COCONUTS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Coconuts: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83830-5 1. Coconuts-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on coconuts. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COCONUTS ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Coconuts ....................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COCONUTS ...................................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 Finding Nutrition Studies on Coconuts ...................................................................................... 17 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 18 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COCONUTS ................................................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 22 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COCONUTS............................................................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Patents on Coconuts .................................................................................................................... 25 Patent Applications on Coconuts................................................................................................. 57 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COCONUTS ................................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 63 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 67 Chapters on Coconuts .................................................................................................................. 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 87 COCONUTS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with coconuts is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about coconuts, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to coconuts, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on coconuts. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to coconuts, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on coconuts. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COCONUTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on coconuts.
Federally Funded Research on Coconuts The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to coconuts. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to coconuts. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore coconuts.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for coconuts in the PubMed Central database: •
Protein Phosphorylation during Coconut Zygotic Embryo Development. by IslasFlores I, Oropeza C, Hernandez-Sotomayor SM.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34863
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Study of injuries caused by falling coconuts wows Ig Nobel judges. by Sullivan P.; 2001 Nov 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81640
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The truth about falling coconuts. by Pinker S.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99484
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with coconuts, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for coconuts (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A case of coconut bezoar and Meckel's diverticulum. Author(s): Lawrence RE. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1982 February; 58(676): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7100024&dopt=Abstract
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case of coconut crab poisoning. Author(s): Bagnis R. Source: Clin Toxicol. 1970 December; 3(4): 585-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5535351&dopt=Abstract
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A coconut left atrium 23 years after mitral valve replacement for chronic mitral stenosis. Author(s): Meyners W, Peters S. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie. 2003 January; 92(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545305&dopt=Abstract
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'A lovely bunch of coconuts'. Author(s): Freedman D. Source: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1991; 138: 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1785010&dopt=Abstract
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A nationwide outbreak of coconut-associated paratyphoid A fever in Singapore. Author(s): Teoh YL, Goh KT, Neo KS, Yeo M. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997 September; 26(5): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9494656&dopt=Abstract
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Agglutinins of Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) and Birgus latro (coconut crab). Author(s): Cohen E, Rozenberg M, Massaro EJ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1974; 234(0): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4528411&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of cholera in Maryland associated with imported commercial frozen fresh coconut milk. Author(s): Taylor JL, Tuttle J, Pramukul T, O'Brien K, Barrett TJ, Jolbitado B, Lim YL, Vugia D, Morris JG Jr, Tauxe RV, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 June; 167(6): 1330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8501322&dopt=Abstract
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Anaphylaxis to coconut. Author(s): Rosado A, Fernandez-Rivas M, Gonzalez-Mancebo E, Leon F, Campos C, Tejedor MA. Source: Allergy. 2002 February; 57(2): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929430&dopt=Abstract
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Appropriate technology: coconut water for the oral rehydration of childhood diarrhoeas. Author(s): Kuberski T. Source: N Z Med J. 1980 May 28; 91(660): 390-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6931325&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral shoulder arthropathy and extensive occupational dermatosis in a coconut tree climber. Author(s): Dwivedi S, Subha S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 November; 37(11): 729. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2534394&dopt=Abstract
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Bukolysis: young coconut water renoclysis for urinary stone dissolution. Author(s): Macalalag EV Jr, Macalalag AL. Source: Int Surg. 1987 October-December; 72(4): 247. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3448040&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization and fat migration of palm kernel stearin as affected by addition of desiccated coconut used as base filling centre in dark chocolate. Author(s): Ali A, Selamat J, Man YB, Suria AM. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2001 May; 52(3): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400474&dopt=Abstract
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Cholera in mainland Europe probably associated with the consumption of imported coconut milk. Author(s): Leentvar-Kuijpers A, Bovee L, van der Zee H, Scott A, Kanagasunduram N, Duthie R, Wilkins E. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1996 March; 32(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708383&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies. Author(s): Prior IA, Davidson F, Salmond CE, Czochanska Z. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981 August; 34(8): 1552-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7270479&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut atrium: transmural calcification of the entire left atrium. Author(s): Del Campo C, Weinstein P, Kunnelis C, DiStefano P, Ebers GM. Source: Texas Heart Institute Journal / from the Texas Heart Institute of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital. 2000; 27(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830629&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut diethanolamide in a hydraulic mining oil. Author(s): Hindson C, Lawlor F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 March; 9(2): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6221872&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with unsaturated fats. Author(s): Mendis S, Samarajeewa U, Thattil RO. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 85(5): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348573&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut matting bezoar identified by a combined analytical approach. Author(s): Levison DA, Crocker PR, Boxall TA, Randall KJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 February; 39(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3950038&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut palm-related injuries in the Pacific Islands. Author(s): Mulford JS, Oberli H, Tovosia S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 2001 January; 71(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167595&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut water and home rehydration. Author(s): Cutting WA. Source: Lancet. 1986 September 13; 2(8507): 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2875362&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut water and rehydration. Author(s): Karalus J. Source: N Z Med J. 1980 July 23; 92(664): 67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6933336&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut water as a rehydration fluid. Author(s): Kuberski T, Roberts A, Linehan B, Bryden RN, Teburae M. Source: N Z Med J. 1979 August 8; 90(641): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=290921&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut water as one of the optional oral electrolyte solutions. Author(s): Munir M, Mustadjab I. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1980 January-February; 20(1-2): 38-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7367032&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut water. Author(s): Cooper ES. Source: Lancet. 1986 August 2; 2(8501): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2874298&dopt=Abstract
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Coconut: a review of its uses as they relate to the allergic individual. Author(s): Fries JH, Fries MW. Source: Ann Allergy. 1983 October; 51(4): 472-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6354008&dopt=Abstract
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Comedones induced by coconut oil in a borderline tuberculoid lesion. Author(s): Srinivas CR, Padhee A, Balanchandran C, Shenoy SD, Acharya S, Ramnarayan K. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1988 September; 56(3): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2971096&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of intravenous use of natural coconut water, synthetic coconut water and glucose saline in acute gastro-enteritis. Author(s): Acharya VN, Gupta KC, Golwala AF, Store SD, Sheth UK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1965 November; 53(11): 1069-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5860853&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal foreign bodies of coconut origin. Author(s): Steahly LP, Almquist HT. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1977 August; 9(8): 1017-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=332034&dopt=Abstract
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Decomposition patterns in terrestrial and intertidal habitats on Oahu Island and Coconut Island, Hawaii. Author(s): Davis JB, Goff ML. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2000 July; 45(4): 836-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914580&dopt=Abstract
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Dentist's occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by coconut diethanolamide, N-ethyl-4-toluene sulfonamide and 4-tolyldiethanolamine. Author(s): Kanerva L, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 April; 73(2): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103258&dopt=Abstract
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Desiccated coconut as a quality-control material in fecal fat measurements. Author(s): O'Kane MJ, Allen EC, Grant O. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1998 October; 44(10): 2227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761275&dopt=Abstract
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Direct infusion of coconut water. Author(s): Iqbal QM. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1976 March; 30(3): 221-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=822263&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fibre on the utilization of protein in coconut cake: metabolism studies on children. Author(s): Rao GR, Doraiswamy TR, Indira K, Mahadeviah B, Chandrasekhara MR. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1965 July; 3(3): 163-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5839778&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Author(s): Rele AS, Mohile RB. Source: J Cosmet Sci. 2003 March-April; 54(2): 175-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715094&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of coconut oil, butter, and safflower oil on lipids and lipoproteins in persons with moderately elevated cholesterol levels. Author(s): Cox C, Mann J, Sutherland W, Chisholm A, Skeaff M. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1995 August; 36(8): 1787-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7595099&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary coconut oil, butter and safflower oil on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lathosterol levels. Author(s): Cox C, Sutherland W, Mann J, de Jong S, Chisholm A, Skeaff M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 September; 52(9): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9756121&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of feeding different levels of coconut oil on the serum lipids of normal medical students. Author(s): Icayan EE, Lagua RT, Martires F, Batungbacal R, Pamintuan CL. Source: J Philipp Med Assoc. 1967 April; 43(4): 296-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6073237&dopt=Abstract
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Electrolytes, sugar, calories, osmolarity and pH of beverages and coconut water. Author(s): Chavalittamrong B, Pidatcha P, Thavisri U. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1982 September; 13(3): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7163850&dopt=Abstract
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Emergence of nalidixic acid resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Thailand: an outbreak associated with consumption of a coconut milk dessert. Author(s): Hoge CW, Bodhidatta L, Tungtaem C, Echeverria P. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 December; 24(6): 1228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824867&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of coconut oil to accelerate psoriasis clearance in narrow-band UVB phototherapy or photochemotherapy. Author(s): George SA, Bilsland DJ, Wainwright NJ, Ferguson J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 March; 128(3): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8471514&dopt=Abstract
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Fatty acid composition and possible health effects of coconut constituents. Author(s): Pehowich DJ, Gomes AV, Barnes JA. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2000 June; 49(2): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948851&dopt=Abstract
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Filled milks, coconut oil, and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Fowler RL. Source: Pediatrics. 1973 March; 51(3): 583-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4740103&dopt=Abstract
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Glycaemic index of different coconut (Cocos nucifera)-flour products in normal and diabetic subjects. Author(s): Trinidad TP, Valdez DH, Loyola AS, Mallillin AC, Askali FC, Castillo JC, Masa DB. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129460&dopt=Abstract
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Green coconut water. Author(s): Bhattacharyya AK, Bhattacharyya N. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 July; 46(7): 663-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152862&dopt=Abstract
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Green coconut water. Author(s): Satpathy R, Nanda NC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 August; 46(8): 748. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229297&dopt=Abstract
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Green coconut water. Author(s): Dagli AJ. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1997 November; 45(11): 904. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229211&dopt=Abstract
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Infant feeding formulas using coconut oil and the medium chain triglycerides. Author(s): Blackburn GL, Babayan VK. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1989 June; 8(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2760356&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of coconut water on hemostasis. Author(s): Pummer S, Heil P, Maleck W, Petroianu G. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 19(4): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447514&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of iron absorption by coconut milk. Author(s): Thein-Than, Thane-Toe, Aung-Than-Batu. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1975 December; 28(12): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=802994&dopt=Abstract
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Injuries due to falling coconuts. Author(s): Barss P. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1984 November; 24(11): 990-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6502774&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous administration of coconut water. Author(s): Rao PS, Rao SR, Kumar SV, Murthy KJ, Dussey P. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1972 March; 20(3): 235-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5028248&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous coconut water therapy in surgical practice. Author(s): Olurin EO, Durowoju JE. Source: West Afr Med J Niger Med Dent Pract. 1972 October; 21(5): 124-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4671292&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphatic fatty acids from rats fed human milk and formula containing coconut oil. Author(s): Roche ME, Clark RM. Source: Lipids. 1994 June; 29(6): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8090066&dopt=Abstract
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Negative findings for use of coconut water as an oral rehydration solution in childhood diarrhea. Author(s): Fagundes Neto U, Franco L, Tabacow K, Machado NL. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993 April; 12(2): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8463517&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA). Author(s): Pinola A, Estlander T, Jolanki R, Tarvainen K, Kanerva L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 November; 29(5): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8112067&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational dermatosis in coconut palm climbers. Author(s): Balachandran C, Srinivas CR, Shenoy SD, Edison KP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 February; 26(2): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1386015&dopt=Abstract
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Operation of the coconut fiber/burnt rice husks filter for supplying drinking water to rural communities in Southeast Asia. Author(s): Frankel RJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1979 January; 69(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=420360&dopt=Abstract
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Pathways to organogenesis: from coconut crazed teeth in Tonga to salivary glands in space. Author(s): Hoffman M. Source: N Z Dent J. 1998 September; 94(417): 117-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9775645&dopt=Abstract
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Pityriasis versicolor and sunscreens containing coconut oil. Author(s): Dave VK, Roberts MM, Butterfield W. Source: Lancet. 1987 September 19; 2(8560): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2887966&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Author(s): Jacobs DR Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986 April; 43(4): 638-9, 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3962913&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Author(s): Reiser R, Probstfield JL, Silvers A, Scott LW, Shorney ML, Wood RD, O'Brien BC, Gotto AM Jr, Insull W Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 August; 42(2): 190-7. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 1986 June; 43(6): 978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4025191&dopt=Abstract
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Psyllium husk fiber supplementation to the diets rich in soybean or coconut oil: hypocholesterolemic effect in healthy humans. Author(s): Ganji V, Kies CV. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 March; 47(2): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833174&dopt=Abstract
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Psyllium husk fibre supplementation to soybean and coconut oil diets of humans: effect on fat digestibility and faecal fatty acid excretion. Author(s): Ganji V, Kies CV. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 August; 48(8): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7957006&dopt=Abstract
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Rehydration after exercise with fresh young coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water. Author(s): Saat M, Singh R, Sirisinghe RG, Nawawi M. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2002 March; 21(2): 93-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056182&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of coconut consumption and coronary disease. Author(s): Rajasekhara K, Shantha TR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 June; 70(6): 766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=877631&dopt=Abstract
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Role of coconut (Cocus nucifera) protein in human nutrition. Author(s): Idusogie EO. Source: Afr J Med Sci. 1970 October; 1(4): 377-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5521691&dopt=Abstract
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Secondary ion mass spectrometric investigation of penetration of coconut and mineral oils into human hair fibers: relevance to hair damage. Author(s): Ruetsch SB, Kamath YK, Rele AS, Mohile RB. Source: J Cosmet Sci. 2001 May-June; 52(3): 169-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413497&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitivity to coconut diethanolamide. Author(s): Nurse DS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1980 December; 6(7): 502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7214900&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic allergic reaction to coconut (Cocos nucifera) in 2 subjects with hypersensitivity to tree nut and demonstration of cross-reactivity to legumin-like seed storage proteins: new coconut and walnut food allergens. Author(s): Teuber SS, Peterson WR. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 103(6): 1180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359903&dopt=Abstract
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The biochemistry of water from unripe coconuts obtained from two localities in Tanzania. Author(s): Msengi AE, Mbise RL, Msuya PM, Do Amsi DM. Source: East Afr Med J. 1985 October; 62(10): 725-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4092627&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of daily consumption of coconut fat and soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of young normolipidaemic men. Author(s): Mendis S, Kumarasunderam R. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1990 May; 63(3): 547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2383532&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of lipids on bongkrekic (Bongkrek) acid toxin production by Burkholderia cocovenenans in coconut media. Author(s): Garcia RA, Hotchkiss JH, Steinkraus KH. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1999 February; 16(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435074&dopt=Abstract
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The intravenous use of coconut water. Author(s): Campbell-Falck D, Thomas T, Falck TM, Tutuo N, Clem K. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 January; 18(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674546&dopt=Abstract
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The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala, south India. Author(s): Kumar PD. Source: Trop Doct. 1997 October; 27(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316363&dopt=Abstract
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The use of young coconut water in pediatric cholera. Author(s): Nurasid H, Ontoseno T, Purwodibroto S. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1979 September-October; 19(9-10): 219-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=523163&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of tapeworm infestation by coconut (Co-cos-nucifera) preparations. Author(s): Chowhan GS, Joshi KR, Bhatnagar HN, Khangarot D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1985 March; 33(3): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4044477&dopt=Abstract
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Use of Parawax with coconut oil in the treatment of lipodystrophy. Author(s): Gold S. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1971 August 21; 105(4): 346. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5162320&dopt=Abstract
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What's in an unripe coconut? Author(s): Msengi AE. Source: Lancet. 1986 July 5; 2(8497): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2873350&dopt=Abstract
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Young coconut water for home rehydration in children with mild gastroenteritis. Author(s): Adams W, Bratt DE. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1992 January; 44(1-2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1496708&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COCONUTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and coconuts.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Coconuts The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “coconuts” (or a synonym): •
Beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on rats fed with diets containing cholesterol and either of the oil seeds, coconuts or groundnuts. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Gandhi Nagar, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Narayanan, A Pillai, L S Ebrahim, R S Sivadasan, R Sindhu, K R Subha, I Abdeen, S Nair, S S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 July; 39(7): 660-7 0019-5189
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Deterioration and spoilage of peanuts and desiccated coconuts from two sub-Saharan tropical East African countries due to the associated mycobiota and their degradative enzymes. Author(s): Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt.
