig K, Buzzi R. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1986; 16(2-3): 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3587571&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of decaffeinated versus regular coffee on blood pressure. A 12-week, doubleblind trial. Author(s): van Dusseldorp M, Smits P, Thien T, Katan MB. Source: Hypertension. 1989 November; 14(5): 563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2680964&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of decaffeinated versus regular coffee on serum lipoproteins. A 12-week double-blind trial. Author(s): van Dusseldorp M, Katan MB, Demacker PN. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 July; 132(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2356812&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of decaffeination of coffee or tea on gastro-oesophageal reflux. Author(s): Wendl B, Pfeiffer A, Pehl C, Schmidt T, Kaess H. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1994 June; 8(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918922&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of different coffees on esophageal acid contact time and symptoms in coffeesensitive subjects. Author(s): Brazer SR, Onken JE, Dalton CB, Smith JW, Schiffman SS. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1995 March; 57(3): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7753895&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of differently processed coffee on the gastric potential difference and intragastric pH in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Ehrlich A, Basse H, Henkel-Ernst J, Hey B, Menthe J, Lucker PW. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1998 March; 20(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604858&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of maternal smoking and coffee consumption on the risk of having a recognized Down syndrome pregnancy. Author(s): Torfs CP, Christianson RE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 December 15; 152(12): 1185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130625&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of processed and non-processed coffee samples on gastric potential difference. Study with healthy male Helicobacter pylori-positive and Helicobacter pylorinegative volunteers. Author(s): Ehrlich A, Lucker PW, Schaefer A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 July; 49(7): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442212&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of regular and decaffeinated coffee on serum gastrin levels. Author(s): Acquaviva F, DeFrancesco A, Andriulli A, Piantino P, Arrigoni A, Massarenti P, Balzola F. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1986 April; 8(2): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745848&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of storage temperatures and ingredients on growth of Bacillus cereus in coffee creamers. Author(s): Feijoo SC, Cotton LN, Watson CE, Martin JH. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 August; 80(8): 1546-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9276792&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of sucralose in coffee on plaque pH in human subjects. Author(s): Steinberg LM, Odusola F, Mandel ID. Source: Caries Research. 1996; 30(2): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833138&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of tea and coffee consumption on non-haem iron absorption: some questions about milk. Author(s): Farkas CS, Harding le Riche W. Source: Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1987 March; 41(2): 161-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3570873&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of tea and coffee consumption on serum uric acid levels by liquidchromatographic and uricase methods. Author(s): Yuan SC, Wang CJ, Kuo HW, Maa MC, Hsieh YS. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000 September; 65(3): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10903352&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of cafestol and kahweol from coffee grounds on serum lipids and serum liver enzymes in humans. Author(s): Urgert R, Schulz AG, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 January; 61(1): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825527&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of caffeinated coffee on intraocular pressure. Author(s): Okimi PH, Sportsman S, Pickard MR, Fritsche MB. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 1991 May; 4(2): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1741639&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of caffeine and coffee on fluid transport in the small intestine. Author(s): Wagner SM, Mekhjian HS, Caldwell JH, Thomas FB. Source: Gastroenterology. 1978 September; 75(3): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=680492&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of cessation of caffeinated-coffee consumption on ambulatory and resting blood pressure in men. Author(s): Superko HR, Myll J, DiRicco C, Williams PT, Bortz WM, Wood PD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994 April 15; 73(11): 780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8160616&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee and tea consumption on preterm delivery. Author(s): Berkowitz GS, Holford TR, Berkowitz RL. Source: Early Human Development. 1982 December 6; 7(3): 239-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7160334&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee and tea on lipoproteins and prostanoids. Author(s): Aro A, Kostiainen E, Huttunen JK, Seppala E, Vapaatalo H. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1985 October; 57(1): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4074461&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee consumption against the development of liver dysfunction: a 4-year follow-up study of middle-aged Japanese male office workers. Author(s): Nakanishi N, Nakamura K, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Source: Ind Health. 2000 January; 38(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680318&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee in alcoholics. Author(s): Santos RM, Vieira SA, Lima DR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 September 15; 115(6): 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872504&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee ingestion on oral glucose tolerance curves in normal human subjects. Author(s): Feinberg LJ, Sandberg H, De Castro O, Bellet S. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1968 October; 17(10): 916-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4300352&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee on ambulatory blood pressure in older men and women: A randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Rakic V, Burke V, Beilin LJ. Source: Hypertension. 1999 March; 33(3): 869-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10082501&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee on cardiovascular responses to stress: a 14-week controlled trial. Author(s): van Dusseldorp M, Smits P, Lenders JW, Temme L, Thien T, Katan MB. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1992 May-June; 54(3): 344-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1620810&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Author(s): Paoletti R, Corsini A, Tremoli E, Fumagalli R, Catapano AL. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1989 January-February; 21(1): 27-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2726662&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins: the Italian brewing method. Italian Group for the Study of Atherosclerosis and Dismetabolic Diseases, Rome II Center. Author(s): Sanguigni V, Gallu M, Ruffini MP, Strano A. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 February; 11(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489776&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of decaffeinated and nondecaffeinated coffee ingestion on blood glucose and plasma radioimmunoreactive insulin responses to rapid intravenous infusion of glucose in normal man. Author(s): Wachman A, Hattner RS, George B, Bernstein DS. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1970 July; 19(7): 539-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5426392&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on iron deficient Guatemalan toddlers' cognitive development and sleep. Author(s): Engle PL, VasDias T, Howard I, Romero-Abal ME, Quan de Serrano J, Bulux J, Solomons NW, Dewey KG. Source: Early Human Development. 1999 January; 53(3): 251-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088991&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on iron status of iron-deficient Guatemalan toddlers: a randomized intervention study. Author(s): Dewey KG, Romero-Abal ME, Quan de Serrano J, Bulux J, Peerson JM, Eagle P, Solomons NW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 66(1): 168-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209186&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type. Author(s): Quinlan P, Lane J, Aspinall L. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1997 November; 134(2): 164-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399380&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of naloxone and coffee on anterior pituitary hormones. Author(s): Zanoboni A, Zanoboni Muciaccia W. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987; 13(7): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3652930&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of regular and decaffeinated coffee on fetal breathing and heart rate. Author(s): Salvador HS, Koos BJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 May; 160(5 Pt 1): 1043-7. Erratum In: Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989 September; 161(3): 669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729379&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of two kinds of decaffeinated coffee on serum lipid profiles in healthy young adults. Author(s): Wahrburg U, Martin H, Schulte H, Walek T, Assmann G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 48(3): 172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8194502&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiologic properties of coffee in man. Author(s): Gould L, Reddy CV, Oh KC, Kim SG, Becker W. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 January; 19(1): 46-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=762254&dopt=Abstract
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End of the coffee mystery: diterpene alcohols raise serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Author(s): Heckers H, Gobel U, Kleppel U. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1994 February; 235(2): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308487&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancing medication compliance in coffee groups. Author(s): Olarte SW, Masnik R. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1981 June; 32(6): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7262849&dopt=Abstract
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Environmental factors and chronic unexplained dyspepsia. Association with acetaminophen but not other analgesics, alcohol, coffee, tea, or smoking. Author(s): Talley NJ, McNeil D, Piper DW. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1988 June; 33(6): 641-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3371135&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological evidence on coffee and digestive tract cancers: a review. Author(s): La Vecchia C. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1990; 8(5): 281-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2257694&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of coffee and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Wynder EL, Hall NE, Polansky M. Source: Cancer Research. 1983 August; 43(8): 3900-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6861152&dopt=Abstract
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Epithelial ovarian cancer and coffee drinking. Author(s): Miller DR, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Schottenfeld D, Lewis J, Stolley PD, Rosenshein N, Shapiro S. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 March; 16(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3570612&dopt=Abstract
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Event time-series relationship between cigarette smoking and coffee drinking. Author(s): Emurian HH, Nellis MJ, Brady JV, Ray RL. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1982; 7(4): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7183199&dopt=Abstract
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Evolution of green coffee protein profiles with maturation and relationship to coffee cup quality. Author(s): Montavon P, Duruz E, Rumo G, Pratz G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 9; 51(8): 2328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670177&dopt=Abstract
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Excess coffee and anxiety states. Author(s): MacCallum WA. Source: The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1979 Autumn; 25(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500292&dopt=Abstract
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Excess coffee consumption in simulated complex work settings: detriment or facilitation of performance? Author(s): Streufert S, Satish U, Pogash R, Gingrich D, Landis R, Roache J, Severs W. Source: The Journal of Applied Psychology. 1997 October; 82(5): 774-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337609&dopt=Abstract
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Extraction and analysis of coffee bean allergens. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Karr RM, Salvaggio JE. Source: Clin Allergy. 1978 May; 8(3): 217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=149620&dopt=Abstract
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Factors related to the development of sensitization to green coffee and castor bean allergens among coffee workers. Author(s): Romano C, Sulotto F, Piolatto G, Ciacco C, Capellaro E, Falagiani P, Constable DW, Verga A, Scansetti G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 July; 25(7): 643-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8521183&dopt=Abstract
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Factors relating to the development of respiratory symptoms in coffee process workers. Author(s): Thomas KE, Trigg CJ, Baxter PJ, Topping M, Lacey J, Crook B, Whitehead P, Bennett JB, Davies RJ. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1991 May; 48(5): 314-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039743&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal hot coffee scald of the larynx. Case report. Author(s): Mellen PF, Golle MF Jr, Smialek JE. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1995 June; 16(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572863&dopt=Abstract
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First-derivative spectrophotometric and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of caffeine in foods and pharmaceuticals. I. Rapid determination of caffeine in coffee, tea and soft drinks. Author(s): Abdel-Moety EM. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1988 May; 186(5): 412-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3388978&dopt=Abstract
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Food additives and coffee as risk factors. Author(s): Newell GR. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983; 132D: 141-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6634792&dopt=Abstract
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For want of a cup of coffee. Author(s): Harper JV. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1993 September; 68(9): 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8371612&dopt=Abstract
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Free fatty acid levels in habitual coffee drinkers in relation to quantities consumed, sex and age. Author(s): Cocchi M, Siniscalchi C, Rogato F, Valeriani A. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1983; 27(6): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6651224&dopt=Abstract
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Gall stones in a Danish population. Relation to weight, physical activity, smoking, coffee consumption, and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Jorgensen T. Source: Gut. 1989 April; 30(4): 528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2785475&dopt=Abstract
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Gallstone prevalence in relation to smoking, alcohol, coffee consumption, and nutrition. The Ulm Gallstone Study. Author(s): Kratzer W, Kachele V, Mason RA, Muche R, Hay B, Wiesneth M, Hill V, Beckh K, Adler G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 September; 32(9): 953-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299677&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric acid and gastrin response to decaffeinated coffee and a peptone meal. Author(s): Feldman EJ, Isenberg JI, Grossman MI. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 July 17; 246(3): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6894624&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Cohen S, Booth GH Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 October 30; 293(18): 897-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1177987&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part I: Coffee or orange juice versus overnight fast. Author(s): Hutchinson A, Maltby JR, Reid CR. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1988 January; 35(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3349549&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part II: Coffee or orange juice with ranitidine. Author(s): Maltby JR, Reid CR, Hutchinson A. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1988 January; 35(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3349550&dopt=Abstract
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Geographic and time trends of coffee imports and bladder cancer. Author(s): Morrison AS. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1978 January; 14(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=624303&dopt=Abstract
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Green coffee beans may solve a blood bank problem. Author(s): Cowart VS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 January 1; 247(1): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6273606&dopt=Abstract
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Green coffee beans may yield new class of anti-HIV-1 agents. Author(s): Bonn D. Source: Lancet. 1998 September 26; 352(9133): 1039. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759758&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Author(s): Wakabayashi K, Kono S, Shinchi K, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y, Umeda T, Imanishi K, Yoshizawa N. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 October; 14(7): 669-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849827&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of coffee and caffeine in normal volunteers: a placebocontrolled clinical study. Author(s): Casiglia E, Bongiovi S, Paleari CD, Petucco S, Boni M, Colangeli G, Penzo M, Pessina AC. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 June; 229(6): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2045756&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of coffee and purified caffeine in normal volunteers: a placebo-controlled clinical study. Author(s): Casiglia E, Paleari CD, Petucco S, Bongiovi S, Colangeli G, Baccilieri MS, Pavan L, Pernice M, Pessina AC. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 April; 6(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1597852&dopt=Abstract
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Headache caused by caffeine withdrawal among moderate coffee drinkers switched from ordinary to decaffeinated coffee: a 12 week double blind trial. Author(s): van Dusseldorp M, Katan MB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 June 16; 300(6739): 1558-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2372623&dopt=Abstract
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Headspace GC and sensory analysis characterization of the influence of different milk additives on the flavor release of coffee beverages. Author(s): Bucking M, Steinhart H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879032&dopt=Abstract
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Heavy coffee consumption and plasma homocysteine: a randomized controlled trial in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Urgert R, van Vliet T, Zock PL, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 November; 72(5): 1107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063436&dopt=Abstract
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Heavy coffee drinking and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Viinamaki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(9): 789-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297219&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic and humoral effects of coffee after beta 1-selective and nonselective beta-blockade. Author(s): Smits P, Hoffmann H, Thien T, Houben H, van't Laar A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 August; 34(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6347498&dopt=Abstract
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Histologic changes in pancreas in relation to smoking and coffee-drinking habits. Author(s): Auerbach O, Garfinkel L. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1986 October; 31(10): 1014-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3757717&dopt=Abstract
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Hospitals are brewing success with specialty coffee sales. Author(s): Brady S. Source: Healthc Foodserv. 1998 June-July; 8(2): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10181233&dopt=Abstract
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How to give up smoking by drinking coffee. Author(s): Lima DR, Santos RM, Santos AM, David CN, Andrade Gde N. Source: Chest. 1990 January; 97(1): 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2295255&dopt=Abstract
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Human coffee drinking: manipulation of concentration and caffeine dose. Author(s): Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, O'Keeffe M, O'Leary D, Russ N. Source: J Exp Anal Behav. 1986 March; 45(2): 133-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3958660&dopt=Abstract
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Human coffee drinking: reinforcing and physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. Author(s): Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1986 November; 239(2): 416-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3772801&dopt=Abstract
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Hypothesis: coffee consumption, N-acetyltransferase phenotype, and cancer. Author(s): Vineis P. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1993 June 16; 85(12): 1004-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496974&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in human saliva and increased levels of this enzyme, glutathione S-transferases, and DT-diaphorase in the saliva of subjects who continually ingest large quantities of coffee or broccoli. Author(s): Sreerama L, Hedge MW, Sladek NE. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1995 October; 1(10): 1153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815907&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-5carboxamide as components in urine extracts of individuals consuming coffee. Author(s): Wong P, Bachki A, Banerjee K, Leyland-Jones B. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 October 15; 30(3): 77380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12367703&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of odor-active 3-mercapto-3-methylbutyl acetate in volatile fraction of roasted coffee brew isolated by steam distillation under reduced pressure. Author(s): Kumazawa K, Masuda H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 7; 51(10): 3079-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720395&dopt=Abstract
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Identity of the cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee and its effects on liver function enzymes. Author(s): Weusten-Van der Wouw MP, Katan MB, Viani R, Huggett AC, Liardon R, Liardon R, Lund-Larsen PG, Thelle DS, Ahola I, Aro A, et al. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1994 April; 35: 721-33. Erratum In: J Lipid Res 1994 August; 35(8): 1510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911820&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoglobulin levels in relation to smoking and coffee consumption. Author(s): Kraal JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1978 February; 31(2): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=623038&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological and respiratory changes in coffee workers. Author(s): Zuskin E, Valic F, Kanceljak B. Source: Thorax. 1981 January; 36(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7292386&dopt=Abstract
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Increased chromosome fragility as a consequence of blood folate levels, smoking status, and coffee consumption. Author(s): Chen AT, Reidy JA, Annest JL, Welty TK, Zhou HG. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 1989; 13(4): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2737183&dopt=Abstract
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Increased sister chromatid exchange associated with smoking and coffee consumption. Author(s): Reidy JA, Annest JL, Chen AT, Welty TK. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 1988; 12(3): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3169009&dopt=Abstract
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Increased urinary hydrogen peroxide levels caused by coffee drinking. Author(s): Hiramoto K, Kida T, Kikugawa K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 November; 25(11): 1467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419961&dopt=Abstract
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Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. Author(s): Mosdol A, Christensen B, Retterstol L, Thelle DS. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 87(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064335&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of coffee on the excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in urine. A pilot study for the comparison of two methodical models. Author(s): Klimmer F, Neidhart B, Legeler T, Brockmann W, Rutenfranz J. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1984; 54(4): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6511102&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of liquids (coffee and orange juice) on the bioavailability of tetracycline. Author(s): Jung H, Rivera O, Reguero MT, Rodriguez JM, Moreno-Esparza R. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1990 November; 11(8): 729-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2271748&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of slow calcium-channel blockade on the cardiovascular effects of coffee. Author(s): Smits P, Thien T, van 't Laar A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 30(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2423343&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of smoking cigarettes and drinking coffee on the slow retinal potential. Author(s): Schmidt B. Source: Bibl Ophthalmol. 1976; (85): 99-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=999628&dopt=Abstract
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Informal coffee group benefits patients at outpatient clinic. Author(s): Grimmell KE, Cunningham R. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1973 January; 24(1): 7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4704631&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee. Author(s): Morck TA, Lynch SR, Cook JD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 March; 37(3): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6402915&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of coffee on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Author(s): Thomas FB, Steinbaugh JT, Fromkes JJ, Mekhjian HS, Caldwell JH. Source: Gastroenterology. 1980 December; 79(6): 1262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7002705&dopt=Abstract
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Instant and brewed coffees in the in vitro human lymphocyte mutagenicity test. Author(s): Aeschbacher HU, Ruch E, Meier H, Wurzner HP, Munoz-Box R. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1985 August; 23(8): 747-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4043880&dopt=Abstract
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Instant coffee and cholesterol: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Burr ML, Limb ES, Sweetnam PM, Fehily AM, Amarah L, Hutchings A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 October; 49(10): 779-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536656&dopt=Abstract
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Intake levels, sites of action and excretion routes of the cholesterol-elevating diterpenes from coffee beans in humans. Author(s): Urgert R, Kosmeijer-Schuil TG, Katan MB. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1996 August; 24(3): 800-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8878851&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of chlorpromazine with tea and coffee. Author(s): Cheeseman HJ, Neal MJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 August; 12(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7197984&dopt=Abstract
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Interactive effect of cigarettes and coffee on daytime systolic blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension. HARVEST Study Group (Italy).Hypertension Ambulatory Recording VEnetia STudy. Author(s): Narkiewicz K, Maraglino G, Biasion T, Rossi G, Sanzuol F, Palatini P. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 September; 13(9): 965-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586831&dopt=Abstract
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Interactive effects of trihexyphenidyl and coffee. Author(s): Weinstock R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1978 May; 135(5): 624-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=645973&dopt=Abstract
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Interdependence of associations of physical activity, smoking, and alcohol and coffee consumption with serum high-density lipoprotein and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol--a population study in eastern Finland. Author(s): Salonen JT, Happonen P, Salonen R, Korhonen H, Nissinen A, Puska P, Tuomilehto J, Vartiainen E. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1987 September; 16(5): 647-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3684977&dopt=Abstract
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Internal migration, coffee drinking, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in Italy. Author(s): Rabajoli F, Martone T, Arneodo D, Balzola F, Leo L, Vineis P. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1997 March-April; 52(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124873&dopt=Abstract
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Inverse association between coffee drinking and serum uric acid concentrations in middle-aged Japanese males. Author(s): Kiyohara C, Kono S, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y, Nishiwaki M, Hamada H, Nishikawa H, Koga H, Ogawa S, Nakagawa K. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 August; 82(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743484&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of the effects of coffee on alertness and performance during the day and night. Author(s): Smith AP, Brockman P, Flynn R, Maben A, Thomas M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1993; 27(4): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8232842&dopt=Abstract
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Is caffeinated coffee consumption a risk factor for coronary heart disease? Author(s): Schneider JR. Source: Focus Crit Care. 1987 October; 14(5): 26-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3678518&dopt=Abstract
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Is children's or parents' coffee or tea consumption associated with the risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus in children? Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Author(s): Virtanen SM, Rasanen L, Aro A, Ylonen K, Lounamaa R, Akerblom HK, Tuomilehto J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 April; 48(4): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039488&dopt=Abstract
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Is coffee a colonic stimulant? Author(s): Rao SS, Welcher K, Zimmerman B, Stumbo P. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1998 February; 10(2): 1138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581985&dopt=Abstract
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Is coffee consumption a contributor to cardiovascular disease? Insights from the Framingham Study. Author(s): Wilson PW, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, McGee DL, Castelli WP. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 May; 149(5): 1169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2719508&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain from the soil of a coffee plantation in Ibia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Author(s): Silva-Vergara ML, Martinez R, Chadu A, Madeira M, Freitas-Silva G, Leite Maffei CM. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1998 February; 36(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776810&dopt=Abstract
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Italian style brewed coffee: effect on serum cholesterol in young men. Author(s): D'Amicis A, Scaccini C, Tomassi G, Anaclerio M, Stornelli R, Bernini A. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 June; 25(3): 513-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671551&dopt=Abstract
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IWY (International Women's Year): coffee klatsch or focus for change? Author(s): Schrader ES. Source: Aorn Journal. 1975 November; 22(5): 687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1043680&dopt=Abstract
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Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Jones JN, McBride A. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 August; 96(8): 1214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521672&dopt=Abstract
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Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Viinamaki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2000 November; 95(11): 1699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219373&dopt=Abstract
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Joint influence of alcohol, tobacco, and coffee on biological markers of heavy drinking in alcoholics. Author(s): Aubin HJ, Laureaux C, Zerah F, Tilikete S, Vernier F, Vallat B, Barrucand D. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 October 1; 44(7): 638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9787890&dopt=Abstract
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Juices, coffee enemas, and cancer. Author(s): Reed A, James N, Sikora K. Source: Lancet. 1990 September 15; 336(8716): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1975864&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of an association between coffee consumption and lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins in young adults: the Beaver County Study. Author(s): Donahue RP, Orchard TJ, Stein EA, Kuller LH. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1987 November; 16(6): 796-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3432229&dopt=Abstract
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Lately, I have had a pain in my wrist that gets worse when I try to grasp my coffee cup. My doctor has diagnosed De Quervain's disease and has prescribed a splint. Can you tell me more about this and what else, if anything, can be done to treat it? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 1998 October; 6(2): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9795605&dopt=Abstract
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LE-like erythema and periungual telangiectasia among coffee plantation workers. Author(s): Narahari SR, Srinivas CR, Kelkar SK. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 May; 22(5): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2143450&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Caffeine in coffee. Author(s): Anderson KN. Source: Lancet. 1976 September 25; 02(7987): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60552&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee and heartburn. Author(s): Taub W. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 February 19; 294(8): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1246323&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee and infarction. Author(s): Yarnall SR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 January 21; 227(3): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4859666&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee drinking and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Jick H, Vessey MP, Slone D, Shapiro S, Heinonen OP, Miettinen OS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 February 18; 227(7): 801-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4405857&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee, cigarettes and peptic ulcer. Author(s): Paffenbarger RS Jr, Wing AL, Hyde RT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 May 9; 290(19): 1091. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4821917&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Author(s): Rotenberg FA, DeFeo JJ, Swonger AK. Source: Lancet. 1976 July 17; 2(7977): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=59197&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee, tea, and apnea. Author(s): Deutsch ME. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 August 16; 236(7): 823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=947261&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee, tobacco, and cardiovascular disease: the self-selection problem. Author(s): Hickey RJ, Clelland RC, Boyce DE, Bowers EJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 April 8; 228(2): 160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4406046&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Coffee-drinking and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Mann JI, Thorogood M. Source: Lancet. 1975 December 13; 2(7946): 1215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=53704&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Increased vitamin B12 absorption after ingestion of coffee. Author(s): Desai HG, Zaveri MP, Antia FP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1973 October; 65(4): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4746772&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Lipolysis induced by coffee and tobacco: its modification by insulin. Author(s): Portugal-Alvarez J, Zamarron A, Yanguela J, Perezagua C, Velasco A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1973 August; 25(8): 668-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4148444&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Myocardial infarction and coffee drinking. Author(s): Gillum RF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 July 8; 295(2): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1272302&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Renal carcinoma and coffee consumption in 16 countries. Author(s): Shennan DH. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1973 November; 28(5): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4758377&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Salutary tea and abominable coffee. Author(s): Filip L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 February 7; 290(6): 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4809299&dopt=Abstract
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Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands. Author(s): Bueno de Mesquita HB, Maisonneuve P, Moerman CJ, Runia S, Boyle P. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1992 February 20; 50(4): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1537615&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein metabolism and coffee intake--who is at risk? Author(s): Berndt B, Mensink GB, Kohlmeier M, Kohlmeier L, Kottgen E. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1993 September; 32(3): 163-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8237076&dopt=Abstract
Studies 117
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Locomotive engineers and their spouses: coffee consumption, mood, and sleep reports. Author(s): Dekker DK, Paley MJ, Popkin SM, Tepas DI. Source: Ergonomics. 1993 January-March; 36(1-3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8440219&dopt=Abstract
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Loss of control after a cup of coffee. Author(s): Melberg A, Mattsson P, Westerberg CE. Source: Lancet. 1997 October 25; 350(9086): 1220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652564&dopt=Abstract
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Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, acid secretion, and blood gastrin after coffee consumption. Author(s): Van Deventer G, Kamemoto E, Kuznicki JT, Heckert DC, Schulte MC. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1992 April; 37(4): 558-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1551346&dopt=Abstract
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Lung function consequences of exposure and hypersensitivity in workers who process green coffee beans. Author(s): Jones RN, Hughes JM, Lehrer SB, Butcher BT, Glindmeyer HW, Diem JE, Hammad YY, Salvaggio J, Weill H. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 February; 125(2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7065523&dopt=Abstract
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Manic psychosis after coffee and phenylpropanolamine. Author(s): Lake CR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 August 15; 30(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912131&dopt=Abstract
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Mate, coffee, and tea consumption and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in southern Brazil. Author(s): Pintos J, Franco EL, Oliveira BV, Kowalski LP, Curado MP, Dewar R. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1994 November; 5(6): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841239&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal coffee drinking and unusually high concentrations of caffeine in the newborn. Author(s): Khanna NN, Somani SM. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1984; 22(5): 473-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6530705&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study. Author(s): Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 February 22; 326(7386): 420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595379&dopt=Abstract
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Meal frequency and coffee intake in colon cancer. Author(s): Favero A, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Conti E, Montella M. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 30(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631488&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of coffee and caffeine intake: implications for epidemiologic research. Author(s): Schreiber GB, Maffeo CE, Robins M, Masters MN, Bond AP. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1988 May; 17(3): 280-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405985&dopt=Abstract
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Media coverage of coffee study has little effect on coffee consumption. Author(s): Samet JM, Kutvirt DM, Christensen LM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 July 8; 307(2): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7088048&dopt=Abstract
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Mental handicap nursing. One more cup of coffee for the road. Author(s): Perry L. Source: Nurs Times. 1990 May 23-29; 86(21): 62-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2352860&dopt=Abstract
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Meta-analysis of coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. Author(s): Giovannucci E. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 June 1; 147(11): 1043-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9620048&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion. Author(s): Graham TE, Hibbert E, Sathasivam P. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1998 September; 85(3): 883-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9729561&dopt=Abstract
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Misclassification of exposure: coffee as a surrogate for caffeine intake. Author(s): Brown J, Kreiger N, Darlington GA, Sloan M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 April 15; 153(8): 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296156&dopt=Abstract
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Modeling, coffee drinking, and smoking. Author(s): Ossip DJ, Epstein LH, McKnight D. Source: Psychological Reports. 1980 October; 47(2): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7454892&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate coffee consumption increases plasma glutathione but not homocysteine in healthy subjects. Author(s): Esposito F, Morisco F, Verde V, Ritieni A, Alezio A, Caporaso N, Fogliano V. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February 15; 17(4): 595-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622769&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate coffee consumption seems to cause no danger for coronary heart disease. Author(s): Coppola L, Verrazzo G, Giugliano D. Source: Diabete Metab. 1990 December; 16(6): 525-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2086285&dopt=Abstract
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Mood and drinking: a naturalistic diary study of alcohol, coffee and tea. Author(s): Steptoe A, Wardle J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 January; 141(3): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027513&dopt=Abstract
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Mood and psychomotor performance effects of the first, but not of subsequent, cupof-coffee equivalent doses of caffeine consumed after overnight caffeine abstinence. Author(s): Robelin M, Rogers PJ. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 1998 November; 9(7): 611-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9862086&dopt=Abstract
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More on coffee and pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Clavel F, Benhamou E, Tarayre M, Flamant R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 February 19; 316(8): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3807990&dopt=Abstract
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Mucosal contact dermatitis due to instant coffee. Author(s): Sonnex TS, Dawber RP, Ryan TJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1981 November; 7(6): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7338029&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenic compounds in soy sauce, Chinese cabbage, coffee and herbal teas. Author(s): Nagao M, Wakabayashi K, Fujita Y, Tahira T, Ochiai M, Sugimura T. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 206: 55-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952098&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of peptic ulcer disease in Poland. Part IV. Dietary habits, mode of eating, coffee, tea, tobacco and alcohol, addiction's. Author(s): Ruzyllo E, Szostak D. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1989 October-December; 21(4): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2489246&dopt=Abstract
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No association between coffee consumption and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Author(s): Linn S, Schoenbaum SC, Monson RR, Rosner B, Stubblefield PG, Ryan KJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 January 21; 306(3): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7054656&dopt=Abstract
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No association found between coffee and cancer of the pancreas. Author(s): Goldstein HR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 April 22; 306(16): 997. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7062988&dopt=Abstract
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No relation between coffee and blood pressure. Author(s): Bertrand CA, Pomper I, Hillman G, Duffy JC, Micheli I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 August 10; 299(6): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=661940&dopt=Abstract
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Non-mutagenicity of urine from coffee drinkers compared with that from cigarette smokers. Author(s): Aeschbacher HU, Chappuis C. Source: Mutation Research. 1981 June; 89(2): 161-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7027029&dopt=Abstract
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Not so good to the last drop. Ethylene glycol poisoning in a coffee-consuming camper. Author(s): Woodyear WE, Campbell PT, Corey GR. Source: N C Med J. 1992 April; 53(4): 134-6. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: N C Med J 1992 May; 53(5): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1594052&dopt=Abstract
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Not such distant mirrors. Coffee enemas may be effective shock treatment. Author(s): Watts JC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 February 5; 320(7231): 383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712032&dopt=Abstract
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Occupation, tobacco use, coffee, and bladder cancer in the county of Mataro (Spain). Author(s): Gonzalez CA, Lopez-Abente G, Errezola M, Castejon J, Estrada A, GarciaMila M, Gili P, Huguet M, Serrat M, Soler F, et al. Source: Cancer. 1985 May 1; 55(9): 2031-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3978583&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from cassia (Chinese cinnamon) as a flavouring agent in coffee. Author(s): De Benito V, Alzaga R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073451&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational asthma caused by roasted coffee: immunologic evidence that roasted coffee contains the same antigens as green coffee, but at a lower concentration. Author(s): Lemiere C, Malo JL, McCants M, Lehrer S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 August; 98(2): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757226&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational contact dermatitis due to coffee. Author(s): Piraccini BM, Bardazzi F, Vincenzi C, Tardio MP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 August; 23(2): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2145119&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational stress and variation in cigarette, coffee, and alcohol consumption. Author(s): Conway TL, Vickers RR Jr, Ward HW, Rahe RH. Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1981 June; 22(2): 155-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7240714&dopt=Abstract
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee: nation-wide evaluation of data collected by German Food Control 1995-1999. Author(s): Otteneder H, Majerus P. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 May; 18(5): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358184&dopt=Abstract
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Ochratoxin a contamination of cereal grains and coffee in Hungary in the year 2001. Author(s): Fazekas B, Tar AK, Zomborszky-Kovacs M. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 2002; 50(2): 177-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113173&dopt=Abstract
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On occupational sensitization--a hazard to the coffee industry. Author(s): Bernton HS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 March 5; 223(10): 1146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4739374&dopt=Abstract
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On the role of (-)-2-methylisoborneol for the aroma of Robusta coffee. Author(s): Blank I, Grosch W. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 July 31; 50(16): 4653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137492&dopt=Abstract
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Onchocerciasis in field workers at Baya Farm, Teppi Coffee Plantation Project, southwestern Ethiopia: prevalence and impact on productivity. Author(s): Workneh W, Fletcher M, Olwit G. Source: Acta Tropica. 1993 August; 54(2): 89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7902651&dopt=Abstract
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One more cup of coffee for the road: object-action assemblies, response blocking and response capture after frontal lobe damage. Author(s): Humphreys GW, Riddoch MJ. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2000 July; 133(1): 81-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933213&dopt=Abstract
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Oral fluphenazine and tea and coffee drinking. Author(s): Wallace SM, Suveges LG, Blackburn JL, Korchinski ED, Midha KK. Source: Lancet. 1981 September 26; 2(8248): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6116064&dopt=Abstract
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Pancreas cancer and coffee and tea consumption: a case-control study. Author(s): Kinlen LJ, McPherson K. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1984 January; 49(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6691902&dopt=Abstract
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Pancreatic cancer and coffee. Author(s): Hansen SF. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1982 November-December; 32(6): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6812895&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of coffee-induced gastrointestinal symptoms. Author(s): Cohen S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 July 17; 303(3): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7383069&dopt=Abstract
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Patients' coffee hour. Author(s): Dolan PO, Flumere JA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1974 March; 74(3): 479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4492914&dopt=Abstract
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Personal and environmental characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. II. Exposures to talcum powder, tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. Author(s): Whittemore AS, Wu ML, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Sarles DL, Kampert JB, Grosser S, Jung DL, Ballon S, Hendrickson M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 December; 128(6): 1228-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3195564&dopt=Abstract
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Personality correlates of coffee consumption in an alcoholic population. Author(s): Mozdzierz GJ, Macchitelli FJ, Lottman TJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1973 April; 32(2): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4697563&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticide-handling practices in agriculture in Tanzania: observational data from 27 coffee and cotton farms. Author(s): Ngowi AV, Maeda DN, Wesseling C, Partanen TJ, Sanga MP, Mbise G. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2001 OctoberDecember; 7(4): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783862&dopt=Abstract
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Phlebotomine sandflies and leishmaniasis risks in Colombian coffee plantations under two systems of cultivation. Author(s): Alexande, Agudelo LA, Navarro F, Ruiz F, Molina J, Aguilera G, Quinones ML. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2001 December; 15(4): 364-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776455&dopt=Abstract
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Pig xenogeneic antigen modification with green coffee bean alpha-galactosidase. Author(s): Luo Y, Wen J, Luo C, Cummings RD, Cooper DK. Source: Xenotransplantation. 1999 November; 6(4): 238-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10704067&dopt=Abstract
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Pitfalls in the toxicological analysis of an isobutyl nitrite-adulterated coffee drink. Author(s): Seto Y, Kataoka M, Tsuge K, Takaesu H. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2000 November 1; 72(21): 5187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11080862&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma and urine cortisol behavior and fat mobilization in man after coffee ingestion. Author(s): Avogaro P, Capri C, Pais M, Cazzolato G. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1973 February; 9(2): 114-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4696148&dopt=Abstract
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Polymicrobial enteric septicemia from coffee enemas. Author(s): Margolin KA, Green MR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984 March; 140(3): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6710988&dopt=Abstract
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Population based study of coffee, alcohol and tobacco use and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Kuper H, Titus-Ernstoff L, Harlow BL, Cramer DW. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 October 15; 88(2): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004686&dopt=Abstract
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Possible cocarcinogenic effects of coffee constituents. Author(s): Challis BC, Bartlett CD. Source: Nature. 1975 April 10; 254(5500): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=235743&dopt=Abstract
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Possible mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-raising effect of the coffee diterpene cafestol. Author(s): de Roos B, Katan MB. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 1999 February; 10(1): 41-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095989&dopt=Abstract
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Possible occurrence of new mutagens with the DNA breaking activity in coffee. Author(s): Kato T, Hiramoto K, Kikugawa K. Source: Mutation Research. 1994 April 1; 306(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7512207&dopt=Abstract
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Possible psychiatric significance of excessive coffee consumption. Author(s): Furlong FW. Source: Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1975 December; 20(8): 577-83. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=779944&dopt=Abstract
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Potent odorants of raw Arabica coffee. Their changes during roasting. Author(s): Czerny M, Grosch W. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 868-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725165&dopt=Abstract
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Potential genotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: a review. Author(s): Nehlig A, Debry G. Source: Mutation Research. 1994 April; 317(2): 145-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7511793&dopt=Abstract
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Potential teratogenic and neurodevelopmental consequences of coffee and caffeine exposure: a review on human and animal data. Author(s): Nehlig A, Debry G. Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 1994 November-December; 16(6): 531-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7862054&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiation of performance-induced anxiety by caffeine in coffee. Author(s): Shanahan MP, Hughes RN. Source: Psychological Reports. 1986 August; 59(1): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3737820&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy estrogens in relation to coffee and alcohol intake. Author(s): Petridou E, Katsouyanni K, Spanos E, Skalkidis Y, Panagiotopoulou K, Trichopoulos D. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1992 May; 2(3): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1342274&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy hormone metabolite patterns, pregnancy symptoms, and coffee consumption. Author(s): Lawson CC, LeMasters GK, Levin LS, Liu JH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 September 1; 156(5): 428-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196312&dopt=Abstract
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Premorbid smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee drinking habits in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Author(s): Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Mateo D, Gimenez-Roldan S. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1992 October; 7(4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1484528&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of onchocercal skin disease and infection among workers of coffee plantation farms in Teppi, southwestern Ethiopia. Author(s): Hailu A, Balcha F, Birrie H, Berhe N, Aga A, Mengistu G, Bezuneh A, Ali A, Gebre-Michael T, Gemetchu T. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 July; 40(3): 259-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602250&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention in tea and coffee scalds. Author(s): Gonski L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1979 November 3; 2(9): 484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=522786&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of cancer. Author(s): Nomura A, Heilbrun LK, Stemmermann GN. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986 April; 76(4): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3457196&dopt=Abstract
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Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in prophylaxis of coffee intolerance. Author(s): Lieb J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 January 4; 243(1): 32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7350335&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of coffee diterpenes against aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity: mechanisms in rat and human cells. Author(s): Cavin C, Mace K, Offord EA, Schilter B. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 June; 39(6): 549-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346484&dopt=Abstract
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Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man. 3. A questionnaire survey of coffee drinking and its effects in a group of housewives. Author(s): Goldstein A, Kaizer S. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1969 July-August; 10(4): 477-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5793752&dopt=Abstract
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Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man. IV. Quantitative and qualitative differences associated with habituation to coffee. Author(s): Goldstein A, Kaizer S, Whitby O. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1969 July-August; 10(4): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5793753&dopt=Abstract
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Quantifying coffee consumption. Author(s): Sweet S. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1991 January-February; 6(1): 97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1999756&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid analysis of cholesterol-elevating compounds in coffee brews by off-line highperformance liquid chromatography/high-resolution gas chromatography. Author(s): Ruiz del Castillo ML, Herraiz M, Blanch GP. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 April; 47(4): 1525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564010&dopt=Abstract
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ras Mutations and a cup of coffee: cause, confounder, effect modifier, or what else? Author(s): Vineis P. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 November; 53(11): 685. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656095&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis” and “coffee and serum gammaglutamyltransferase: a study of self-defense officials in Japan”. Author(s): Sharp DS, Benowitz NL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 March 1; 141(5): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7879794&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials”. Author(s): Wei M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 April 15; 155(8): 778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943698&dopt=Abstract
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Re: coffee and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Jick H. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981 January; 113(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7457476&dopt=Abstract
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Reactions to coffee and alcohol in monozygotic twins. Author(s): Be K. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1968 October; 12(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5686042&dopt=Abstract
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Reactions to life-style warnings: coffee and cancer. Author(s): Weinstein ND. Source: Health Educ Q. 1985 Summer; 12(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3997536&dopt=Abstract
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Reanalysis of Blanc PD et al, “Use of herbal products, coffee or black tea, and overthe-counter medications as self treatments among adults with asthma”. Author(s): Blanc PD, Kuschner WG, Katz PP, Yelin EH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 July; 106(1 Pt 1): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887326&dopt=Abstract
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Reasons for changing caffeinated coffee consumption: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Author(s): Soroko S, Chang J, Barrett-Connor E. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1996 February; 15(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632123&dopt=Abstract
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Rebuttal to TV show: “coffee, tea or radiation”. Author(s): Quinn JL. Source: Radiol Technol. 1975 September-October; 47(2): 90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1188085&dopt=Abstract
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Regional coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease in Finland. Author(s): Hemminki E, Pesonen T. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1977 January; 201(1-2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=835362&dopt=Abstract
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Regular or decaffeinated coffee and subsequent human aggressive behavior. Author(s): Cherek DR, Steinberg JL, Brauchi JT. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1984 March; 11(3): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6587417&dopt=Abstract
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Reinforcements from the first drug experience can predict later drug habits and/or addiction: results with coffee, cigarettes, alcohol, barbiturates, minor and major tranquilizers, stimulants, marijuana, hallucinogens, heroin, opiates and cocaine. Author(s): Haertzen CA, Kocher TR, Miyasato K. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1983 April; 11(2): 147-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6134605&dopt=Abstract
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Reinforcing effects of caffeine in coffee and capsules. Author(s): Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Source: J Exp Anal Behav. 1989 September; 52(2): 127-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2794839&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between coffee drinking and blood pressure: analysis of 6,321 subjects in the Paris region. Author(s): Lang T, Degoulet P, Aime F, Fouriaud C, Jacquinet-Salord MC, Laprugne J, Main J, Oeconomos J, Phalente J, Prades A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983 December 1; 52(10): 1238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6650411&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption to active Helicobacter pylori infection: cross sectional study. Author(s): Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Adler G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 December 6; 315(7121): 1489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420488&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of a rural Japanese population. Author(s): Iwai N, Ohshiro H, Kurozawa Y, Hosoda T, Morita H, Funakawa K, Okamoto M, Nose T. Source: J Epidemiol. 2002 May; 12(3): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164320&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of alcohol, cigarette, and drug abuse in adulthood with alcohol, cigarette and coffee consumption in childhood. Author(s): Tennant FS Jr, Detels R. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1976 March; 5(1): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1264972&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of coffee consumption with serum lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese men. Author(s): Miyake Y, Kono S, Nishiwaki M, Hamada H, Nishikawa H, Koga H, Ogawa S. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1999 February; 9(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037556&dopt=Abstract
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Relative effects of nicotine and coffee on cigarette smoking. Author(s): Ossip DJ, Epstein LH. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1981; 6(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7257914&dopt=Abstract
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Reliability of data on smoking habit and coffee drinking collected by personal interview in a hospital-based case-control study. Author(s): Donato F, Boffetta P, Fazioli R, Gelatti U, Porru S. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 April; 14(3): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663519&dopt=Abstract
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Report of an epidemic outbreak of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a coffee-growing area of Colombia. Author(s): Montoya J, Jaramillo C, Palma G, Gomez T, Segura I, Travi B. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1990 January-March; 85(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2215224&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive variables, tobacco, ethanol, coffee and somatometry as risk factors for ovarian cancer. Author(s): Polychronopoulou A, Tzonou A, Hsieh CC, Kaprinis G, Rebelakos A, Toupadaki N, Trichopoulos D. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 September 30; 55(3): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8375923&dopt=Abstract
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Research on the origin, and on the impact of post-harvest handling and manufacturing on the presence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Author(s): Bucheli P, Taniwaki MH. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 July; 19(7): 655-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113660&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory function in coffee workers. Author(s): Zuskin E, Valic F, Skuric Z. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1979 May; 36(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=111700&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory impairment in coffee factory workers in the Asaro Valley of Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Smith D, Brott K, Koki G. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1985 July; 42(7): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4015998&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory tract burns after aspiration of hot coffee. Author(s): Jung RC, Gottlieb LS. Source: Chest. 1977 July; 72(1): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=872643&dopt=Abstract
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Response of free fatty acids to coffee and caffeine. Author(s): Bellet S, Kershbaum A, Finck EM. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1968 August; 17(8): 702-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5676216&dopt=Abstract
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Review: substantial coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in the general population. Author(s): Ekbom A. Source: Gut. 1999 May; 44(5): 597. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10205191&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of pancreatic cancer in relation to alcohol drinking, coffee consumption and medical history: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risk. Author(s): Lin Y, Tamakoshi A, Kawamura T, Inaba Y, Kikuchi S, Motohashi Y, Kurosawa M, Ohno Y. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 June 10; 99(5): 742-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115510&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of pancreatic cancer in relation to medical history and the use of tobacco, alcohol and coffee. Author(s): Farrow DC, Davis S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1990 May 15; 45(5): 816-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335385&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of stomach cancer in relation to consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, tea and coffee in Warsaw, Poland. Author(s): Chow WH, Swanson CA, Lissowska J, Groves FD, Sobin LH, NasierowskaGuttmejer A, Radziszewski J, Regula J, Hsing AW, Jagannatha S, Zatonski W, Blot WJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 June 11; 81(6): 871-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362132&dopt=Abstract
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Rule: give only decaffeinated coffee to cardiac patients. Author(s): Mathewson M. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1984 January-February; 4(1): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6559650&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for atopy in a coffee processing factory. Author(s): Panzani RC, Falagiani P, Riva G, Delord Y, Mercier P. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7631592&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for atopy in a coffee-processing factory. Author(s): Panzani RC, Falagiani P, Riva G, Delord Y, Mercier P. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 May-June; 107(1-3): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613207&dopt=Abstract
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Selection to coffee drinking by health--who becomes an adolescent coffee drinker? Author(s): Hemminki E, Rahkonen O, Rimpela M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 May; 127(5): 1088-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3282431&dopt=Abstract
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Selective peroxynitrite scavenging activity of 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione from coffee extract. Author(s): Kim AR, Zou Y, Kim HS, Choi JS, Chang GY, Kim YJ, Chung HY. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 October; 54(10): 1385-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396301&dopt=Abstract
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Semen quality and association with coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and ethanol consumption. Author(s): Marshburn PB, Sloan CS, Hammond MG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1989 July; 52(1): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2744185&dopt=Abstract
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Semiquantitative evaluation of dermal exposure to granulated insecticides in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) crop and efficiency of individual protective equipment. Author(s): Machado-Neto JG, Matuo T, Matuo YK. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1996 December; 57(6): 946-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875843&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitization to green coffee bean (GCB) and castor bean (CB) allergens among dock workers. Author(s): De Zotti R, Patussi V, Fiorito A, Larese F. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1988; 61(1-2): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3198285&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitization to green coffee beans and work-related allergic symptoms in coffee workers. Author(s): Larese F, Fiorito A, Casasola F, Molinari S, Peresson M, Barbina P, Negro C. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1998 December; 34(6): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9816421&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitization to the fungus Hemileia vastatrix (coffee leaf rust). Author(s): Croce MA, da Costa Manso ER, Gambale W, Takayama L, Oliveira Andrade CE, Pereira Pinto JH, Morato Castro FF, Croce J. Source: Allergy. 2001 July; 56(7): 684-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421929&dopt=Abstract
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Sensory study on the character impact odorants of roasted arabica coffee. Author(s): Czerny M, Mayer F, Grosch W. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 February; 47(2): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563955&dopt=Abstract
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Separate effects of the coffee diterpenes cafestol and kahweol on serum lipids and liver aminotransferases. Author(s): Urgert R, Essed N, van der Weg G, Kosmeijer-Schuil TG, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022539&dopt=Abstract
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Serum insulin-like growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: relation to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin. Author(s): Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G, Rosen T, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Bengtsson BA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1994 September; 41(3): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7955442&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term effect of coffee on blood fibrinolytic activity in healthy adults. Author(s): Samarrae WA, Truswell AS. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1977 February; 26(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=836359&dopt=Abstract
