Ciprofloxacin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CIPROFLOXACIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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CIPROFLOXACIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ciprofloxacin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00260-4 1. Ciprofloxacin-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ciprofloxacin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CIPROFLOXACIN ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ciprofloxacin................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 15 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CIPROFLOXACIN ............................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ciprofloxacin................................................................................ 77 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 81 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CIPROFLOXACIN ....................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 83 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 90 General References ....................................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CIPROFLOXACIN ......................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Dissertations on Ciprofloxacin .................................................................................................... 93 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CIPROFLOXACIN .................................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patents on Ciprofloxacin.............................................................................................................. 95 Patent Applications on Ciprofloxacin ........................................................................................ 103 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 111 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CIPROFLOXACIN ...................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 113 Chapters on Ciprofloxacin.......................................................................................................... 114 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CIPROFLOXACIN ........................................................ 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 119 Academic Periodicals covering Ciprofloxacin ............................................................................ 123 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 125 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 126 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 129 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 131 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 133 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 135 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 138 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 141 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 141

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 141 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 147 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 147 CIPROFLOXACIN DICTIONARY............................................................................................. 149 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 209

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ciprofloxacin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ciprofloxacin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ciprofloxacin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ciprofloxacin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ciprofloxacin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ciprofloxacin. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CIPROFLOXACIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ciprofloxacin.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ciprofloxacin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Ciprofloxacin: Best Use of This New Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 87(8): 117-122, 124, 127-128, 130-131. June 1990. Summary: Resistance to traditional antibiotics is an increasing problem. This article introduces ciprofloxacin (Cipro), a drug that is safe and effective against many organisms, can be taken orally, and is well tolerated. The author provides a complete description of the drug, including its use for urinary tract infections, bacterial diarrhea, and a variety of infections caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms. 4 tables. 43 references. (AA-M).

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Ciprofloxacin

Federally Funded Research on Ciprofloxacin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ciprofloxacin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ciprofloxacin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ciprofloxacin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ciprofloxacin: •

Project Title: A THERAPEUTICS

NOVEL

PLATFORM

TO

DISCOVER

BIODEFENSE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Trawick, John D.; Principal Scientist; Elitra Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 3510 Dunhill St San Diego, Ca 921211212 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by investigator): The recent use of Bacillus anthracis as a lethal agent of terrorism in the United States is particularly alarming considering the relatively primitive methods used to distribute the bacterial spores and the fact that ordinary, antibiotic-sensitive strains of the anthrax bacillus were used in the attacks. Although antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin(r) provided a means for treating the anthrax infections that resulted from these attacks, it is generally appreciated that simple genetic manipulations can render B. anthracis bacteria resistant to any known antibiotic. These recent incidents underscore the urgent need for novel therapeutics that might be used in the event of future terrorist attacks or biological warfare scenarios. The purpose of the work outlined in this Phase I application is to bring to bear on this problem an important new lead-discovery technology, recently developed by Elitra Pharmaceuticals, referred to as the TargetArray. The initial version of the TargetArray, the assembly and validation of which is now nearly complete, consists of an arrayed collection of approximately 400 Staphylococcus aureus strains, each engineered to under-express or over-express individual gene products that are essential for viability or growth of this bacterial organism. Differential expression of essential gene products (potential targets) renders the bacteria selectively more sensitive or resistant to targetspecific inhibitors of those gene products. Using proprietary methods developed at Elitra for monitoring depletion or enrichment of individual strains cultured in complex mixtures, the TargetArray will allow us to identify relatively rare compounds that inhibit growth through a target-specific mechanism of action. One Phase I objective is to use this version of the TargetArray immediately to identify novel lead compounds with a spectrum that includes both Bacillus and Staphylococcus. A second objective is to

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

create a Bacillus version of the TargetArray that will facilitate the discovery of narrowspectrum agents active against B. anthracis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUTATIONS

CIPROFLOXACIN

RESISTANCE

AND

COMPENSATORY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Adams, Julian P.; Professor; Molecular/Cell/Develop Biology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The evolution of antibiotic resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms is increasingly becoming a serious public health problem. A number of measures have been proposed to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance with varying success, including controls of the use of antibiotics, the use of vaccines and improvement of hospital hygiene. However, the ultimate success of such measures is questionable, due to evolutionary changes in the resistant sector of the microorganism populations. Many (but not all) mutations to antibiotic resistance are deleterious, and therefore may be selected against in the absence of the antibiotic. However, under prolonged exposure to antibiotics, compensatory mutations can and do occur and be selected, which reduce the cost associated with antibiotic resistance. Such evolutionary changes will contribute to the prevalence to antibiotic resistant pathogens, and render some antibiotics ineffective. Such a scenario will be particularly disastrous during an anthrax epidemic in this country, for which ciprofloxacin will be the primary antibiotic of choice. The principal focus of this project will be to characterize and identify compensatory mutations, which reduce the cost of ciprofloxacin resistance in B. subtilis, a close relative of B. anthracis. The study will also be extended to include E. coli and two other antibiotics, novobiocin and ceftazidime. Knowledge of the biochemical and physiological basis of compensatory mutations may allow the design of strategies to reduce or counteract their role in increasing the prevalence of antibiotic resistant mutations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN MYELODYSPLATIC SYNDROMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Raza, Azra; Professor; Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a highly complex, heterogeneous group of clonal hemopoietic stem cell disorders in which the rapid cell-birth of immature precursors is cancelled by excessive intramedullary apoptosis of their progeny. This combination of rapid proliferation and cell death may account for the clinical syndrome of pancytopenia despite hypercellular marrows and may be a result of the dual actions of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), interleukin 1beta (IL1beta) and IL1beta converting enzyme (ICE). These cytokines (source unknown) may simultaneously stimulate proliferation in the immature cells and apoptosis in mature cells. By interfering with the generation of specific phospholipid second messengers, the signalling pathway for a cascade of cytokines (TNF- alpha, TGF-beta, IL1beta) can be interrupted. A combination of drugs using pentoxifylline/ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone

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Ciprofloxacin

(PCD) were used in a pilot study and resulted in encouraging hematologic and/or cytogenetic responses with resumption of polyclonal hemopoiesis, accompanied by the disappearance of apoptosis from bone marrow (BM) biopsies. A variety of clinical responses were noted following PCD suggesting that this anti-cytokine therapy produces different biological effects in different patients. Non-responsiveness may indicate that either the predominant clinical syndrome was not cytokine-driven or that cytokines other than those suppressed by PCD were involved. A similar case for differences in cytogenetic responses could be made since in the responding patients, the cytogenetically marked clone may have been dependent on cytokines suppressed by PCD. We propose a unique clinical program with correlative biologic studies, unique especially in terms of using clinical response as a way of dissecting the different mechanisms underlying the differences in the manifestations of disease among MDS patients. A series of clinical trials are proposed which attempt to further optimize this new and unique anti-cytokine approach by combining PCD with other conventional and/or novel agents. Parallel biological studies are proposed which are designed to investigate the nature of the stem cell abnormality, the biochemical/molecular/cellular basis for the excessive proliferation/excessive apoptosis leading to ineffective hemopoiesis and the role of cytokines in producing or perpetuating the disease process. A strong clinical program has been organized with 40-50 new MDS patients/year eligible for accrual onto the clinical protocols and for the companion biological studies. With better understanding of the biology and reasons for clinical response versus nonresponse, we expect to develop critical leads for novel therapeutic and preventive studies in MDS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYTOKINES IN PATHOGENESIS OF ANTHRAX INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Gilla; Full Member; Public Health Research Institute 225 Warren St Newark, Nj 071033535 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Death from systemic anthrax in humans results from massive inflammation, multi-organ failure and shock caused by harmful levels of Bacillus anthracis exotoxins. Early antibiotic treatment can improve survival by eliminating infectious organisms, however, most victims succumb because antibiotics are administered too late in the course of anthrax infection when toxins have already reached critically high levels. It is our hypothesis that, in addition to the direct effects of the anthrax toxins, specific proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to infection with B. anthracis contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of systemic disease. In our proposed study, we will define the proinflammatory cytokine cascade in B. anthracis-infected monocytes in vitro, in mice infected by inhalation of B. anthracis and in rabbits with anthrax meningitis. We will investigate whether inhibition of the production of specific proinflammatory cytokines improves outcome in these animal models of B. anthracis infection and treatment. In particular, we will study the effects of antibiotics combined with immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide analogues) on the pathogenesis of anthrax meningitis, reported in 50% of human cases of systemic anthrax and associated with long term CNS damage and impaired cognitive functions in survivors of this condition. We have access to suitable BL3 facilities, experience in working with virulent clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro (in cultured fresh human monocytes) and in vivo (in mouse and rabbit models of infection), and access to novel immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide analogues). Thus we are in a unique position to conduct the proposed studies. We believe that an improved

Studies

7

understanding of the cytokine cascade which may be exacerbated by products released from bacilli killed by antibiotic treatment, and better insight into the contribution of cytokines to the pathology of anthrax will enable the design of superior treatment regimens as clinical countermeasures using antibiotics supplemented by selected immunomodulatory drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DESIGN OF MICROPARTICLES FOR PRECISION DRUG DELIVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pack, Daniel W.; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Turning the abundance of new drug compounds into clinically viable therapeutics is often limited by delivery issues stemming from low water solubility, poor stability, or high potency. Controlled-release from biodegradable polymer microspheres or microcapsules can provide sustained, localized drug delivery for a variety of such "problem" drugs. However, microparticle delivery can be limited by relatively imprecise control of drug delivery rates. The primary goal of this project is to investigate the effects of microparticle size and size distribution, and the shell thickness of microcapsules, on small molecule drug encapsulation and release. We have developed a novel method for fabrication of uniform polymer microspheres that allows precise control of the particle diameter. In addition, the technique provides a novel means to control the shell thickness of microcapsules. In preliminary studies, we have generated poly(lactideco- glycolide) (PLG) microspheres from -1 to 500 mu/m in diameter with narrow size distributions. We have also fabricated core-shell particles comprising aqueous, oil, and polymer (e.g. PLG) cores surrounded by polymer shells of variable thickness. By controlling the particle size, we showed we could achieve zeroorder release of model drugs, and we have discovered several competing mechanisms by which particle size can affect release rates. In this study, we have chosen four model drugs that span a range of sizes and water solubilities: piroxicam, ciprofloxacin, ganciclovir, and cyclosporin. In the first aim, we will investigate the effects of microsphere size and drug/polymer properties on drug distribution in the microspheres, polymer degradation kinetics, and subsequent drug release rates. In the second aim, we will fabricate microcapsules with PLG-drug cores and polylactide (PLA) shells of varying thickness in order to examine the effect of shell thickness on prolonged release of these drugs. We will analyze each formulation for drug distribution and release during standard in vitro release experiments. To now, the effects of microparticle size on the factors controlling release rates have been obscured by typical broad particle size distributions. Thus, this project will provide novel fundamental insights into how to control drug release rates. In addition, we anticipate that this exploratory/developmental project (R21) will expand this technique to peptide-, protein-, and gene-based therapies, adding significantly to the medical impact of controlled release drug delivery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION-RESISTANT SUTURE MATERIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Phaneuf, Matthew D.; Biosurfaces Ashland, Ma 01721 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAY-2004; Project End 15-NOV-2004