[email protected] Source: Ismail, M A Mycopathologia. 2001; 150(2): 67-84 0301-486X
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Nutrient composition of kopyor coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.). Source: Santoso, U. Kubo, K. Ota, T. Tadokoro, T. Maekawa, A. Food-chem. Oxford : Elsevier Science Limited. October 1996. volume 57 (2) page 299-304. 0308-8146
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The intravenous use of coconut water. Author(s): Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354, USA. Source: Campbell Falck, D Thomas, T Falck, T M Tutuo, N Clem, K Am-J-Emerg-Med. 2000 January; 18(1): 108-11 0735-6757
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to coconuts; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Brazil Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coconuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggnog Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Macadamia Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prunes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,66,00.html Saturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tropical Fruit Smoothie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COCONUTS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to coconuts. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to coconuts and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to coconuts: •
Asean. Author(s): United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Office of Public Communication. Source: Department of State Publication. Background Notes Series. 1992 March; : 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12178041&dopt=Abstract
•
Beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on rats fed with diets containing cholesterol and either of the oil seeds, coconuts or groundnuts. Author(s): Augusti KT, Narayanan A, Pillai LS, Ebrahim RS, Sivadasan R, Sindhu KR, Subha I, Abdeen S, Nair SS. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 July; 39(7): 660-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019759&dopt=Abstract
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Findings of the first comprehensive radiological monitoring program of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Author(s): Simon SL, Graham JC. Source: Health Physics. 1997 July; 73(1): 66-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9199219&dopt=Abstract
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Foods high in fiber and phytobezoar formation. Author(s): Emerson AP. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1987 December; 87(12): 1675-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2824590&dopt=Abstract
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Kansas coconuts: legalizing chiropractic in the first state, 1910-1915. Author(s): Rehm WS. Source: Chiropr Hist. 1995 December; 15(2): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11613399&dopt=Abstract
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Malaria control in a nutshell: Palmira Ventosilla. Author(s): Zighelboim A. Source: Idrc Rep. 1995 January; 22(4): 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12288548&dopt=Abstract
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Spotlight: french polynesia. Author(s): May JF. Source: Popul Today. 1988 July-August; 16(7-8): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12281137&dopt=Abstract
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Sri lanka. Author(s): United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Source: Department of State Publication. Background Notes Series. 1989 December; : 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12178023&dopt=Abstract
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The intravenous use of coconut water. Author(s): Campbell-Falck D, Thomas T, Falck TM, Tutuo N, Clem K. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 January; 18(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674546&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
Alternative Medicine 23
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to coconuts; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Caprylic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10111,00.html Gamma Oryzanol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Medium-chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COCONUTS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “coconuts” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coconuts, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Coconuts By performing a patent search focusing on coconuts, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on coconuts: •
Agricultural spray adjuvant comprising coconut diethanolamide and polyalkylene glycol Inventor(s): Bordas; Julio Jose (Miami, FL), Hintz; Sherwin David (Miami, FL) Assignee(s): GB Biosciences Corporation (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,780,390 Date filed: November 22, 1995 Abstract: An agricultural spray adjuvant composition that can be added to an agricultural spray to enhance the deposition of the agricultural spray by preventing evaporation, reducing surface tension, stabilizing dynamic surface tension and enhancing stickability comprising coconut acid diethanolamide and a method employing the same. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition which can be added to an agricultural spray to enhance spray deposition of the active agent and to many agricultural spray compositions and a method employing the same. Agricultural compositions such as fungicides and other pesticides are frequently applied to crops by aerial spraying. The effectiveness of these agricultural agents therefor is a function of the activity of the active agent, spraying conditions, and the retention of the agent on the surface of the plant. A number of factors affect the ability of a droplet of a spray containing an agricultural agent to stick to a plant. Some of these factors are discussed by Spillman, John J. "Spray Inspection, Retention and Adhesion: an Introduction to Basic Characteristics", Pestic. Sci., 1984, 15, 97-106. As Spillman points out, the factors which influence whether a droplet remains on or bounces off a surface are complex. Smaller droplets are generally retained better than larger droplets and droplets having a lower surface tension and stable dynamic surface tension are retained better than droplets having higher surface tensions. Another factor that can influence spray deposition is evaporation from the droplet as the droplet falls through the air. If a droplet dries to the extent that it behaves more like a solid particle than a liquid one, it will tend to bounce off the leaf surface instead of sticking to it. It will also tend to be carried off by the wind like a dust particle which makes it more difficult to control its application to the targeted surface. The present invention provides a spray adjuvant that enhances the deposition of an agricultural spray by preventing evaporation, reducing surface tension, stabilizing dynamic surface tension and enhancing stickability. The adjuvant of the present invention comprises coconut acid diethanolamide. The fatty acid diethanolamide enhances the ability of the spray droplet to retain water. The diethanolamide can be used alone but it is typically combined with other hydrophilic agents. In accordance with a specific embodiment of the invention, the adjuvant comprises a combination of coconut diethanolamide, a polyalkylene oxide, and glycerin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05780390__
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Biodegradable plastic product made from coconut husk fiber powder mixture Inventor(s): Sugimoto; Ichiro (1-1-26, Minami-Tsukushino, Machida City, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,083,621 Date filed: February 17, 1998 Abstract: Processed plant fine fibers such as those from the mesocarp of a coconut together are blended with a biodegradable plastic to produce a biodegradable plastic product that can be further made into other items. Plastics thus made from coconut husk fine fiber powder will return to the environment after disposal much more rapidly than those without coconut husk fine fiber powder. In the process, a dry compressed plant fine fiber powder is created from fine fibers of the coconut mesocarp. An example product created from this raw material is composed of 10 to 40% by weight of dry coconut husk powder mixed with environmentally degradable plastic. Environmentally non-degradable plastic may be added to the dry powder as a biodegradation rate modulator to create a modified raw material with a modified biodegradation rate. Plastic additives, standard in the industry, can be added to achieve additional desired properties. For example, a surface active agent may be added in order to increase the degree of processability; a colorant may be added to increase marketability; pesticides may be added as needed in order to protect the product or the soil in which the product is disposed from insects; and/or polymerization modifiers such as cross-linkers, monomer derivatives, heteromonomers, curing agents, etc. may be utilized to vary the properties of the base plastic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to biodegradable plastics. More specifically, the present invention relates to biodegradable plastics having an enhanced rate of biodegradability resulting from the presence of compressed powdered plant fiber such as, for example, fine fiber from coconut mesocarp. In particular, the present invention relates to an improvement in biodegradable plastics wherein the biodegradability is made predictable by blending conventional polymers, biodegradable polymers and biodegradability enhancing compressed plant fine fiber powder having moisture expansion characteristics capable of generating structure disrupting internal mechanical forces upon prolonged exposure to the environment. In other words, the present invention relates to plastics which decompose in the soil after use. Because of environmental issues facing society, environmentally degradable plastics are increasing in popularity. The biodegradable plastics currently developed are divisible into four categories that somewhat overlap: a) the natural polymers which use polysaccharides such as starch and the like; b) the microbial polyesters which use the biological activity of microorganisms; c) blends with accelerated degradation properties which are regular plastics with degradation accelerator additives; and d) chemical synthetics which include the aliphatic polyesters and the like. Depending on the particular properties of the different materials, biodegradable plastics are used as raw materials for disposable products and in products that generally do not have to carry heavy loads. Such applications include: agricultural products such as films, sheets, bottles, pots, and bags; products for daily use and tableware such as trays, cases, and straws; some medical equipment; and sports equipment. Nonetheless, the use of biodegradable plastics is still limited and their effect on the general plastics industry as a whole is limited. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06083621__
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Cleaning composition of terpene hydrocarbon and a coconut oil fatty acid alkanolamide having water dispersed therein Inventor(s): Stoufer; Wilmer B. (8133 Naranja Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32217) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,704,225 Date filed: May 1, 1986 Abstract: There is provided a composition especially useful to remove old wax, grease, oils, or fats easily. The composition is a water-in-oil emulsion of a terpene hydrocarbon and a coconut oil fatty acid alkanolamide in water characterized by stability and easy biodegradability. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, as indicated, to cleaning compositions which are especially useful for removing waxes, fats, oils, and greases and difficultly removable materials such as Bunker C oil or other crude oil compositions. The composition is a water-in-oil emulsion. It is characterized by a relatively short BOD compared to, for example, petroleum derived solvent compositions. In order to impact a protective coating and/or to improve the appearance of many surfaces, it has been customary in the past to apply a wax coating. These coatings are by no means permanent and, where exposed to elements such as weather, salt, human traffic, etc., the wax surface gradually becomes flawed or disappears entirely. Prior to applying a new wax coating, it has been found desirable to remove the weathered or worn wax with a solvent or solvent composition. Many of the solvents which are available for this prupose have a tendency to deleteriously affect the substrate, particularly where the substrate is a painted or other organic chemical material, as for example the surface of an automobile. To overcome these problems, the prior art has developed various emulsion compositions which are based primarily upon the use of petroleum derived hydrocarbons, e.g., kerosene, petroleum distillates, e.g., n-hexane, etc. While these materials are quite effective to remove wax from a surface, they are environmentally undesirable, principally because of the prolonged BOD, e.g., up to 40 days in duration. I have now found that a highly effective cleaning composition especially suited for removal of wax or wax-like materials from surfaces can be prepared using a natural material, e.g., a terpene hydrocarbon material, such as citrus limonene, alpha-pinene beta-pinene, or delta-3-carene. This material together with a suitable dispersing agent described below is dispersed in an aqueous medium in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion. In this form, the oil phase comes immediately into contact with the wax or other organic substance to be removed, and because of the high solvency power of the terpene hydrocarbons is able very quickly to dissolve the old surface coating including oils, fats, waxes and greases. Because the emulsion is a water-in-oil emulsion and has suitable rheological properties when on the surface even though vertically disposed, and does not "run". After a suitable contact time, additional water can be added to the surface, usually in the form of a spray which causes an inversion of the emulsion to an oil-in-water emulsion whereby the cleaning compositions is readily removed from the surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04704225__
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Coated coconut, method of preparation and icing therefrom Inventor(s): Richter; Gary W. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 4,386,108 Date filed: January 18, 1982 Abstract: Disclosed are improved coconut pieces coated with an impermeable coating of insoluble calcium alginate as well as methods of preparing such coconut pieces. Such coated coconut pieces are especially suitable for incorporation into ready-to-spread frostings. The methods essentially comprise the steps, in sequence, of: (a) providing dehydrated coconut pieces having a moisture content of about 3.0% to 3.5% by weight; (b) applying a dilute aqueous solution of a water soluble source of calcium ions sufficient to provide up to about 0.2% by weight calcium based on the dry weight of the coconut to form calcium-laden coconut pieces; (c) drying to a moisture content of between about 12% to 16% by weight; (d) applying an aqueous solution of up to about 3% by weight low viscosity sodium alginate in amounts sufficient to provide up to about 0.90% alginate based on the dry weight of coconut pieces to form alginate encased coconut pieces; and (e) drying the pieces to a final moisture content of less than about 14% by weight. The coated pieces when incorporated into colored frosting exhibit minimal colorant and/or moisture migration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved coconut products and to their method of preparation. The moisture content of fresh coconut meat averages about 50%. Conventionally, coconut meats are dried, and often, specifically, desiccated in the country of origin. Drying not only provides storage benefits but also reductions in transportation expenses. Dried coconut in various shapes, e.g., shreds, flakes, often sugar impregnated, are widely used in foods, particularly in desserts and candies, e.g., cakes, frostings and the like. The present invention relates to coconut products and to their method of preparation that are suitable for use as an ingredient in ready-to-spread frostings. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04386108__
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Coconut concentrate deflavoring process Inventor(s): Doorley; Mathilda (Bartlett, TN), Epps; Jackie (Collierville, TN) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods Holdings, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 6,447,832 Date filed: October 4, 2000 Abstract: A process effective for providing a deflavored coconut concentrate is provided. More specifically, a coconut concentrate is processed to separate coconut oil from coconut concentrate fibrous material. The separated oil is deodorized and blended back with the coconut concentrate fibrous material to extract further flavorings from the coconut concentrate fibrous material. The separation and reblending steps are repeated until the desired degree of deflavoring has been obtained at which point the fibrous material and the final deflavored oil are blended together to form the deflavored coconut concentrate. The present process allows the production of deflavored coconut concentrate without adversely affecting the color and functionality, including the texture enhancing ability, of the coconut concentrate.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process that is effective for providing a deflavored coconut concentrate. More specifically, a coconut concentrate is processed to separate coconut oil from coconut concentrate fibrous material. The separated oil is deodorized and blended back with the coconut concentrate fibrous material to extract further flavorings from the coconut concentrate fibrous material. The separation and reblending steps are repeated until the desired degree of deflavoring has been obtained at which point the final deflavored oil (or a portion thereof) is added back to fibrous material to provide the deflavored coconut concentrate. Coconut concentrates can be blended with a wide variety of foods to provide texture enhancement. Unfortunately, the associated coconut flavor may not be desired in all applications. Coconut flavor may be removed using oil deodorization processes since a preponderance of the flavor is contained in the oil. Conventional industrial deodorization processes involve high heat and shear stress which affect coconut concentrate color and functionality via protein denaturation and browning reactions. Coconut concentrates produced in this manner are not generally acceptable as texture enhancers in many types of foods. It would be desirable, therefore, to provide deflavored coconut concentrates with reduced coconut flavor without undesirable color changes of loss of functionality. The present invention provides such coconut concentrates and methods for producing such coconut concentrates. The present invention is directed to a method for providing a deflavored coconut concentrate. The deflavored coconut concentrate provided by the process of the invention has the color and functionality of coconut concentrate that has not been deodorized, but does not have the coconut flavor associated with a coconut concentrate. In the present invention, separating the oil from the fibers prior to deodorization exposes only the oil to high temperature allowing the fibers to maintain their native form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447832__ •
Coconut cream alternative and method of preparing same Inventor(s): Campbell; Iain James (Northampton, GB), Moriarty; Evelyn Mary (Rotterdam, NL), Sibuea; Yenni (Jakarta, ID) Assignee(s): Unilever Patent Holdings B.V. (Rotterdam, NL) Patent Number: 5,698,254 Date filed: November 22, 1995 Abstract: The invention concerns coconut cream alternatives, being water continuous fat emulsions, comprising: 0.1-30wt. % vegetable fat, 0.1-5 wt. % protein compound, 0-2 wt. % emulsifier, 0-10 wt % sweetener, 0.01-5 wt. % thickener, 0.01-2 wt. % flavor, 0-1,500 ppm. multivalent cation, upon heating above 70.degree. C. flocculation of at least the protein compound occurs. Excerpt(s): Coconut cream, i.e. the emulsion obtained by extraction of comminuted coconut kernel (with or without addition of water), is a well-known product in tropical areas like Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines etc. So far, these creams were mainly handmade from fresh mature coconuts. This technique, however, is time-consuming and inefficient while the product obtained had to be used immediately and, as it cannot be stored properly, rapid deterioration occurs upon storage at ambient temperature. In the past, attempts were made to prepare canned, pasteurized or sterilized coconut creams. Although such treatments improved the shelf life, the temperatures applied in such treatments resulted in an unacceptable off flavor and unacceptable phase separation of the emulsion making the products less acceptable to the consumer. We have therefore
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conducted a study to see whether it is possible to prepare a coconut cream alternative that could be sterilized so that the sterilized products would have a long shelf life while the properties of the sterilized composition would still be similar to those of fresh coconut cream. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05698254__ •
Coconut dehusking machine Inventor(s): Dinanath; Chandra (Chaguanas, TT) Assignee(s): Caribbean Industrial Research Institute (Trinidad and Tabago, TT) Patent Number: 4,708,056 Date filed: January 28, 1987 Abstract: A machine specifically designed to remove the husks from the coconut fruit including a plurality of rollers rotating in opposite directions effectively toward one another wherein each roller includes a plurality of penetrating spikes sharpened to penetrate and effectively engage the husk portion of the coconut fruit. The interaction of the rollers in combination with the gripping action of the spike serves to tear away the husk from the nut leaving the nut in tact. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a machine for removing the husk from the nut portion of a coconut fruit in a manner which leaves the nut in tact and insures that the husk is separated from the fruit and from the dehusking machine itself. In the harvesting and preparation of various natural food products, including fruits and nuts, the problem of separating the outer shell or husk from the nut or meat of the fruit has been a problem existing for hundreds of years. With the advent of modern-day technology, machine and like devices have been developed, dependent upon the particular food product in question to properly separate and/or treat the fruit so as to recover either the husk and/or the center meat area. Particularly, in the harvesting and commercial growing of coconuts, a problem exists in the ease of removal of the relatively hard and difficult to remove outer shell or husk portion. Coconut fruit of the type grown commercially is valuable both for the meat of the nut as well as the husk itself. Accordingly, attempts have been made evidenced by prior art devices and machines, which serve to separate the husk from the nut in a manner which will facilitate clean separation and gathering of the husk and recovery of the nut and meat portion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04708056__
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Coconut fruit(s) flavored brandy Inventor(s): Lidman; Leonida L. M. (12 Irwin Pl., Hazlet, NJ 07730) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,680,179 Date filed: July 20, 1984 Abstract: Process of improving the production of Coconut Brandy is disclosed which results in a smoother, mellower distilled spirit than brandy produced by current methods. Specifically, the instant process replaces sulphur with calamansi juice and