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Should patients with myocardial infarction receive caffeinated coffee? Author(s): Schneider JR. Source: Focus Crit Care. 1988 February; 15(1): 52-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3280350&dopt=Abstract
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Should psychiatric patients drink coffee? Author(s): Bezchlibnyk KZ, Jeffries JJ. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 February 15; 124(4): 357-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7214260&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking and coffee consumption in three groups: cancer deaths, cardiovascular deaths and living controls. A prospective study in Evans County, Georgia. Author(s): Heyden S, Heyden F, Heiss G, Hames CG. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1979; 32(9-10): 673-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=489708&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, and H pylori infection. Alcohol consumption eliminates rather than prevents infection with H pylori. Author(s): Luzza F, Imeneo M, Maletta M, Pallone F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 28; 316(7136): 1019; Author Reply 1020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550981&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, and H pylori infection. Cross sectional study shows no protective effect of alcohol. Author(s): Quartero AO, de Wit NJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 28; 316(7136): 1020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550982&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Deleu D. Source: Neurology. 2001 April 10; 56(7): 984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294948&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease: a casecontrol study. Author(s): Benedetti MD, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Peterson BJ, Ahlskog JE, Schaid DJ, Rocca WA. Source: Neurology. 2000 November 14; 55(9): 1350-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087780&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and familial factors: any associations with peptic ulcer disease? A clinically and radiologically prospective study. Author(s): Ostensen H, Gudmundsen TE, Ostensen M, Burhol PG, Bonnevie O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1985 December; 20(10): 1227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4095495&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Harnack LJ, Anderson KE, Zheng W, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1997 December; 6(12): 1081-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419407&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine: risk of prostate cancer in Utah (United States). Author(s): Slattery ML, West DW. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1993 November; 4(6): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8280834&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, coffee and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Kornitzer M. Source: Acta Cardiol Suppl. 1988; 29: 97-106. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3389029&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking, coffee, and cancer of the pancreas. Author(s): Severson RK, Davis S, Polissar L. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 July 17; 285(6336): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6807425&dopt=Abstract
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Some aspects of the liking for hot coffee and coffee flavor. Author(s): Cines BM, Rozin P. Source: Appetite. 1982 March; 3(1): 23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7103464&dopt=Abstract
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Spiked coffee prompts police inquiry. Author(s): Kaiser J. Source: Science. 1997 December 5; 278(5344): 1704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9411787&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous abortion in a hospital population: are tobacco and coffee intake risk factors? Author(s): Dominguez-Rojas V, de Juanes-Pardo JR, Astasio-Arbiza P, Ortega-Molina P, Gordillo-Florencio E. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 December; 10(6): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7672044&dopt=Abstract
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Stanislaus von Prowazek (1875-1915)--prodigy between working bench and coffee house. Author(s): Jaenicke L. Source: Protist. 2001 July; 152(2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545439&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on aluminium leaching from cookware in tea and coffee and estimation of aluminium content in toothpaste, baking powder and paan masala. Author(s): Rajwanshi P, Singh V, Gupta MK, Kumari V, Shrivastav R, Ramanamurthy M, Dass S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1997 January 30; 193(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9092078&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of Canadian retail coffees for ochratoxin A. Author(s): Lombaert GA, Pellaers P, Chettiar M, Lavalee D, Scott PM, Lau BP. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 September; 19(9): 869-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396398&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of pork, poultry, coffee, beer and pulses for ochratoxin A. Author(s): Jorgensen K. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 July; 15(5): 550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829039&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and availability of niacin in roasted coffee. Author(s): Adrian J, Frangne R. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 289: 49-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1897406&dopt=Abstract
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Take an M.D. to coffee. Author(s): Cutshall P. Source: Rnabc News. 1985 March-April; 17(2): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3845700&dopt=Abstract
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T-Coffee: A novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment. Author(s): Notredame C, Higgins DG, Heringa J. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2000 September 8; 302(1): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964570&dopt=Abstract
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Tea and coffee as sources of some minerals in the New Zealand diet. Author(s): Gillies ME, Birkbeck JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 December; 38(6): 936-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6650450&dopt=Abstract
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Tea and coffee brews are not dietary sources of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone). Author(s): Booth SL, Madabushi HT, Davidson KW, Sadowski JA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995 January; 95(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798585&dopt=Abstract
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Tea and coffee consumption and risk of colon and rectal cancer in middle-aged Finnish men. Author(s): Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Taylor PR, Albanes D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 31(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682247&dopt=Abstract
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Tea and coffee consumption and the risk of digestive tract cancers: data from a comparative case-referent study in Japan. Author(s): Inoue M, Tajima K, Hirose K, Hamajima N, Takezaki T, Kuroishi T, Tominaga S. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 March; 9(2): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578298&dopt=Abstract
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The “coffee bean” sign in periappendiceal and peridiverticular abscess. Author(s): Machan L, Pon MS, Wood BJ, Wong AD. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1987 July; 6(7): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3302307&dopt=Abstract
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The acute effects of coffee and caffeine on human interdigestive exocrine pancreatic secretion. Author(s): Coffey RJ, Go VL, Zinsmeister AR, DiMagno EP. Source: Pancreas. 1986; 1(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3575300&dopt=Abstract
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The acute physiological and mood effects of tea and coffee: the role of caffeine level. Author(s): Quinlan PT, Lane J, Moore KL, Aspen J, Rycroft JA, O'Brien DC. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2000 May; 66(1): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10837840&dopt=Abstract
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The carboxyl terminus of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase is critical for enzyme activity. Author(s): Maranville E, Zhu A. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 January 1; 373(1): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620342&dopt=Abstract
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The carcinogenicity of caffeine and coffee: a review. Author(s): Pozniak PC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1985 September; 85(9): 1127-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3897347&dopt=Abstract
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The cardiac effects of coffee. Author(s): Gould L, Venkataraman K, Goswami M, Gomprecht RF. Source: Angiology. 1973 September; 24(8): 455-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4738023&dopt=Abstract
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The cardiovascular effects of regular and decaffeinated coffee. Author(s): Smits P, Thien T, Van 't Laar A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 June; 19(6): 852-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4027129&dopt=Abstract
Studies 139
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The cholesterol-raising diterpenes from coffee beans increase serum lipid transfer protein activity levels in humans. Author(s): van Tol A, Urgert R, de Jong-Caesar R, van Gent T, Scheek LM, de Roos B, Katan MB. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1997 July 25; 132(2): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242972&dopt=Abstract
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The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans. Author(s): Urgert R, Katan MB. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1996 November; 89(11): 618-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135590&dopt=Abstract
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The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans. Author(s): Urgert R, Katan MB. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1997; 17: 305-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9240930&dopt=Abstract
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The coffee bean sign. Author(s): Feldman D. Source: Radiology. 2000 July; 216(1): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887245&dopt=Abstract
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The coffee break epidural. Author(s): Hunter HH. Source: Pract Midwife. 2000 April; 3(4): 36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146938&dopt=Abstract
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The coffee connection: the benefits of memory. Author(s): Lesley M. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 1998 March; 16(3): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543948&dopt=Abstract
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The coffee diterpene cafestol increases plasma triacylglycerol by increasing the production rate of large VLDL apolipoprotein B in healthy normolipidemic subjects. Author(s): de Roos B, Caslake MJ, Stalenhoef AF, Bedford D, Demacker PN, Katan MB, Packard CJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 January; 73(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11124749&dopt=Abstract
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The coffee-pot affair: an episode in the life of a therapeutic community. Author(s): Bradshaw WH Jr. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1972 February; 23(2): 33-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5007932&dopt=Abstract
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The combined effect of smoking and coffee drinking on LDL and HDL cholesterol. Author(s): Heyden S, Heiss G, Manegold C, Tyroler HA, Hames CG, Bartel AG, Cooper G. Source: Circulation. 1979 July; 60(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=221133&dopt=Abstract
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The consumption of coffee and tea in Canada and the United States. Author(s): Burns L, Little JA, Shanoff HM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1966 November; 19(5): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5923595&dopt=Abstract
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The consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and coffee in Caucasian male twins: a multivariate genetic analysis. Author(s): Swan GE, Carmelli D, Cardon LR. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 1996; 8(1): 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743766&dopt=Abstract
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The Copenhagen case-control study of bladder cancer. II. Effect of coffee and other beverages. Author(s): Jensen OM, Wahrendorf J, Knudsen JB, Sorensen BL. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1986 May 15; 37(5): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3699928&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of a reduced energy diet and meal patterns on smoking and coffee drinking in women. Author(s): Lawson RH, Bulik CM, Rodefer JS, Scanlon W, Borger MD. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 March; 21(2): 137-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062837&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of chronic coffee drinking on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Author(s): Jee SH, He J, Whelton PK, Suh I, Klag MJ. Source: Hypertension. 1999 February; 33(2): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024321&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee consumption on serum cholesterol levels. Author(s): Kokjohn K, Graham M, McGregor M. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 June; 16(5): 32735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8345316&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee deprived of irritant substances upon some indices of lipid metabolism in healthy volunteers and patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Hryniewiecki L, Hasik J, Grzymislawski M, Dobrowolska-Zachwieja A, Smolinska K, Adam W. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1992 July-September; 24(3): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1307641&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee on blood lipids and blood pressure. Results from a Norwegian cross-sectional study, men and women, 40-42 years. Author(s): Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Foss OP. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1989; 42(9): 877-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2789271&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee on gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit time. Author(s): Boekema PJ, Lo B, Samsom M, Akkermans LM, Smout AJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 February; 30(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651837&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee on gastric emptying. Author(s): Lien HC, Chen GH, Chang CS, Kao CH, Wang SJ. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1995 November; 16(11): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8587758&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee on glucose tolerance in normal and prediabetic pregnant women. Author(s): Goldman JA, Ovadia J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 February; 33(2): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5775182&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee on the function of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system in man. Author(s): Levi L. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1967 April; 181(4): 431-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6023454&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of decaffeination of coffee on gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease. Author(s): Pehl C, Pfeiffer A, Wendl B, Kaess H. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997 June; 11(3): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9218070&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes on the risk of cirrhosis associated with alcohol consumption. A case-control study. Provincial Group for the Study of Chronic Liver Disease. Author(s): Corrao G, Lepore AR, Torchio P, Valenti M, Galatola G, D'Amicis A, Arico S, di Orio F. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 December; 10(6): 657-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7672043&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of filtered-coffee consumption on plasma lipid levels. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Fried RE, Levine DM, Kwiterovich PO, Diamond EL, Wilder LB, Moy TF, Pearson TA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 February 12; 267(6): 811-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1732652&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of unfiltered coffee on potential biomarkers for colonic cancer risk in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. Author(s): Grubben MJ, Van Den Braak CC, Broekhuizen R, De Jong R, Van Rijt L, De Ruijter E, Peters WH, Katan MB, Nagengast FM. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 September; 14(9): 1181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971235&dopt=Abstract
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The effect on serum cholesterol levels of coffee brewed by filtering or boiling. Author(s): Bak AA, Grobbee DE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 November 23; 321(21): 1432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2811958&dopt=Abstract
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The effect, in volunteers, of coffee and decaffeinated coffee on blood glucose, insulin, plasma lipids and some factors involved in blood clotting. Author(s): Naismith DJ, Akinyanju PA, Szanto S, Yudkin J. Source: Nutr Metab. 1970; 12(3): 144-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5473379&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of caffeine on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and mood in coffee drinkers. Author(s): Green PJ, Suls J. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1996 April; 19(2): 111-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9132505&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of coffee drinking on the cardiovascular system: experimental and epidemiological research. Author(s): MacCornack FA. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1977 March; 6(1): 104-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=850673&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of coffee on serum lipids and blood pressure in a UK population. Author(s): Lancaster T, Muir J, Silagy C. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1994 September; 87(9): 506-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932451&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of de-caffeinated coffee versus whole coffee on hyperactive children. Author(s): Harvey DH, Marsh RW. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1978 February; 20(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=346427&dopt=Abstract
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The ever-stimulating association of smoking and coffee and Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Marder K, Logroscino G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 September; 52(3): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205636&dopt=Abstract
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The genetic and cultural transmission of alcohol use, alcoholism, cigarette smoking and coffee drinking: a review and an example using a log linear cultural transmission model. Author(s): Gurling HM, Grant S, Dangl J. Source: British Journal of Addiction. 1985 September; 80(3): 269-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904795&dopt=Abstract
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The hypercholesterolaemic factor in boiled coffee is retained by a paper filter. Author(s): Ahola I, Jauhiainen M, Aro A. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 October; 230(4): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919421&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of changes in coffee consumption on serum cholesterol. Author(s): Wei M, Macera CA, Hornung CA, Blair SN. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1995 October; 48(10): 1189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7561980&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of coffee drinking. Author(s): Rust J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 February 10; 163(3): 370-1; Author Reply 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578524&dopt=Abstract
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The independent effect of habitual cigarette and coffee consumption on blood pressure. Author(s): Salvaggio A, Periti M, Quaglia G, Marzorati D, Tavanelli M. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1992 November; 8(6): 776-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1294381&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of coffee drinking on plasma lipids and fasting blood glucose in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Naismith DJ, Akinyanju P, Yudkin J. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1969 March; 28(1): 12A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5786587&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of coffee with milk and tea with milk on the bioavailability of tetracycline. Author(s): Jung H, Peregrina AA, Rodriguez JM, Moreno-Esparza R. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1997 July; 18(5): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210983&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of ethyl alcohol, coffee and tobacco on free fatty acid, triglyceride and glucose levels in serum during physical exercise and restitution. Author(s): Markiewicz K, Cholewa M. Source: Acta Med Pol. 1978; 19(3): 373-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=735878&dopt=Abstract
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The Internet: a global coffee room. Author(s): Davies MW, Wenstone R. Source: Lancet. 1996 March 30; 347(9005): 897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622406&dopt=Abstract
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The law, nurses and coffee breaks. Author(s): Sanchez-Sweatman L. Source: Can Nurse. 1995 December; 91(11): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713150&dopt=Abstract
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The occurrence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Author(s): Studer-Rohr I, Dietrich DR, Schlatter J, Schlatter C. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1995 May; 33(5): 341-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759018&dopt=Abstract
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The plight of the daily labourer in a coffee growing province of Ethiopia. Author(s): Giel R, van Luijk JN. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1967 December; 19(4): 304-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5585977&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of coffee drinking among hospitalized and population-based control groups. Author(s): Silverman DT, Hoover RN, Swanson GM, Hartge P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 April 8; 249(14): 1877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6834583&dopt=Abstract
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The propensity of different brands of tea and coffee to cause staining associated with chlorhexidine. Author(s): Leard A, Addy M. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997 February; 24(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062858&dopt=Abstract
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The relation of coffee and caffeine to the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Author(s): Tomany SC, Klein R, Klein BE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 132(2): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476699&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between coffee consumption and lipid levels in young and older people in the Heidelberg-Michelstadt-Berlin study. Author(s): Kohlmeier L, Mensink G, Kohlmeier M. Source: European Heart Journal. 1991 August; 12(8): 869-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1915424&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol under consideration of smoking history. Author(s): Mensink GB, Kohlmeier L, Rehm J, Hoffmeister H. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 March; 9(2): 140-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8519351&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between the ingestion of hot coffee and intraoesophageal temperature. Author(s): De Jong UW, Day NE, Mounier-Kuhn PL, Haguenauer JP. Source: Gut. 1972 January; 13(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5060664&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of coffee consumption to various self-reported cardiovascular events in middle-aged Norwegian men and women. Author(s): Stensvold I, Tverdal A. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1995 June; 23(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7676216&dopt=Abstract
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The release of nickel and other trace elements from electric kettles and coffee machines. Author(s): Berg T, Petersen A, Pedersen GA, Petersen J, Madsen C. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2000 March; 17(3): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827900&dopt=Abstract
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The risks of cancers of the colon and rectum in relation to coffee consumption. Author(s): Rosenberg L, Werler MM, Palmer JR, Kaufman DW, Warshauer ME, Stolley PD, Shapiro S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 November; 130(5): 895-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2816900&dopt=Abstract
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The role of epinephrine in the circulatory effects of coffee. Author(s): Smits P, Pieters G, Thien T. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1986 October; 40(4): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3530587&dopt=Abstract
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The substance specificity of psychosocial correlates of alcohol, tobacco, coffee and drug use by Czech women. Author(s): Kubicka L, Csemy L, Kozeny J, Nespor K. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1993 June; 88(6): 813-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329972&dopt=Abstract
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The thermic effect of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee ingested with breakfast. Author(s): Zahorska-Markiewicz B. Source: Acta Physiol Pol. 1980 January-February; 31(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7189632&dopt=Abstract
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The tolerance of coffee drinkers to caffeine. Author(s): Colton T, Gosselin RE, Smith RP. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1968 January-February; 9(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5638095&dopt=Abstract
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The Tromso heart study. Does coffee raise serum cholesterol? Author(s): Thelle DS, Arnesen E, Forde OH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 June 16; 308(24): 1454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6855815&dopt=Abstract
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The Tromso heart study: coffee consumption and serum lipid concentrations in men with hypercholesterolaemia: an randomised intervention study. Author(s): Forde OH, Knutsen SF, Arnesen E, Thelle DS. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 March 23; 290(6472): 893-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3919832&dopt=Abstract
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The Tromso Heart Study: is coffee drinking an indicator of a life style with high risk for ischemic heart disease? Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Thelle DS. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1987; 222(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3425376&dopt=Abstract
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The variability of the serum estradiol level in men: effect of stress (college examinations), cigarette smoking, and coffee drinking on the serum sex hormone and other hormone levels. Author(s): Phillips GB. Source: Steroids. 1992 March; 57(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1535737&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco consumption and bladder cancer in non-coffee drinkers. Author(s): Lopez-Abente G, Escolar A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 January; 55(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112954&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco smoking and bladder cancer in coffee non-drinkers. Author(s): Pelucchi C, Tavani A, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 January; 56(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801625&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco smoking, coffee drinking, and occupation as risk factors for bladder cancer in Greece. Author(s): Rebelakos A, Trichopoulos D, Tzonou A, Zavitsanos X, Velonakis E, Trichopoulos A. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1985 September; 75(3): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3861898&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco smoking, coffee, cocoa and tea consumption in relation to mortality from urinary bladder cancer in Italy. Author(s): Pannelli F, La Rosa F, Saltalamacchia G, Vitali R, Petrinelli AM, Mastrandrea V. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 September; 5(3): 392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2792314&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer. Author(s): Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB, Cook GM, Esteve J, Morrison B, Gordon P, Chambers LW, Fodor G, Winsor GM. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1980 April; 64(4): 701-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6928984&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco, alcohol, and coffee and cancer of the pancreas. A population-based, casecontrol study in Quebec, Canada. Author(s): Ghadirian P, Simard A, Baillargeon J. Source: Cancer. 1991 May 15; 67(10): 2664-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2015568&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and caffeine as risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Author(s): Slattery ML, West DW, Robison LM, French TK, Ford MH, Schuman KL, Sorenson AW. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1990 March; 1(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2073501&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco, cocoa, coffee, and ragweed: cross-reacting allergens that activate factor-XIIdependent pathways. Author(s): Becker CG, Van Hamont N, Wagner M. Source: Blood. 1981 November; 58(5): 861-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7295998&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco, ethanol, coffee, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and cholelithiasis as risk factors for pancreatic carcinoma. Author(s): Kalapothaki V, Tzonou A, Hsieh CC, Toupadaki N, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulos D. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1993 July; 4(4): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8347787&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicology of caffeine or coffee overdose. Author(s): Kaye S. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1977 January; 69(1): 1-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=265146&dopt=Abstract
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Traits of persons who drink decaffeinated coffee. Author(s): Kubo Shlonsky A, Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2003 April; 13(4): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684194&dopt=Abstract
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Transmission of Leishmania in coffee plantations of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Author(s): Alexander B, Oliveria EB, Haigh E, Almeida LL. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 July; 97(5): 627-30. Epub 2002 August 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219123&dopt=Abstract
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Treating cancer with coffee enemas and diet. Author(s): Brown BT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 April 7; 269(13): 1635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8455291&dopt=Abstract
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Trouble brewing. A steaming cup is a great comfort, but consider the effects of unfiltered coffee on the heart. Author(s): Smith IK. Source: Time. 2000 February 7; 155(5): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10787972&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected effects of coffee consumption on liver enzymes. Author(s): Casiglia E, Spolaore P, Ginocchio G, Ambrosio GB. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 May; 9(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8104822&dopt=Abstract
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Unfiltered coffee increases plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. Author(s): Grubben MJ, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Broekhuizen R, de Jong R, van Rijt L, de Ruijter E, Swinkels DW, Nagengast FM, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648261&dopt=Abstract
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Unfiltered coffee raises cholesterol. Author(s): Huijing F. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 June; 95(6): 660-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081227&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary caffeine after coffee consumption and heat dehydration. Author(s): Chambaz A, Meirim I, Decombaz J. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 July; 22(5): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510874&dopt=Abstract
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Use habits among adults of cigarettes, coffee, aspirin, and sleeping pills. Author(s): Bonham GS, Leaverton PE. Source: Vital Health Stat 10. 1979 October; (131): 1-48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=524754&dopt=Abstract
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Use of alcohol, tobacco and coffee, and risk of pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Heuch I, Kvale G, Jacobsen BK, Bjelke E. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1983 November; 48(5): 637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6685527&dopt=Abstract
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Use of herbal products, coffee or black tea, and over-the-counter medications as selftreatments among adults with asthma. Author(s): Blanc PD, Kuschner WG, Katz PP, Smith S, Yelin EH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1): 789-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438488&dopt=Abstract
Studies 151
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Validity of animal models for the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee diterpenes in human subjects. Author(s): de Roos B, Sawyer JK, Katan MB, Rudel LL. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1999 August; 58(3): 551-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604186&dopt=Abstract
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Variability in caffeine consumption from coffee and tea: possible significance for epidemiological studies. Author(s): Stavric B, Klassen R, Watkinson B, Karpinski K, Stapley R, Fried P. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1988 February; 26(2): 111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3366410&dopt=Abstract
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Wake up and smell the coffee. Caffeine, coffee, and the medical consequences. Author(s): Chou T. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1992 November; 157(5): 544-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1441496&dopt=Abstract
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Woody plant diversity and structure of shade-grown-coffee plantations in northern Chiapas, Mexico. Author(s): Soto-Pinto L, Romero-Alvarado Y, Caballero-Nieto J, Segura Warnholtz G. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 2001 September-December; 49(3-4): 977-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189830&dopt=Abstract
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You and the law. The coffee-break potential pitfall for nurses. Author(s): Sklar C. Source: Can Nurse. 1979 May; 75(5): 15-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255092&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COFFEE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and coffee.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Coffee The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
154 Coffee
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on coffee: ·
As caffeine controversy rages on, what's a coffee lover to do? Source: Welland, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (January 1996). volume 19(1) page 1, 6. coffee caffeine meal patterns side effects beverages drugs neoplasms osteodystrophy genetic disorders behaviour 0893-4452 Summary: cafe cafeine schema alimentaire effet secondaire boisson medicament neoplasme osteodystrophie trouble genetique comportement
Additional consumer oriented references include: ·
Are there any health reasons to stop drinking coffee? Source: Anonymous Johns-Hopkins-Med-Lett-Health-After-50. 2001 June; 13(4): 8 10421882
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Caffeine, coffee and health. Source: Gray, J. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Nov/December 1998. (6) page 314-319. 0034-6659
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Changes brewing in decaffeinated coffee. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (May 1987). volume 5(3) page 7. coffee caffeine carcinogens food technology trends 0747-4105
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Coffee & health. Source: Consum-rep. Yonkers, N.Y. : Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. October 1994. volume 59 (10) page 650-651. 0010-7174
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Coffee and cholesterol. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 1999 November; 4(4): 1-2 1089-1102
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Coffee and the heart. Source: Anonymous Harv-Heart-Lett. 2002 June; 12(10): 3-4 1051-5313
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Coffee break or caffeine fix? Pros and cons of stimulating beverages. Source: Weinberg, L. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. November 2000. volume 23 (11) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
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Coffee clutch: should you worry about all that caffeine? Source: Anonymous Consum-Repage 1997 December; 62(12): 52-3 0010-7174
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Coffee consumption and fibrocystic breast disease. Source: Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (May 1987). volume 13(5) page 3. coffee xanthines mammary gland diseases women 0732-0167
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Coffee debate still percolating. Source: Atkinson, H G Health-News. 2000 July; 6(7): 3 1081-5880
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Coffee lowers risk of gallstone disease for men in major study. Source: Leigh, E. HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. 2000. (48) page 23. 0899-5648
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Coffee, caffeine, and cardiovascular diseases. Source: McMurtrey, J.J. Sherwin, R. Nutrition-today (USA). (Nov-December 1987). volume 6(6) page 244-248. diet caffeine circulatory disorders lipids blood blood pressure 0029-666X
Nutrition 155
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Does drinking coffee inhibit calcium absorption? Source: Anonymous Johns-Hopkins-Med-Lett-Health-After-50. 1999 April; 11(2): 8 10421882
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For coffee drinkers, a shift in the daily grind. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 1983-c1997. July 1992. volume 12 (5) page 4-6. 0747-4105
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Grounds for breaking the coffee habit? Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (February 1990). volume 7(12) page 3-6. coffee caffeine trade marks nutrition physiology health risk 0747-4105
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I appreciate all the good advice you give us about how to pass less urine at night. I've cut out coffee and alcohol, and I don't even have water with dinner. It has helped a lot, but it seems that you should also be advising us to cut down on salt to reduce night-time urine. Wouldn't a low-salt diet also help? Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2000 July; 4(12): 8 1089-1102
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Is your coffee habit grounds for health concerns? Source: Berkowitz, K.F. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (February 1994). volume 17(2) page 1, 6. coffee caffeine risk circulatory disorders neoplasms osteodystrophy glaucoma 0893-4452
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Light coffee drinkers are hooked, too. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (December 1992). volume 10(10) page 1-2. coffee caffeine chemical composition trade marks symptoms 0747-4105
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Measuring your life with coffee spoons. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (April 1984). volume 2(2) page 3-6. caffeine xanthines pregnancy genetic disorders lactation heart diseases cholesterol carcinoma 0747-4105
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Regular or decaf? Coffee consumption and serum lipoproteins. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1992 June; 50(6): 175-8 0029-6643
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “coffee” (or a synonym): ·
Oxidative stability of the lipid fraction in roasted coffee. Author(s): Udine Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti Foggia Univ. (Italy). Istituto di Produzioni e Preparazioni Alimentari Parma Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Ingegneria Alimentare Source: Anese, M. Lerici, C.R. Pilli, T. de Massini, R. Italian-Journal-of-Food-Science (Italy). (2000). volume 12(4) page 457-462. coffee coffee industry oxidation oxidants antioxidants maillard reaction colour pigments lipid peroxidation lipids coffea arabica 1120-1770 Summary: cafe industrie du cafe oxydation oxydant antioxydant reaction de maillard couleur pigment peroxydation des lipides lipide coffea arabica
Additional physician-oriented references include: ·
A survey of homopteran species (Auchenorrhyncha) from coffee shrubs and poro and laurel trees in shaded coffee plantations, in Turrialba, Costa Rica. Author(s): Red Ecorregional de America Latina Tropical, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado aereo 6713, Cali, Colombia.
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Source: Rojas, L Godoy, C Hanson, P Hilje, L Rev-Biol-Tropage 2001 Sep-December; 49(3-4): 1057-65 0034-7744 ·
Accelerated coffee pulp composting. Author(s): Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Ecology, Mexico. Source: Sanchez, G Olguin, E J Mercado, G Biodegradation. 1999 February; 10(1): 35-41 0923-9820
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Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Author(s): Cancer Bureau, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Villeneuve, P J Johnson, K C Hanley, A J Mao, Y Eur-J-Cancer-Prevolume 2000 February; 9(1): 49-58 0959-8278
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Alpha-amylases of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and their inhibition by two plant amylase inhibitors. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Calle, Colombia. Source: Valencia, A Bustillo, A E Ossa, G E Chrispeels, M J Insect-Biochem-Mol-Biol. 2000 March; 30(3): 207-13 0965-1748
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Are coffee and tea consumption associated with urinary tract cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Zeegers, M P Tan, F E Goldbohm, R A van den Brandt, P A Int-J-Epidemiol. 2001 April; 30(2): 353-62 0300-5771
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Are coffee, tea, and total fluid consumption associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Zeegers, M P Dorant, E Goldbohm, R A van den Brandt, P A Cancer-CausesControl. 2001 April; 12(3): 231-8 0957-5243
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Associations between maternal decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee consumption and fetal growth and gestational duration. Author(s): School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-7360, USA. Source: Eskenazi, B Stapleton, A L Kharrazi, M Chee, W Y Epidemiology. 1999 May; 10(3): 242-9 1044-3983
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Caffeine, coffee and ephedrine: impact on exercise performance and metabolism. Author(s): Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph, ON. Source: Graham, T E Can-J-Appl-Physiol. 2001; 26 Suppl: S103-19 1066-7814
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Caffeine, coffee and health. Source: Gray, J. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Nov/December 1998. (6) page 314-319. 0034-6659
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Coffee & health. Source: Consum-rep. Yonkers, N.Y. : Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. October 1994. volume 59 (10) page 650-651. 0010-7174
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Coffee and cholesterol. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 1999 November; 4(4): 1-2 1089-1102
Nutrition 157
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Coffee and tea consumption and cancers of the bladder, colon and rectum. Author(s): Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada. Source: Woolcott, C G King, W D Marrett, L D Eur-J-Cancer-Prevolume 2002 April; 11(2): 137-45 0959-8278
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Coffee break or caffeine fix? Pros and cons of stimulating beverages. Source: Weinberg, L. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. November 2000. volume 23 (11) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
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Coffee debate still percolating. Source: Atkinson, H G Health-News. 2000 July; 6(7): 3 1081-5880
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Coffee increases levels of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sakamoto, W Isomura, H Fujie, K Nishihira, J Ozaki, M Yukawa, S Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 255-63 0300-483X
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Coffee, tea, and plasma cholesterol: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic prevalence study. Source: Kark, J.D. Friedlander, Y. Kaufmann, N.A. Stein, Y. Brit-Med-J. London : British Medical Association. Sept 14, 1985. volume 291 (6497) page 699-704. charts. 0267-0623
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Complementary study of boron absorption by coffee leaves using the neutroncapture-radiography method. Author(s): Laboratorio de Fisica Nuclear Aplicada, Escuela de Fisica, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
[email protected] Source: Meneses, L G Dam, R J Badilla, M Rom-J-Physiol. 1998 Jan-June; 35(1-2): 169-77
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Correlation of smoking and coffee drinking with sperm progressive motility in infertile males. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Source: Adelusi, B al Twaijiri, M H al Meshari, A Kangave, D al Nuaim, L A Younnus, B Afr-J-Med-Med-Sci. 1998 Mar-June; 27(1-2): 47-50 0309-3913
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Determination of mineral nutrients and toxic elements in Brazilian soluble coffee by ICP-AES. Source: Santos, E.J. dos. Oliveira, E. de. J-food-compos-anal. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. October 2001. volume 14 (5) page 523-531. 0889-1575
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Discrimination of Brazilian arabica green coffee samples by chlorogenic acid composition. Author(s): Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, Biomedical Institute, UNI-RIO. Source: Moreira, R F Trugo, L C de Maria, C A Matos, A G Santos, S M Leite, J M ArchLatinoam-Nutr. 2001 Mar; 51(1): 95-9 0004-0622
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Does coffee protect against hepatocellular carcinoma? Author(s): Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20157 Milano, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Gallus, S Bertuzzi, M Tavani, A Bosetti, C Negri, E La Vecchia, C Lagiou, P Trichopoulos, D Br-J-Cancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 956-9 0007-0920
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Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology and External Eye Disease Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
[email protected].
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Source: Avisar, R Avisar, E Weinberger, D Ann-Pharmacother. 2002 June; 36(6): 992-5 1060-0280 ·
Enhancement of the chemoprotective enzymes glucuronosyl transferase and glutathione transferase in specific organs of the rat by the coffee components kahweol and cafestol. Author(s): Institut fur Krebsforschung, University of Vienna, Borschkegasse, 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
[email protected] Source: Huber, W W Prustomersky, S Delbanco, E Uhl, M Scharf, G Turesky, R J Thier, R Schulte Hermann, R Arch-Toxicol. 2002 May; 76(4): 209-17 0340-5761
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Flavour of coffee. A review. Author(s): Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Lebensmittelchemie, Garching, Germany. Source: Grosch, W Nahrung. 1998 December; 42(6): 344-50 0027-769X
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Green coffee bean extract and its metabolites have a hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corp., Tochigi, Japan. Source: Suzuki, A Kagawa, D Ochiai, R Tokimitsu, I Saito, I Hypertens-Res. 2002 January; 25(1): 99-107 0916-9636
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I appreciate all the good advice you give us about how to pass less urine at night. I've cut out coffee and alcohol, and I don't even have water with dinner. It has helped a lot, but it seems that you should also be advising us to cut down on salt to reduce night-time urine. Wouldn't a low-salt diet also help? Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2000 July; 4(12): 8 1089-1102
·
In vitro interaction of selected drugs with coffee, tea, and gallotannic acid [Histamine antagonists]. Source: Lasswell, W.L. Wilkins, J.M. Weber, S.S. Drug-Nutr-Interact. New York, N.Y. : Alan R. Liss. 1984. volume2 (4) page 235-241. ill. 0272-3530
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In vitro interaction of selected drugs with coffee, tea, and gallotannic acid. Source: Lasswell, W.L. Wilkins, John M. Weber, Stanley S. Drug-Nutrient-Interact. New York : Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1984. volume 2 (4) page 235-241. ill., charts. 0272-3530
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Inhibition of oral carcinogenesis by green coffee beans and limonoid glucosides. Source: Miller, E.G. Gonzales Sanders, A.P. Couvillon, A.M. Wright, J.M. Hasegawa, S. Lam, L.K.T. Sunahara, G.I. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (546) page 220-229. 0097-6156
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Mood and psychomotor performance effects of the first, but not of subsequent, cupof-coffee equivalent doses of caffeine consumed after overnight caffeine abstinence. Author(s): Institute of Food Research, Consumer Sciences Department, Reading Laboratory, UK. Source: Robelin, M Rogers, P J Behav-Pharmacol. 1998 November; 9(7): 611-8 0955-8810
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Mutagenic compounds in soy sauce, Chinese cabbage, coffee and herbal teas. Source: Nagao, M. Wakabayashi, K. Fujita, Y. Tahira, T. Ochiai, M. Sugimura, T. Genetic toxicology of the diet : proceedings of a satellite symposium of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Mutagens, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, June 19-22, 1985 / editor, Ib Knudsen. New York : A.R. Liss, c1986. page 55-62. ill., charts. ISBN: 0845150561
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Ochratoxin a contamination of cereal grains and coffee in Hungary in the year 2001. Author(s): Veterinary Institute of Debrecen, H-4031 Debrecen, Bornemissza u. 3-5, Hungary.
[email protected]
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Source: Fazekas, B Tar, A K Zomborszky Kovacs, Melinda Acta-Vet-Hung. 2002; 50(2): 177-88 0236-6290 ·
Pesticide-handling practices in agriculture in Tanzania: observational data from 27 coffee and cotton farms. Author(s): Tropical Pesticide Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania. Source: Ngowi, A V Maeda, D N Wesseling, C Partanen, T J Sanga, M P Mbise, G Int-JOccup-Environ-Health. 2001 Oct-December; 7(4): 326-32 1077-3525
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Possible mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-raising effect of the coffee diterpene cafestol. Author(s): Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, The Netherlands. Source: de Roos, B Katan, M B Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 1999 February; 10(1): 41-5 0957-9672
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Relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of a rural Japanese population. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. Source: Iwai, Nobuo Ohshiro, Hitoshi Kurozawa, Youichi Hosoda, Takenobu Morita, Hikari Funakawa, Kazuhiko Okamoto, Mikizo Nose, Takayuki J-Epidemiol. 2002 May; 12(3): 191-8 0917-5040
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Selective peroxynitrite scavenging activity of 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione from coffee extract. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea. Source: Kim, A R Zou, Y Kim, H S Choi, J S Chang, G Y Kim, Y J Chung, H Y J-PharmPharmacol. 2002 October; 54(10): 1385-92 0022-3573
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Tea and coffee consumption and the risk of digestive tract cancers: data from a comparative case-referent study in Japan. Author(s): Division of Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan. Source: Inoue, M Tajima, K Hirose, K Hamajima, N Takezaki, T Kuroishi, T Tominaga, S Cancer-Causes-Control. 1998 March; 9(2): 209-16 0957-5243
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Temperature and water content influence on thermophysical properties of coffee extract. Source: Telis Romero, J. Gabas, A.L. Polizelli, M.A. Telis, V.R.N. Int-j-food-prop. Monticello, NY : Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000. volume 3 (3) page 375-384. 1094-2912
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The coffee components kahweol and cafestol induce gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate limiting enzyme of chemoprotective glutathione synthesis, in several organs of the rat. Author(s): Institut fur Krebsforschung, University of Vienna, Austria.
[email protected] Source: Huber, Wolfgang W Scharf, Gerlinde Rossmanith, Walter Prustomersky, Sonja Grasl Kraupp, Bettina Peter, Barbara Turesky, Robert J Schulte Hermann, Rolf ArchToxicol. 2002 January; 75(11-12): 685-94 0340-5761
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The complexity of coffee. Source: Illy, Ernesto Sci-Am. 2002 June; 286(6): 86-91 0036-8733
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to coffee; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based):
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Minerals Creatine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10020,00.html Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html
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Food and Diet Beverages Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coffee Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Corn-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,292,00.html Crimini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Egg-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flaxseeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Half-and-Half Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mascarpone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Soy and Protein Shakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tyramine-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html Yogurt Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COFFEE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to coffee. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to coffee and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to coffee: ·
A critique of the rationale for cancer treatment with coffee enemas and diet. Author(s): Green S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 December 9; 268(22): 3224-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433763&dopt=Abstract
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Action of dietary trypsin, pressed coffee oil, silymarin and iron salt on 1,2dimethylhydrazine tumorigenesis by gavage. Author(s): Gershbein LL. Source: Anticancer Res. 1994 May-June; 14(3A): 1113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8074460&dopt=Abstract
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Antibacterial activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffee arabica) with special reference to Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Shetty M, Subbannayya K, Shivananda PG.
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Source: J Commun Dis. 1994 September; 26(3): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868837&dopt=Abstract ·
Anyone for a coffee enema? Author(s): McBryde B. Source: Nurs Times. 2000 December 14-2001 January 3; 96(50): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11965801&dopt=Abstract
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Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Kabuto M, Shimizu H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 30(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507508&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular reactivity, mood, and task performance in deprived and nondeprived coffee drinkers. Author(s): Ratliff-Crain J, O'Keeffe MK, Baum A. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1989; 8(4): 427-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2583079&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of pectin lyase produced by an endophytic strain isolated from coffee cherries. Author(s): Sakiyama CC, Paula EM, Pereira PC, Borges AC, Silva DO. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2001 August; 33(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472518&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effects of coffee bean and rice constituents on colorectal carcinogenesis. Author(s): Mori H, Kawabata K, Matsunaga K, Ushida J, Fujii K, Hara A, Tanaka T, Murai H. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 12(1-4): 101-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216469&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and pancreatic cancer: an analysis of international mortality data. Author(s): Binstock M, Krakow D, Stamler J, Reiff J, Persky V, Liu K, Moss D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1983 November; 118(5): 630-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6637990&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: a study of self-defense officials in Japan. Author(s): Kono S, Shinchi K, Imanishi K, Todoroki I, Hatsuse K.
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Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 April 1; 139(7): 723-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909403&dopt=Abstract ·
Coffee consumption and decreased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and aminotransferase activities among male alcohol drinkers. Author(s): Tanaka K, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Tokudome S, Akamatsu T, Moriyama T, Zakouji H. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 June; 27(3): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9698132&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and risk of fatal cancers. Author(s): Snowdon DA, Phillips RL. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1984 August; 74(8): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6742274&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee consumption and serum aminotransferases in middle-aged Japanese men. Author(s): Honjo S, Kono S, Coleman MP, Shinchi K, Sakurai Y, Todoroki I, Umeda T, Wakabayashi K, Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M, Nakagawa K, Yoshizawa N. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2001 August; 54(8): 823-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470392&dopt=Abstract
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Coffee, tea, and lifestyle. Author(s): Schwarz B, Bischof HP, Kunze M. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1994 May; 23(3): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8078860&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving. Author(s): Richelle M, Tavazzi I, Offord E. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 July; 49(7): 3438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453788&dopt=Abstract
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Deaths related to coffee enemas. Author(s): Eisele JW, Reay DT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 October 3; 244(14): 1608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7420666&dopt=Abstract
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Degradation of the coffee flavor compound furfuryl mercaptan in model Fenton-type reaction systems. Author(s): Blank I, Pascual EC, Devaud S, Fay LB, Stadler RH, Yeretzian C, Goodman BA.
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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 April 10; 50(8): 2356-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929297&dopt=Abstract ·
Effect of coffee oil and its unsaponifiable fraction on plasma cholesterol level in female rats. Author(s): al-Kanhal MA, Ahmed F, Arif Z. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1999 March; 50(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616649&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coffee cherry, the residue left after removal of the beans from the coffee fruit, on mammary glands, automatic behavior and related parameters in mice. Author(s): Nagasawa H, Yada E, Udagawa Y, Inatomi H. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 29(1): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321469&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of combined treatment with coffee cherry and whole-body hyperthermia on the growth of spontaneous mammary tumours in SHN mice. Author(s): Udagawa Y, Nagasawa H. Source: In Vivo. 2000 May-June; 14(3): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904877&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of simultaneous treatment with hydroxyapatite and coffee cherry, the residue left after the removal of coffee beans, on spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis and related parameters in SHN mice. Author(s): Nagasawa H, Hirayama T, Inatomi H. Source: In Vivo. 1999 September-October; 13(5): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654190&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part I: Coffee or orange juice versus overnight fast. Author(s): Hutchinson A, Maltby JR, Reid CR. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1988 January; 35(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3349549&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part II: Coffee or orange juice with ranitidine. Author(s): Maltby JR, Reid CR, Hutchinson A. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1988 January; 35(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3349550&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxicity of instant coffee: possible involvement of phenolic compounds. Author(s): Duarte MP, Laires A, Gaspar J, Leao D, Oliveira JS, Rueff J. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 June 7; 442(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10366772&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Author(s): Wakabayashi K, Kono S, Shinchi K, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y, Umeda T, Imanishi K, Yoshizawa N. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 October; 14(7): 669-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849827&dopt=Abstract
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Increased urinary hydrogen peroxide levels caused by coffee drinking. Author(s): Hiramoto K, Kida T, Kikugawa K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 November; 25(11): 1467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419961&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee. Author(s): Morck TA, Lynch SR, Cook JD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 March; 37(3): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6402915&dopt=Abstract
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Inverse association between coffee drinking and serum uric acid concentrations in middle-aged Japanese males. Author(s): Kiyohara C, Kono S, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y, Nishiwaki M, Hamada H, Nishikawa H, Koga H, Ogawa S, Nakagawa K. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 August; 82(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743484&dopt=Abstract
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Juices, coffee enemas, and cancer. Author(s): Reed A, James N, Sikora K. Source: Lancet. 1990 September 15; 336(8716): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1975864&dopt=Abstract
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Meal frequency and coffee intake in colon cancer. Author(s): Favero A, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Conti E, Montella M. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 30(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631488&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenic compounds in soy sauce, Chinese cabbage, coffee and herbal teas. Author(s): Nagao M, Wakabayashi K, Fujita Y, Tahira T, Ochiai M, Sugimura T.
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Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 206: 55-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952098&dopt=Abstract ·
Mutagens in coffee and tea. Author(s): Nagao M, Takahashi Y, Yamanaka H, Sugimura T. Source: Mutation Research. 1979 October; 68(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=390384&dopt=Abstract
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Not such distant mirrors. Coffee enemas may be effective shock treatment. Author(s): Watts JC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 February 5; 320(7231): 383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712032&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from cassia (Chinese cinnamon) as a flavouring agent in coffee. Author(s): De Benito V, Alzaga R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073451&dopt=Abstract
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Oxisterol determination in selected coffees. Author(s): Turchetto E, Lercker G, Bortolomeazzi R. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1993 May-June; 9(3): 519-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8367891&dopt=Abstract
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Polymicrobial enteric septicemia from coffee enemas. Author(s): Margolin KA, Green MR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984 March; 140(3): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6710988&dopt=Abstract
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Reanalysis of Blanc PD et al, “Use of herbal products, coffee or black tea, and overthe-counter medications as self treatments among adults with asthma”. Author(s): Blanc PD, Kuschner WG, Katz PP, Yelin EH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 July; 106(1 Pt 1): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887326&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of a rural Japanese population. Author(s): Iwai N, Ohshiro H, Kurozawa Y, Hosoda T, Morita H, Funakawa K, Okamoto M, Nose T. Source: J Epidemiol. 2002 May; 12(3): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164320&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of coffee consumption with serum lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese men. Author(s): Miyake Y, Kono S, Nishiwaki M, Hamada H, Nishikawa H, Koga H, Ogawa S. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1999 February; 9(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037556&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of stomach cancer in relation to consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, tea and coffee in Warsaw, Poland. Author(s): Chow WH, Swanson CA, Lissowska J, Groves FD, Sobin LH, NasierowskaGuttmejer A, Radziszewski J, Regula J, Hsing AW, Jagannatha S, Zatonski W, Blot WJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 June 11; 81(6): 871-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362132&dopt=Abstract
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Sister chromatid exchanges induced by methylxanthines contained in coffee, tea and cocoa. Author(s): Renner HW. Source: Experientia. 1982 May 15; 38(5): 600. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7095098&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on aluminium leaching from cookware in tea and coffee and estimation of aluminium content in toothpaste, baking powder and paan masala. Author(s): Rajwanshi P, Singh V, Gupta MK, Kumari V, Shrivastav R, Ramanamurthy M, Dass S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1997 January 30; 193(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9092078&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the estrogenic activity of a coffee extract. Author(s): Kitts DD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1987; 20(1-2): 37-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3806705&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression by coffee cherry of the growth of spontaneous mammary tumours in SHN mice. Author(s): Nagasawa H, Yasuda M, Sakamoto S, Inatomi H. Source: Anticancer Res. 1996 January-February; 16(1): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615601&dopt=Abstract
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Suppressive effect of coffee on lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in Dgalactosamine-sensitized rats. Author(s): He P, Noda Y, Sugiyama K.
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Source: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 August; 65(8): 1924-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577746&dopt=Abstract ·
Survey of pork, poultry, coffee, beer and pulses for ochratoxin A. Author(s): Jorgensen K. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 July; 15(5): 550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829039&dopt=Abstract
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Tea and coffee consumption and the risk of digestive tract cancers: data from a comparative case-referent study in Japan. Author(s): Inoue M, Tajima K, Hirose K, Hamajima N, Takezaki T, Kuroishi T, Tominaga S. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 March; 9(2): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578298&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of coffee consumption on serum cholesterol levels. Author(s): Kokjohn K, Graham M, McGregor M. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 June; 16(5): 32735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8345316&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of unfiltered coffee on potential biomarkers for colonic cancer risk in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. Author(s): Grubben MJ, Van Den Braak CC, Broekhuizen R, De Jong R, Van Rijt L, De Ruijter E, Peters WH, Katan MB, Nagengast FM. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 September; 14(9): 1181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971235&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of dietary tea, coffee and cocoa on protein and energy utilization of soya-bean meal and barley in rats. Author(s): Eggum BO, Pedersen B, Jacobsen I. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1983 September; 50(2): 197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6684477&dopt=Abstract
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The law and the coffee break. Author(s): Rosovsky LE. Source: Can Hosp. 1972 December; 49(12): 48-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4640209&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of coffee drinking among hospitalized and population-based control groups. Author(s): Silverman DT, Hoover RN, Swanson GM, Hartge P.
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Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 April 8; 249(14): 1877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6834583&dopt=Abstract ·
The value of bees to the coffee harvest. Author(s): Roubik DW. Source: Nature. 2002 June 13; 417(6890): 708. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066176&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary caffeine after coffee consumption and heat dehydration. Author(s): Chambaz A, Meirim I, Decombaz J. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 July; 22(5): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510874&dopt=Abstract
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Use of herbal products, coffee or black tea, and over-the-counter medications as selftreatments among adults with asthma. Author(s): Blanc PD, Kuschner WG, Katz PP, Smith S, Yelin EH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1): 789-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438488&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to coffee; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): ·
General Overview Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Blood Pressure, High Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer, Breast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer, Skin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Headache, Migraine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstruation, Absence of Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Parathyroid, Underactive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcer, Peptic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com ·
Alternative Therapy Apple diet Alternative names: apple-cleansing regimen apple-diet cleansing routine apple-diet regimen apple-diet therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Gerson Therapy Alternative names: Gerson dietary regime GDR Gerson method Gerson treatment Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Grape Cure Alternative names: grape diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html
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Homeopathy Coffee cruda Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Caffeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carob Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chlorhexidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Colloidal oatmeal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10107,00.html Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Haloperidol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lithium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Metoclopramide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Piper nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COFFEE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to coffee. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “coffee” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coffee, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Coffee ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to coffee. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·
A Multivariate Observational Analysis on the Relationship between Coffee Consumption and Cigarette Smoking to Blood Lipids, Hemodynamics, Cardiac Rate, and Respiratory Functions by Ludwig, David Arnold, Phd from Iowa State University, 1982, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8307767
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Epidemiologic Studies of Coffee Consumption, Dietary Patterns, and Body Weight: Implications for Colorectal Cancer Prevention by Terry, Paul Daniel; Phd from Columbia University, 2002, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037763
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Extraction of Lignin from Coffee (coffea Arabica) Hull and Its Subsequent Oxidation for Production of Aldehydes by Correa Rangel, Oscar Eduardo; Ms from University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (puerto Rico), 2002, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411300
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Extraction of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Coffee ( Coffea Arabica) Hull and Its Subsequent Utilization As Stabilizer of Yogurt by Tobar Mellizo, William Dario; Ms from University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (puerto Rico), 2002, 48 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411147
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Factors Associated with Use, Dependence and Problem Consequences Application of a Common Process Model of Substance Abuse to Coffee and Tea by Graham, Kathryn Marie; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40771
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Inhibition of Carinogen Induced Biological Responses with a Coffee Water-insoluble Fraction and a Model System Melanoidin by Molund, Vincent Paul; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22429
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Sensory Importance and Interactions of Character Impact Compounds in Brewed Coffee Model Systems by Audouin, Valerie Patricia; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072648
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The Genetic and Environmental Components in Consumer Attitudes and Behaviors toward Psychologically Habit Forming Patterns of Alcohol, Cigarette Smoking and Coffee Consumption by Perry, Arnon, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1971, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7211403
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND COFFEE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning coffee.