8

Ciprofloxacin

Summary: (provided by applicant): Infection remains as one of the major complications associated with utilizing biomaterials. Surgical site infections account for approximately 14-16% of the 2.4-million nosocomial infections in the United States, with these infections resulting in increased patient morbidity and mortality. The inherent bulk properties of various biomaterials, including those that comprise sutures, provide a milieu for initial bacterial adhesion with subsequent biofilm production and growth. Once the pathogen(s) adheres to the biomaterial surface, treatment with antimicrobial agents is ineffective due to limited penetration of the agent through the bacterial biofilm. Thus, development of a novel infection-resistant suture biomaterial would provide a bacteriocidal environment at the material surface as well as in the surrounding tissue. The goal of this phase I project is to develop infection-resistant nylon, silk and polyester (Dacron) suture materials in vitro with optimum antimicrobial properties by employing textile-dyeing techniques to apply the benzene ring-structured antibiotics Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Doxycycline and Linezolid. Our hypotheses are that benzene ring-based antibiotics can be used to "dye" biomedically-useful suture materials. Additionally, this uptake may be optimized, and that the resulting treated material will possess a slow, sustained release of antibiotic over a prolonged period of time, thereby providing clinically useful suture materials with improved infection-resistance. Data from our preliminary studies supports these hypotheses. The specific aims of this study are to: 1) optimize antibiotic dyeing conditions to nylon, silk and Dacron suture materials, 2) characterize the physical properties of the antibiotic-dyed suture materials, 3) determine antibiotic release under static/washing conditions via spectrophotometry and 4) examine antimicrobial activity of static and washed antibiotic-dyed suture materials. Based on the current infection rates in conjunction with the costs to treat these patients ($2,300/episode), surgical wound infection results in an annual cost to the healthcare system of greater than $750 million. Thus, a significant market exists for application of our technology in order to prevent wound infection. The long-term goal, which will be completed in phase II, will be to assess this technology in vivo in order to determine infection-resistance in a wound injury model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENZYMOLOGY AND GENETIC STUDIES OF DNA POLYMERASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cozzarelli, Nicholas R.; Professor; Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 947205940 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1982; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project focuses on three giant motor proteins, toposiomerases, helicases, and FtsK that move DNA through large distances utilizing the energy of NTP hydrolysis and mechanical strain on DNA. We hope to understand how these proteins perform these vital roles in DNA replication and chromosomal segregation. We will use single DNA molecule enzymology complemented with bulk measures. The action of a single enzyme acting on DNA is measured by the resultant changes in DNA force, torque, and extension. The single DNA molecules can be supercoiled or braided at will to generate substrates for the enzymes. We will measure the rates of enzyme action, processivity, stall force, and chirality in interaction with superhelical DNA. These results will then be compared with bulk measures and measures in vivo. The clear medical relevance stems primarily from two sources. First, topoisomerases are the favored targets of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, and anticancer agents, such as etoposide and adriamyin. The understanding of their unusual dominant poisoning of their targets has greatly aided the development of more potent drugs. Second, interference in proper segregation of chromosomes by mutations that

Studies

9

affect motor proteins accompanies and exacerbates human diseases, including cancer and premature aging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTHRACIS

GENETIC

IDENTIFICATION

OF

DRUG

TARGETS

IN

B.

Principal Investigator & Institution: Neyfakh, Alex A.; Associate Professor; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The project is directed toward identification of proteins of the anthrax pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, that can be used as targets for novel antibiotics and antibiotic potentiators. The approach to be taken is to use a powerful genetic strategy, signature tag mutagenesis (STM), to identify bacterial genes whose disruption prevents the pathogen from undergoing certain specific stages of the infection process. These include genes critical for germination of spores within macrophages, survival and proliferation of bacteria within macrophages, their escape from macrophages, survival and proliferation of bacteria in the human blood, and secretion of toxin molecules. Inhibitors of the protein products of these genes would be able to cause the same effects as genetic disruption and can potentially be used as novel anti-anthrax drugs. These inhibitors will be developed in other projects of this collaborative program. Additionally, strains of B. anthracis resistant to ciprofloxacin, the first-line antibiotic recommended for anthrax treatment and prevention, will be selected, thus mimicking the resistant strains that can be developed by terrorist entities. The STM strategy will then be used to identify genes critical for maintaining the resistance phenotype of these strains. Inhibitors of the protein products of these genes will be useful as potentiators of ciprofloxacin if artificially created resistant strains are ever used as biological weapon. The modified variant of STM that will be employed in this study includes several new features: transposome method of delivery of the tagged marker gene, unusually long (80 bp) tag sequences, and the use of DNA microarray hybridization as a method to reveal negatively selected library clones. This project will reveal new information about the mechanisms of B. anthracis pathogenesis and drug resistance and validate the use of STM for the discovery of new bacterial drug targets. Most importantly, it will provide other projects of this program with information about multiple potential drug targets, thus contributing to the development of new anti-anthrax drugs, as well as drugs that can be used against other bacterial pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INFECTION-RESISTANT PROSTHETIC VALVE SEWING CUFFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dempsey, Donald J.; Biomod Surfaces 125 Bridge Rd Salisbury, Ma 01952 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant):Cardiac valve replacement using prosthetic valves is indicated when progression of degenerative disease, annular dilatation or bacterial infection of the native valve results in valvular dysfunction. Bacterial infection is a major complication associated with implantation of these prosthetic valves. Infections are localized to the biomaterial/tissue interface leading to cuff and annular abscess formation. In phase I, an infection-resistant knitted polyester (Dacron) cuff material was developed in vitro with optimum antimicrobial properties via thermofixation (pad/heat) dyeing of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Application of this technology

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Ciprofloxacin

resulted in slow, sustained antibiotic release without the use of exogenous binders. The goal of this phase II project is to assess this novel infection-resistant knitted Dacron cuff material in vivo. Our hypothesis is that application of quinolone antibiotics such as Cipro to Dacron sewing cuffs using our proprietary dyeing technology will significantly reduce cardiac valve infections when challenged with a significant bacterial inoculum. The specific aims of this phase II proposal are to: 1) apply Cipro to clinically-utilized sewing cuffs using technology developed in phase I, 2) evaluate antimicrobial activity of Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs via zone of inhibition, 3) examine physical properties of Ciprodyed Dacron sewing cuffs, 4) implant unmodified (clinical standard) and Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs in a porcine heart valve infection model, 5) assess control and Cipro-dyed Dacron sewing cuffs via histological/microbiological techniques and 6) determine physical properties of Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs post-explantation. This technology, if successful, will be become the standard of care in the treatment of all forms of prosthetic endocarditis and may have an annual market in excess of $25 million. This technology can be applied to other medical devices that are comprised of Dacron such as vascular grafts, carotid patch material, wound dressings and suture material. This technology may also have broad application in other industries requiring biomaterials with antimicrobial properties such as respirators, facemasks, veterinary medicine and other commercial ventures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF TOPOISOMERASE POISONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hiasa, Hiroshi; Pharmacology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Topoisomerase are ubiquitous enzymes that alter the linking number of DNA. As such, they play essential roles in every aspect of DNA metabolism. Their importance is underscored by the fact that in eukaryotes these enzymes are the cellular targets of potent anticancer drugs, whereas in prokaryotes both DNA Gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) are targets of the most potent broad-spectrum antibacterial agents (e.q., ciprofloxacin). These drugs convert topoisomerases to poisons that inhibit DNA replication and lead to double-strand break (DSB) generation. Thus, it is crucial to understand the molecular basis of the cytotoxicity of these topoisomerase inhibitors. I have shown that the encounter of a replication fork with a Topo IV- quinolone-DNA ternary complex converts the ternary complex to a nonreversible form. (I) We will examine if a complete replication fork is required for the conversion of a ternary complex to a nonreversible form. It is possible that the DnaB helicase alone is the active agent. (II) We will study the effects of a topoisomerase trapped at a site of DNA damage on the replication fork. It has been demonstrated that DNA lesions, such as an apurinic site, stimulate eukaryotic topoisomerase- mediated DNA cleavages. We will examine if an apurinic site also acts as a topoisomerase poison for bacterial enzymes. We will compare effects of an apurinic site-induced Topo IV-DNA complex and a Topo IVquinolone-DNA ternary complex on the replication fork to determine if these two distinct mechanisms of poisoning topoisomerases have the same consequences. (III) Recent studies have demonstrated that quinolones do not stimulate S. aureus DNA gyrase (Gyrase)-mediated DNA cleavages. We will characterize S. aureus Gyrase and a ternary complex formed with this enzyme. Furthermore, we will examine if DNA strand cleavage is always required for replication fork arrest by a topoisomerase- quinoloneDNA ternary complex. (IV) We have proposed that quinolone- induced DSB generation is a two-step process. Using an assay where replication forks collide with a ternary

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complex, I detected an activity in an E. coli extract that could generate DSBs at dead-end topoisomerase complexes. We will identify the protein(s) required for the second step of DSB formation and complete the reconstitution of the DSB process in vitro with purified-proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OPTIMIZING DOSING TO PREVENT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Evans, Martin E.; Internal Medicine; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Antibiotic resistance among bacteria is a major problem in medicine. There have been repeated calls for the prudent use of antibiotics, but little is known about optimizing use to conserve efficacy. A better understanding of the relationship between dosing and the selection of resistance mechanisms may be useful. We have taken an approach that integrates pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and molecular data into a pharmacodynamic model that examines the emergence of resistance when Staphylococcus aureus is exposed to ciprofloxacin in an in vitro system. This system allows accurate simulations of human pharmacokinetics and monitoring of the pharmacodynamic effect on bacteria. We found that antibiotic "sensitive" (S) cultures often harbor subpopulations with low-level resistance (RL); regimens providing low antibiotic concentrations may kill S, but allow RL to survive without evolving into bacteria with high-level resistance (Ru); regimens producing moderate concentrations may eradicate S, but cause RL to evolve into RH through a variety of mechanisms; and regimens producing high concentrations may eradicate S and RL strains before they evolve into RH Thus, the evolution of RL to RH, and ultimately treatment success or failure, appears to be dependent. in part, upon antibiotic dosing. A preliminary pharmacodynamic model described the experimental data well. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that novel regimens may prevent the emergence of resistance, and these regimens can be rationally designed by understanding the effect of antibiotic concentrations on the selection of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we will expose bacteria to constant and fluctuating ciprofloxacin concentrations in the in vitro system and monitor the incidence and prevalence of bacteria with up-regulated efflux and/or mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions of topoisomerase genes with conventional assays and real-time PCR. Correlations between phannacokinetic parameters and resistance mechanisms will be used to develop alternative pharmacodynamic models that more accurately characterize the relationship between dosing and resistance. The ability of the pharmacodynamic models to predict the outcome of regimens designed to prevent (or allow) the emergence of resistance will be tested using artificially constructed cultures comprised of varying proportions of S, RL, and RH bacteria. We believe understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance will enhance our ability to design alternative dosing strategies to effect clinical cure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS OF GREPAFLOXACIN & CIPROFLOXACIN IN LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Bascom, Rebecca; Professor; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002

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Ciprofloxacin

Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of the antibiotic Grepafloxacin (Raxar) or Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in the lung after taking a single dose. Both drugs are used for treating lung infections such as pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics. The greater the amount of antibiotic that is deposited at the site of the infection, the faster the bacteria is eliminated and the course of treatment is shorter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYSTEMIC LYMPH NODE SPECIFIC AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Papisov, Mikhail I.; Associate Chemist; Nanopharma, Corporation C/O Puretech Ventures Boston, Ma 02116 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 14-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an amended application 1 R41 AI052921-01. The overall goal of this project is to develop new targeted formulations of antibiotics for prevention and treatment of diseases caused by Category A pathogens, in particular Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), and Francisella tularensis (tularemia). These preparations will specifically accumulate inside and or in the near vicinity of cells harboring such pathogens after exposure to weaponized (aerosolized) biological agents. Availability of such preparations will provide new strategies of disease prevention for those at risk of exposure, and novel effective treatments for those already infected. The proposed new formulations will be based on lymph node-specific nanocarriers developed at Massachusetts General Hospital. These carriers are capable of transporting various drug substances to lymph node phagocytes (primary pathogenharboring cells) after systemic administration. It is expected that delivery of antibiotics by such carriers will result in much higher drug levels in the infected lymph node tissue than conventional preparations of the same antibiotics. Thus, the primary site of germination and development of weaponized biological agents will be sufficiently saturated with drugs to prevent or stop disease development at the very early stage (before the onset of symptoms). The objective of this project is to test feasibility of previously established nanocarrier technology for loading lymph node phagocytes with two model antibiotics (one of Fluoroquinolone and one of Tetracycline families), and to develop two respective prototype preparations for further characterization and optimization. The specific aims are: (1) develop two prototype lymph node specific preparations (of Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline); (2) investigate, in a rodent model, the degree of drug accumulation inside and in the near vicinity of target cells, and (3) evaluate efficacy in infected cells. If successful, this project will result in the development of a new class of preparations and a new strategy for prophylactic and early post-exposure treatment of bacterial diseases of Category A. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTHRACIS

TARGET

AND

ANTIBIOTIC

DISCOVERY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Youngman, Philip Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 3510 Dunhill St San Diego, Ca 921211212