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jackfruit meat and coconut juice for boiled spring water, adds yeast, ferments, strains and distills this mixture, producing a clear, colorless, fruity improved coconut brandy. Excerpt(s): My invention improves the process of producing coconut brandy through the methods of fermenting, distilling and maserating/steeping a combination of coconut juice, prunes, apples, raisins, yeast, calamansi juice, honey and jackfruit meat, without adding sugar, water, artificial color, artificial flavor; resulting in a smoother, mellower, distilled spirit, without bitterness or burning after-taste and hangover of the present product. Coconut brandy is presently produced in its pure form in little village stores in the Souther Tagalog Region of the Philippines. It can be produced in any country where coconut is grown. The calamansi fruit.sup.1, (the Tagalog term in Philippine National Language) for calamondin (the term in English), one of the ingredients I used to improve the process of producing coconut brandy, though presently grown in the Provinces of Batangas and Quezon in the Philippines, is presently grown and can be grown abundantly in the States of Hawaii and Florida and in Panama. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04680179__ •
Coconut grater Inventor(s): Thompson; Noel A. (8 E. Charlemont Dr., Kingston 6, JM) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,441,410 Date filed: June 1, 1982 Abstract: A coconut grater for grating and removing the coconut flesh from the interior of a coconut shell has a rotatable shaft and a plurality of curved grating members. Each grating member has a front portion secured to a leading end of the shaft and then curving outwardly and rearwardly to extend in spaced relation to the shaft. A plurality of angularly spaced struts extend radially from the shaft at a location rearwardly spaced from the leading end thereof. Each grating member has a rear portion secured to at least one of the struts, and also has grating edges formed by small apertures with outwardly projecting sharp edges. Excerpt(s): This invention is a rotary grater for grating and removing the coconut "flesh" from the interior of coconut shells. It is easily operated when attached to a suitable rotating device. The coconut, with its flesh stuck to the inside of a hard shell, has traditionally posed unique problems for those who wish to grate it. This rotary grater is meant to provide an easy, convenient and more efficient way to accomplish the task. Its design emphasizes cutting efficiency and ease of operation. Sharp, well-formed and strategically located cutting edges ensure efficient cutting, while extensive surface areas surrounding these edges contribute to operating smoothness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04441410__
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Coconut grinder Inventor(s): Pettit; Ashma B. (1926 Innwood Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,267,698 Date filed: April 28, 1992
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Abstract: A mechanical device to be used for removing coconut meat from coconut shell consisting of a serrated edge and a clamping device that will be attached to a stationary flat surface and will hold the tool in an upright position. The serrated edge will be used to grind coconut meat away from coconut shell, one half shell at a time. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a nut removing tool. More specifically the present invention relates to easy removal of coconut meat from coconut shells. Many consumers prefer to use fresh coconut for consumption. However, removal of coconut meat from coconut shell is rather tedious and time consuming. After having the coconut cracked open, it is baked in an oven and the meat is removed from the shell with a sharp object. Then it is grinded or chopped or sliced for usage. There is a tool available on the international market but the tool is rather large and cumbersome for usage and storage. When using the tool, one has to sit on part of the tool so that the tool can be used effectively. This tool consist of part steel and part wood. No patent was found. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05267698__ •
Coconut husk removing tool Inventor(s): Hill; Edward D. (11212 Edgewater Dr., Cleveland, OH 44102) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,383,479 Date filed: August 28, 1981 Abstract: A device for forcefully removing husks from coconuts provided with a pair of hingedly connected wedge blades adapted to be inserted into the coconut husk. One blade is stationary and the other blade has a handle to enable it to be rocked for prying the husk away from the seed. Two or more operations are required for removing the entire husk. The so-called stationary blade is fixed to a vertically movable cross bar, the ends of which slide on spaced rods forming part of a frame. The frame is intended to be mounted upright on a support, such as a post. Excerpt(s): The husking of coconuts is a laborious, time-consuming and somewhat risky undertaking. No set formula seems to exist for handling this operation, but usually it is carried out with a hatchet, knife, or machete. To a novice, these can be dangerous especially in dealing with a coconut due to its being ungainly. Additionally, it required considerable time to do the job, so that it has not been a profitable operation. This invention provides a relatively simple tool for husking coconuts and one which does not pose risks and can be achieved easily quickly and without the necessity of prior training. The tool includes wedge blades which are forced into the husk and then one of the blades is shifted away from the other, thereby to tear loose a portion of the fibrous husk. This is repeated until the entire husk is forced from the seed. The entire operation can be accomplished quickly and easily. Carried by and depending from the cross bar 20 is a punch 42 which upon forcefully lowering the cross bar can pierce the eye of the coconut for removing the husk. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04383479__
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Coconut method and product Inventor(s): Escudero; Conrado A. (638 Washington St., New York, NY 10014), Schaffner; Carl P. (10 Young's Pl., Trenton, NJ 08619) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,307,120 Date filed: November 26, 1979 Abstract: A method of preparing dried coconut meat which retains its white appearance during extended storage while having increased flavor and odor imparting constituents by contacting raw moist coconut with a sulfur dioxide solution followed by microwave electromagnetic irradiation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods for microbial decontamination of coconut and to novel coconut products. Raw coconut is presently processed to produce copra used in the manufacture of coconut oil and desiccated coconut which is an edible product used extensively in the food industry. The processing of raw coconut for manufacture of copra and desiccated coconut employs drying methods that have been used in the coconut industry for many years. For copra, the raw meat is subjected to sun drying or drying in a hand operated coconut shell-fired oven. Little concern is given to the discoloration or microbial contamination of the product. In recent times, the detection of significant levels of he carcinogenic mycotoxins, namely the aflatoxins in copra and copra meal due to microbial growth, has been of grave concern to health authorities. In the manufacture of desiccated coconut as an edible food product, greater care is given to the possibility that microbial contamination will make the product unsuitable for human consumption. The presence of salmonellae in desiccated coconut has been linked to human salmonellosis and extensive studies in 1962 have revealed that raw unprocessed coconut supports the growth of salmonellae as well as that of other enteric bacteria. Whereas the microbial infection of the intact growing coconut has been proved to be either nonexistent or negligible, except when mechanical injury to the nut exposes meat or milk to infection, the possibility of microbial contamination in ripe harvested nuts is increased significantly. Coconut meat or milk serves as an ideal nutrient medium for the rapid growth of optimum levels of enteric bacteria. Harvested coconut employed in the manufacture of desiccated coconut invariably exhibits significant and potentially dangerous levels of microbial contaminations, including those of the salmonellae and Escherichia coli most often associated with fecal contaminations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04307120__
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Coconut opener with skin and shell extractor Inventor(s): Sanabria; Victor M. (235 S.W. Le Jeune Rd., Miami, FL 33134) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,119,559 Date filed: July 31, 1991 Abstract: A coconut opener (10) with an extractor for the section of the skin and shell to be removed. The opener (10) includes a handle assembly (20) wherein a off center handle member (24) is rigidly mounted to a shank that in turn is rigidly mounted to a blade assembly (40). The blade assembly (40) has an arcuate shape and it includes two
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different edge zones. The first edge zone (42) is designed to puncture through the skin and shell of the coconut and it has a strait angular relationship with the back of the blade. The next zone includes edges (44) and (46) follows a tangent relationship with the back of blade (40) and it ends up with a cross-sectional shape of half of an eliptical path. When the opener is fully inserted, and rotated, a section of the skin and shell is thereby removed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to coconut openers, and more particularly, to such openers that remove a part of the coconut skin and shell thereby permitting the withdrawal of the coconut water inside. A number of instruments have been designed in the past to remove the core of vegetables, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,296 issued to Di Piero in 1978 and coconut punches such as the ones disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,277,308 issued to Gunturiz in 1917 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,472,354 issued to Waters in 1946. However, none of these devices provide for a tool that, when rotated, will readily extract a section of the skin or shell permitting the water inside a coconut to be extracted. Other patents describing the closest subject matter provide for a number of more or less complicated features that fail to solve the problem in an efficient and economical way. None of these patents suggest the novel features of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05119559__ •
Coconut powder Inventor(s): Brown; Robert M. (Chicago, IL), Ramos; Rey C. (Chicago, IL), Ziccarelli; Salvatore F. (Downers Grove, IL) Assignee(s): Beatrice Foods Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,296,136 Date filed: February 1, 1980 Abstract: There is provided a process for producing reconstitutable natural coconut flavor by grinding coconut meat preferably from which the germ eye has been removed, until a pulp of coconut fiber and coconut flavor liquor is obtained. The pulp is separated into the flavor liquor and fiber, wherein the liquor has no more than 2% fiber therein. The liquor is heat treated under enzyme deactivation conditions, whereby any deleterious coconut enzymes in the liquor are deactivated. The liquor is concentrated by condensing the liquor to more than 25% solids or spray drying the liquor to a freeflowing powder. The concentrated coconut flavor may be reconstituted with an aqueous diluent to provide a liquid coconut flavor. The coconut flavor is a mixture of coconut fat and coconut protein/carbohydrate in ratios of 40-72:60-28 and the coconut flavor in the reconstituted form contains no more than 2% coconut fiber. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a reconstitutable natural coconut flavor and to the method of producing that flavor, particularly to such flavor and method, wherein the flavor can be reconstituted to a liquid coconut flavor that does not contain a gritty texture or mouth feel and which can be used in food compositions in any amount, without introducing such undesired texture or mouth feel. Coconut flavor is a popular flavor and is used widely in confectionaries, bakery products, fruit compositions, toppings, whips, and the like. Conventionally, coconut flavor is introduced into such food compositions by way of dehydrated coconut meat or "coconut cream", made by highly mascerating the meat and juice of the coconut. For many fruits and vegetables, the characteristic flavor thereof is obtained from the "juice", e.g., grape juice, tomato
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juice, celery juice, etc. However, contrarily, the juice associated with the coconut, i.e., the "milk", does not have the characteristic coconut flavor therein. Accordingly, for coconut flavoring purposes, it is necessary to use the coconut meat. In one process for producing coconut flavoring, the natural meat is shredded or grated and dehydrated to a shelfstable form, often including substantial amounts of sugar for preservation purposes. The dehydrated coconut is rehydrated prior to use in or while in food compositions to impart the characteristic coconut flavor thereto. However, coconut meat, either in the natural state or in the dehydrated form, contains substantial amounts of non-soluble matter referred to as "fiber". When dehydrated coconut meat is used, the fiber imparts a somewhat chewy and tough characteristic to the composition in which it is included. Further, the shredded form imparts a rather rough texture to the food composition. When the dehydrated coconut meat is used in the grated form, the fiber produces a somewhat gritty texture and mouth feel. While the grated form is considerably preferable to the shredded form in many uses, i.e., ice cream, whips, toppings, confectionaries, and the like, the gritty texture and mouth feel is quite undesirable. Some efforts have been made in the art to mitigate these effects, but those efforts have not been entirely satisfactory, especially from an economical point of view. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,899,606 teaches treatment of coconut meat at elevated temperatures with an aqueous solution of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, to tenderize the meat by cell disruption, but as that patent points out, the process results in some modification of the natural coconut flavor and a relatively mild flavor results. In another process, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,409, flash steaming of the coconut meat is suggested to fissure the structure of the coconut, into which is infused a glycerol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04296136__ •
Coconut shredder and cutter appliance Inventor(s): Rubio, Jr.; Jose V. (6814 Hague Ave., Cleveland, OH 44102) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,350,088 Date filed: October 27, 1980 Abstract: A coconut shredder and cutter apparatus comprises a housing having therein a coconut cutting and shredding compartment with a removable tray bottom, and a transparent cover for the compartment. A motor driven shaft extends into one end of the compartment on which a shredder blade or coconut holder may be selectively mounted for shredding and cutting operations, respectively. During shredding, a coconut half section is supported by a coconut holder mounted on the inner end of a manually manipulable holder mount supported for axial, radial and pivotal movement with respect to the shredder blade which is then mounted on the motor shaft. The coconut half section is manipulated by the operator to bring portions of the meat in the coconut section into engagement with the rotating shredder blade thereby to effect removal of the meat from the coconut shell. A cutter assembly may also be positioned in the compartment and operably engaged with a coconut held and rotated by a coconut holder when mounted on the motor shaft for severing the coconut into half sections. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an apparatus or appliance for cutting a coconut into two half sections and/or for extracting the meat from the coconut half sections. More particularly, the invention relates to an electric coconut shredder and cutter appliance intended particularly for household use. A common method of extracting meat from coconuts is to split or crack the coconut shell and manually
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remove the shell from around the ball of meat. The brown skin enveloping the ball of meat is then peeled from the ball prior to subsequent processing of the white coconut meat. Other methods of extracting the meat from the coconut shell use demeating apparatus for shredding or cutting the meat from the shell. Demeating apparatus and elements thereof known to applicant are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,191,651; 2,365,358; and 1,554,516. A principal object of the present invention is to provide a small and compact household appliance for cutting coconuts into half sections and for extracting the meat from the half sections. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04350088__ •
Composition with base of coconut oil and its use Inventor(s): Streels; Elisabeth (Rue Waurara 16, B-4480 Engis, BE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,221,346 Date filed: August 13, 1999 Abstract: Composition containing cetyl alcohol, coconut oil, polyoxyethylene oleolinoleic glyceride, possibly water, and possibly other additives and/or pharmaceutically active principle(s), said composition containing in % of dry matter:a 5 to 15 % polyoxyethylene oleo-linoleic glyceride, and20 to 40 % cetyl alcohol,the weight ratio coconut oil and other additives and/or pharmaceutically active principle(s)/cetyl alcohol being comprised between 2/1 and 80/15. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition containing cetyl alcohol, coconut oil, polyoxyethylene oleo-linoleic glyceride, possibly water, and possibly other additives and/or pharmaceutically active principle(s). A fatty composition containing cetyl alcohol, a fraction of coconut oil and other additives is known by WO 91/01717. This composition is suitable to be mixed with a large amount of an aqueous phase. However this composition is not suitable for being mixed with essential oils or with preparations containing paraffin or propylene glycol. Furthermore, the aqueous phase of said document has to contain specific additives and has to be heated before being mixed with the fatty phase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221346__
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Compressed blends of coconut coir pith and a non-coir/non-peat materials, and processes for the production thereof Inventor(s): Kusey; William E. (Richwood, OH), Yelanich; Mark (Columbus, OH) Assignee(s): OMS Investments, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,408,568 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: Compressed mixtures of blends of coconut coir pith and selected horticulturally acceptable non-coir/non-peat materials such as composted yard waste; composted bark; composted manure; sand; peat humus; composted agricultural waste; composted animal byproducts; treated sewage sludge; animal and/or vegetable-based landfill waste; wood and lignocellulose derivatives; vermiculite; perlite, glass beads; foamed plastics, and mixtures thereof are prepared in a manner such that, upon
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decompression, a total volume of decompressed coir pith and decompressed noncoir/non-peat material is produced which exceeds the sum of the initial volumes of coconut coir pith and non-coir/non-peat material in the blends. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to blended soil-enhancing compositions in which coconut coir pith is combined with selected horticulturally acceptable non-coir pith, non-peat moss additive materials (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "non-coir/nonpeat materials") and to processes for producing such compositions. The blended compositions can be compressed for sale as baled products, and subsequently decompressed to provide plant growth media having improved fluff yield and wettability characteristics as compared with coir pith and non-coir/non-peat additives which are compressed and fluffed separately. Coconut coir pith is a by-product of the coconut husk fiber processing industry. Coir is the name given to the fibrous material that constitutes the thick mesocarp (middle layer) of the coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera) In processing, the long fibers of coir are extracted from the coconut husk for use in the manufacture of brushes, upholstery stuffing, filters, twine and like products. The short fibers (2 mm or less) and dust (collectively referred to herein as "pith") traditionally have accumulated in large piles or "dumps" as a waste product resulting from the processing of coconut husks to obtain the industrially valuable long fibers. Coconut coir pith has a high lignin to cellulose, content which prevents oxidation and resultant shrinkage. Accordingly, these materials do not decompose rapidly, resulting in the "dumps" of material which have remained as accumulated waste for extended periods of time with essentially no industrial applicability other than for burning. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06408568__ •
Compressed mixtures of coconut coir pith and peat moss and processes for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Dellmore; Douglas George (The Woodlands, TX), Kusey; William E. (Richwood, OH) Assignee(s): OMS Investments, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,189,260 Date filed: February 20, 1998 Abstract: Compressed mixtures of coconut coir pith and peat moss are prepared from decompressed coconut coir pith and peat moss. The compressed mixtures are capable of being decompressed to form fluffed plant growth media having improved fluffed yield and enhanced wettability characteristics. Excerpt(s): This invent ion relates to blended compositions containing coconut coir pith and peat moss and to processes for producing such blended compositions. More particularly, it relates to coconut coir pith and peat moss blends which are compressed for sale as baled products capable of subsequent decompression to form fluffed plant growth media demonstrating improved fluffed yield characteristics and enhanced wettability as compared with the results obtained with coconut coir pith or peat moss individually. Coconut coir pith is a by-product of the coconut husk fiber processing industry. Coir is the name given to the fibrous material that constitutes the thick mesocarp (middle layer) of the coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera). In processing, the long fibers of coir are extracted from the coconut husk for use in the manufacture of brushes, upholstery stuffing, filters, twine and like products. The short fibers (2 mm or less) and dust (collectively referred to herein as "pith") traditionally have accumulated as a waste