Recent Trials on Coffee The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to coffee.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·
Effects of Kava on the Body's Elimination of Caffeine and Dextromethorphan Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine how kava-a widely used herbal remedy-may affect the body's elimination of other medicines. Many people take kava to reduce anxiety or cause sedation. Since this product is considered a food supplement and not a drug, it is not subject to the rigorous pre-market testing required for prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. As a result, information has not been collected on possible interactions between kava and other medications. This study will look at how kava affects the elimination of caffeine-a compound commonly found in chocolate, coffee, tea and soft drinks-and dextromethorphan-an OTC cough suppressant. Normal healthy volunteers 21 years of age or older may be eligible for this 30-day study. Candidates will provide a medical history and undergo a physical examination and routine blood tests. Women of childbearing age will have a urine pregnancy test. Study participants will not drink alcoholic beverages or take any medications (except those given in the study) for 2 weeks prior to the study and throughout its duration. In addition, they will abstain from caffeine, grapefruit and grapefruit juice and charbroiled foods for at least 72 hours before and throughout each study day that urine is collected. On day 1 of the study, study subjects will take one dose each of caffeine and dextromethorphan at 4:00 P.M.. They will empty their bladder before the dosing and
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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then collect all their urine after the dosing for the rest of the day and including the next mornings first urine. They will bring the urine samples to the Clinical Center when the collection is complete. This procedure will be repeated 1 week later (study day 8). After the second urine collection is completed, subjects will take 200 milligrams of kava 3 times a day for 21 days. On study day 29 (after 21 days of kava), subjects will repeat the dextromethorphan and caffeine dosing and urine collection described above, while continuing to take kava. Subjects will have an electroencephalograph (EEG) done before starting kava and again at the end of kava (study day 30). For this procedure, several electrodes (metal cups attached to wires) are secured to the scalp with a glue-like substance. A conductive gel fills the space between the electrode and the scalp to ensure good contact. The electrodes will remain in place for about 2 hours and then removed. The subject lies quietly on a bed during the EEG recording. Participation in the study will end with another physical examination and blood tests following the second EEG and urine collection. Phase(s): Phase IV; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00009542
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “coffee” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON COFFEE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “coffee” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coffee, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Coffee By performing a patent search focusing on coffee, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on coffee: ·
Acid reduced whole bean coffee and process Inventor(s): Gurol; Ismail Macit (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): TAMER International, Ltd. (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 6,495,180 Date filed: February 28, 2000 Abstract: A process for producing acid reduced coffee beans. An aqueous solution including potassium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol is applied to whole bean coffee immediately after roasting. The water from the solution dries, leaving a coating that reduces oxidation and flavor loss from the whole bean coffee, and which reduces the acidity of coffee beverages subsequently brewed from the beans. In an alternate embodiment, the potassium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol are applied in separate steps. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an antacid composition for neutralizing excess stomach acid, and more specifically to an antacid composition that includes potassium hydroxide.... The oral administration or consumption of acid neutralizing agents (antacids) to treat excess gastric acid and relieve its associated discomfort is well known. Generally, antacid compositions include, as active ingredients, one or more alkaline substances in combination with other inactive ingredients. The antacid composition's alkaline components effect gastric acid neutralization while the inactive ingredients serve either as a carrier to facilitate administration or to enhance the composition's appeal, palatability, dispensability, and ease of manufacture.... Ideally, an antacid provides rapid and long-lasting relief from the discomfort associated with excess stomach acid. In addition, an effective antacid provides rapid and long-lasting relief in a convenient administrable form and dosage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495180__
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Aggregated mixed-moisture flaked coffee of high aroma Inventor(s): Klien; Caren A. (Wyoming, OH), Gieseker; Donald R. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 4,267,200 Date filed: October 26, 1978 Abstract: Aggregated coffee flake particles comprise a plurality of compressed coffee flakes bonded together wherein at least one of which is a low-moisture flake (1% to 3.5% by weight) and at least one of which is a high-moisture flake (4.5% to 7% by weight) are disclosed. The composite flake particles range in thickness from 9 to 16 mils. The flaked coffees provide improved extractability of the water-soluble flavor constituents, exhibit high initial aroma levels, and exhibit high bed permeability. Also disclosed is a process for preparing aggregated mixed-moisture flaked coffee. The process comprises: (1) separately cold-grinding dual streams of roast coffee, relatively high-moisture and lowmoisture, respectively; (2) combining of the two ground coffee streams to provide a roll mill feed having a specified particle size distribution and average moisture content, and (3) passing the coffee feed through a roll mill under specific conditions, and (4)
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screening the roll-milled, aggregated flaked coffee to produce a product such that no more than 60% by weight passes through a 30-mesh U.S. Standard screen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to roast and ground coffee products comprising aggregated coffee flake particles which comprise a plurality of compressed coffee flakes bonded together. The aggregated flake coffee products provide improved extractability of the water-soluble flavor constituents, superior initial aroma levels and acceptable bed permeabilities. The present invention also relates to a novel process for preparing the aggregated flake coffee particles by the roll milling of a cold processed coffee feed blend of ground coffees having differing moisture contents under particular roll mill operating conditions.... Roast and ground coffee which has been transformed into flaked coffee by roll milling the roast and ground coffee is known in the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,903,362, issued Apr. 4, 1933 to R. B. McKinnis, and U.S. Pat. No. 2,368,113, issued Jan. 30, 1945 to C. W. Carter). An improved flaked roast and ground coffee of enhanced extractability is disclosed by Joffe in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,667, issued Oct. 26, 1971, as well as a method for its production in U.S. Pat. No. 3,660,106, issued May 2, 1972 to J. R. McSwiggin et al.... Art attempts are realizing superior roast coffee products have included improving other coffee attributes in addition to improving the extractability of those flavorful water-soluble coffee constituents often referred to as coffee brew solids. A visually appealing, high-sheen flaked roast and ground coffee of improved extractability of its brew solids is disclosed in U.S. 4,110,485, issued Aug. 29, 1978 to D. R. Grubbs. A flaked coffee product with large visually distinctive flakes can be prepared by flaking a mixture of two roast and ground coffee blends of equal weight fractions. The two coffee blends differ only in their moisture content; one being a high moisture (5.0% by weight) coffee, and one being a low moisture coffee (3% by weight). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04267200__ ·
Aroma-enriched coffee products and process Inventor(s): Lubsen; Timothy A. (Springfield, OH), Strobel; Rudolf G. K. (Colerain, OH), Reinhart; Richard N. (Springfield, OH), Patel; Jayantilal M. (Reading, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: RE31,427 Date filed: January 6, 1982 Abstract: An aromatized instant coffee comprising the combination of aroma-enriched carrier and instant coffee. The product has an aroma intensity of at least 70,000 gas chromatograph counts, a pore factor of at least 0.9, and a retention factor of at least 0.80. Also part of the invention are preferred methods of applying aroma-enriched carrier to coffee products whose roast and ground coffee aroma is desired to be increased. An especially preferred method comprises adding aroma frost-enriched coffee oil in a dropwise addition manner to the coffee product. In a most preferred embodiment, dropwise addition is accomplished by injection, preferably by a syringe member, which is extended from the open end of a coffee container to near the bottom of the container and while the syringe is being pulled upward out of said container a predetermined amount of aroma-enriched coffee oil is injected into the product. Excerpt(s): The prior art is replete with references relating to low temperature condensation of coffee aroma frost. Aroma frost is a low temperature condensate of volatiles which escape during coffee processing, for example during roasting, grinding, steam distillation, extracting where it is employed, and dry distillation. These volatile
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constituents are often obtained by low temperature condensation of the escaping gaseous material, for example, at liquid nitrogen temperatures, by passing the escaping gas through a liquid nitrogen trap to yield a condensate which is referred to herein as an aroma frost. The aroma frost may be grinder gas frost, roaster gas frost, a dry distillation frost, a steam distillation frost, and the like. For examples of patents relating to methods of providing aroma frost, see for example, Lemonnier, U.S. Pat. No. 2,680,687, issued June 8, 1954; U.S. Pat. No. 3,021,218, Clinton et al., issued Feb. 13, 1962; Kline, U.S. Pat. No. 3,406,074; Mook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,035,922, issued May 22, 1962; and Kline et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,118, issued Oct. 20, 1970.... However, once obtained, to be of value aroma frost must then be incorporated in a relatively stable manner into the coffee product whose roast and ground coffee aroma is desired to be increased. Usually this coffee product comprises an instant coffee because instant coffees are notably deficient in characteristic roast and ground coffee aroma. It has been found that little or no aroma value is obtained by using conventional coffee oil addition techniques in adding aroma frost to instant coffee products because nearly all of the aroma escapes before transfer to the jar. However, some aroma is retained providing the instant coffee has previously been sprayed or come in contact with in some other manner, coffee oil. For some reason, not precisely known, the coffee oil acts as a stabilizing factor in allowing a certain degree of retention of aroma frost aroma within the aromatized coffee product.... Still, even where aroma frost is first mixed with coffee oil and allowed to equilibrate in a manner such as is disclosed in co-pending application of Strobel entitled "Separating Aroma- and Flavor-Bearing Substrates Into Aroma and Flavor Concentrates," and then sprayed upon a coffee product, or where the aroma frost is incorporated into a highly stable purified coffee oil as is shown by copending U.S. Pat. application of Strobel, Ser. No. 126,305, filed Mar. 19, 1971 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,132, and thereafter sprayed upon instant coffee, it has been found that after spray-on addition the aroma intensity is significantly decreased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0RE31427__ ·
Beverage filter for reducing coffee acidity Inventor(s): Gurol; Ismail Macit (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Tamer International, Ltd. (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 6,102,213 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: A method of brewing coffee having reduced acidity is described. In the method, an acid-neutralizing composition comprising calcium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and potassium chloride is utilized to produce a brewed coffee having a pH of from about 5.7 to about 6.1. A coffee product including ground coffee and an acid-neutralizing composition is also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for reducing the acidity of acidic foods and beverages, and more specifically to a method for reducing the acidity of coffee beverages.... The consumption of acidic food and beverages often results in physical discomfort in the form of indigestion and heartburn among other discomforts. Acidic beverages including coffees and teas are particularly troublesome because of their widespread consumption and elevated acid concentrations.... Coffee is a morning ritual for over 125 million Americans, with the average coffee drinker consuming three cups of coffee per day. However, drinking coffee does not affect all people in the same way. While some are able to drink an entire pot of coffee without
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experiencing any adverse effects, others may experience indigestion and discomfort. In addition to discomfort, potential health risks associated with excessive coffee consumption in general, and with caffeine consumption in particular, have been theorized. At least one study has linked coffee consumption to osteoporosis. Pregnant mothers are often cautioned to limit their intake of coffee as a precaution to ensure the health and safety of their unborn children. It is not well understood what the effects of coffee acids may be on the health of the general population, but at a minimum acidic coffee causes discomfort for many people with digestive tract disorders, such as acid reflux or ulcers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06102213__ ·
Blood, coffee or fruit juice stain remover in an alkaline composition Inventor(s): Levitt; Mark (St. Paul, MN), Smith; Kim R. (Woodbury, MN), Ehlers; Laurie (Lucas, IA) Assignee(s): Ecolab Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 6,468,954 Date filed: November 15, 1999 Abstract: A blood, coffee or fruit juice removing cleaning composition, and methods for using such, which may take the form of a detergent additive or pre-spotter, generally including an amount of carbonate source effective to remove blood, coffee or fruit juice from textiles. In other preferred forms the compositions disclosed herein may include surfactants. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for removal of blood, fruit juice or coffee stains from textiles. More specifically, the invention relates to aqueous inorganic salt-surfactant blends and methods of using these composition for the removal of blood, coffee or fruit juice stains from textiles including carpeting and natural and synthetic fabrics.... The routine soiling of clothing, uniforms, carpeting, and other textiles is common in many industries. In most instances, fabrics and carpeting soiled in the course of professional service can be laundered and cleaned, effectively returning the fabric or carpeting to a condition suitable for use. As one might suspect, certain types of soils are more difficult to remove from fabric and carpeting than others.... Soiling of textiles resulting from contact with mammalian blood can be some of the most resistant to cleaning and laundering. Blood is generally considered a fluid connective tissue comprising plasma and cells which circulates within vessels in mammalian bodies. Of the many constituents of mammalian blood, certain elements such as, for example, hemoglobin and iron may contribute to the difficulty in removing blood stains from fabrics. As the blood dries on the fabric, it becomes a hydrophobic, protein-based soil that forms a crusty surface that is difficult to disrupt. Colored beverages such as soft drinks, tea and coffee present serious staining problems to textiles. These colored beverages are commonly acid dyes which cause severe staining. Coffee stains are very difficult to remove from synthetic fibers and are particularly unsightly due to their dark brown color. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06468954__
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Carbonated coffee beverage dispenser Inventor(s): Cutting; Robert A. (Kent, OH), Gemmell; Gregory R. (Akron, OH), Green; Thomas S. (Atwater, OH) Assignee(s): ABC Dispensing Technologies (Akron, OH) Patent Number: 5,803,320 Date filed: August 11, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for dispensing cold, carbonated coffee beverages. The apparatus comprises a plurality of reservoirs for holding the beverage ingredients. Each reservoir is selectively connected to at least one dispensing pump that is controlled by a control unit. The pumps deliver the ingredients to a dispensing head that is configured to mix the ingredients external to the dispensing head. The basic ingredients are coffee extract, soda, and a sweetener. Additionally, ingredients such as decaffeinated coffee extract and water may be included to expand the range of beverage selections. The apparatus dispenses the ingredients in a manner that forms a desired creme on top of the beverage. Excerpt(s): The invention herein resides in the art of beverage dispensers. Specifically, the invention presents a beverage dispenser capable of repeatedly generating cold, carbonated coffee beverages.... Cold, carbonated coffee beverages are becoming increasingly popular throughout the United States. A cold, carbonated coffee beverage is generally a combination of coffee extract, sweetener, and soda. A properly made beverage is complete when the finished product has a foamy head on top of the liquid. The foamy head is commonly known as the "creme." Proper creation of the creme is one of the most important factors in creating a cold, carbonated, coffee beverage.... Consumers desire the carbonated coffee beverages in various sizes and strengths. Additionally, some consumers prefer decaffeinated to caffeinated beverages. The strength of the beverage is generally controlled by the amount of coffee extract in the beverage. For instance, a strong beverage has a higher percentage of coffee extract than a regular beverage. A light beverage not only has a reduced percentage of coffee extract than a regular beverage, but may also have a reduced concentration of soda. This is often achieved by adding regular water to the soda to deceive the effect of the soda on the beverage's taste and feel. The creme on top of the liquid is a foamy substance generally comprising extract oils and soda bubbles. The amount of coffee extract in the beverage, the amount of agitation, and the rate at which the coffee extract is added are major contributors to the consistency of the creme. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05803320__
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Centrifugal apparatus for making coffee Inventor(s): Ben-Shmuel; Sonja (1031 Ardsley Rd., Schenectady, NY 12308) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,545,296 Date filed: June 19, 1984 Abstract: An apparatus for making coffee includes a housing which bounds a catch chamber provided with a discharge through which any liquid present in the catch chamber is discharged into a receptacle, so that a rotary body which is mounted in the catch chamber for rotation about an axis rotates in air. The rotary body includes an
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internal space which is subdivided by a partition into two compartments which communicate with one another at their outer ends. Liquid is discharged from one of the compartments into the catch chamber through a port situated at the inner end of such compartment, while hot liquid is introduced into the inner end of the other compartment and flows therethrough and the quantity of ground coffee contained therein to extract flavor from the latter. The rate of discharge is determined solely by the rate of replenishment, since the two compartments behave as connected vessels or a water trap. The ground coffee may be confined in an outer envelope of filter material, to form a unitary cartridge therewith which can be introduced as a unit into the other compartment through the lower end thereof, after a movable end wall of the rotary body has been moved out of the way. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the making of hot beverages in general and, more particularly, to a method of and an apparatus for making coffee by using a continuous flow technique.... There are known various ways of making coffee which vary from country to country or from one geographical region to another in dependence on taste preferences of the population. Some of the most popular ways of making coffee in this country, if pouring hot water into a container containing a quantity of so-called instant coffee is disregarded, are a percolating technique, and a drip technique. When performing the percolating technique, hot water or steam is repeatedly passed through a quantity of ground coffee until it extracts the coffee flavor from the ground coffee. However, because of the numerous passes of the boiling water or steam through the same quantity of coffee, some undesirable taste ingredients may be extracted from the ground coffee as well so that the beverage has less than an optimum or desirable taste. Therefore, the drip technique is preferred by many people, since it extracts the coffee flavor but not the undesirable taste components.... In performance of the drip technique, water closely below its boiling temperature is passed through a quantity of ground coffee only once. However, as the water passes through the ground coffee quantity, it follows the path or paths of least resistance, that is, it flows through the largest interstices present in the coffee quantity, or forms such relatively large interstices as it flows through the coffee quantity. This means that certain areas of the quantity of ground coffee will be bypassed by the flow of the hot water, or will be exposed to only a small degree of extraction of the coffee flavor therefrom during the passage of the hot water through the coffee quantity. To avoid the possibility that this preferential flow of the hot water would result in too small an amount of the coffee flavor in the beverage, the suppliers of coffee pouches for the drip-type coffee machines include an excess quantity of coffee in their pouches, and the suppliers of cans of coffee for use in driptype coffee machines recommend the use of an excessive amount of coffee by the consumer as well. This, of course, is very wasteful but unavoidable lest the flavor of the coffee beverage be compromised. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04545296__ ·
Centrifugal brewing type coffee maker Inventor(s): Miwa; Yoshiyuki (Aichi, JP), Wada; Takashi (Nagoya, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 4,962,693 Date filed: November 1, 1989 Abstract: A coffee maker of the centrifugal brewing type includes a brewing case for containing milled coffee beans, the brewing case having a filter provided at the outer
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periphery thereof for the coffee brewing, a hot water feed mechanism for feeding hot water to the brewing case, an electric motor for rotating the brewing case so that a centrifugal force is applied to the hot water fed into the brewing case, thereby causing the hot water to pass through the milled coffee beans and then, through the filter, and control circuitry for controlling the hot water feed mechanism and the motor so that the motor is driven to rotate the brewing case after the hot water feed is initiated from the hot water feed mechanism to the brewing case. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to coffee makers for centrifugally brewing coffee by rotating a brewing case containing milled coffee beans at high speed by a motor with hot water simultaneously fed to the brewing case from a hot water feed mechanism.... Coffee makers of the type described above are suitable for preparing "espresso"-like coffee and disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Utility Model Application No. 63-37142 and German Patent No. DE 3137651 A1. A brewing case for containing milled coffee beans is provided above an electric motor and a small space is defined between the upper peripheral edge of the brewing case and a lid closing the upper open end of the brewing case. The brewing case is rotated at high speed by the motor so that a centrifugal force due to rotation causes hot water to quickly pass through the milled coffee beans and then through the small space between the case and the lid, thereby making coffee. This coffee brewing manner is advantageous in that coffee is quickly made. Further, since a period during which the hot water is in contact with the milled coffee beans is relatively short, ingredients degrading flavor of coffee such as the ingredient of bitterness are not extracted from the milled coffee beans, thereby improving the flavor of coffee.... In the coffee maker disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Utility Model Application No. 63-37142, a heating case is provided below the brewing case for heating the water therein. A hot water feed tube is extended downwardly from the central bottom of the brewing case to the interior of the heating case. After the hot water is made in the heating case, the brewing case and the hot water feed tube are together rotated at high speed, whereby the hot water in the heating case is sucked to the brewing case through the hot water feed tube. Consequently, the hot water supply to the brewing case necessarily starts after the start of rotation of the brewing case. When the hot water supply starts after the start of rotation of the brewing case, a centrifugal force acts on the hot water supplied to the brewing case rotating at high speed from the first of the hot water feed and consequently, the hot water is caused to splash around ununiformly. Accordingly, at the first of the hot water supply to the brewing case, some part of the milled coffee beans in the brewing case includes hot water and some does not, which unbalances the brewing case. When the brewing case is rotated at high speed in the unbalanced state, the case is caused to intensely oscillate, producing a big noise. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04962693__ ·
Centrifuge cage for a coffee centrifuge Inventor(s): Greutert; Albert (Sachseln, CH), Gasser; Ruedy (Lucerne, CH) Assignee(s): Maxs AG (Sachseln, CH) Patent Number: 4,476,776 Date filed: June 24, 1982 Abstract: A centrifuge cage for coffee centrifuges or juice extractors is in two parts. The top part or member can be moved axially relatively to the bottom part between a closed position, in which the centrifuge cage is sealing tight along the boundary zone on its
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periphery, the same having a mesh zone, and an open position, in which the filtered material can be hurled outwards from the centrifuge cage. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a centrifuge cage, more particularly for a coffee centrifuge.... Coffee filters for long-term use are known wherein coffee in powder form is introduced into a filter cage formed with minuscule perforations, boiling water then being poured over the powder so that the coffee drops by gravity into a vessel below. Because of their relatively lengthy filtration time, coffee filters of this kind are unsatisfactory for commercial use.... Endeavours have been made to increase the filtration time by using a centrifuge cage as filter cage, so that the liquor and the filtrate are acted on not by gravity alone but by a centrifugal force which is several times stronger than gravity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04476776__ ·
Circuit for monitoring and controlling the flow of hot air in equipment for roasting coffee, nuts and similar edible commodities Inventor(s): Camerini Porzi; Pier Cesare (Casalecchio di Reno, IT) Assignee(s): Officine Vittoria S.p.A. (Bologna, IT) Patent Number: 4,949,632 Date filed: November 29, 1988 Abstract: A circuit permits of monitoring the temperature and the color of coffee in the drums of roasting equipment, and controlling the flow of hot air with dampers operated in pairs by respective stepping motors. The dampers are moved through a succession of proportioning positions in a definite sequence of two stages; an initial, continuous movement that approximates to the thermal transition required, followed by a series of discrete steps producing a fine adjustment; thus it becomes possible to ensure that the set pre-roast and roast temperatures are reached in the drums at the prescribed moment in time. Excerpt(s): The invention disclosed relates to a circuit for monitoring and controlling the flow of hot air in equipment for roasting coffee, nuts and similar edible commodities.... Conventionally, the process of roasting a given quantity of coffee is implemented in two distinct steps. First, the coffee is subjected to a pre-roast application of heat to lower its moisture content, selecting temperature values such as are able to ensure a wellbalanced color of the beans; to best advantage, the temperature adopted in pre-roasting the raw commodity will be of the order of 150.degree.-160.degree. C.... The successive second step involves subjecting the pre-heated product to roast temperature proper, generally 220.degree.-230.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04949632__
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Coffee and process for the production thereof Inventor(s): Buchholz; Klaus (Hamburg, DE), Gosswein; Claus F. (Buchholz, DE), Ball; Michael (Halstenbek, DE), Hubert; Peter (Buxtehude, DE), Kopsch; Reiner (Schenefeld, DE), Lutz; Henning (Halstenbek, DE) Assignee(s): Code Kaffee-Handelsges, mbH (DE) Patent Number: 5,888,549 Date filed: June 21, 1993 Abstract: Roasted coffee with an increased chlorogenic acid content of more than 2.8% by weight or instant coffee powder with an increased chlorogenic acid content of more than 8.5% by weight have a better compatibility. The increased chlorogenic acid content is achieved either by adding chlorogenic acid or by extracting raw coffee and adding the optionally concentrated extract to the roasted coffee. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to roasted or instant coffee with an increased chlorogenic acid content, as well as to processes for the production thereof.... Chlorogenic acid is here not only understood to mean the 3-caffeoyl-quinic acid mostly contained in coffee and frequently referred to in the literature as "the chlorogenic acid", but also 4- and 5-caffeoyl-quinic acid, as well as isomeric mixtures.... When roasting raw coffee a considerable weight loss occurs and generally represents approximately 12 to 17% by weight. The loss is not only due to the residual moisture content still present in the raw coffee after drying and which is lost during roasting and in addition various constituents of the raw coffee are evaporated or chemically decomposed during the roasting process and are consequently lost. Chlorogenic acid is among the constituents of raw coffee, whose content is significantly reduced by roasting. This decomposition of chlorogenic acid has hitherto been accepted, because it was looked upon as an undesired component (cf. German patent 685 367, p.1, lines 44/45). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888549__
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Coffee and tea brewing apparatus and system Inventor(s): Jefferson, Jr. Harry D. (Honolulu, HI), Ploeger; Dale W. (Menlo Park, CA) Assignee(s): Jefferson; Harry D. (Honolulu, HI) Patent Number: 5,669,287 Date filed: July 20, 1995 Abstract: A method and system for brewing a desired volume of coffee at a selected brew time, in which a volume of water corresponding to the desired volume of coffee is heated and directed into contact with coffee grounds in a brewing chamber. Contact between at least a portion of the heated water and the coffee grounds is maintained for approximately the selected brew time to form brewed coffee. The brewing time, however, is substantially independent of the desired volume of coffee to be brewed and is controlled by control of the rate at which heated liquid flows into or out of the brewing chamber. At the expiration of the brewing time, brewed coffee is released through an opening in the brewing chamber and into an underlying receptacle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of cooking appliances and particularly to the field of apparatuses and systems for brewing coffee and tea.... Coffee is brewed by placing hot water into contact with ground, roasted coffee for a given period of time. Coffee beans contain approximately 600 chemical compounds, a high
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percentage of which result in bitter and poor tasting coffee, which is often incorrectly referred to as "strong coffee." These undesirable compounds are normally released into brewed coffee when the hot water remains in contact with the ground coffee beans for relatively long durations. A primary influence on the taste of brewed coffee is therefore the "brew time," the amount of time that the heated water is in contact with the ground coffee beans. Brew time is similarly important to the brewing of teas.... Experts in the coffee industry recommend brewing so-called "regular grind" coffee using brew times within the range of two to four minutes, where the brew time is the amount of time for which heated liquid is in contact with the ground beans. For free grinds (often called "espresso grinds"), brew times of approximately 20 to 30 seconds are recommended. It is also recommended that water which has been heated to approximately 205.degree. F. be used for brewing coffee. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05669287__ ·
Coffee and tea brewing apparatus and system Inventor(s): Jefferson, Jr. Harry D. (60 N. Beretania St., Suite 3503, Honolulu, HI 96817), Ploeger; Dale W. (Menlo Park, CA) Assignee(s): Jefferson, Jr. Harry D. () Patent Number: RE37,173 Date filed: September 23, 1999 Abstract: A method and system for brewing a desired volume of coffee at a selected brew time, in which a volume of water corresponding to the desired volume of coffee is heated and directed into contact with coffee grounds in a brewing chamber. Contact between at least a portion of the heated water and the coffee grounds is maintained for approximately the selected brew time to form brewed coffee. The brewing time, however, is substantially independent of the desired volume of coffee to be brewed and is controlled by control of the rate at which heated liquid flows into or out of the brewing chamber. At the expiration of the brewing time, brewed coffee is released through an opening in the brewing chamber and into an underlying receptacle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of cooking appliances and particularly to the field of apparatuses and systems for brewing coffee and tea.... Coffee is brewed by placing hot water into contact with ground, roasted coffee for a given period of time. Coffee beans contain approximately 600 chemical compounds, a high percentage of which result in bitter and poor tasting coffee, which is often incorrectly referred to as "strong coffee." These undesirable compounds are normally released into brewed coffee when the hot water remains in contact with the ground coffee beans for relatively long durations. A primary influence on the taste of brewed coffee is therefore the "brew time," the amount of time that the heated water is in contact with the ground coffee beans. Brew time is similarly important to the brewing of teas.... Experts in the coffee industry recommend brewing so-called "regular grind" coffee using brew times within the range of two to four minutes, where the brew time is the amount of time for which heated liquid is in contact with the ground beans. For free grinds (often called "espresso grinds"), brew times of approximately 20 to 30 seconds are recommended. It is also recommended that water which has been heated to approximately 205.degree. F. be used for brewing coffee. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0RE37173__
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Coffee and tea making or brewing apparatus Inventor(s): Phillips; M. K. (St. Leonards-on-Sea, GB2), Hayes; Cecil (Hastings, GB2) Assignee(s): W. M. Still & Sons Limited (Sussex, GB2) Patent Number: 4,426,920 Date filed: September 24, 1982 Abstract: An improved coffee or tea brewer having mounted within a casing a cold water tank and infusing arrangement with a water heater connected between the two and mounted under the tank, the heater having a cover for cleaning the water fed interior of the heater, the cover opening rearwardly and shielded from electrical components by a shield so that only the rear of the heater can be accessed from a rear access opening in the closing; the heater cover preferably has the heater inlet and outlet mounted thereon so that the heater can be more effectively cleaned. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to coffee and tea making or brewing apparatus and especially to apparatus of the type which heats or boils water.... In such a brewer the water may be heated in a separate enclosed heater. Due to the compact construction of such brewers the heater is of necessity somewhat tucked away into the back of the brewer. After a certain period of use particularly when using water with a high chalk content it is necessary to clean the heater to remove scale which adheres to parts of the heater. For various reasons descaling compounds are not favoured and therefore scale has to be removed by washing and scrubbing. Since such brewers contain a number of electrical components it has been the practice to enclose the heater within a back plate which can only be removed by using tools and thus the descaling operation should only be carried out by skilled maintenance staff.... It is an object of the present invention to reduce the requirement for expert maintenance and to facilitate descaling the heater of such brewers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04426920__
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Coffee aroma emulsion formulations Inventor(s): Chmiel; Oliver (Marysville, OH), Traitler; Helmut (Corseaux, CH), Watzke; Heribert (Lausanne, CH), Westfall; Scott A. (Marysville, OH) Assignee(s): Nestec SA (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 5,576,044 Date filed: February 1, 1995 Abstract: An emulsion preconcentrate which contains hydrolyzed coffee oil and a coffee aroma. The emulsion preconcentrate is mixed with soluble coffee powder to provide a soluble coffee product. Upon dissolution of the soluble coffee product in hot water, the emulsion preconcentrate spontaneously forms an oil-in-water emulsion including droplets in the microemulsion tange; the dispersed oil phase containing the aroma. This provides a burst of aroma. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an emulsion preconcentrate which contains coffee aroma. The emulsion preconcentrate may be formulated with soluble coffee to enhance the coffee aroma given off by coffee made from the soluble coffee. The invention also relates to soluble coffee which is formulated with the emulsion preconcentrate.... It is generally found in the coffee industry that consumers associate quality coffee with a good coffee aroma. If a coffee product lacks coffee aroma, consumer perception of the
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product is adversely affected. Unfortunately, soluble (or as it is commonly known, instant) coffee after drying is almost entirely aromaless. For this reason, it is conventional to trap coffee aromas which are given off during the processing of the soluble coffee and to later reincorporate these aromas into the soluble coffee.... The usual way of reincorporating the aroma is to first capture the aroma into a substrate such as an oil or emulsion. Suitable procedures for carrying out the capture of the aroma are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,823,241, 5,030,473, and 5,222,364 but many other techniques are known. Usually a coffee oil or an emulsion of coffee oil and coffee extract, is used as the substrate. The aroma-containing substrate is then usually sprayed on the soluble coffee powder prior to the coffee powders being filled into containers, which are then sealed. Unfortunately, with the substrates conventionally used, either the incorporation of the aroma into the substrate is too good (resulting in inadequate release of the aroma), or aesthetically unappealing oil slicks form on the coffee surface, or both. This has lead to the search for other ways of incorporating the aroma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05576044__ ·
Coffee aroma recovery process Inventor(s): Furrer; Marc (Blonay, CH), Gretsch; Catherine (Valeyres-Sous-Ursins VD, CH) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,592,922 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: A process for the recovery of aroma components from coffee grounds. Coffee grounds are placed in a mixer. The coffee grounds are wet, heated, and exposed to decreased pressure to provide aroma containing gas containing aroma components. From 40% to 95% of the aroma components in the coffee grounds are collected from the aroma containing gas. The aroma components may be added to concentrated coffee extract prior to the drying of the extract. The coffee powder produced has much increased and improved aroma and flavor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the recovery of aroma components from roasted and ground coffee. The recovered aroma components are useful for aromatising soluble coffee powders. The invention also relates to new aromatized soluble coffee powders.... Aromas are an important part of many products since consumers associate certain aromas with certain products. If the product lacks the aroma associated with it, consumer perception of the product is adversely affected. This is particularly a problem in the field of soluble coffee powders, although it also exists in other fields. Soluble coffee powders, which are obtained from commercial processes involving extraction, concentration, and drying are usually substantially aroma-less. For this reason, it is conventional to recover coffee aromas which are given off during the processing of the soluble coffee powder and to reincorporate these aromas into concentrated coffee extract prior to drying into the soluble coffee powder.... The coffee aromas are recovered at several points during processing of the soluble coffee powder and most commonly during grinding of the roasted beans and by steam stripping of the coffee extract prior to concentration and drying of the soluble coffee solids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592922__
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Coffee aroma recovery process and resultant products Inventor(s): Furrer; Marc (Blonay, CH), Gretsch; Catherine (Valeyres-sous-Ursins, CH) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,455,093 Date filed: August 22, 2000 Abstract: A process for the recovery of aroma components from coffee grounds. Coffee grounds are placed in a mixer. The coffee grounds are wet heated, and exposed to decreased pressure to provide aroma containing gas containing aroma components. From 40% to 95% of the aroma components in the coffee grounds are collected from the aroma containing gas. The aroma components may be added to concentrated coffee extract prior to the drying of the extracts. The coffee powder produced has much increased and improved aroma and flavor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the recovery of aroma components from roasted and ground coffee. The recovered aroma components are useful for aromatising soluble coffee powders. The invention also relates to new aromatized soluble coffee powders.... The coffee aromas are recovered at several points during processing of the soluble coffee powder and most commonly during grinding of the roasted beans and by steam stripping of the coffee extract prior to concentration and drying of the soluble coffee solids.... The recovery of aroma from ground coffee is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,118. This patent discloses a process in which roast and ground coffee is placed in a column and maintained at about 40.degree. C. The bed of coffee is then moistened by spraying water on it to assist in displacing aromas from the coffee particles. An inert gas, usually nitrogen, is heated to about 44.degree. C. and introduced into the column from beneath the bed. As the inert gas passes up through the bed, it strips the aromas from the coffee particles. The inert gas is then fed to a condenser which is operated at a temperature of about 5.degree. C. to condense water in the inert gas. The de-watered inert gas is ultimately fed to a cryogenic condenser to condense the aroma as a frost, The frost is then recovered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06455093__
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Coffee bag brewing by microwave Inventor(s): Clausi; Adolph S. (Cos Cob, CT), Ott; Thomas M. (Westwood, NJ) Assignee(s): Kraft General Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,135,764 Date filed: July 6, 1987 Abstract: Roasted and ground coffee is packaged in an infusion coffee bag for use in brewing a cup of coffee in a microwave oven. The brewing bag is placed in a container of water and the container is heated in a microwave oven yielding a high quality coffee beverage in a rapid period of time. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for preparing brewed coffee utilizing an infusion coffee bag containing roasted and ground coffee. The infusion coffee bag is immersed in water and microwave heated to produce a high quality coffee brew in a short period of time.... It has long been desired to provide the consumer with a coffee bag product which might be used in the same fashion as the conventional and popular tea bag and which would produce a high quality coffee beverage. Previous attempts of
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merely placing roast and ground coffee in lieu of tea in standard filter paper infusion bags have not proven successful. One of the difficulties encountered is that the time required to produce a flavorful cup of coffee beverage is considerably longer than that for tea.... One method of decreasing the time to produce a coffee beverage is to increase the porosity of the infusion coffee bag. The increase in porosity, however, also permits increased amounts of coffee grounds to escape thereby producing accumulations of sediment in the cup. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05135764__ ·
Coffee bags Inventor(s): Wright; Darlene J. (R.R. #3, Oregon, IL 61061), Spector; George (233 Broadway, Rm. 3615, New York, NY 10007) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,746,519 Date filed: December 22, 1986 Abstract: A coffee bag is provided and consists of a housing fabricated out of two sheets of water-permeable paper material heat sealed around its perimeter for holding a portion of very fine ground coffee therebetween for making an individual cup of coffee. In a modification the housing is cylindrical and expandable when inserted within hot water and contains a ground coffee agitating device built into the housing. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to packets for brewing coffee and more specifically it relates to a coffee bag.... Numerous packets for brewing coffee have been provided in prior art that are adapted to hold an individual portion of ground coffee for insertion into a cup for making one serving of brewed coffee. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,157,656; 2,786,761 and 3,640,727 all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described.... A primary object of the present invention is to provide a coffee bag that will overcome the shortcomings of the prior art devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04746519__
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Coffee basket brush Inventor(s): Davis; Tommy Douglas (P.O. Box 1086, Midland City, AL 36350) Assignee(s): Davis; Tommy Douglas (Midland City, AL) Patent Number: 6,105,195 Date filed: February 8, 1999 Abstract: A coffee basket brush for cleaning a coffee basket that holds filters for brewing is comprised of an elongated handle having a length of 11.27 mm wherein the brush head bends at an angle to the handle. The length of the brush head from the end of the brush head to the bend is 3.08 mm. The brush head is filled with multiple soft bristles wherein the brush head has 34 holes to be filled with these multiple soft bristles. The handle is shaped for easy gripping for usage.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally and specially to coffee basket brushes to clean these and other baskets of this type that need to be cleaned.... The present invention relates to a cleaning brush capable of providing unobstructive visual access of the bristle matrix when cleaning coffee filter baskets and other type baskets that need periodic cleaning. The coffee basket brushes can be for household and commercial use. Coffee baskets and other baskets that require filters should have a brush to clean the grooves that is easy to use and grip.... It is an object of the present invention to provide a cleaning brush which has an ergonomically designed handle that is at a bend to the brush head. The handle design makes it possible to reach tiny grooves in coffee baskets and other type baskets where filters are used for brewing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06105195__ ·
Coffee bean delivery and grinding system Inventor(s): Poag; Andrew F. (St. Louis, MO), Newkirk; Franklin D. (Florissant, MO) Assignee(s): Unidynamics Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,936,515 Date filed: August 17, 1989 Abstract: A coffee bean delivery and grinding system for producing a charge of ground coffee comprising a bin and hopper for storing coffee beans, an auger being at least partially disposed in the bottom of the hopper, and a grinder having grinding wheels driven by a grinder motor. An auger motor is connected to one end of the auger for turning the auger to convey coffee beans from the hopper to the grinder. A control mechanism is provided for operating the grinder motor and the auger motor during the cycle of operation of the system. The end of the auger opposite the motor is located generally in an opening in the grinder housing such that the end of the auger is adjacent the grinding wheels for feeding coffee beans to the grinding wheels upon initiation of rotation of the auger. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to coffee bean grinders, and more particularly to a system for delivering and grinding coffee beans, especially for use in coffee vending machines.... The invention is further concerned with a system for delivering and grinding coffee beans to produce a predetermined charge of ground coffee in a single cycle of operation of the system. Such a system is particularly applicable in a coffee vending machine for grinding coffee beans to brew each cup of coffee dispensed. Reference may be made to the coassigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,137, issued May 27, 1969, entitled Hot Beverage Merchandiser, for disclosure of a coffee vending machine of the type to which the present invention is applicable. The quality of coffee provided by a coffee vending machine is significantly improved when the machine stores coffee beans and grinds the beans for brewing each cup of coffee made by the machine, because coffee beans may be stored longer without loss of freshness than pre-ground coffee meal. Presently, vending machines use commercial grinders which retain ground coffee in the grinder after the grinder is cycled. Because of the relatively small amount of coffee required for each cup vended, freshness between consecutive cups can be affected. Commercial grinders also deliver an inconsistent amount of coffee, which results in inconsistent flavor in the final product. Commercial grinders have large, heavy motors which are expensive to purchase and operate and take up a lot of space in a vending machine. The motor drives both the auger and grinder and therefore the rpm of the motor is limited by the relatively slow rotational speed required to operate the auger. The prior art delivery and grinding systems cannot produce the finer grind of a higher
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speed grinder. The rate of extraction of coffee from a coarser grind is less than that from a finer grind, thus causing the time of the brewing cycle to be increased with the coarseness of the grind delivered to the brewer. Particularly in coffee vending machines it is desirable to reduce the brewing cycle as much as possible as well as to increase the consistency of in the amount of ground coffee in a charge produced in a single cycle of operation.... The present invention overcomes the above-described difficulties and disadvantages of prior art coffee bean grinding and delivery systems, especially those used in coffee vending machines, by providing such a system in which the auger and grinder are driven independently by separate motors, less ground coffee is retained in the grinder after system is cycled, and the grinder is adjustable to vary the coarseness of the grind and the auger can be quickly stopped to prevent jamming of the grinder. These and other advantages and objects of the present invention will be discussed and further described in more detail hereinafter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04936515__ ·
Coffee bean polishing apparatus Inventor(s): Satake; Toshihiko (Higashihiroshima, JP) Assignee(s): Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,076,157 Date filed: October 3, 1990 Abstract: A green coffee bean polishing apparatus for removing silver skin from green coffee beans having the silver skins remaining after removal of parchment, comprises: a tubular member communicated at one end portion thereof with a supply port for green coffee beans to be polished and at the other end portion thereof with a discharge port for the polished green coffee beans, the tubular member defining a polishing chamber therein and having a large number of through holes formed in a wall surface thereof; a polishing roll rotatably disposed in the polishing chamber for serving to polish the green coffee beans in the polishing chamber so as to separate the silver skin from the outer surface of each green coffee bean; and an air passing means for passing air from the polishing chamber to the outside of the tubular member so as to discharge the silver skin separated from the green coffee beans through the through holes in the tubular member. Accordingly, the silver skin can be ensured to be removed from the individual green coffee beans. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for polishing coffee beans, particularly raw on green coffee beans from each of which parchment is removed, prior to the subjection to roasting. The term "raw coffee bean" or "green coffee beam" used in the following description means the coffee bean that is not subjected to the roasting.... First, the reaped cherries 100 are immersed in water in a tank 110, and only the cherries 100a sunk to the bottom of the tank 110 are taken out, so that only the cherries 100a having the mature seeds 105 are obtained Subsequently, the cherries 100a thus obtained are put into a pulp removing machine 112 so that the pericarp 101 and the pulp 103 are removed from each of the cherries 100a which are then immersed again in water in a tank 104 so that the pulp 103 and the like floating on the water is washed away.... Raw or green coffee beans 105a thus obtained are fermented by a fermentation device 114. The fermentation by the fermentation device 114 is continued for 12 to 18 hours at high temperature or 30 to 40 hours at low temperature. Raw coffee beans 105b after the subjection to the fermentation process are washed in water while being stirred up, and then dried by a drying means 116 in a drying field, thus obtaining parchment
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coffee beans 105c each having the parchment 102 wrapped thereon. Drying of the coffee beans 105 is effected in the sun in the drying field or in a drying machine by heating with an artificial heating device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05076157__ ·
Coffee bean roaster Inventor(s): Song; You Jin (E-209 Hanyang Apt., 42, Yoido-Dong, Youngdungpo-Ku, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,890,418 Date filed: August 11, 1998 Abstract: A coffee bean roaster comprises a cylinder-shaped housing, a roasting vessel, a hemishpere-shaped lid, a guiding duct and a handle duct. The housing has a duct connections part protruded in one side. Corresponding to the housing, a lower plate is formed on a bottom face. A partition plate is formed in an upper end. A placement part having air inducing holes is placed above the partition plate. A fan is installed. A heater upper plate and a heater lower plate are placed in the upper end of the placement part. A heater coil is placed between the two plates to form a heater assembly. Corresponding to the roasting vessel, a guiding part is placed at the bottom face of a heated air blower. Blowing holes are formed on the outer perimeter surface of the heated air blower in the oblique direction, a spindle is formed therein. The coffee bean roaster has an excellent roasting capacity by a strong whirlwind, and easily removes the hulls of the raw beans. The power consumption can be reduced by 30-40% by re-using waste heat generated inside the roasting vessel without exhausting it outside. This invention is small and simple in size, convenient in use, and low in sound during use. Accordingly, the present invention can be easily assembled and disassembled, and the packing and carrying of the product is convenient. Furthermore, the production cost is lower than before by 3040%. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coffee bean roaster capable of roasting coffee beans with heated air, characterized in that raw coffee beans and pop corn can be uniformly roasted within the space between a blower and a roasting vessel by generating a strong whirlwind from the heated air blower, and that the amount of power used can be reduced by not exhausting waste heat and circulating the waste heat inside the roasting vessel through a duct.... In general, coffee is classified as raw bean coffee, raw bean ground coffee, and instant coffee. Since raw bean coffee is superior in taste and fragrance among them, 90% of the population drinking coffee in Europe are purchasing at a high price raw bean coffee which is roasted and sold by a package from a factory. Most families enjoying roasted bean coffee have a coffee grinder or mill. Roasting raw beans at home not only provides a fresh taste and fragrance but also is very economical in view of the price difference of 1:3 or 1:5 between raw beans and processed beans.... Also, vacuum-wrapped roasted bean coffee cannot be stored over 6 months from the exfactory, but raw beans have the best taste 1-2 years after the harvest because the raw beans which are stored for a term mature well. Therefore, at this time a roaster is needed for home use which allows the storage of raw beans conveniently since sealing up raw beans for storage is not required, and which is able to roast at one time approximately 160 g raw beans which correspond to a maximum 20 cups used per day. However, at present there is no coffee bean roaster for home use which is worldwide commercialized after the second world war.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05890418__ ·
Coffee bean roaster Inventor(s): Song; Eugene (302-8 Yoen Hee Dong, Seodae Moon-Ku, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,112,644 Date filed: November 30, 1998 Abstract: A coffee bean roaster having an annular coffee bean receptacle, an air passageway extending from a source of outside air to the annular coffee bean receptacle, and a fan positioned in the air passageway operative to draw air from the outside source through the air passageway and into the annular coffee bean receptacle. An air heater is positioned in the air passageway so as to heat air propelled through the air passageway by the fan prior to entering the annular coffee bean receptacle. A chaff receptacle is positioned adjacent the annular coffee bean receptacle so as to receive chaff from beans roasted in the annular coffee bean receptacle and an air exhaust passageway extends from the annular coffee bean receptacle to a region proximate to the chaff receiving receptacle and is operative to establish an exhaust air flow that carries the chaff to the chaff receptacle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coffee bean roaster capable of roasting coffee beans with heated air, characterized in that raw coffee beans and pop corn can be uniformly roasted within the space between a blower and a roasting vessel by generating a strong whirlwind from the heated air blower.... In general, coffee is classified as raw bean coffee, raw bean ground coffee, and instant coffee. Since raw bean coffee is superior in taste and fragrance among them, 90% of the population drinking coffee in Europe are purchasing at a high price raw bean coffee which is roasted and sold by a package from a factory. Most families enjoying roasted bean coffee have a coffee grinder or mill. Roasting raw beans at home not only provides a fresh taste and fragrance but also is very economical in view of the price difference of 1:3 or 1:5 between raw beans and processed beans.... Also, vacuum-wrapped roasted bean coffee cannot be stored over 6 months after packaging at the factory, but the taste of coffee from roasting raw beans 1-2 years after being harvested is at its best because raw beans which are stored for a period of time mature well. Therefore, at this time a roaster is needed for home use which allows the storage of raw beans conveniently since sealing up raw beans for storage is not required, and which is able to roast at one time approximately 160 g raw beans which yields up to a maximum of 20 cups of coffee per day. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06112644__
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Coffee bean roaster with recirculated, filtered exhaust airflow Inventor(s): Iiyama; Sadamu (2940 Grace La., Costa Mesa, CA 92627) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,382,087 Date filed: July 31, 2001 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a coffee bean roaster with recirculated, filtered exhaust airflow. The coffee bean roaster includes a
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roasting drum sized and configured to receive coffee beans for roasting therein. The roasting drum has a drum airflow inlet and a drum airflow outlet for exhausting airflow from the roasting drum. The coffee bean roaster further includes a blower configured to blow airflow through the drum airflow inlet for venting the roasting drum. The coffee bean roaster includes a fluid filter having a filter airflow inlet and a filter airflow outlet. The filter airflow inlet is in fluid communication with the drum airflow outlet. The fluid filter is configured to filter airflow from the roasting drum. The filter airflow outlet is in fluid communication with the blower for recirculating airflow into the roasting drum. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to coffee bean roasters, and more particularly to a coffee bean roaster with recirculated, filtered exhaust airflow.... It has long been recognized that the most aromatic and tasteful coffee beverages result from green coffee beans which are freshly roasted, ground and brewed. The flavor of coffee is developed by roasting which results in a pyrolysis process of oils in the coffee beans. Green unroasted coffee beans have a film-like covering which effectively excludes air and moisture thereby protecting the coffee beans. This protective covering on the coffee beans is removed during the roasting process as chaff. Removal of this protective covering leaves roasted coffee beans exposed which results in oxidation of the oils in the coffee beans.... Coffee beans begin losing their flavor and aroma once they are roasted because of such oxidation of the oils. Roasted coffee beans will maintain its flavor reasonably well for approximately one week if sealed in an air tight container to minimize oxidation of the oils. Ground roasted coffee loses a significant amount of flavor after being ground, and will maintain its flavor reasonably well for only a few days. In contrast, green coffee beans may be kept for years with minimal effects upon their flavor characteristics, other than a mellowing as with aging of a fine wine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06382087__ ·
Coffee bean roaster with visual display column Inventor(s): Newnan; Brian D. (5312 China Garden Dr., P.O. Box 200129, Austin, TX 78720) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,609,097 Date filed: April 24, 1995 Abstract: A coffee bean roaster is provided with a cylindrically shaped transparent viewing tower in which coffee beans are roasted by an upwardly directed hot gaseous stream while being fluidized into a visually pleasing ascending central and descending outside columns during the roasting cycle. A two way valve located at the bottom of the tower permits the gaseous stream to enter the tower when the valve is in a first position and the roasted beans to be diverted to a cooling chamber when the valve is in a second position. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coffee bean roaster and more particularly to a coffee bean roaster employing a hot gaseous stream in a roasting chamber to fluidize and roast the beans in which the interior of the roasting chamber can be observed during operation.... Apparatus for the roasting of coffee beans using hot gas flows are known in the prior art. One example is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,175 issued Jun. 22, 1976 to Sivetz. The Sivetz patent discloses a rectangularly shaped chamber housing a funnel shaped chamber which is partially filed with green coffee beans. A hot gas stream flow is introduced through a screen forming a portion of the lower end of the
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funnel and the beans are fluidized and roasted. Viewing ports permit a review of the operation of the device. Still another U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,171 issued Feb. 9, 1993 to Bersten describes a roaster that continuously fluidizes and recirculates the beans into the main hot gas stream. U.S. Pat. No. 5,394,623 issued Mar. 7, 1995 to Sewell describes a roaster that fluidizes the coffee beans in a hot air stream for roasting and a temperature sensing device for injecting a spray of water into the gas stream at a point up stream of the roasting chamber to cool and quench the beans.... The prior art lacks a roasting device that can provide a merchandising capability to operations inviting consumers into the premises. The consumers have no way of easily seeing the roasting operation during actual roasting of beans. Still other disadvantages are the need to shut down the roasting operation while cooling the beans, the development of significant heat being transferred to outer surfaces making it undesirable to use the device in commercial establishments, difficulty in removing the beans from the apparatus, and complex cleaning steps required to clean the interior surfaces of the roasting apparatus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05609097__ ·
Coffee bean roasting apparatus Inventor(s): Erickson; Chad S. (Plymouth, MN), Drumm; Wesley C. (Manitowoc, WI) Assignee(s): The Metal Ware Corporation (Two Rivers, WI) Patent Number: 6,558,726 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: A roasting apparatus for roasting nuts, cocoa beans, coffee beans, and other small food stuffs comprising a base, a motor and afterburner assembly attached to the top of the base on one side thereof, a roasting assembly attached to the top of the base on the other side thereof, and a top cover assembly removably attached to the tops of the motor and afterburner assembly, and the roasting assembly. The apparatus further includes a blower assembly coupled to an electric motor for providing airflow through the roasting assembly, a fan coupled to the motor for providing airflow through the afterburner assembly, a drive assembly also coupled to the motor for driving an auger positioned within a roasting chamber of the roasting assembly, a roasting chamber heating assembly for heating the airflow from the blower assembly prior to entering the roasting chamber, a chaff collection assembly and filter positioned above the roasting chamber, and a digital control assembly for controlling and programming operation of the roasting apparatus. The afterburner assembly preferably includes an afterburner intake member for receiving exhaust gases from the roasting assembly, a catalyst heating element for heating the exhaust gases before entering a catalyst, and a catalyst heat shield surrounding the catalyst. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a roasting apparatus, and more particularly to a roasting apparatus for roasting nuts, cocoa beans, coffee beans, and other small food stuffs, the roasting apparatus comprising catalytic elements and a means of mixing the nuts or beans to significantly reduce or eliminate the unpleasant odors, gases and smoke generated in the roasting process.... Roasted coffee beans lose their freshness very quickly. However, raw green coffee beans remain fresh almost indefinitely. When raw green coffee beans are roasted to a dark brown color, the roasting gives off a very foul, pungent smell and generates smoke that would be considered unpleasant in a household environment. Most prior art household coffee bean roasting apparatus have several disadvantages, such as roasting only a small amount of coffee beans, non-uniformity in roasting, and the emission of foul odors and
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smoke during the roasting process. Perhaps the greatest challenge to controlling these odors is the common use of high air velocities of hot air to heat and mix the beans in prior art devices. The prior art household coffee bean roasting apparatus that use the high air velocities of hot air to generate large volumes of exhaust gases in order to "float" and circulate the beans in a similar manner to hot air popcorn poppers in order to uniformly roast the coffee beans. The coffee bean roasting apparatus of the present invention roasts a larger amount of coffee beans than the prior art, roasts the beans more uniformly, and eliminates the roasting odors and smoke associated with the roasting process.... It has long been known by commercial coffee roasting professionals and coffee enthusiasts that the smell of roasting raw coffee beans is typically regarded as unpleasant. Especially in the latter stages of roasting, the beans exude substantial quantities of oils and particulate matter as a byproduct of caramelization and pyrolysis, which can impart an unpleasant odor during roasting. Many attempts have been made to reduce or control these odors and waste gases by way of filtration, burning, and/or venting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06558726__ ·
Coffee bean roasting device Inventor(s): Hiromichi; Toriba (c/o Kabushiki Kaisha Doutor Coffee, 3-17-7, Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,257,574 Date filed: July 24, 1991 Abstract: A coffee bean roasting device for roasting coffee beans by applying hot air to the coffee beans. The coffee bean roasting device includes a detector for detecting a factor exerting influence upon the roasting state of coffee beans, and a controller for controlling the hot air supplier and/or exhaust discharger in accordance with a detection signal input from the discharger. The controller may be, for example, an electronic control portion such as computer including a pressure sensor for detecting a pressure value of the roasting space as a factor exerting influence upon the roasting state of coffee beans and adapted to record a pressure value input from the pressure sensor in a particular roasting state of coffee beans as a particular pressure value and control the exhaust discharger to regulate the amount of exhaust gas on a basis of the pressure value input from the pressure sensor, such that the pressure value of the roasting space becomes such recorded particular pressure value as a target value. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coffee bean roasting device, and particularly to a coffee bean roasting device capable of finely adjusting a pressure value of a roasting space, thereby to be able to reproduce a particular roasting state of coffee beans with ease and without a requirement of a high-degree of knowledge and experience.... Coffee beans produce colors, taste and smell by roasting. Coffee beans are usually accommodated in a roasting space of a roasting container, and the coffee beans accommodated in the roasting space are roasted with hot air supplied by a hot air supplying means. Exhaust gas generated in the roasting space in the roasting container by roasting the coffee beans is usually discharged by an exhaust gas discharging means. As factors for determining the roasting state of the coffee beans, there can be listed temperature of the roasting space, time for roasting, and the amount of exhaust gas.... More specifically, the color of the coffee beans is gradually changed to a thick color of dark brown from green of raw beans via light brown in accordance with the progress of
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the roasting process. At that time, the color of the coffee beans becomes darker if the temperature becomes is higher and the time is longer. Likewise the color is lighter if the temperature is lower and the time is shorter. The temperature of this hot air can be adjusted by, for example, a burner, as the hot air supplying means. Also, the color of the coffee beans becomes darker if the amount of exhaust gas is smaller because the coffee beans are smoked. Likewise the color of the coffee beans is lighter if the amount of exhaust gas is larger because they are not smoked. The amount of exhaust gas is adjusted by, for example, an exhaust gas damper as the exhaust gas discharging means. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05257574__ ·
Coffee beans roasting device Inventor(s): Tamaki; Yoji (Kagamigahara, JP), Kino; Takuya (Nagoya, JP), Ito; Takashi (Okazaki, JP), Nakamura; Akihiko (Nagoya, JP) Assignee(s): Pokka Corporation (Aichi, JP), NGK Insulators Ltd (Aichi, JP) Patent Number: 4,860,461 Date filed: April 1, 1988 Abstract: The roasting body is composed of a roasting body, a rotary drum supported on the inside of the roasting body to rotate in a horizontal attitude to accommodate and stir the coffee beans, infrared heaters disposed on the inner wall surface of the roasting body to surround the rotary drum in order to heat the coffee beans accommodated in the rotary drum by radiant heat, and a circulating path to circulate the hot air in the rotary drum into the roasting body in order to utilize the thermal energy effectively. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coffee beans roasting device, and more particularly to a coffee beans roasting device comprising a roasting body, a rotary drum supported inside of the roasting body to rotate in a horizontal attitude and accommodating the coffee beans and stirring it, infrared heaters disposed on an inner wall surface of the roasting body to surround the rotary drum to apply the radiant heat to the coffee beans in the rotary drum, and a mechanism for circulating a hot air of the rotary drum into the roasting body to utilize a heat energy effectively.... Heretofore, the systems of roasting the coffee beans are roughly classified to a gas heating system and a hot air system. The gas heating system is to expose the coffee beans directly to the heat source so that only the surfaces of the beans tend to scorch, and moreover the control of the roasting temperatures is difficult and irregular roasting occurs easily which are drawbacks. Also, the hot air system enables the roasting of the coffee beans uniformly as compared with the gas heating system but a large amount of hot air and relatively longer hours are required which increases the thermal energy cost and moreover, is the time consuming for the roasting which is not preferable in the mass production which are also drawbacks.... An object of this invention resides in that the coffee beans are thoroughly stirred and are exposed to the radiant heat from infrared heaters by the rotation of a rotary drum of a coffee beans roasting device, and as a result, the roasted coffee beans of an extremely high quality with excellent fragrance and taste and yet with long shelf life without change on standing can be provided on an account of the thorough penetration of the radiant heat not only to the surface but also to the inside of the coffee beans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04860461__