J.;

IN

BACILLUS

Professor;

Elitra

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 14-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): By simply growing Bacillus anthracis in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics it has been made resistant to all commonly used drugs such as penicillin, doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin. If one of these antibiotic resistant strains were used in a future terrorist attack there will be limited or

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no therapeutic treatments available. Thus there is an urgent need to develop new classes of antibiotics to treat resistant B. anthracis. A shotgun antisense technology is proposed for the rapid identification of B. anthracis essential genes, whose protein products can serve as targets for new classes of antibiotics. This technology conditionally and incrementally reduces the level of an essential gene product, which provides a means to hypersensitize cells to compounds that inhibit that target and thus provides a cell-based assay for drug discovery. Phase I of this proposal will be to develop the molecular biology tools for conditionally delivering random genomic antisense RNA fragments to B. anthracis cells. In Phase II a genome-wide screen in B. anthracis will identify a comprehensive list of essential genes. We have developed a unique microbial relational database, which allows the prioritization of targets based on conservation among bacterial pathogens having no or limited homology to human proteins. Bioinformatics analyses undertaken prior to drug screening should help ensure that new antimicrobial drugs have maximal impact upon the disease and minimal impact on the patient. Cellbased assays will be optimized for these prioritized targets and entered into an established high throughput chemical screening program against the company's chemical library of over 250,000 compounds. This Gene-to-Screen technology platform has been developed to allow miniaturized drug screens to be developed for any validated target within 2-3 weeks. Promising hit compounds would then be rapidly developed and advanced into lead-optimization chemistry. New classes of antibiotics would help deter and treat against future bioterrorist attacks and could also be used to treat common drug resistant pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF THE INFECTIOUS PATH OF ANTHRAX Principal Investigator & Institution: Scotto, Anthony W.; Transave, Inc. 7 Deer Pk Dr, Ste N Monmouth Junction, Nj 08852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anthrax is often misrepresented as an intracellular disease of the macrophages/reticuloendothelial system (RES). It is, however, better characterized as a disease that recruits macrophages, first alveolar macrophages for its germination and then systemic macrophages (RES) to complete its biochemical pathogenesis. Only during its transformation from an activated spore to a nascent vegetative cell is it an intracellular passenger. This process occurs at some point during or prior to its translocation from the pulmonary epithelium, via the alveolar macrophages to the pulmonary lymphatics, the time course of this germination may extend to almost 60 days. It is at this stage in the macrophage that it is most susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Once a mature vegetative cell develops, usually within 2-6 hours at the foci of the infection in the pulmonary lymphatics, a localized depot of antibiotic with a sustained release needs to be present to be bactericidal. We believe a prophylactic and possibly a curative condition can be best achieved by a highly targeted dose of inhalation SLIT-ciprofloxacin, which will also reduce systemic dosage during prolonged therapy. Lastly, in the aftermath of a widespread inhalation exposure to anthrax we expect that a highly targeted SLIT-ciprofloxacin will address the need for a rapid, easily dispensed and highly visible prophylaxis for large numbers of potentially afflicted individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOPOISOMERASES AND DNA REPLICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Marians, Kenneth J.; Member and Program Chair; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 100216007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) Topoisomerases are required for every aspect of DNA replication. The type II enzymes are the target of very potent chemothearaputic agents in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes-the quinolone family of antibacterials, including ciprofloxacin, one of the most widely prescribed antimocrobials in this country, and the epipodophyllotoxins, a family of very potent anticancer agents that includes the drug Etoposide. Thus, understanding how Topoisomerases work and how their activities relate to and are required by other cellular processes is crucial both for our understanding of DNA metabolism in the cell and in the development of more effective clinical interventions. Genes encoding four of the ten subunits of the holoenzyme have been found to suppress both the temperaturesensitive and partition phenotypes of either mutant parC or parE alleles. These genes encode the subunits of Topo IV. The investigator and his group propose that this indicates that Topo IV is present in the cell in a complex with the holoenzyme, probably at the replication fork. This will be investigated by a combined biochemical and cell biological approach to detect physical and functional interactions between these proteins and to localize them in the cell. Dr. Marians and his group have also isolated a gene encoding a putative inner membrane protein of unknown function as a high-copy suppressor of a mutant parC allele. This gene does not suppress mutation in gyrB. They propose that the suppressor protein serves as a membrane anchor for Topo IV in the cell. Biochemical techniques will be used to study the distribution of the suppressor protein in the cell and whether it interacts with Topo IV in vitro. Genetic techniques will be used to inactivate the gene encoding the parC suppressor protein and the consequent phenotypes examined. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy will be used to determine whether the suppressor protein and Topo IV colocalize in the cell. Quinolone cytotoxicity is associated with the appearance of DNA double-strand breaks, yet the mechanism of their formation is unknown. Dr. Marians and his group have shown that two steps are required: collision of a replication fork with a quinolone-Topo IV-DNA complex to yield a nonreversible complex and then the subsequent action of other cellular proteins to generate the double-strand breaks. Biochemical techniques will be used to isolate the proteins responsible for double-strand break-formation at these nonreversible complexes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TROVAFLOXACIN-- AN ALTERNATIVE FLUOROQUINOLONE IN PTS STABILIZED Principal Investigator & Institution: Bauer, Larry; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The study examines the potential interactions between the zwitterions ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and trovafloxacin and the cation procainamide in proximal renal tubule. Eight young (18-40 years) and 8 elderly (+65 years) subjects will be enrolled. Pharmacokinetic parameters for procainamide and n-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) alone and in combination with each fluoroquinolone will be calculated. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for procainamide will be compared to combination parameters. Comparisons of mean pharmacokinetic values for the elderly and young

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groups will be made. This is significant because of the narrow therapeutic index of procainamide (and NAPA) and the increased risk of toxicity associated with elevated serum levels of procainamide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ciprofloxacin in the PubMed Central database: •

A New Approach to In Vitro Comparisons of Antibiotics in Dynamic Models: Equivalent Area under the Curve/MIC Breakpoints and Equiefficient Doses of Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Bacteria of Similar Susceptibilities. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Shevchenko AA, Portnoy YA, Zinner SH.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105953

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Active efflux as a mechanism of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Zeller V, Janoir C, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L, Moreau NJ.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164047

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Activities of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against rapidly growing mycobacteria with demonstration of acquired resistance following single-drug therapy. by Wallace RJ Jr, Bedsole G, Sumter G, Sanders CV, Steele LC, Brown BA, Smith J, Graham DR.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171521

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Activities of Six Different Quinolones against Clinical Respiratory Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Spain. by Perez-Trallero E, Garcia-Rey C, Martin-Sanchez AM, Aguilar L, Garcia-de-Lomas J, Ruiz J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127368

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Activities of Trovafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin against Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Infection Model. by Hershberger E, Rybak MJ.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89732

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Altered pharmacokinetic disposition of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin after single and multiple doses in rabbits. by Barriere SL, Kaatz GW, Schaberg DR, Fekety R.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174874

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Analysis of acquired ciprofloxacin resistance in a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Masecar BL, Celesk RA, Robillard NJ.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171574

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Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae after 10 Years of Use in the United States. by Sahm DF, Peterson DE, Critchley IA, Thornsberry C.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90096

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Antibacterial Efficacy against an In Vivo Salmonella typhimurium Infection Model and Pharmacokinetics of a Liposomal Ciprofloxacin Formulation. by Webb MS, Boman NL, Wiseman DJ, Saxon D, Sutton K, Wong KF, Logan P, Hope MJ.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105454

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Emerging Ciprofloxacin Resistance in The Netherlands, 1991 to 1998. by de Neeling AJ, van Santen-Verheuvel M, Spaargaren J, Willems RJ.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101628

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Assessment of the Effects of Combination Therapy with Ciprofloxacin and Fenbufen on the Central Nervous Systems of Healthy Volunteers by Quantitative Electroencephalography. by Kamali F, Ashton CH, Marsh VR, Cox J.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105795

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Azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in a Randomized Trial in Egypt That Included Patients with Multidrug Resistance. by Girgis NI, Butler T, Frenck RW, Sultan Y, Brown, Tribble D, Khakhria R.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89293

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Bactericidal activity and killing rate of serum in volunteers receiving ciprofloxacin alone or in combination with vancomycin. by Van der Auwera P, Klastersky J.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180614

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Bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin compared with that of cefotaxime in normal volunteers. by Standiford HC, Drusano GL, Forrest A, Tatem B, Plaisance K.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174899

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Canadian ciprofloxacin susceptibility study: comparative study from 15 medical centers. Canadian Ciprofloxacin Study Group. by Blondeau JM, Yaschuk Y.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163406

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Characterization of grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB Mutations in 116 Unrelated Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Effects of Mutations on Ciprofloxacin MIC. by Schmitz FJ, Jones ME, Hofmann B, Hansen B, Scheuring S, Luckefahr M, Fluit A, Verhoef J, Hadding U, Heinz HP, Kohrer K.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105791

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Circadian variation in urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin after a single-dose oral administration at 1000 and 2200 hours in human subjects. by Rao VV, Rambhau D, Rao BR, Srinivasu P.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164009

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Clinical efficacy and levels of ciprofloxacin in tissue in patients with soft tissue infection. by Licitra CM, Brooks RG, Sieger BE.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174837

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Comparative activities of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867), norfloxacin, pipemidic acid, and nalidixic acid. by Muytjens HL, van der Ros-van de Repe J, van Veldhuizen G.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185159

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Comparative activities of ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime against Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in experimental pneumonia in leukopenic rats. by Roosendaal R, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, van den Berghe-van Raffe M, Vink-van den Berg JC, Michel MF.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175044

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Comparative Activities of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Dynamic Model. by Zinner SH, Simmons K, Gilbert D.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89764

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Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin alone or in combination with fosfomycin in experimental endocarditis induced by multidrug-susceptible and resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Xiong YQ, Potel G, Caillon J, Stephant G, Jehl F, Bugnon D, Le Conte P, Baron D, Drugeon H.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162566

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Comparative In Vitro Activities of Meropenem, Imipenem, Temocillin, Piperacillin, and Ceftazidime in Combination with Tobramycin, Rifampin, or Ciprofloxacin against Burkholderia cepacia Isolates from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. by Bonacorsi S, Fitoussi F, Lhopital S, Bingen E.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89053

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Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against Campylobacter spp. and other bacterial enteric pathogens. by Goodman LJ, Fliegelman RM, Trenholme GM, Kaplan RL.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185564

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Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Gatifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in an In Vitro Dynamic Model: Prediction of Equiefficient Doses and the Breakpoints of the Area under the Curve/MIC Ratio. by Vostrov SN, Kononenko OV, Lubenko IY, Zinner SH, Firsov AA.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89786

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Comparative serum bactericidal activities of three doses of ciprofloxacin administered intravenously. by Dan M, Poch F, Quassem C, Kitzes R.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284551

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Comparison of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone as single-dose therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea in women. by Hook EW 3rd, Jones RB, Martin DH, Bolan GA, Mroczkowski TF, Neumann TM, Haag JJ, Echols R.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188039

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Comparison of Efficacies of Oral Levofloxacin and Oral Ciprofloxacin in a Rabbit Model of a Staphylococcal Abscess. by Fernandez J, Barrett JF, Licata L, Amaratunga D, Frosco M.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89178

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Comparison of In Vitro Activities of Gatifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Four Taxa of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria. by Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Crist CJ, Mann L, Wilson RW.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128789

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Comparison of sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, and ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis and treatment of experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Cagni A, Chuard C, Vaudaux PE, Schrenzel J, Lew DP.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162802

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Comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin against experimental infections with Listeria monocytogenes in hydrocortisone-treated mice. by van Ogtrop ML, Mattie H, Sekh BR, van Strijen E, van Furth R.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284338

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Comparison of the bactericidal activities of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with ceftazidime and piperacillin against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Klepser ME, Patel KB, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162973

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Comparison of the postantibiotic and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Licata L, Smith CE, Goldschmidt RM, Barrett JF, Frosco M.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163831

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Concentrations in Plasma, Urinary Excretion, and Bactericidal Activity of Linezolid (600 Milligrams) versus Those of Ciprofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose. by Wagenlehner FM, Wydra S, Onda H, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sorgel F, Naber KG.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=296192