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product in large piles or "dumps" outside the mills that have processed the coconut husks for the industrially valuable long fibers. The coconut coir pith has a high lignin to cellulose content which prevents oxidation and resultant shrinkage. Accordingly, these materials do not decompose rapidly, resulting in the dumps of material which have remained as accumulated waste for extended periods of time with essentially no industrial applicability other than for burning. Relatively recently, it has been recognized that coconut coir pith material provides an excellent growing medium for plants and it has been suggested that coconut coir pith could provide an effective alternative to previously standard growing media such as peat moss. Coconut coir pith is very similar to sphagnum peat moss in appearance having a light to dark brown color and consisting primarily of particles in the size range of 0.2-2.0 mm (75-90%). Unlike sphagnum peat, however, there are no sticks or extraneous matter in the coconut coir pith. Furthermore, sphagnum peat moss has a density of about 7 lbs/cu ft when fluffed (30-50% moisture content) whereas coir pith is much denser (i.e., about 43 lbs/cu ft when compressed at a ratio of 5:1 on volume to volume basis and about 25 lbs/cu ft when fluffed and having a 50-55% moisture content). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06189260__ •
Concentrated fluid aqueous-alcoholic compositions of hydrogenated coconut or palm kernel oil alkylamidopropylbetaines Inventor(s): De Mesanstourne; Regine (Maisons-Lafitte, FR), Fouquay; Stephane (Mont Saint-Aignan, FR), Gamet; Jean-Paul (Savy-Berlette, FR), Guillemet; Fran.cedilla.ois (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Ceca S.A. (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,335,375 Date filed: December 7, 1999 Abstract: Aqueous-alcoholic solutions of hydrogenated coconut or palm kernel oil alkylamidopropylbetaines with a betaine content of greater than 50%, which are fluid, stable and pumpable are described as occupying a well-defined zone of their betaine/water/ethanol ternary diagram. They are prepared by synthesis and quaternization of the amidoamine directly in the solvent medium in which they are defined. Excerpt(s): the unsaturated fraction responsible for the low iodine number being represented by less than 1% oleic acid. In the specification hereinbelow, these alkylamidopropylbetaines will be referred to for simplicity as "betaines". Their solutions display these qualities only if their composition is chosen precisely in a region of the betaine/ethanol/water diagram normalized to 100 by weight after correction of the NaCl present. Betaines corresponding to the general formula (I) are amphoteric surfactants that are very well tolerated by the skin, they have excellent cleansing and foaming properties and are entirely suitable for making a whole range of surfactant compositions, such as washing agents, cleansing agents (liquid products for washing up by hand), haircare compositions (shampoos) and bodycare compositions (shower gels and bubble baths). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335375__
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Continuous process for the production of a paste with additives which can be formed into a smokable material Inventor(s): Beringer; Monique (Saint Louis, FR), Sporri; Heinz (Egg, CH) Assignee(s): Fabriques de Tabac Reunies S.A. (Neuchatel, CH) Patent Number: 4,058,129 Date filed: December 8, 1975 Abstract: For the production of artificial tobacco from pulverized plant parts, liquid and additives, the liquid is continuously forced, simultaneously with but separate from the powder, into a grinding chamber from which paste is continuously removed to be shaped and dried.BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSUREThe invention relates to a continuous process for the production of a paste with additives which can be formed into a smokable material, in which process a liquid and pulverized plant parts are introduced into one end of a grinding chamber, stirred and ground by grinding tools within the grinding chamber, and removed at the other end of the grinding chamber as a sieved paste.In processes of this type, the plant parts are ground to their ultimate fineness in a wet state by treating them as carefully as possible in order to avoid a tarry smoke taste. In a well-known process of the initially mentioned type, the pulverized plant parts are first made into a paste with the liquid and the paste won in this manner is then admitted into the grinding chamber.OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIt is an object of the invention to simplify this well-known process. The invention is characterized in that, owing to constant replacement of grinding stock, the grinding chamber is always filled with grinding stock and that dried and pulverized plant parts are continuously pressed into the grinding stock at one end whereby the dried powder is intimately contacted by the appertaining liquid at the time of its introduction into the grinding stock because the liquid is forced into the grinding stock simultaneously with but separate from the powder and close to the locus or point at which the powder is introduced into the grinding stock.According to the invention, making a paste from the plant parts before they are introduced into the grinding chamber is neither required nor provided for. The invention also allows the plant parts to be introduced into the grinding stock in a dried state, whereby the grinding procedure in the grinding chamber is simplified. In accordance with the known processes, it is difficult to moisten the dried, pulverized plant parts evenly with the liquid. The invention solves this problem in a very simple way namely, since the grinding stock is constantly circulated one achieves without further effort a thorough moisturization of the incoming dry powder. Moisturization is promoted by the introduction of the liquid very close to the powder, causing the areas of the grinding stock which the plant powder first reaches to be especially moist.As to the nature of the plant parts, those which are preferred include the threshing refuse of grain, such as straw, bran; chaff of wheat, oats, rice and corn, and the shells and fibers of coconuts, coffee beans and cocoa beans. In addition to such nicotine-free plant parts or instead of them, one can also utilize tobacco plants or parts of tobacco plants or tobacco refuse from the tobacco processing industry.The liquid can be water or a solution in which the necessary chemical additives and other desired additives can be mixed or dissolved. One can also mix these additives into the finished paste later. As to nature of additives, they include binding agents, for example sodium carboxy methyl cellulose; agents to improve the burning process, such as magnesium formate; softening agents, for example glycerin; substances to enhance the aroma, for example paraffin carbamide.As a result of the strring procedure, the grinding stock moves past the point where the powder is introduced and carries the moistened powder away. In order to make certain that the
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admitted liquid invariably reaches each freshly admitted quantity of the powder, it is advisable to press the powder into the grinding chamber close behind the corresponding liquid entrance, as considered in the direction of the stirring motion of the grinding stock which the powder initially reaches.The improved process can be carried out in the following way: The grinding stock which is under pressure in the grinding chamber and completely fills the grinding chamber is ground and stirred without further additives. The stirring tools rotate at a relatively high speed. Such procedure is advantageous because it allows for the processing of a relatively dry grinding stock to be processed. If it is not important to process an especially dry grinding stock, one can assist the grinding procedure by mixing into the grinding stock grist particles which are so large as to be unable to pass through the sieve proposed to be located at the exit side. Accordingly, the process further comprises introducing into the grinding stock grist particles consisting of a material which does not supply components injurious to health when being smoked, and the fragments of grindings of which, mixed in the paste, are continuously removed from the grinding chamber and are constantly replenished by the introduction of new grist particles into the grinding chamber. The process further comprises forcibly admitting the grist replenishment into the grinding stock close behind the liquid entrance, as considered in the direction of the stirring motion of those parts of the grinding stock which the grist initially reaches. Replenishing the grist close to the point of the liquid entrance guarantees that a dry rubbing together of the grist which reduces the amount of grist grindings and also that local heating through friction which could lead to a tarry taste in the finished product will be avoided.The necessary capacity of the stirring tool is dependent on the density of the grinding stock. A further development of the invention utilizes this fact and is characterized in that the stirring capacity of the stirrer is continuously measured and in that the grist replenishment is regulated according to the results of that measurement.The paste leaving the grinding stock is, mixed together with additives, stabilized into a smokable material by means of drying. The necessary additives, such as binding agents, agents to improve the burning process, substances to enhance the aroma, softening agents and the like can be dissolved or levigated into the liquid which is pressed into the grinding stock or they also can be stirred into the paste as it leaves the chamber. Since in order to stabilize the paste, the largest part of the liquid content must be extracted, it is desirable to keep the liquid content as low as possible from the start and in this respect, in order to always operate the continuous process with an optimal liquid content, it is advisable to continuously measure the viscosity of the paste as it leaves the grinding chamber and to regulate the liquid addition according to the results of the viscosity measurement.In accordance with a well-known process a paste consisting of plant parts, liquid, chemicals and other additives is mixed with small adsorption particles before the paste is shaped into foils and stabilized by drying. The small adsorption particles have the task of adsorbing the injurious substances which accumulate in the smoke during smoking. They are especially effective because they are located in the smokable product at the point at which the injurious substances caused by the advancing flame enter the smoke. If these injurious substances are retained by the adsorption particles, they will consequently become a direct part of the burning area and be burned as innocuous substances.The invention makes it possible in a simple manner to produce a product mixed with small adsorption particles whereby adsorbent grist is introduced into the grinding stock and whereby adsorption particles are produced as a by-product through the conveyance of the grist through the grinding chamber and are mixed into the resultant paste.In this manner, the grindings, which are unavoidable in the grinding procedure with grist, are used as adsorption particles, as far as they consist of adsorbent material. It is especially advantageous that the adsorption particles won through abrasion are intimately mixed with the paste without further
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effort. The invention makes it possible to utilize the unavoidable grist abrasion and does not necessitate an additional working motion to mix in the adsorption particles.If the amount of grindings from the adsorbent grist is greater than the admixture of adsorption particles desired in the finished paste, one can then easily counteract this by introducing a portion of nonadsorbent grist. Although the grindings of this grist also enter the paste, they cause no adsorption.Utilizing the above mentioned possible measures, the process can be carried out continuously whereby adsorbent grist mixed with nonadsorbent grist is used in the grinding stock and the grist grindings are continuously replenished and at the same time the total amount of the replenishment is apportioned depending on the capacity expended for the stirring, and if the capacity is too small the amount is to be increased and vice versa. Furthermore the admixture rate of adsorbent grist in the grist mixture is apportioned depending on the amount of adsorption particles in the paste. If the amount of adsorption particles is too small, the rate is to be increased. The invention makes use of the fact that a loss of grindings necessitating a replenishment of grist is recognizable by a drop of the resistance to stirring. For this purpose, one only needs to continuously measure the output capacity of the stirrer's motor. The amount of adsorption particles in the paste can be readily ascertained from the amount of adsorbent grist being continuously added. As soon as the starting phase has been surmounted and a state of equilibrium in the grist mixture has been established, the amount of adsorbent material which leaves the mill in the form of adsorption particles mixed into the paste is identical with the amount of adsorbent material introduced during the same span of time into the mill in the form of grist. Therefore, one can continuously determine the amount of adsorption particles in the finished product by continuously measuring the amount of the replenishment of adsorbent grist.Suitable grist of adsorbent material includes magnesium silicate, such as sepiolite; diatomite, zeolite, verniculite or hard ceramic such as porcelain. In addition, pebble flint can be used as a grist of adsorbent material.Suitable grist of nonadsorbent material include glass, steel, molybdenum and corundum.A stirrer crushing mill for the production of a paste with additives which can be formed into a smokable material comprises a stationary grinding chamber in which the grinding stock is interfused by a rotating stirrer propelled by an external drive and which extends lengthwise in the direction of the axis of the stirrer and crosswise so that its cross-section is circular. The chamber is provided with an outlet at the other end and contains a sieve for the paste. Said mill is characterized in accordance with the invention in that the grinding container is closed at its inlet end by a removable cover and in that at least one supply conduit for the powder and one for the liquid communicate with the grinding chamber close to the cover. With respect to the direction of rotation, the conduits are located close behind one another and in a restricted axial range with the supply conduit for the liquid located ahead of the supply conduit for the powder.If the grinding is to be carried out with the addition of grist, an additional supply conduit for the grist replenishment is provided close to the cover and communicates with the grinding chamber.The crushing mill can be opened by removing the cover for cleaning and maintenance purpose without hindrance by supply conduits. The inlet conduits are located far from the outlet so that the grinding stock must pass through the entire grinding chamber. The supply nozzles admit the constituents of paste into an area where the grinding stock is thoroughly stirred by the rotating stirrer which is advantageous because in this manner the newly introduced liquid is conveyed quickly to the point where it is needed, that is to say, the point where the dry powder or the grist replenishment enters the chamber. In addition, fresh grinding stock which is introduced into the chamber is quickly transported away from the inlet nozzle with thorough stirring of the grist so that room is made for introduction of fresh grinding stock and stoppage at this point is avoided.These and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent
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upon perusal of the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings which show, for purposes of illustration only, and embodiment of apparatus which can be utilized for the practice of our process. Excerpt(s): Six grinding discs 52, 53. are affixed to the grinding shaft 51 and consist of a rubbery elastic material such as plastic. The shaft 51 extends through a sieve plate 57 which separates an antechamber 12 from the grinding chamber 49. The outlet 58 for the paste communicates with this antechamber 12. The grinding chamber 49 is filled with grist 97, 98. The inlet end of the casing 40 is marked 16 and the exit end 17. The supply conduit 13 is connected to a liquid source or tank 74 with the interposition of a pressure pump 19, the supply conduit 14 is attached to the pulverized plant source 76 with the interposition of an allotter or metering means 75, the supply conduit 15 is connected to a first source 77 of grist with the interposition of a grist allotter 24 and the supply conduit 18 is attached to a second source 25 of grist with the interposition of a grist allotter 23. A capacity indicator continually measures the output capacity of the motor 96 and depending upon the measurement results, controls the grist allotters 23 and 24 with the interposition of a regulating instrument 79. The proportion of the necessary grist replenishment through the grist allotters 23 and 24 can be set by a device 28 on the regulating instrument 79. With the one extreme setting of the device 28 the entire grist replenishment from the source 77 occurs through the grist allotter 24 and with the other extreme setting the replenishment correspondingly is provided exclusively by the source 25. Using intermediate settings on the device, a mixed grist replenishment from both grist sources 77 and 25 is achieved, whereby the admixture rate can be set at any chosen proportion by the device 28. The total amount of the grist replenishment is not dependent on the setting of the device 28 and is solely dependent on the capacity measured by the capacity indicator 27. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04058129__ •
Electric cable insulating compositions containing coconut shell flour filler Inventor(s): Reid; Brian C. (3 Pump Ct., London Temple, E.C. 4, GB2) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,107,383 Date filed: February 14, 1977 Abstract: Coconut shell flour is used as a filler in insulating compositions containing coconut shell flour filler for electric cables. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to electrical insulating compositions and to products, in particular electric cables, employing the same. A wide range of polymeric materials are now known for use as electrical insulants, including natural rubber, styrenebutadiene copolymers, butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyamides, and silicone rubbers. These materials are not generally employed alone, as electrical insulants. They are usually compounded with other ingredients before being applied to the electrical conductor or other component requiring to be insulated. These ingredients may include plasticizers, vulcanizers, accelerators, stablizers, anti-oxidants, colouring materials, waxes. There is a considerable body of knowledge available to those skilled in the art as regards precise formulations. These will depend upon, for example, the electrical characteristics and other physical characeristics, e.g. toughness, water-resistance, flexibility required and the nature of the starting polymer. Thus polyvinylchloride formulations do not require a vulcanizer, the
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polymer being a thermoplastic, whereas synthetic rubber formulations do. For a fuller description of this background knowledge reference may be made to pages 110-144 of "Kabel und Leitungen", published in 1961 by Veb Verlag Technik, Berlin, author J. Artbauer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04107383__ •
Encapsulation of sugar and its use in sweetened coconut Inventor(s): Johnson; Lawrence A. (Medina, OH), Walters; Larry A. (Parma, OH) Assignee(s): SCM Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 3,976,794 Date filed: June 3, 1974 Abstract: Improved sweetened coconut products coated with powdered sugar can be made by substituting for a fraction of said powdered sugar, particles of sugar encapsulated in edible fat. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved sweetened coconut product coated with powdered sugar, and more particularly to substituting for a fraction of said powdered sugar, particles of sugar encapsulated in edible fat. Heretofore, coconut base particles or pieces usually in the form of cuts (medium, macaroon and flakes) and shreds have been sweetened by coating the surface of the coconut particles with sugar. The sugar used to coat the coconut pieces is usually powdered sugar ranging in size, for example, form 6xx to 10xx. Sugar coating is applied to the coconut pieces by conventional machine coating techniques including tumble coating in rotary drum, horizontal rotating screw-type mixers or other similar equipment whereby the coconut base particles are uniformly and densely coated to achieve the desired sweetness level. The powdered sugar coating has caused problems both in the coating operation itself and in machine packaging the thus-sweetened coconut particles. In general, coconut particles are shipped into the United States in dessicated form with the moisture content being about 3% or less. Prior to marketing, sufficient water is added to raise the moisture content of the coconut to fall between about 3% and 25% and preferably from about 9% to 16% by weight, depending upon the anticipated usage, be it industrial or consumer. The added moisture, particularly in the range of 14% to 18%, produces coconut particles of desirable texture and eating quality. However, the water content of sweetened coconut particles intended for packaging by conventional automatic packaging machinery must be kept low (9% to 14%) because hydrated sugar at higher moisture levels causes the coconut to become very sticky and generally impractical to handle for such packaging. Also the sweetened coconut particles can become sticky in the coating operation due to the heat generated by such coating process. At such higher moisture levels the hydrated sugar coating also can cause stickiness problems for processing machines when the coconut is used as the filler in or coating on some foods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03976794__
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Free-flowing, sweetened, hydrated, coconut particles and method for preparing same Inventor(s): Roseman; Arnold S. (Glen Ellyn, IL) Assignee(s): CFS Continental, Inc. (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,343,820 Date filed: September 4, 1981 Abstract: A free-flowing, sweetened, hydrated coconut product containing desiccated coconut, water, sweetener solids and a surface coating of powdered cellulose, and its method of manufacture are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to sweetened, hydrated coconut particles, and particularly to such particles which are free-flowing and do not tend to clump or agglomerate after preparation. Desiccated coconut particles are an item of commerce which typically contain about 2 to about 5 percent by weight water. After admixture with additional quantities of water, sweeteners, humectants, and other flavorants, sweetened, hydrated, particulate coconut products are formed. These latter products are well known as toppings in bakery arts and for their use in other comestible products. While sweetened, hydrated, particulate coconut products have been items of commerce for many years, a major problem is still associated with their manufacture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04343820__