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Coffee beverage preparation aroma system Inventor(s): Zeller; Bary L. (Glenview, IL), Gaonkar; Anilkumar G. (Buffalo Grove, IL), Wragg; Anthony (Banbury, GB), Ceriali; Stefano (Banbury, GB) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods Holdings, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 6,544,576 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: A coffee aroma composition and a particulate coffee beverage preparation aroma composition. The aroma composition includes a coffee aroma constituent and a volatile organic carrier constituent. The carrier is in the liquid state at 25.degree. C., and has a vapor pressure of at least 0.01 mm Hg at 25.degree. C., a boiling point in the range of 25 to 250.degree. C., a density of less than 1.0 g/cc, and water solubility of not more than about 10% by weight at 25.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions for providing aroma at the time of preparation of a coffee beverage, and to particulate soluble coffee product compositions containing such coffee beverage preparation aroma compositions.... The production of soluble, or instant, coffee powder involves processing conditions such as elevated temperature, which causes loss of desirable coffee aroma. Unless additional steps are taken in its manufacture, there is very little aroma associated with hot coffee beverages prepared from instant coffee powder relative to the aroma of hot coffee beverages prepared by brewing roast and ground coffee. Many attempts have been made to enhance the aroma of instant coffee products, including the use of particular types of coffee beans, the use of particular coffee roasting conditions, and the addition of coffee aroma. The present invention relates to the addition of coffee aroma to instant coffee and, in particular, to such addition which results in a burst of preparation aroma.... It is known to prepare natural and artificial coffee aromas and flavors for addition to instant coffee. Such aromas and flavors are usually complex, comprising many organoleptically active compounds, which combine in effect to create the characterizing aroma of the product. Since aromas and flavors are extremely powerful and typically unstable in their undiluted state they are combined with a carrier to render them stable and easier to handle. The carriers are neutral or complementary in organoleptic impact and do not contribute to the characterizing aroma of the product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544576__
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Coffee blending and flavoring apparatus Inventor(s): Sandolo; Raffael (226 Thayer Pon Rd., Wilton, CT 06897) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,690,283 Date filed: December 31, 1996 Abstract: A coffee blending apparatus for automatically custom blending two or more different types of coffee beans with or without added flavoring to an individual's personalized blend and/or flavor. The apparatus includes a plurality of supply hoppers, each containing a particular type of coffee bean, each hopper having a controlled discharge opening from which the coffee beans are selectively discharged in predetermined amounts onto a weighing apparatus or scale for weighing. The selected coffee beans forming the desired blend are then mixed to form a homogeneous blend of
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coffee beans and from where the blended beans are directed to either a grinding station or bagging station as an unflavored blend, or to a flavoring station wherein the homogeneously blended coffee beans are mixed with a desired flavoring ingredient. In one form of the invention, a scale having a discharge opening is interposed between the supply hoppers and the mixer where the coffee beans are blended. In another form of the invention, the mixer also functions as the scale for weighing the blended coffee beans. In either embodiment, the apparatus is controlled by a central processing unit (CPU) for controlling and sequencing the operation of the apparatus, whereby an individual customer may automatically customize his or her own personal coffee blend, with or without added flavoring. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a coffee blending apparatus and more specifically to a coffee blending apparatus whereby the individual end purchaser may custom blend two or more different types of coffees to suit the end purchaser's individual taste and including the option of custom flavoring the selected blend with a selectable flavoring ingredient.... Drinking of coffee has, for a long time, been a popular beverage for many people, and which popularity is steading increasing. Coffee is grown in many parts of the world, and each such coffee produced in the various world coffee raising regions has its own particular taste, flavor and smell. Such coffees have over time been combined or blended by the major coffee manufacturers and coffee roasters into commercial blends. Such blends that are marketed by the major coffee manufacturers are predetermined by the mass producer of such coffee. In view of the increasing popularity of coffee, many coffee drinkers have developed the desire for tastes and blends that are not generally commercially available as a result of the many gourmet type coffee houses that have recently come into existence. The springing up of so many gourmet type coffee houses has created a demand whereby the coffee drinkers now desire to individually customize their special coffee blends at the point of purchase.... An object of this invention is to provide an apparatus whereby the individual may formulate his or her own customized blend selected from several different coffees at the point of purchase and having the option to flavor the custom blend with a suitable flavor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05690283__ ·
Coffee blending apparatus Inventor(s): Sandolo; Raffael (226 Thayer Pond Rd., Wilton, CT 06897) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,349,889 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: A coffee blending and dispensing apparatus whereby coffee purchasers can automatically customize a desired blend of two or more different types of coffee beans that weighs and packages the blended coffee in containers either as ground coffee blend or as a whole coffee bean blend. The blending and dispensing apparatus includes a plurality of coffee bins, each containing a predetermined type of coffee bean supported over a scale. Each coffee bin includes a controlled discharge for directing selected predetermined amount of coffee beans contained therein to the scale for weighing. Upon weighing, the selected blend of coffee beans are conveyed to a bagging station, where blended coffee beans may be finally packaged either in a ground form or a whole bean form. A computer and an associated printer are operatively connected to the coffee blending and dispensing apparatus whereby a customer can readily input the type and
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amount of the different selected coffees to formulate a desired blend and whereby the computer is programmed to sequence the operation of the apparatus to automatically effect the custom blending of the coffee to a customer's personal or individual taste or desire. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a coffee blending and dispensing apparatus and more specifically to a computer controlled coffee blending and dispensing apparatus whereby the individual customer may personally customize a coffee blend to his or her individual desire.... For a long time, coffee has been a beverage enjoyed by many people worldwide, and the popularity of which is steadily increasing. Coffee is grown in many different countries. Because of the various climatic conditions under which such coffees are grown, each such coffee region produces coffee beans that have its own characteristic taste, smell and/or flavor. Such coffees, over time, have been combined and blended by the major coffee manufacturers and/or distributors in an effort to achieve a coffee flavor or taste acceptable to the mass market. In view of the increasing popularity of coffee, many gourmet type coffee houses have come into existence. The increasing popularity of such gourmet coffee houses has created a demand whereby coffee drinkers have developed a desire to customize their own individual special blends at the point of purchase.... Therefore, efforts have been made to develop coffee bean dispensing machines to meet this individual customizing demand. Such known efforts are disclosed in several of my prior patents, viz. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,603,458; 5,632,449; and 5,690,283. This invention constitutes a further improvement and/or advance in customized coffee blending machines of the kind disclosed in the foregoing noted U.S. patents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06349889__ ·
Coffee boiler with an automatic feeding device Inventor(s): Yung-Kuan; Wei Y. (No. 1, Lane 970, Sec 2, pen tien St., Tainan, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,572,060 Date filed: October 22, 1984 Abstract: This invention concerns about an automatic coffee boiler, especially one that can feed automatically a certain amount of coffee powder and boil the coffee powder with a certain quantity of water vapor previously fixed. Its main characteristics is to use two time adjusters in a controlled circuit to respectively set a period of time for activating a coffee feeding device and an electric heater in water tank, and also to use a sequence controlling circuit which can automatically activate in sequence the coffee powder feeder, the heater in the water tank and a music alarm. Through the abovementioned devices, coffee powder can be automatically fed out and boiled with vapor to become liquid coffee ready for drinking.One of the other specialities of this invention is that an electromagnetic valve set at the outlet of the coffee feeding device is able to act simultaneously with said coffee feeding device. As said feeding device starts acting, said electromagnetic valve immediately pulls a vertical lid off the powder outlet to let coffee powder fall down through the outlet, and as said feeding device stops acting, said electromagnetic valve is released pushing the vertical lid to the outlet to shut it right away so that the coffee powder stored in will not be moistened to stick on the wall of the storing bottle. In addition, on the bottom of this automatic boiler a pressure switch is set to control the action of an electric heater is still filled with some liquid coffee, its weight
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may press said pressure switch to cause said electric heater to heat up the coffee pot keeping it warm. Excerpt(s): The coffee boiler usually used today is fed with coffee powder to its storing tank by hand, then its water tank is filled with a certain amount of water which is next boiled by an electric heater becoming vapor and flowing into the storing tank boiling the coffee powder to make liquid coffee for drinking. The above-mentioned coffee boiler must be fed with coffee powder and filled with water every time when it is used. It is very bothering.... Though a kind of automatic feeding coffee boiler was ever designed, it has never been widely spreaded, since part of the coffee powder stored in the tank was easily melted by the heat transfered by water vapor during or after boiling, and the spoiled powder stuck on the wall of said tank to retard cleaning. In order to provide an improved coffee boiler the inventor has worked hard for a few years and finally worked out this coffee boiler with an automatic feeding device.... A preferred embodiment of this invention describing its characteristics, purposes and functions is to detailedly illustrated as follows. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04572060__ ·
Coffee brew cone retaining apparatus Inventor(s): Rolfes; Patrick J. (2006 Seadrift Dr., Corona Del Mar, CA 92625) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,263,780 Date filed: May 4, 2000 Abstract: A coffee brew cone retaining device that maintains compression of a brew cone (40) onto the underside of a commercial coffee brewer which consists of a spray head holder (20) that has been modified to include a pair of downward depending legs (30) and (32) one located on each side. A torsion spring tape rail (38) is installed, preferably with threaded fasteners (50), onto each side of the spray head holder directly beneath the legs (30) and (32) and functions by supporting and maintaining the coffee brew cone tightly against the bottom (24) of the holder. The brew cone is modified by adding a raised peripheral lip (58) on the top surface of the mounting flange (56) which encircles the cones tapered interior. The lip slides easily on the bottom of the holder and wipes off moisture in the form of condensate when the cone is removed. The rail retains a tight grip on the flange while maintaining a close relationship between the lip and the holder thus providing the wiping action for removal of the moisture from the holder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to coffee brewers in general. More specifically to a set of rails to hold a brew cone tightly against a spray head retainer to preclude moisture saturated air and steam from escaping during operation and to wipe off any accumulated condensation when the brew cone is removed.... Previously, many types of coffee brewing apparatus have been developed for use in brewing coffee for commercial establishments. As part of the peripheral equipment required to brew coffee it is customary to place coffee grounds in a porous filter which is held in place by some type of retainer. The typical retainer is a brew cone in the shape of the filter having a small hole in the bottom to drain the coffee after it is brewed.... Prior art in the past has used a thermoplastic brew cone with a flat flange on the top which is held slideably in place with some type of mechanical appurtenance which is usually a part of the brewer itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06263780__
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Coffee brewer Inventor(s): King; Alan M. (465 Cote St. Antoine Rd., Westmount, Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,903,586 Date filed: August 26, 1988 Abstract: A beverage brewing machine which has upper and lower brewing chambers which are moveable relative to each other so as to clamp a strip-shaped filter therebetween during the brewing process and the chambers can be separated so as to allow the filter strip to be removed from the brewing chamber and the beverage residual wiped therefrom after which the filter strip is returned to the brewing chambers which are then resealed for the next cycle. A hold down grid engages the top surface of the filter to hold it down as a piston moves in the lower chamber upwardly to force air through the filter to agitate the beverage. When the piston reaches top dead center, the hold down grid is lifted. When the piston passes the opening the brewed coffee is poured. A loose connection is provided between the connecting rod for the piston and the driving crank arm so that the piston remains longer at the top and bottom of its stroke. Due to agitation of ground and oxygenation of the mixture, or a combination of both, by adding a high volume of air during the brewing process, increased extraction results. Excerpt(s): Thus, when push rod 117 is pulled down by cam 111 the hold down member 20 is held down.... A center portion 171 of member 135 carries the projection 135a as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.... The shaft 32 also drives the crank arm 31 which is connected by a pivot pin 29 to piston rod 37 which is pivotally connected by pivot 28 to the piston 26 as illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 8, for example. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04903586__
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Coffee brewer Inventor(s): DeMars; Robert A. (23221 Ladrillo Ave., Woodland Hills, CA 91367) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,855,163 Date filed: November 24, 1997 Abstract: A single unit coffee brewer for simultaneous brewing of two different types of coffee which utilizes carafes that in appearance resemble a single carafe but in actuality are constructed of two separate carafes. Each carafe receives brewed coffee from a separate filter basket with each filter basket to receive water from its own separate water tank. The water of each water tank is to be moved through a water supply conduit that is unique to that water tank to which it is affixed. The conduits and water of both water tanks and the warming plate assembly are to be heated by a heater assembly mounted within the base of the coffee brewer. There is a separate heater unit of the heater assembly for each separate warming plate with there being multiple separate warming plates within the warming plate assembly. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to coffee brewers and more particularly to a coffee brewer which is designed to achieve the brewing of two different types of coffee
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within the same coffee brewer with this brewing of both types of coffee being able to occur at the same time.... Coffee brewers have long been known and are in widespread use in the United States and foreign countries. The typical coffee brewer is to be usable to brew one particular type of coffee with this brewed coffee to be deposited within a single carafe that is incorporated in conjunction with the coffee brewer. The typical coffee brewer mounts the carafe on a warming plate. The warming plate is mounted within a base with this base being attached to a water tank housing. Mounted on the water tank housing is a filter basket. Water is to be moved from the water tank housing through a conduit that is mounted within the base with this conduit to be heated by a heater assembly resulting in boiling of the water located within the conduit. Ground coffee is placed within a filter basket in the brewer. This boiled water is conducted through an appropriate discharge conduit to the filter basket with this boiling water draining through ground coffee mounted within the filter basket producing brewed coffee that is deposited within the carafe. The carafe is generally round in shape and is to be disengagable from the coffee brewer in order to pour the brewed coffee from the carafe into a cup or similar type of drinking vessel.... Frequently within a home or place of business, it may be desired to brew two different types of coffee. One example would be to brew both caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee at the same time. Also at times, it is desirable to brew two different types or flavors of coffee, both possibly could be decaffeinated or both could be caffeinated. In the past, it has been necessary to purchase two separate coffee brewers with each brewer being utilized to brew one particular coffee. Recently, there has been manufactured a single coffee unit that includes two separate round carafes, two separate warming plates, two separate water tanks and two separate filter baskets. Disadvantages of this dual type of coffee brewer include that it is rather large in size, unattractive in appearance and expensive to purchase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05855163__ ·
Coffee brewer Inventor(s): Castleberry; Billy J. (Lubbock, TX) Assignee(s): Newco Enterprises, Inc. (St. Charles, MO) Patent Number: 6,481,339 Date filed: October 23, 2000 Abstract: The reservoir of an automatic coffee brewer is closed except to a siphon tube, and a vent connected to two ball valves. One ball valve closes when the water level floats the ball. The other ball valve opens when the reservoir pressure approaches an unsafe level. Excerpt(s): This Invention relates to minimum height automatic coffee brewers. Coffee brewers are found in small and medium sized cafes and many office "coffee rooms". It is desired that the brewer have a minimum height so that it will fit on counters under cabinets, while maintaining a source of hot water at a consistent temperature. Clerks in offices and waiters in cafes have ordinary skill in the art.... Before this invention automatic coffee brewers or makers were in use. Basically, the coffee maker would have a reservoir of heated water. The reservoir would be maintained at a set level of water. The reservoir would be kept heated by a thermostatic control near the top of the water. The heat would be provided by an electric heating coil at the bottom of the reservoir.... Typically, the reservoir would hold one gallon of water. When coffee is to be brewed, ground coffee is placed in a basket and water is added to the reservoir at a controlled
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rate. As the water level in the reservoir reached a siphon tube, the tube siphons the heated water out of the reservoir and onto the coffee in the basket. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06481339__ ·
Coffee brewer and hot water dispenser Inventor(s): Rolfes; Patrick J. (2006 Seadrift, Corona Del Mar, CA 92625) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,875,703 Date filed: August 10, 1998 Abstract: A coffee brewer and hot water dispenser, which includes a brew water tank (30), with water heated to a pre-determined temperature by a pre-heater (38). A boiler (50) boils the pre-heated water into a spray head (56) and into a ground coffee containing cone (114). A separate hot water tank (70) is heated by a heater (72), and a solenoid valve (74) dispenses hot water into a container. Fill, water level dispensing and process control use a solid state electronic controller (140) interconnected to an indicating control panel (112). The improvement permits larger capacity by the use of a bypass hot water cycle adding a predetermined volume of water to the container and supplementing the control by expanding its capabilities using multiple sequencing of the brew cycle for increasing the volume of brewed coffee. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to coffee making machines in general. More specifically, to improvements in the type that deliver both boiling water for coffee, contained in a filter to a brew pot, and a separate hot water system for food and beverage.... Previously, many type of coffee brewers have been used in endeavoring to provide an effective means for producing hot water quickly and efficiently for coffee brewing. In most cases, this hot water supply has been limited to brewers utilizing a hot water reservoir that is elevated in temperature to near boiling, providing an appropriate quantity of water to be available for brewing purposes.... Ground coffee is normally contained in a removable filter unit disposed below the outlet of the hot water reservoir. When users wish to brew a pot of coffee, they energize the controls so that cold water from another source enters the reservoir and causes hot water to exit through the ground coffee and the filter into a storage pot located on a warming plate below the filter. The water in the reservoir is then reheated, ready for brewing a subsequent pot of coffee. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05875703__
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Coffee brewer filtration device Inventor(s): Herrick; James P. (Brookfield, CT), Smith; Robert F. (Ridgefield Park, NJ), Bruncaj; Mete (Yonkers, NY) Assignee(s): Kraft General Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,190,653 Date filed: October 30, 1990 Abstract: A reusable filtration element for a coffee brewer has a microscopic arrangement of holes which permit coffee beverage to pass through while turbidity and sediment causing solids are effectively removed. The holes are preferably from 12 to 60
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microns across and provide from 5 to 30 % open area in the filter element. In one preferred embodiment, the holes are circular, arranged in rows such that intersecting rows form an angle of 60.degree., and preferably taper from top to bottom. A preferred filtration element is preferably formed by photoetching stainless steel foil. The filtration element is preferably positioned over a foraminous support. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to coffee brewers, and particularly to filtration devices for use in combination with the coffee brewing chambers of automatic coffee makers.... Coffee brewers, especially automatic ones, are relied upon to provide brewed coffee of high quality in short periods of time.... The coffee should have a good balance of flavor, appearance and aroma. Roast and ground coffee contains significant amounts of fines which cause turbidity and sediment if not removed. Typically, these fines are removed by filtration using a paper filter. However, where automatic operation of the brewing apparatus is required, filter paper is difficult to work with. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05190653__ ·
Coffee brewer including refrigerated storage receptacle Inventor(s): Marlette; Todd E. (2111 Jefferson Davis Hwy. Suite 211 South, Arlington, VA 22202-3116) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,836,169 Date filed: January 29, 1997 Abstract: A coffee brewing station includes in combination with a refrigerated receptacle for storing a plurality of coffee related items such as sugar, milk, and cream. The brewing station is surrounded on at least one side by a brewer inner case and a brewer outer case. An insulating barrier is disposed between a portion of said receptacle inner case and said receptacle outer case. An article case connected to the brewer outer case and the receptacle outer case such that the article outer case, the brewer outer case and the refrigerated receptacle outer case define a void. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/010,708 filed Jan. 29, 1996.... The present invention relates to the art of coffee brewers in combination with additional small appliances. More particularly, the present invention relates to the art of coffee brewers in combination with a refrigerated receptacle for storing a plurality of items including coffee related items such as sugar, milk, and cream.... Coffee has found renewed interest among consumers in the United States of America and abroad. In fact a recent study has indicated that American consumers purchase 1.2 million metric tons of coffee annually. In support of this growing fascination with coffee, a demand has been created for an efficient and practical apparatus for brewing a small or limited amount of coffee. Enter the automatic drip coffee maker, which may brew small, medium or large servings in a very short period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05836169__
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Coffee brewing apparatus Inventor(s): Glucksman; Dov Z. (Wenham, MA), Weidemann; Karl H. (Hull, MA), Glucksman; Ron J. (Cambridge, MA), Deros; John A. (Salem, MA) Assignee(s): Appliance Development Corp. (Dahvers, MA) Patent Number: 5,676,041 Date filed: February 3, 1995 Abstract: A coffee brewing apparatus for producing a selectively flavored, liquid coffee beverage, having a housing, a receptacle, securable to the housing, for retaining ground virgin coffee beans to be brewed, a dispensing means, at least partially disposed within the housing, for optionally dispensing flavored compositions into the receptacle and onto the ground coffee contained therein and brewing means, at least partially disposed within the housing, for introducing a heated liquid into the receptacle to thereby produce a selectively flavored coffee beverage is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of brewing coffee wherein virgin coffee beans are ground in a grinder, a flavoring is dispensed onto the ground virgin coffee beans with the flavored ground coffee beans being brewed in a brewing apparatus and, additionally, to a coffee brewing apparatus comprising means for grinding, means for dispensing and means for brewing.... Freshly ground coffee has numerous advantages to instant coffee. The brewed coffee, when made from freshly ground beans, has a superior aroma and taste compared to coffee brewed from previously ground beans or instant coffee. If the coffee has been pre-ground and packed, it is more likely to become stale and lose its flavor after the package has been opened. It is also inconvenient to utilize small pouches, such as the two to three ounce size as they are subject to spillage and pilferage. In addition, it is considered by many consumers to be more economical to grind the coffee themselves than to purchase ground coffee.... Accordingly, it has been the experience of coffee connoisseurs throughout the world that the best way for enjoying coffee is by the fresh grinding of virgin beans and the immediate subsequent brewing of the virgin beam. Similarly, most coffee connoisseurs prefer flavorings in their coffee in combination with the benefits of fresh grinding and fresh brewing. However, a problem is encountered when one grinder is used for many types and flavors of coffee. Until this time, one accepted technique of providing flavored coffee is to coat the outer surface of the virgin coffee beam with a flavoring. This coating process typically takes place in a large cement type mixer in which a flavoring is added to the virgin beans. The mixer distributes the flavoring thus coating the outermost surfaces of the coffee beam. Thereafter, the user then grinds the coated beans and brews the coated ground beans in order to produce a flavored coffee. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05676041__
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Coffee brewing apparatus Inventor(s): Kawabata; Akio (Isesaki, JP) Assignee(s): Sanden Corp. (Isesaki, JP) Patent Number: 5,865,096 Date filed: July 24, 1998
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Abstract: A coffee brewing apparatus has a first cylinder for containing hot water having a top opening, a vertically extending shaft fixedly connected to the first cylinder, the shaft having a hot water release channel vertically therethrough and a pressureoperated hot water release valve disposed in the channel, a vertically movable piston, a vertically movable second cylinder for holding ground coffee therein having top and bottom openings and disposed below the first cylinder coaxially therewith, and a vertically movable plunger sealingly and slidingly connected with the shaft. The plunger has an internal cylindrical chamber and a shallow hot water spreading chamber in a bottom section thereof. When the plunger is lowered, the bottom section thereof enters the second cylinder and compacts the ground coffee therein. As the piston enters the first cylinder through the top opening thereof and further descends, the hot water in the first cylinder is pressurized so that the hot water release valve opens and pressurized hot water in the first cylinder is released through the hot water release channel in the shaft, the cylindrical chamber and the hot water spreading chamber of the plunger to be poured onto the ground coffee in the second cylinder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a coffee brewing apparatus, which is used particularly in an automatic coffee dispenser.... One of popular coffee brewing methods is to pour hot water onto ground coffee so that the hot water extracts coffee ingredient while passing through the ground coffee. In a simple method, the hot water passes down through the ground coffee by its own gravity. There is also a conventional method in which the hot water is forced to pass through ground coffee under pressure.... The coffee brewing apparatus 200 includes a hot water supply cylinder 201 for containing hot water, a piston 202, a cylindrical ground coffee holder 203, a strainer 204 and a coffee outlet funnel 205. The top open end of the ground coffee holder 203 is removably and sealingly fitted to the bottom open end of the hot water supply cylinder 201. The strainer 204 is tightly interposed between the ground coffee holder 203 and the coffee outlet funnel 205. The piston 202 is adapted to sealingly and slidingly fit the hot water supply cylinder 201 internally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05865096__ ·
Coffee brewing apparatus and method Inventor(s): Brice; Michael F. (Syosset, NY), Natoli; Gaetano A. (Suffolk, NY) Assignee(s): Brice Ilotan Research Corporation (Ronkonkoma, NY) Patent Number: 4,465,697 Date filed: June 14, 1983 Abstract: A coffee brewing device includes a housing for holding ground coffee with at least one wall of the housing being formed from a permeable filtering membrane which permits a flow-through of water. The interior of the housing is vented to the atmosphere through an attached conduit, which can be used as a handle, so as to permit the escape of gases which are generated when the coffee grounds are submerged in a cup of hot water. Baffles which serve to control the extent and direction of gas movement may be positioned in the housing. By such control, the generated gases may be utilized to agitate the coffee grounds to thus get a more complete mixing of the grounds with the water prior to a venting of the gases to the atmosphere. The baffles may be of both a perforated and non-perforated design so as to control gas bubble size and direction of flow. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the brewing of coffee and more particularly pertains to new and improved coffee brewing methods and apparatuses which permit the rapid brewing of ground coffee, one cup at a time, without the necessity of utilizing
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expensive and cumbersome coffee percolators and the like.... At the outset, it is to be understood that the terminology "ground coffee" and variations thereof, e.g., "coffee grounds," is illustrative in scope and includes all forms of coffee utilizable in an extraction brewing process, as opposed to completely soluble forms of coffee such as commercially available and commonly labeled "instant coffee." Accordingly, the terminology "ground coffee" may include pulverized coffee, chopped coffee, insoluble dried PG,4 coffee, etc., and may in some cases, even include whole coffee beans.... As can be appreciated, coffee is one of the more popular beverages consumed in the United States, as well as in many other countries around the world. As is well known in the art, coffee is normally brewed from ground coffee beans and the quality of the brewed coffee is dependent upon several factors. In this respect, the most desirable quality is obtained when the coffee is brewed directly from roasted ground coffee beans. Inasmuch as freshly-ground coffee will become substantially stale in approximately seven days, manufacturers have resorted to packaging the freshly-roasted ground coffee in vacuum-sealed containers and in this manner, the ground coffee will remain reasonably fresh for a peiod of about five to six months. However, once the vacuum seal of a particular container has been broken, the quality of the coffee will begin to deteriorate whereby staleness will be evident in about seven or less days. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04465697__
Patent Applications on Coffee As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to coffee: ·
100% Kona coffee & honey face mask and skin scrab Inventor(s): Lawrence, Michael; (Bountiful, UT) Correspondence: Michael Lawrence; 1390 South, 325 East; Bountiful; UT; 84010; US Patent Application Number: 20030129267 Date filed: January 10, 2002 Abstract: A unique process of precisely roasting and texture 100% Kona coffee added immediately to pure honey which has been slowly heated to an exact temperature combine to produce a skin cleanser and facial mask which can help to smooth and soften skin. The resulting products a combination of ancient techniques, new technology, and individual inventiveness and ingenuity. The end product is entirely natural and unique. Excerpt(s): The inventor, Michael Lawrence Roasts coffee and started doing research on fresh roasted coffee and its healthy benifits. A cross reference to the ancient Japanese practice of scrubbing skin with coffee grounds. Simultaneously, a friend mentioned to him the skin softening properties of honey. Curious, he experimented with combing the two. After months of trials at different temperatures, using different types of coffee, honey, and equipment, he found the combination herein described. After asking many acquaintance to field test the skin care product for him, he became convinced the
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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product was helpful for many conditions. He began searching for other similar products and found none. Hence, this patent application, and the hope of making the all natural product available to many people at modest prices through effective marketing.... A unique process of precisely roasting and texture 100% Kona coffee added immediately to pure honey which has been slowly heated to an exact temperature combine to produce a skin cleanser and facial mask which can help to smooth and soften skin. The resulting product is a combination of ancient techniques, in technology, and individual inventiveness and ingenuity. The end product is entirely natural and unique. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
12-volt heated coffee mug Inventor(s): McGee, Francina; (Little Rock, AR), McGee, Roy; (Little Rock, AR) Correspondence: Law Offices John D. Gugliotta, P.E., Esq. 202 Delaware Building; 137 South Main Street; Akron; OH; 44308; US Patent Application Number: 20020023912 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: A 12-Volt Heated Coffee Mug is designed for the holding and drinking of hot beverages. The cup, with lid and handle, sits in a matching base with heating elements powered by 12 volts DC as provided by a motor vehicle to maintain the hot temperature of the liquid. The matching base assures not only a tight coupling to prevent the cup from tipping over while driving, but also to insure that good heat transfer will occur from the heating coils to the liquid. The matching base has a wide base to provide stability on a horizontal surface while traveling in a motor vehicle. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a continuation of U.S. Provisional Patent No. 60/226,837 filed on Aug. 22, 2000.... The present invention relates generally to electrically heated devices combined with containers and, more particularly, to a coffee mug capable of being electrically heated.... Coffee, tea and other hot beverages are enjoyed by people almost every day. Many people cannot start their day without a cup of their favorite hot beverage. However, the start of the day also means a long commute in a car for many people The popularity of travel mugs is evidence of the amount of coffee that is drunk while driving. For many people, a commute time of 45 minutes to an hour is not uncommon. Even in the best insulated coffee mug, hot beverages will cool to an unacceptable level during this time. Even those who do not regularly commute long distances suffer when vacationing or taking long trips on the weekend. Car rides of two hours or more are not uncommon during such trips, and hot beverages will become almost undrinkable before they can be replaced at the next rest stop. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Adapter to a lid assembly for adapting the lid assembly to different types of coffee makers Inventor(s): Lin, Raymond Chin-Wen; (West Covina, CA) Correspondence: Bo-In Lin; 13445 Mandoli Drive; Los Altos Hills; CA; 94022; US Patent Application Number: 20020108499 Date filed: February 12, 2001
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Abstract: The present invention discloses decanter for operating with at least two types of coffee makers. The decanter includes a base-lid for mounting on the decanter for brewing coffee with a first type of coffee makers. The decanter further has a lidattachment for attaching to the base-lid to constitute a combined lid assembly for mounting on and covering the decanter suitable for brewing coffee with a second type of coffee makers. In a preferred embodiment, the base-lid further includes receptive adapting slots for receiving and removably adapting the lid attachment to the base-lid whereby the lid-attachment may be flexible attached and removed from the base-lid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to lid assemblies for drip-type automatic coffee makers having anti-drip valve mechanisms. More particularly, this invention relates to a new and improved lid-assembly that includes conversion-adapter for converting a lid assembly suitable for one type of coffee maker to different type of coffee makers.... A user of a drip-type automatic coffee maker having anti-drip valve mechanisms is often faced with a limitation that in order to properly operate the coffee maker a specific coffee maker lid-assembly must be used. The limitation arises from a coffee maker configuration that many automatic drip-type coffee makers include an anti-drip valve arrangement located at the outflow opening of the coffee maker's filter/brew funnel. These valve arrangements prevent coffee from continually flowing or dripping out of the filter/brew funnel when the coffee maker's decanter or carafe is removed from the coffee maker. This may often occur that a user wising to pour partially brewed coffee during the brewing cycle without waiting for the completion of brewing cycle of the coffee maker. As such user remove the decanter from the coffee maker during the brewing cycle the anti-drip valve will be closed by an automatic antidrip mechanism to prevent further dripping of the coffee from the filter/brew funnel. Meanwhile, the brewing water builds up within in the filter/brew funnel, and is released when the decanter is returned to the coffee maker to automatically open the anti-drip valve.... Conventionally, each coffee maker provided with the anti-drip valve is generally arranged to operate with particular decanters covered with specially made lid assembly. The anti-drip valve typically includes a spring-biased lever. As the carafe covered with the lid-assembly is placed in the coffee maker, the spring biased lever or arm is engaged by a top surface of a lid assembly. Then, the spring-biased lever is pushed upward to open the anti-drip valve. The lid assembly further includes a central opening for directly dripping the brewed coffee from the filter/brew funnel into the decanter. As the decanters manufactured by each coffee maker come with specific shapes, sizes and distinctive designs, the lid-assemblies are must also manufactured with corresponding shapes and sizes to match the decanter for operating with the automatic coffee maker for enabling the anti-drip valve opening functions. For these reasons, the lid-assembly for a coffee decanter for an anti-drip automatic coffee maker is manufactured very specifically as a unique part to operate only with certain types of coffee maker used with particular types of decanters. Such limitation of using one specific lid-assembly for limited types of decanters for particular brand of coffee makers often increases the manufacture and inventory costs for the coffee makers and suppliers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Apparatus and process for roasting coffee beans using a combination of microwave, conduction, convection, and latent steam Inventor(s): Poss, Glen T. (Spokane, WA) Correspondence: GLEN T. POSS; WEST 11422 CHARLES ROAD; NINE MILE FALLS; WA; 99026; US Patent Application Number: 20030127455 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: A device and process to roast green coffee beans using a combination of microwave, conduction, convection, infrared, and latent steam heating. The device is a sealed cartridge that is semi porous and is used in a conventional or purpose built microwave oven. The resultant coffee is more flavorful and uses 1/2 the energy that conventional roasters use. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e) of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/284,034 filed Apr. 16, 2001, of the same title and same inventor as the present application.... Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in gourmet coffee products and the interest has not been limited to the purchase of coffee-based beverages from vendors who prepare the beverage on premise and purvey it to consumers over the counter. The desire is now for the ultimate in freshness and flavor and that is roasting the coffee on site at the coffee shop and or at home. Coffee roasting is a two-step process. The outside of a bean is covered with a husk which also follows a fold into the center of the bean. As it is roasted, the coffee bean expands and literally "pops" to shed the outer husk. If the bean is properly roasted, the center of the bean further expands and allows some of the internal husk to break free of the bean.... Currently coffee beans are roasted via two common methods and one less common. The common methods are convection and conduction. Convection uses a heated air stream to heat the beans and "float" them in a the air stream to reduce burning, however this heated air system also strips away through evaporation a large amount of the coffee oils that are vital components in the flavor of superior coffee. Conduction is the other roasting method and in this system only heat from the externally heated open metal drum is used to roast the bean through direct contact. The conduction method rotates the drum for agitation to prevent scorching the coffee beans. The convection system still uses air that is circulated in the drum to remove heat and smoke and results in loss of lighter coffee oils (and flavor) just as in the convection system. The conduction system also prevents the controlled and easy transfer of the heat to penetrate the husk and cause the internal mass of the bean to quickly rise to a desired temperature. This causes moisture and oil within the bean to vaporize and expand to apply pressure to the husk, resulting in the popping of the bean. The mass of the bean expands and the husk is freed from the bean. The use of The other method of roasting beans is the use of steam as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,607 Oct. 28, 1997 Maki, et al. Roasting with superheated steam, however, tends to make the coffee much more sour. The steam process use a high-pressure vessel and high steam temperatures and pressures making this system potentially very dangerous for the home and commercial user. The steam system alone cannot provide the dark and very dark roasts that are desired by most of the coffee drinking public. The new invention uses "latent" steam in combination with convection, conduction, infrared and microwave heating to provide a full spectrum of roasting levels. Latent steam is a result of the water that is contained in the coffee beans (generally 10-12% by weight) and is boiled out of the bean during the initial convection/conduction/microwave heating that is part of the roasting process. This latent steam is a contributor to making the coffee more "mellow" as in the steam
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only process but because it is part of the bean it requires no separate boiler and due to the design of the cartridge is of low pressure and there by is not a hazard. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Apparatus for brewing tea with an espresso machine Inventor(s): Priley, Anthony P. (Roseville, CA) Correspondence: Bradley P. Heisler; Heisler & Associates; Suite 300; 3017 Douglas Blvd. Roseville; CA; 95661; US Patent Application Number: 20030072859 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for brewing tea is disclosed which utilizes heated water from a boiler 7 of an espresso machine 10. A porta-filter 20 having a brewing chamber 40 therein is attachable to a group head 12 of the espresso machine 10 such that heated water is directed out of the espresso machine 10 and into the brewing chamber 40. A drain 38 from the brewing chamber 40 leads to an outlet tube 100 which has a lower end 110 discharging a brewed beverage V, such as tea, therefrom. An outlet valve 120 restricts outflow from the brewing chamber to a rate less than inflow of heated water from the boiler 7 so that the heated water is provided with residence time within the brewing chamber 40. This residence time facilitates infusion of the heated water with soluble flavor particles from a brewable substance such as tea leaves T before the heated water is discharged from the brewing chamber 40 in the form of a brewed beverage V. The outlet tube 100 is pivotably attached to the porta-filter 20 so that the lower end 110 can be spaced at a variety of different positions surrounding the espresso machine 10 for filling of a glass G. A layering tool 130 is attachable to the lower end 110 of the outlet tube 100. The layering tool 130 includes a spoon attachment 150 with a concave surface 172 to facilitate production of a layered drink including a beverage V and a separate distinct layer of beverage V' resting upon the beverage V within the glass G. With the porta-filter 20 sealingly attached to the group head 12, the brewing chamber 40 is provided at an enhanced pressure relative to atmospheric pressure surrounding the espresso machine 10 to enhance the brewing process within the brewing chamber 40. Also, turbulence can be generated within the brewing chamber 40 to further enhance the brewing process. Excerpt(s): The following invention relates to beverage brewing devices such as espresso machines which include boilers therein for delivering heated water to a brewing chamber and which discharge a brewed beverage. More specifically, this invention relates to attachments to espresso machines and modifications to espresso machines which allow the espresso machine to more effectively perform a greater number of brewed beverage preparation tasks including the brewing of tea.... While the basic espresso machine and porta-filter configuration is effective for brewing espresso, it suffers from numerous drawbacks. Specifically, the espresso machine cannot be utilized in its known prior art configurations to effectively brew tea, herbs, spices and coffee from ground coffee beans. When espresso beans are finely ground and used within known prior art espresso machines, the finely ground espresso beans are compressed within the brewing chamber. By compressing the espresso grounds, the espresso grounds initially block holes which provide an exit from the brewing chamber. When the espresso machine is activated to direct heated water into the brewing chamber, the heated water cannot initially pass through the outlet holes. Hence, pressure builds up and the water is rapidly infused by the espresso grounds in this high temperature, high
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pressure environment. Once the heated water has soaked through the compressed espresso grounds and reached the outlet holes, it has been fully brewed into espresso and is ready for discharge out of the outlet of the porta-filter.... In contrast to this espresso brewing process, tea is formed from tea leaves and herbs and spices are similarly formed from various different structures such as tree bark, flower petals, leaves and other natural structures distinct from a ground up bean. These structures are damaged and less effectively infuse dissolved flavor particles into heated water when they are highly compressed. Similarly, coffee beans are most effectively infused into heated water when the coffee bean grounds are not compressed. Additionally, tea leaves, herbs, spices and coffee grounds are most effectively infused into heated water when they are provided with residence time of a sufficient amount adjacent the heated water to fully extract the desirable flavor components from the brewable substance. Hence, utilization of such non-compressed brewable substances within an espresso machine does not effectively occur. Should brewable substances, such as tea leaves, be placed within the brewing chamber of a known prior art espresso machine, the heated water would pass through the brewing chamber too quickly and result in only partial extraction of tea flavor components from the tea leaves and only partial infusion of the heated water with the desired flavor components, when compared to known prior art tea brewing processes. Hence, a need exists for an espresso machine and attachments to an espresso machine which allow the espresso machine to brew a beverage which is brewed from a brewable substance which does not need to be compressed within a brewing chamber and which allows the brewing process to occur in a slower more controlled manner for proper residence time to complete the brewing process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Apparatus for roasting coffee beans Inventor(s): Liu, Rong; (Wheeling, IL), Kelley, Alan R. (Barrington, IL), Moon, Jung S. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Correspondence: Wood Phillips VanSANTEN CLARK & MORTIMER; Suite 3800; 500 West Madison Street; Chicago; IL; 60601; US Patent Application Number: 20010001349 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for the hot air roasting of coffee beans is provided and includes structure for inhibiting contaminants from entering the hot air stream used in the roasting of coffee beans, structure for obtaining a uniform roast of the coffee beans, unitary structure for mounting a handle to a roasting chamber and removably and releasably mounting a cover to the roasting chamber, structure for initiating a roasting cycle and terminating the roasting cycle for a predetermined cooling period at any point during the roasting cycle, structure for double sealing a cover to a roasting chamber, structure for assembling a vessel, a metallic base, and a plastic mount ring into an integral roasting chamber, structure for releasably and removably mounting a roasting vessel to a main housing, dual filters for preventing the blockage of a hot air stream through a hull and chaff collector, and a "fan based" method for controlling the roasting temperature. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus for roasting coffee beans, and more specifically, to relatively small coffee bean roasters that rest on a counter-top or table during operation, such as coffee roasters that are primarily intended for use in the home or for roasting relatively small batches of coffee at a restaurant or coffee shop or for
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sample cupping.... Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in gourmet coffee products and the interest has not been limited to the purchase of coffee-based beverages from vendors who prepare the beverage on premise and purvey it to consumers over the counter. Similarly, the interest has not been limited to gourmet blends, coffee that may be purchased already ground, and then brewed in the home. Many consumers desire the ultimate in freshness and flavor and have taken to roasting their own beans and then grinding them shortly before the coffee brewing process is initiated.... As a consequence, there is an increasing market for coffee roasting apparatus that may be used in the home. A variety of coffee roasting apparatus have been devised to meet this market. Examples of such a coffee roasting apparatus are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,331 issued Oct. 15, 1996 to Song, and in application Ser. No. 09/134,324, filed Aug. 14, 1998, titled "APPARATUS FOR ROASTING COFFEE BEANS", to Kelley, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. These roasters work well for their intended purpose, but there is always room for further improvement. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Aroma-preserving canister for coffee and other granulated products Inventor(s): Shaki, Nechama; (Tel Aviv, IL) Correspondence: LOWE HAUPTMAN GILMAN AND BERNER, LLP; 1700 DIAGONAL ROAD; SUITE 300 /310; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030075460 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to an improved canister for preserving aroma of coffee or other spices having aroma, comprising;a hollow body of the canister and a cap sealing the body, wherein the improved canister is characterized by having an elastic disk sealing the canister and placed horizontally inside the canister at about 0.5-1.5 cm under the cap, the disk having a major stationary portion and a minor movable portion, and the cap, the body of the canister or the movable portion contains means for pressing and bending the disk movable portion downwardly when the canister is sealed and having optionally means for retracting the disk movable portion back to its original horizontal sealing position when the canister is uncapped. Thus the aroma and freshness are preserved in the unused product in a hygienic manner. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved canister useful for preserving aroma of granulated products, especially coffee.... A common disadvantage of canisters for coffee and other granulated products is that the products gradually loose their aroma as the canister is opened more and more. The aim of the present invention is to preserve the aroma of canned granulated products despite these multiple openings.... The improved canister according to the present invention for preserving the aroma freshness and hygienics of coffee or other granulated fragrant products comprises the hollow body of the canister and a cap sealing said body, and this canister is characterized by having an elastic disk placed horizontally inside said canister at about 0.5-1.5 cm under the cap so as the fragrant product is contained in the canister under this disk. The disk seals the canister product when the canister is uncapped, and the disk is "opened" when the canister is capped. The disk consists of two portions: a major stationary portion and a minor movable portion. The cap, or the body of the canister, or the movable portion of the disk includes a means for pressing and bending said movable portion of the disk downwardly when the canister is capped.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Arrangement for producing a brewed beverage, in particular coffee Inventor(s): Sachtleben, Andreas; (Minden, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030041738 Date filed: August 28, 2002 Abstract: An arrangement for producing a brewed beverage, in particular coffee, with said arrangement comprising an approximately truncated-cone shaped filter receptacle for holding a cone-shaped filter insert and a water intake device that is arranged above the filter receptacle and is provided with a water distributor having a plurality of flowthrough openings on a side facing the filter receptacle with one flow-through opening be located in the center of the projection surface for the water distributor and the filter receptacle. Additional flow-through openings are arranged along a peripheral line, for which the course approximately corresponds to the peripheral outline of a projection surface for the filter receptacle inside space in the lower to mid-level region of the filter receptacle. Excerpt(s): This application is based on and claims the priority date of German Application No. 201 14 328.3, filed on Aug. 30, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to an arrangement for producing a brewed beverage, in particular coffee, comprising a filter receptacle with an approximately truncated cone shape for holding a cone-shaped filter paper of mesh insert, as well as a water intake device arranged above the filter receptacle. The water intake device is provided on the side opposite the filter receptacle with a water distributor having a plurality of flow-through openings, wherein one flow-through opening is located in the center of the projection surface for the water distributor and the filter receptacle. Arrangements of this type primarily are components of so-called coffee machines and, as such, are used in nearly all households these days.... Once a coffee machine is turned on, the water inside the fresh water container is heated with the flow-through heater and moves through a rising tube to the top and into an arrangement of the abovementioned type. That is, the heated brewing water flows from the rising pipe into the water intake device. From there, the brewing water flows through the flow-through openings of the water distributor into the filter receptacle underneath that was provided earlier with a cone-shaped filter insert, and filled with a predetermined amount of ground coffee. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Assembly for use in a coffee machine for preparing coffee, container and pouch of said assembly Inventor(s): Dijs, Daniel Albertus Jozef; (Utrecht, NL) Correspondence: Gerald T. Shekleton, Esq. Welsh & Katz, Ltd. 22nd Floor; 120 South Riverside Plaza; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20020022070 Date filed: September 19, 2001
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Abstract: The assembly for use in a coffee machine comprises a container having a bowlshaped inner space bounded by a bottom having at least one outlet opening and at least one vertical sidewall. The assembly further comprises a pill-shaped pouch manufactured from filtering paper and filled with ground coffee, accommodated in the inner space of the container.The pouch extends over the bottom to a position adjacent the vertical sidewall. In the bottom, a number of channel-shaped grooves are provided, extending in radial direction of the container to the outlet opening. The grooves extend from a position located at a distance from the sidewall in the direction of the outlet opening. This prevents bypass. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an assembly for use in a coffee machine for preparing coffee, comprising a container having a bowl-shaped inner space bounded by a bottom having at least one outlet opening and at least one vertical sidewall and, included in the inner space of the container, a pill-shaped pouch manufactured from filtering paper and filled with ground coffee, which pouch rests on the bottom and extends over the bottom to a position adjacent the vertical sidewall, while provided in the bottom are a number of channel-shaped grooves extending in radial direction of the bowl-shaped inner space to the outlet opening and, in use, hot water is fed under pressure to a top side of the container by means of the coffee machine, causing the hot water to be pressed from a top side of the pouch through the pouch for extracting the ground coffee included in the pouch, the coffee extract formed flowing from a bottom side of the pouch and from the container via the outlet.... Such assembly is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,155. The inner space of the container thereof is of rectangular design. From each corner point of the inner space, a groove extends to the outlet opening provided in the center of the bottom. The pouch is likewise of rectangular design and has dimensions corresponding to the dimensions of the inner space of the container. Accordingly, a circumferential edge of the pouch is located adjacent the vertical sidewall of the container.... A problem of the known assembly is that in use, a portion of the hot water that is poured onto the pouch flows along the side edge of the pouch to the end of a groove located at a corner point of the container. This hot water then flows via the groove directly to the outlet opening. This involves a so-called bypass effect. As a consequence, not the complete amount of hot water that is fed at the top side of the container flows via the pouch to the outlet opening. Consequently, the coffee extract, which is for instance received in a container disposed under the outlet opening, is diluted with hot water. This will give the coffee extract an undesired strength. It is not possible to make allowance for the bypass effect during the preparation of coffee, because it is not known beforehand what amount of water will flow around the pouch and, via the grooves, to the outlet opening. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee aroma recovery process Inventor(s): Gretsch, Catherine; (Valeyres-Sous-Ursins VD, CH), Furrer, Marc; (Blonay, CH) Correspondence: WINSTON & STRAWN; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 1400 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030012858 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: A process for the recovery of aroma components from coffee grounds. Coffee grounds are placed in a mixer. The coffee grounds are wet, heated, and exposed to
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decreased pressure to provide aroma containing gas containing aroma components. From 40% to 95% of the aroma components in the coffee grounds are collected from the aroma containing gas. The aroma components may be added to concentrated coffee extract prior to the drying of the extract. The coffee powder produced has much increased and improved aroma and flavour. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the recovery of aroma components from roasted and ground coffee. The recovered aroma components are useful for aromatising soluble coffee powders. The invention also relates to new aromatized soluble coffee powders.... Aromas are an important part of many products since consumers associate certain aromas with certain products. If the product lacks the aroma associated with it, consumer perception of the product is adversely affected. This is particularly a problem in the field of soluble coffee powders, although it also exists in other fields. Soluble coffee powders, which are obtained from commercial processes involving extraction, concentration, and drying are usually substantially aroma-less. For this reason, it is conventional to recover coffee aromas which are given off during the processing of the soluble coffee powder and to reincorporate these aromas into concentrated coffee extract prior to drying into the soluble coffee powder.... The coffee aromas are recovered at several points during processing of the soluble coffee powder and most commonly during grinding of the roasted beans and by steam stripping of the coffee extract prior to concentration and drying of the soluble coffee solids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee beverage preparation aroma system Inventor(s): Ceriali, Stefano; (Banbury, GB), Gaonkar, Anilkumar G. (Buffalo Grove, IL), Zeller, Bary L. (Glenview, IL), Wragg, Anthony; (Banbury, GB) Correspondence: Thomas A. Marcoux; Patent Law Department; Kraft Foods, Inc. 555 South Broadway; Tarrytown; NY; 10591; US Patent Application Number: 20020119235 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: A coffee aroma composition and a particulate coffee beverage preparation aroma composition. The aroma composition includes a coffee aroma constituent and a volatile organic carrier constituent. The carrier is in the liquid state at 25.degree. C., and has a vapor pressure of at least 0.01 mm Hg at 25.degree. C., a boiling point in the range of 25 to 250.degree. C., a density of less than 1.0 g/cc, and water solubility of not more than about 10% by weight at 25.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions for providing aroma at the time of preparation of a coffee beverage, and to particulate soluble coffee product compositions containing such coffee beverage preparation aroma compositions.... The production of soluble, or instant, coffee powder involves processing conditions such as elevated temperature, which causes loss of desirable coffee aroma. Unless additional steps are taken in its manufacture, there is very little aroma associated with hot coffee beverages prepared from instant coffee powder relative to the aroma of hot coffee beverages prepared by brewing roast and ground coffee. Many attempts have been made to enhance the aroma of instant coffee products, including the use of particular types of coffee beans, the use of particular coffee roasting conditions, and the addition of coffee aroma. The present invention relates to the addition of coffee aroma to instant coffee
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and, in particular, to such addition which results in a burst of preparation aroma.... It is known to prepare natural and artificial coffee aromas and flavors for addition to instant coffee. Such aromas and flavors are usually complex, comprising many organoleptically active compounds, which combine in effect to create the characterizing aroma of the product. Since aromas and flavors are extremely powerful and typically unstable in their undiluted state they are combined with a carrier to render them stable and easier to handle. The carriers are neutral or complementary in organoleptic impact and do not contribute to the characterizing aroma of the product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee compositions comprising processed coffee grounds Inventor(s): Ekanayake, Athula; (Cincinnati, OH), Bunke, Paul Ralph; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030026883 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed is a composition for preparing fresh brewed coffee beverages wherein the composition comprises processed coffee grounds (PCGs) that are described in the specification. In particular, the composition comprises processed coffee grounds and roasted and ground coffee. A process for making the composition is also disclosed; the process comprises combining roasted and ground coffee and PCGs, preferably in a ratio of from about 200:1 to about 10:1.Also disclosed is a process for making brewed coffee or a coffee extract, the process comprising (i) contacting PCGs and roasted and ground coffee with water to generate a brewed coffee or a coffee extract; and (ii) collecting the brewed coffee for subsequent consumption or collecting the coffee extract for additional processing.Also disclosed is a process for making instant (soluble) coffee comprising contacting a coffee extract with the PCGs described herein. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved coffee compositions for preparing instant coffee, liquid coffee concentrates, or fresh-brewed coffee. The compositions of the invention comprise processed coffee grounds.... The art includes numerous methods directed toward enhancing the flavor of instant coffee, brewed coffee and coffee extracts. With respect to brewed coffee and coffee extracts, these methods typically attempt to achieve this goal without sacrificing the desirable yields and conveniences associated with conventional high temperature (generally at least about 65.degree. C. (149.degree. F.)) coffee extraction. It is generally recognized that high temperature coffee extraction is convenient and economical to the end user, but that flavor is often compromised. That is, end users (both at home consumers and those in an industrial setting) prefer the convenience of conventional brewing appliances, which use high temperature extraction. It follows, then, that to be of appeal to consumers or to industry, methods of enhancing flavor must do so without sacrificing convenience. Additionally, the methods must provide these attributes while being economical to the end user.... Selective extraction is one general approach to improving the flavor of brewed coffee or coffee extract. According to this approach, a preferred ratio of bad to good coffee flavors are extracted from roasted and ground coffee. Ideally, this selective extraction improves the overall flavor of brewed coffees or coffee extracts without compromising its flavor strength or extraction yield. Two well known selective extraction methods are low temperature extraction and selective extraction via adsorbents. Although both methods
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are known to improve coffee flavor, it is also recognized that each method has serious deficiencies. For example, low temperature extraction generally provides lower yields than high temperature extraction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee compositions with enhanced flavor characteristics and method of making Inventor(s): Young, Jerry Douglas; (Cincinnati, OH), Hardesty, Douglas Craig; (Amelia, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020155210 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: A ready to drink coffee beverage comprising a coffee portion, said coffee portion comprising a principal coffee component and N relevant coffee components, where N is a number in the range of from about 1 to about 20, wherein the principal coffee component corresponds to a principal coffee component of a second coffee and the relevant coffee components correspond to relevant coffee components of the second coffee, and wherein the total concentration of the principal coffee component is in the range of from about 50% below to about 50% above the total concentration of the corresponding principal coffee component in the second coffee, and wherein the value of the total concentration of the principal coffee component divided by the total concentration of each of the relevant coffee components is within the range of from about 50% below to about 50% above the value of the total concentration of the corresponding principal coffee component in the second coffee divided by the total concentration of the corresponding relevant coffee components in the second coffee, wherein said ready to drink coffee beverage exhibits and enhanced flavor profile. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/269,066, filed Feb. 15, 2001.... The present invention relates to novel coffee compositions with enhanced flavor characteristics. In particular, the present invention relates to novel processes for preparing enhanced coffee compositions and the products comprising them.... High quality coffee food and beverage products enjoy considerable popularity and make up an increasingly significant proportion of the diets of many people. However, high quality flavored coffee products are both expensive to purchase and to produce. One such reason is the cost of the flavoring materials. To produce high quality, flavored coffee products with realistic flavors has previously required the use of non-artificial flavorants (e.g., 100% real juice). However, real ingredients are expensive, and frequently hard to obtain in the quantities required. This results in higher production costs for high quality flavored coffee products that must eventually be borne by the consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee compositions with stable flavor characteristics and method of making Inventor(s): Hardesty, Douglas Craig; (Amelia, OH), Young, Jerry Douglas; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020187241 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A ready to drink coffee beverage comprising a coffee portion, said coffee portion comprising a principal coffee component and N relevant coffee components, where N is a number in the range of from about 1 to about 20, wherein the principal coffee component corresponds to a principal coffee component of a second coffee and the relevant coffee components correspond to relevant coffee components of the second coffee, and wherein the total concentration of the principal coffee component is in the range of from about 50% below to about 50% above the total concentration of the corresponding principal coffee component in the second coffee, and wherein the value of the total concentration of the principal coffee component divided by the total concentration of each of the relevant coffee components is within the range of from about 50% below to about 50% above the value of the total concentration of the corresponding principal coffee component in the second coffee divided by the total concentration of the corresponding relevant coffee components in the second coffee, and wherein the second coffee is non-aged version of the coffee portion. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/268,404, filed Feb. 13, 2001.... The present invention relates to novel coffee compositions with stable flavor characteristics. In particular, the present invention relates to novel processes for preparing stable, flavored coffee beverages and compositions and the products comprising them.... High quality coffee food and beverage products enjoy considerable popularity and make up an increasingly significant proportion of the diets of many people. However, these high quality coffee products are both expensive to purchase and to produce. One such reason is the cost of the raw materials. Due to the nature of coffee production (e.g., growing cycle, season, location, and the like) it is difficult to offset an increased demand for consumer preferred coffees with additional levels of supply. This supply shortage results in higher production costs for high quality coffee food and beverage products that must eventually be borne by the consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee cup with temperature indication Inventor(s): Russo, Michael L. (Wilmington, MA) Correspondence: COHEN SMITH & WHITE; 57 BEDFORD STREET; SUITE 103; LEXINGTON; MA; 02420; US Patent Application Number: 20020167989 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: A coffee cup contains a temperature indicating device which informs the user as to whether the liquid within is too hot to comfortably drink, too cold, or otherwise.