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Contributions of Antibiotic Penetration, Oxygen Limitation, and Low Metabolic Activity to Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to Ciprofloxacin and Tobramycin. by Walters MC III, Roe F, Bugnicourt A, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148957

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Crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination in healthy elderly volunteers. by Weinstein MP, Deeter RG, Swanson KA, Gross JS.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245384

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Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Basidiomycetes and Identification of Metabolites Generated by the Brown Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum striatum. by Wetzstein HG, Stadler M, Tichy HV, Dalhoff A, Karl W.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91220

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Determination of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. by Morton SJ, Shull VH, Dick JD.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180544

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Determination of robust ocular pharmacokinetic parameters in serum and vitreous humor of albino rabbits following systemic administration of ciprofloxacin from sparse data sets by using IT2S, a population pharmacokinetic modeling program. by Drusano GL, Liu W, Perkins R, Madu A, Madu C, Mayers M, Miller MH.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162807

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Differential Selection of Multidrug Efflux Mutants by Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in an Experimental Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acute Pneumonia in Rats. by Join-Lambert OF, Michea-Hamzehpour M, Kohler T, Chau F, Faurisson F, Dautrey S, Vissuzaine C, Carbon C, Pechere JC.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90328

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Distribution and Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin in Human Soft Tissues. by Brunner M, Hollenstein U, Delacher S, Jager D, Schmid R, Lackner E, Georgopoulos A, Eichler HG, Muller M.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89268

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Distribution of ciprofloxacin in ascitic fluid following administration of a single oral dose of 750 milligrams. by Dan M, Zuabi T, Quassem C, Rotmensch HH.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=190579

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Dose ranging and fractionation of intravenous ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro model of infection. by Marchbanks CR, McKiel JR, Gilbert DH, Robillard NJ, Painter B, Zinner SH, Dudley MN.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188066

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Drift in Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Ciprofloxacin and Emergence of Therapeutic Failure. by Ison CA, Woodford PJ, Madders H, Claydon E.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105966

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Effect of bismuth subsalicylate on ciprofloxacin bioavailability. by Rambout L, Sahai J, Gallicano K, Oliveras L, Garber G.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284708

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Effect of Cholera Toxin on Intestinal Elimination of Ciprofloxacin in Rabbits. by Musafija A, Barzilai A, Ramon J, Rubinstein E.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105441

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Effect of Ciprofloxacin on Killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. by Cacchillo DA, Walters JD.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127222

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Effect of dose on serum pharmacokinetics of intravenous ciprofloxacin with identification and characterization of extravascular compartments using noncompartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic models. by Dudley MN, Ericson J, Zinner SH.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175039

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Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. by Polk RE, Healy DP, Sahai J, Drwal L, Racht E.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172774

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Effects of antacids and dialysate dwell times on multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. by Golper TA, Hartstein AI, Morthland VH, Christensen JM.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175040

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Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery on intravenous ciprofloxacin disposition. by Pryka RD, Rodvold KA, Ting W, Levitsky S, Frost RW, Lettieri JT.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192236

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Effects of enzyme supplementation on oral absorption of ciprofloxacin in patients with cystic fibrosis. by Mack G, Cooper PJ, Buchanan N.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245195

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Effects of the Des-F(6)-Quinolone Garenoxacin (BMS-284756), in Comparison to Those of Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin, on Joint Cartilage in Immature Rats. by Maria Kappel E, Shakibaei M, Bello A, Stahlmann R.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128797

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Efficacies of liposome-encapsulated streptomycin and ciprofloxacin against Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infections in human peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages. by Majumdar S, Flasher D, Friend DS, Nassos P, Yajko D, Hadley WK, Duzgunes N.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245550

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Efficacies of Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Vancomycin against Experimental Endocarditis Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Expressing Various Degrees of Ciprofloxacin Resistance. by Entenza JM, Que YA, Vouillamoz J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90785

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Efficacy and Safety of a 10-Day Course of 400 or 600 Milligrams of Grepafloxacin Once Daily for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis:

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Comparison with a 10-Day Course of 500 Milligrams of Ciprofloxacin Twice Daily. by Chodosh S, Lakshminarayan S, Swarz H, Breisch S.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105465 •

Efficacy and safety of oral ciprofloxacin for treatment of serious urinary tract infections. by Fass RJ.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174680

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Efficacy of ciprofloxacin for experimental endocarditis caused by methicillinsusceptible or -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. by Carpenter TC, Hackbarth CJ, Chambers HF, Sande MA.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180564

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Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in experimental aortic valve endocarditis caused by a multiply beta-lactam-resistant variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa stably derepressed for beta-lactamase production. by Bayer AS, Lindsay P, Yih J, Hirano L, Lee D, Blomquist IK.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176474

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Engineering the Specificity of Antibacterial Fluoroquinolones: Benzenesulfonamide Modifications at C-7 of Ciprofloxacin Change Its Primary Target in Streptococcus pneumoniae from Topoisomerase IV to Gyrase. by Alovero FL, Pan XS, Morris JE, Manzo RH, Fisher LM.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89678

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Enhanced elimination of ciprofloxacin after multiple-dose administration of rifampin to rabbits. by Barriere SL, Kaatz GW, Seo SM.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172487

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Evaluation of 500- and 1,000-mg doses of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chancroid. by Bodhidatta L, Taylor DN, Chitwarakorn A, Kuvanont K, Echeverria P.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172259

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Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin as a Representative of Veterinary Fluoroquinolones in Susceptibility Testing. by Riddle C, Lemons CL, Papich MG, Altier C.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86508

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Evaluation of single-dose ciprofloxacin in the eradication of Neisseria meningitidis from nasopharyngeal carriers. by Dworzack DL, Sanders CC, Horowitz EA, Allais JM, Sookpranee M, Sanders WE Jr, Ferraro FM.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175963

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Evaluation of the efficacy of ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae by using a mouse protection model. by Sullivan MC, Cooper BW, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R, Lawlor MT.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187645

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Evidence for Active Efflux as the Primary Mechanism of Resistance to Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Giraud E, Cloeckaert A, Kerboeuf D, Chaslus-Dancla E.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89848

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Evidence of Active Efflux in Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and to Ethidium Bromide by Mycoplasma hominis. by Raherison S, Gonzalez P, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bebear C, Bebear CM.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127495

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Excretion of ciprofloxacin into the large bowel of the rabbit. by Ramon J, Dautrey S, Farinoti R, Carbon C, Rubinstein E.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163047

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Factors influencing the accumulation of ciprofloxacin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Celesk RA, Robillard NJ.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172788

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Flow Cytometric Investigation of Filamentation, Membrane Patency, and Membrane Potential in Escherichia coli following Ciprofloxacin Exposure. by Wickens HJ, Pinney RJ, Mason DJ, Gant VA.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89746

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Genetic Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated during Ciprofloxacin Therapy from a Patient with Bronchiectasis. by de la Campa AG, Ferrandiz MJ, Tubau F, Pallares R, Manresa F, Linares J.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152524

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gyrA and gyrB Mutations Are Implicated in Cross-Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. by Dridi L, Tankovic J, Burghoffer B, Barbut F, Petit JC.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128732

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High Prevalence of High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Tel Aviv, Israel: Correlation with Response to Therapy. by Dan M, Poch F, Sheinberg B.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127211

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Impact of ciprofloxacin on theophylline clearance and steady-state concentrations in serum. by Schwartz J, Jauregui L, Lettieri J, Bachmann K.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172101

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Improved Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin Administered in Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Liposomes for Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia in Rats. by BakkerWoudenberg IA, ten Kate MT, Guo L, Working P, Mouton JW.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90493

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In vitro activities of ciprofloxacin and rifampin alone and in combination against growing and nongrowing strains of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Bahl D, Miller DA, Leviton I, Gialanella P, Wolin MJ, Liu W, Perkins R, Miller MH.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163902

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In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867). by Fass RJ.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185375

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In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against aerobic bacteria isolated in a southern European hospital. by Cornaglia G, Pompei R, Dainelli B, Satta G.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175009

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In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin compared with those of other new fluorinated piperazinyl-substituted quinoline derivatives. by Van Caekenberghe DL, Pattyn SR.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185569

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In vitro and in vivo activity of ciprofloxacin against enterococci isolated from patients with infective endocarditis. by Fernandez-Guerrero M, Rouse MS, Henry NK, Geraci JE, Wilson WR.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174745

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In Vitro Effects of Ciprofloxacin and Roxithromycin on Apoptosis of Jurkat T Lymphocytes. by Jun YT, Kim HJ, Song MJ, Lim JH, Lee DG, Han KJ, Choi SM, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Choi JH.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149341

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In vitro susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867). by Prabhala RH, Rao B, Marshall R, Bansal MB, Thadepalli H.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180016

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In vivo bactericidal activities of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin in an experimental model of Serratia marcescens endocarditis. by Juvin ME, Potel G, Caillon J, Xiong YQ, Bugnon D, Le Conte P, Baron DI, Drugeon HB.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284562

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Increased oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients. by Christensson BA, Nilsson-Ehle I, Ljungberg B, Lindblad A, Malmborg AS, Hjelte L, Strandvik B.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284363

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Influence of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin on aerobic intestinal microflora and fecal drug levels when administered simultaneously with sucralfate. by Krueger WA, Ruckdeschel G, Unertl K.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163993

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Influence of Renal Failure on Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Rats. by NouailleDegorce B, Veau C, Dautrey S, Tod M, Laouari D, Carbon C, Farinotti R.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105402

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Influence of Renal Failure on Intestinal Clearance of Ciprofloxacin in Rats. by Dautrey S, Rabbaa L, Laouari D, Lacour B, Carbon C, Farinotti R.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89180

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Influences of Urinary pH on Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Humans and Antimicrobial Activity In Vitro versus Those of Sparfloxacin. by Kamberi M, Tsutsumi K, Kotegawa T, Kawano K, Nakamura K, Niki Y, Nakano S.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89155

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Inhibitory Effect of NO-Releasing Ciprofloxacin (NCX 976) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival. by Ciccone R, Mariani F, Cavone A, Persichini T, Venturini G, Ongini E, Colizzi V, Colasanti M.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161842

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Inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin on DNA gyrase purified from fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Okuda J, Okamoto S, Takahata M, Nishino T.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245373

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Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. by Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, Rock DT, Mooney ML.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172463

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Interaction study of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin with omeprazole and comparative pharmacokinetics. by Stuht H, Lode H, Koeppe P, Rost KL, Schaberg T.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162680

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Intestinal elimination of ciprofloxacin in rabbits. by Ramon J, Dautrey S, Farinoti R, Carbon C, Rubinstein E.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284538

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Intestinal elimination of sparfloxacin, fleroxacin, and ciprofloxacin in rats. by Rubinstein E, Dautrey S, Farinoti R, St Julien L, Ramon J, Carbon C.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162492

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Investigation of potential interaction of ciprofloxacin with cyclosporine in bone marrow transplant recipients. by Kruger HU, Schuler U, Proksch B, Gobel M, Ehninger G.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171756

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Lack of ciprofloxacin ototoxicity after repeated ototopical application. by Claes J, Govaerts PJ, Van de Heyning PH, Peeters S.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245150

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Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin In Vitro Activities against 4,003 Clinical Bacterial Isolates Collected in 24 Italian Laboratories. by Gesu GP, Marchetti F, Piccoli L, Cavallero A.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151783

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Liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin in treatment of murine salmonellosis. by Magallanes M, Dijkstra J, Fierer J.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192381

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Mechanisms and Frequency of Resistance to Gatifloxacin in Comparison to AM-1121 and Ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus. by Ince D, Hooper DC.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90727

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MIC-Based Interspecies Prediction of the Antimicrobial Effects of Ciprofloxacin on Bacteria of Different Susceptibilities in an In Vitro Dynamic Model. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Shevchenko AA, Zinner SH, Cornaglia G, Portnoy YA.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105954

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Molecular Basis of High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1995 to 1998. by Su X, Lind I.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90248

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Monotherapy with Intravenous Followed by Oral High-Dose Ciprofloxacin versus Combination Therapy with Ceftazidime plus Amikacin as Initial Empiric Therapy for Granulocytopenic Patients with Fever. by Giamarellou H, Bassaris HP, Petrikkos G, Busch W, Voulgarelis M, Antoniadou A, Grouzi E, Zoumbos N.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90190