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Gelling system comprising carrageenan and coconut endosperm Inventor(s): Harford; Stephen (Oakham, GB), Speirs; Charles Ivie (Oakham, GB) Assignee(s): Mars U.K. Limited (Berkshire, GB) Patent Number: 6,472,010 Date filed: March 16, 1998 Abstract: An elastic hydrous gel comprising a synergistic mixture of coconut endosperm and carrageenan, preferably in a ratio of at least 1, and more preferably at lest 5, parts coconut to 10 parts carrageenan by weight is disclosed. A process for making the gel is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): A variety of materials have been reported which demonstrate synergism with kappa-carrageenan. These include locust bean gum which, when blended with carrageenan, gives water gels with a more gelatine-like texture and decreased syneresis when compared to pure carrageenan gels. It has now been found that the endosperm of the cococut (Cocos nucifera) when blended with kappa-carrageenan gives firm elastic hydrous gels demonstrating outstanding synergism. This invention embraces all gels in which these two components are present in quantities (on a dry, fat-free weight basis) of at least 1 part coconut endosperm per 10 parts kappa-carrageenan, and at least 0.1 parts in total of coconut endosperm and carrageenan per 100 per water. Fresh coconut endosperm has typical nutrient distribution of water (35%), oil (44%), protein (6%), sugars (7%), fibre (3%) and ash (1%). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472010__
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High capacity coconut shell char for carbon molecular sieves Inventor(s): Armor; John N. (Orefield, PA), Coe; Charles G. (Macungie, PA), Farris; Thomas S. (Bethlehem, PA), Schork; Joan M. (Allentown, PA) Assignee(s): Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Allentown, PA) Patent Number: 5,164,355 Date filed: January 23, 1991 Abstract: A coconut shell char having a high oxygen volumetric capacity is provided by crushing and sizing coconut shells to form granules which are then heated in flowing inert gas at a temperature ramp rate of about 2.degree. to 12.degree. C. per minute to a peak temperature of 775.degree. to 900.degree. C. which is then held so that the total heating time is up to 8 hours and thereafter the granular char is cooled in an inert gas atmosphere. The granular char thus produced is oxygen selective in air separation without further modification to narrow the openings of its micropores and has an oxygen volumetric capacity in excess of 8.0 cc/cc. Further modification of this char is provided by contacting it with an oxidizing atmosphere of carbon dioxide or a mixture of inert gas and carbon dioxide, H.sub.2 O or O.sub.2 at temperatures ranging from 650.degree. to 900.degree. C. until the gasified char has been altered so that its volumetric oxygen capacity is greater than 9.0 cc/cc. The coconut shell char can be further modified directly as prepared or following a gasification procedure by treatment with volatile carbon-containing organic compound which is pyrolyzed to form carbon which reduces the effective pore openings of the original or gasified char. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of making a granular char from coconut shells so that the char is especially well adapted for conversion into carbon molecular sieves. In another aspect it relates to a method of making a carbon molecular sieve from coconut shell material. In still another aspect it relates to a granular oxygen selective char having a high oxygen volumetric capacity. In yet another aspect it relates to a gasified coconut shell char which has very high volumetric capacity for oxygen. Carbon molecular sieves which are oxygen selective are generally bimodal porous materials which separate oxygen on a kinetic basis from air. These materials are usually prepared by treating a carbonaceous material (for example: coal, coconut shell char, peat, pitch, carbonized polymers, and the like) with additional carbon-containing species. U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,513 Munzner, et al., (1974) describes obtaining carbon molecular sieves (CMS) for oxygen separation by treating coke having volatile components of up to 5% with a carbonaceous substance which splits off carbon at 600.degree. to 900.degree. C., thereby narrowing the pores present in the coke. The starting coke can be derived from coal, peat, coconut shell, wood or plastics. It has been stated by others that the average pore size of the adsorbent must be below 3 angstroms to effect oxygen separation from nitrogen. The average pore diameter can be adjusted by changing the intensity of the treatment. Example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,513 describes coconut shell material having a particle size of 1 to 3 mm which is heated at 3.degree. C. per minute to 750.degree. C., the volatiles being equal to 4.5%, where it is held for 30 minutes while ethylene gas is introduced during the holding period. The material is then cooled under nitrogen. In an evaluation test, a gas product was reported containing 49.5% nitrogen and 50.5% oxygen. At about the same time, attention was directed to the use of other materials as the base material for making carbon molecular sieves. Japanese Publication No. Sho 4937036 (1974) describes making a carbon molecular sieve by condensing or polymerizing a phenol resin or furan resin, so that the resin is adsorbed on a carbon adsorbent and thereafter carbonizing the product by heating. The carbonizing can be carried out at 400.degree. to 1,000.degree. C. in an inert gas. The heating rate given is 50.degree. to
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400.degree. C. per hour (0.8.degree. to 6.7.degree. C. per minute) and an example is given of heating at 6.7.degree. C. per minute to 650.degree. and 800.degree. C. where the material is held for 1.5 hours. The operation is said to reduce the pore diameter of the carbon adsorbent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05164355__ •
Lubricating oil of improved anti-friction properties containing hydroxyhydrocarbyl mercapto ester of a C.sub.1 -C.sub.40 fatty acid such as that derived from coconut oil Inventor(s): Karol; Thomas J. (Wappingers Falls, NY) Assignee(s): Texaco Inc. (White Plains, NY) Patent Number: 4,758,361 Date filed: May 18, 1984 Abstract: Lubricating oil, containing a beta-hydroxethyl mercapto ester of a fatty acid derived from coconut oil, is characterized by improvement in anti-wear and anti-friction properties. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to lubricating oil. More particularly it relates to lubricating compositions containing an additive which imparts improvement in antiwear and anti-friction properties. As is well known to those skilled in the art, lubricating compositions contain a wide range of additives including those which possess anti-wear properties, anti-friction properties, anti-oxidant properties, etc. Those skilled in the art continue to seek additives which may effect improvement in these properties without deterimental effect on other properties--and preferably additives of lower cost. It is an object of this invention to provide a lubricating composition containing a novel additive. Other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04758361__
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Machine and process for the making of paper and cardboard from coconut husks Inventor(s): Cabedo; Maria Do Rosario (2337 E. Brookdale Pl., Fullerton, CA 92631), Deslierres; John M. (2337 E. Brookdale Pl., Fullerton, CA 92631) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,728,266 Date filed: December 11, 1992 Abstract: A machine and process for using the fibrous material in coconut husks to manufacture paper and cardboard. The machine is designed to process intact coconuts wherein the copra and coconut milk contained therein are recovered as separate byproducts for processing in their respective independent industries and process empty coconuts husks, coconuts wherein the copra and coconut milk have already been removed, by bypassing the copra and coconut milk extraction processing steps. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new and unique machine and process for creating a suitable pulp to produce paper and cardboard from the fibrous and cellulose rich material of the coconut husks. In the harvesting and production of copra--the meat portion of the coconut, widely used in industry--the outer husk or shell is most of the times discarded because it is only used in the textile industry, in an incipient and limited
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quantity. The machine illustrated represents one sole sequential operation with maintenance devices for simultaneous treatment of several units of the fruit (coconut). This invention is directed to a machine for making paper products, in general, and to such a machine which makes the paper products out of coconut husks, in particular. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05728266__ •
Method for production of an upgraded coconut product Inventor(s): Christensen; Flemming M. (Basel, CH), Olsen; Hans A. S. (Holte, DK) Assignee(s): Novo Industri A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Patent Number: 4,904,483 Date filed: February 15, 1989 Abstract: The method for production of an upgraded coconut product comprises the steps of: enzymatically treating an aqueous suspension of particles of coconut meat, which may be purified, with a cell wall degrading enzyme and a galactomannase, all essentially free from lipases, and separating a sludge phase. By means of this method a higher yield of directly recoverable clear coconut oil can be obtained in comparison to the yield of directly recoverably clear coconut oil produced by known methods for aqueous coconut oil extraction. Excerpt(s): The invention comprises a method for production of an upgraded coconut product, mainly coconut oil and coconut milk. From GB patent No. 2 115 820, page 37 it appears that aqueous extraction of corn germ oil, olive oil, soy oil, rape seed oil and sunflower oil can be improved by means of an SPS-ase preparation which is essentially free from lipases. If an attempt to produce coconut oil in the same manner, i.e. by aqueous extraction with an SPS-ase preparation, is carried out, very poor results in terms of directly recoverable clear coconut oil are obtained; the majority of the oil or the entire amount of the oil is present as an emulsion, from which it is difficult to recover the coconut oil. Thus, aqueous extraction of coconut oil seems to present special problems in comparison to other types of vegetable oil. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04904483__
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Method of oil cleanup using coconut coir pith Inventor(s): Silva; Tilak V. (1049 W. 161st St., Gardena, CA 90247) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,391,120 Date filed: February 28, 2000 Abstract: A totally biodegradable oil absorption material is utilized to clean up oil spills on both land and water. Particles of coconut coir pith between about one-quarter of an inch and one inch in size are utilized for this purpose. The flakes or granules of coconut coir pith are spread upon the surface of the oil spill. The coconut coir pith readily absorbs the oil and remains in a form that can be easily recovered by scooping or raking. Once recovery is complete, the oil-saturated coconut coir pith can be subjected to squeezing by pressure to liberate the oil collected. Following extraction of the absorbed oil, the coconut coir pith can be reused for subsequent oil cleanup operations. Also, the oil extracted from the coconut coir pith is not contaminated and can be used as well.
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Coconut coir pith is a byproduct obtained from the husks of coconuts as those husks are processed to make fiber ropes and other articles. Excerpt(s): The present invention involves a method for absorbing oil spills utilizing a material, the absorbing properties of which for cleaning up contaminating oil spills, have previously gone unrecognized. More specifically, the invention involves utilizing coconut coir pith as an absorbent medium in cleaning up spilled oil. In recent years there has been an ever increasing awareness of the devastating environmental damage that can be caused by oil spills. It is well recognized that an extremely important aspect of minimizing damage from an oil spill is the prompt containment and collection of the spilled oil. Effective collection of spilled oil ideally involves the absorption of oil in some absorption medium that can be easily raked or otherwise picked up from the surface upon which the oil has spilled. Nevertheless, despite intensive research and testing, the only absorption substances which are at all suitable for use in cleaning up oil spills involve significant defects or difficulties. Some conventional oil absorbents currently in commercial use are made from polypropylene. Polypropylene absorbs hydrocarbons but is hydrophobic. That is, it is water repellent. However, polypropylene has a limited oil absorbing capacity, and is not at all biodegradable. Also, polypropylene is quite expensive to use in the large quantities necessary to deal with major oil spills. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06391120__ •
Method of removing polynuclear aromatic compounds by adsorption with coconut charcoal Inventor(s): Huckins; James N. (Columbia, MO), Johnson; James L. (Fulton, MO), Stalling; David L. (Columbia, MO) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,026,917 Date filed: February 11, 1975 Abstract: Polynuclear aromatic compounds are irreversibly adsorbed by coconut charcoal and are separated from desired constituents by treatment in a coconut charcoal column. This invention is particularly valuable in providing a method suitable for large scale use for removing dioxins and other undesirable polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which are found as impurities in small but highly toxic amounts in industrial compounds and herbicides such as 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D and derivatives thereof. Excerpt(s): Much of the following background material is found in REPORT ON 2,4,5 -T, A Report of The Panel Of The President's Science Advisory Committee, Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology, March 1971. Incident to our work in removing halogenated aromatic compounds from liquids by chromatographic techniques, it was observed that dioxins, and TCDD in particular, are irreversibly adsorbed on coconut charcoal. Subsequently, it was found that a variety of polynuclear aromatic compounds including dichloro-, trichloro-, tetrachloro- and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated naphthalenes and dibenzofurans are also irreversibly adsorbed on coconut charcoal. The irreversible adsorption on coconut charcoal is not entirely understood but it has been found that the foregoing materials cannot be recovered when adsorbed on coconut charcoal by using extended solvent extraction or displacement. It is known that some charcoals will preferentially adsorb aromatic organic compounds and this is attributed to the electronic affinity of the aromatic ring
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for the surface of carbon, in the form of graphite in particular. Synder, R., Principles of Adsorption Chromotography, Marcel Dekka, Inc., New York, 1968, pp. 168-169. However, such adsorption is usually reversible and is typified by our experience with Darco charcoal which reversibly adsorbs the polynuclear aromatic compounds mentioned above which are irreversibly adsorbed on coconut charcoal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04026917__ •
Non-brittle laundry bars comprising coconut alkyl sulfate and polyethylene glycol Inventor(s): Hutchins; James Peyton (The Procter & Gamble Company, Ivorydale Technical Center, 5299 Spring Grove, Cincinnati, OH 45217) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,968,892 Date filed: April 24, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed are compositions of laundry detergent bars that do not develop undesirable brittleness during storage. The disclosed compositions comprise alkyl sulfate surfactant, preferably coconut alkyl sulfate, and polyethylene glycol. The polyethylene glycol prevents the development of undesirable brittleness in such alkyl sulfate-containing laundry bars. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions of laundry detergent bars that do not develop undesirable brittleness during storage. Laundry bars containing alkyl sulfate surfactant can become brittle during the storage time between production and use. During storage, the alkyl sulfate and water appear to interact in some manner that causes brittleness by diminishing the water's plasticizing effectiveness. This in-storage brittleness development is especially acute in bars comprising coconut alkyl sulfate. Coconut alkyl sulfate is a widely used laundry bar surfactant. Coconut alkyl sulfate is based on the renewable resource, coconut oil, and its use is legally mandated in some nations. Its use is especially important in areas where there is a plentiful supply of coconut oil. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968892__
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Phytoestrogen supplement prepared from pomegranate seeds and a herbal mixture or coconut milk Inventor(s): Lansky; Ephraim Philip (P.O. Box 6070, Haifa, 31060, IL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,891,440 Date filed: December 31, 1996 Abstract: A phytoestrogen oral supplement and ointment, and methods of preparing the supplement and ointment, are described. The oral phytoestrogen supplement is prepared by extracting pomegranate seeds with an aqueous solvent, and admixing the pomegranate seed extract with an herbal extract containing shizandra berries, Chinese asparagus root, and optionally Chinese licorice root and Chinese angelica root. The phytoestrogen ointment is prepared by pressing pomegranate seeds to obtain a pomegranate seed oil, and mixing the pomegranate seed oil with coconut milk to form
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the ointment. The phytoestrogen ointment can also contain an ethanolic extract of Chinese asparagus root and schizandra berries. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to phytoestrogen supplements and, more particularly, to phytoestrogen supplements derived from botanical sources which can be administered in a variety of ways. Steroidal estrogens are typically derived from animal sources and are used to treat conditions such as menopause. Menopause occurs as ovarian function gradually declines, leading to the cessation of ovulation, menstruation and finally secretion of estrogen by the ovaries. The decline and cessation of estrogen secretion leads to a number of symptoms, including hot flashes, mood disturbances such as depression, atheromatous disease and osteoporosis. Although animal-derived steroidal estrogens, such as estradiol, estratriol and estrone, can be successfully used to treat these symptoms, many women are reluctant to take these substances, and many medical professionals are equally reluctant to prescribe them. These estrogens have been linked to an increase in cancer in women to whom they were administered. Thus, it would be advantageous to find a substance or group of substances which mimic the desirable effects of estrogens, namely the cessation of symptoms associated with menopause, yet which are not carcinogenic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05891440__ •
Process for making a coconut product Inventor(s): Coker; Guy C. (Dover, DE) Assignee(s): General Foods Corporation (White Plains, NY) Patent Number: 4,363,825 Date filed: December 30, 1981 Abstract: A process for making sweetened coconut flakes in which shredded coconut is coated with an aqueous solution comprising finely ground coconut and humectants. The liquid coated coconut is then coated with sugar producing a product which is moist and fresh. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to sweetened coconut, and more particularly to prepared packaged coconut for use in bakery, confectionary, and household purposes. Most of the coconut consumed in this country is grown overseas. In its preparation for shipping to this country, the coconut is shredded and dried to a moisture below 5%. The low moisture is necessary to prevent microbial growth during shipping. However, these low moisture coconut flakes have an undesirable taste and texture. Consumer acceptance of coconut products largely depends on whether the coconut is preceived as moist. Importantly, the percent water is not the only factor affecting the moisture preception. During the shredding and drying process to prepare for shipping, the coconut cellular structure is permanently damaged. As a result, simply adding water back to these coconut flakes, besides encouraging microbial growth, rehydrates the coconut in an undesirable manner. A product rehydrated in this manner has either matty or wet texture coupled with an undesirable off-flavor. To overcome these problems, the prior art has used humectants to produce a perceptually moist coconut product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04363825__
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Process for reducing caloric content of coconut Inventor(s): Finkel; Gilbert (6 Jagged Rock Rd., Parsippany, NJ 07054), Kosarin; Norman D. (60 E. End Ave., New York, NY 10028) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,225,624 Date filed: August 28, 1978 Abstract: A process for reducing the caloric content of edible items such as coconut is disclosed wherein substantially all of the fat is removed by a solvent and subsequent removal of soluble polysaccharides may be accomplished by washing the defatted item in water. The described process, causes the caloric content of the item to be reduced by approximately 100%. The process is used with edible items containing fat and/or sugar selected from the group consisting of the edible meat of nuts, the edible seeds of grain, and the edible seeds of fruits. Coconut, treated by the aforesaid process, is used in the manufacture of candy or other foods having a reduced caloric content. The other defatted edible items may be similarly used in the manufacture of candy or other foods having a reduced caloric content. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a process for reducing the caloric content in natural coconut, and other fatty edible items such as the edible meats of nuts, the edible seeds of grain, and the edible seeds of fruits. The use of shredded coconut in candy is well known in the prior art. However, due to the high caloric content of coconut, it has been found unsuitable for use in candies having a caloric content of less than 100 calories/ounce (353 calories/100 grams). Since natural coconut contains approximately 196 calories/ounce (690 calories/100 grams) the use of natural coconut in a chocolate covered candy (assuming the covering constitutes approximately 25%), results in a caloric content of approximately 175 calories/ ounce (617 calories/100 grams). It is generally known that processing of nut meats for the reduction of caloric content therein may be performed by applying high pressure and mild heat to thereby "roast" the fat from the nut meats. The aforesaid roasting method is only effective to reduce the caloric content to approximately 50% and is therefore not suitable for the treatment of coconut wherein a 80-100% reduction in caloric content is sought. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04225624__
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Process for the production of coconut cream Inventor(s): Carvallo-Garnica; Sergio (Mexico City, MX), Lara-Sanchez; Luis Eduardo (Mexico City, MX), Mercado-Flores; Ignacio (Mexico City, MX) Assignee(s): Banco De Mexico, S.A. (Mexico City, MX) Patent Number: 4,098,912 Date filed: June 30, 1976 Abstract: An improved process is provided for producing edible coconut cream, which process improves the already known processes because the process of the instant invention is more efficient, the finished product is pasteurized and homogenized and in general terms the production costs involved are diminished. Likewise, the yield is normally higher than that obtained in the already known processes since the quality of the finished product is improved in view of its feeding and organoleptic outstanding properties.