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The temperature-indicating device is thermochromic, changing color as a function of temperature. In one embodiment, three segments are printed onto the cup lid using thermochromic ink. One of these segments changes color to indicate the liquid is cool, another when the liquid is warm, and a third when hot. In another embodiment, the cup itself is printed with the thermochromic ink, and changes color to indicate the temperature of the liquid. In yet another embodiment the material of which the cup and lid are made is itself thermochromic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cups, such as coffee cups, which include temperature displays attached, and more specifically, cups which contain thermochromic material attached to the cup body or lid.... It is clearly desirable to have a coffee cup which displays the temperature of the liquid within. This has not been done to date because of the expense of doing so.... The present invention provides a very cheap, and highly visible means to display the temperature of the coffee within the cup. An inexpensive thermochromic material is affixed to the cup, typically at the lid, which changes color depending upon temperature. The material is provided in strips or segments of thermochromic paper, or by printing directly on the cup using thermochromic ink. The temperature is indicated in ranges, rather than in absolute temperatures, so that the user may know, by viewing the thermochromic material, that the coffee is either too cold, too hot, or "just right. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee filter extractor and inserter Inventor(s): Carlson, Ronald B. (Spokane, WA) Correspondence: Ronald B. Carlson; 508 E. Wabash Ave; Spokane; WA; 99207; US Patent Application Number: 20030042270 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: A cover assembly for a container of coffee filters, with a tube, centrally located, extending below the cover. A plunger extending above and below the cover, slidably cooperating with the inner wall of the tube, the lower end terminated with an adhesive substance, the upper end terminated with a knob. When the plunger is depressed the adhesive attaches to the uppermost filter of a stack of nested filters and when the plunger is lifted up the filter is extracted from the nest of filters. The filter is then inserted into a coffee maker receptacle and the cover is pushed down to detach the filter from the adhesive tip on the plunger. Excerpt(s): This application is entitled to the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/316,055 filed Aug. 31, 2001.... Not applicable.... The present invention relates to a cup shaped coffee filter extractor and inserter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee filter pack apparatus & method Inventor(s): Herod, Walter; (Deltona, FL) Correspondence: William M. Hobby, III; Suite 375; 157 E. New England Avenue; Winter Park; FL; 32789; US Patent Application Number: 20010053399 Date filed: May 22, 2001 Abstract: A coffee filter pack apparatus has a coffee filter bag formed with a plurality of coffee filter sheets attached together to form a plurality of enclosed spaced therein, each enclosed spaced having a plurality of measured amounts of predetermined ground coffee. One of the coffee filter sheets has indicia thereon to indicate the direction of flow of heated water through the coffee bag during brewing of the coffee. A method of making a coffee filter bag includes the steps of selecting predetermined amounts of first and second ground coffee, closing each into attached first and second coffee filter bags, and labeling the combined coffee filter bags to indicate the direction of flow of heated water therethrough. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a coffee filter pack and especially to a coffee filter pack designed to improve the taste of coffee made in an auto-drip coffee maker.... In the past, it has been common to provide both coffee and tea leaves in filter bags. In the case of tea leaves, the bags are typically provided with a string with a predetermined amount of tea leaves in a filter bag which is then dangled in a cup of hot water for making hot tea. In the case of coffee, filter bags are typically a pancake-shaped disc made of two coffee filters enclosing a predetermined amount of ground coffee therebetween which can be placed in an auto-drip coffee maker. The heated water is dripped onto the coffee filter pack and into a coffee pot. This type of filter pack has the advantage of having the ground coffee premeasured and avoids having to place a separate filter within an auto drip coffee maker. It also allows for easy cleanup since the ground coffee remains stay within the filter pack so that the filter pack can be easily removed and thrown away. Coffee filter packs are typically made in an amount so that one, two, or three coffee filter bags can be placed within the auto drip coffee maker for making the coffee stronger or weaker as desired.... The coffee filter pack of the present invention includes dual coffee filter packs with different amounts and different types of coffee within each divided filter pack section. The coffee pack identifies the top from the bottom of the pack to allow the coffee to filter in one direction of travel to produce the desired result. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee grinder silencer Inventor(s): Wulfman, Edward I. (Woodinville, WA), Lawson, Craig; (Redmond, WA), Clark, Thomas P. (La Mesa, CA) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; EIGHTH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020047061 Date filed: July 6, 2001 Abstract: The present silencer dampens the vibrations of various coffee grinders to soften the sound it produces when grinding beans. The present invention may comprise
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a base and a cap/cover formed from foam rubber which insulates the sound coming from the coffee grinder. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of prior provisional application No. 60/216,474, filed on Jul. 6, 2000, under 37 CFR.sctn.1.78(a)(3), the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.... Coffee grinders tend to be annoyingly loud. Thus, grinding coffee in the morning can be a very irritating experience, as it may tend to wake sleeping members of the household. What is desired is a quieter system for easily grinding coffee.... In preferred aspects, the present invention provides a system for reducing noise from a coffee grinder, comprising: a base which receives a coffee grinder therein; and a cap which is received over the base and coffee grinder such that the coffee grinder is surrounded by the base and cap, wherein the base and cap together reduce the sound of the coffee grinder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee grinder with chaff dispersion reducing apparatus mehtod Inventor(s): Fagan, Michael J. (Libertyville, IL), Kwiatkowski, Marek K. (Round Lake, IL), Niesiolowski, Wit Gavin; (Des Plains, IL) Correspondence: James W Potthast; 2712 North Ashland Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60614; US Patent Application Number: 20030102393 Date filed: December 26, 2001 Abstract: A coffee grinder assembly (10) with a housing (12) containing a pair of hoppers (16, 18) for containing coffee beans with a pair of hopper outlet chutes, or grinding chamber inlet chutes, (24, 26) for feeding beans into grinding chamber (30) where the beans are ground by means of powered grinding discs or blades and then passed to a removable brew basket via an outlet chute (36) with an outlet end that is in communication with a negative ion generator (40) that ionizes the air in the outlet chute (36) through which the ground coffee and chaff pass on their way to the brew basket to electrically neutralize the chaff to reduce chaff dispersion due to electrostatic repulsion of positively charged chaff. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to coffee grinders and, more specifically, to electrically powered grinders that employ rapidly rotating grinding discs.... Electrical coffee grinders of the type that have grinding wheels that operate a high speed are well known in art. Reference may be made to co-pending PCT application serial number PCT/USOO/11379 filed Apr. 28, 2000 and entitled "Coffee Grinder with Removable Ingredient Hopper and Method", which is hereby incorporated by reference for some of the details of such grinders. Briefly, they include a hopper containing the coffee beans and having an outlet with an electrically controlled gate. When the outlet gate is opened, the coffee beans pass through the outlet and into a grinding chamber within which are contained a set of intermeshing grinding discs or wheels that are driven in rotation by an electrical motor. The ground coffee then passes out of the grinding chamber and through an outlet chute and into a suitable container or into a brew basket with a filter paper to hold the ground coffee. The discs are preferably made of ceramic but others are made of stainless steel.... A problem with such grinders is often small particles of the ground coffee known as chaff, chaff fines, or fines, fly out of the chute and misses the filter within the brew basket or other container. It escapes from the top of the brew basket even though pressed against the grinder housing. The chaff flies through the air and eventually lands on the outside surfaces of the grinder housing, the
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brew basket, the counter tops and the floors and wall in the vicinity of the grinder. Although most of the ground coffee makes it into the filter paper within the brew basket, over time the grounds that do not make it into the filter accumulate and must be cleaned up. In addition to making a mess, the loose coffee grounds are wasted. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee grinder with storage and dispensing means Inventor(s): Glucksman, Dov Z. (Wenham, MA), Kjellman, Samuel T. (Henniker, NH), Pezaris, Constantine; (Nahant, MA) Correspondence: GEORGE A. HERBSTER; HARBORS POINT; SUITE 303; 40 BEACH STREET; MANCHESTER; MA; 01944; US Patent Application Number: 20020153438 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: A coffee grinder with a removable storage and dispensing element that has a housing and rotatable assembly in the housing. The rotatable assembly includes a distributor allows a single one of multiple open sectors to be filled in any given position. A dispensing component has an open sector angularly offset from the open sector of the distributor. When the dispensing component open sector aligns with a filled sector, the beans drop into a hopper for grinding. A grinder operates until all the beans in the hopper are ground. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to grinders for coffee beans and the like. More specifically, this invention provides a coffee grinder with storage for and the dispensing of a fixed volume of whole coffee beans for grinding.... Many individuals prefer to brew coffee with freshly ground coffee beans. Two general types of coffee grinders are available for performing this function, namely: chopper and burr grinders. The burr grinder is preferred because it allows an individual to select a grind size more accurately than can be achieved with a chopper.... As known, if coffee beans are stored in a coffee grinder for long periods of time, the coffee can be less tasty and eventually the coffee beans may become rancid. Consequently, it is generally accepted that such beans should be kept in a tight container. It is also desirable that the tight container be opaque or that the beans be stored in a dark area and/or stored in a refrigerator or freezer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee grinder-dispenser Inventor(s): Mazzer, Giovanni; (Scorze, IT) Correspondence: Martin P. Hoffman; HOFFMAN, WASSON & GITLER, P.C. Suite 522; 2361 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030110953 Date filed: December 12, 2002 Abstract: A coffee grinder-dispenser comprising a base, a grinder located within the base, an electric motor housed within the base for operating the grinder, and a hopper, or cup, for receiving the coffee beams to be ground. A funnel is secured to the base in communication with the grinder for receiving the ground coffee, or powder, and a filter
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holder is positioned below the discharge end of the funnel. The ground coffee is discharged from the funnel in response to the operation of a lever. A grid, comprising spaced stainless steel rods, interposed between gaskets, is positioned in the entry hole of the funnel in alignment with the distribution, or discharge, conduit of the grinder. The grid reduces the volatility of the ground coffee, or powder, so that the powder does not accumulate upon, or adhere to, the walls of the funnel, while being stored therein. Consequently, when the lever is operated, an accurate amount of ground coffee is discharged onto the filter holder. Excerpt(s): Coffee grinder-dispensers are known comprising a base structure housing an electric motor which supports a plastic cup member containing the coffee beans and a ground coffee collection container provided with a lever device for dispensing a predetermined weight quantity.... In the operation of this grinder-dispenser the coffee beans are ground by a suitable device operated by the electric motor, the ground coffee fed into the container then being transferred into the filter holder by operating the lever.... A drawback of this known grinder-dispenser consists of the fact that in the case of machines used in premises having a low daily consumption or related to determined hours of the day (such as restaurants), the ground coffee remains in the container for several hours, so degrading and losing its smell, taste and other qualities. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee having a nicotine composition dissolved therein Inventor(s): Fortune, Stephen JR. (Bridgewater, MA) Correspondence: WOLF GREENFIELD & SACKS, PC; FEDERAL RESERVE PLAZA; 600 ATLANTIC AVENUE; BOSTON; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20020009533 Date filed: May 17, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates, in part, to a nicotine-containing composition that can be readily dissolved in a beverage such as coffee. The composition comprises nicotine as an active ingredient, a water-soluble filler, and in some instances, a binder. The composition can be provided as a tablet or a powder and is capable of dissolving in the beverage within a very short period of time. The present invention also relates, in part, to a method for preparing a beverage comprising nicotine. The present invention also encompasses compositions comprising coffee and nicotine including nicotinecoated coffee beans, or a packet containing compositions comprising desired amounts of coffee and nicotine. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application claims the benefit under Title 35, U.S.C..sctn.119(e) of co-pending U.S. provisional application serial no. 60/204,937 filed May 17, 2000, incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to nicotine or a nicotine-containing composition for ingestion with a beverage, such as coffee.... In many states and countries, there exists a ban on smoking in public premises. Accordingly, a person who wishes to smoke must step outside the premises. The option of leaving the premises, however, is not present for other public places, in particular, public modes of transportation such as buses, trains or airplanes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee machine for brewing coffee power pre-packed in a cartridge Inventor(s): Schmed, Arthur; (Ober-Durnten, CH) Correspondence: Paul J. Maginot; Maginot, Addison & Moore; Bank One center/Tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3000; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5130; US Patent Application Number: 20010052294 Date filed: May 17, 2001 Abstract: Proposed is a coffee machine for brewing coffee powder pre-packed in a cartridge. For perforating the cartridge, the bottom of the brewing chamber is provided with inclined perforator members which provide the cartridge with elongate slots that have a greater cross section than the cross section of the particular perforator member. A brewing chamber housing receives two chamber portions delimiting the brewing chamber. The upper chamber portion is adapted to vertically support the cartridge and biased by a spring. For closing the chamber, the brewing chamber housing is raised against a closure piston. The closure piston entering the brewing chamber moves the upper chamber portion against the force of the spring downwards towards the lower chamber portion. In the final position of the brewing chamber housing, the front portion of the cartridge is hydraulically sealed with regard to the rear portion of the chamber by means of sealing members. For brewing the coffee powder, the chamber is hydraulically subjected to an overpressure by means of the brewing water in such a way that the brewing water flows through the perforations into the interior of the cartridge. The front of the cartridge is perforated by means of a closure member provided with projections, such that the brewed coffee beverage can escape through the so created openings and flow to a beverage outlet. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a coffee machine for brewing coffee powder pre-packed in a cartridge, comprising a perforator member for creating at least one opening in the cartridge.... In order to brew coffee powder pre-packed in a cartridge, up to now, mostly semi-automatic coffee machines are used in which the cartridge has to be inserted into a sieve holder with its cap facing downwards, whereby the sieve holder, thereafter, has to be manually fixed to the coffee machine. The coffee machine comprises a brewing pin member provided with radial outlet openings for the brewing water, located in the region of the portion pack holder fixing. The brewing pin member penetrates the bottom of the cartridge when the sieve holder is fixed to the coffee machine. The sieve holder itself is provided, at its bottom, with a plurality of projections. These projections penetrate the cap of the cartridge and perforate it, as soon as brewing water is fed to the sieve holder, whereby the cartridge is pressed against these projections under the influence of the hydraulic overpressure. At the consecutive brewing operation, the brewing water is fed into the cartridge by the brewing pin member, thus flowing through the coffee powder contained therein and escaping from the interior of the cartridge through the perforation in the cap. The freshly brewed coffee beverage can escape through outlets located at the lower side of the sieve holder. Such a coffee machine is disclosed, for example, in the document EP 0,891,734.... Practice has shown that the cross section of the brewing pin member that is relevant for the brewing water to escape the brewing pin member is relatively quickly decreased and fully blocked, respectively, under the influence of contamination. The reasons therefor are, for example, coffee fat, coffee particles as well as lime in the brewing water. However, with increasing contamination of the brewing pin member, the quality of the brewed coffee beverage decreases. From a hydraulic point of view, a further problem adhering to such brewing pin members is that so-called dead volumina occur in the
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interior of the cartridge such that portions of the coffee powder are not or insufficiently exposed to the flow of brewing water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee machine with integrated steam delivery device Inventor(s): Stieger, Mischa; (St-Gallen, CH), Yoakim, Alfred; (St-Legier, CH) Correspondence: WINSTON & STRAWN; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 1400 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030051603 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: A coffee machine of the "espresso" type that includes a water tank, a pump, a heater unit and passages for feeding hot water and steam to a percolation nozzle. The machine includes an integrated steam delivery device having a steam inlet connected to a steam feed passage and a steam outlet. The steam delivery passages include a cylindrical body equipped with an aperture connected to the steam inlet and a cylindrical piece which can move within the body to open or close the steam circuit depending on its position in the body. A control member actuated by a control or trigger finger enables the steam outlet to be brought into contact with the aperture in the closure of a receptacle. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the U.S. national stage designation of International application PCT/EP00/09511 filed Sep. 28, 2000, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.... The present invention relates to a coffee machine and more particularly to a coffee machine comprising an integrated device enabling steam to be delivered in order to heat and emulsify a liquid. The coffee machine forming the subject of the invention is thus particularly well suited for the making of cappuccino, which is obtained by adding hot, foaming milk to the coffee.... Some coffee machines of the traditional "espresso" type possess, in addition to the components necessary for the preparation of coffee, a steam jet emerging from the housing of the machine. A switch generally enables the operating mode of the machine to be selected. In a first operating mode, the water contained in the tank is aspirated by a pump which directs it to a heater unit enabling it to be heated. The hot water is then delivered to a percolation nozzle on which is fitted a filter-holding or cartridge-holding device containing the ground coffee. In a second mode of operation, the hot water is passed to the steam jet in order to produce either hot water or steam. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coffee mannanase Inventor(s): Gysler, Christof; (Blonay, CH), Pridmore, Raymond David; (Lausanne, CH), Rogers, John; (St. Genis Pouilly, FR), Marraccini, Pierre; (Savonieres, FR) Correspondence: WINSTON & STRAWN; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 1400 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030131380 Date filed: September 27, 2002
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Abstract: A DNA fragment derived from coffee encoding at least one enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides comprising pure or branched mannan molecules linked to each other via a.beta. (1.fwdarw.4) linkage, and which has the the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO.:1 or which is homologous to or hybridizes to a fragment of DNA having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO.:1. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the U.S. National Stage designation of International application PCT/EP01/01549 filed Feb. 13, 2001, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.... The present invention relates to the use of fragments of coffee DNA encoding at least one enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides consisting at least of simple or branched mannan molecules linked to each other via a.beta. (1.fwdarw.4) linkage.... Polysaccharides which contain mannose are frequently present in the cell walls of higher plants, in particular in leguminous plants, and are considered to be a carbohydrate store in the seeds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Coffee-sawdust-based solid fuel composition Inventor(s): Johnson, Joanne M. (Ottawa, CA), Sprules, Rodney K. (Ottawa, CA) Correspondence: OGILVY RENAULT; 1981 MCGILL COLLEGE AVENUE; SUITE 1600; MONTREAL; QC; H3A2Y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20020189159 Date filed: March 20, 2002 Abstract: A solid fuel composition of spent coffee grounds and/or green coffee bean waste, sawdust and a wax binder is useful for manufacturing a fire-log with more flame output. This combination of solid particulate together with wax burns with a naturalsounding sizzling and crackling. The fuel composition also develops cracks as it burns, in much the same way as natural wood logs do. The cracks expose more surface area to combustion air, thereby enhancing flame output. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 (a)-(d) to U.S. application Ser. No. 60/277,627, filed Mar. 22, 2001.... Not applicable.... The present invention relates to solid fuel compositions, and, in particular, to a solid fuel composition useful for manufacturing an artificial fire-log. The solid fuel composition is made from a combination of a coffee-waste component and sawdust together with a combustible wax binder, to produce better flame output and sounds similar to a natural wood log as it is burned. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition and process for producing thickened coffee, tea or cocoa beverages Inventor(s): Meister, Jeffery D. (Plymouth, MN), O' Connor, Donna Jean; (Maple Grove, MN) Correspondence: THOMAS HOXIE; NOVARTIS CORPORATION; PATENT AND TRADEMARK DEPT; 564 MORRIS AVENUE; SUMMIT; NJ; 079011027 Patent Application Number: 20020086098 Date filed: December 6, 2001
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Abstract: An improved thickened instant coffee beverage mix, comprising a mix of from about 15-90%, preferably 27%, maltodextrin with the rest, to 100%, of an agglomerated starch, and also 0.05-2.0% of mono- and di-glycerides or other wetting agents such as propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitan monosterate and other emulsifiers, including 0.0510.0% vegetable oils, together with coffee flavorants, which can be quickly dissolved in water of at least 120.degree. F. water without delay or forming clumps; and an improved thickened instant tea or cocoa beverage mix which can be quickly dissolved in water of at least 120.degree. F. water without delay or forming clumps, comprising 1250% agglomerated starch as the thickening agent, together with sugar and protein components. Excerpt(s): This application is a CIP of co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 09/552,373, filed Apr. 19, 2000, now ______, which in turn was a CIP of copending U.S. Ser. No. 09/247,467, filed Feb. 8, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,931, issued Apr. 17, 2001, which was a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/022,195, filed Feb. 11,1998, now abandoned, the latter having been converted to Provisional application USS No. 60/126,422 and also to Provisional application USS No. 60/108,074, filed Nov. 12,1998, both now abandoned.... The present invention relates generally to compositions which when mixed with hot water, yield thickened coffee, tea or cocoa beverages, and to the process for obtaining such compositions.... Thickened beverages are used by patients in long term health care facilities and hospitals to address a swallowing condition known as dysphasia. It has been known that patients with swallowing problems are capable of handling thickened beverages. Because of the nature of this condition, it is important that the patient receive a product that is smooth textured and free of lumps. The degree of thickening needed is determined by the severity of the swallowing condition. Therefore, the beverage must also be consistent in terms of thickness from use to use. In recent years many new products have been introduced to address this need. These have included dry mixes, in which a starch is spooned into a liquid and mixed, as well as ready to serve thickened drinks. While the powered products have worked acceptably well in cold beverages, they have been unsuccessful in hot applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Constitutive and inducible promoters from coffee plants Inventor(s): Aldwinckle, Herbert S. (Geneva, NY), Gaitan, Alvaro L. (Manizales, CO) Correspondence: Michael L. Goldman, Esq. NIXON PEABODY LLP; Clinton Square; P.O. Box 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603-1051; US Patent Application Number: 20030163837 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the isolation of two DNA promoters from a coffee plant. The isolated promoters, one inducible and one constitutive, are capable of inducing the expression of a second DNA operably linked to the promoter. The present invention also relates to host cells, expression systems and transgenic plants containing the promoters of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/545,686, filed Apr. 7, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/184,934, filed Feb. 8, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.... This invention relates to the identification and isolation of DNA promoters
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from coffee. The invention also relates to a method of protein expression in transgenic plants.... Coffee is an agricultural commodity that plays a significant role in the economies of many developing countries. In Colombia, coffee cultivation is restricted to mountain areas with altitudes between 1200 and 1400 meters above sea level. It is especially concentrated in the central region, in an area called the Coffee Zone. With a total annual yield of around 12 million bags, Colombia is ranked second in world production. Of this production, 26% is used for domestic consumption, and the rest is exported to Europe (6 million bags), United States (3 million bags), and Asia (1 million bags), with an average annual market value (1991 to 1995) of $1.6 billion (Banco de la Republica, Indicadores Economicos NI 828 Banco de la Republica, Bogota, Colombia (1996)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Container, method, and apparatus to provide fresher packed coffee Inventor(s): Smith, James David; (Loveland, OH), Floyd, Jennifer Ruth Ralston; (West Chester, OH), Zeik, Douglas Bruce; (Middletown, OH), Bono, James Lee; (Cincinnati, OH), Mungur, Sameer; (Cincinnati, OH), Dalton, David Andrew; (Loveland, OH), Barry, Aisha; (Mason, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030010787 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: A fresh packaging system for roast and ground coffee having a top load capacity of at least about 16 pounds (7.3 Kg) comprising a container with a closed bottom, an open top, and a body enclosing a perimeter between the bottom and the top. A protuberance is continuously disposed around the perimeter of the body proximate to the top and forms a ridge external to the body. A flexible closure is removeably attached and sealed to the protuberance so that the closure seals the interior volume of the container. The container bottom and container body are constructed from a material having a tensile modulus number ranging from at least about 35,000 to at least about 650,000 pounds per square inch (at least about 2,381 to at least about 44,230 atm). Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/295,666 filed on Jun. 4, 2001, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to a fresh packaging system useful for packing fresh roast and ground coffee. The present invention still further relates to a more convenient, lightweight, and handled container that provides increased strength per mass unit of plastic for the transport of freshly roast and ground coffee. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for providing a consumer with a fresher packed roast and ground coffee that provides a more pleasant aroma upon opening of the package and a perceived longer-lasting aroma after repeated and sustained openings.... Packages such as cylindrical cans for containing a particulate product under pressure, such as roast and ground coffee, are representative of various articles to which the present invention is applicable. It is well known in the art that freshly roasted and ground coffee evolutes substantial amounts of oils and gases, such as carbon dioxide, particularly after the roasting and grinding process. Therefore, roast and ground coffee is usually held in storage bins prior to final packing to allow for maximum off gassing of
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these volatile, natural products. The final coffee product is then placed into a package and subjected to a vacuum packing operation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Corn coffee Inventor(s): Barahona, Nancy; (Jamaica, NY) Correspondence: Leopold Presser, Esq. SCULLY, SCOTT, MURPHY & PRESSER; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20010026830 Date filed: April 4, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a non-caffeine containing brewable coffee comprised of (a) white corn, (b) allspice pepper or cloves or mixture thereof and (c) cinnamon or vanilla or mixture thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application is claiming the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/194,667, filed on Apr. 4, 2000.... The present invention relates to a coffeesubstitute and more particularly, to a coffee-substitute produced from white corn.... Hot coffee beverages are widely consumed throughout the world and are generally prepared from roasted coffee. Many consumers enjoy the taste and/or aroma of roasted coffee. In addition, many consumers believe that the consumption of coffee reduces stress during the workday. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Flavored coffee compositions and method of making Inventor(s): Young, Jerry Douglas; (Cincinnati, OH), Hardesty, Douglas Craig; (Amelia, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020155209 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A ready to drink coffee beverage comprising a coffee portion, said coffee portion comprising a principal coffee component and N relevant coffee components, where N is a number in the range of from about 1 to about 20, wherein the principal coffee component corresponds to a principal coffee component of a second coffee and the relevant coffee components correspond to relevant coffee components of the second coffee, and wherein the total concentration of the principal coffee component is in the range of from about 50% below to about 50% above the total concentration of the corresponding principal coffee component in the second coffee, and wherein the value of the total concentration of the principal coffee component divided by the total concentration of each of the relevant coffee components is within the range of from about 50% below to about 50% above the value of the total concentration of the corresponding principal coffee component in the second coffee divided by the total concentration of the corresponding relevant coffee components in the second coffee.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/268,443, filed Feb. 13, 2001.... The present invention relates to novel coffee compositions with enhanced flavor characteristics. In particular, the present invention relates to novel processes for preparing enhanced coffee compositions and the products comprising them.... High quality coffee food and beverage products enjoy considerable popularity and make up an increasingly significant proportion of the diets of many people. However, these high quality coffee products are both expensive to purchase and to produce. One such reason is the cost of the raw materials. Do to the nature of coffee production (e.g., growing cycle, season, location, and the like) it is difficult to offset an increase in demand for consumer preferred coffees with additional levels of supply. This results in higher production costs for high quality coffee food and beverage products that must eventually be borne by the consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Liquid coffee concentrates Inventor(s): Patton, Donald Ray; (Cincinnati, OH), Nunes, Raul Victorino; (Loveland, OH), Young, Jerry Douglas; (Cincinnati, OH), Dria, Glenn James; (Okeana, OH), Li, Jianjun Justin; (West Chester, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030099752 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: Improved liquid coffee concentrates that have furfuryl acetate to 4-ethyl guaiacol ratio values that approach the furfuryl acetate to 4-ethyl guaiacol ratio values of fresh brewed coffees brewed with the same coffees used to produce said coffee concentrates are disclosed. Methods of evaluating and adjusting a liquid coffee concentrate's furfuryl acetate to 4-ethyl guaiacol ratio value are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/345,234, filed Oct. 19, 2001.... The present invention relates to liquid coffee concentrates, methods of producing and assessing the quality of liquid coffee concentrates and products containing said concentrates.... Consumers produce the traditional "pot of coffee" by extracting the desired components of roast and ground coffee using an automatic drip coffee maker (ADC) or other form of brewer. Although the flavor and aroma of such a coffee beverage is highly desired and appreciated, the inconvenience of the brewing process has lead to the development of instant coffee and coffee concentrate products that allow the consumer to quickly make a single cup of coffee. Unfortunately, the production processes used to produce such coffee products result in finished products having ratios of flavor and aroma components that are different from fresh brewed coffee. As a result, coffee beverages produced from such concentrated products do not have the highly desired flavor and aroma of fresh brewed coffee. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Magazine for espresso coffee capsules Inventor(s): Eugster, Arthur; (Romanshorn, CH) Correspondence: KODA & ANDROLIA; 2029 Century Park East, Suite 3850; Los Angeles; CA; 90067-3024; US Patent Application Number: 20020031588 Date filed: September 15, 2001 Abstract: Espresso coffee capsules (2, 2a) having an essentially rotationally symmetric shape, especially the frustum of a right cone, being fitted and slide into an essentially cylindrical magazine tube (1) of a magazine which can be set up vertically. The espresso coffee capsules can be stacked in the magazine tube (1). The magazine tube (1) has a removal opening (4) at the bottom, allowing the espresso coffee capsules to be removed. The magazine tube (1) has, at the top (5), an insertion guide (6) that has a side insertion opening (7) so that the espresso coffee capsules can be inserted simply and exactly into the magazine tube. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a magazine for espresso coffee capsules that has at least one essentially cylindrical magazine tube, which can be set up vertically.... To simplify the process of filling the brewing chamber of espresso machines with ground coffee, increasing use is being made of the known espresso coffee capsules which are filled with premeasured portions of ground coffee. The espresso coffee capsules are industrially made and are filled, immediately after the ground coffee undergoes the grinding process, with a measured amount of it and hermetically sealed. The known espresso coffee capsules are usually deep-drawn out of a plastic film and have essentially the shape of a frustum of a right circular cone, with the base of the frustum of the cone forming the bottom of the espresso coffee capsules. The bottom of the espresso coffee capsule can have an edge projecting from the side that serves as a bottom for fastening a metal foil.... The espresso coffee capsules can have various varieties of coffee therein, in order to store it and keep its aroma fresh in a simple manner. At present, about ten different varieties of coffee are commercially available in espresso coffee capsules. It has turned out to be expedient to store the espresso coffee capsules with the various varieties of coffee in order in a magazine. An essential component of such a magazine is an essentially cylindrical, normally vertically arranged magazine tube which, according to the state of the art, is completely open on top and can have a removal opening at the bottom. The magazine tube can have several espresso coffee capsules in it stacked one above the other. A number of magazine tubes, for example six, can be combined, according to the state of the art, into a rotating magazine. However, it is also conceivable for a series of magazine tubes to be linearly arranged next to one another. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus to produce coffee extract Inventor(s): Huik, Heikki; (Schererville, IN), Ogden, Ralph R. (Highland, IN) Correspondence: PATULA & ASSOCIATES, PC; 116 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE; 14TH FLOOR; CHICAGO; IL; 60603; US Patent Application Number: 20020164410 Date filed: May 4, 2001
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Abstract: A method and apparatus producing high-quality coffee extract is disclosed. The apparatus contains a base module, extraction chamber and an extract holding chamber. The base module contains a pumping means that recirculates the extract liquid within the extract chamber to ensure efficient and thorough extraction. When extraction is complete, the pumping means will pump the extract liquid into an extract holding chamber where it can be detached from the extraction module and placed wherever desired. The liquid extract can be dispensed whenever needed and will have an extended shelf life. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to and apparatus for and process of producing an extract from a granular solid substance by processing with a liquid based solvent suspension or solution. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for the production of coffee extract for the creation of beverages or foods additives.... There has long been a desire in the coffee extract production field to allow consumers to create their own high-quality coffee extract. The most common need of coffee extract is in the creation of coffee beverages and preparation of certain foods. For example, if a consumer wants a quick coffee drink, the typical purchase is "instantcoffee", a pre-packaged, solidified coffee extract that, when added to normal hot water, produces a lower-quality coffee beverage. Common complaints of such a product are attributable to unpleasant taste and odor. It is well known in the field that existing coffee extract techniques lose some of their inherent aromas that are associated with taste and odor. Furthermore, there are some food preparation recipes, such as for home baked goods, that require the addition of coffee extract. This is usually accomplished with the purchase of pre-packaged liquid coffee extract. This is expensive and the quality of the product is always in question because of the unknown extraction method and shelf life of the product.... Currently, there are no known devices that would allow consumers to create their own liquid coffee extract, due to the lack of efficient extraction devices and usability knowledge. There are some very inefficient cold brew coffee extract devices available, but the extract-to-coffee ratio is very low, and as such, their usability is extremely limited and inefficient. Furthermore, the extracted coffee has a very short shelf life due to environmental contamination and aromatic dissipation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method and device for preparing espresso coffee Inventor(s): Bonanno, Francesco; (Gaggio Montano, IT) Correspondence: BROWDY AND NEIMARK, P.L.L.C. 624 NINTH STREET, NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20010050002 Date filed: December 6, 2000 Abstract: A method for preparing espresso coffee or similar drinks in manual or automatic machines, by causing a forced flow of boiling water to pass through a percolation chamber containing coffee powder, in which an adjustable back pressure is created in the percolation chamber to increase the time of contact between the powder and the water.A device for preparing espresso coffee or similar drinks, comprising hot water generating means, a percolation chamber traversed by hot water and intended to contain coffee powder, and a drink exit conduit, in which the conduit is in the form of a nozzle, the outlet of which is throttled by adjustable means.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the preparation of espresso coffee, or Italian coffee, by percolating boiling water through a certain lightly pressed quantity of ground roasted coffee in powder form.... It is equally suitable for preparing espresso coffee starting from a single-measure or multi-measure coffee sachet formed of heat-resistant material able to act as a filter.... The invention is also suitable for preparing drinks from coffee substitutes, such as barley or the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method for brewing coffee using a relocatable coffee maker Inventor(s): Goldston, Joseph P. (Bristol, VA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20010046547 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: A counter top coffee maker is rolled out from a storage location on a mobile base on a counter. The base includes a set of wheels and a set of bumpers. The wheels are used to move the base by lifting the bumpers off the counter surface. The bumpers are used to maintain the base in a stationary position. Excerpt(s): The present application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/345,184 filed Jun. 30, 1999.... The present invention relates to the field of appliances. More particularly, the present invention relates to improvements to counter top appliances that enable the relocation of the appliances.... Appliances are used in nearly every room of a modem household. A washing machine is usually in a laundry room, a hair dryer is in a bathroom, a dishwasher is in the kitchen. Counter-top appliances are those appliances that are generally found on a counter in a kitchen. Examples of counter-top appliances include a toaster, a coffee maker, and a blender. The counter-top appliances are generally stored and used on the same counter area. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for directing consumers to preferred coffee selection Inventor(s): Findley, Molly Christine; (Cincinnati, OH), Crawford, Caryn Marie; (Fairfield, OH), Piotrowski, Robert David; (Hamilton, OH), Faber, Michelle Carolyn; (West Chester, OH) Correspondence: Erich D. Hemm; The Procter & Gamble Co. 6071 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20010044750 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is an effective method for directing coffee consumers to one or more types of coffee from a plurality of options by a consumer. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/188,956, filed Mar. 13, 2000, which is herein incorporated by reference.... The present invention is related to a method for directing consumers to their preferred type of coffee utilizing simple self-characterization cues that are easily recognizable by
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the consumer. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a method in which there is utilized a communication (e.g. charts, guides, symbols, phrases, or other communication) via a representation (e.g., coffee package, bin card, or other representation) at the point of purchase that helps the consumer to characterize the coffee and purchase a preferred coffee for himself.... Use of the method to direct the consumer based on the consumer's own self-characterization of their individual tastes and preferences results in significantly higher satisfaction with the product than if these products were self-selected by the consumer without the self-characterization indicators from the same available options. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method of making coffee and coffee maker Inventor(s): Fung, Chi Chung; (Chaiwan, HK), Leung, Chi Wah; (Chaiwan, HK), Luk, Shek Chuen; (Chaiwan, HK) Correspondence: Browning Bushman P.C. 5718 Westheimer, Suite 1800; Houston; TX; 77057-5771; US Patent Application Number: 20030157227 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: A method of making coffee in a drip-type coffee maker includes adding heated water to a brew basket containing coffee grinds, allowing said water to accumulate within the brew basket, and at a predetermined moment opening an aperture in the brew basket to allow the water to drain. In a drip-type coffee maker the aperture in the brew basket has a closure. A controller is operable to move the aperture closure to the open position a predetermined moment after heated water is delivered to the brew basket. The predetermined moment may be when the water in the brew basket reaches a predetermined level, or a predetermined time after the coffee maker is activated. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of making coffee and to coffee makers, and in particular to drip-type coffee makers.... One method of making coffee includes passing heated water through coffee grinds in order to infuse the water with coffee flavour and aroma. A common type of coffee maker that employs this method is the socalled "drip-type" coffee maker. In order to make good coffee the water should evenly wet the grinds.... Drip-type coffee makers comprise a water reservoir and a brew basket for receiving coffee grinds. A delivery tube or other water passage takes water from the water reservoir, through an in-line water heater, and delivers it to a spreader above coffee grinds in the brew basket. The heated water passes through the coffee grinds and in to a carafe, cup or other vessel. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of preparing coffee aromatizing compositions Inventor(s): Wragg, Anthony; (Banbury, GB), Ceriali, Stefano; (Banbury, GB), Zeller, Bary L. (Glenview, IL), Gaonkar, Anilkumar G. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Correspondence: KRAFT FOODS INC; 555 SOUTH BROADWAY; TARRYTOWN; NY; 10591 Patent Application Number: 20020142082 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: A method of preparing coffee aromatizing compositions. A coffee aroma such as a coffee aroma frost is contacted with a volatile organic carrier liquid at a processing temperature at which the carrier is in the liquid state and at which any moisture present is in the form of ice, to effect fixation of the aroma into the carrier liquid. The carrier liquid has a freezing point below the processing temperature, a boiling point above the processing temperature, a vapor pressure of at least 0.01 mm Hg at 25.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure, and a water solubility of not more than 10% by weight. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of preparing coffee aromatizing compositions. In particular, the invention relates to methods of preparing such compositions which are useful to provide coffee beverage preparation aroma.... The manufacture of "instant" (or soluble) coffee powder, often involves processing conditions such as elevated temperature, which cause loss of desirable coffee aroma. By the time the powder is prepared, most of the chemicals that create the distinctive pleasurable coffee aroma have evaporated. Unless additional steps are taken during manufacture, there is very little aroma associated with hot coffee beverages prepared from instant coffee powder relative to the aroma of hot coffee beverages prepared from roast and ground coffee. This, in large part, has contributed to consumers viewing instant coffee as an inferior product. Many attempts have been made to enhance the aroma of instant coffee, including the use of particular types of coffee beans, the use of particular coffee roasting conditions, and the addition of coffee aroma.... Coffee aromas and flavors are usually complex, comprising many organoleptically active compounds, which combine in effect to create the characterizing aroma of the product. Since the aromas and flavors are extremely powerful and typically unstable in their undiluted state they are combined with a carrier to render them stable and easier to handle. The carriers are neutral or complementary in organoleptic impact and do not contribute to the characterizing aroma of the product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of processing roasted coffee Inventor(s): Anker, Willem; (Port Perry, CA), Buckingham, Robert; (Whitby, CA) Correspondence: MEREK & VOORHEES; 643-B South Washington Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20020110626 Date filed: February 14, 2001 Abstract: A method of processing roasted coffee to improve the retention of carbon dioxide and aromatics liberated from the roasted coffee. The method involves preparing one or more containers for receiving coffee. The containers are purged of contained air through flushing with an inert gas. Roasted coffee is transported and delivered to a
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grinding circuit where it is ground directly into a container filling apparatus. The container filling filling apparatus delivers the ground coffee directly into the purged containers after which the containers are sealed to maximize the retention of carbon dioxide and aromatics liberated from the roasted coffee and to minimize contact of the ground roasted coffee with the air. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of processing coffee, and in particular a method of processing and packaging coffee that has undergone a roasting process.... In the processing of coffee, typically the first step is to subject green coffee beans to a roasting process. This process causes thermal decomposition and chemical changes within the beans at which time the familiar aroma and flavour development occurs. A by-product of the roasting process is carbon dioxide gas. Following roasting, coffee almost immediately begins to release carbon dioxide. When in the whole bean state the release of carbon dioxide gas is relatively slow. In some cases it may take in excess of two weeks for all internal carbon dioxide gas built up during the roasting process to be released. In contrast, grinding coffee beans to produce ground roasted coffee results in the release of carbon dioxide and volatile aromatics over a much shortened time frame.... As a result of the discharge of carbon dioxide gas, tightly packaged coffee that has not been sufficiently degassed can cause an undesired expansion (and in some cases rupture) of packaging materials. For that reason both roasted coffee beans and ground roasted coffee are commonly transported and stored in bins or open containers following the roasting/grinding process where they are allowed to degas for anywhere from a few hours to upwards of one to two days so that the product that is eventually packaged is essentially carbon dioxide free. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method, system and apparatus for preparing a beverage suitable for consumption, such as coffee Inventor(s): Aarts, Mathias Leonardus Cornelis; (Bilthoven, NL) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD; P O BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 554020903; US Patent Application Number: 20010000570 Date filed: December 7, 2000 Abstract: The method for preparing a beverage suitable for consumption such as coffee comprises the following steps:a vacuum pack made from a thin-walled and flexible packing sheet is placed in a holder which, in use, tightly encloses the vacuum pack at least partially, the vacuum pack being filled with the granular material and comprising a closing seam interconnecting opposite parts of the packing sheet;a free end of at least one needle-shaped tube is introduced into the inner space of the vacuum pack; andvia the needle-shaped tube, a liquid is fed under pressure to the inner space of the vacuum pack, so that under the influence of the liquid pressure in the vacuum pack, this closing seam opens at least partially, with the beverage formed in the vacuum pack flowing out of the vacuum pack via the opening.The invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the method. Excerpt(s): 1. The invention relates to a method for preparing a beverage suitable for consumption, and to a system and apparatus for carrying out such method.... 2. More in particular, the invention relates to a method for preparing a beverage suitable for consumption such as coffee, wherein a liquid and a granular material such as ground
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coffee are brought together to produce the beverage.... 3. Such apparatuses and methods are known per se. In the known apparatus and method for preparing coffee, for instance ground coffee is introduced in a bowl-shaped container. This bowl-shaped container is open at its top side, while in the bottom of the container a large number of small orifices have been provided. These small orifices form a barrier to the ground coffee. Next, hot water is fed under high pressure to the ground coffee via the open top side. The coffee extract thus formed in the container can leave the container via the small orifices to be subsequently received in a cup disposed therebelow. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Microwave oven having a coffee maker Inventor(s): Kim, Dae Sik; (Changwon-shi, KR) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20030168446 Date filed: March 5, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a microwave oven having a coffee maker installed in an electronic device chamber. A cavity door is provided in front of a cavity. The electronic device chamber in which electrical elements are installed is provided adjacent to the cavity. A casing of the coffee maker is provided in front of the electronic device chamber. A water tank is provided within the casing. A funnel is provided so that the funnel can enter and go out of the interior of the casing. A container is comprised of a jug or cup. A heater is provided in a lower portion of the casing. A water supply tube has one end connected with the water tank, body portion passing through the lower portion of the casing so as to contact with the heater, and the other end arranged at the upper portion of the funnel. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the Korean Application Nos. P200211704 filed on Mar. 5, 2002, P2002-44690 filed on Jul. 29, 2002 and P2002-47326 filed on Aug. 10, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to a microwave oven, and more particularly, to a microwave over having a coffee maker provided in a predetermined space of the electronic device chamber.... In the meanwhile, in a recent trend, a rotatable tray is provided on the bottom surface of the cavity 2. For this purpose, a variety of elements including a motor for rotating the tray are provided together. Thus, in addition to the foregoing elements, many elements are provided in the microwave oven, but their detailed description will be omitted. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Milk-added coffee beverage Inventor(s): Murakami, Katsushi; (Osaka, JP), Hino, Yoshiko; (Osaka, JP), Shibuya, Katsushi; (Kyoto, JP), Yokoo, Yoshiaki; (Osaka, JP), Onishi, Tatsuji; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C. 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020119236 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an economical process for producing a milkadded coffee beverage with an enhanced flavor in a process for producing a milk-added
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coffee beverage produced through a step of heat sterilization of coffee and milk component as the main raw materials; comprising adding a strongly basic substance and/or basic amino acid to coffee component and conducting the heat sterilization after milk component is admixed to the coffee component; whereby coagulation at the step of admixing milk component is prevented and precipitation which tends to arise after the heat sterilization is prevented with the use of much smaller amount of emulsifier and thickening agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a milk-added coffee beverage produced through a step of heat sterilization using coffee and milk component as the raw materials, and to a process for producing it. More specifically, it relates to a stable and rich-flavored milk-added coffee beverage in which precipitation that occurs after heat sterilization treatment is prevented, and to a process for producing it.... A wide variety of milk-added coffee beverage products (hereunder referred to as "milk-added coffee beverages") are known that are produced through a step of heat sterilization using coffee and milk components as the raw materials, and when classified according to the type of container these include canned beverages, PET bottled beverages, cardboard packed beverages and the like.... The common production steps for milk-added coffee beverages, in the case of canned milk-added coffee beverages for example, are "roasting", "grinding", "extraction", "formulation", "filtration", "filling", "rolling", "sterilization", "refrigeration" and "case packing". Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Novel roasted coffee with a balanced flavor and a process for making it Inventor(s): Faber, Michelle Carolyn; (West Chester, OH), Davis, William Michael; (West Chester, OH), Bridge, Dana Lynn; (Cincinnati, OH), Kirkpatrick, Steven Jacob; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030017251 Date filed: August 23, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a novel coffee blend and a process for making said novel coffee. This novel coffee contains both a "faster-roast fraction" and a "slower-roast fraction". The "faster-roast fraction" contributes no less than 20% and no more than 80% to the 100% coffee blend, preferably no less than 30% and no more than 70% to the coffee blend, and more preferably, no less than 40% and no more than 60% to the coffee blend. Similarly, the "slower-roast fraction" contributes no less than 20% and no more than 80% to the 100% coffee blend, preferably no less than 30% and no more than 70% of the coffee blend, and more preferably, no less than 40% and no more than 60% of the coffee blend. Any 100% coffee blend where the "faster-roast fraction" and the "slowerroast fraction" in combination contribute a minimum of 70% of the 100% total is covered herein. Said "faster-roast fraction" has been roasted for a time period of about 1X to about 3.5 X and said "slower-roast fraction" has been roasted for a time period of from about 4.5X to about 6X, wherein the value of X is constant within each 100% coffee blend. X is greater than or equal to one (1) minute, preferably from about one (1) minute to about four (4) minutes, more preferably from about one (1) minute to about three (3) minutes, most preferably from about one (1) minute to about two (2) minutes. In the process of the present invention, each fraction consists of one or more independently
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roasted streams, each with the same or different roast times and/or the same or different target Hunter-L colors and/or the same or different coffee types, as long as the roast time of each stream falls within the specified time range where X is constant for a given 100% coffee blend. The faster-roast fraction, the slower-roast fraction, and any other streams are blended after roasting. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/188,987, filed Mar. 13, 2000, which is herein incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to novel roasted coffee with balanced flavor and a process for making it.... Attempts have been made in the past to make roasted coffee exhibiting a balanced flavor with some of the body observed in faster-roasted coffees and some of the character that tends to develop in slower-roasted coffees. Faster-roasted coffees generally have a lower perceived acidity and more body, a flavor desired by some consumers. Slower-roasted coffees tend to develop a more distinctive character during the roasting process and typically have a crisp, higher perceived acidity. This flavor is considered desirable by many consumers as well. When faster and slower-roast fractions are mixed through blend after roast, the flavor profile is rounded out, resulting in an unusually balanced flavor, where the coffee flavor is allowed to come through more effectively. Additionally, this process maintains some of the body observed in faster-roasted coffees and some of the character developed in slower-roasted coffees, both desirable coffee attributes. The result is the ability to develop unique coffees with high consumer acceptance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Paper filter for a device for preparing coffee or tea extracts Inventor(s): Olthaus, Hans-Dieter; (Minden, DE), Dolfel, Rainer; (Porta Westfalica, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD, and CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20010019028 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: A generally funnel shaped paper filter for use in a filter device for preparing coffee or tea extracts. The paper filter has a flattened, folded state and an open, unfolded state for use and includes two facing panels joined at lateral sides thereof to define opposite lateral paper filter edges and joined at bottom sides thereof to define a paper filter bottom; an upper edge forming part of each panel and defining a paper filter opening; and an embossed line provided in each panel for stabilizing the paper filter in its open state. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of German Utility Model Application No. 200 02 889.8, filed on Feb. 17, 2000, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to a filter device for the preparation of aroma extracts from coffee or tea. The device has a generally funnel-shaped paper filter and a filter receptacle. The paper filter which is generally trapezoidal when flattened, can be inserted into the filter receptacle in an open state, that is, in a condition in which it conforms to the inside space of the filter receptacle.... Filter devices of the aboveoutlined type are known. The filter receptacle or its utilized inner space of the most widely used filter devices is defined by an approximately frustoconical inner wall face. The paper filter inserts are opened by the user from the flattened condition and are inserted with a nearly exact fit into the inside space of the filter device.