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Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of concurrent oral ciprofloxacin and rifampin therapy in elderly patients. by Chandler MH, Toler SM, Rapp RP, Muder RR, Korvick JA.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171612

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No Interaction between Ciprofloxacin and an Oral Contraceptive. by Scholten PC, Droppert RM, Zwinkels MG, Moesker HL, Nauta JJ, Hoepelman IM.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106032

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Oral Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients: Randomized Trial of Ciprofloxacin versus Ciprofloxacin-Vancomycin. by Ford CD, Reilly W, Wood J, Classen DC, Burke JP.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105612

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Oral ciprofloxacin compared with parenteral antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis. by Gentry LO, Rodriguez GG.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171517

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Oral ciprofloxacin treatment for Salmonella typhimurium infection of normal and immunocompromised mice. by Brunner H, Zeiler HJ.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172098

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Oral ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of urethritis from resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zambia. by Bryan JP, Hira SK, Brady W, Luo N, Mwale C, Mpoko G, Krieg R, Siwiwaliondo E, Reichart C, Waters C, et al.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171698

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Parameters of bacterial killing and regrowth kinetics and antimicrobial effect examined in terms of area under the concentration-time curve relationships: action of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli in an in vitro dynamic model. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Shevchenko AA, Cornaglia G.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163900

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parC Mutation Conferring Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes BM4513. by Alonso R, Galimand M, Courvalin P.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128750

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin into biliary tract. by Edmiston CE Jr, Suarez EC, Walker AP, Demeure MP, Frantzides CT, Schulte WJ, Wilson SD.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163200

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin into bronchial secretions from mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial bronchopneumonia. by Saux P, Martin C, Mallet MN, Papazian L, Bruguerolle B, De Micco P, Gouin F.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284567

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis. by Wolff M, Boutron L, Singlas E, Clair B, Decazes JM, Regnier B.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284207

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin into heart valves, myocardium, mediastinal fat, and sternal bone marrow in humans. by Mertes PM, Voiriot P, Dopff C, Scholl H, Clavey M, Villemot JP, Canton P, Dureux JB.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171604

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin into human pleural fluid. by Jacobs F, Marchal M, de Francquen P, Kains JP, Gangji D, Thys JP.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171726

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin into saliva and nasal secretions and effect of the drug on the oropharyngeal flora of ill subjects. by Piercy EA, Bawdon RE, Mackowiak PA.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172724

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Penetration of Ciprofloxacin into the Interstitial Space of Inflamed Foot Lesions in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Patients. by Muller M, Brunner M, Hollenstein U, Joukhadar C, Schmid R, Minar E, Ehringer H, Eichler HG.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89414

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Penetration of fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin into skin blister fluid: a comparative study. by Lubowski TJ, Nightingale C, Sweeney K, Quintiliani R, Zhi J.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=190573

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Persistence mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients undergoing ciprofloxacin therapy. by Diver JM, Schollaardt T, Rabin HR, Thorson C, Bryan LE.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245215

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Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis Is Induced by Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin In Vitro. by Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Jurgens-Saathoff B, Hudson AP, Zeidler H, Kohler L.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90194

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Persistence of Salmonellae in Blood and Bone Marrow: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol Treatments against Enteric Fever. by Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, van der Meer JW.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153327

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Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. by Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH, Goss TF, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187901

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Pharmacodynamics of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in a Murine Pneumonia Model: Peak Concentration/MIC versus Area under the Curve/MIC Ratios. by Scaglione F, Mouton JW, Mattina R, Fraschini F.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182632

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Pharmacodynamics of Trovafloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Model. by Lister PD, Sanders CC.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89120

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities of ciprofloxacin against strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for which MICs are similar. by Hyatt JM, Nix DE, Schentag JJ.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188277

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Pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. by Lettieri JT, Rogge MC, Kaiser L, Echols RM, Heller AH.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188820

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Pharmacokinetic Profiles of High-Dose Intravenous Ciprofloxacin in Severe Sepsis. by Lipman J, Scribante J, Gous AG, Hon H, Tshukutsoane S.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105792

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients. by LeBel M, Bergeron MG, Vallee F, Fiset C, Chasse G, Bigonesse P, Rivard G.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180531

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Pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal titers of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin following multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. by Israel D, Gillum JG, Turik M, Harvey K, Ford J, Dalton H, Towle M, Echols R, Heller AH, Polk R.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192249

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Pharmacokinetics and sputum penetration of ciprofloxacin in patients with cystic fibrosis. by Smith MJ, White LO, Bowyer H, Willis J, Hodson ME, Batten JC.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176492

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis. by Davis RL, Koup JR, WilliamsWarren J, Weber A, Heggen L, Stempel D, Smith AL.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284211

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. by Schaefer HG, Stass H, Wedgwood J, Hampel B, Fischer C, Kuhlmann J, Schaad UB.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163051

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Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in the Human Eye: a Clinical Study and Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. by Morlet N, Graham GG, Gatus B, McLachlan AJ, Salonikas C, Naidoo D, Goldberg I, Lam CM.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89931

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Pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in young and elderly and in male and female subjects. by Shah A, Lettieri J, Nix D, Wilton J, Heller AH.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162672

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Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin in patients with various degrees of renal function. by Drusano GL, Weir M, Forrest A, Plaisance K, Emm T, Standiford HC.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284200

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Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. by Malone RS, Fish DN, Abraham E, Teitelbaum I.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90762

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Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral ciprofloxacin in infants and small children. by Peltola H, Vaarala M, Renkonen OV, Neuvonen PJ.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188840

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Photosensitivity associated with ciprofloxacin use in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. by Burdge DR, Nakielna EM, Rabin HR.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=162630

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Population Pharmacokinetics and Use of Monte Carlo Simulation To Evaluate Currently Recommended Dosing Regimens of Ciprofloxacin in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. by Montgomery MJ, Beringer PM, Aminimanizani A, Louie SG, Shapiro BJ, Jelliffe R, Gill MA.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90855

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Population Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Acute Infections. by Payen S, Serreau R, Munck A, Aujard Y, Aigrain Y, Bressolle F, Jacqz-Aigrain E.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201120

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Prediction of the Effects of Inoculum Size on the Antimicrobial Action of Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in an In Vitro Dynamic Model. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Kononenko OV, Zinner SH, Portnoy YA.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89150

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Prospective randomized controlled study of ciprofloxacin versus imipenem-cilastatin in severe clinical infections. by Lode H, Wiley R, Hoffken G, Wagner J, Borner K.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174977

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Prospective randomized evaluation of ciprofloxacin versus piperacillin plus amikacin for empiric antibiotic therapy of febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients with lymphomas and solid tumors. The European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group. by Meunier F, Zinner SH, Gaya H, Calandra T, Viscoli C, Klastersky J, Glauser M.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245122

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Protection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin and beta-lactams by homologous alginate. by Hodges NA, Gordon CA.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245405

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Randomized trial comparing ciprofloxacin plus netilmicin versus piperacillin plus netilmicin for empiric treatment of fever in neutropenic patients. by Chan CC, Oppenheim BA, Anderson H, Swindell R, Scarffe JH.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171426

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Relative bioavailability in healthy volunteers of ciprofloxacin administered through a nasogastric tube with and without enteral feeding. by Yuk JH, Nightingale CH, Sweeney KR, Quintiliani R, Lettieri JT, Frost RW.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176075

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Single-dose ciprofloxacin at 100 versus 250 mg for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. by Garlando F, Rietiker S, Tauber MG, Flepp M, Meier B, Luthy R.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174727

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in plasma from patients with nosocomial pneumonia: penetration of the bronchial mucosa. by Fabre D, Bressolle F, Gomeni R, Arich C, Lemesle F, Beziau H, Galtier M.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245424

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in elderly patients. by Hirata CA, Guay DR, Awni WM, Stein DJ, Peterson PK.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172789

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Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Spain: Clonal Diversity and Appearance of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Epidemic Clones. by Alou L, Ramirez M, Garcia-Rey C, Prieto J, de Lencastre H.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90763

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Synergism of the combinations of imipenem plus ciprofloxacin and imipenem plus amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacterial pathogens. by Bustamante CI, Drusano GL, Wharton RC, Wade JC.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174794

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Target Site Concentrations of Ciprofloxacin after Single Intravenous and Oral Doses. by Brunner M, Sta[beta] H, Moller JG, Schrolnberger C, Erovic B, Hollenstein U, Zeitlinger M, Eichler HG, Muller M.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132760

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Topoisomerase Sequences of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Isolates Resistant to Ciprofloxacin or Trovafloxacin. by Dubin DT, Fitzgibbon JE, Nahvi MD, John JF.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89335

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Transepithelial transport of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin by human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. by Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164190

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Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenemcilastatin. The Severe Pneumonia Study Group. by Fink MP, Snydman DR, Niederman MS, Leeper KV Jr, Johnson RH, Heard SO, Wunderink RG, Caldwell JW, Schentag JJ, Siami GA, et al.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284496

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Trends in Ciprofloxacin Nonsusceptibility and Levofloxacin Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in North America. by Karlowsky JA, Nealy L, Sahm DF.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88231

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA Mutation Assay for Rapid Identification of Mutations Conferring Decreased Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Multiresistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 Isolates. by Walker RA, Saunders N, Lawson AJ, Lindsay EA, Dassama M, Ward LR, Woodward MJ, Davies RH, Liebana E, Threlfall EJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87952

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Use of ciprofloxacin versus use of aminoglycosides for therapy of complicated urinary tract infection: prospective, randomized clinical and pharmacokinetic study. by Fang GD, Brennen C, Wagener M, Swanson D, Hilf M, Zadecky L, DeVine J, Yu VL.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245279

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ciprofloxacin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ciprofloxacin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of Mycoplasma hominis meningo-encephalitis in a full-term infant: rapid recovery after start of treatment with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Wolthers KC, Kornelisse RF, Platenkamp GJ, Schuurman-Van Der Lem MI, van der Schee C, Hartwig NG, Verduin CM. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 162(7-8): 514-6. Epub 2003 May 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740695

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A case of plague successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and sympathetic blockade for treatment of gangrene. Author(s): Kuberski T, Robinson L, Schurgin A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 February 15; 36(4): 521-3. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567312

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Ability of (99m)tc-ciprofloxacin scintigraphy to discriminate between septic and sterile osteoarticular diseases. Author(s): Britton KE, Das SS, Solanki KK. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2004 May; 45(5): 922-3; Author Reply 923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15136644

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Accumulation of ciprofloxacin and minocycline by cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Author(s): Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2002 December; 81(12): 836-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454098

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Activities of 13 quinolones by three susceptibility testing methods against a collection of Haemophilus influenzae isolates with different levels of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: evidence for cross-resistance. Author(s): Perez-Vazquez M, Roman F, Varela MC, Canton R, Campos J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 51(1): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493800

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Activities of six different quinolones against clinical respiratory isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain. Author(s): Perez-Trallero E, Garcia-Rey C, Martin-Sanchez AM, Aguilar L, Garcia-deLomas J, Ruiz J; Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens (SAUCE Program). Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 August; 46(8): 2665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121952

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Activity of faropenem and imipenem for ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria. Author(s): Piddock LJ, Johnson MM, Webber MA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 52(3): 500-2. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917244

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Activity of six quinolones against 226 recent clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Latorre C, Garcia-Rey C, Garcia-Perea A, Perea E, Aguilar L, Cercenado E, Garcia-de-Lomas J; Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 August; 50(2): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161418

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Alarming increase in ciprofloxacin- and penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in New Delhi, India. Author(s): Bala M, Ray K, Kumari S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 June; 30(6): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12782955

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Alteration of pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and suppression of the cytochrome p450 genes by ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Xie HJ, Broberg U, Griskevicius L, Lundgren S, Carlens S, Meurling L, Paul C, Rane A, Hassan M. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2003 February; 31(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621481

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An in vitro model of ciprofloxacin and minocycline transport by oral epithelial cells. Author(s): Brayton JJ, Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 November; 73(11): 1267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479629

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An in vitro study on the compatibility and precipitation of a combination of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin in human vitreous. Author(s): Hui M, Kwok AK, Pang CP, Cheung SW, Chan RC, Lam DS, Cheng AF. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 February; 88(2): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14736778