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Excerpt(s): The utilization of coconut which is the fruit of the palm tree (Cocous nucifera) as a foodstuff in its natural state and also processed to a given degree, and hence up now, its nutritious and flavoring properties have been taken advantage of. Particularly well known is the so called coconut cream which is the pulp juice combined with an edulcorating or sweetening substance, which cream has a multiplicity of applications in the food industries. In particular, the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,426,834 is well known, which Patent is related to a process for the production of a food product derived from coconut. This process essentially consists in the steps of: shelling the coconut; scraping and triturating its pulp; expressing the pulp for obtaining a creamy juice; filtering said creamy juice, homogenizing it and mixing it with sugar in order to adjust the specific gravity of the cream to a pre-determined value. Optionally said cream may be further pasteurized something that constitutes an embodiment of said process. The prior art also includes U.S. Pat. No. 3,224,804 related with a method of shelling coconut, although this patent will not be cited in detail in view of the fact that its subject matter is not directly related with the process provided in the instant application. In view of the prior art and of the necessity of obtaining a better quality product, as well as a more efficient and economical process, laborious experimentation with novel techniques has become necessary in order to obtain coconut cream, one of which, which happens to constitute an authentic industrial process, has been found and is disclosed in the present patent specification. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04098912__ •
Process for the production of creamed coconut and creamed coconut product Inventor(s): Loh; Jimbay P. (Peekskill, NY), Mendoza; Jocelyn Q. (Cordova, TN), Trumbetas; Jerome F. (Tarrytown, NY) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,599,575 Date filed: March 24, 1995 Abstract: A process for the production of a creamed coconut product, which process comprises the step of milling a coconut-containing product having an average particle size of 50-700.mu.m, a moisture content of less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the coconut-containing product, and a fat content of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the coconut-containing product; at a temperature of from 48.degree. C.-60.degree. C. for a sufficient time to produce a creamed coconut product which contains substantially no coconut particles with a particle size greater than 30.mu.m. Also disclosed is a creamed coconut product having substantially no coconut particles of a size in excess of 30.mu.m, which product may be made by the process of the invention. The creamed coconut product has an excellent storage stability and improved organoleptic characteristics. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the processing of coconutcontaining products and to edible creamed coconut products resulting from the same. Coconut milk and coconut cream are used as a flavor base in many Eastern culinary preparations in ways comparable to the manner in which dairy cream, butter and cheese are used in the west. Examples of such foods are Indian and Thai curries which employ coconut milk and/or coconut cream extensively as a flavor base, as well as coconut drinks which are popular in China. Dairy-based products are in a very limited supply in the east and are cost-prohibitive. Coconut milk and coconut cream are available and represent an alternative. Conventionally, coconut milk and coconut cream are prepared
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by extracting liquid from coconut meat. Coconut milk and coconut cream can also be produced by adding water to dessicated coconut and then expressing the liquid out. However, the quickest, easiest, most economical and most desirable way to produce coconut milk and coconut cream is to add water to creamed coconut (coconut concentrate). Depending on the desired fat content, one unit of creamed coconut when diluted with hot water will typically produce 1.5-3.5 units of coconut cream or from 411.5 units of coconut milk. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05599575__ •
Processed coconut outer husk chops and process for producing same Inventor(s): Toyone; Minoru (1-11 Ohizumi-cho 1-chome, Nerima-ku, Tokyo-to, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,458,662 Date filed: November 1, 1993 Abstract: Processed coconut outer husk chops, including coconut outer husk chops produced by compressing coconut outer husk at substantially right angle to the directions of coirs and chopping the compressed coconut outer husk. A reference sample of a resulting coconut outer husk chop which was left at 20.degree. C. at 50% relative humidity for three days contains 0.01-2 wt % tannin and 0.15-0.6 wt % Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3. Each processed coconut outer husk chop is sufficiently porous, and has a shape holding power, a good drainage, a low tannin content and a high iron content. A process for producing processed coconut outer husk chops is disclosed. The processed coconut outer husk chops are suited to a planting material, an inert medium for hydroponics and a microorganism propagating bed for propagating a decontaminating microorganism nurtured with a malodorous substance and trace pollutant in air. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processed coconut outer husk chops which drain well, have a low tannin content and a high iron content and are used as a planting material, an inert medium for hydroponics and a bed for propagating the decontaminating microorganism suited to propagation of a decontaminating microorganism eliminating a malodorous substance and a trace pollutant from air. Conventionally, sphagnum, pumice, hydroculture and peat moss have been used as a planting material in cultures of flowering plants such as an orchid, a chrysanthemum, a carnation, a cyclamen and a Turkey broad bellflower, of foliage plants, of high grade vegetables such as a celery, a melon and a strawberry, and of fruit trees. These materials rot easily or serve as an ineffective media for growing plants. In particular, they cause plants to poorly spread their roots. Recently, in culturing vegetables such as a celery, a melon, a lettuce, a tomato and a strawberry, hydroponics has become popular. The seeds are implanted in an inert medium containing no nutrient, and properly prepared nutrients are fed to the vegetables to forcibly culture them without pollution by various germs to secure high quality and yield of the vegetables. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05458662__
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Reaction product of Beta-mercaptoethanol and coconut oil as diesel fuel antiwear additive Inventor(s): Karol; Thomas J. (Norwalk, CT), Sung; Rodney L. (Fishkill, NY) Assignee(s): Texaco Inc. (White Plains, NY) Patent Number: 4,566,878 Date filed: March 11, 1985 Abstract: A diesel fuel, containing the reaction product of Beta-mercaptoethanol and coconut oil, is characterized by improvement in anti-wear properties. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to middle distillates of improved wear resistance. More particularly it relates to diesel fuels of improved wear performance. As is well known by those familiar with diesel engines and their performance, diesel fuels generally do not possess the ability to lubricate surfaces and to minimize the wear of the injectors of diesel engines. Great concern has been expressed by original equipment manufacturers over the wear seen in the upper cylinder of internal combustion engines, particularly, diesel engines. An example which illustrates this concern is the Ford Tornado Diesel Engine test which measures the extent of "scuffing" and "polishing" seen in the upper cylinder. It is apparent that lubricating oils can influence this wear, especially on the downward stroke when the oil has contacted the cylinder wall where the motion will occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04566878__
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Regeneration method of individual coconut plantlet Inventor(s): Higashi; Wakayoshi (Wakayama, JP), Okamoto; Kikuhiko (Koshigaya, al of, JP), Otsuji; Kazuya (Utsunomiya, JP), Sugimura; Yukio (Utsunomiya, JP), Ueda; Shinta (Ichikai, JP) Assignee(s): Kao Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,229,290 Date filed: April 16, 1992 Abstract: A method is provided for the regeneration of an individual coconut plantlet. It comprises culturing a tissue explant of an undifferentiated male flower of a coconut tree in a culture medium, which contains 10-50 ppm of an auxin, 0.1-3% of a polysaccharide produced by a bacterium of Pseudomonas and 0.05-1% of activated carbon, in a dark place until a shoot-like structure appears; and then culturing under exposure to light of 3,000-20,000 luxes while repeating its subculture in a fresh culture medium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for regeneration of an individual coconut (Cocos nucifera) plantlet from cells of an undifferentiated male flower of a coconut tree. Coconut oil is an extremely important oil, which is useful as starting materials in various fields of the industry. Breeding of coconut has been attempted in recent years with a view toward increasing nut production. As a typical example of such breeding, hybridization between a dwarf variety and a tall variety is carried out in order to achieve heterosis. Hybrids resulted from such hybridization are reported to realize an increased yield of oil. Described specifically, breeding is effected (1) by mixed planting selected superior parent trees (mothers and fathers) in an isolated place and then allowing hybridization to occur under natural conditions so as to obtain a hybrid or (2) by artificially hybridizing between selected superior parent trees. However, the method
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(1) is accompanied by problems that an isolated wide field is essential and the resulting seeds may not exactly be the intended hybrid. The method (2) permits the provision of the intended hybrid without failure, but it is accompanied by a problem that a great deal of labor is required for hybridization and hybrid seeds cannot be obtained promptly in any large quantity. Reflecting the recent advance in the technology of plant tissue culture, many attempts have been made on various species of plant so as to obtain clone plants having the genetically identical background to original plants. If this technique can be applied for the propagation of a coconut hybrid, many clone plantlets will be obtained promptly and easily from a single tree of elite hybrid having superior characters. This approach can hence be considered to be far superior to conventional propagation methods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05229290__ •
Use of first runnings coconut fatty acid as insect-repellent Inventor(s): Bencsits; Franz (Wehrenbachhalde 54, 8053 Z urich, CH) Assignee(s): Bencsits; Franz (Zurich, CH), Perycut-Chemie AG (Zurich, CH) Patent Number: 5,594,029 Date filed: May 11, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of natural or synthetic first runnings coconut fatty acid as an insect-repellent agent which is applied to human or animal skin or to clothing. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of first runnings coconut fatty acid for repelling flying, biting or sucking insects. Repellents are chemical substances having a repellent effect on insects. Their use in human or veterinary hygiene where they protect man and animal against attacks by bloodsucking, biting or other pestilent insects is of great importance in practice. Repellents which are to be applied directly to the skin must be non-irritating, non-poisonous, perspiration-resistant and light-fast and perfect from a cosmetic point of view. Moreover, the protection of the treated skin parts should last as long as possible and the spectrum of activity of the repellents should be as broad as possible, i.e., they should act against the largest possible number of harmful or pestilent insects. In the past, essential oils, such as citronella oil, camphor or eucalyptus oil, were used as repellents; however, due to their disadvantages, they were predominantly replaced by synthetic repellents. Synthetic repellents used in the prior art are, for instance, phthalic acid dimethyl ester, 1,2-ethyl-hexane-1,3-diol, 3,4-dihydro-2,2dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6-carboxylic acid-n-butyl ester, succinic acid dipropyl ester, N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzoic amide and pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid-di-n-propyl ester (Ullmanns Encyklop adie der technischen Chemie, 4th edition, Vol. 13, page 237 et seq., 1977). However, it often happens that such synthetic repellents are not perspiration-resistant and irritate the mucous membranes. With each synthetic repellent, it must first of all be checked whether it is non-irritating and, recently, whether it is biodegradable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05594029__
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Patent Applications on Coconuts As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to coconuts: •
Bio-degradable pet litter made from coconut coir Inventor(s): MacQuoid, Malcolm; (Park City, UT) Correspondence: Morriss, Bateman, O'bryant & Compagni; 136 South Main Street; Suite 700; Salt Lake City; UT; 84101; US Patent Application Number: 20030070623 Date filed: October 10, 2002 Abstract: A new use of coconut coir includes using the coir as an absorbent in pet litter. The coconut coir can be used alone as a kitty litter or other pet litter, in combination with fragrance, or in combination with other absorbents such as clay, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, alfalfa, wood chips, sawdust, paper, foam, plastic or other similar absorbent material. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/329,658, filed on Oct. 16, 2001. This invention relates to a disposable and biodegradable pet litter. More particularly, the present invention relates to a disposable pet litter made from coconut coir. Because cats can be left alone indoors for extended periods of time, many people, especially those in urban environments or those who work away from the home all day, keep cats as pets. Likewise, many people keep other pets, such as hamsters, gerbils, ferrets and the like which can be left alone for extended periods of time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coconut fiber planting pot Inventor(s): Wibmer, Albert; (Reutlingen, DE) Correspondence: Law Offices Renner Otto Boiselle & Sklar; The Keith Building 19th Floor; 1621 Euclid Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44115-2191; US Patent Application Number: 20020157309 Date filed: December 6, 2001 Abstract: In order to avoid the poor root penetration and poor decomposition characteristics of a planter (FIG. 1)--consisting essentially of a coconut fiber fleece material with a fiber binding agent--if a known airtight deep-drawn dry fleece with latex as the impregnating binding agent is used, the invention proposes as material an air-permeable dried wet fleece (FIG. 2) whose holes permit unimpeded penetration by roots and that can be biologically decomposed without problems.The preferred material is a wet fleece where polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers as binding agents were mixed with the coconut fibers during the manufacturing process; these PVA fibers are melted when the wet fleece is dried, shrinking primarily onto bonding spots where coconut fibers intersect.