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Peeling device for the inner-embryo membrane of coffee bean Inventor(s): Li, Yuan-Hong; (Chang-Hua City, TW) Correspondence: Dougherty & Troxell; ONE SKYLINE PLACE; 5205 LEESBURG PIKE, SUITE 1404; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22041; US Patent Application Number: 20020096058 Date filed: January 24, 2001 Abstract: The invention is related to a kind of device inside a grinder to peel the inner embryo membrane of coffee beans. It mainly comprises of a motor with an extruded motor shaft, a positioning cylinder located on the lateral side of a motor and equipping a lower exit inside an conveyor base, and a conveyor base, which is on the lateral side of the grinder and equips an extruded exit end on the other side of the grinder. The center of the motor extrudes a shaft connecting an eccentric synchronic rotation grinding bar. During rotation, the shaft is in a state of eccentricity, thus, the grinding surface completely hits the inner ring rim of the positioning cylinder and coffee beans are ground into particles. There is an inclined conveyor platform on the conveyor base. When grinding particles fall, due to low specific weight, the embryo membrane is sucked by a fan located on the lateral wall of a grinder and is collected in a dust collection bag. The particles not sucked out fall along the inclined conveyor platform on the conveyor base into a material collection bag. After grinding, the separation of coffee particles and the membrane is fully achieved. Excerpt(s): A kind of device in peeling the inner embryo membrane for coffee beans is structurally characterized as an eccentric grinding bar on a motor shaft for synchronic rotation, an inclined conveyor platform on a conveyor base, and a fan on the lateral side of a grinder. When the motor shaft rotates, the grinding surface of the grinding bar completely hits the inner ring rim of a positioning cylinder and coffee beans are ground in particles. When grinding particles fall, due to low specific weight, the embryo membrane is sucked by the fan on the lateral wall of a grinder and is collected in a dust collection bag. Those particles not sucked out fall along the inclined conveyor platform on the conveyor base into a dust collection bag. After grinding, the separation of coffee particles and the membrane is fully achieved.... Normally, coffee bean should be dried, toasted and cooked in advance to form dry and crispy coffee beans. The beans will be ground into fine-shaped coffee particles (not powder). The invention, a peeling device for the inner embryo membrane of coffee bean, is to separate the bi-sectional coffee beans and the embryo membrane inside the bi-sectional coffee beans during the grinding process. When one makes coffee, most of the time, the bitter and astringent taste comes from the inner embryo membrane inside coffee beans. It is much timeconsuming for manual separation of the coffee beans and the embryo membrane. Current grinding coffee making utilizes the whole pieces of coffee beans for grinding without peeling of the inner embryo membrane, therefore, additional bitter and astringent taste for the coffee is added. The original taste of sweet smell for the coffee is lessened.... The primary objective of the invention is to provide a kind of device to peel off the inner embryo membrane on the coffee beans. It comprises of a motor equipping a shaft in the center, a positioning cylinder on the lateral side of the motor and a lower exit inside the conveyor base, and a conveyor base on the lateral side of the grinder and an exit end extruded on the other side the grinder. There is a synchronic eccentric grinding bar on the motor shaft. Therefore, during rotation, the bar is in a state of
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eccentricity. The eccentric grinding bar hits exactly the inner rim of the positioning cylinder, thus, coffee beans are ground in particles. There is an inclined conveyor platform on the conveyor base. The ground particles fall and the inner embryo membrane is sucked by a fan on the lateral wall of the grinder into a dust collection bag due to low specific weight. The particles not sucked out fall along the inclined conveyor platform into a material collection bag. Thus, after grinding, the coffee particles and inner embryo membrane are completely separated and the objective of eliminating coffee bitter and astringent is achieved. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Plug connection for a coffee making apparatus Inventor(s): Joergensen, Carsten; (Niklausen, CH) Correspondence: NATH AND ASSOCIATES; 1030 FIFTEEN STREET; 6TH FLOOR; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20010004562 Date filed: December 15, 2000 Abstract: With respect to a plug for a power consumer, in particular a coffee-making apparatus, with means for fastening such a plug in the power consumer, the objective is to provide a method for mounting the plug which is simple, can be carried out without tools, and requires relatively little time. It should, however, also be possible to use the same method on the base, where the corresponding part to the plug must be fitted.According to the principles of this invention, this objective is met by having the plug (1) positioned centrally in a recess (7) in the bottom (6) of the power consumer and resting in a flange (8) at the edge of the recess (7), thus allowing rotation around an axis perpendicular to the bottom (6), and by having the plug (1) also comprise a number of fish plates (2) on its sides, which by rotating the plug (1) can be led in under a corresponding number of hooks (5), which from a position inside the bottom (6) of the power consumer are available for fastening and locking the fish plates (2) on the side of the plug (1). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a plug for a power consumer, in particular a coffeemaking apparatus, and means for fastening such a plug in the power consumer.... Such plugs are known from so-called cordless kettles, where they are fitted on the bottom of the kettle, where they have been placed with a view to being joined with a corresponding part in a base which constitutes the galvanic connection to the supply circuit.... However, such plugs involve a series of drawbacks, insofar as they are generally laborious to mount. Moreover, they require the use of special tools and a not insignificant time expenditure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Purified proteins, recombinant DNA sequences and processes for controlling the ripening of coffee plants Inventor(s): Neupane, Kabi Raj; (Honolulu, HI), Moisyadi, Istefo; (Honolulu, HI), Stiles, John I. (Kaneohe, HI) Correspondence: BARBARA E. ARNDT, PH.D. JONES, DAY, REAVIS & POGUE, NORTH POINT; 901 Lakeside Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114; US Patent Application Number: 20030084487 Date filed: August 6, 2002 Abstract: The invention establishes that coffee fruit ripening is climacteric. The invention further provides techniques to isolate substantially pure RNA from coffee fruit even though the fruit contains high levels of phenolic compounds and carbohydrate which would otherwise interfere with obtaining clean RNA preparations from this tissue. The invention provides purified proteins, nucleic acid sequences that code on expression therefore and recombinant DNA molecules, including hosts transformed therewith, and methods for transforming coffee plants to suppress the expression of coffee fruit-expressed ACC synthase and/or coffee fruit-expressed ACC oxidase necessary for ethylene biosynthesis and the ripening of coffee fruit. Coffee plants are transformed with vectors containing coffee fruit-expressed ACC synthase and/or with ACC oxidase DNA sequences that code on expression for the respective RNA that is antisense or sense to the mRNA for the respective ACC synthase and/or ACC oxidase. The result is that the expression of the respective enzyme is eliminated and the transformed plants are incapable of synthesizing ethylene during coffee fruit ripening, although other aspects of their metabolism is not affected. The invention further provides methods for controlling the ripening of coffee fruit from the transformed coffee plants by applying exogenous ethylene. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,269, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,376.... Coffee is prepared from the roasted beans of the plants of the genus Coffea, generally from the species C. arabica (Caturra coffee) and C. canephora (Robusta coffee), and hybrids of these. Beans are the seeds of the coffee plant and are obtained by processing the coffee fruit, ideally the mature coffee fruit which commands the best price due to its superior quality. In order to obtain high quality "gourmet" coffee, it was considered necessary in the past to pick the coffee tree fruit by hand because the fruits of a coffee tree do not ripen uniformly and, thus, there are both mature and immature fruit on the same tree. This did not previously present a serious problem, as most coffee is grown in areas of the world where labor is plentiful and not expensive. However, recently, a lack of abundant and inexpensive labor has become a major contributor to decreased coffee production. In order to increase productivity, countries in some regions of the world, such as the largest coffee producing country, Brazil, have resorted to strip harvesting where workers rapidly remove all fruit from a branch whether ripe or unripe. The speed of harvesting is thus increased, but the yield of the highest quality beans is decreased because much of the harvested fruit is immature (green).... The lack of uniform ripening of coffee fruit on the tree has also seriously limited the effectiveness of mechanical harvesting. The force required to remove mature fruit (cherry) from the tree is similar to the force required to remove green fruit. Thus, mechanical harvesters do not distinguish well between green fruit and cherry and a large amount of immature fruit is harvested along with mature fruit. If coffee fruit ripening could be controlled so that all fruit ripened at one time, both the strip method of hand harvesting and mechanical harvesting would be much more
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efficient and a higher percentage of the harvested fruit would be in the higher quality grades, resulting in increased profitability of coffee production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
SELECTIVE DEGASSING VALVE FOR CONTAINERS OF AROMATIC OR ODOROUS PRODUCTS, SUCH AS COFFEE AND THE LIKE Inventor(s): Bottini, Giorgio; (Gallarate (VA), Goglio, Franco; (Milano, IT), Bosetti, Osvaldo; (Varese, IT) Correspondence: SHERIDAN ROSS PC; 1560 BROADWAY; SUITE 1200; DENVER; CO; 80202 Patent Application Number: 20020066370 Date filed: May 22, 2001 Abstract: A one-way degassing valve (4) for containers of aromatic products such as coffee and the like, comprising a valve body (5, 6), a valve element (12) and a filter (17), comprising a selective filter layer (21a), preferably consisting of activated charcoal, which allows the passage of low molecular weight gases, such as carbon dioxide, and retains high molecular weight gases that constitute the product's aroma, and an oxygen and CO.sub.2 adsorbing layer (21b), able to eliminate the residual oxygen present in the container and suitably reduce the amount of CO.sub.2. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a valve for containers of aromatic or in any case odorous products, especially particulate or powder products, such as coffee, detergents, organic liquids and the like.... Valves of the above-mentioned type are obviously already known and are commonly called degassing valves. They are one-way valves which are normally applied to the upper wall of the container and whose purpose is to allow the gases developed by the product, for example coffee, to escape from the container, avoiding the possible buildup of internal overpressure, which would cause bulging and/or tearing of the container itself, and at the same time to prevent air from entering the container as this would impair the quality of the product.... The oneway valves used at present serve this purpose perfectly, opening when slight internal overpressures occur and closing immediately when they cease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Soluble black coffee Inventor(s): Ortega, Geraldine; (Chavornay, CH), Fairhurst, Peter Gaskell; (Lausanne, CH), Labbe, David Philippe; (Lausanne, CH) Correspondence: WINSTON & STRAWN; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 1400 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030170367 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of improving acceptability of black coffee with young people. The method includes incorporating a plant flavor which is complementary to the coffee taste in an un-whitened soluble coffee powder and to the resulting product made by the method. In one embodiment, the soluble coffee beverage includes a plant flavor that initially provides a tea taste, but which subsequently gives
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away to a coffee taste in the mouth during consumption. The invention also relates to a coffee concentrate of this soluble coffee powder, and to coffee drinks or beverages made from same. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of the US national phase of International application PCT/EP01/12585 filed Oct. 29, 2001, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.... This invention relates to a method of improving the acceptability of black coffee to the taste of young people. The invention also relates to a soluble black coffee powder with improved acceptability to and acceptance by young people.... Coffee beverage products of the instant type are well known. The classical type of instant coffee beverage is black soluble coffee. Usually, such products are soluble powders made from a spray or freeze-dried coffee extract. The black coffee beverage is prepared by mixing the soluble coffee powder with hot water. The resulting black coffee beverage may be consumed with or without a sweetener. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Soluble coffee having intensified flavor and color and method of making same from a coffee extract Inventor(s): Turek, Evan Joel; (Libertyville, IL), Wiseman, Gregory Aaron; (New York, NY), Langdon, Joanne Marie; (Pelham, NY), Zeller, Bary Lyn; (Glenview, IL) Correspondence: LARSON & TAYLOR, PLC; 1199 NORTH FAIRFAX STREET; SUITE 900; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20010036497 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: A method of intensifying the flavor of coffee extract is disclosed in which coffee extract is heated at a temperature and for a time sufficient to intensify the flavor of the coffee. The heated coffee extract is cooled and preferably dried to produce a soluble coffee product having intensified flavor. The flavor intensity of soluble coffee can be increased without deleteriously altering coffee flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a soluble coffee product having intensified flavor and color and to methods of heat treating a coffee extract to intensify the flavor and color for use in soluble coffee products without deleteriously altering the flavor of the coffee.... Soluble coffee products, often referred to as "instant coffee", are prepared from aqueous extracts of roasted and ground coffee. The products are generally in the form of spray-dried or freeze-dried particulate solids.... The process of making soluble coffee causes loss of coffee aroma and flavor relative to the roasted and ground coffee from which the soluble coffee was prepared. Various methods have been developed to increase the aroma and yield of soluble coffee. For example, coffee aroma recovered during coffee grinding is often added to soluble coffee products. It is also known that the yield of conventional soluble coffee (e.g., spray-dried powder having a moisture content of about 2-3% by weight) can be increased by heating instant coffee at a temperature sufficiently high to melt the coffee and to cause pyrolysis of carbohydrates resulting in generation of carbon dioxide. This method is described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US93/10405 published May 26, 1994 as No. WO 94/10852 (hereinafter WO '852). Generation of carbon dioxide in the melt causes the melt to foam. The foam is then solidified by cooling and comminuted to form a foamed particulate soluble coffee product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Soluble powder for espresso type beverage Inventor(s): Bachtler, Ludwig; (Bluettelborn, DE), Maier, Hanspeter; (MorfeldenWalldorf, DE) Correspondence: WINSTON & STRAWN; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 1400 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030157235 Date filed: March 13, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a soluble coffee beverage powder, which, upon the addition of water, forms a coffee beverage having a foamed upper surface. In particular the invention relates to a soluble coffee beverage which closely assimilates the texture characteristics of an Italian espresso, namely a beverage with a fine crema, but which has a reduced bitterness compared with freshly brewed espresso but which nevertheless is strong in aroma. The soluble coffee beverage powder includes a soluble gas containing matrix that has between 10% and 35% soluble coffee solids by weight of the total dry matter of the matrix, from about 10% to about 35% pre-flocculated creamer by weight, and from about 12% to about 30% oligosaccharrides effective to dilute protein in the creamer by weight. The soluble beverage powder upon reconstitution with hot water provides a foamed upper surface based upon all of the ingredients, and in which the foamed upper layer substantially all of the foam is made up of bubbles having a diameter in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm. For a particular good aroma the soluble coffee beverage powder includes aqueous aroma. In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for making such a product. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the US national phase designation of International application PCT/EP01/12044 filed Oct. 17, 2001, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.... This invention relates to a soluble coffee beverage powder, which, upon the addition of water, forms a coffee beverage having a foamed upper surface. In particular the invention relates to a soluble coffee beverage which when reconstituted has a "crema".... Soluble coffee beverage products are well known products, which upon the addition of water (usually hot) provide a coffee beverage. It is also well known to mix the soluble coffee powder with soluble creamer or whitener powders to produce whitened coffee beverages. These classical soluble beverage products are coffee beverages without any foam on the upper surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Sound reducing device for a coffee grinder and other kitchen appliances Inventor(s): Eilers, Brett; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: Martin C. Fliesler, Esq. FLIESLER DUBB MEYER & LOVEJOY LLP; Fourth Floor; Four Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111-4156; US Patent Application Number: 20030042069 Date filed: September 4, 2002 Abstract: A device and a method for reducing or muffling sound from kitchen appliances such as coffee grinders. The sound reducing or muffling device can be left on the appliance even when not in use, providing a decoration to the kitchen in a style
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appropriate to it's surroundings. Using the muffling device, a person can enjoy freshground coffee at any time with the assurance that the sound from the coffee grinder is well insulated. The device is particularly easy to deploy and use, requires no moving parts, and is flexible enough to work with the majority of coffee grinder products currently on the market. Other embodiments can be used with other forms of kitchen appliances. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from provisional application "SOUND REDUCING DEVICE FOR A COFFEE GRINDER AND OTHER KITCHEN APPLIANCES" Application No. 60/317,346 filed Sep. 5, 2001; , and which application is incorporated herein by reference.... The invention relates generally to kitchen appliance covers, and particularly to a device for reducing or muffling sound from appliances such as coffee grinders during operation of the appliance.... Many people like to start their morning with a fresh cup of coffee, a practice that is widespread throughout the world, and particularly throughout Europe and America. The United States is the largest individual coffee-consuming nation in the world, drinking approximately one fifth of the 14 billion total pounds of coffee grown worldwide, which translates to an average of 500 million cups of coffee every single day. Every year in the United States more than $5 billion of roasted coffee is sold nationally, making coffee the second most valuable item of international trade after petroleum. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Theobromine synthase polypeptide of coffee plant and the gene encoding said polypeptide Inventor(s): Kusano, Tomonobu; (Nara City, JP), Sano, Hiroshi; (Ikoma City, JP), Koizumi, Nozomu; (Ikoma City, JP) Correspondence: Robert G. Mukai; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020108143 Date filed: October 5, 2001 Abstract: According to the present invention, the polypeptide of theobromine synthase derived from coffea arabica and the gene encoding said polypeptide are provided. As theobromine synthase participates in biosynthesis of caffeine, caffeineless coffee would be obtained by preparing a transformed plant, wherein expression of gene encoding said enzyme is inhibited. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to theobromine synthase polypeptide and the gene encoding said enzyme.... Coffee is a drink consumed all over the world with favorite and its utility is markedly large. On the other hand, it is known that excessive ingestion of caffeine, which is contained in coffee, causes harmful effects. Caffeine is one of xanthine derivatives and theophylline and theobromine are also the members of the xanthine derivatives. These xanthine derivatives are known to inhibit phosphodiesterase, thereby the amount of cAMP is increased. As the result, xanthine derivatives exhibit excitatory effect on the central nerves system and enhance function of the circulatory system. When they are ingested at a suitable amount, such effects of xanthine derivatives are useful for spiritual elevation. However, when the amount of digestion is excessive, they would cause harmful effects as mentioned above. Therefore, there has been a strong demand on production of a caffeine-less coffee all over the world.... The first aspect of this invention is a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid
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sequence defined by amino acid numbers from 1 to 378 shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in a Sequence List. A polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence exhibiting at least 90% of homology with SEQ ID NO: 1 is also within the scope of this invention, so far as the polypeptide has the activity to biosynthesize theobromine using 7-methylxanthine as the substrate. Such sequence may be obtained by making deletions, insertions, substitutions or any combinations thereof in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Therapeutic preparation and method for producing a therapeutic preparation using coffee beans as a substrate Inventor(s): Slaga, Brian J. (Austin, TX), Andrews, Alan; (Austin, TX), Zapp, Loretta M. (Austin, TX), Johnson, Lyndon C. (Austin, TX) Correspondence: DAVID G. HENRY; 700 Texas Center; P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 767031470; US Patent Application Number: 20020160067 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: A raw green coffee bean extraction method and coffee extract end product. The method produces a coffee extract end product which contains antioxidants (phenolic compounds), diterpenes (having detoxification properties), has greater bioavailability and greater ability to quench oxidative stress in comparison to existing polyphenol extracts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dietary supplements and other therapeutic preparations, and to method for processing and producing such preparations. The instant invention is of extracts from coffee beans, which extracts are beneficial, in part, as anti-oxidants and anti-tumor agents.... Phenolic compounds are known to be antioxidants and anti-tumor agents. The phenolic acids of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, para-coumaric acid and eugenol have been shown to exert cancer preventive activities in animal models.... Chlorogenic acid, an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is an antioxidant in vitro and is suspected to be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease. Also, chlorogenic acid has shown to have a chemopreventative effect on rat stomach cancer, and to inhibit methylazoxymethanol-induced large intestinal tumors in hamsters. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Water and coffee distributor for coffee machine Inventor(s): Francovich, Walter; (Pierrefonds, CA), Shaanan, Gad; (Montreal, CA) Correspondence: SWABEY OGILVY RENAULT; SUITE 1600; 1981 MCGILL COLLEGE AVENUE; MONTREAL; QC; H3A2Y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20010035097 Date filed: May 2, 2001 Abstract: A distributor for a coffee machine and a method for making coffee with options for selected quantity and types of coffee to be served are disclosed. The distributor has three fluid passages and operable between first and second positions. In the first position a first passage is adapted to receive a water and coffee mixture from a
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first hopper to be delivered to a first brewer or a second passage is adapted to receive a water and coffee mixture from a second hopper to be delivered to a second brewer. In the second position a third passage is adapted to receive a water and coffee mixture from either selected one of the first and second hoppers to be distributed substantialequally to the first and second brewers. The invention provides a simple distribution system for the coffee machine with options for selected quantities and types of coffee. The invention also advantageously makes it possible to quickly serve a freshly brewed coffee with a selected quantity and type. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a beverage machine, such as a coffee machine, more particularly to a distribution system for a coffee machine with options for selected types and quantities of coffee to be served.... An automated coffee machine is understood to be a machine in which the steps of the preparation cycle occur automatically. In recent years automated coffee machines have become increasingly popular in restaurants, institutions and other commercial places. In an automated coffee machine with options for selected types and quantities a distribution system or a control system is used to provide the selections. As one example, Knepler et al describe, in their U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,399, issued on Feb. 16, 1993, a digital control system for a coffee grinder and associated coffee brewer. The coffee grinder has a dual hopper, and is conveniently programmable and automatically operable for selecting bean type and grinding with accuracy bean quantities ranging from a few ounces for brewing a few cups of coffee to larger quantities for brewing several gallons of coffee. The control system allows one or more coffee grinders either of the same type or different types for a brewer for making multi-cup quantities or urns for making gallon quantities.... Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,763 issued on Oct. 29, 1996, in which Kunzler describes controlling means for an automatic coffee machine which has a supply of coffee beans, a coffee bean grinding device, a water heating device, a brewing chamber, and a dispenser for brewed coffee. The coffee machine also includes at least one coffee selector switch in electronic communication with control processor for operating the coffee machine. The method of controlling a coffee machine includes the steps of actuating the selector switch for first time and starting the grinding of an amount of coffee beans for a coffee brewing cycle using a first set of brewing parameters in response thereto, monitoring the selector switch for a predetermined period of time the range of from 1 to 2 seconds, delaying the start of coffee brewing in response to the actuation of the selector switch for a second time within the predetermined time period, and then grinding an additional amount of coffee beans and resuming the coffee brewing cycle using the second set of brewing parameters in response to the second actuation of the selector switch. The first set of brewing parameters is used to brew a single size serving of coffee, and the second set of brewing parameters are used to brew a double size serving of coffee. The step of loading the first set of brewing parameters into the control processor of the coffee machine occurs in response to actuating the selector switch for the first time, and the step of replacing the first set of brewing parameters with the second set of brewing parameters in the control processor occurs in response to actuating the selector for a second time, whereupon the start of the coffee cycle is resumed using the second set of parameters to brew the coffee. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Whitened coffee concentrate Inventor(s): Kuslys, Martinas; (Grosshoechstetten, CH), Bodenstab, Stefan; (Mannens FR, CH), Munz-Schaerer, Daniela Doris; (Konolfingen, CH), Chmiel, Oliver; (Orbe, CH), Cevallos, Agustin; (Niederwichtrach, CH), Knoblich, Cristin; (Konolfingen, CH) Correspondence: WINSTON & STRAWN; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 1400 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20020192351 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: A stable, whitened coffee concentrate that is a mixture of milk solids, soluble coffee solids, and coffee aroma, that has a solids concentration above about 25% by weight and a process for making the concentrate. The coffee aroma stabilizes the concentrate. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/558,064, filed Apr. 26, 2000, now allowed. The entire contents of the prior application is hereby incorporated herein by express reference thereto.... The invention relates to a stable, whitened coffee concentrate and a process for producing the concentrate. The invention also relates to a method for stabilizing whitened coffee concentrates.... Coffee products that contain mixtures of soluble coffee solids and milk solids are commonly found in two forms; as soluble beverage powders or as ready-to-drink liquid beverages. Although these products appear to be simple, numerous difficulties need to be overcome in order to produce them. For example, the inherent instability of coffee and milk mixtures creates a significant problem that needs to be overcome. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with coffee, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on coffee. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning coffee. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON COFFEE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to coffee. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on coffee include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on coffee: ·
Cholesterol Countdown: Lower Your Cholesterol Quickly Source: Woodmere, NY, Wellness International Limited, 38 p., 1987. Contact: Wellness International Limited, Box 370, Woodmere, NY 11598. (Available for purchase). Summary: Cholesterol Countdown presents information on cholesterol in the diet and offers nutritional guidelines for adults. Nutritional guidance covers sources of cholesterol, heart attack and stroke, good (high density lipoprotein) and bad (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, cholesterol levels, and testing. A diet questionnaire is followed by detailed information on eight suggested steps for lower cholesterol levels: Eat less fat; use mono-unsaturated fats; eat more high fiber foods; do not drink more than two cups of coffee per day; do not drink more than two alcoholic drinks per day; eat fish two or three times per week; increase physical activity; and lose weight if you are overweight.
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Quick and Healthy Recipes and Ideas Contact: ScaleDown Publishing, Inc., 1519 Hermits Way, The Dalles, OR 97058. (541) 296-5859, Fax (541) 296-1875, Email
[email protected]. Summary: In this book, Ms. Ponichtera offers a wide variety of healthy, tasty meals from many cultures. All are fairly simple to cook and have ingredients found at any grocery store. Included are suggestions for healthy snacks, diabetic exchanges and nutrition information for each recipe, and complete menu plans. Ms Ponichtera has also included recipes for healthy substitutes for such staples as soy sauce, breading, and cream soup base. The dishes cover a wide range, from beverages (yogurt shakes) to appetizers (smoked salmon spread), breads (blueberry coffee cake), poultry (oven fried chicken), meat (beef fajitas), soups (tomato-shrimp soup), vegetables (basil tomatoes), salads (curry tuna salad), and even desserts (mandarin orange cake).
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “coffee” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “coffee” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “coffee” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·
12-Pak Complete Coffee Book PB by Sara Perry (1991); ISBN: 0877010854; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877010854/icongroupinterna
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1900 Coffee CO, AL Federal Census by Inc. Allcensus; ISBN: 1590830164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590830164/icongroupinterna
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1910/1920 Coffee CO, AL Federal Census by Inc. Allcensus; ISBN: 1590830172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590830172/icongroupinterna
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A Cup of Turkish Coffee: Bir Fincan Kahve by Buket Uzuner (2002); ISBN: 1840593008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840593008/icongroupinterna
·
A Little Coffee Cookbook by Janet Laurence, Catherine McWilliams (Illustrator) (1992); ISBN: 0811802566; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811802566/icongroupinterna
·
All About Coffee by William Harrison Ukers (1935); ISBN: 0810340925; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810340925/icongroupinterna
·
America Eats Out: An Illustrated History of Restaurants, Taverns, Coffee Shops, Speakeasies, and Other Establishments That Have Fed Us for 350 Years by John F. Mariani; ISBN: 0688099963; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688099963/icongroupinterna
·
America's Rising Star Chefs Presents Cooking & Entertaining With America's Hottest New Chefs: Coffee Pairings and Tips Decorating Tips by Anthony S. Tiano (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0964140314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964140314/icongroupinterna
Books 267
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An Archaeology of Social Space: Analyzing Coffee Plantations in Jamaica's Blue Mountains (Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology) by James A. Delle (1998); ISBN: 0306458500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306458500/icongroupinterna
·
An Aroma of Coffee by Dany Laferriere, David Homel (Translator) (1993); ISBN: 0889104395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889104395/icongroupinterna
·
Antique Coffee Grinders: From the United States and Europe by Michael L. White, Judith A. Sivonda (2001); ISBN: 0764313525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764313525/icongroupinterna
·
Anyone Can Do It : Building Coffee Republic from our Kitchen Table - 57 Real-Life Laws on Entrepreneurship by Sahar Hashemi (Author), Bobby Hashemi (Author) (2003); ISBN: 1841122041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841122041/icongroupinterna
·
Apple Pie, Coffee, and God by Janet Tracy (2002); ISBN: 140335006X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/140335006X/icongroupinterna
·
Aromatic Blend: The Book of Coffee Poems by Don Anawalt (Narrator) (1999); ISBN: 0966841425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966841425/icongroupinterna
·
Arts-and-Crafts Collection Coffee Table and Ottoman : Woodworking Plan [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Chuck Hedlund (Designer); ISBN: B00006SLS5; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006SLS5/icongroupinterna
·
Atwood-Coffee Catalogue of United States and Canadian Transportation Tokens by J. M. Coffee (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0318219891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0318219891/icongroupinterna
·
Beyond Free Coffee & Donuts by Sophie Oberstein, Jan Alleman; ISBN: 1562863169; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562863169/icongroupinterna
·
Black Coffee by Tracy Price-Thompson (2002); ISBN: 0375757775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375757775/icongroupinterna
·
Black Coffee Night by Emily Schultz (2002); ISBN: 1894663268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1894663268/icongroupinterna
·
Black Coffee: A Hercule Poirot Novel by Charles Osborne, Agatha Christie; ISBN: 0312970072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312970072/icongroupinterna
·
Bloom's Morning: Coffee, Comforters and the Secret Meaning of Everyday Life by Arthur Asa Berger (2001); ISBN: 0595167500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595167500/icongroupinterna
·
Blue Coffee: Poems, 1985-1996 by Adrian Mitchell; ISBN: 1852243627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852243627/icongroupinterna
·
Bohemia: Where Art, Angst, Love, and Strong Coffee Meet by Herbert Gold; ISBN: 067176781X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067176781X/icongroupinterna
·
Bond Plays: The Crime of the Twenty-first Century / Olly's Prison / Coffee by Edward Bond (Introduction); ISBN: 0413771741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0413771741/icongroupinterna
268 Coffee
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Bread Machine Sweets and Treats: Featuring Tea Breads, Coffee Cakes, and Festive Desserts for All Occasions by Richard W. Langer, Susan McNeill (Illustrator); ISBN: 0316513911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316513911/icongroupinterna
·
Brewing Employee Commitment at Starbucks Coffee : Rewarding Employees Newsletter - Volume 1 No 4 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Ph.D. Bob Nelson (Author); ISBN: B00006IGWZ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006IGWZ/icongroupinterna
·
British Tea & Coffee Cups (Albums Series) by Steven Goss, Steve Goss (2000); ISBN: 0747804451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0747804451/icongroupinterna
·
Bryce Canyon National Park: The Desert's Hoodoo Heart (Coffee Table Series) by Greer K. Cheshire, Chesher; ISBN: 1580710190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580710190/icongroupinterna
·
Cafe Nation: Coffee Folklore, Magick, and Divination by Sandra Mizumoto Posey (2000); ISBN: 1891661116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891661116/icongroupinterna
·
Cafes & Coffee Shops No.2 by Martin M. Pegler (2001); ISBN: 1584710586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1584710586/icongroupinterna
·
Caffeinated Cartoons (For the Coffee and Tea Addicted by Stephanie Piro (1996); ISBN: 0963252690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963252690/icongroupinterna
·
Cappuccino Cocktails: Specialty Coffee Recipes and 'A-Whole-Latte' more! by Susan M. Zimmer; ISBN: 0968804802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968804802/icongroupinterna
·
Captain Jack: The Story of John Coffee Hays (Texas Legends, Book 2) by Gene Shelton; ISBN: 0385414110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385414110/icongroupinterna
·
Casenote Legal Briefs: Adaptable to Courses Utilizing Choper, Morris, and Coffee's Casebook on Corporations by Norman S. Goldenberg (1989); ISBN: 0874570476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874570476/icongroupinterna
·
Chinese Coffee by Ira Lewis (1995); ISBN: 0822214261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822214261/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee by Claudia Roden; ISBN: 0571109322; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0571109322/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee by Violet Schafer (Author), Charles Schafer (Author); ISBN: 0912738081; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912738081/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee by Southwater Publishing (2000); ISBN: 1842151193; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842151193/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee by Jane Pettigrew (2001); ISBN: 0756757320; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756757320/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Capitalism in the Venezuelan Andes by William Roseberry; ISBN: 0292715358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0292715358/icongroupinterna
Books 269
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Coffee and Clomid by Melanie E. Dillon; ISBN: 156123107X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156123107X/icongroupinterna
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Coffee and Coffee Houses by Ulla Heise (1997); ISBN: 0887401015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887401015/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Conflict in Colombia, 1886-1910 by Charles W. Bergquist, David Bushnell (Designer) (1986); ISBN: 0822307359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822307359/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Democracy in Modern Costa Rica by Anthony Winson; ISBN: 0312025211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312025211/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Ices: The Story of Carlo Gatti in London by Felicity Kinross (1991); ISBN: 0951774506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951774506/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Kung Fu by Karen Brichoux (2003); ISBN: 0451209028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451209028/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Peasants: The Origins of the Modern Plantation Economy in Guatemala, 1853-1897 (Monographs, No 10) by J. C. Cambranes; ISBN: 9185894095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9185894095/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America by Jeffery M. Paige (1998); ISBN: 0674136497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674136497/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing in the US [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B00009MC8T; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009MC8T/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee and Tea Market [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Kalorama Information (Author); ISBN: B00005R8ZE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R8ZE/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee And Tea Market: 2001 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Packaged Facts (Author); ISBN: B00005R9R7; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R9R7/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Aroma: A Drama in the War Torn Country of Colombia by J. Carlos Valencia (2003); ISBN: 1410709752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410709752/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Basics : A Quick and Easy Guide by Kevin Knox (Author), Julie Sheldon Huffaker (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0471136174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471136174/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Break Devotions by Marjorie L. Kimbrough (2003); ISBN: 0687081165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0687081165/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Break Devotions - Cappuccino by Honor Books (2003); ISBN: 1562929186; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562929186/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Break Devotions - Latte by Honor Books (2003); ISBN: 1562929178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562929178/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Break Evangelism Manual with Director's Handbook by Deb Fennema (2001); ISBN: 1562125532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562125532/icongroupinterna
270 Coffee
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Coffee Break Meditations: 260 Devotions for the Workplace by Edward Grube; ISBN: 0570049601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0570049601/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Break Wisdom: On Building a Successful Business by Ron Piscatelli (2002); ISBN: 1403325162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403325162/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Break With God (Quiet Moments With God) by Honor Books (1996); ISBN: 1562920340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562920340/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Breaks of Faith by Marjorie L. Kimbrough (2002); ISBN: 0687097789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0687097789/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Cakes by Lou Seibert Pappas, et al; ISBN: 081182215X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081182215X/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Crazy: A Guide to the 100 Best Coffeehouses in America by Marybeth Bizjack, Marybeth Bizjak (1996); ISBN: 0944031641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944031641/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Cup Counseling by Harold Sala; ISBN: 0840730365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840730365/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Cup Friendship & Cheesecake Fun: Stories and Adventures Among True Friends by Becky Freeman (2001); ISBN: 0736902910; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736902910/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Cup Wisdom - Think Globally, Act Locally. Really? -- a DECENT PROFIT eDoc [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by John Nirenberg (Author); ISBN: B00007FYRK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00007FYRK/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Delights by Koren Trygg, Lucy Poshek (Contributor) (1993); ISBN: 0899548326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899548326/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Flavor Chemistry by Ivon Flament (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0471720380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471720380/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee House Poetry Expresso for the Spirit and Other Libations by Martha Sue Breeding, T. David McKinney (2002); ISBN: 0972546111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972546111/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee in Colombia, 1850¿1970 : An Economic, Social and Political History by Marco Palacios (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0521528593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521528593/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee in the Cereal: The First Year with Multiple Sclerosis by Lorna J. Moorhead; ISBN: 0934793077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934793077/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee in the Gourd by J. Frank Dobie (Editor) (1979); ISBN: 0870740393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870740393/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Lover's Bible: Ode to the Divine Brew in Fact, Food & Fancy by Jill Yates (1998); ISBN: 1574160141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574160141/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Made Her Insane by Peg Meier (1988); ISBN: 0933387016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933387016/icongroupinterna
Books 271
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Coffee Magnetic 2004 Calendar by Workman Publishing (2003); ISBN: 0761130713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761130713/icongroupinterna
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Coffee Makers = Macchine Da Caffe (Bella Cosa Library) by Ambrogio Fumagalli, Antonio Fedeli (Photographer); ISBN: 0811810828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811810828/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Makers: 300 Years of Art and Design by Edward Brahm, et al (1902); ISBN: 1870948335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870948335/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Manufacturing in Indonesia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096C3T; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096C3T/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Market - US Report [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00005R9QC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R9QC/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Morning Recipes by Llewellyn (1993); ISBN: 1857720539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857720539/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee on the Wing Beam by Brian McGuiness (1997); ISBN: 0966555600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966555600/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Shop Theology: Translating Doctrinal Jargon into Everyday Life by Frank Moore (1998); ISBN: 0834117320; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834117320/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee talk : a celebration of good coffee and great friends by Ellyn Sanna; ISBN: 1577485343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1577485343/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee the Bean of My Existence by R. D. Thomas, Rosanne Daryl Thomas; ISBN: 0805037691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805037691/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee to Die for: A Professor Teodora Morelli Mystery by Linda French; ISBN: 0380795752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380795752/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Will Make You Black by A Sinclair (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0380724596; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380724596/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee Wisdom: 7 Finely-Ground Principles for Living a Full-Bodied Life by Theresa Cheung (2003); ISBN: 1573248657; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573248657/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee With Barbie Doll (Schiffer Book for Collectors) by Sandra "Johnsie" Bryan (1998); ISBN: 0764304127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764304127/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee With Ghosts by Craig Draheim (2003); ISBN: 1410733750; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410733750/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee With Nonna: The Best Stories of My Catholic Grandmother by Vincent M. Iezzi (2002); ISBN: 1569553211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569553211/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee With Pleasure by Laure Waridel, Eric St. Pierre; ISBN: 1551641909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551641909/icongroupinterna
272 Coffee
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Coffee, Brandy, and Cigars: A Kaleidoscope of the Arts and That Strange Thing Called Life by Herman G. Weinberg (1982); ISBN: 0911689125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911689125/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee, Cocoa and Tea (Crop Production Science in Horticulture, 8.) by Willson Cabi, K. C. Willson (1999); ISBN: 0851989195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851989195/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee, Cookies, and Inspiration by Mary Hampton, Mary Pielenz Hampton; ISBN: 0310972051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0310972051/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America (Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture) by William Roseberry (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0801848873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801848873/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee, Tea or Me? The Uninhibited Memoirs of Two Airline Stewardesses by Trudy Baker, et al (2003); ISBN: 0142003514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0142003514/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate Wares in the Collection of the Seattle Art Museum by Julie Emerson, Patterson Sims (Designer) (1991); ISBN: 0932216382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932216382/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and the Brain (Nutrition, Brain, and Behavior, V. 2) by Astrid Nehlig (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0415306914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415306914/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: A Connoisseur's Companion by Claudia Roden, Murray Zanoni (Illustrator) (1999); ISBN: 1862052832; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862052832/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: A Cultural History from Around the World by Ed S. Milton (2004); ISBN: 9654941589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654941589/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying by Kenneth Davids (2001); ISBN: 031224665X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/031224665X/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: A Story by Tom Lang by Tom Lang (1995); ISBN: 0964974290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964974290/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: Concoctions for Every Occasion with Envelope by Gooseberry Patch (1997); ISBN: 1888052228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888052228/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: Delectables for All Seasons by Maryjo Koch (1995); ISBN: 0002554798; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0002554798/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: Discovering, Exploring, Enjoying by Ellis Hattie, Debi Treloar (Photographer); ISBN: 1841723487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841723487/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: Discovering, Exploring, Enjoying by Hattie Ellis (2002); ISBN: 1841723495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841723495/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: Growth, Processing, Sustainable Production--An Overall Survey for Agronomists, Researchers and Suppliers by Jean Nicolas (2003); ISBN: 3527307311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527307311/icongroupinterna
Books 273
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Coffee: Notecards With Recipes by Deborah Schenck (Photographer) (1998); ISBN: 081181596X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081181596X/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: Related Beverages by R. MacRae (Editor), R. J. Clarke (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 1851661034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851661034/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity by Heinrich Eduard Jacob, Lynn Alley (Introduction); ISBN: 158080070X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158080070X/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee: The Essential Guide to the Essential Bean by Catherine Calvert, Jane Stacey (Photographer) (1994); ISBN: 0688133282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688133282/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee:A Gourmets Guide by Mary M. Banks; ISBN: 1858686105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858686105/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee-Break Pilates: 5-Minute Routines You Can Do Anywhere to Tone Your Body, Relieve Stress, and Boost Your Energy by Alan Herdman, Jo Godfrey Wood (Contributor); ISBN: 1931412286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931412286/icongroupinterna
·
Coffeepots and Coffee Makers by Edward Bramah (1996); ISBN: 1854221973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854221973/icongroupinterna
·
Coffeetime Indulgences: 65 Irresistible Recipes to Serve With Coffee-Morning, Noon, or Night by Linda Hegeman, Barbara Hayford (Contributor) (1995); ISBN: 031213617X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/031213617X/icongroupinterna
·
Coffee-Time Quilts: Super Projects, Sweet Recipes by Cathy Wierzbicki (2004); ISBN: 1564775259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564775259/icongroupinterna
·
Confessions of a Coffee Bean: The Complete Guide to Coffee Cuisine (Square One Classics) by Marie Nadine Antol (2002); ISBN: 0757000207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757000207/icongroupinterna
·
Cultivating Coffee: The Farmers of Carazo, Nicaragua, 1880-1930 (Research in International Studies. Latin America Series, No 39) by Julie A. Charlip (2003); ISBN: 0896802272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896802272/icongroupinterna
·
Cup of Aloha: The Kona Coffee Epic by Gerald Kinro (2003); ISBN: 0824826787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824826787/icongroupinterna
·
Cup of Coffee: The Very Short Careers of Eighteen Major League Pitchers by Rob Trucks; ISBN: 1588480399; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588480399/icongroupinterna
·
Cycles of Heaven: An American Tragedy: A Play (Morning Coffee Chapbook, 20) by Steve Levine (1988); ISBN: 0918273382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918273382/icongroupinterna
·
Daddy Poured the Coffee by Nell Brasher (1993); ISBN: 1881548864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881548864/icongroupinterna
274 Coffee
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Dieter Mammel: I Will Be the Spoon in Your Coffee by Dominique Le Parc (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 9057051311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057051311/icongroupinterna
·
Do I Come Here Often? (Black Coffee Blues, Pt. 2) by Henry Rollins, Shannon Wheeler (Illustrator) (1998); ISBN: 1880985616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880985616/icongroupinterna
·
Dr. Johnson's London: Coffee-Houses and Climbing Boys, Medicine, Toothpaste and Gin, Poverty and Press-Gangs, Freakshows and Female Education by Liza Picard (2002); ISBN: 0312291531; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312291531/icongroupinterna
·
Drinking Coffee Elsewhere by ZZ Packer (2003); ISBN: 1573222348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573222348/icongroupinterna
·
Easiest and Best Coffee Cakes and Quick Breads: Great Breads and Cakes to Stir and Bake by Renny Darling (1985); ISBN: 0930440196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930440196/icongroupinterna
·
Eggs in the Coffee, Sheep in the Corn: My 17 Years As a Farmwife by Marjorie Myers Douglas; ISBN: 0873512995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873512995/icongroupinterna
·
Elements of a Coffee Service: A Book of Stories by Robert Gluck, Robert Glhuck (1983); ISBN: 0877040583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877040583/icongroupinterna
·
Elizabeth Alston's Best Baking: 80 Recipes for Angel Food Cakes, Chiffon Cakes, Coffee Cakes, Pound Cakes, Tea Breads, and Their Accompaniments by Elizabeth Alston (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0060953292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060953292/icongroupinterna
·
ESPRESSO! Starting and Running Your Own Specialty Coffee Business by Joe Monaghan (Author), Julie Sheldon Huffaker (Author) (1995); ISBN: 047112138X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047112138X/icongroupinterna
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Espresso: Ultimate Coffee by Kenneth Davids (2001); ISBN: 0312246668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312246668/icongroupinterna
·
Ester Jen : Is There Life Before Coffee? (Humor For Your Hormones) by Lucie Dew; ISBN: 0967279402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967279402/icongroupinterna
·
Etiquette for Coffee Lovers (The Etiquette Collection) by Beryl Peters (1996); ISBN: 1898617139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898617139/icongroupinterna
·
Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy by Deborah Sick (1999); ISBN: 0875802400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875802400/icongroupinterna
·
First We Have Coffee by Margaret Jensen (1995); ISBN: 1565074246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565074246/icongroupinterna
·
First We Have Coffee: Life Lessons from Mama by Margaret T. Jensen; ISBN: 0840742843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840742843/icongroupinterna
Books 275
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Fortune in a Coffee Cup: Divination With Coffee Grounds by Sophia; ISBN: 1567186106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567186106/icongroupinterna
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FREE REFILL, Poetry, Art & Musings from Cool Beans Coffee & Tea; ISBN: 0967103606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967103606/icongroupinterna
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Frozen Coffee Melting by Brian Edward King (2001); ISBN: 0595169929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595169929/icongroupinterna
·
Get Outta Town: (A Tale of the Grateful Dead, the Irs, and Coffee) by Ted Ringer; ISBN: 1888358041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888358041/icongroupinterna
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Gifts in a Jar: Cocoas, Cappuccinos, Coffees & Teas by G & R Publishing (2002); ISBN: 1563831341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563831341/icongroupinterna
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Give Me Coffee And No One Gets Hurt!-Garfield by Nancy Davis (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0740701347; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0740701347/icongroupinterna
·
Give Us This Day Our Daily Brew: A Comic Strip Coffee Collection by Robert, Jr. Therrien, Bob Therrien; ISBN: 0942986504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942986504/icongroupinterna
·
God and Coffee-In That Order by Kristina Seymour (2000); ISBN: 0883474506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0883474506/icongroupinterna
·
Gourmet Coffee, Tea and Chocolate Drinks: Creating Your Favorite Recipes at Home by Mathew Tekulsky (2002); ISBN: 0517221187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517221187/icongroupinterna
·
Great Coffee Book by Timothy J. Castle, Joan Nielsen (1999); ISBN: 1580081223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580081223/icongroupinterna
·
Great Coffee: The Coffee Lover's Guide by Kevin Sinnott; ISBN: 0882708414; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882708414/icongroupinterna
·
Hard Tack and Coffee: Or the Unwritten Story of Army Life As Published in 1887 by John D. Billings, et al; ISBN: 1582186294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1582186294/icongroupinterna
·
Hardtack and Coffee or the Unwritten Story of Army Life by John D. Billings, et al (1993); ISBN: 080326111X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080326111X/icongroupinterna
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Harvesting Coffee, Bargaining Wages: Rural Labor Markets in Colombia, 1975-1990 (Linking Levels of Analysis) by Sutti Ortiz (1999); ISBN: 0472110187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0472110187/icongroupinterna
·
Hatch Show Print Coffee Journal by Chronicle Books (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 081182876X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081182876X/icongroupinterna
·
Higher Grounds: The Little Book of Coffee Culture by Kevin Barefoot (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 1551520184; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551520184/icongroupinterna
276 Coffee
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Home Coffee Roasting : Romance and Revival; Revised, Updated Edition by Kenneth Davids (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0312312199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312312199/icongroupinterna
·
Home Coffee Roasting: Romance & Revival by Kenneth Davids, Ken Davids (1996); ISBN: 0312141114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312141114/icongroupinterna
·
How to Be Modern Art (Morning Coffee Chapbook Series) by Ron Padgett (1984); ISBN: 091827303X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091827303X/icongroupinterna
·
How to Draw a Cup of Coffee and Other Fun Ideas for Home and Garden by Joy Sikorski (1998); ISBN: 0811819027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811819027/icongroupinterna
·
Hugs for Coffee Lovers: Stories, Sayings, and Scriptures to Encourage and Inspire by Jeanette Gardner Littleton, Leann Weiss (2003); ISBN: 1582293120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1582293120/icongroupinterna
·
I Like Ice Cream in My Coffee by Diney Deruy (2003); ISBN: 1410736296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410736296/icongroupinterna
·
I Like Ice Cream in My Coffee Part Three by Diney Deruy (2003); ISBN: 141078567X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/141078567X/icongroupinterna
·
I Like Ice Cream in My Coffee Part Two by Diney Deruy (2003); ISBN: 1410763218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410763218/icongroupinterna
·
In search of coffee mountains by Elin Toona Gottschalk; ISBN: 0840765584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840765584/icongroupinterna
·
Is Coffee Break the Best Part of Your Day by Dick Leatherman (1990); ISBN: 0874251400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874251400/icongroupinterna
·
Is It a Date or Just Coffee?: The Gay Girl's Guide to Dating, Sex, and Romance by Mo Brownsey (2002); ISBN: 1555837271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555837271/icongroupinterna
·
It Doesn't Hurt to Talk About It : a summer in Europe on loose change from a coffee can by Midge Rasey; ISBN: 0966286006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966286006/icongroupinterna
·
January Zero (Morning Coffee Chapbook Ser.) by Ray Dipalma (1984); ISBN: 0915124955; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915124955/icongroupinterna
·
Javahouse Journals: Gatherings over a Cup of Coffee by Valli Keller, Brooke Leigh Sheldon (2003); ISBN: 0595260020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595260020/icongroupinterna
·
Joe Coffee's Revolution by Mike Palecek, Mike Palacek (2003); ISBN: 1878569945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878569945/icongroupinterna
·
Knowing Beans About Coffee by Joan Korenblit (1992); ISBN: 0942320174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942320174/icongroupinterna
·
Kona Coffee Cookbook by Kona Coffee Cultural (Author); ISBN: 0896102092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896102092/icongroupinterna
Books 277
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Krups Encyclopedia of Coffee & Espresso: From Beans to Brew by Jill West, Bernard N. Mariano (1995); ISBN: 0964322226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964322226/icongroupinterna
·
Lies and Raspberry Coffee by Noelle Frances Ferry (2000); ISBN: 0595097235; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595097235/icongroupinterna
·
Making Your Own Gourmet Coffee Drinks: Espressos, Cappuccinos, Lattes, Mochas, and More! by Mathew Tekulsky, et al (1993); ISBN: 0517588242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517588242/icongroupinterna
·
MarketLooks: The U.S. Coffee and Tea Market: Overview [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by MarketLooks - Packaged Facts (Author); ISBN: B00005TYW3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005TYW3/icongroupinterna
·
Max Havelaar or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company (Penguin Classics) by Multatuli, et al (1995); ISBN: 0140445161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140445161/icongroupinterna
·
Maxwell House Coffee Drinks & Desserts Cookbook: From Lattes and Muffins to Decadent Cakes and Midnight Treats by Barbara Albright (2003); ISBN: 051722271X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/051722271X/icongroupinterna
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Me 'n God in the Coffee Shop by Rene' Donovan; ISBN: 1881542491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881542491/icongroupinterna
·
Meet Me for Coffee by Holly Halverson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1565076613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565076613/icongroupinterna
·
Mega Warheads, Coffee Stands, and Off-Shore Islands: How to Make and Protect Your Money by Jaroslav Kramar (2003); ISBN: 1410703517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410703517/icongroupinterna
·
Memos From/to Management: There's Nothing Wrong With Serving a Lousy Cup of Coffee If by Michael H., Ph.D. Mescon, et al; ISBN: 1563520664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563520664/icongroupinterna
·
Mexico Coffee Report 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00008OHX3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008OHX3/icongroupinterna
·
Midnight Coffee by Edward M. George; ISBN: 1588380173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588380173/icongroupinterna
·
Milk and Coffee by Patrick W. Flanigan (2002); ISBN: 0966895258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966895258/icongroupinterna
·
Milk in My Coffee by Eric Jerome Dickey; ISBN: 0451194063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451194063/icongroupinterna
·
Moments to Savor: Coffee With Lynn Hollyn by Lynn Hollyn; ISBN: 0836221656; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836221656/icongroupinterna
·
More Coffee Shop Theology: Translating Doctrinal Jargon into Everyday Life by Frank Moore (1998); ISBN: 0834117460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834117460/icongroupinterna
·
Morning Coffee and Time Alone by Susan Mink Colclough (Illustrator) (2000); ISBN: 1588600076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588600076/icongroupinterna
278 Coffee
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Nature's Drinks: Recipes for Vegetable and Fruit Juices, Teas, and Coffees by Shirley. Ross; ISBN: 0394710517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394710517/icongroupinterna
·
New Complete Coffee Book: A Gourmet Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Cooking by Sara Perry, Maren Caruso (2003); ISBN: 0811840212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811840212/icongroupinterna
·
Obadiah Coffee and the Music Contest by Valerie Poole; ISBN: 0060216190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060216190/icongroupinterna
·
Oil and Coffee : Latin American Merchant Shipping from the Imperial Era to the 1950s by Rene De La Pedraja (Author) (1998); ISBN: 031330839X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/031330839X/icongroupinterna
·
Oilseed, Nut, Coffee and Spice Growing in Indonesia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096C1Q; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096C1Q/icongroupinterna
·
One Thing That Can Save Us (Coffee-To-Go Short-Short Story) by Barry Silesky (1994); ISBN: 1566890209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566890209/icongroupinterna
·
Perfect Cup: A Coffee Lover's Guide to Buying, Brewing and Tasting by Timothy James Castle (1991); ISBN: 0201570483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201570483/icongroupinterna
·
Psyche Delicacies: Coffee, Chocolate, Chiles, Kava, and Cannabis, and Why They're Good for You by Christopher Kilham, Chris Kilham (2001); ISBN: 1579543472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579543472/icongroupinterna
·
Rebel Cornbread and Yankee Coffee: Authentic Civil War Cooking and Camaraderie by Garry D. Fisher (2003); ISBN: 1575871750; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575871750/icongroupinterna
·
Sacred Trees, Bitter Harvests : Globalizing Coffee in Northwest Tanzania by Brad Weiss (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0325070970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0325070970/icongroupinterna
·
Santiago's Cup of Coffee by Gregory J. Landrigan (2001); ISBN: 0595206646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595206646/icongroupinterna
·
Spanish Coffee by Karen Froude (2002); ISBN: 1587361140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587361140/icongroupinterna
·
Spirite; And, the Coffee Pot by Theophile Gautier, Patrick Jenkins (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 1873982968; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1873982968/icongroupinterna
·
Starbucks Passion for Coffee by Dave Olsen, Sunset Books; ISBN: 0376026138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0376026138/icongroupinterna
·
Starbucks Pleasures of Summer: A Starbucks Coffee Cook Book by Starbucks, et al; ISBN: 0376026146; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0376026146/icongroupinterna
·
States and Social Evolution: Coffee and the Rise of National Governments in Central America by Robert G. Williams (1994); ISBN: 0807844632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807844632/icongroupinterna
Books 279
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Sugar and Bitter Coffee by John Jenkins (Editor), Various; ISBN: 1876175370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1876175370/icongroupinterna
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The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFRJ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFRJ/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Coffee Beans and Ground Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFOE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFOE/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Freeze-dried Instant Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KF4D; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KF4D/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Instant Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KF7K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KF7K/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Instant Coffee Granules [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KF7J; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KF7J/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Instant Powered Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KF7M; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KF7M/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Ready-to-drink Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KG00; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KG00/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Roast and Ground Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFDR; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFDR/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Small Kitchen Coffee and Tea Makers Appliances [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFEW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFEW/icongroupinterna
·
The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Specialty Instant Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFFN; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFFN/icongroupinterna
·
The Best of Coffee by Sandra Gluck (Author) (1994); ISBN: 0002554763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0002554763/icongroupinterna
·
The Birth of Coffee by Daniel Lorenzetti, Linda Rice Lorenzetti (Photographer); ISBN: 0609606786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0609606786/icongroupinterna
·
The Book of Coffee by Jacki Baxter, Jackie Baxter; ISBN: 0785804900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785804900/icongroupinterna
·
The Book of Coffee by Alain Stella (1997); ISBN: 2080136194; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2080136194/icongroupinterna
·
The Book of Coffee & Tea: A Guide to the Appreciation of Fine Coffees, Teas, and Herbal Beverages by Joel Schapira, et al (1996); ISBN: 0312140991; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312140991/icongroupinterna
280 Coffee
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The Boothill Coffee Club Volume I: Wartime Memories of World War I and World War II by Ernie Frazier (2003); ISBN: 1410759954; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410759954/icongroupinterna
·
The Boston Coffee Party by Doreen Rappaport (Author), Emily Arnold McCully (Illustrator) (1990); ISBN: 0064441415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0064441415/icongroupinterna
·
The Bug in Teacher's Coffee : And Other School Poems by Kalli Dakos (Author), Mike Reed (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 0064443051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0064443051/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee and Tea Lover's Cookbook (Barnie's Coffee & Tea Company) by Julie Fisher (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0848714903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0848714903/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Book by Jackie Baxter (1993); ISBN: 1555219414; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555219414/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Book by Dawn Campbell, et al (1993); ISBN: 0882899503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882899503/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Book by Melissa Clark, Philip Lief Group (1994); ISBN: 0425141217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425141217/icongroupinterna
·
The coffee book : a guide to buying, brewing, and enjoying by Kenneth Davids; ISBN: 0905483146; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905483146/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop by Gregory Dicum, Nina Luttinger; ISBN: 1565845080; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565845080/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Book: Featuring a Section on Teas by Christie Katona, Thomas Katona (2003); ISBN: 1558670513; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558670513/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Book: More Than 40 Delicious and Refreshing Recipes for Drinks and Desserts by Rosemary Moon; ISBN: 076240101X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076240101X/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Break Book: Brief Diversions for Your Busy Day by Vicki Rottman (1994); ISBN: 0964251701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964251701/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Can Kid by Jan M. Czech, Maurie J. Manning (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 0878688218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878688218/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Cookbook by William Kaufman; ISBN: 0761003134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761003134/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Cookbook: Over 70 Irresistible Recipes Featuring Coffee in Desserts and Cakes by Catherine Atkinson (2000); ISBN: 1842153382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842153382/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Lovers' Companion by Norman Kolpas; ISBN: 0825631254; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0825631254/icongroupinterna
Books 281
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The Coffee Lover's Companion: The Ultimate Connoisseur's Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying Coffee by Diana Rosen (1997); ISBN: 1559723688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559723688/icongroupinterna
·
The Coffee Trader by David Liss (2003); ISBN: 0375508546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375508546/icongroupinterna
·
The Complete Coffee Book: A Gourmet Guide to Buying, Brewing and Cooking by Sara Perry, et al; ISBN: 0877018995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877018995/icongroupinterna
·
The Complete Guide to Coffee by Mary M. Banks, et al (2000); ISBN: 0754806111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754806111/icongroupinterna
·
The Complete Guide to Coffee Grounds & Tea Leaf Reading (Astrolog Complete Guides Series) by Sara Zad, Sara Zed (1998); ISBN: 9654940043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654940043/icongroupinterna
·
The Cornell Bread Book : 54 Recipes for Nutritious Loaves, Rolls and Coffee Cakes by Clive M. McCay (Author), Jeanette B. McCay (Author) (1981); ISBN: 0486239950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486239950/icongroupinterna
·
The Devil's Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee by Stewart Lee Allen (2003); ISBN: 0345441494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345441494/icongroupinterna
·
The Devil's Cup: Coffee, the Driving Force in History by Stewart Lee Allen (1999); ISBN: 1569471746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569471746/icongroupinterna
·
The East India Company Book of Coffee by Antony Wild, et al; ISBN: 0004127390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0004127390/icongroupinterna
·
The Economics of Coffee/Pdc290 (Economics of Crops in Developing Countries, No 1) by J. De Graaff, J. De Graaff (1986); ISBN: 9022009009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9022009009/icongroupinterna
·
The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989 by William Gervase Clarence-Smith (Editor), Steven Topik (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0521818516; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521818516/icongroupinterna
·
The Gourmet's Guide to Coffee and Tea (Gourmet Book of Series) by Leslie MacKley, et al; ISBN: 0895868040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895868040/icongroupinterna
·
The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community by Ray Oldenburg (1999); ISBN: 1569246815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569246815/icongroupinterna
·
The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts and How They Get You Through the Day by Ray Oldenburg; ISBN: 1557781109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557781109/icongroupinterna
·
The History of Coffee in Guatemala by Regina Wagner, et al (2002); ISBN: 9588156017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9588156017/icongroupinterna
·
The International Political Economy of Coffee: From Juan Valdez to Yank's Diner by Richard L. Lucier (Author) (1988); ISBN: 0275928985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275928985/icongroupinterna
282 Coffee
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The Joy of Coffee : The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying - Revised and Updated by Corby Kummer (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0618302409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0618302409/icongroupinterna
·
The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying by Corby Kummer, et al (1997); ISBN: 1576300609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1576300609/icongroupinterna
·
The Kansas City Coffeehouse Cookbook by Two Lane Press, Jane Berkowitz (1996); ISBN: 1878686275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878686275/icongroupinterna
·
The Kidnapping of the Coffee Pot; ISBN: 2843740266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2843740266/icongroupinterna
·
The Kona Coffee Story: Along the Hawai'i Belt Road by Akemi Kikumura, et al (1995); ISBN: 1881161021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881161021/icongroupinterna
·
The Little Book of Coffee (The Little Book Series) by Alain Stella (2001); ISBN: 2080105477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2080105477/icongroupinterna
·
The Market for Coffee and Tea [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Packaged Facts (Author); ISBN: B00005R8UK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R8UK/icongroupinterna
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The Market for Ready-to-Drink Tea and Coffee [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Kalorama Information (Author); ISBN: B00005R8VS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R8VS/icongroupinterna
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The New York Book of Coffee and Cake by Bo Niles, et al; ISBN: 1885492200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885492200/icongroupinterna
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The Perfect Brew: A Presentation of Coffees and Teas by Debbie Hansen (1995); ISBN: 1562452134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562452134/icongroupinterna
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The Queen and the Coffee Bean by Lindsay Andreotti, Julie Hartley (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 1883697662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883697662/icongroupinterna
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The Second Conquest of Latin America : Coffee, Henequen, and Oil during the Export Boom, 1850-1930 by Steven C. Topik (Editor), Allen Wells (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0292781539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0292781539/icongroupinterna
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The Signet Book of Coffee and Tea by Peter Quimme (Author); ISBN: 0451071492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451071492/icongroupinterna
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The Top 100 Coffee Recipes by Mary Wand (2003); ISBN: 088391106X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088391106X/icongroupinterna
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The Top 100 Coffee Recipes: A Cookbook for Coffee Drinkers by Mary Ward (1995); ISBN: 0517147130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517147130/icongroupinterna
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The World Encyclopedia of Coffee: The Definitive Guide to Coffee, from Simple Bean to Irresistiblebeverage by Christine McFadden, et al (2002); ISBN: 0754810933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754810933/icongroupinterna
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Totally Coffee Cookbook by Helene Siegel, Karen Gillingham (1995); ISBN: 0890877548; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890877548/icongroupinterna
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Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World by Mark Pendergrast (2000); ISBN: 0465054676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465054676/icongroupinterna
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Wild Coffee and Tea Substitutes of Canada by Nancy J. Turner, et al (1995); ISBN: 0660000903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0660000903/icongroupinterna
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World of Coffee by V. Davis; ISBN: 0333629337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333629337/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·
Air pollution in the coffee roasting industry. Author: Partee, Frank.; Year: 1941; Cincinnati, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Air Pollution, 1964
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Alcohol and coffee use in the aging Author: Watson, Ronald R. (Ronald Ross); Year: 1955; Boca Raton: CRC Press, c2000; ISBN: 084932257X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084932257X/icongroupinterna
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All about coffee, by William H. Ukers, M. A. Author: Ukers, William Harrison,; Year: 1935; New York, The Tea.