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An in vivo study comparing the ocular absorption of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin prior to phacoemulsification. Author(s): Bucci FA Jr. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 February; 137(2): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962422

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An outbreak of web sites selling ciprofloxacin following an outbreak of anthrax by mail. Author(s): Tsai AC, Lurie P, Sehgal AR. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 1; 113(5): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401538

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Anaphylactoid reaction to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Ho DY, Song JC, Wang CC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July-August; 37(7-8): 1018-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841811

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Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy following ciprofloxacin administration. Author(s): Knoops L, van den Neste E, Hamels J, Theate I, Mineur P. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 2002 March-April; 57(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12152241

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Antianaerobic activity of moxifloxacin compared with that of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole and beta-lactams. Author(s): Behra-Miellet J, Dubreuil L, Jumas-Bilak E. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431872

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Antimicrobial prophylaxis for transrectal prostatic biopsy: a prospective study of ciprofloxacin vs piperacillin/tazobactam. Author(s): Cormio L, Berardi B, Callea A, Fiorentino N, Sblendorio D, Zizzi V, Traficante A. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410751

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Apparent failure of moxifloxacin to prevent ciprofloxacin- and levofloxacinsusceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in neutropenic patients undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Prabhu RM, Elliott MA, Patel R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 April 1; 38(7): 1043-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15034845

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Aqueous and vitreous penetration of topically applied ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Taustine LR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2004 January; 30(1): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14967251

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Bacteremia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing the TEM-52 extendedspectrum beta-lactamase: treatment outcome of patients receiving imipenem or ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Endimiani A, Luzzaro F, Perilli M, Lombardi G, Coli A, Tamborini A, Amicosante G, Toniolo A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 January 15; 38(2): 243-51. Epub 2003 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699457

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Bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin in Greece: results from the National Electronic Surveillance System. Greek Network for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Author(s): Vatopoulos AC, Kalapothaki V, Legakis NJ. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 May-June; 5(3): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10341191

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Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of ofloxacin 0.3% versus ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of patients with culture-positive bacterial keratitis. Author(s): Prajna NV, George C, Selvaraj S, Lu KL, McDonnell PJ, Srinivasan M. Source: Cornea. 2001 March; 20(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11248824

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Bacteriophages induced by ciprofloxacin in a Borrelia burgdorferi skin isolate. Author(s): Neubert U, Schaller M, Januschke E, Stolz W, Schmieger H. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1993 August; 279(3): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8219501

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Bacteriuria with Escherichia coli resistant to ciprofloxacin in patients with spinal-cord injury. Author(s): Gimber EA, Shields MD, Canawati HN, Sapico FL, Krishnaswamy A, ElFarra R, Maeder KN, Montgomerie JZ. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1998 February; 19(2): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9510103

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Bayer cuts price of ciprofloxacin after Bush threatens to buy generics. Author(s): Charatan F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 November 3; 323(7320): 1023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11691754

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Bayer promotional publications misleading about effect of ciprofloxacin on hospital admissions. Author(s): Barton SB, Walley T. Source: Lancet. 1995 October 21; 346(8982): 1102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7564811

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Bilateral hydronephrosis from ciprofloxacin induced crystalluria and stone formation. Author(s): Chopra N, Fine PL, Price B, Atlas I. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 August; 164(2): 438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893604

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Biliary excretion of ciprofloxacin and piperacillin in the obstructed biliary tract. Author(s): van den Hazel SJ, de Vries XH, Speelman P, Dankert J, Tytgat GN, Huibregtse K, van Leeuwen DJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 November; 40(11): 2658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8913485

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Bioabsorbable ciprofloxacin-containing and plain self-reinforced polylactidepolyglycolide 80/20 screws: pullout strength properties in human cadaver parietal bones. Author(s): Tiainen J, Veiranto M, Suokas E, Tormala P, Waris T, Ninkovic M, Ashammakhi N. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002 May; 13(3): 427-33. Erratum In: J Craniofac Surg 2002 July; 13(4): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040214

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Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after multiple enteral and intravenous doses in ICU patients with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections. Author(s): de Marie S, VandenBergh MF, Buijk SL, Bruining HA, van Vliet A, Kluytmans JA, Mouton JW. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1998 April; 24(4): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9609412

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Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin: results of a preliminary investigation in healthy adult Nigerian male volunteers. Author(s): Chukwuani CM, Coker HA, Oduola AM, Sowunmi A, Ifudu ND. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 August; 23(8): 968-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10963305

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Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute infectious diarrhoe. Author(s): Beckebaum S, Bircher J, Gallenkamp H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 50(6): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858281

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Bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in early postsurgical patients. Author(s): Hackam DJ, Christou N, Khaliq Y, Duffy DR, Vaughan D, Marshall JC, Rotstein OD. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1998 November; 133(11): 1221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820354

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Biodegradable dental implants of ciprofloxacin beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in the treatment of periodontitis. Author(s): Nagaraju R, Udupa N, Mathew J, Varma BR. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 March; 37(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10641162

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Biodistribution and dosimetry of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, a promising agent for the diagnosis of bacterial infection. Author(s): De Winter F, Van de Wiele C, Dumont F, Van Durme J, Solanki K, Britton K, Slegers G, Dierckx RA, Thierens H. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 May; 28(5): 570-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11383860

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Bioequivalence evaluation of 2 different oral formulations of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Galicia I, Frias-Iniesta J, Carcas AJ, Soto A, Gomez E, Miranda E, Fernandez A, Montuenga C. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 May; 36(5): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9629993

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Bioequivalence evaluation of three different oral formulations of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Maya MT, Goncalves NJ, Silva NE, Filipe AE, Morais JA. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2003 April-June; 28(2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877571

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Bioequivalence of two brands of ciprofloxacin 750 mg tablets (Sarf and Ciprobay) in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Abdallah RM, Alam SM, Awaad FM, Dham R, El-Kersh A, El-Laithy A, Shalby MH, Shihabeddin M, El-Walily AF, Yacout M, Zaman Q. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2002 April; 28(4): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12056535

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Brain tissue penetration of ciprofloxacin following a single intravenous dose. Author(s): Leone M, Sampol-Manos E, Santelli D, Grabowski S, Alliez B, Durand A, Lacarelle B, Martin C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 50(4): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356810

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Ciprofloxacin and Achilles' tendon rupture: a causal relationship. Author(s): Ozaras R, Mert A, Tahan V, Uraz S, Ozaydin I, Yilmaz MH, Ozaras N. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 December; 22(6): 500-1. Epub 2003 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677043

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Ciprofloxacin- and hypocalcemia-induced torsade de pointes triggered by hemodialysis. Author(s): Daya SK, Gowda RM, Khan IA. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2004 January-February; 11(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704599

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Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance among methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis. Author(s): Marangon FB, Miller D, Muallem MS, Romano AC, Alfonso EC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 March; 137(3): 453-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013867

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Ciprofloxacin extended release: in the treatment of urinary tract infections and uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Author(s): Waugh J, Keating GM. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2004; 21(1): 55-64; Discussion 65-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715044

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Ciprofloxacin in endophthalmitis: an emerging alternative. Author(s): Vedantham V. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 June; 137(6): 1167-8; Author Reply 1168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15183835

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Ciprofloxacin in treatment of fever and neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients. Author(s): Mullen CA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 December; 22(12): 1138-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688588

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Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in typhoid fever case, Pakistan. Author(s): Butt T, Ahmad RN, Mahmood A, Zaidi S. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 December; 9(12): 1621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720407

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Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis. Author(s): Steiger D, Bubendorf L, Oberholzer M, Tamm M, Leuppi JD. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2004 January; 23(1): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738249

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Ciprofloxacin-induced acute liver injury: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Zimpfer A, Propst A, Mikuz G, Vogel W, Terracciano L, Stadlmann S. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 444(1): 87-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14994731

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Ciprofloxacin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Jongen-Lavrencic M, Schneeberger PM, van der Hoeven JG. Source: Infection. 2003 December; 31(6): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735388

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Ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli from bacteraemias in England; increasingly prevalent and mostly from men. Author(s): Livermore DM, Nichols T, Lamagni TL, Potz N, Reynolds R, Duckworth G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 52(6): 1040-2. Epub 2003 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585850

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Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Choleraesuis from pigs to humans, Taiwan. Author(s): Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Tseng SP, Chang CF, Wan JH, Yan JJ, Lee CM, Chuang YC, Huang WK, Yang D, Shyr JM, Yu KW, Wang LS, Lu JJ, Ko WC, Wu JJ, Chang FY, Yang YC, Lau YJ, Liu YC, Liu CY, Ho SW, Luh KT. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 60-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078598

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Clonality among ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates in Sweden and relationship with ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Torell E, Kuhn I, Olsson-Liljequist B, Haeggman S, Hoffman BM, Lindahl C, Burman LG. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1011-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616743

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Comparative bioavailability of two oral formulations of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Trejo D, Toledo A, Carrasco-Portugal Mdel C, Aguilar-Cota ME, Herrera JE, Flores-Murrieta FJ. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2003; 46: 134-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699910

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Comparative in vitro activity of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against ocular streptococcal isolates. Author(s): Miller D, Alfonso EC. Source: Cornea. 2004 April; 23(3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084863

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Comparison of topical lomefloxacin 0.3 per cent versus topical ciprofloxacin 0.3 per cent for the treatment of presumed bacterial corneal ulcers. Author(s): Booranapong W, Kosrirukvongs P, Prabhasawat P, Srivannaboon S, Suttiprakarn P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2004 March; 87(3): 246-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15117040

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Concentrations in plasma, urinary excretion, and bactericidal activity of linezolid (600 milligrams) versus those of ciprofloxacin (500 milligrams) in healthy volunteers receiving a single oral dose. Author(s): Wagenlehner FM, Wydra S, Onda H, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sorgel F, Naber KG. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 47(12): 3789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638484

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Concentrations of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in human corneal stromal tissue and aqueous humor after topical administration. Author(s): Healy DP, Holland EJ, Nordlund ML, Dunn S, Chow C, Lindstrom RL, Hardten D, Davis E. Source: Cornea. 2004 April; 23(3): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084858

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Corneal ciprofloxacin precipitation during bacterial keratitis. Author(s): Wilhelmus KR, Abshire RL. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 December; 136(6): 1032-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644213

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Corneal penetration of levofloxacin into the human aqueous humour: a comparison with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Colin J, Simonpoli S, Geldsetzer K, Ropo A. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 81(6): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641263

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Dangers of empiric oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute inflammatory diarrhea in children. Author(s): Acheson DW, Sears CL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734755

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Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in outbreak-associated multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104. Author(s): Walker RA, Lawson AJ, Lindsay EA, Ward LR, Wright PA, Bolton FJ, Wareing DR, Corkish JD, Davies RH, Threlfall EJ. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2000 September 30; 147(14): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11073003

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Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, United Kingdom. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Ward LR. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 May-June; 7(3): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11384525

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Delayed and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis with ductopenia after long-term ciprofloxacin therapy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Bataille L, Rahier J, Geubel A. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 November; 37(5): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399240

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Delayed cytotoxicity and cleavage of mitochondrial DNA in ciprofloxacin-treated mammalian cells. Author(s): Lawrence JW, Claire DC, Weissig V, Rowe TC. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1996 November; 50(5): 1178-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8913349

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Depression or hypoactive delirium? A report of ciprofloxacin-induced mental disorder in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Grassi L, Biancosino B, Pavanati M, Agostini M, Manfredini R. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 70(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150940

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Detection and identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Yersinia pestis by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Hurtle W, Lindler L, Fan W, Shoemaker D, Henchal E, Norwood D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12843075

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Detection of decreased in vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Skinner JA, Ward LR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 48(5): 740-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679569

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Determination of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in edible animal tissues by terbiumsensitized luminescence. Author(s): Hernandez-Arteseros JA, Compano R, Prat MD. Source: The Analyst. 1998 December; 123(12): 2729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435333

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Determination of ciprofloxacin in plasma and urine by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Kamberi M, Tsutsumi K, Kotegawa T, Nakamura K, Nakano S. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1998 June; 44(6 Pt 1): 1251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625049