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a planter in accordance with the general term in claim 1 that defines the type. A planter of this type is known whose material is an airtight deep-drawn dry fleece with latex as binding agent impregnating the coconut fibers. This relatively heavy thick-walled planter that is hard for the roots to penetrate and does not easily rot in the soil due to the latex is to be replaced by a better planter of the same type. The planter that is proposed by the invention and avoids the disadvantages described above is characterized in claim 1. Its material, an air-permeable dried wet fleece, has the advantage that the growing roots of the plant planted in the planter can penetrate the planter wall almost unimpeded and spread in the soil surrounding the planter due to the numerous holes of various sizes of the fleece material, and that the planter can be biologically decomposed without problems by the microorganisms in the soil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Fiberboard which includes coconut mesocarp and process for making the same Inventor(s): Chan, Charles Sing Chuk; (Kowloon, HK), Li, Kai Fu; (Jiangmen, CN) Correspondence: Baker & Botts; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20030091804 Date filed: November 9, 2001 Abstract: Article of manufacture, board and process of manufacture of the same are provided. The board preferably includes coconut mesocarp fibers, and can be a medium density fiber board. The board is composed of at least 40-50% of the coconut mesocarp fibers. The board can also include at least one outer portion and at least one inner portion, and the coconut mesocarp fibers of the inner portion can be larger that the coconut mesocarp fibers of the outer portion. The process produces the board preferably includes coconut mesocarp fibers which can composed of at least 40-50% of the coconut mesocarp fibers. Excerpt(s): Fiberboards are conventionally composed of timber products, for which the demand is exceeding the current supply. Coconut mesocarp is a waste product of annual coconut plants, so it is relatively inexpensive, and can be sustained annually. Cocus nucifera L. is a plant belonging to the Cosos genus of the palmae family. At present the total cultivated area of coconut is 10.583 million hm.sup.2 worldwide, among which the cultivated area of Indonesia is the largest (accounting for 31.3% of the world's coconut production), and the Philippines second (with 29.4%). India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, New Guinea, and China also account for substantial portions of the world's coconut production annually. The fruit of the coconut is round, elliptical, or three-edged consisting of the epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, testa, coconut meat, and coconut water. The epicarp has leather-like texture, and is brown when ripened and smooth on the fruit's surface. The mesocarp is a reddish-brown layer, sometimes called the coconut coir, which is of loose and soft texture consisting of hard fibers and thin wall cells. The thin wall cells became powdery when broken. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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•
Insole of shoe made of coconut and its manufacturing method Inventor(s): Kim, Daeseob; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Mcguire Woods, Llp; Suite 1800; 1750 Tysons BLVD.,; Mclean; VA; 22102-4215; US Patent Application Number: 20020040538 Date filed: April 26, 2001 Abstract: An insole of shoe made of coconut and its manufacturing method, which is an undiluted solution of natural latex is sprayed the coconut textile and then it is processed and pressed by heat, so that there is enough air permeability and cushion strength between the texture, which makes sanitary and effective for prevention athletes foot. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an insole of shoe made of coconut and its manufacturing method, whose a natural vegetable fiber, which is coconut textile, is made into a short strand and manufacture this, so that it makes an insole of shoe that air permeability, cushion strength and tension is excellent by forming a board, which has a regular thickness. In general, the outsole of shoe is a part contacted with a foot directly, so it should be made for comfort minimizing the fatigue with a long-time walk. Therefore, for an insole of shoe in the prior art, synthetic resins and synthetic rubber are used by foaming and molding for the cushion strength, but this kind of synthetic resins does not have the air permeability and absorptive property, so it can not absorb sweat from the foot and the cushion strength is reduced with a long-time walk and bring the fatigue to the foot. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for coconut liquor Inventor(s): Minaya, Mercedes Rancier; (Santo Domingo, DO), Rancier, Rodolfo Minaya; (Santo Domingo, DO) Correspondence: Sanchelima And Associates, P. A.; Jesus Sanchelima, ESQ.; 235 S.W. LE Jeune RD.; Miami; FL; 33134; US Patent Application Number: 20020004094 Date filed: July 2, 2001 Abstract: A process for producing a liquor utilizing a coconut as the fermentation container and final container for distribution to consumers. The process includes the steps of filling pre-selected coconuts with ethanol, after emptying the water, to dissolve part of the cavity's internal walls thereby absorbing the fragrance of the coconut. The ethanol is allowed to stay inside the coconut for a predetermined amount of time and then added to a mixture of ethanol and sugar cane juice, fifty percent of each, in a predetermined proportion to enhance the aroma of the liquor. The resulting mixture is then placed inside the coconut's cavity where it is allowed to go through the process of fermentation for about 21 days. The coconut is then capped and stored for future consumption. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing coconut liquor, and more particularly, to a process that includes using the natural coconut fruit as the container for the fermentation process. Many processes for producing liquor have been used in the past. None of them, however, include using the fruit as the container for the fermentation process of the liquor. During the fermentation of liquor produced in
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accordance with the present invention the mass inside the coconut, along with other ingredients, contributes in a special way to the final product imparting its unique fragrance. It is one of the main objects of the present invention to provide a process for producing a liquor wherein the coconut fruit is used as the container for the process during fermentation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
UKELELE MADE FROM KOA AND COCONUT SHELLS Inventor(s): Baker, George W.P.K. JR.; (Kailua, HI) Correspondence: George W.P.K. Baker, JR.; 607-a Kuaaina Way; Kailua; HI; 96734; US Patent Application Number: 20030005807 Date filed: July 9, 2001 Abstract: An improved ukelele made from koa wood and coconut shell sidewalls provides a unique, deeper, pleasing musical tone. A stringed musical instrument comprises a body having an upper sounding board, a lower sounding board, and a convex sidewall. The sidewall is connected peripherally to the upper and lower sounding boards, for defining a resonant cavity. A longitudinal neck portion extends on an axis away from the body. The instrument has a plurality of strings tensioned between the body and the neck adjacent said upper sounding board. Tensioning means is provided for tensioning said strings to a desired level.The upper sounding board includes an aperture positioned in an upper central position, with a plurality of strings passing over the aperture on the outside of the body. The upper and lower sounding boards are comprised of a Hawaiian hardwood selected from one of the group of koa and milo. The convex sidewalls comprise of a plurality of sectors made from hardened coconut shells and glued together to form a contiguous peripheral sidewall between said upper and lower sounding boards. Excerpt(s): This invention was originally disclosed in Disclosure Document No. 455205 filed on Apr. 22, 1999. This invention relates to a ukelele, and more particularly to stringed acoustical musical instruments having made from koa wood, and coconut shells. The ukelele is a small, guitarlike musical instrument associated chiefly with Hawaiian music. It produces a unique, pleasing, acoustical sound when strummed. The Hula is a native dance performed by Hawaiians, usually to a traditional tune played on a ukelele. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Unsaturated coconut and/or palmnut fatty alcohols Inventor(s): Boehr, Christiane; (Leverkusen, DE), Heck, Stephan; (Pulheim, DE), Huebner, Norbert; (Duesseldorf, DE), Klein, Norbert; (Mettmann, DE), Komp, HorstDieter; (Langenfeld, DE), Westfechtel, Alfred; (Hilden, DE) Correspondence: Cognis Corporation; 2500 Renaissance BLVD., Suite 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406 Patent Application Number: 20020035159 Date filed: June 5, 2001
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Abstract: Unsaturated coconut and/or palm nut fatty alcohols having an iodine number in the range from 65 to 85, which essentially comprise unsaturated fatty alcohols and mixtures of saturated fatty alcohols of the formula (I):R.sup.1OH (I)in which R.sup.1 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl radical having 12 to 20 carbon atoms, obtainable by fractionating coconut and/or palm nut fatty acid methyl esters to obtain a fraction containing predominantly C.sub.16-C.sub.18 portions, fractionating the C.sub.16-C.sub.18 fatty acid methyl ester fraction into a predominantly saturated distillate and a predominantly unsaturated bottom product, and hydrogenating the bottom product with retention of the double bonds to give the corresponding alcohols; are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to unsaturated fatty alcohols which are obtained by subjecting coconut or palm nut fatty acid methyl esters to a two-fold fractionation and then hydrogenating, and to a process for the preparation of these fatty alcohols. Unsaturated fatty alcohols are important intermediates for a large number of products of the chemical industry, such as, for example, for the preparation of surfactants and skincare products. A review on this topic can be found, for example, by U. Ploog et al. in Seifen-le-Fette-Wachse [Soaps-Oils-Fats-Waxes] 109, 225 (1983). They are prepared from more or less unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters which can be hydrogenated, for example, in the presence of chromium- or zinc-containing mixed catalysts [Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 4th Edition, Vol. 11, p. 436 ff]. The prior art is a large-scale process, as has hitherto also been carried out by the applicant, according to which animal fats and oils are used, and the unsaturated fatty alcohols produced after the hydrogenation are distilled at a still temperature of e.g. 220 to 250.degree. C. and a reduced pressure of from 1 to 20 mbar--measured at the top of the column. Since the preparation of unsaturated fatty alcohols is associated with high costs, distillation has been carried out with as low a raw material loss as possible. In fact, in this way, it was possible to achieve a yield of about 90% of theory, and correspondingly a loss of 10%, although the products exhibited a marked intrinsic odor. A further disadvantage is that the fatty alcohols of the prior art have unsatisfactory storage and low-temperature behavior. For application reasons, unsaturated fatty alcohols having iodine numbers of from 50 to 80 are particularly preferred since these have a solidification point which is favorable for use in cosmetic products. Unsaturated fatty alcohols having iodine numbers in the abovementioned range are currently largely based on animal raw materials. The desired iodine number range is set by blending different products having differing iodine number ranges. Adjustment of the iodine number range by distillative methods is not possible since the iodine number or iodine number range of animal-based fatty acids or fatty alcohols remains virtually constant during fractionation. However, animal fats have the disadvantage that they have a very heterogeneous structure. For example, animal fats contain nitrogen-containing compounds, such as amides or steroids, such as, for example, cholesterol, which are directly or indirectly responsible for the abovementioned unpleasant odor of the products. The nitrogen-containing compounds can become involved in secondary reactions, which impairs product stability, in particular oxidation stability, and leads to discolored products. In addition, because of the continuing BSE debate, products which are prepared using beef tallow are viewed extremely critically by the consumer. In the cosmetics market, there is therefore a continuous need for ever purer raw materials of ever higher quality, a demand which can usually only be met by ever more complex industrial processes and additional purification steps. In the case of unsaturated fatty alcohols, there is, in particular, the need for products having improved color and odor quality and a more advantageous low-temperature behavior. Added to this is the fact that in recent years consumer behavior has changed to the effect that consumers place
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very great value on purely vegetable products. The known vegetable fatty alcohols have iodine numbers in the range below 20 or very high iodine numbers above 100. Fatty alcohols having iodine numbers in the abovementioned range between 20 and 95, which is particularly preferred with regard to application technology, are not known. The blending of fatty alcohols having very different iodine numbers does not lead to satisfactory products. German Laid-open Specification DE-A1 4335781 (Henkel) discloses a process in which the triglycerides present in the vegetable fats or raw materials are firstly cleaved by pressurized cleavage into glycerol and fatty acids, and the latter are esterified with methanol, or the starting materials are directly transesterified to give the fatty acid methyl esters and then the esters are hydrogenated to give the alcohols, either the fatty acid methyl esters or the hydrogenation products being fractionated by removal of an amount of forerunnings such that the end product has an iodine number of from 20 to 110 and a conjuene content of less than 4.5% by weight. Whilst the process can be used for vegetable raw materials such as palm nut oil or coconut oil for the preparation of unsaturated fatty alcohols in the iodine number range 50 to 65 without problems, if said raw materials are used to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols in the iodine number range from 65 to 85, results are obtained which are surprisingly not entirely satisfactory. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with coconuts, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on coconuts. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning coconuts. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COCONUTS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to coconuts. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on coconuts include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “coconuts” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “coconuts” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “coconuts” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Coconut Oil by The Coconut Oil Research Group (2000); ISBN: 0741830833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741830833/icongroupinterna
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A Guide to the Zygotic Embryo Culture of Coconut Palms (Cocos Nucifera L.) (ACIAR Technical Reports) by G.R. Ashburner, et al; ISBN: 1863201556; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863201556/icongroupinterna
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A summary of investigations into peanut, palm olein, and coconut oils as fuels or fuel supplements for diesel engines by D. J. Galloway; ISBN: 0864431260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864431260/icongroupinterna
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Advances in Coconut Research & Development: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Coconut Reseach & Development by M. K. Nair; ISBN: 1881570274; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881570274/icongroupinterna
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Advances in coconut research and development; ISBN: 8120408012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8120408012/icongroupinterna
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Case Studies on Industrial Processing of Primary Products: Cocoa, Coconut Oil, Tea; ISBN: 0821301551; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821301551/icongroupinterna
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Coconut by C.A.J. Putter E.A. Frison M. Diekmann (1993); ISBN: 9290431563; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290431563/icongroupinterna
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Coconut by Crescent Dragonwagon, Nancy Tafuri (Illustrator); ISBN: 006021760X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006021760X/icongroupinterna
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Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) (1995); ISBN: 9290432152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290432152/icongroupinterna
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Coconut (The Tropical Agriculturalist) by Gabriel de Taffin, et al; ISBN: 0333574664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333574664/icongroupinterna
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Coconut and copra production in the Pacific Islands by E. Bryant; ISBN: 0589043951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0589043951/icongroupinterna
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Coconut and Oilpalm: Genetic Upgradation and Protection by T. Ramanathan (2001); ISBN: 8170352576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170352576/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Cookery: A Practical Cookbook Encompassing Innovative Uses of the Tropical Drupe Cocus Nucifera, Accompanied by Assorted Information and Anecdotes Ranging from by Valerie Macbean; ISBN: 1583940189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583940189/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Crew by Mort Walker (1996); ISBN: 0964974312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964974312/icongroupinterna
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Coconut cultivation by R. Mahindapala; ISBN: 9559013009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9559013009/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Germplasm in the South Pacific Islands by M. A. Foale (1986); ISBN: 0949511358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0949511358/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Improvement in the South Pacific (ACIAR Proceedings) by M.A. Foale (Editor), P. Lynch (Editor); ISBN: 1863201211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863201211/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Oil for Healthy & Beauty by Cynthia Holzapfel, Laura Holzapfel (2003); ISBN: 1570671583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570671583/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Palm Frond Weaving by William H. Goodloe; ISBN: 0804810613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804810613/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Production: Present Status and Priorities for Research (World Bank Technical Paper, No 136) by Alan H. Green (Editor); ISBN: 0821318098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821318098/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Puzzle Book: Games, Riddles, Mazes, and More! by Rick Walton, American Girl (2003); ISBN: 1584857994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1584857994/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Research & Development: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Coconut Research and Development, Held at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod 670 124, Kerala, December 27-31, 1976; ISBN: 0852266073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852266073/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Uses: Uses for the Coconut by Recycling Consortium Staff (1992); ISBN: 0317047914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0317047914/icongroupinterna
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Coconut Wood: Processing and Use; ISBN: 9251022534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251022534/icongroupinterna
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Coconut, the Tree of Life by Carolyn Meyer; ISBN: 0688220843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688220843/icongroupinterna
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Coconut, Tree of Life (Fao Plant Production and Protection Paper, No 57) by J.G. Ohler (1985); ISBN: 9251021031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251021031/icongroupinterna
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Coconuts by Reginald Child; ISBN: 058246675X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/058246675X/icongroupinterna
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Coconuts: Production, Processing, Products by Jasper Guy Woodroff; ISBN: 0870552767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870552767/icongroupinterna
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Cracking the Coconut: Classic Thai Home Cooking by Su-Mei Yu (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0688165427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688165427/icongroupinterna
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Current Advances in Coconut Biotechnology (Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture, 35) by C. Oropeza (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0792358236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792358236/icongroupinterna
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Effective protection of agricultural products : the Philippine coconut industry as an example of an industrial import substitution policy by Markus Kramer; ISBN: 3881564586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3881564586/icongroupinterna
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Handbook on Coconut Palm by P.K. Thampan; ISBN: 8120402146; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8120402146/icongroupinterna
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How to Process Coconut Palm Wood: A Handbook by Wulf Killmann; ISBN: 3528020334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3528020334/icongroupinterna
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Intensive Multiple Cropping With Coconuts in India: Principles, Programmes and Prospects (Advances in Agronomy and Crop Science Series, Vol 6) by P. K. Nair (1979); ISBN: 3489712102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3489712102/icongroupinterna
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Investigation of coconut oil as fuel or fuel supplement for diesel engines by D. J. Galloway; ISBN: 0864431244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864431244/icongroupinterna
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Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Excluding the Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, Citrus Fruits, Olive, and Fig. by Wilson, Popenoe; ISBN: 0028502809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028502809/icongroupinterna
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Modern Coconut Management: Palm Cultivation and Products by Johan G. Ohler (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 185339467X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185339467X/icongroupinterna
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Morphological and anatomical studies of the coconut by E. H. D. Smit; ISBN: 9027805806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027805806/icongroupinterna
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Pests of the Coconut Palm by R. J. Lever (1969); ISBN: 9251008574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251008574/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Coconut Shell Carbonization/Waste Heat Recovery, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Se by Appc, et al (1991); ISBN: 0859542793; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859542793/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of an International Workshop on Lethal Yellowing-Like Diseases of Coconut, Elmina, Ghana by S. J. Eden-Green, F. Ofori (1997); ISBN: 0859544885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859544885/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of the World Conference on Palm and Coconut Oils for the 21st Century-Sources, Processing, Applications, and Competition: Sources, Processing, Applications, and Competition by E. Charles Leonard, et al (1999); ISBN: 0935315993; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315993/icongroupinterna
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Pulping Trials on the Wood from the Trunk of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) by E.R. Palmer, J.A. Gibbs; ISBN: 0859541061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859541061/icongroupinterna
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Replanting the Tree of Life: Towards an International Agenda for Coconut Palm Research by Gabrielle J. Persley (1997); ISBN: 0851988156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851988156/icongroupinterna
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Report on ACIAR-funded Research on Viroids and Viruses of Coconut Palm and Other Tropical Monocotyledona 1985-1993 by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research; ISBN: 1863202021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863202021/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Coconut Oil in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Coconut Oil Research Group, The Coconut Oil Research Group; ISBN: 0741855216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741855216/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 World Forecasts of Coconut Oil Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Coconut Oil Research Group, The Coconut Oil Research Group; ISBN: 0741837056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741837056/icongroupinterna
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The 2003 World Forecasts of Coconut Oil Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSV2K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSV2K/icongroupinterna
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The coconut cookery of Bicol by Honesto C. General; ISBN: 9715691501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9715691501/icongroupinterna
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The Healing Miracles of Coconut Oil, Third Edition by Bruce Fife; ISBN: 0941599515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941599515/icongroupinterna
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The Use of Coconut Oil/Diesel Blends as a Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines by A. P. Robinson, et al (1990); ISBN: 0859542661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859542661/icongroupinterna
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The Utilisation of Waste Heat Produced During the Manufacture of Coconut Shell Charcoal for the Centralised Production of Copra (G127) by G.R. Breag, A.P. Harker; ISBN: 0859541053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859541053/icongroupinterna
Books
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The World Market for Desiccated Coconut (G 129) by Stephen F. Jones (1979); ISBN: 0859541088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859541088/icongroupinterna
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Tradewinds and Coconuts: A Reminiscence and Recipes from the Pacific Islands by Jennifer Brennan, et al (2000); ISBN: 9625938192; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9625938192/icongroupinterna
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Weaving With Coconut Palm by George B. Stevenson; ISBN: 0916224406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916224406/icongroupinterna
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What Can You Do With a Coconut by Constance Deise; ISBN: 0761003991; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761003991/icongroupinterna
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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A study of the amino acids in coconut meat, by Phung-Le-Anh and Jose Lugay, Jr. Author: Phung-Le-Anh.; Year: 1967; [Manila] Univ. of Santo Tomas, Research Center [1967]
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Bibliography of the nutritional aspects of the coconut. Author: Peters, F. E.; Year: 1956; Noumea, New Caledonia, South Pacific Commission, 1956
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Coconut, supari, kikar, and catha Author: Krishnamurthy, K. H.,; Year: 1992; Delhi: Books for All, [1992?]