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Caffeine, coffee, and health Author: Garattini, Silvio.; Year: 1939; New York: Raven Press, c1993; ISBN: 0881679615 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881679615/icongroupinterna
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Characterization of mutagenic activity in grain-based coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees [microform] Author: Johansson, M. A. E.; Year: 1809; [Livermore, CA]: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, [1994]
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Coffee: a bibliography: a guide to the literature on coffee Author: Von Hünersdorff, Richard.; Year: 1990; London: Hünersdorff, 2002; ISBN: 0952712105
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Coffee and caffeine. Tr. by Janet Ellingham. Author: Ulrich, Rolf,; Year: 1746; Bristol [Eng.] Wright, 1958
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Coffee and health Author: MacMahon, Brian,; Year: 1972; [Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.]: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1984; ISBN: 0879692170
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879692170/icongroupinterna ·
Coffee and health Author: Debry, Gérard.; Year: 1991; Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext, c1994; ISBN: 2742000372
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Coffee workers' allergy: a clinical and immunological study Author: Osterman, Karin.; Year: 1954; Uppsala: K. Osterman; Stockholm, Sweden: Distributor, Almqvist; Wiksell International, 1984; ISBN: 915541544X
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Coffee, tea, mate, methylxanthines, and methylglyoxal. Author: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.; Year: 1966; [Geneva, Switzerland]: World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1991; ISBN: 9283212517 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9283212517/icongroupinterna
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Effects of coffee and caffeine on sympathoadrenomedullary activity, blood lipids, psychological ratings and performance, by H. P. T. Ammon [et al. Author: Ammon, Hermann P. T.; Year: 1959; Stockholm, 1973]
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Instrument to cleanse the stomack. As also, divers new experiments of the vertue of tobacco and coffee; how much they conduce to preserve humane health. Recommended to publick view by Sir Henry Blount, Mr. James Howell. Author: Rumsey, Walter,; Year: 1976; London, S. Speed, 1664
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On the issue of a spirit ration during the Ashanti Campaign of 1874 to which are added two appendices containing experiments to show the relative effects of rum, meat XE "Meat" extract and coffee, during marching, and the use of oatmeal drink Author: Parkes, Edmund Alexander,; Year: 1963; London, Churchill, 1875
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Organon salutis. An instrument to cleanse the stomach, as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee: how much they conduce to preserve humane health. By W[alter] R[umsey]... Author: Rumsey, Walter,; Year: 1961; London, Printed by R. Hodgkinsonne, for D. Pakeman, 1657
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Organon salutis. An instrument to cleanse the stomach. As also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee: how much they conduce to preserve humane health. By W[alter] R[umsey]. Author: Rumsey, Walter,; Year: 1960; London, D. Pakeman, 1659
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Ten years of coffee progress, the highlights of coffee developments during the decade, 1935-44, by William H. Ukers... Author: Ukers, William Harrison,; Year: 1671; New York, N. Y., Pan-American
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The effects of coffee Author: Hahnemann, Samuel,; Year: 1965; New Delhi: B. Jain, [19-]
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The fermentation of cacao, with which is compared the results of experimental investigations into the fermentation, oxidation, and drying of coffee, tea, tobacco, indigo, &c., for shipment. Author: Smith, Harold Hamel,; Year: 1786; London, Bale and Danielsson [1913]
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The virtue and use of coffee, with regard to the plague, and other infectious distempers: containing the most remarkable observations of the greatest men in Europe concerning it... Author: Bradley, Richard,; Year: 1979; London, Eman. Matthews [etc.] 1721
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Treatise on the effects of coffee Author: Hahnemann, Samuel,; Year: 1964; Louisville: Bradley; Gilbert, 1875
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Use habits among adults of cigarettes, coffee, aspirin, and sleeping pills, United States, 1976 Author: Bonham, Gordon Scott.; Year: 1931; Hyattsville, Md.: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of Health Research,
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Statistics, and Technology, National Center for Health Statistics; Washington: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979; ISBN: 0840601638 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840601638/icongroupinterna ·
Workshop on Coffee and Coronary Heart Disease with Special Emphasis on the Coffee-Blood Lipids Relationship: proceedings: three main areas, blood lipids, crosssectional studies experiments, coffee and CHD, physiological mechanisms Author: Thelle, Dag S.; Year: 1943; Göteborg, Sweden: Nordic School of Public Health, [1990]
Chapters on Coffee In order to find chapters that specifically relate to coffee, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and coffee using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on coffee: ·
Neurofibromatosis Source: in Gilbert, P. A-Z Reference Book of Syndromes and Inherited Disorders. 2nd ed. London, England: Chapman and Hall. p. 205-209. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $42.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0412641208. Summary: This chapter on neurofibromatosis is from a practical reference book that describes inherited disorders and syndromes in both children and adults. Neurofibromatosis results in cafe-au-lait spots (coffee colored patches of skin), dermal neurofibromatosis, skeletal problems, benign tumors (of the spine, ear, and eye), and learning difficulties. The severity of the disease is variable. While some people can be severely restricted, some have only mild symptoms. Topics include alternative names for the condition, incidence, history, causation, characteristics, management implications, prognosis, and self-help groups. The author emphasizes the need for the early identification and treatment of hearing loss. The chapter concludes with a list of support groups and organizations that can be found in England.
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Hyperoxaluria and Nephrolithiasis Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 475-478. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on hyperoxaluria (excessive amounts of oxalate in the urine) and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's
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disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The finding of kidney stones in association with IBD occurs with a frequency ranging from 1 percent to 5 percent. The author cautions that not all kidney stones found in patients with IBD are oxalate stones. Chemical analysis of a passed stone or of the urine must be made before enteric hyperoxaluria (the urologic term for IBD associated hyperoxaluria) can be assumed to be the cause of the nephrolithiasis. Kidney stones classically present as renal colic (pain in the area of the kidneys). Unfortunately, in patients with IBD a high index of suspicion is necessary, because the pain associated with the kidney stone may easily (and erroneously) be attributed to the underlying IBD. Microscopic hematuria (blood in the urine) is suggestive of the diagnosis. The treatment for acute, symptomatic kidney stones is initially narcotic analgesia (pain medication) with copious hydration in an attempt to help the patient pass the stone spontaneously. If this is unsuccessful, a urologist is consulted, and the stone can be removed transureterally, surgically, or by using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Once alleviation of the stone is accomplished, preventing stone recurrence becomes important. Prevention strategies include restriction of dietary oxalate (common sources include rhubarb, spinach, beets, peanuts, chocolate, parsley, celery, tea, and coffee) and protein reduction (protein is an indirect dietary source of oxalate). 3 tables. 9 references. ·
Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Source: in Last, J.M. and Wallace, R.B. Public Health and Preventive Medicine. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1992. p. 897-912. Contact: Available from Appleton and Lange. 25 Van Zant Street, East Norwalk, CT 06855. (800) 423-1359. PRICE: $120; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838561888. Summary: This chapter, from a book about public health and preventive medicine, discusses recent advances in the epidemiology and prevention of four diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, including duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. In the gastric and duodenal ulcer section include the underlying role of prostaglandins; the role of consumption of linoleic acid; epidemiologic trends over time; sex ratios; risk factors, including cigarette smoking, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, coffee, alcohol, diet and eating habits, stress and occupation, Helicobacter pylori, and prostaglandins; and genetics. The section on ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease covers incidence; risk factors, including age, seasonality, trauma, smoking, person-toperson transmission, genetic factors, religion, psychological factors, oral contraceptives, environmental factors, and diet; cancer risk; and prevention. 7 figures. 4 tables. 270 references.
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Restaurant Rules to Eat By Source: in Magee, E. Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Diabetes. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press, Inc. 1999. p. 133-149. Contact: Available from Career Press, Inc. 3 Tice Road, P.O. Box 687, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417. (800) 227-3371. Website: www.careerpress.com or www.newpagebooks.com. PRICE: $10.99 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter on eating in restaurants is from a book that offers eating and nutrition guidelines for people who have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The author focuses on type 2 diabetes, noting that diabetes can manifest differently in different patients and sometimes even changing throughout its course within one person. The author encourages readers to learn as much as they can about their disease
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and to utilize nutrition as an adjunct therapy and a vital component of their diabetes care. In this chapter, the author encourages readers to equip themselves with enough information to make good decisions at the restaurant, but not to worry so much that they remove all the joy from eating out. The chapter begins with a section of recommendations for cutting fat and calories when eating at a restaurant, with a note of caution for those people who find their blood glucose easier to control if they eat a moderate amount of fat (around 30 to 35 percent calories from fat). The chapter then discusses restaurants in categories, including steakhouse chains, pizza parlors, sandwich shops, fast food chains, bagel shops, and coffee shop chains. The chapter includes tables of menu items from some specific restaurants, including Chili's, Denny's, Boston Market, Olive Garden, Blimpie, Subway, Jack in the Box, Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald's, Wendy's, and Burger King. The charts list calories, carbohydrates, fat (grams and percentage), protein, fiber, and sodium for selected menu items from each restaurant. ·
Water, Water Everywhere Source: in Savitz, G. and Leslie, S.W. Kidney Stones Handbook: A Patient's Guide to Hope, Cure and Prevention. 2nd ed. Roseville, CA: Four Geez Press. 1999. p. 131-140. Contact: Available from Four Geez Press. 1911 Douglas Blvd., Suite 85-131, Roseville, CA 95661. (800) 2-Kidneys. Website: www.readerndex.com/fourgeez. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963706861. Summary: This chapter on the role of fluids in preventing kidney stones is from a patient education handbook that describes how virtually every patient who follows treatment based on appropriate testing, proper interpretation, and sound medical principles can substantially reduce or eliminate all future kidney stone production. The authors emphasize the need for patients to educate themselves and to take a proactive approach to preventing new stones, in many cases to the point of educating their physicians and demanding appropriate diagnostic and treatment methods. The chapter begins by noting that most Americans drink nearly eight beverages daily as recommended, but counteract that fluid intake by drinking caffeine or alcohol containing beverages; caffeine and alcohol act as a diuretic, causing the body to lose water through increased urination. The authors stress that fluid intake is the single most important dietary modification for patients with stones. It is the only dietary recommendation that applies to all forms of kidney stones regardless of the cause. Also important is that patients with stones increase their fluid intake in hot weather and after vigorous exercise. The chapter describes how stones can grow, how the kidneys balance the body's water and salts (thereby regulating blood pressure), the importance of spreading fluid intake throughout the day, the use of foods that contain high amounts of water, the problem with beverages that contain caffeine and oxalates (including coffee and cola beverages), and the use of mineral water versus tap water. The authors mention other resources, including an online site where readers can determine personal hydration needs (www.brita.com) and books useful for encouraging fluid intake. 2 figures.
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Young at Heart Source: in Active Older Adults: Ideas for Action. Allen, L., ed. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics, pp. 141-151, 1999. Contact: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825-5076. (800) 747-4457. INTERNET/EMAIL:
[email protected].
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Summary: Young at Heart, a chapter in Active Older Adults: Ideas for Action, describes a social and fitness program for seniors conducted within the Salem Athletic Club in Salem, New Hampshire. About 250 senior members participate in social events, aerobics and water classes, as well as utilize the club's exercise equipment. Emphasis is evenly balanced between the social and fitness aspect. Classes offered include (1) Above the Belt, designed to increase upper body functional strength and range of motion in all major upper body muscles and also promote muscle balance; (2) Below the Belt, to increase tone and strength in legs, hips, back, abdominals and gluteals; (3) Stretch and Flex, designed to help increase range of motion and flexibility; (4) Water Walking, to increase exercise options for seniors, persons with physical limitations, and those in rehabilitation; (5) Walking Club, to increase cardiovascular endurance and serve as an alternative to Gym Aerobics; (6) Young-at-Heart Gym Exercise with Toning, to introduce toning/muscle strengthening to seniors; (7) Young-at-Heart Water Exercise, to offer water exercises for seniors; (8) Young-at-Heart Gym Exercise, to offer specialty low-impact classes for seniors; (9) Young-at-Heart Lunch Bunch, to increase cohesiveness of group and have fun; (10) Young-at-Heart coffee Social, to promote cohesiveness and retention of the group; and (11) Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program, to provide a program for persons with arthritis to exercise, meet others who also have arthritis, and have fun. ·
Women and Cardiovascular Disease Source: in Nutrition in General Practice: Giving Advice to Women. Seabrook, N. Oxford, England, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 50-72, 1997. Contact: Butterworth-Heinemann, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, England. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.bh.com. Summary: Women and Cardiovascular Disease, a chapter in Nutrition in General Practice: Giving Advice to Women, describes how coronary heart disease (CHD) presents in women, which risk factors are important, and the priorities to consider when giving dietary advice. CHD is still the most common cause of death in British men and women. Estrogen appears to protect women from CHD until menopause. Women present with CHD (1) 5 to 10 years later than men; (2) more likely with angina than with an infarction; and (3) more likely with diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure. When women do present with an infarction, they often have a hard recovery with greater risk of death, recurrent infarctions, and stroke. Total cholesterol may be a risk factor for CHD in women, but because of conflicting data, the relationship between cholesterol and CHD in women is not yet known. Other risk factors of CHD in women are (1) low levels of high-density lipoproteins, (2) high triglycerides, (3) high blood pressure, (4) smoking, (5) obesity, and (6) high fibrinogen levels. CHD is thought to occur in three stages: (1) Arterial injury, prevented by antioxidants; (2) atherosclerosis, currently thought to be prevented by a balanced, varied diet; and (3) thrombosis, perhaps prevented by regular intake of oily fish. Specific areas of a patient's diet requiring dietary advice are (1) saturated fat intake, (2) vegetable oils, (3) fish oils, (4) cholesterol, (5) antioxidants, (6) trans-fatty acids, (7) fiber intake, (8) vitamin E, (9) red meat, (10) coffee, (11) olive oil, (12) butter, (13) eggs, and (14) alcohol. Women who have had a heart attack should receive advice immediately. The best, current advice is to eat a diet high in fish oil. The best advice for elderly patients is to eat a balanced diet and enjoy food. Some preliminary research shows that infants with low birthweight are more likely to develop CHD, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes later in life, perhaps because of poor nutrition during pregnancy. Thus, the current advice on preventing CHD in the
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future is proper nutrition during pregnancy. The chapter includes two case studies, sample menus for a healthy heart, and a CHD questionnaire. ·
Allergic and Toxic Contact Stomatitis Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 181-189. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses allergic and toxic contact stomatitis. The authors note that allergic contact reactions are in general extremely rare in the oral mucosa and far less common than on the skin. Topics include allergic contact stomatitis, dental materials (metal prostheses, plastic prostheses, cements, glazes and veneers, amalgam, and adhesives), other allergens in the mouth, irritant contact stomatitis, leukoedema, nicotinic stomatitis (from the action of heat and nicotine on the hard palate), and exogenous tooth pigmentation, from coffee, tea, smoking, or medications. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features and present brief therapeutic recommendations. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for some sections. 9 figures. 2 tables. 54 references. (AA-M).
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Substance Use and Abuse During Pregnancy Source: in Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I, Weight Gain: Part II, Nutrient Supplements. Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain During Pregnancy. Subcommittee on Dietary Intake and Nutrient Supplements During Pregnancy. Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation. Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, pp. 390-411, 1990. Contact: National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20418. Summary: The use of substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs during pregnancy has important general health implications for the mother and the fetus. The Institute of Medicine reviewed the influence of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, marijuana, and cocaine on the fetus and data on how these substances may affect dietary intake and nutritional status during pregnancy. A literature review on low birth weight infants concluded that cigarette smoking is the single most important modifiable factor responsible for fetal growth retardation in developed countries. Other adverse effects include a moderately increased risk of preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, and spontaneous abortion. A sizable proportion of perinatal deaths and preterm birth appears to be mediated through a smoking-related increase in the incidence of placenta previa and abruptio placentae. Children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy may have slight but measurable deficits in long-term physical growth, intellectual performance, and behavioral development. The adverse effects have been found to be proportional to the frequency of smoking and appear to be prevented or reduced if the mother does not smoke during a subsequent pregnancy. The smoking-related effects have also been found to be independent of other factors, such as race, parity, prepregnancy weight, maternal weight gain, and socioeconomic status. Cigarette smoking may affect maternal nutrition in two ways: The increased metabolic rate in
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smokers can lead to the lower availability of calories, and exposure to tobacco may increase iron requirements and decrease the availability of certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, amino acids, vitamin C, folate, and zinc. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is characterized by prenatal or postnatal growth retardation, distinct facial anomalies, and mental deficiency. FAS also is associated with spontaneous abortion and subtle behavioral effects in the absence of physical anomalies. There is no convincing evidence that coffee or caffeine causes birth defects in humans and limited evidence that moderate to heavy use of coffee and caffeine may lower infant birth weight. Despite the relatively high prevalence of marijuana use during pregnancy, no conclusive data are available on the effect of marijuana on the developing fetus. There is suggestive evidence that marijuana use during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. There is an association between cocaine exposure and abruptio placentae. Clinical implications for these substances include (1) give highest priority to efforts to prevent or stop substance abuse by pregnant women; (2) offer diet counseling and other efforts, such as referral to a social worker, to improve food intake; and (3) use multivitamin-mineral supplements to improve dietary intake.
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COFFEE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover coffee.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on coffee is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.
PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.
Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to coffee. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “coffee” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for coffee: ·
Scientists engineer coffee plants with less caffeine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 18, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/06/18/eline/links/20030618elin010.htm l
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Coffee shop workers have high blood pressure risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 26, 2003
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Moderate coffee drinking OK during pregnancy: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 10, 2003
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Mom-to-be's high coffee intake linked to stillbirth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 21, 2003
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Stillbirth risk linked to high coffee intake Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 20, 2003
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Coffee reduces symptomatic gallstone disease in women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 05, 2002
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Coffee may lower women's gallstone risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 04, 2002
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Coffee ingredient beyond caffeine may affect heart Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 18, 2002
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Caffeine may not be responsible for blood pressure effects of coffee Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 2002
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Heavy coffee drinking lowers diabetes risk--study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 08, 2002
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Coffee intake inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 07, 2002
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Coffee consumption may improve cognitive function in older women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 01, 2002
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Coffee linked to mental abilities in elderly women Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2002
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Smoking, coffee drinking again found to lower Parkinson's disease risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 2002
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Cigarettes, coffee tied to lower Parkinson's risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 16, 2002
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Pregnancy hormone levels may affect coffee craving Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 12, 2002
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Scientists see possible cancer risk in coffee Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 27, 2002
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Coffee, chocolate compounds potential cancer drugs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2002
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Smoking, coffee may up risk of rare type of stroke Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 15, 2002
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Coffee drinking not linked to chronic hypertension Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 25, 2002
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Decaf coffee associated with increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 08, 2002
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Coffee may boost estrogen levels in women Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 22, 2001
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Decaf coffee linked to rheumatoid arthritis risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 13, 2001
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One cup of coffee may temporarily harden arteries Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 04, 2001
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Quitting coffee may help the heart: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 24, 2001
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Coffee does not protect against colorectal cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 19, 2001
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Coffee consumption not linked to colorectal cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 18, 2001
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Consumption of filtered coffee does not increase cholesterol levels Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 16, 2001
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Researchers say coffee can raise cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 15, 2001
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Coffee okay for the heart Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 13, 2000
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Coffee may cut bladder cancer risk in smokers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 13, 2000
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Coffee consumption not associated with increase risk of CHD or death Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 12, 2000
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “coffee” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to coffee, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “coffee” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on coffee: ·
Environmental Design Increases Quality Care Source: Respite Report. p.4, 9. Winter 1995.
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Summary: This article outlines the physical influences, social features, and psychological cues found in an effective environmental design for an Alzheimer's day center. Methods to make the physical environment more comfortable include using noise-deadening features; keeping lighting even and constant, but not harsh; and reducing glare from floors and furniture by relocating light sources or using window blinds. Social features include keeping groups down in size to six or less to avoid confusion and the sense of crowding. Also, keeping activity level (action and motion) to a moderate level helps avoid confusion or overstressing the patient. Finally, the inclusion of tangible personal items to help cue the patient's memory and reinforce thoughts and appropriate behavior is important. Cues can include aromas that reinforce time or event (coffee and toast in the morning), clothing, hobby materials, and large personal photographs. ·
Fatigue in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Lupus News. 19(2): 4-5. Spring 1999. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) with information on the causes and treatment of fatigue. Although lupus is associated with fatigue, not all fatigue in people who have SLE is due to the disease. Inflammation can lead to fatigue in an autoimmune disease like lupus. During inflammation, substances called interleukins are released in the body. Interleukins have a significant effect on many functions of the body and mind. For example, they can cause the adrenal glands responsible for cortisone to be less responsive to the stimulation of ACTH and, thus, the release of cortisol could become abnormal. Drugs typically used to treat lupus and lupus complications, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics, hypnotics, seizure suppressants, and drugs for abdominal pain and spasm, may themselves cause fatigue. Other reasons for fatigue include depression, anxiety, and disease complications. The presence of a coexisting condition called fibromyalgia may also cause fatigue. Fatigue may be lessened by making behavioral adjustments such as starting a regular program of aerobic exercises, taking medication that restores the late stage of sleep, avoiding smoking, and limiting the intake of coffee and alcohol.
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Maintaining a Healthy Perspective Source: NACC News. 24: 8-9. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 4 Beaumont House, Sutton Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 5HH. 01727 844296. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.nacc.org.uk. Summary: This newsletter article reviews the use of a dietary treatment regime to manage Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The regimen features three stages: treatment with a liquid diet; an exclusion diet to identify foods that cause an adverse reaction; and a return to a diet that excludes those 'problem' foods. The liquid diet contains nutrients broken down to enable them to be more easily absorbed and can help reverse malnutrition as a result of the illness. The diet is often prescribed as an alternative to steroids. After the patient's symptoms have receded, they are put on an exclusion diet that includes foods that are generally tolerated (for example, low fiber foods). They are then gradually introduced to other foods and advised to test each of these over a period of seven days and to keep a diary of
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symptoms. Patients are tested with 17 to 20 foods, which include wheat, milk and dairy products, coffee and tea, oats, rye, citrus fruits, nuts and pulses. The article includes a section, written by another medical consultant that reviews in more detail the use of a liquid diet for patients with Crohn's disease, particularly those in whom surgery has resulted in short bowel syndrome. This author stresses the importance of active patient participation in their own care, encouraging patients to choose from a medical approach, a nutritional approach, or a combination of these. ·
Top Ten Tips to Help Celiacs Maintain Sturdy Bones Source: Gluten-Free Living. 1(5): 5. September-October 1996. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. Summary: This brief newsletter article lists ten tips to help people with celiac disease maintain sturdy bones. The tips include: have a bone densitometry test to diagnose bone disease; include foods that are naturally high in calcium in the daily diet; take calcium and Vitamin D supplements as necessary; consider estrogen replacement therapy, if appropriate; do weight-bearing exercises; restrict intake of coffee, alcohol, and salt; and don't smoke.
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Tips for Caffeine Source: PKD Progress. 17(2): 10. Summer 2002. Contact: Available from PKD Foundation. 4901 Main Street, Suite 200, Kansas City, MO 64112-2634. (800) 753-2873. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article gives readers with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) some tips for drinking caffeinated beverages while still following their special dietary restrictions. The author notes that caffeinated beverages have been reported to be potentially detrimental to people with autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), possibly by triggering or promoting cyst expansion. However, caffeine has not been tested in animals or humans with ADPKD to determine its effects on cyst-fluid secretion. Excessive caffeine intake has detrimental health effects whether or not one has ADPKD. Caffeine intake is usually considered excessive when a person drinks more than three or four cups of a caffeinated beverage in a day. The author recommends that readers limit caffeine intake and consider stopping the consumption of caffeine altogether to promote healthy living. One chart lists the caffeine content of nine common sodas, and ten different types of coffee and tea.
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Self-Care Hints for Women with Incontinence Source: Quality Care. 17(4): 1. Fall 1999. Contact: Available from National Association for Continence. P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) 252-3337 or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. Summary: This brief newsletter article offers strategies for women with urinary incontinence who are having problems with irritation of the bladder, urethra, and surrounding skin (vulva area). The author notes that in women with incontinence, the vulva is frequently red, raw, and sore from urine irritating the skin. The article lists suggestions, including: wear only cotton underwear, do not wear synthetic underwear or pantyhose (especially under pants or jeans), do not use detergent to wash underwear, do not use fabric softeners on the underwear, do not use bath oil or bubble bath, wash
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the vulvar area no more than twice a day, do not use vaginal deodorants or douches, avoid using tampons, dry the vulvar area completely after bathing, use corn starch if a powder is needed, and avoid coffee, tea, cola beverages, alcohol, and other drinks which may irritate the bladder and urethra. The article concludes with a note advising that women consult their health care provider if they are experiencing an area that remains painful, or if they have a sore which will not seem to heal. ·
What Causes Kidney Stones Source: Columbia-Presbyterian Urology. p. 4. Fall 1996. Contact: Available from Columbia-Presbyterian Urology. Dana W. Atchley Pavilion, 11 Floor, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032-3784. (212) 305-0111. Summary: This brief newsletter article describes the causes of kidney stones. There are four factors that lead to stone formation: urine saturation, crystallization, particle retention, and matrix foundation. The author first describes who is at risk for forming kidney stones and briefly outlines the different types of stones: calcium oxalate (75 percent of patients develop these), uric acid, and struvite stones. Urine saturation occurs when urine has excessive amounts of calcium, uric acid, and oxalate crystals, which are all stone-forming substances. This saturation may occur during the day but frequently occurs after meals or during the sleeping hours or hot weather because of the lack of fluids consumed. Stone inhibiting substances include pyrophosphate, citrate, magnesium, and nephrocalcin. Freshly voided urine from most healthy individuals contains small crystals, which are flushed out of the urinary tract. However, some people have anatomic abnormalities in the kidney and or ureter, making the crystals stick to the lining of these structures. In addition to being composed of crystals, stones are also formed from an organic material called matrix. Matrix acts as the foundation for stone formation by controlling crystallization. The matrix is composed of a carbohydrate and protein. The article concludes with a section on preventing kidney stones, offering the following suggestions: increase fluid intake to lower saturation; make sure one half the fluid intake is water; produce two and a half quarts of urine in 24 hours; avoid eating grapes, berries, plums and citrus fruits; limit intake of coffee, tea and chocolate; avoid eating sardines, shrimp, and oysters; and, to prevent uric acid stones, avoid eating liver, sweet breads, and brains. Some people may require medication because they form calcium and uric acid stones even though they have adequate fluid intake and do not consume an excessive amount of dairy products. 1 figure.
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Enjoy Reasonable Portion Sizes When Dining Out Source: American Institute for Cancer Research Newsletter. Issue 75. p. 9. Spring 2002. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009. (202)328-7744. www.aicr.org. Summary: The author of this article provides tips for taking charge of what and how much to eat in restaurants. One suggestion is to order a salad and an appetizer rather than an entree. Splitting a large salad and one entree between two people can help control large portion sizes. If one orders a full entree, ask the waiter or waitress to bring a doggie bag at the beginning of the meal so that half or more can be saved to eat later. Waiting to get the doggie bag at the end of the meal increases the temptation to keep nibbling. Ordering one dessert to share among three or four people so everyone can have a few bites of something sweet with a cup of tea or coffee is also recommended. The article concludes that by focusing on enjoying the company and the occasion, and not just the food, excessive eating is less likely to happen.
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Portion Distortion Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 18(12):4-5. February 2001. Contact: 10 High Street, Suite 706, Boston, MA 02110.
[email protected] www.healthletter.tufts.edu. Summary: This article discusses the oversized portions that many restaurants serve. Boston-area dietitian Elizabeth Ward calls it portion distortion. She notes that 'people often think the amount put in front of them is a single serving, but it can be as much as an entire day's worth from a food category.' Serving sizes are huge for many restaurant chains' main dish items, desserts, and drinks. The article recommends reserving twothirds of an entree for the 'doggie bag' when dining out. The article provides a table of what the Government considers a serving for grain-based foods, protein foods, dairy foods, and miscellaneous foods such as cake, French fries, and muffins. Also provided are serving sizes of meals at nine restaurant chains with the corresponding number of servings according to Government standards. A final table lists serving sizes, weights, total fat, saturated fat, and calories for sweets at various coffee shops.
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The Food Court: Guilty or Innocent? Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(3):1, 3-9. April 2001. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. Summary: A nutritional analysis of mall food court restaurants and snack chains is this report's focus. It provides the calories, total fat, saturated fat, sodium, sugar, and fiber content of several food items. Chinese and Italian cuisine, steak and potatoes, delicatessen sandwiches, soft pretzels and dipping sauces, fruit smoothies, coffee, cookies, cinnamon buns, and ice cream and frozen yogurt are considered. The author analyzes the offerings of the most popular restaurants within each category, but notes that one chain is similar to another. Each food category includes recommendations for choosing the healthiest food items.
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Nutritionist's Notes Source: American Institute for Cancer Research Newsletter. Issue 72, p. 9. Summer 2001. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009. (202) 328-7744. Summary: Beverages can be a major source of calories in Americans' diets. For instance, the super- or mega-size 64-ounce soda popular at convenience and quick-stop stores provides about 600 calories without any nutritional benefits. Coffee-bar drinks can provide more than 350 calories, and a 20-ounce bottle of fruit drink contains between 300 and 350 calories. Polk recommends eating and drinking 'nutrient dense' calories, which contain vitamins, minerals, and protective phytochemicals, to benefit from the foods and drinks consumed. She advises ordering a small size when drinking highcalorie beverages and enjoying them only occasionally. Polk offers suggestions about what drinks to choose at coffee bars, juice bars, restaurants, and at home.
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Defensive Eating. Staying Lean in a Fattening World Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(10): 1, 3-8. December 2001.
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Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. Summary: Liebman argues that it is difficult, but not impossible, in the current culture to have a 'normal' weight. She explores the factors that contribute to the worsening obesity problem in the United States. Chief among them is that the cost of food as a percentage of disposable income has fallen considerably since 1950, accompanied by more convenience and the availability of high- calorie, high-fat, and high-sugar foods. Liebman also explains how human biology influences food choices. Yale University obesity expert Kelly Brownell notes that people are 'biologically wired to eat when we're not hungry and to prefer food that is high in fat and calories.' Brownell also discusses how 'our culture celebrates food' and encourages overeating. Liebman provides solutions for avoiding obesity in these potential trouble areas: serving sizes, caloriedense foods, too much food variety, liquid calories, and exercise. Food tables give caloric information for restaurant foods: steak, seafood, and dinner houses; side dishes and extras; Italian dishes; sandwiches; fast food; Mexican dishes; mall snacks and main dishes; and coffee drinks.
Academic Periodicals covering Coffee Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to coffee. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering coffee that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: ·
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 ·
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “coffee” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·
Health Promotion at An Outreach Clinic for Prostitutes Contact: Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Department of Genito - Urinary Medicine, Edinburgh. Summary: This report describes a medical outreach project established in Edinburgh in 1990, tailored specifically to the needs of sex workers. The aims of the outreach clinic were to reduce the transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The project consisted of a team of a doctor and health visitor working twice a week at a drop-in center. The premises included a clinical room/office and a front reception area where tea and coffee were served and where social conversation and health promotion occurred. The authors detail the vital role of the health worker in providing education, counselling, and contact tracing. They report a "snowballing" effect of knowledge and information spreading within peer groups, as well as an increase in the women's feelings of self-awareness and self-esteem. The popularity of the service is ascribed to the more equal relationship between the women and the health workers, and the accessible, non-judgmental, and flexible environment.
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Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Report of the Cardiovascular Review Group, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy Source: London, England, HMSO, Report on Health and Social Subjects 46, 186 p., 1994. Contact: HMSO Publications Centre, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, England. 0171-873 9090. Summary: Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Report of the Cardiovascular Review Group, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy presents recommendations derived from a wide body of evidence that are given as targets for populations in Great Britain. The Review Group met 13 times and conducted its review in the following two parts: Assessing expert opinion on the current status of a 1984 report and discussion meetings with invited experts. In 1990, coronary heart disease (CHD) accounted for 27 percent of all deaths in Great Britain while stroke accounted for 12 percent. Hospital episodes for patients being treated for CHD and stroke show that rates are higher for men than for women for both diseases. For stroke, the episode rate increases sharply with age, whereas for CHD the rate for males aged 85 years and over
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is below that at ages 75-84 years. The authors provide rates for risk factors, including obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity level and show variations in rates for ethnic origin and social class. The average daily intake of fat was approximately 40 percent of food energy. Intake of cholesterol was approximately 40 percent higher in men than in women. The authors provide intake rates for vitamins, sodium and potassium, alcohol, and fiber by region and social class and compare the British diet to those of the United States and Australia. The authors discuss (1) the pathology of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD); (2) atherosclerosis and thrombosis and their role in CVD; (3) stroke causes, risk factors, and pathology; (4) the biochemistry of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates; (5) nutritional or dietary factors affecting risk of CHD, including low density lipoproteins, obesity, diabetes mellitus, blood lipids and blood pressure; (6) dietary recommendations for sodium and potassium; (7) other aspects of the diet, including alcohol, coffee, and tea; and (8) the origin of CVD in childhood and its relationship to diet. CHD and stroke rates for persons aged 65 years and older are the leading causes of death and serious illness among this group. The committee also makes several nutritional, food, research, and general recommendations.
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4695 224 171 42 1 5133
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as
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Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
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AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “coffee” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on coffee can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to coffee. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to coffee. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “coffee”:
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·
Other Guides Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Motor Vehicle Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/motorvehiclesafety.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Preeclampsia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preeclampsia.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on coffee. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·
Doctor, What Causes Tinnitus? Insight into Tinnitus, the Noise in Your Ears Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. 1997. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. 1 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. Fax (703) 6835100. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available. Summary: This brochure provides information about tinnitus, noises inside the head and ears that cannot be heard by other people. The brochure describes the many causes of tinnitus, including middle ear infection, eardrum perforation, fluid accumulation, otosclerosis of the middle ear, allergy, high or low blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid problems, injury to the head or neck, excessive noise, and drug side effects. The brochure lists seven suggestions to help lessen the severity of tinnitus: avoid exposure to loud sounds and noises; get blood pressure checked; decrease the intake of salt; avoid stimulants such as coffee, tea, cola and tobacco; exercise daily (to improve circulation); get adequate rest; and stop worrying about the noise. The brochure concludes with recommendations to help readers cope with the noise of tinnitus. These recommendations include concentration and relaxation exercises, masking, and the use of hearing aids. The brochure also includes a brief description of the specialty of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. 2 figures.
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Understanding GI Bleeding: A Consumer Education Brochure Source: Arlington, VA: American College of Gastroenterology. 200x. 13 p. Contact: Available from American College of Gastroenterology. 4900 B South 31st Street, Arlington, VA 22206-1656. (703) 820-7400. Fax (703) 931-4520. PRICE: Single copy free. Also available for free at http://www.acg.gi.org/acgdev/patientinfo/frame_gibleeding.html. Summary: This consumer education brochure outlines the symptoms, causes and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract means that some part of the GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum) is bleeding internally, either slightly (which may or may not be very serious) or heavily (which may have serious health consequences). The symptoms of GI bleeding vary, depending on which part of the digestive tract is involved. Symptoms can include vomiting blood, vomiting dark material that looks like coffee grounds, passing black tarry stools, or passing pure blood or blood mixed in stool. Cause of GI bleeding include ulcers, varices, liver disease, gastritis, tumors, colon cancer, polyps, colitis, diverticular disease, and hemorrhoids. The brochure focuses on ulcers and their causes (usually Helicobacter pylori infection) and treatment. The brochure also explores the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the need to balance pain relief and concerns with side effects of these drugs (including GI bleeding). Conventional treatments for ulcers (H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors) have been found to have a beneficial effect in treating NSAID induced ulcers and in preventing GI bleeding. The brochure concludes by encouraging ongoing monitoring of the patient taking NSAIDs, since problems with GI bleeding can arise with few, if any, symptoms. 2 figures. 2 tables.
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You Can Control IBS With Proper Medication, Dietary Adjustments, Lifestyle Changes Source: Milwaukee, WI: Schwarz Parma. 1993. 9 p. Contact: Available from Schwarz Pharma. Attention Technical Services, P.O. Box 2038, Milwaukee, WI 53201. (800) 558-5114, (414) 354-4300. PRICE: Single copy free. Order number SP1148 1/93. Summary: This brochure, designed as a guide for newly-diagnosed patients, presents a food diary to use as the first step in managing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Topics include using a food diary to record symptoms and food and beverage intake; coffee and cigarettes and their impact on IBS; the use of a high-fiber diet; and the importance of careful record-keeping. The bulk of the brochure consists of a 7-day food diary for the patient to fill out, with space for each meal, food and beverage intake, and symptoms.
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Exercise: Finding the Time Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. P.O. Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 950618466. (800) 775-1998. Fax (408) 423-8102. PRICE: $15.00 for packet of 50; discounts available for larger orders. Title number 5107. ISBN: 1568851073. Summary: This brochure describes the benefits of daily exercise. The brochure emphasizes that just 30 minutes of activity on most days will help one to stay healthier. The exercise can be done in a short a period as 10-minute chunks, as long as the heart rate is increased. The brochure recommends to work out hard enough to lightly sweat
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and to have the heart beat faster, but not so hard that talking is impossible. The main section of the brochure lists suggestions that can help readers incorporate exercise into their regular routine. Suggestions include doing housework more quickly than normal; climbing the stairs; parking farther away from work, the grocery store, and the shopping mall; doing yard work; walking to do errands; if TV is a favorite activity, using it to do exercise by trying a workout video or using an exercise machine while watching; exercising with a friend; taking the dog for a longer walk; adding exercise into weekend plans; not just watching sports, but playing them; dancing to the music; making family time an activity time; and turning a coffee break into a walking break. The brochure is written in easy-to-read language and illustrated with simple, energetic line drawings. ·
Star-Lite Dining Source: Parsippany, NJ: Estee Corporation. 1992. 8 p. Contact: Available from Estee Corporation. 169 Lackawanna Avenue, Parsippany, NJ 07054. (800) 343-7833. PRICE: Single copy free for individuals; up to 25 copies free to health care providers. Summary: This booklet presents basic tips on nutrition and meal planning for people with diabetes. Illustrated with photographs of performing and athletic stars, the brochure provides recipes and guidelines used by these famous people with diabetes. Topics include controlling blood glucose levels, controlling blood lipid levels, controlling blood pressure, and managing weight. Recipes included are Teryaki Beef Kabobs; Couscous Salad; Caponata (Italian Eggplant Dip); Roasted Rosemary Chicken with New Potatoes and Garlic; Fruity Oat Bran coffee Cake; Floating Islands with Fresh Fruit Sauce; Peach Parfait Pie; and Flounder en Papillote. An introductory section describes the activities and benefits of membership of the American Diabetes Association.
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Taking Care of Urinary Tract Infections Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from ETR Associates. P.O. Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-1830. (800) 321-4407. Fax (800) 435-8433. Website: www.etr.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Order number: R024. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about urinary tract infections (UTIs) in men and women. A UTI is caused when bacteria enter the urinary tract and can be called urethritis (in the urethra), cystitis (in the bladder), or pyelonephritis (in the kidney). Any UTI symptoms should be checked by a health care provider, since untreated UTIs can result in more serious problems. The brochure describes the differences between UTIs in men and in women. The brochure also lists common symptoms of the different types of UTIs. These symptoms include pain or burning when urinating, feeling a sudden urgent need to urinate, urinating more often then usual, urinating only small amounts even though the bladder feels full, blood in the urine, cloudy or foul smelling urine, and pain. Sidebars consider the role of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in urinary tract infections. The brochure briefly reviews the treatment protocol for UTI, which includes a genital or pelvic exam, a urinalysis, and possible prescription for antibiotics. The brochure also outlines home care strategies for resolving a UTI more quickly, including drinking plenty of water, refraining from sexual activities, getting plenty of rest, limiting foods that may cause urinary burning (such as coffee, tea, alcohol, spicy foods), and using over the counter medications that
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can help with bladder pain. The brochure concludes with a list of strategies to help avoid UTIs, as well as a summary of the symptoms that indicate the need to contact a health care provider. 2 figures. ·
Vital Information: Kidney Disease Strikes African Americans. You Can Strike Back Source: Rockville, MD: American Kidney Fund. 199x. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Boulevard, Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8299 or (301) 881-3052. Fax (301) 881-0898. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: The African American population is hit especially hard by kidney failure. This brochure reminds readers of the risk factors and warning signs of kidney disease. High blood pressure and diabetes are the leading causes of kidney failure. African Americans get high blood pressure (hypertension) more often, more severely, and at younger ages than other groups. Black Americans are also more likely to have diabetes and develop serious complications of diabetes. The brochure lists the warning signs of kidney disease, including swelling of parts of the body, especially around the eyes or ankles, pain in the lower back, burning or unusual sensation during urination, bloody or coffee colored urine, urinating more often (especially at night), feeling listless or tired, and high blood pressure. However, the brochure cautions that one can feel perfectly fine and still have kidney disease. The brochure provides recommendations for people who have high blood pressure and for those who have diabetes. The brochure also briefly describes the activities and goals of the American Kidney Fund, including its educational programs and direct financial assistance. The brochure includes a selfmailer with which readers can request additional information, donate to the American Kidney Fund, or volunteer for the American Kidney Fund. (AA-M).
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Urinary Tract Infections Source: Montreal, Quebec: Kidney Foundation of Canada. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Kidney Foundation of Canada. 300-5165, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC H4A 1T6. (514) 369-4806. Fax (514) 369-2472. Website: www.kidney.ca. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure answers common questions about urinary tract infections (UTIs). The brochure first reviews the urinary system and how it works. A UTI is an inflammation usually caused by bacteria attacking the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. A UTI most often occurs when bacteria enter the urethra; the bacteria that usually cause UTIs come from the intestines and are called Escherichia coli. People with low resistance, a poor diet, or stress are more inclined to get a UTI. Other risk factors include urethral damage from childbirth, surgery, or the use of a catheter. Women are more prone to UTIs than men. Bladder infection (cystitis) symptoms can include urinary urgency, burning during urination, cloudy or foul smelling urine, and pain in the lower abdomen. In some cases, mild symptoms may be present without a UTI. Smoking, anxiety, drinking a lot of coffee, food allergies, or premenstrual syndrome may cause mild symptoms. The brochure lists self care prevention strategies, including recommendations to drink plenty of water, urinate frequently, urinate after having sex, wipe from front to back after defecating, change sanitary napkins often, cut down on alcohol and caffeine, wear cotton underwear, and avoid bubble baths, perfumed soaps, and vaginal douches. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the Kidney Foundation of Canada, including patient services and public education programs. 2 figures.
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1 Out of Every 3 People with Kidney Failure is African American: High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease Source: Rockville, MD: American Kidney Fund. 199x. [6 p.]. Contact: Available from American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852-9813. (800) 638-8299 or (301) 881-3052. Fax (301) 881-0898. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: High blood pressure is the leading cause of kidney failure in African Americans. This brochure encourages African Americans to learn about high blood pressure (hypertension) and kidney disease. The brochure emphasizes that kidney failure from hypertension is preventable; high blood pressure cannot be cured, but it can be controlled. Written in question and answer format, the brochure describes how blood pressure is monitored and measured, the risk factors for high blood pressure (including being African American, overweight, older, or in a family with high blood pressure, lack of exercise, eating too much salt, and smoking cigarettes), treatment options for hypertension, the complications that can arise from high blood pressure, how hypertension affects the kidneys, the role of the kidneys, what happens to the body in kidney failure, the warning signs of kidney disease, the role of diabetes in kidney disease, and the activities of the American Kidney Fund (AKF), an organization that helps people of all races cope with the effects of kidney disease. The warning signs of kidney disease include swelling of parts of the body (especially around the eyes or ankles), pain in the lower back, burning or unusual sensation during urination, bloody or coffee colored urine, urinating more often (especially at night), listless or tired feeling, and high blood pressure. The brochure includes a tear off card for readers to return to the AKF to obtain more information, to volunteer, or to contribute money. The brochure is written in nontechnical language.
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1 Out of Every 3 People with Kidney Failure is African American: Diabetes and Kidney Disease Source: Rockville, MD: American Kidney Fund. 199x. [6 p.]. Contact: Available from American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852-9813. (800) 638-8299 or (301) 881-3052. Fax (301) 881-0898. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: One out of every three people with kidney failure is African American, and diabetes is the second leading cause of kidney failure in African Americans. This brochure encourages African Americans to learn about diabetes and kidney disease. The brochure emphasizes that African Americans with diabetes develop kidney failure and other serious complications more often than other groups with diabetes. Written in question and answer format, the brochure describes the disease of diabetes, the different types of diabetes, the symptoms of diabetes, risk factors that may contribute to diabetes, treatment options, kidney failure as a result of uncontrolled diabetes, the role of the kidneys in good health, how to know if kidney disease is present, and the role of hypertension (high blood pressure) in causing kidney disease. The warning signs of kidney disease include swelling of parts of the body (especially around the eyes or ankles), pain in the lower back, burning or unusual sensation during urination, bloody or coffee colored urine, urinating more often (especially at night), listless or tired feeling, and high blood pressure. The brochure includes a tear off card for readers to return to the AKF to obtain more information, to volunteer, or to contribute money. The brochure is written in nontechnical language.
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Diet and Tinnitus Source: London, England: Royal National Institute for Deaf People. 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from RNID Helpline. P.O. Box 16464, London EC1Y 8TT, United Kingdom. 0870 60 50 123. Fax 0171-296 8199. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.rnid.org.uk. Also available from RNID Tinnitus Helpline. Castle Cavendish Works, Norton Street, Radford, Nottingham NG7 5PN, United Kingdom. 0345 090210. Fax 0115-978 5012. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Many people have suggested that a wide variety of foods and drinks may cause or aggravate tinnitus (noise or ringing in the ears). This fact sheet from the Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) discusses the relationship between diet and tinnitus by briefly examining the evidence for cheese and chocolate, coffee, tea, cola, salt, tonic water, alcohol, red wine, and spirits. Historical notes are provided for some of these categories. The fact sheet recommends that readers try keeping a detailed diary of their food and beverage intake and tinnitus levels for a few days, to see whether a particular food or drink is having any effect. If a suspicious food or drink becomes apparent, the fact sheet suggests no ingesting of that item for a few days to see whether the tinnitus improves but notes that, in general, the healthier and more balanced the diet, the better. The fact sheet concludes with information on the RNID Tinnitus Helpline (in Nottingham, UK), which is also accessible online at
[email protected]. The RNID website is at www.rnid.org.uk.
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Myths and Facts About Ulcers Source: Patient Care. 33(20): 137. December 15, 1999. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: Although an astonishing 50 percent of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori, most people are asymptomatic, and peptic ulcer disease or a more serious condition develops in only about 10 percent of infected patients. This patient education handout lists myths and facts about ulcers. Focusing on ulcers that are caused by H. pylori, the handout lists and debunks the following myths: An ulcer is not a serious condition; ulcers are caused by stress, spicy foods, alcohol, and coffee; only men get ulcers; only people in stressful jobs get ulcers; ulcers are not contagious; the cure for ulcers is antacids or bland food; taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen will help cure ulcers; smoking has no effect on ulcer disease; and ulcers can come back after they are cured. The handout includes the toll free telephone number of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (888 MY ULCER) and the associated web site (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/hpylori.htm). The handout also offers blank lined space for patient notes.
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Treating Diarrhea and Constipation Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Communications. 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from Krames Communications. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-3030. (800) 333-3032. Fax (415) 244-4512. PRICE: $12.50 for pad of 50 sheets. Summary: This fact sheet provides suggestions on treating diarrhea and constipation in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These side effects occur because the treatment affects normal cells as well as cancer cells. The fact sheet lists tips to control diarrhea: limit the amount of fiber and milk in the diet; eat foods rich in
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potassium (bananas and oranges); eat small, frequent meals; drink plenty of fluids; and avoid coffee, tea and alcohol. The fact sheet notes that diarrhea may also be helped with medication. Advise on when to contact a health care provider is given as are the following strategies to avoid constipation: eat high-fiber foods, drink plenty of fluids, and exercise often. The fact sheet is illustrated with full-color line drawings and includes blank space for notes or special instructions. The fact sheet is one of a series of patient education materials on the complications of cancer treatment. ·
What You Should Know About Heartburn Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 101(2): 186. February 1997. Summary: This brief patient handout summarizes heartburn, a common problem in adults. Heartburn occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing pain under the breastbone. This usually happens just after a meal or when lying down or bending over. The fact sheet notes that certain foods and activities aggravate the problem and should be avoided. These include caffeinated coffee, chocolate, fatty red meat, pizza, tomatoes, smoking, and alcoholic beverages. Heartburn can also be made worse by excess weight or by eating within 3 hours of bedtime. The fact sheet recommends some simple lifestyle modifications, including raising the head of the bed, that may help. The fact sheet also briefly mentions diagnostic tests and drug therapy that may be used to help manage heartburn. The fact sheet concludes with a World Wide Web address for readers wishing more information.
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What You Can Do After: Anal Discomfort and How to Deal with It Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $0.50 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number: 137. Summary: This fact sheet for patients and their families addresses the issue of anal discomfort and provides strategies for preventing and dealing with anal discomfort. Symptoms related to this sensitive area can be very troubling, yet many patients are reluctant to discuss them with their health care providers. Symptoms can include itching (pruritis ani), painful defecation, stained underwear, spotting of blood, and offensive odor. The fact sheet considers the possible causes of anal discomfort, including Crohn's disease, cancers and some sexually transmitted diseases, anal fissure, skin diseases, yeast infections, pinworms, and some dietary components (including coffee, citrus fruits, and some spices). The fact sheet then emphasizes the importance of adequate cleanliness, but cautions that overzealous cleansing may do more harm than good. The fact sheet provides a step by step guide to proper post-defecation anal cleaning, including a guide to some of the many anal ointments, creams, and suppositories sold for anal complaints. The fact sheet recommends not using any of these products, focusing instead on the use of warm water and plenty of air exposure (wear light, white cotton underwear and avoid tight clothing). A final section notes the importance of diet and activity to help maintain healthy bowel action and avoid anal distress.
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Limiting Fluid When You Have Kidney Disease Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Communications. 1997. [2 p.].
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Contact: Available from Krames Communications. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. Website: www.krames.com. PRICE: $12.50 for a pad of 50. Item number 5551. Summary: Healthy kidneys balance the amount of fluid that enters and leaves the body. This fact sheet helps readers with kidney disease understand the reasons why fluids need to be limited when one has kidney disease. The fact sheet first lists the items that fall into the category of fluid: water for drinking and taking medications, ice cubes and ice chips, coffee and tea, sodas, milk, cream and liquid creamer, juices (fruit and vegetable), soups, popsicles, ice cream, sherbets, sorbets, and gelatin. The next section helps readers understand the different ways of measuring fluids; a chart lists the equivalents among units of measure. The fact sheet leaves blank space for the health care provider to individualize the information about the patient's limitations for fluid. The latter half of the fact sheet offers strategies for ways to control thirst and to stay on the fluid limitations. The fact sheet also includes space for special instructions. The fact sheet is illustrated with simple line drawings of patients and everyday foods and beverages.
The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to coffee. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to coffee. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with coffee.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about coffee. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “coffee” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “coffee”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “coffee” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “coffee” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
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Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: ·
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 325
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 327
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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COFFEE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abruptio Placentae: Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components
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of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]
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Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Age-Adjusted: Summary measures of rates of morbidity or mortality in a population using statistical procedures to remove the effect of age differences in populations that are being compared. Age is probably the most important and the most common variable in determining the risk of morbidity and mortality. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-Galactosidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids. EC 3.2.1.22. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as
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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Alveolitis: Inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone binding-globulin. They differ by their sites of
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synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthraquinones: An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]
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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Basal Ganglia:
Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and
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located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental
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exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood Stains: Antigenic characteristics and DNA fingerprint patterns identified from blood stains. Their primary value is in criminal cases. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH]
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Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cacao: A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate. [NIH] Cafe-au-Lait Spots: Light brown pigmented macules associated with neurofibromatosis and Albright's syndrome (see fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic). [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic
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weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbonated Beverages: dioxide. [NIH]
Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon
Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy
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vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Cassia: Leguminous plants Cassia senna L. (or C. acutifolia) and C. angustifolia that contain anthraquinones which are used as laxatives. [NIH] Castor Bean: Common name for Ricinus communis, a species in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the source of castor oil. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorogenic Acid: A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of gallstones. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a
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characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Fragility: Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage and translocation or other aberrations. Chromosome fragile sites are regions that show up in karyotypes as a gap (uncondensed stretch) on the chromatid arm. They are associated with chromosome break sites and other aberrations. A fragile site on the X chromosome is associated with fragile X syndrome. Fragile sites are designated by the letters "FRA" followed by the designation for the specific chromosome and a letter which refers to the different fragile sites on a chromosome (e.g. FRAXA). [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Climacteric: Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes
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with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubfoot: A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive Dissonance: Motivational state produced by inconsistencies between simultaneously held cognitions or between a cognition and behavior; e.g., smoking enjoyment and believing smoking is harmful are dissonant. [NIH]
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Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]
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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable. [NIH] Confounder: A factor of confusion which blurs a specific connection between a disease and a probable causal factor which is being studied. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and
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vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contact Tracing: Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH]
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Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, ... New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Death Certificates:
Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death
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certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries:
Countries in the process of change directed toward economic
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growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]
Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH]
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Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dry Ice: A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Eccentricity: Oddness of behavior or conduct without insanity. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy:
The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service
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produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsify: To convert or to be converted into an emulsion. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH]
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Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial ovarian cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH]
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Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic
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acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Growth Retardation: The failure of a fetus to attain its expected growth potential at any gestational stage. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste.