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Determination of the etiological organism during acute exacerbations of COPD and efficacy of azithromycin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ciprofloxacin and cefaclor. Turkish Thoracic Society COPD Working Group. Author(s): Umut S, Tutluoglu B, Aydin Tosun G, Musellim B, Erk M, Yildirim N, Vahapoglu H, Yilmaz N, Arseven O, Turker H, Erelel M, Ilvan A, Goylusun V, Yilmaz Kuyucu T, Kosar F, Soysal F, Gur A, Unutmaz S, Ozturk S, Akman M. Source: J Chemother. 1999 June; 11(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435684

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Determining the frequency of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, and gemifloxacin. Author(s): Evans ME. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 December; 20(12): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837640

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Development of an immunoassay for monitoring the levels of ciprofloxacin in patient samples. Author(s): Snitkoff GG, Grabe DW, Holt R, Bailie GR. Source: J Immunoassay. 1998 November; 19(4): 227-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840295

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Development of an indirect competitive ELISA for ciprofloxacin residues in food animal edible tissues. Author(s): Duan J, Yuan Z. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 March; 49(3): 1087-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11312816

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Development of listerial meningitis during ciprofloxacin treatment. Author(s): Grumbach NM, Mylonakis E, Wing EJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 November; 29(5): 1340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524996

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Development of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Acinetobacter baumanii strains isolated during a 20-month outbreak. Author(s): Horrevorts A, ten Hagen G, Hekster Y, Tjernberg I, Dijkshoorn L. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 September; 40(3): 460-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338509

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Development of resistance to ciprofloxacin, rifampin, and mupirocin in methicillinsusceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Author(s): Schmitz FJ, Fluit AC, Hafner D, Beeck A, Perdikouli M, Boos M, Scheuring S, Verhoef J, Kohrer K, Von Eiff C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 November; 44(11): 3229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036061

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Direct determination of four fluoroquinolones, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, in pharmaceuticals and blood serum by HPLC. Author(s): Samanidou VF, Demetriou CE, Papadoyannis IN. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 March; 375(5): 623-9. Epub 2003 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12638045

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Double-blind randomized comparison of single-dose ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefazolin in patients undergoing outpatient endourologic surgery. Author(s): Christiano AP, Hollowell CM, Kim H, Kim J, Patel R, Bales GT, Gerber GS. Source: Urology. 2000 February; 55(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688075

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Drift in susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ciprofloxacin and emergence of therapeutic failure. Author(s): Ison CA, Woodford PJ, Madders H, Claydon E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 November; 42(11): 2919-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797226

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Eardrop attacks: seizures triggered by ciprofloxacin eardrops. Author(s): Orr CF, Rowe DB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 April 7; 178(7): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670280

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Early bactericidal activity and sterilizing activity of ciprofloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Mitchison DA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 March; 151(3 Pt 1): 921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7881696

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Effect of a three month course of ciprofloxacin on the late prognosis of reactive arthritis. Author(s): Yli-Kerttula T, Luukkainen R, Yli-Kerttula U, Mottonen T, Hakola M, Korpela M, Sanila M, Uksila J, Toivanen A. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 September; 62(9): 880-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12922963

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Effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis on hematopoietic recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation: ciprofloxacin versus co-trimoxazole. Author(s): Imrie KR, Prince HM, Couture F, Brandwein JM, Keating A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1995 February; 15(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7773216

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Effect of ciprofloxacin and other quinolones on granulocyte function assessed by flow cytometry. Author(s): Wenisch C, Parschalk P, Graninger W. Source: Drugs. 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549341

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Effect of ciprofloxacin on adhesive properties of non-P mannose-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Author(s): Balague C, Fernandez L, Perez J, Grau R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562710

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Effect of ciprofloxacin on killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Cacchillo DA, Walters JD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 46(6): 1980-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12019120

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Effect of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. Author(s): Jokinen MJ, Olkkola KT, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 653-7. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610740

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Effect of topical dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin on bacterial flora of healthy conjunctiva. Author(s): Ermis SS, Aktepe OC, Inan UU, Ozturk F, Altindis M. Source: Eye (London, England). 2004 March; 18(3): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004572

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Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Kays MB, Overholser BR, Mueller BA, Moe SM, Sowinski KM. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 December; 42(6): 1253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655198

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Efficacy and safety of single oral dose sparfloxacin vs ciprofloxacin in acute gonococcal urethritis in males. A multicentre international study. Author(s): Moi H, Morel P, Gianotti B, Barlow D, Phillips I, Jean C. Source: Drugs. 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549371

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Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant pseudomonas in pediatric otitis media. Author(s): Jang CH, Park SY. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 April; 67(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663100

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Emergence of phenotypic resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in methicillinresistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains. Author(s): Limoncu MH, Ermertcan S, Cetin CB, Cosar G, Dinc G. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727074

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Eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in children and adults in rural Africa: a comparison of ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Author(s): Cuevas LE, Kazembe P, Mughogho GK, Tillotson GS, Hart CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171(3): 728-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876629

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Evaluation of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria for gemifloxacin when tested against Haemophilus influenzae strains with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 August; 43(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12151195

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Evaluation of technetium-99m ciprofloxacin (Infecton) in the imaging of infection. Author(s): Sundram FX, Wong WY, Ang ES, Goh AS, Ng DC, Yu S. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000 November; 29(6): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269972

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Evaluation of technetium-99m-ciprofloxacin (Infecton) for detecting sites of inflammation in arthritis. Author(s): Appelboom T, Emery P, Tant L, Dumarey N, Schoutens A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 October; 42(10): 1179-82. Epub 2003 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777638

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Evidence of cross-resistance between ciprofloxacin and non-fluoroquinolones in European Gram-negative clinical isolates. Author(s): Higgins PG, Fluit AC, Hafner D, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 50(3): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12205078

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Evolving resistant pseudomonas to ciprofloxacin in malignant otitis externa. Author(s): Berenholz L, Katzenell U, Harell M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 September; 112(9): 1619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352675

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Ex vivo serum activity (killing rates) after gemifloxacin 320 mg versus trovafloxacin 200 mg single doses against ciprofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Calvo A, Gimenez MJ, Alou L, Gomez-Lus ML, Aguilar L, Prieto J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 August; 20(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12297365

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Factor VIII inhibitor associated with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): van Beek EJ, Peters M, ten Cate JW. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1993 April 1; 69(4): 403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8497856

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Failure of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis for ultrasound guided transrectal prostatic biopsy in the era of multiresistant enterobacteriaceae. Author(s): Gilad J, Borer A, Maimon N, Riesenberg K, Klein M, Schlaeffer F. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 January; 161(1): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10037406

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Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Vasallo FJ, Martin-Rabadan P, Alcala L, Garcia-Lechuz JM, RodriguezCreixems M, Bouza E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502506

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Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate carriage of Salmonella. Author(s): Cox RA, Conquest C. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1992 June; 21(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1353091

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Failure of prostatitis treatment secondary to probable ciprofloxacin-sucralfate drug interaction. Author(s): Spivey JM, Cummings DM, Pierson NR. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 March-April; 16(2): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8820479

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Failures of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin to eradicate a susceptible meningococcal isolate from a close contact of a fatal case. Author(s): Tsakris A, Trakatelli C, Souliou E, Sofianou D, Ntoutsou K, Antoniadis A. Source: Infection. 2001 October; 29(5): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688913

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Fatal hepatic failure associated with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Fuchs S, Simon Z, Brezis M. Source: Lancet. 1994 March 19; 343(8899): 738-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7907714

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Feasibility of oral ciprofloxacin for the outpatient management of febrile neutropenia in selected children with cancer. Author(s): Aquino VM, Herrera L, Sandler ES, Buchanan GR. Source: Cancer. 2000 April 1; 88(7): 1710-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10738231

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Fixed drug eruption due to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Dhar S, Sharma VK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 134(1): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8745905

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Fixed drug eruption from quinolones with a positive lesional patch test to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Rodriguez-Morales A, Llamazares AA, Benito RP, Cocera CM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 April; 44(4): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336009

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Fixed drug eruption induced by ciprofloxacin followed by ofloxacin. Author(s): Kawada A, Hiruma M, Morimoto K, Ishibashi A, Banba H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 September; 31(3): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7821014

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Fixed eruption caused by ciprofloxacin with cross-sensitivity to norfloxacin. Author(s): Alonso MD, Martin JA, Quirce S, Davila I, Lezaun A, Sanchez Cano M. Source: Allergy. 1993 May; 48(4): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8328667

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Fixed eruption caused by ciprofloxacin without cross-sensitivity to norfloxacin. Author(s): Lozano Ayllon M, Gomez Martinez M, Mosquera MR, Laguna Martinez JJ, Orta Martiartu M, Fernandez de Miguel C. Source: Allergy. 1995 July; 50(7): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588694

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Fluoroquinolone resistance among methicillin-resistant staphylococci after usage of fluoroquinolones other than ciprofloxacin in Taiwan. Author(s): Chang SC, Hsieh WC, Luh KT. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1994 July; 19(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820993

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Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates in travelers returning to Finland: association of ciprofloxacin resistance to travel destination. Author(s): Hakanen A, Jousimies-Somer H, Siitonen A, Huovinen P, Kotilainen P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604004

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Four-week open-label trial of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Author(s): Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Poggioli G, Schreiber S, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Gionchetti P, Campieri M, Kamm MA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 May; 16(5): 909-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11966499

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Fully automated high-performance liquid chromatography of ciprofloxacin with direct injection of plasma and Mueller-Hinton broth for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies. Author(s): Ba BB, Ducint D, Fourtillan M, Saux MC. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 September 4; 714(2): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9766872

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Fulminant hepatic failure possibly related to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Grassmick BK, Lehr VT, Sundareson AS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 May; 26(5): 636-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1591420

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Fungal colonization and invasive fungal infections following allogeneic BMT using metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and fluconazole or ciprofloxacin and fluconazole as intestinal decontamination. Author(s): Trenschel R, Peceny R, Runde V, Elmaagacli A, Dermoumi H, Heintschel von Heinegg E, Muller KD, Schaefer UW, Beelen DW. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 November; 26(9): 993-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11100279

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Gatifloxacin 200 mg or 400 mg once daily is as effective as ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for the treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis or complicated urinary tract infections. Author(s): Naber KG, Bartnicki A, Bischoff W, Hanus M, Milutinovic S, van Belle F, Schonwald S, Weitz P, Ankel-Fuchs D. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 March; 23 Suppl 1: S41-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037328

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Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin: an in vitro susceptibility comparison to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin using bacterial keratitis isolates. Author(s): Kowalski RP, Dhaliwal DK, Karenchak LM, Romanowski EG, Mah FS, Ritterband DC, Gordon YJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 136(3): 500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967804

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Gemifloxacin and ciprofloxacin pharmacodynamics in an in-vitro dynamic model: prediction of the equivalent AUC/MIC breakpoints and doses. Author(s): Firsov AA, Zinner SH, Lubenko IYu, Vostrov SN. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 December; 16(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11118849

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Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated during ciprofloxacin therapy from a patient with bronchiectasis. Author(s): de la Campa AG, Ferrandiz MJ, Tubau F, Pallares R, Manresa F, Linares J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 April; 47(4): 1419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654682

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Gingival fluid ciprofloxacin levels at healthy and inflamed human periodontal sites. Author(s): Conway TB, Beck FM, Walters JD. Source: J Periodontol. 2000 September; 71(9): 1448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11022774

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Glottic angioedema, ciprofloxacin, and ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Langauer Messmer S, Schiller P, Bircher AJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 June; 72(848): 383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758027

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Glyburide-ciprofloxacin interaction with resistant hypoglycemia. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Kaplan R, Frank R, Fore C. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2000 August; 36(2): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10918110

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Gonococcal ophthalmia treated with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Price LM, O'Mahony C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 December; 12(12): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11779376

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Gonococcal susceptibility to antimicrobials in Baltimore, 1988-1994. What was the impact of ciprofloxacin as first-line therapy for gonorrhea? Author(s): Zenilman JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1996 May-June; 23(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8724511

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Gonorrhoea treatment failure and ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Ng PP, Chan RK, Ling AE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 June; 9(6): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671244

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gyrA and gyrB mutations are implicated in cross-resistance to Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. Author(s): Dridi L, Tankovic J, Burghoffer B, Barbut F, Petit JC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 November; 46(11): 3418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12384345