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Food values of breadfruit, taro leaves, coconut, and suar cane Author: Miller, Carey D. (Carey Dunlap),; Year: 1929; New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1971
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Report of the Regional Information, Education and Communication Conference, Coconut Grove, Florida, December 6-10, 1987. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation. Western Hemisphere Region.; Year: 1988; New York, New York, IPPF, WHR, 1988
Chapters on Coconuts In order to find chapters that specifically relate to coconuts, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and coconuts using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: 10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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APPENDICES
71
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 37 5 115 0 0 157
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “coconuts” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on coconuts can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to coconuts. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to coconuts. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “coconuts”:
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•
Other guides Bone Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to coconuts. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
•
79
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to coconuts. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with coconuts. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about coconuts. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “coconuts” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “coconuts”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “coconuts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “coconuts” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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COCONUTS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have
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nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]
that
produce
immediate
hypersensitivity
Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Angelica root: The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]
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Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auxin: A natural organic compound formed in actively growing parts of plants, particularly in the growing points of shoots, which in minute concentrations regulates cell expansion and other developmental processes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding
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agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Cacao: A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the
Dictionary 93
pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been
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listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative
Dictionary 95
pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cookery: The art or practice of cooking. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH]
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Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by
Dictionary 97
the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
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[NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferrets: Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting rodents and/or rabbits and as a laboratory animal. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For
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example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are
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different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH]
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Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH]
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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH]
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Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]
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Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result
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in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Naphthalenes: Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats,
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waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]
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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH]
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Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plantlet: A small plant; used to denote such a plant derived from a tissue culture. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in
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pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a
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cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty
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cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH]
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Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sports Equipment: Equipment required for engaging in a sport (such as balls, bats, rackets, skis, skates, ropes, weights) and devices for the protection of athletes during their performance (such as masks, gloves, mouth pieces). [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subculture: A culture derived from another culture or the aseptic division and transfer of a culture or a portion of that culture (inoculum) to fresh nutrient medium. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and
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methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tapeworm: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a
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specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]
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Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abrasion, 41, 89 Acceptor, 89, 106 Acrylonitrile, 43, 89, 110 Adhesives, 89 Adjuvant, 26, 89 Adsorption, 41, 49, 89 Adsorptive, 89 Affinity, 49, 89, 111 Aflatoxins, 34, 89 Agonist, 89, 105 Alfalfa, 57, 89 Algorithms, 89, 92 Alkaline, 89, 90, 92, 107 Alkaloid, 89, 105 Allergens, 14, 90 Allo, 90, 100 Alternative medicine, 90 Amino Acids, 67, 90, 107, 108, 109, 112, 114 Ammonia, 90, 113, 114 Anatomical, 66, 90, 91, 103 Angelica root, 50, 90 Anions, 90, 102 Anorexia, 90, 99 Antibacterial, 90, 112 Antibiotic, 90, 112 Antibody, 89, 90, 94, 100, 101, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111, 115 Anticoagulant, 90, 109 Antigen, 89, 90, 94, 100, 101 Anti-infective, 90, 92, 102 Anti-inflammatory, 90, 106 Antimicrobial, 91, 105 Antioxidant, 91, 106, 113 Antipruritic, 91, 92, 94 Aperture, 60, 91 Apolipoproteins, 91, 103 Applicability, 38, 39, 91 Aqueous, 28, 29, 35, 36, 37, 39, 48, 50, 51, 91, 97, 103 Aromatic, 49, 91, 112 Arterial, 91, 93, 109 Arteries, 91, 92, 95, 103, 104 Arthropathy, 6, 91 Aseptic, 91, 106, 112 Astringents, 91, 98 Atrium, 5, 6, 91, 104, 115
Atrophy, 91, 103 Auxin, 55, 91 B Bacteria, 34, 89, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, 104, 112, 114 Bactericidal, 91, 98 Bacterium, 55, 91 Base, 6, 27, 37, 44, 46, 53, 91, 96, 102, 104, 107 Baths, 39, 91 Bezoar, 4, 7, 91 Binding agent, 40, 57, 58, 91 Biodegradation, 27, 92 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 65, 67, 73, 92 Blood Coagulation, 92, 113 Blood pressure, 92, 111 Blood vessel, 92, 112, 113, 114 Body Fluids, 92, 97, 108, 111 Brachytherapy, 92, 102, 109, 115 Branch, 85, 92, 106, 111 Breakdown, 92, 99 Breeding, 55, 92 Bronchitis, 92, 98 C Cacao, 92 Calcification, 6, 92 Calcium, 29, 92, 94, 104 Camphor, 56, 92 Capsules, 92, 99 Carbohydrate, 13, 35, 92, 99, 108 Carbon Dioxide, 46, 93, 107, 110 Carboxy, 40, 93 Carcinogen, 93, 98 Carcinogenic, 34, 51, 93, 94, 96 Carcinoma, 93 Cardiac, 93, 95, 104, 105 Cations, 93, 102 Cell, 36, 48, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114 Cell Division, 91, 93, 103, 108 Cellobiose, 93 Cellulose, 38, 39, 40, 45, 47, 93, 108 Cerebral, 93, 99 Chemical Warfare, 93, 96 Chemical Warfare Agents, 93, 96 Chiropractic, 22, 93 Chlorophyll, 93, 97 Cholera, 5, 6, 15, 93, 115
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Cholesterol, 6, 9, 18, 19, 21, 61, 93, 94, 95, 103, 111 Cholesterol Esters, 93, 103 Cholinergic, 93, 105 Chromium, 61, 93 Chronic, 5, 94, 101, 109, 112 Chylomicrons, 94, 103 Citrus, 28, 65, 94 Clinical trial, 3, 73, 94 Clone, 56, 94 Cloning, 92, 94 Coagulation, 92, 94, 100 Coal, 46, 94, 105 Coal Tar, 94, 105 Cod Liver Oil, 94, 97 Cofactor, 94, 109, 113 Coke, 46, 94 Complement, 94, 95 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 24, 95 Complementary medicine, 21, 95 Computational Biology, 73, 95 Consumption, 6, 10, 13, 14, 33, 34, 59, 95, 99, 110 Contact dermatitis, 8, 12, 95 Contamination, 34, 95 Contraindications, ii, 95 Cookery, 64, 66, 95 Coronary, 13, 15, 95, 104 Coronary Disease, 13, 95 Coronary heart disease, 15, 95 Coronary Thrombosis, 95, 104 Coronary Vessels, 95 Cortex, 96, 98, 99 Cutaneous, 95, 96 Cysteine, 96, 112 D Dairy Products, 96, 111 Databases, Bibliographic, 73, 96 Decompression, 38, 96 Decompression Sickness, 96 Decontamination, 34, 96 Dehydration, 93, 96 Denaturation, 30, 96 Dendritic, 96, 112 Density, 39, 41, 58, 96, 103, 106, 108 Dermatitis, 7, 12, 14, 96 Dermatosis, 6, 12, 96 Diagnostic procedure, 25, 96 Diarrhea, 12, 96, 98 Diarrhoea, 96, 99 Dimethyl, 56, 96
Dioxins, 49, 96 Diploid, 96, 108 Direct, iii, 9, 41, 96, 110, 113 Disinfectant, 96, 98 Dissociation, 89, 96 Diverticulum, 4, 97 Drive, ii, vi, 17, 42, 97 Duct, 97, 110, 113 E Edema, 95, 97 Electrolyte, 7, 13, 97, 111 Electrons, 91, 97, 102, 106, 109 Emollient, 97, 99, 104, 105 Emulsion, 28, 30, 48, 97 Encapsulated, 44, 97 Endemic, 93, 97 Endotoxic, 97, 103 Enhancers, 30, 97 Enteric bacteria, 34, 97 Enteritis, 8, 97 Enterocolitis, 97 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 97 Enzymatic, 92, 95, 98 Enzyme, 35, 48, 98, 112, 113, 115 Erythema, 95, 98 Estradiol, 51, 98 Estrogen, 51, 98 Estrone, 51, 98 Ethanol, 39, 59, 98 Eucalyptus, 56, 98 Exogenous, 89, 98 Extensor, 98, 109 External-beam radiation, 98, 102, 109, 115 Extracellular, 98, 111 Extraction, 30, 47, 48, 49, 98 F Faecal, 13, 96, 98 Family Planning, 73, 98 Fat, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 19, 30, 35, 44, 45, 52, 53, 54, 95, 98, 103, 110, 113, 114 Fathers, 55, 98 Fatigue, 59, 98 Fatty acids, 12, 61, 98 Feces, 98 Fermentation, 59, 92, 98 Ferrets, 57, 98 Filler, 43, 44, 98 Fissure, 36, 99 Flatus, 99 Flavoring Agents, 98, 99 Fold, 61, 99 Fractionation, 61, 99
Index 119
Friction, 41, 47, 99 Fungi, 99, 100, 104 G Gas, 46, 90, 93, 96, 99, 101, 105, 113 Gastric, 99, 101 Gastroenteritis, 15, 99 Gastrointestinal, 90, 98, 99, 112, 115 Gastrointestinal tract, 98, 99 Gels, 39, 45, 99 Gene, 67, 92, 99 Gland, 99, 111, 112, 113 Glucose, 8, 93, 99 Glycerol, 36, 62, 99, 107 Governing Board, 99, 108 Grade, 54, 99 Gram-negative, 97, 100, 105, 115 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 97, 100, 105 Gram-positive, 100, 105 Graphite, 50, 100 Grasses, 100 Growth, 34, 38, 51, 90, 91, 100, 106, 108, 113 H Haploid, 100, 108 Haptens, 89, 100 Helminths, 100, 101 Hemorrhage, 100, 112 Hemostasis, 11, 100 Herbicides, 49, 96, 100 Heredity, 99, 100 Heterogeneity, 89, 100 Histology, 100, 106 Homologous, 100, 104, 113 Hormone, 90, 98, 100, 102, 113 Hybrid, 55, 94, 100 Hybridization, 55, 100 Hydrochloric Acid, 36, 101 Hydrogen, 89, 91, 93, 96, 101, 104, 105, 106 Hydrophilic, 26, 101 Hydrophobic, 49, 101, 103 Hypersensitivity, 14, 90, 101 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 90, 101 I Ice Cream, 36, 101 Id, 19, 23, 78, 84, 86, 101 Immersion, 91, 101 Immune response, 89, 90, 100, 101, 112, 115 Immunogenic, 101, 103 Immunology, 14, 89, 101 Implant radiation, 101, 102, 109, 115 In vitro, 101, 114
Indicative, 63, 101, 106, 114 Infantile, 101, 103 Infarction, 95, 101, 104, 105 Infection, 6, 34, 91, 99, 101, 103, 110, 112 Infestation, 15, 101 Inflammation, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 112 Infusion, 9, 102 Ingestion, 102, 104, 108 Inhalation, 102, 108 Inoculum, 102, 112 Insecticides, 102, 107 Internal radiation, 102, 109, 115 Interstitial, 92, 102, 115 Intestine, 97, 102, 110, 111 Intoxication, 102, 115 Intracellular, 101, 102 Intravenous, 8, 11, 14, 18, 22, 102 Intrinsic, 61, 89, 102 Iodine, 39, 61, 102 Ions, 29, 91, 96, 97, 101, 102 Irradiation, 34, 102, 115 J Joint, 91, 96, 102 K Kb, 72, 102 Kerosene, 28, 102 Kinetic, 46, 102 L Laxative, 102, 104 Lesion, 8, 102 Library Services, 84, 103 Ligaments, 95, 103 Linkages, 103, 108 Lipid, 9, 13, 91, 99, 103 Lipid A, 13, 103 Lipodystrophy, 15, 103 Lipopolysaccharides, 103 Lipoprotein, 13, 100, 103 Liquor, 35, 59, 103 Litter, 57, 103 Liver, 97, 98, 103, 114 Localized, 97, 101, 103, 108 Locomotion, 103, 108 Low-density lipoprotein, 103 Lubricants, 103, 105, 107 Lymphatic, 12, 101, 103 M Mammogram, 92, 103, 104 Meat, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 47, 48, 52, 54, 58, 67, 103, 111 MEDLINE, 73, 103
120 Coconuts
Meiosis, 103, 104, 113 Membrane, 89, 95, 100, 103, 107, 110, 112, 113 Menopause, 51, 104, 108 Menstruation, 51, 104 Metabolite, 96, 98, 104, 107 Methanol, 62, 104 Methionine, 96, 104, 113 MI, 87, 104 Microcalcifications, 92, 104 Microorganism, 54, 94, 104 Migration, 6, 29, 104 Mineral Oil, 9, 14, 94, 104 Mitral Valve, 5, 104 Modification, 36, 46, 104 Modulator, 27, 104 Molecular, 46, 73, 75, 92, 95, 104, 110 Molecule, 90, 91, 94, 96, 104, 105, 106, 110 Monoclonal, 102, 104, 109, 115 Mucus, 91, 104 Multivalent, 30, 104 Mutagenic, 96, 104 Mycotoxins, 34, 89, 104 Myocardial Ischemia, 95, 104 Myocardium, 104, 105 N Nalidixic Acid, 10, 105 Naphthalenes, 49, 105 Nausea, 99, 105 Necrosis, 101, 104, 105 Need, 61, 67, 79, 105 Nerve, 93, 105, 110, 112 Neurons, 105, 113 Neutrons, 102, 105, 109 Nicotine, 40, 105 Nitrogen, 46, 61, 90, 96, 105 Nucleic acid, 100, 105 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 100, 105 Nucleus, 103, 105, 108, 112 O Odour, 91, 105 Ointments, 105, 106 Opacity, 96, 106 Ophthalmic, 106, 108 Organ Culture, 106, 114 Organoleptic, 52, 53, 106 Osmolarity, 10, 106 Osmoles, 106 Osteoporosis, 51, 106 Ovaries, 51, 106 Ovary, 98, 106 Ovulation, 51, 106
Oxidants, 43, 106 Oxidation, 38, 39, 61, 89, 91, 106 Oxidation-Reduction, 106 P Paraffin, 37, 40, 106 Parasitic, 100, 101, 106 Particle, 26, 46, 53, 106 Pathologic, 95, 101, 106, 109 Peptide, 107, 108, 109 Perennial, 107, 114 Perforation, 91, 107 Perspiration, 56, 107 Pesticides, 26, 27, 92, 100, 102, 107 Petrolatum, 97, 107 Petroleum, 28, 102, 104, 106, 107 Phagocyte, 106, 107 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 93, 98, 107, 109 Pharmacologic, 107, 114 Phenolphthalein, 97, 107 Phospholipids, 98, 103, 107 Phosphorus, 92, 107 Photochemotherapy, 10, 107 Photoreceptors, 107 Photosensitizing Agents, 107 Phototherapy, 10, 107 Physiologic, 89, 104, 107 Pitch, 46, 107 Placenta, 98, 107 Plant Diseases, 97, 108 Plantlet, 55, 108 Plants, 39, 40, 54, 56, 58, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99, 100, 108, 114 Plasma, 9, 13, 14, 93, 100, 108 Plasticizers, 43, 108 Poisoning, 5, 99, 102, 105, 108 Polyesters, 27, 108 Polyethylene, 43, 50, 108 Polymers, 27, 46, 108, 109, 112 Polypeptide, 100, 108, 115 Polysaccharide, 55, 90, 93, 108 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 57, 108 Postmenopausal, 106, 108 Practice Guidelines, 74, 108 Progressive, 100, 105, 108 Prophase, 104, 108, 113 Propylene Glycol, 37, 108 Protein C, 30, 91, 103, 109, 114 Protein S, 67, 92, 109 Proteins, 14, 90, 91, 94, 100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114 Protozoa, 104, 109
Index 121
Psoriasis, 10, 94, 107, 109 Public Policy, 73, 109 Publishing, 4, 109 Pulmonary, 92, 95, 109, 113, 115 R Race, 104, 109 Radiation, 98, 99, 102, 107, 109, 115 Radiation therapy, 98, 99, 102, 109, 115 Radioactive, 96, 101, 102, 109, 115 Radiolabeled, 102, 109, 115 Radiological, 22, 109 Radiology, 109 Radiotherapy, 92, 102, 109, 115 Rape, 48, 110 Reagent, 101, 110 Rectum, 99, 110 Red blood cells, 110, 111 Refer, 1, 94, 99, 103, 105, 110 Refraction, 110, 112 Regeneration, 55, 110 Rehydration, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 110 Respiration, 93, 110 Restoration, 110 Retina, 110 Rheumatoid, 106, 110 Rigidity, 108, 110 Rod, 91, 110 Rodenticides, 107, 110 Rubber, 43, 59, 89, 110 S Saline, 8, 110 Saliva, 110 Salivary, 12, 110 Salivary glands, 12, 110 Salmonellosis, 34, 110 Sanitary, 59, 110 Saturated fat, 61, 110 Schizoid, 111, 115 Schizophrenia, 111, 115 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 111, 115 Screening, 94, 111 Secretion, 51, 104, 107, 111 Senile, 106, 111 Serrated, 33, 111 Serum, 7, 9, 94, 103, 111 Side effect, 111, 114 Sludge, 37, 48, 111 Small intestine, 94, 97, 100, 102, 111 Sodium, 29, 40, 111, 113 Solvent, 28, 39, 49, 50, 52, 98, 99, 102, 104, 108, 111 Specialist, 79, 111
Species, 46, 56, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115 Specificity, 89, 111 Spectrum, 56, 112 Spike, 31, 112 Spinal cord, 93, 112 Sports Equipment, 27, 112 Steel, 33, 42, 112 Steroids, 61, 112 Stimulus, 97, 112 Stomach, 91, 99, 100, 105, 111, 112 Strand, 59, 112 Stress, 30, 99, 105, 110, 112 Stroke, 55, 72, 112 Styrene, 43, 110, 112 Subacute, 101, 112 Subclinical, 101, 112 Subculture, 55, 112 Subcutaneous, 97, 103, 112 Subspecies, 111, 112 Substance P, 104, 111, 112 Substrate, 28, 112 Sulfur, 34, 104, 112, 113 Sulfur Dioxide, 34, 113 Supplementation, 13, 113 Surfactant, 39, 50, 113 Sweat, 59, 107, 113 Sweat Glands, 113 Synapses, 112, 113 Synaptic, 105, 113 Synaptic Transmission, 105, 113 Synergistic, 45, 113 Systemic, 14, 92, 101, 102, 109, 113, 115 T Tapeworm, 15, 113 Teratogenic, 96, 113 Testis, 98, 113 Thrombin, 109, 113 Thrombomodulin, 109, 113 Thrombosis, 109, 112, 113 Thyroid, 102, 113 Ticks, 101, 113 Tissue Culture, 56, 108, 114 Topical, 91, 94, 98, 105, 106, 107, 114 Toxic, iv, 49, 89, 100, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114 Toxicology, 74, 114 Toxins, 90, 101, 104, 114 Trace element, 93, 114 Transfection, 92, 114 Trees, 54, 55, 98, 110, 114 Tuberculosis, 95, 114
122 Coconuts
U Unconscious, 101, 114 Unsaturated Fats, 7, 114 Urea, 113, 114 Urinary, 6, 105, 114 Urinary tract, 105, 114 Urinary tract infection, 105, 114 Urine, 98, 114 Uterus, 104, 106, 114 V Vaccine, 89, 114 Vagina, 104, 114 Vascular, 101, 107, 114 Vein, 102, 114 Venous, 109, 114
Ventricle, 104, 115 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 115 Vibrio, 93, 115 Vibrio cholerae, 93, 115 Virus, 97, 115 Viscosity, 29, 41, 115 Vivo, 101, 106, 115 W Wettability, 38, 115 Withdrawal, 35, 115 X X-ray, 102, 103, 109, 115 X-ray therapy, 102, 115 Z Zymogen, 109, 115
Index 123
124 Coconuts