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[NIH]
Fluphenazine: A phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, antiinfective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH] Food and Beverages: Edible or potable substances. [NIH] Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH]
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Freeze Drying: Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of a glutamyl group from a glutamyl-peptide and an amino acid to a peptide and a glutamylamino acid. EC 2.3.2.2. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower
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esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glare: Scatter from bright light that decreases vision. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of
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glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or
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as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH]
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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] High-density lipoproteins: Lipoproteins that contain a small amount of cholesterol and carry cholesterol away from body cells and tissues to the liver for excretion from the body. Low-level HDL increases the risk of heart disease, so the higher the HDL level, the better. The HDL component normally contains 20 to 30 percent of total cholesterol, and HDL levels are inversely correlated with coronary heart disease risk. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH]
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Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperoxaluria: Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Illusions: The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue
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(thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]
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Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]
Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: individuals. [NIH]
Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among
Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]
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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]
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Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lenticular: 1. Pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. Pertaining to the crystalline lens. 3. Pertaining to the lenticular nucleus. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH]
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Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH]
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Maillard Reaction: One of a group of nonenzymatic reactions in which aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Food browning reactions, such as those that occur with cooking of meats, and also food deterioration reactions, resulting in decreased nutritional value and color changes, are attributed to this reaction type. The Maillard reaction is studied by scientists in the agriculture, food, nutrition, and carbohydrate chemistry fields. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Masticatory: 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]
Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or
Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]
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Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms
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include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH]
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Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,
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prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight
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58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonulcer Dyspepsia: Constant pain or discomfort in the upper GI tract. Symptoms include burning, nausea, and bloating, but no ulcer. Possibly caused by muscle spasms. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of
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gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH]
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Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxytocic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labor). 2. An agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]
Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own
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enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Participation: Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health. [NIH] Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]
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Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids:
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those
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derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Hormones: Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and the pars intermedia, an ill-defined region between the two. Their secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH]
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Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for
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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all
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free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug
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or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Facilities: An area of recreation or hygiene for use by the public. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH]
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Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioallergosorbent Test: An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IgE antibodies. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH]
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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the
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number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective
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tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: rodents. [NIH]
Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]
Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH]
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Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often
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used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silymarin:
A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum
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marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in Bloom syndrome. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]
Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]
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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces
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stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Struvite: A type of kidney stone caused by infection. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH]
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Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Talcum: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Talcum powder: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex
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characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutic Community: Psychotherapeutic technique which emphasizes socioenvironmental and interpersonal influences in the resocialization and rehabilitation of the patient. The setting is usually a hospital unit or ward in which professional and nonprofessional staff interact with the patients. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and
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other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1. [NIH]
Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH]
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Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trihexyphenidyl: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist used in the treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including
Dictionary 397
nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]
398 Coffee
Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the
Dictionary 399
weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
400
INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 165, 331 A Abdomen, 315, 331, 339, 340, 354, 365, 368, 376, 377, 386, 392, 394 Abdominal, 3, 29, 296, 331, 346, 369, 376, 377, 381, 386, 396 Abdominal Pain, 296, 331, 369, 396 Abortion, 8, 136, 290, 331, 381 Abruptio Placentae, 289, 331 Abscess, 138, 331, 388 Acceptor, 331, 367, 376, 395 Acetaminophen, 102, 331 Acidity, 188, 190, 254, 331 Acidosis, 331 Acrylonitrile, 331, 387 Adaptation, 29, 331, 343 Adenine, 331 Adenocarcinoma, 331, 361 Adenoma, 83, 331 Adenosine, 90, 331, 340, 379, 394 Adhesives, 289, 331, 332, 339 Adipose Tissue, 332, 394 Adjustment, 195, 331, 332 Adjuvant, 332, 334, 359 Adrenal Cortex, 332, 348, 354 Adrenal Glands, 296, 332 Adrenal Medulla, 332, 342, 354, 374 Adrenaline, 110, 332 Adrenergic, 332, 336, 352, 354, 378, 393 Adsorption, 332 Adsorptive, 332 Adverse Effect, 40, 191, 289, 332, 366, 389 Aerobic, 296, 332 Aerobic Exercise, 296, 332 Aeroembolism, 332, 338 Aetiology, 79, 332 Affinity, 332, 333, 351, 370, 390 Agar, 333, 379 Age of Onset, 333, 396 Age-Adjusted, 6, 333 Ageing, 72, 333 Agonist, 333, 352, 354, 372, 374, 378 Akathisia, 333, 336 Alcohol Drinking, 9, 36, 41, 131, 333 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 108, 333 Aldehydes, 181, 333, 369 Alertness, 26, 112, 333, 340
Algorithms, 333, 339 Alimentary, 4, 98, 119, 142, 172, 333, 377 Alkaline, 188, 191, 331, 333, 334, 340, 376, 378, 394 Alkaloid, 333, 345, 371, 374, 394 Allergen, 162, 333, 384, 388 Alloys, 333, 345 Alpha Particles, 333, 384 Alpha-Galactosidase, 45, 123, 138, 333 Alternative medicine, 295, 333 Alum, 334, 345 Alveolitis, 76, 334 Amino Acid Sequence, 261, 334, 335, 359, 389 Ammonia, 334, 393, 397 Amniotic Fluid, 334, 359 Amphetamine, 94, 334, 351 Amylase, 156, 334 Amyloid, 334 Anaesthesia, 105, 106, 168, 334, 335, 364 Anal, 35, 108, 129, 157, 318, 334, 354, 356, 372 Anal Fissure, 318, 334 Analgesic, 331, 334, 345, 363, 367, 371, 375 Analog, 334, 351, 371 Anaplasia, 334, 373 Anatomical, 334, 339, 343, 364, 368 Androgen-Binding Protein, 334, 389 Anemia, 65, 176, 335, 345, 357 Anesthesia, 75, 335 Anesthetics, 335, 337, 354 Angina, 96, 174, 288, 335 Angina Pectoris, 96, 335 Animal model, 151, 262, 335 Anomalies, 290, 335, 393 Anosmia, 43, 335 Antagonism, 335, 340, 394 Anthraquinones, 335, 342 Antibacterial, 32, 165, 335, 391 Antibiotic, 335, 391, 394 Antibodies, 335, 368, 384 Antibody, 332, 335, 336, 346, 362, 363, 364, 369, 371, 384, 388, 391 Anticarcinogenic, 38, 335 Anticoagulant, 335, 382 Anticonvulsants, 335, 337 Antiemetic, 335, 336, 343
Index 401
Antigen, 123, 332, 335, 336, 346, 362, 363, 364, 369, 384, 388 Anti-infective, 336, 343, 357, 362, 390 Anti-Infective Agents, 336, 357 Anti-inflammatory, 286, 296, 331, 336, 337, 363 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 336, 337 Antimicrobial, 336, 350 Antioxidant, 32, 71, 167, 262, 336, 376, 390 Antipsychotic, 56, 95, 336, 343, 373 Antipyretic, 331, 336 Antispasmodic, 336, 375, 396 Antitussive, 336, 351, 375 Anuria, 336, 366 Anus, 334, 336, 340, 346, 353, 385 Anxiety, 73, 87, 103, 125, 174, 183, 296, 315, 333, 336, 366 Aperture, 239, 249, 336 Apnea, 115, 336 Apolipoproteins, 38, 96, 101, 114, 336, 367 Approximate, 336 Aqueous, 188, 191, 259, 260, 336, 338, 349, 353, 362, 367, 368 Arachidonic Acid, 337, 382 Arginine, 337, 396 Aromatic, 206, 247, 258, 267, 337, 360, 370, 391, 392 Arrhythmia, 78, 175, 337 Arterial, 288, 337, 343, 363, 382, 393 Arteries, 294, 337, 339, 348, 368, 370, 372 Artery, 96, 337, 348, 353, 369, 387, 393 Aseptic, 337, 391 Aspartate, 337, 351 Aspiration, 131, 337 Aspirin, 150, 284, 337 Assay, 337, 384, 396 Astringent, 255, 337 Asymptomatic, 317, 337, 376 Atmospheric Pressure, 225, 249, 332, 337 Auditory, 337, 352, 369 Autodigestion, 337, 376 Autoimmune disease, 296, 337 Autonomic, 336, 337, 374 B Bacteria, 314, 315, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 353, 355, 358, 370, 371, 391, 395, 397 Bactericidal, 337, 355 Bacteriophage, 337, 379 Bacteriuria, 337, 397 Barbiturates, 129, 337, 388 Basal Ganglia, 336, 337, 344 Base Sequence, 338, 357, 359, 389
Basophils, 338, 360, 367 Baths, 315, 338 Beer, 5, 8, 136, 172, 338 Bends, 202, 338 Benign, 35, 66, 285, 331, 338, 360, 373, 384 Benzene, 338 Benzodiazepines, 67, 338 Bile, 338, 358, 362, 368, 391 Bile Acids, 338, 358, 391 Bile Acids and Salts, 338 Biliary, 338, 341, 377 Biliary Tract, 338, 341, 377 Bioavailability, 110, 144, 262, 338 Biochemical, 32, 111, 338, 366, 389 Biological Markers, 114, 338 Biomarkers, 5, 46, 54, 83, 135, 142, 172, 339 Biotechnology, 23, 24, 156, 283, 295, 305, 339 Biotransformation, 339 Bivalent, 339, 370 Bladder, 31, 32, 35, 36, 41, 55, 57, 58, 68, 70, 79, 84, 106, 121, 140, 147, 148, 156, 157, 183, 294, 297, 314, 315, 339, 347, 349, 364, 368, 382, 386, 397, 398 Blastocyst, 339, 347, 353, 379 Bloating, 3, 339, 364, 369, 374 Blood Coagulation, 339, 341, 394 Blood Coagulation Factors, 339 Blood Glucose, 101, 142, 144, 287, 314, 339, 361, 365 Blood Stains, 191, 339 Blood vessel, 339, 341, 343, 344, 360, 379, 384, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 397, 398 Body Fluids, 339, 340, 352, 390, 396 Body Mass Index, 89, 339, 375 Body Regions, 339, 346 Bone Cements, 339, 380 Boron, 157, 340 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 340 Bowel, 34, 55, 83, 176, 285, 313, 318, 334, 340, 351, 353, 364, 365, 389, 392, 396 Bowel Movement, 340, 351, 392 Brachytherapy, 340, 365, 384 Branch, 156, 257, 327, 340, 349, 369, 377, 383, 390 Breakdown, 340, 351, 358, 375 Bronchi, 340, 354, 394, 395 Bronchial, 37, 70, 340, 362, 394 Buccal, 340, 368, 392 Burns, 131, 140, 241, 340 Burns, Electric, 340 Bypass, 216, 228, 229, 340
402 Coffee
C Cacao, 284, 340 Cafe-au-Lait Spots, 285, 340 Calcification, 340 Calcium, 40, 110, 155, 190, 297, 298, 339, 340, 341, 346, 370, 375, 376, 377, 394 Calcium Carbonate, 190, 339, 341 Calcium Oxalate, 298, 341, 376 Calculi, 341 Calibration, 341 Cannabis, 93, 278, 341 Capsules, 28, 129, 245, 246, 341, 356, 359 Carbohydrate, 240, 257, 298, 341, 359, 369, 374, 380 Carbon Dioxide, 243, 250, 258, 259, 341, 352, 356, 379, 386, 397 Carbonated Beverages, 92, 341 Carcinogen, 331, 341 Carcinogenesis, 43, 158, 166, 341 Carcinogenic, 284, 338, 341, 343, 365, 381, 391 Carcinogenicity, 138, 341 Carcinoma, 116, 149, 155, 341 Cardia, 93, 341 Cardiac, 78, 132, 138, 175, 181, 340, 341, 348, 353, 354, 358, 372, 391, 392 Cardiorespiratory, 332, 341 Cardiovascular disease, 38, 39, 48, 49, 72, 77, 80, 113, 115, 154, 262, 307, 341, 367 Cardiovascular System, 56, 143, 341 Carotene, 341, 386 Case report, 76, 82, 104, 342, 345 Case series, 342, 345 Case-Control Studies, 57, 342, 354 Cassia, 121, 170, 342, 388 Castor Bean, 30, 31, 104, 133, 342 Castor Oil, 342 Catecholamine, 95, 342, 352 Catheter, 315, 342, 368 Causal, 8, 10, 342, 347, 354 Cause of Death, 288, 342, 349 Caustic, 342, 390 Cecum, 342, 366 Celiac Disease, 297, 342 Cell Division, 337, 342, 349, 379, 388 Cellulose, 182, 342, 358, 379 Central Nervous System, 332, 334, 338, 340, 342, 343, 345, 351, 354, 361, 371, 389, 394 Cerebellar, 342 Cerebellum, 342
Cerebral, 338, 342, 348, 350, 354, 358, 383, 393 Cerebrovascular, 341, 343 Cervix, 331, 343 Character, 133, 182, 254, 335, 343, 350, 360 Chemoprotective, 158, 159, 343 Chemoreceptor, 336, 343 Chemotherapy, 317, 343 Chin, 222, 343, 370 Chlorhexidine, 145, 179, 343 Chlorides, 94, 343 Chlorine, 343 Chlorogenic Acid, 35, 85, 87, 157, 196, 262, 343 Chlorophyll, 343, 358 Chlorpromazine, 111, 343, 357 Cholecystectomy, 4, 343 Cholecystokinin, 75, 343 Cholelithiasis, 149, 343 Cholesterol Esters, 343, 367 Cholinergic, 336, 344, 374 Chorea, 336, 344 Chromosomal, 9, 344, 387 Chromosome, 109, 344, 360, 367, 387, 388, 390 Chromosome Fragility, 109, 344 Chronic, 44, 72, 81, 86, 102, 134, 140, 142, 293, 344, 353, 364, 366, 376, 380, 392, 396 Chronic renal, 344, 380, 396 Chylomicrons, 344, 367 Cimetidine, 85, 344 Circulatory system, 261, 344 Cirrhosis, 30, 127, 142, 344, 397 CIS, 344, 386 Citrus, 297, 298, 318, 344 Clamp, 214, 344 Claviceps, 344, 387 Clear cell carcinoma, 344, 350 Climacteric, 257, 344 Clinical study, 106, 107, 345, 348 Clinical trial, 58, 64, 183, 184, 305, 345, 348, 352, 372, 382, 385 Cloning, 45, 339, 345 Clubfoot, 9, 345 Coagulation, 252, 339, 345, 361, 394 Cobalt, 38, 345 Coca, 28, 124, 345 Cocaine, 129, 289, 345 Cochlear, 345, 394, 398 Cochlear Diseases, 345, 394 Cod Liver Oil, 345, 353 Codeine, 345, 351, 375
Index 403
Coenzymes, 345, 373 Cofactor, 345, 374, 382, 394 Cognition, 37, 345, 373 Cognitive Dissonance, 6, 345 Cohort Studies, 346, 354 Colic, 286, 346 Colitis, 178, 286, 296, 313, 346 Collagen, 332, 334, 346, 356, 359, 379 Colon, 55, 56, 71, 78, 96, 118, 137, 146, 148, 157, 169, 175, 313, 331, 346, 364, 366, 396 Colorectal, 43, 45, 54, 61, 118, 131, 166, 181, 294, 346 Colorectal Cancer, 61, 118, 131, 181, 294, 346 Combination Therapy, 346, 355 Communis, 342, 346 Complement, 346, 347, 388 Complementary and alternative medicine, 165, 180, 347 Complementary medicine, 165, 347 Compliance, 4, 102, 347 Compress, 347 Computational Biology, 305, 347 Conception, 6, 7, 50, 94, 331, 347, 348, 356, 381, 391 Concomitant, 347 Condoms, 46, 347 Conduction, 223, 347 Cone, 213, 214, 216, 227, 228, 245, 246, 347, 392 Confidence Intervals, 8, 347 Confounder, 127, 347 Confounding, 8, 10, 347 Congestion, 336, 347, 354 Connective Tissue, 191, 346, 347, 359, 387 Connective Tissue Cells, 347 Consciousness, 334, 347, 350, 383 Constipation, 317, 336, 347 Constriction, 347, 387, 398 Consumption, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 181, 182, 188, 190, 204, 231, 237,
242, 244, 251, 258, 286, 292, 294, 297, 347, 350, 351, 374, 386 Contact dermatitis, 119, 121, 170, 347 Contact Tracing, 306, 348 Contamination, 99, 121, 133, 158, 239, 247, 348 Contraception, 7, 348 Contraindications, ii, 348 Contrast Media, 348, 399 Control group, 145, 172, 348 Controlled clinical trial, 64, 127, 140, 348 Convulsions, 348, 352, 381 Coordination, 342, 348, 383 Coronary Circulation, 335, 348 Coronary Disease, 49, 50, 55, 348 Coronary Thrombosis, 348, 370, 372 Coronary Vessels, 348 Cortex, 348 Cortical, 348, 355 Cortisol, 124, 296, 348 Cortisone, 296, 349 Craniocerebral Trauma, 349, 361, 394 Cross-Sectional Studies, 285, 349, 354 Crowding, 296, 349 Crystallization, 298, 349 Cues, 248, 296, 349 Curative, 349, 373 Cutaneous, 73, 348, 349, 367, 368 Cyclic, 340, 349, 378, 382, 394 Cyst, 297, 349 Cysteinyl, 349, 370 Cystitis, 312, 314, 315, 349 Cytochrome, 344, 349 Cytogenetics, 349, 387 Cytoplasm, 338, 349, 354, 360, 370, 371, 373, 387 D Dairy Products, 297, 298, 349, 387 Data Collection, 8, 349 Death Certificates, 5, 349 Decidua, 350, 379 Defecation, 318, 350 Degenerative, 350, 361, 372 Dehydration, 150, 173, 350 Delirium, 336, 350 Delusions, 350, 360, 383 Dementia, 336, 350 Density, 36, 112, 210, 230, 265, 307, 339, 350, 367, 375, 380, 390 Dental Materials, 289, 350 Dentures, 350, 399 Dermal, 133, 285, 350
404 Coffee
Dermatitis, 46, 87, 114, 119, 121, 170, 350 DES, 155, 350 Detergents, 258, 350, 356 Detoxification, 43, 262, 350 Deuterium, 350, 362 Developed Countries, 289, 350, 357 Developing Countries, 242, 281, 350 Dextroamphetamine, 334, 351 Dextromethorphan, 183, 351 Diabetes Mellitus, 65, 105, 112, 149, 286, 307, 351, 359, 361 Diagnostic procedure, 187, 295, 351 Diarrhea, 81, 175, 317, 351, 369 Diastolic, 351, 363 Dietary Fats, 351, 367 Dietitian, 299, 351 Digestion, 97, 261, 333, 338, 340, 351, 352, 364, 365, 367, 368, 377, 392 Digestive system, 185, 351 Digestive tract, 59, 103, 137, 159, 172, 191, 313, 351, 390 Dihydrotestosterone, 351, 389 Dilatation, 331, 351, 381 Diploid, 351, 379 Direct, iii, 224, 225, 248, 315, 351, 352, 362, 378, 385 Discrete, 195, 351 Disease Vectors, 351, 365 Disinfectant, 343, 351, 355 Dislocation, 351 Dispenser, 192, 216, 219, 237, 263, 351 Distal, 96, 352, 353, 358, 366, 383 Diuresis, 340, 352, 394 Dopamine, 334, 336, 343, 345, 351, 352, 371, 373 Double-blind, 27, 29, 97, 352 Drive, ii, vi, 153, 157, 207, 222, 289, 296, 317, 352 Drug Tolerance, 352, 395 Dry Ice, 82, 352 Duct, 204, 205, 352, 355, 387, 393 Duodenal Ulcer, 71, 85, 286, 352 Duodenum, 338, 352, 358, 376, 392 Dyes, 191, 334, 338, 352, 373, 378 Dyskinesia, 336, 352 Dyspareunia, 352, 355 Dyspepsia, 3, 27, 97, 102, 352, 364 Dysplasia, 340, 352 Dystonia, 336, 352 E Eardrum, 312, 352 Eccentricity, 255, 352
Eclampsia, 352, 381 Edema, 347, 352, 365, 381, 397 Efficacy, 95, 352 Elastic, 227, 353, 360, 390, 393 Elasticity, 353 Elective, 105, 106, 132, 168, 353 Electrocoagulation, 345, 353 Electrode, 184, 353 Electrolyte, 350, 353, 366, 380, 390, 397 Embolus, 353, 364 Embryo, 255, 331, 339, 353, 364, 381, 391 Embryo Transfer, 353, 381 Emollient, 353, 374 Emulsify, 240, 353 Emulsion, 198, 199, 353, 356 Endogenous, 339, 352, 353, 376 End-stage renal, 344, 353, 380 Enema, 32, 166, 353 Energetic, 314, 353 Enteropeptidase, 353, 396 Environmental Exposure, 339, 353 Environmental Health, 110, 112, 123, 133, 171, 304, 306, 354 Environmental tobacco smoke, 25, 354 Enzymatic, 334, 341, 342, 346, 354, 356, 362, 386 Eosinophils, 354, 360, 367 Ephedrine, 40, 156, 354 Epidemic, 130, 354 Epidemiologic Studies, 55, 181, 339, 354 Epidemiological, 36, 48, 49, 64, 103, 143, 151, 354 Epidural, 139, 354 Epigastric, 354, 376 Epinephrine, 146, 332, 352, 354, 373, 374 Epithelial, 71, 103, 123, 331, 350, 354, 361 Epithelial ovarian cancer, 71, 103, 123, 354 Ergot, 354, 387 Erythema, 114, 347, 354 Erythrocytes, 335, 354, 388 Esophageal, 4, 98, 105, 117, 354 Esophagus, 313, 318, 351, 354, 358, 361, 368, 378, 385, 392, 397 Estradiol, 34, 147, 166, 354, 389 Estrogen, 288, 293, 297, 355 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 297, 355 Ethanol, 130, 132, 149, 355 Ether, 43, 355 Evacuation, 347, 355, 358, 376 Excipients, 355, 357, 378 Excitatory, 261, 355, 360 Excrete, 336, 355, 366
Index 405
Exocrine, 5, 33, 65, 116, 135, 138, 343, 355, 376 Exogenous, 257, 289, 332, 339, 353, 355, 396 Expiration, 197, 355, 386 External-beam radiation, 355, 384 Extracellular, 334, 347, 355, 356, 375, 390, 394 Extracellular Matrix, 347, 355, 356, 375 Extracorporeal, 286, 355 Extrapyramidal, 333, 336, 352, 355, 396 F Facial, 221, 290, 355, 369 Family Planning, 305, 355 Fatigue, 296, 355, 361 Fatty acids, 131, 288, 307, 355, 382, 390, 394 Feces, 347, 355, 392 Fermentation, 204, 284, 338, 340, 355, 357 Fertilization in Vitro, 356, 381 Fertilizers, 356, 380 Fetal Growth Retardation, 289, 356 Fetus, 289, 331, 356, 379, 381, 391, 397 Fibrin, 339, 356, 394 Fibrinogen, 134, 288, 356, 394 Fibrinolytic, 134, 356 Fibroblasts, 38, 93, 347, 356 Filler, 238, 356 Filtration, 195, 208, 217, 253, 356, 366 Fish Oils, 288, 356 Fish Products, 356, 388 Fixation, 249, 356, 388 Flatus, 356, 358 Flavoring Agents, 356, 357, 378 Fluphenazine, 122, 357 Flushing, 250, 357 Folate, 109, 290, 357 Fold, 8, 10, 223, 357 Folic Acid, 357 Follicular Phase, 93, 357 Food Additives, 43, 89, 90, 121, 130, 136, 146, 172, 357 Food and Beverages, 190, 357 Food Chain, 287, 357 Food Preservatives, 357 Food Technology, 154, 357 Forearm, 339, 357 Fovea, 356, 357 Frameshift, 357, 396 Frameshift Mutation, 357, 396 Free Radicals, 336, 357 Freeze Drying, 358
Friction, 358 Frontal Lobe, 122, 358 Frostbite, 82, 358 Fungi, 344, 358, 370, 371, 399 Fungus, 133, 354, 358, 387 G Galactosides, 333, 358 Gallbladder, 4, 33, 75, 331, 338, 343, 351, 358, 368 Gallstones, 175, 338, 343, 358 Gamma Rays, 358, 372, 384 Gamma-Glutamyltransferase, 54, 59, 71, 89, 127, 166, 167, 358 Gastric Emptying, 97, 141, 358 Gastric Juices, 358, 377 Gastric Mucosa, 358, 377 Gastrin, 98, 105, 117, 344, 358, 362 Gastritis, 175, 313, 358 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 5, 175, 358 Gastrointestinal, 3, 51, 56, 123, 286, 313, 318, 343, 354, 355, 359, 385, 389, 391, 392, 396 Gastrointestinal tract, 3, 56, 286, 313, 355, 359, 389, 391, 396 Gavage, 165, 359 Gelatin, 319, 359, 360, 392 Gene, 45, 261, 268, 283, 338, 339, 359, 388 Generator, 235, 359 Genetic Code, 359, 374 Genetics, 286, 349, 359 Genital, 314, 344, 359, 398 Genotype, 359, 378 Germ Cells, 359, 375, 393 Gestation, 7, 10, 62, 86, 359, 378, 379, 391 Gestational, 8, 34, 156, 356, 359 Gestational Age, 8, 359 Gland, 154, 332, 349, 359, 376, 377, 379, 382, 388, 392, 393, 394 Glare, 296, 359 Glomeruli, 359, 384 Glucose, 97, 100, 101, 141, 144, 339, 342, 351, 359, 360, 361, 365 Glucose Intolerance, 351, 359 Glucose tolerance, 97, 100, 141, 359 Glucose Tolerance Test, 359, 360 Glutamate, 351, 360 Glutathione Transferase, 158, 360 Gluten, 162, 297, 342, 360 Glycine, 334, 338, 360, 373, 389 Glycoprotein, 356, 360, 389, 394 Goats, 349, 360 Governing Board, 360, 381
406 Coffee
Graft, 360, 362 Granulocytes, 360, 367, 399 Gravidity, 360, 377 H Habitual, 33, 46, 85, 96, 105, 106, 144, 169, 343, 360 Habituation, 127, 360 Haematoma, 360 Haemorrhage, 54, 331, 360 Hallucinogens, 129, 360 Handicap, 118, 360 Haploid, 360, 379 Headache, 107, 175, 177, 340, 360, 381 Health Promotion, 306, 361 Hearing aid, 312, 361 Heart attack, 265, 288, 341, 361 Heart failure, 288, 354, 361 Heartbeat, 361, 392 Heartburn, 3, 4, 27, 38, 114, 176, 190, 318, 361, 364 Hematuria, 286, 361 Hemodialysis, 341, 361, 366 Hemoglobin, 191, 335, 354, 361 Hemoglobin A, 191, 361 Hemorrhage, 349, 353, 361, 384, 392 Hemorrhoids, 313, 361 Hemostasis, 77, 361, 389 Hepatic, 350, 359, 361, 368 Hepatitis, 171, 178, 361 Hepatocellular, 91, 157, 361 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 91, 157, 361 Hepatocytes, 361 Hereditary, 361, 372 Heredity, 359, 362 Hiccup, 343, 362 High-density lipoproteins, 288, 362 Histamine, 158, 336, 344, 362, 363, 385 Homeostasis, 65, 362 Homogeneous, 211, 362 Homologous, 240, 339, 362, 388, 393 Hormonal, 355, 362 Host, 24, 242, 337, 351, 357, 362, 363, 387 Humoral, 107, 362 Humour, 362 Hybrid, 362, 387 Hydration, 286, 287, 362 Hydrochloric Acid, 343, 362 Hydrogen, 71, 109, 169, 331, 338, 341, 350, 362, 367, 371, 373, 376, 383 Hydrogen Peroxide, 71, 109, 169, 362, 367 Hydrogenation, 338, 362
Hydrolysis, 240, 333, 339, 362, 382, 383, 396 Hydrophilic, 350, 363 Hydrophobic, 191, 350, 363, 367 Hydroxyproline, 334, 346, 363 Hygienic, 227, 363 Hyperoxaluria, 285, 363 Hypersensitivity, 35, 117, 333, 363, 387, 388 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 363 Hyperthermia, 168, 363 Hypotension, 57, 95, 336, 348, 363 Hypotensive, 158, 363 Hypothalamus, 363, 379 I Ibuprofen, 317, 363 Ice Cream, 276, 299, 319, 363 Id, 160, 173, 319, 326, 328, 363 Ileostomy, 28, 363 Ileum, 342, 363 Illusions, 360, 363, 388 Imidazole, 362, 363, 385 Immersion, 338, 363 Immune response, 332, 334, 336, 337, 349, 363, 388, 392, 398 Immune system, 56, 363, 368, 378, 397, 399 Immunization, 363, 388 Immunologic, 121, 359, 363, 364, 384 Impairment, 131, 350, 352, 364, 370, 383 Implant radiation, 364, 365, 384 Implantation, 347, 364 In vitro, 73, 111, 158, 262, 353, 364, 384 In vivo, 73, 364, 376 Incompetence, 358, 364 Incontinence, 297, 354, 364 Indicative, 266, 364, 377, 397 Indigestion, 190, 364 Induction, 336, 364 Infarction, 26, 30, 33, 42, 52, 56, 60, 61, 68, 70, 72, 76, 89, 112, 115, 116, 127, 134, 288, 348, 364, 370, 372 Infertility, 6, 175, 364 Inflammatory bowel disease, 286, 296, 364 Infuse, 225, 249, 364 Ingestion, 3, 4, 95, 96, 100, 101, 116, 118, 124, 146, 238, 261, 360, 364, 380, 394 Inhalation, 362, 365, 380 Initiation, 202, 365 In-line, 249, 365 Inorganic, 191, 343, 365, 368, 372 Inpatients, 57, 105, 106, 168, 365 Insecticides, 133, 365, 378
Index 407
Insomnia, 176, 365, 381 Insulator, 365 Insulin, 65, 97, 101, 116, 134, 142, 359, 365, 396 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 365 Insulin-like, 134, 365 Interleukins, 296, 365 Intermittent, 365 Internal radiation, 365, 384 Interstitial, 312, 340, 365 Intestinal, 262, 342, 343, 353, 359, 365, 369 Intestinal Mucosa, 342, 343, 365 Intestine, 338, 340, 346, 365, 366 Intoxication, 350, 365, 399 Intracellular, 340, 364, 365, 370, 380, 382 Intracranial Hypertension, 361, 365, 394 Intraocular, 95, 99, 157, 365 Intraocular pressure, 95, 99, 157, 365 Intravenous, 101, 364, 365 Involuntary, 344, 354, 366, 372, 389, 390 Ionizing, 333, 353, 366, 384, 390 Ions, 331, 338, 353, 362, 366 K Kava, 183, 278, 366 Kb, 304, 366 Keto, 366, 395 Kidney Cortex, 366, 370 Kidney Disease, 185, 297, 304, 315, 316, 318, 319, 366 Kidney Failure, 315, 316, 353, 366 Kidney Failure, Acute, 366 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 366 Kidney Pelvis, 366, 397 Kidney stone, 285, 287, 298, 366, 373, 376, 392, 397 Kinetic, 366 L Labyrinth, 366, 375 Lactation, 86, 155, 289, 366 Large Intestine, 83, 313, 342, 346, 351, 365, 366, 385, 390 Larynx, 104, 367, 395 Latent, 223, 224, 367 Leishmaniasis, 123, 130, 367 Lens, 367, 386 Lenticular, 367 Leucocyte, 88, 367 Leukocytes, 25, 338, 354, 360, 365, 367, 371, 373 Levorphanol, 351, 367 Library Services, 326, 367 Ligament, 367, 382
Linkage, 240, 367 Lip, 9, 213, 367 Lipase, 38, 367 Lipid Peroxidation, 155, 367, 376 Lipopolysaccharide, 171, 367 Lipoprotein, 36, 38, 44, 51, 90, 112, 114, 116, 265, 367, 368 Lipoprotein(a), 44, 90, 367 Liquor, 5, 195, 368 Lithium, 180, 336, 368 Lithotripsy, 286, 368 Liver Cirrhosis, 78, 91, 368 Localized, 356, 360, 364, 368, 379, 396 Locomotion, 368, 379 Longitudinal Studies, 349, 368 Low-density lipoprotein, 38, 102, 367, 368 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 111, 359, 368 Lubricants, 368, 378 Lupus, 176, 178, 296, 368 Luxation, 351, 368 Lymph, 344, 362, 368 Lymphatic, 364, 368 Lymphocyte, 111, 336, 368, 369 Lymphoid, 335, 367, 368 Lymphoma, 37, 62, 368 Lysine, 368, 396 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 190, 368 Maillard Reaction, 155, 369 Malabsorption, 342, 369, 389 Malabsorption syndrome, 369, 389 Malformation, 369 Malignant, 95, 331, 369, 373, 384 Malnutrition, 296, 369 Mammary, 154, 168, 171, 369 Mammogram, 340, 369, 370 Manic, 117, 336, 368, 369, 383 Manic-depressive psychosis, 369, 383 Manifest, 286, 369 Mannans, 358, 369 Mastication, 369 Masticatory, 57, 369 Meat, 5, 34, 266, 288, 318, 351, 369, 387 Meatus, 352, 369 Mediate, 352, 369, 385 Mediator, 343, 369, 389 Medical Records, 7, 369, 386 Medicament, 154, 369, 392 MEDLINE, 305, 369 Medullary, 351, 369 Membrane Proteins, 370, 383 Memory, 37, 139, 296, 350, 370
408 Coffee
Menopause, 288, 370, 380, 381 Menstrual Cycle, 357, 370, 381 Menstruation, 176, 350, 357, 370, 381 Mental, iv, 118, 185, 290, 293, 304, 308, 343, 345, 350, 355, 364, 370, 383, 388, 397 Mental deficiency, 290, 370 Mental Disorders, 185, 370, 383 Mental Health, iv, 185, 304, 308, 370, 383 Mesolimbic, 336, 370 Meta-Analysis, 26, 32, 64, 91, 127, 140, 156, 370 Metabolite, 125, 339, 370 Metallothionein, 23, 370 Metastasis, 370, 373 MI, 43, 70, 105, 329, 370 Microbiological, 370 Microbiology, 166, 331, 337, 370 Microcalcifications, 340, 370 Microcirculation, 368, 370 Microorganism, 345, 370, 398 Micro-organism, 371, 379 Migration, 112, 371 Milk Thistle, 180, 371, 389 Miscarriage, 62, 177, 371 Misoprostol, 85, 371 Mobilization, 124, 371 Modification, 116, 123, 201, 287, 334, 371 Modulator, 73, 371 Molecular, 35, 109, 137, 258, 305, 308, 339, 347, 349, 356, 370, 371, 387, 389, 395 Molecule, 336, 338, 346, 362, 371, 376, 384, 385 Monitor, 371, 374 Monoamine, 334, 351, 371 Monoclonal, 371, 384 Monocytes, 367, 371 Morphine, 345, 371, 372, 375 Morphological, 333, 353, 358, 371 Motility, 88, 157, 371, 389 Motion Sickness, 371, 372 Motivations, 6, 371 Motor Activity, 348, 371, 383 Movement Disorders, 126, 336, 372, 396 Mucins, 372, 387 Mucocutaneous, 367, 372 Mucosa, 289, 358, 368, 372, 392 Mucus, 372, 396 Multicenter study, 48, 372 Multivariate Analysis, 6, 372 Mutagen, 372 Mutagenic, 119, 125, 158, 169, 283, 372, 390
Mutagenicity, 111, 120, 372 Myocardial Ischemia, 335, 348, 372 Myocardium, 335, 370, 372 N Naloxone, 102, 372 Narcolepsy, 351, 354, 372 Narcosis, 372 Narcotic, 286, 367, 371, 372 Nausea, 3, 335, 336, 364, 372, 374, 381, 397 NCI, 1, 184, 303, 344, 372 Neonatal, 10, 373 Neoplasms, 25, 154, 155, 340, 373, 384 Neoplastic, 334, 368, 373 Nephrolithiasis, 285, 373 Nephropathy, 366, 373 Nerve, 46, 332, 335, 343, 369, 373, 386, 387, 392, 398 Nervous System, 334, 342, 369, 373, 392, 393 Neural, 9, 334, 362, 373 Neuroleptic, 333, 336, 373 Neurons, 345, 355, 373, 374, 393, 398 Neurotoxicity, 351, 373 Neurotransmitter, 332, 334, 352, 360, 362, 373, 374, 392, 393 Neutralization, 188, 373 Neutrons, 333, 340, 373, 384 Neutrophils, 360, 367, 373 Niacin, 137, 373 Nickel, 146, 373 Nicotine, 92, 130, 238, 289, 374 Nitrogen, 24, 190, 200, 333, 356, 366, 374 Nonulcer Dyspepsia, 52, 85, 374 Norepinephrine, 332, 352, 354, 373, 374, 378 Nuclear, 141, 157, 337, 345, 358, 374 Nucleic acid, 240, 257, 338, 359, 374 Nucleus, 338, 349, 350, 354, 358, 367, 371, 373, 374, 383, 398 Nutritional Status, 289, 374 Nutritive Value, 357, 374 O Odds Ratio, 6, 8, 10, 374, 385 Odour, 337, 374, 397 Ointments, 318, 374, 390 Oligosaccharides, 333, 374 Oliguria, 366, 374 Omeprazole, 374, 383 Opacity, 350, 375 Ophthalmology, 50, 145, 157, 356, 375 Opiate, 52, 371, 372, 375 Opium, 371, 375
Index 409
Opsin, 375, 386, 387 Organoleptic, 210, 230, 250, 375 Orthostatic, 336, 375 Ossicles, 375 Osteoblasts, 375 Osteocalcin, 134, 375 Osteodystrophy, 154, 155, 375 Osteoporosis, 84, 177, 191, 355, 375 Otolaryngology, 312, 375 Otosclerosis, 312, 375 Outpatient, 110, 375 Ovaries, 354, 375 Ovary, 88, 354, 375, 376 Overdose, 149, 375 Overweight, 160, 265, 316, 375 Ovulation, 357, 375, 376 Ovum, 350, 359, 376, 399 Oxalate, 162, 285, 298, 363, 376 Oxalic Acid, 341, 376 Oxidants, 155, 262, 376 Oxidation, 155, 181, 188, 206, 284, 331, 336, 339, 349, 367, 376, 394 Oxidation-Reduction, 339, 376 Oxidative Stress, 262, 343, 376 Oxides, 360, 376 Oxygenation, 214, 376 Oxytocic, 371, 376 P Palate, 9, 289, 376, 392 Pancreatic Juice, 358, 376 Pancreatitis, 149, 376 Parasite, 357, 377 Parathyroid, 134, 177, 377, 394 Parathyroid Glands, 377 Parathyroid hormone, 134, 377 Parity, 8, 289, 377 Parkinsonism, 336, 377, 396 Paroxysmal, 335, 377 Pathologic, 331, 348, 363, 377, 398 Patient Education, 287, 312, 317, 318, 324, 326, 329, 377 Patient Participation, 297, 377 Peer Group, 306, 377 Pelvic, 314, 377, 382 Pelvis, 331, 375, 377, 384, 397 Penis, 347, 377, 378 Pepsin, 344, 371, 377 Pepsin A, 344, 377 Peptic, 45, 115, 120, 135, 177, 178, 317, 377 Peptic Ulcer, 45, 115, 120, 135, 177, 317, 377 Peptide, 334, 343, 353, 358, 377, 382
Perception, 199, 229, 347, 360, 378, 388 Percutaneous, 368, 378 Perennial, 378, 396 Perforation, 239, 312, 336, 378 Perinatal, 289, 378 Pesticides, 29, 365, 378 Petechiae, 360, 378 Petrolatum, 353, 378 Petroleum, 261, 378 Phagocyte, 376, 378 Phallic, 356, 378 Pharmaceutic Aids, 357, 378 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 342, 355, 359, 378, 381 Pharmacokinetic, 378 Pharmacologic, 335, 378, 395 Pharynx, 359, 378 Phenolphthalein, 353, 378 Phenotype, 108, 338, 378 Phenylpropanolamine, 117, 378 Phosphodiesterase, 261, 378 Phospholipids, 355, 367, 378 Phosphorus, 341, 377, 379 Photocoagulation, 345, 379 Physical Examination, 183, 359, 379 Physiology, 25, 37, 40, 78, 92, 95, 98, 118, 155, 331, 338, 379 Pigmentation, 289, 379 Pigments, 155, 341, 345, 379, 386 Pilot study, 110, 379 Pituitary Gland, 379 Pituitary Hormones, 102, 379 Placenta, 289, 331, 354, 379 Plague, 284, 379 Plant Oils, 374, 379 Plants, 240, 242, 256, 257, 291, 333, 341, 342, 344, 345, 357, 359, 374, 376, 379, 391, 395, 396 Plaque, 99, 343, 379 Platelet Aggregation, 73, 379 Platelets, 379, 389, 394 Pleated, 334, 380 Pneumonia, 348, 380 Poisoning, 41, 120, 350, 354, 365, 372, 380, 388 Polycystic, 297, 380 Polyethylene, 188, 380 Polymers, 380, 382, 392 Polyposis, 346, 380 Polysaccharide, 336, 342, 380 Porosity, 201, 380 Port, 193, 203, 250, 380
410 Coffee
Port-a-cath, 380 Posterior, 334, 342, 376, 379, 380 Postmenopausal, 40, 355, 375, 380 Postnatal, 290, 380 Postprandial, 5, 95, 380 Post-translational, 335, 380, 389 Post-traumatic, 372, 380 Potassium, 94, 188, 190, 307, 318, 380, 390 Potassium Chloride, 190, 380 Potassium hydroxide, 188, 190, 380 Practice Guidelines, 307, 380 Precipitation, 252, 381 Preeclampsia, 312, 381 Pregnancy Outcome, 8, 381 Pregnancy Tests, 359, 381 Premenopausal, 34, 166, 381 Premenstrual, 315, 381 Premenstrual Syndrome, 315, 381 Prenatal, 290, 353, 381 Prevalence, 9, 55, 70, 82, 105, 122, 126, 145, 157, 172, 290, 374, 381 Preventive Medicine, 31, 34, 63, 66, 74, 82, 86, 96, 112, 114, 118, 129, 143, 167, 286, 325, 381 Probe, 381 Progression, 335, 381 Progressive, 88, 157, 344, 350, 352, 355, 360, 366, 381 Projection, 214, 227, 228, 374, 381 Promoter, 242, 381 Prone, 315, 381 Prophylaxis, 126, 381 Proportional, 289, 381 Propylene Glycol, 241, 381 Prospective Studies, 5, 381 Prospective study, 5, 24, 27, 48, 65, 72, 118, 126, 134, 135, 381 Prostaglandin, 126, 371, 382 Prostate, 34, 135, 177, 339, 382, 396 Prostate gland, 382 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 35, 382 Protein C, 27, 241, 334, 336, 337, 367, 375, 382, 397 Protein Conformation, 334, 382 Protein S, 162, 283, 339, 359, 375, 382, 387, 394 Proteins, 256, 257, 334, 336, 339, 346, 349, 369, 370, 371, 374, 377, 379, 380, 382, 384, 389, 395 Proteinuria, 381, 382 Proteolytic, 346, 353, 356, 382 Protocol, 314, 382
Proton Pump, 313, 375, 383 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 313, 383 Protons, 333, 362, 366, 383, 384 Protozoa, 367, 370, 371, 383 Proximal, 3, 97, 352, 366, 383, 388 Psychiatric, 55, 57, 125, 134, 338, 370, 383 Psychiatry, 25, 40, 46, 54, 57, 72, 79, 102, 103, 110, 111, 114, 117, 128, 140, 356, 383, 392 Psychic, 344, 370, 383 Psychoactive, 383, 399 Psychomotor, 47, 119, 158, 350, 373, 383 Psychomotor Performance, 119, 158, 383 Psychosis, 117, 336, 359, 383 Psychotherapy, 383, 385 Psychotomimetic, 334, 351, 383 Public Facilities, 383 Public Health, 5, 8, 9, 10, 25, 44, 45, 62, 65, 75, 87, 156, 159, 167, 283, 284, 285, 286, 308, 383 Public Policy, 305, 383 Pulmonary, 339, 343, 347, 366, 383, 384, 393, 398 Pulmonary Artery, 339, 383, 398 Pulmonary Edema, 343, 366, 384 Purifying, 350, 384 Purpura, 360, 384 Purulent, 331, 384 Pyelonephritis, 314, 384 R Race, 289, 371, 384 Radiation, 128, 317, 335, 353, 355, 357, 358, 363, 365, 366, 384, 390, 399 Radiation therapy, 317, 355, 365, 384 Radioactive, 362, 364, 365, 374, 384 Radioallergosorbent Test, 76, 384 Radiography, 157, 348, 359, 384 Radioimmunoassay, 384 Radioisotope, 384 Radiolabeled, 384 Radiopharmaceutical, 359, 384 Radiotherapy, 340, 384 Randomized, 3, 4, 27, 28, 38, 58, 64, 77, 87, 100, 101, 107, 127, 142, 150, 172, 353, 385 Randomized clinical trial, 142, 385 Ranitidine, 106, 168, 385 Reactivation, 385 Reagent, 343, 362, 376, 385 Reality Testing, 383, 385 Reassurance, 84, 385 Receptor, 331, 336, 343, 347, 351, 352, 384, 385, 389
Index 411
Recombinant, 256, 257, 385 Reconstitution, 260, 385 Rectal, 137, 385 Rectum, 55, 56, 146, 157, 313, 336, 340, 346, 350, 351, 356, 358, 364, 366, 382, 385, 392 Recurrence, 286, 369, 385 Refer, 1, 340, 346, 356, 358, 368, 373, 380, 383, 385, 389, 395 Reflux, 4, 96, 98, 142, 191, 358, 385 Refraction, 385, 391 Regeneration, 385 Regimen, 178, 296, 352, 385 Regurgitation, 359, 361, 385 Relative risk, 4, 8, 385 Reliability, 130, 386 Remission, 369, 385, 386 Renal cell carcinoma, 44, 386 Renal pelvis, 366, 386 Reproduction Techniques, 381, 386 Resection, 386, 389 Resolving, 314, 386 Respiration, 336, 341, 343, 371, 386 Restitution, 94, 144, 386 Restoration, 385, 386, 387 Retina, 367, 386, 387 Retinal, 110, 347, 386, 387 Retinol, 386, 387 Retroperitoneal, 332, 386 Retrospective, 27, 386 Retrospective study, 27, 386 Reversion, 386, 396 Rheumatism, 82, 363, 386, 387 Rheumatoid, 67, 82, 177, 293, 376, 387 Rheumatoid arthritis, 67, 82, 293, 387 Rhinitis, 354, 387 Rhodopsin, 375, 386, 387 Ribose, 331, 387 Ribosome, 387, 396 Rigidity, 377, 379, 387 Rod, 214, 344, 387 Rodenticides, 378, 387 Rubber, 235, 331, 387 Rye, 297, 344, 354, 387 S Saliva, 32, 108, 387 Salivary, 351, 376, 387 Salivary glands, 351, 387 Sanitary, 315, 387 Satellite, 158, 387 Saturated fat, 288, 299, 387 Schizoid, 387, 399 Schizophrenia, 388, 399
Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 388, 399 Screening, 132, 189, 345, 388, 397 Seafood, 300, 388 Secretion, 85, 95, 105, 117, 138, 297, 344, 362, 365, 366, 371, 372, 374, 379, 385, 388 Sedative, 345, 366, 388 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 337, 388 Sediment, 201, 217, 388, 397 Segregation, 337, 388 Self Care, 315, 388 Self-Help Groups, 285, 388 Semen, 132, 382, 388 Senile, 375, 388 Senna, 342, 388 Sensitization, 46, 104, 122, 133, 388 Sensor, 208, 388 Septal, 388, 389 Septic, 337, 388 Septicemia, 124, 170, 388 Septum, 388, 389 Septum Pellucidum, 389 Sequence Alignment, 137, 389 Sequencing, 211, 216, 389 Serine, 389, 396 Serotonin, 336, 373, 389 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 34, 166, 389 Sex Ratio, 286, 389 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 9, 306, 314, 318, 348, 389 Shivering, 389, 394 Shock, 120, 170, 286, 368, 389, 396 Short Bowel Syndrome, 297, 389 Side effect, 154, 312, 313, 317, 332, 333, 336, 389, 395 Silicon, 389 Silicon Dioxide, 389 Silymarin, 165, 371, 389 Sister Chromatid Exchange, 109, 390 Skeletal, 285, 344, 390 Skeleton, 382, 390 Skull, 349, 390, 393 Small intestine, 99, 313, 342, 344, 352, 362, 363, 365, 390, 396 Smoking Cessation, 47, 390 Smooth muscle, 340, 347, 362, 363, 371, 390, 392 Soaps, 315, 356, 390 Social Class, 307, 390 Social Work, 290, 390 Sodium, 94, 287, 299, 307, 339, 390, 393 Solvent, 246, 338, 355, 381, 390
412 Coffee
Somatic, 344, 362, 390 Sound wave, 347, 390 Spasm, 296, 336, 362, 390, 394 Specialist, 320, 390 Species, 155, 257, 342, 354, 362, 367, 371, 377, 384, 391, 392, 396, 399 Specificity, 146, 332, 391 Spectrum, 224, 391 Sperm, 88, 157, 344, 391 Sphincter, 93, 105, 117, 367, 391 Spices, 225, 227, 318, 391 Spinal cord, 342, 343, 354, 373, 391 Splint, 114, 391 Spontaneous Abortion, 8, 38, 44, 178, 289, 381, 391 Spotting, 318, 391 Statistically significant, 8, 9, 391 Steel, 217, 236, 237, 344, 391 Stent, 89, 391 Sterile, 337, 377, 391 Sterility, 93, 132, 364, 391 Sterilization, 252, 391 Steroid, 338, 348, 349, 391 Stillbirth, 24, 118, 292, 381, 391 Stimulant, 113, 334, 340, 351, 362, 391 Stimulus, 352, 353, 392, 394 Stomatitis, 289, 392 Stool, 313, 346, 364, 366, 392 Stress, 41, 100, 121, 147, 177, 244, 273, 286, 287, 315, 317, 342, 348, 357, 372, 376, 387, 392 Stroke, 60, 66, 185, 214, 265, 288, 293, 304, 306, 341, 392 Struvite, 298, 392 Stupor, 372, 392 Styrene, 387, 392 Subacute, 364, 392 Subarachnoid, 54, 361, 392 Subclinical, 364, 392 Subspecies, 391, 392 Substance P, 370, 385, 388, 392 Substrate, 39, 199, 262, 392 Suction, 356, 392 Sudden death, 115, 392 Sulfur, 360, 392 Support group, 285, 392 Suppositories, 318, 359, 392 Surfactant, 191, 393, 399 Sweat, 313, 393 Sweat Glands, 393 Sympathomimetic, 334, 351, 352, 354, 374, 378, 393
Symphysis, 343, 382, 393 Symptomatic, 4, 27, 74, 286, 292, 376, 393 Synaptic, 373, 374, 393 Synaptic Transmission, 374, 393 Systemic, 178, 296, 339, 350, 354, 364, 365, 384, 388, 392, 393 Systolic, 96, 111, 363, 393 Systolic blood pressure, 111, 393 T Talcum, 123, 393 Talcum powder, 123, 393 Tardive, 336, 393 Telangiectasia, 114, 393 Telencephalon, 337, 393 Temporal, 61, 369, 393 Teratogenic, 125, 393 Testis, 334, 354, 393 Testosterone, 389, 393 Tetany, 377, 394 Tetracycline, 110, 144, 394 Theophylline, 261, 394 Therapeutic Community, 140, 394 Thermal, 195, 209, 210, 250, 340, 373, 394 Thermogenesis, 73, 394 Thorax, 76, 109, 331, 394 Threshold, 363, 394 Thrombin, 356, 379, 382, 394 Thrombomodulin, 382, 394 Thrombosis, 66, 96, 288, 307, 382, 392, 394 Thrombus, 348, 364, 372, 379, 394 Thyroid, 91, 312, 377, 394 Thyroid Gland, 377, 394 Tinnitus, 312, 317, 394, 398 Tolerance, 39, 147, 359, 395 Tone, 273, 288, 376, 395 Tonic, 317, 395 Tonus, 66, 395 Topical, 337, 343, 355, 362, 378, 390, 395 Torsion, 213, 364, 395 Toxaemia, 381, 395 Toxic, iv, 157, 289, 338, 343, 344, 353, 374, 380, 387, 392, 395 Toxicokinetics, 395 Toxin, 395 Trace element, 146, 340, 345, 373, 389, 395 Trachea, 340, 367, 378, 394, 395 Traction, 344, 395 Transaminases, 26, 395 Transfection, 339, 395 Transferases, 108, 395 Translation, 334, 396 Translocation, 344, 396
Index 413
Transplantation, 344, 353, 363, 366, 396 Trauma, 286, 350, 377, 396 Trees, 155, 278, 387, 396 Trigger zone, 336, 396 Triglyceride, 102, 144, 396 Trihexyphenidyl, 111, 396 Trypsin, 165, 353, 396, 399 Tumor marker, 339, 396 Tunica, 372, 396 Type 2 diabetes, 62, 63, 286, 292, 396 Typhimurium, 32, 165, 396 U Ulcer, 97, 178, 286, 317, 352, 371, 374, 377, 396 Ulcerative colitis, 47, 286, 364, 396 Ultrasonography, 359, 396 Unconscious, 335, 363, 396 Unsaturated Fats, 265, 356, 396 Uraemia, 377, 396 Urea, 366, 393, 396, 397 Urease, 374, 397 Uremia, 366, 397 Ureter, 298, 366, 368, 386, 397 Urethra, 297, 314, 315, 377, 382, 397 Urethritis, 314, 397 Uric, 99, 112, 169, 298, 397 Urinalysis, 314, 397 Urinary tract, 32, 69, 84, 156, 298, 314, 315, 337, 397 Urinary tract infection, 314, 315, 337, 397 Urinate, 314, 315, 397, 398 Urologist, 286, 397 Uterine Contraction, 331, 397 Uterus, 331, 343, 350, 370, 375, 376, 397 V Vaccine, 332, 334, 383, 397 Vagina, 343, 350, 370, 391, 397, 398 Vaginal, 298, 315, 397, 398 Valves, 216, 258, 397 Varices, 313, 397
Vascular, 66, 96, 363, 364, 368, 370, 379, 394, 397 Vasculitis, 377, 398 Vasoconstriction, 354, 398 Vasomotor, 355, 398 VE, 155, 158, 398 Vein, 365, 374, 387, 398 Venom, 398 Venous, 361, 382, 398 Ventricle, 363, 383, 393, 398 Ventricular, 96, 398 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 394, 398 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 394, 398 Veterinary Medicine, 305, 398 Villous, 342, 398 Virus, 337, 379, 398 Visceral, 367, 398 Viscosity, 398 Vitro, 398 Vivo, 168, 398 Void, 218, 398 Vulva, 297, 398 W War, 205, 269, 278, 280, 398 Weight Gain, 289, 398 Weight-Bearing, 297, 398 Wetting Agents, 241, 399 White blood cell, 335, 367, 368, 372, 399 Windpipe, 378, 394, 399 Withdrawal, 40, 47, 107, 174, 350, 399 X Xanthine, 261, 399 Xenograft, 335, 399 X-ray, 358, 369, 372, 374, 384, 399 Y Yeasts, 358, 378, 399 Z Zygote, 347, 399 Zymogen, 382, 399
414 Coffee
Index 415
416 Coffee