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gyrA mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Indiana, Minnesota, and Tennessee. Author(s): Fasching CE, Tenover FC, Slama TG, Fisher LM, Sreedharan S, Oram M, Willard K, Sinn LM, Gerding DN, Peterson LR. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 November; 164(5): 976-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1658161

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GyrA sequence analysis of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains selected, in vitro, for high-level ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Peterson LR, Willard KE, Sinn LM, Fasching CE, Gerding DN. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1993 August-September; 17(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7902228

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Hazards of doubling phenytoin dose in the face of an unrecognized interaction with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Pollak PT, Slayter KL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 January; 31(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8997469

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Hepatitis associated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and/or ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Zaidi SA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 January; 325(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544082

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High concentration of ciprofloxacin in urine invalidates EMIT results. Author(s): Lora-Tamayo C, Tena T, Rodriguez A. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1996 September; 20(5): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8872246

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High incidence of treatment failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to ciprofloxacin in male gonococcal urethritis in Delhi. Author(s): Chowdhry S, Pandhi D, Vidhani S, Bhalla P, Reddy BS. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 August; 13(8): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194741

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High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Birley H, McDonald P, Carey P, Fletcher J. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1994 August; 70(4): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7959720

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High level ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea imported from Russia. Author(s): Lewis DA, Brook MG, Shafi MS. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389968

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High prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from commercial sex workers in Bangladesh. Author(s): Bhuiyan BU, Miah RA, Rahman M, Rahman KM, Albert MJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 November; 42(5): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9848459

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High prevalence of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Tel Aviv, Israel: correlation with response to therapy. Author(s): Dan M, Poch F, Sheinberg B. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 46(6): 1671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12019074

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High prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant, ciprofloxacin susceptible phenotype among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Author(s): Ruiz J, Gomez J, Navia MM, Ribera A, Sierra JM, Marco F, Mensa J, Vila J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 April; 42(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12007443

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High-dose ciprofloxacin in the treatment of a renal cyst infection. Author(s): Rossi SJ, Healy DP, Savani DV, Deepe G. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 January; 27(1): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8431617

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High-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: first report from Israel. Author(s): Dan M, Poch F, Shpitz D, Sheinberg B. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11266311

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High-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and heterosexually acquired infections in Victoria. Author(s): Griffith JM, Barclay LM, de Petra V, Forsyth JR, Hogg GG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 January 15; 164(2): 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8569567

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High-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Cheasty T, Graham A, Rowe B. Source: Lancet. 1997 February 8; 349(9049): 403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033478

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Historical perspective--use of ciprofloxacin in children. Author(s): Echols RM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 January; 16(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002116

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Holding power of bioabsorbable ciprofloxacin-containing self-reinforced poly-L/DLlactide 70/30 bioactive glass 13 miniscrews in human cadaver bone. Author(s): Leinonen S, Suokas E, Veiranto M, Tormala P, Waris T, Ashammakhi N. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002 March; 13(2): 212-8; Discussion 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000875

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HPLC analysis of ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin metabolites in body fluids. Author(s): Krol GJ, Beck GW, Benham T. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1995 December; 14(1-2): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8833981

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Human aqueous and vitreous humour levels of ciprofloxacin following oral and topical administration. Author(s): Cekic O, Batman C, Yasar U, Basci NE, Bozkurt A, Kayaalp SO. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999 August; 13 ( Pt 4): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10692930

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Human aqueous humor levels of oral ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Author(s): Garcia-Saenz MC, Arias-Puente A, Fresnadillo-Martinez MJ, Carrasco-Font C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 December; 27(12): 1969-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11738912

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Hypersensitivity and anaphylactoid reactions to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Deamer RL, Prichard JG, Loman GJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 September; 26(9): 1081-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1421669

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Hypertension associated with ciprofloxacin use in an infant. Author(s): Atasoy H, Erdem G, Ceyhan M, Ecevit Z, Kanra G. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 October; 29(10): 1049. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8845548

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Imaging bacterial infection with (99m)Tc-ciprofloxacin (Infecton). Author(s): Britton KE, Wareham DW, Das SS, Solanki KK, Amaral H, Bhatnagar A, Katamihardja AH, Malamitsi J, Moustafa HM, Soroa VE, Sundram FX, Padhy AK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 November; 55(11): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401818

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Imaging prostatitis with Tc-99m ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Choe W, Chung MH, Kim WH, Kim S, Kan Ryu J, Jin Kang K, Suh JK. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 July; 27(7): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072785

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Imaging seminal vesiculitis with Tc-99m ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Choe W, Kan Ryu J, Kim WH, Chung MH, Suh JK. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 June; 28(6): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917536

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Impairment of ciprofloxacin absorption by calcium polycarbophil. Author(s): Kato R, Ueno K, Imano H, Kawai M, Kuwahara S, Tsuchishita Y, Yonezawa E, Tanaka K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 July; 42(7): 806-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12092748

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In vitro activity of combination therapy with cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, or meropenem with ciprofloxacin against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Author(s): Erdem I, Kucukercan M, Ceran N. Source: Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 49(6): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671429

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In vitro comparison of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and povidone-iodine for surgical prophylaxis. Author(s): Keverline MR, Kowalski RP, Dhaliwal DK. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 June; 28(6): 915-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036617

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In vitro effects of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin on apoptosis of jurkat T lymphocytes. Author(s): Jun YT, Kim HJ, Song MJ, Lim JH, Lee DG, Han KJ, Choi SM, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Choi JH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604563

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Inability of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin scintigraphy to discriminate between septic and sterile osteoarticular diseases. Author(s): Sarda L, Cremieux AC, Lebellec Y, Meulemans A, Lebtahi R, Hayem G, Genin R, Delahaye N, Huten D, Le Guludec D. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 June; 44(6): 920-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791820

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Increasing incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in Canada. Author(s): Sarwal S, Wong T, Sevigny C, Ng LK. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 April 1; 168(7): 872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668548

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Increasing incidence of gonorrhea in Israel associated with countrywide dissemination of a ciprofloxacin-resistant strain. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Schahar A, Peled N, Porat N, Trefler R, Dan M, Keness Y, Block C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 21(5): 368-72. Epub 2002 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072921

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Increasing trend of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst common bacterial isolates at Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital. Author(s): Hossain MA, Musa AK, Shamsuzzaman AK, Mahmud MC. Source: Mymensingh Med J. 2003 January; 12(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12715644

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Infecton: a 99mTc-ciprofloxacin radiopharmaceutical for the detection of bone infection. Author(s): Malamitsi J, Giamarellou H, Kanellakopoulou K, Dounis E, Grecka V, Christakopoulos J, Koratzanis G, Antoniadou A, Panoutsopoulos G, Batsakis C, Proukakis C. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588329

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Influence of P-glycoprotein and MRP efflux pump inhibitors on the intracellular activity of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in macrophages infected by Listeria monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Seral C, Carryn S, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 51(5): 1167-73. Epub 2003 April 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12697643

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Influence of sex on the pharmacokinetic interaction of fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin with caffeine. Author(s): Kim MK, Nightingale C, Nicolau D. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2003; 42(11): 985-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908854

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Inhibitory effect of NO-releasing ciprofloxacin (NCX 976) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival. Author(s): Ciccone R, Mariani F, Cavone A, Persichini T, Venturini G, Ongini E, Colizzi V, Colasanti M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2299-302. Erratum In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 January; 48(1): 368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821482

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Intraocular ciprofloxacin levels after oral administration in silicone oil-filled eyes. Author(s): Talwar D, Kulkarni A, Azad R, Gupta SK, Velpandian T, Sharma Y, Rajpal, Biswas NR. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 February; 44(2): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556375

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Intratympanic ciprofloxacin and the human labyrinthine sampling model. Author(s): Becvarovski Z, Kartush JM, Bojrab DI. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 April; 112(4): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150524

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Investigation into the selection frequency of resistant mutants and the bacterial kill rate by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Author(s): Gillespie T, Masterton RG. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 May; 19(5): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12007845

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In-vitro activity of clinafloxacin compared to ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Nikolaidis P, Metallidis S, Kollaras P, Tsona A, Koumedaki E, Tsaousoglu D, Loumedaki E. Source: J Chemother. 2002 June; 14(3): 234-6. Erratum In: J Chemother. 2002 December; 14(6): 642. Loumedaki E [corrected to Koumedaki E]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12120875

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Isolation of Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Chiu CH, Su LH, Chu C, Chia JH, Wu TL, Lin TY, Lee YS, Ou JT. Source: Lancet. 2004 April 17; 363(9417): 1285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094275

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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction associated with ciprofloxacin administration for tickborne relapsing fever. Author(s): Webster G, Schiffman JD, Dosanjh AS, Amieva MR, Gans HA, Sectish TC. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 June; 21(6): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182387

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Killing curve activity of ciprofloxacin is comparable to synergistic effect of betalactam-tobramycin combinations against Haemophilus species endocarditis strains. Author(s): Westh H, Frimodt-Moller N, Gutschik E, Bangsborg J. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1992 September; 100(9): 856-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1389104

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Killing of gram-negative bacteria by ciprofloxacin within both healthy human neutrophils and neutrophils with inactivated O2-dependent bactericidal mechanisms. Author(s): Canton E, Peman J, Cabrera E, Velert M, Orero A, Pastor A, Gobernado M. Source: Chemotherapy. 1999 July-August; 45(4): 268-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10394010

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Kinetic characterization of secretory transport of a new ciprofloxacin derivative (CNV97100) across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Author(s): Ruiz-Garcia A, Lin H, Pla-Delfina JM, Hu M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002 December; 91(12): 2511-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12434394

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Laboratory detection of Haemophilus influenzae with decreased susceptibility to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin due to GyrA and ParC mutations. Author(s): Perez-Vazquez M, Roman F, Aracil B, Canton R, Campos J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 March; 42(3): 1185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004073

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Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction. Author(s): Neuhofel AL, Wilton JH, Victory JM, Hejmanowsk LG, Amsden GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 42(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936572

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Lack of effect of simultaneously administered didanosine encapsulated enteric bead formulation (Videx EC) on oral absorption of indinavir, ketoconazole, or ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Damle BD, Mummaneni V, Kaul S, Knupp C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796346

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Lack of gender effect on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in humans. Author(s): Gallicano K, Sahai J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 November; 42(5): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8951196

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Large scale use of ciprofloxacin in the control of a Salmonella outbreak in a hospital for the mentally handicapped. Author(s): Dyson C, Ribeiro CD, Westmoreland D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 April; 29(4): 287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7658008

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Legionella pneumophila pneumonia successfully treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Haranaga S, Toyama M, Arakaki N, Miyara T, Shinzato T, Koide M, Higa F, Tateyama M, Saito A. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 1024-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487183

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Levofloxacin compared with imipenem/cilastatin followed by ciprofloxacin in adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, openlabel study. Author(s): West M, Boulanger BR, Fogarty C, Tennenberg A, Wiesinger B, Oross M, Wu SC, Fowler C, Morgan N, Kahn JB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 February; 25(2): 485-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749509

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Author(s): Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P, Schiff WM, Tennenberg AM, Wiesinger BA, Wright PA, Wu SC, Zadeikis N, Kahn JB. Source: Urology. 2003 September; 62(3): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946763

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin versus lomefloxacin in acute pyelonephritis. Author(s): Richard GA, Klimberg IN, Fowler CL, Callery-D'Amico S, Kim SS. Source: Urology. 1998 July; 52(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671870

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LightCycler gyrA mutation assay (GAMA) identifies heterogeneity in GyrA in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Walker RA, Skinner JA, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 December; 22(6): 622-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659662

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Lomefloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Naber KG; European Lomefloxacin Prostatitis Study Group. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 July; 20(1): 18-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127707

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Lomefloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections: a multicenter study. Author(s): Pisani E, Bartoletti R, Trinchieri A, Rizzo M. Source: J Chemother. 1996 June; 8(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8808718

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Long-term ciprofloxacin treatment for the prevention of biliary stent blockage: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Sung JJ, Sollano JD, Lai CW, Ismael A, Yung MY, Tumala I, Chung SC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 November; 94(11): 3197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10566714

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Long-term persistence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Campos J, Roman F, Georgiou M, Garcia C, Gomez-Lus R, Canton R, Escobar H, Baquero F. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 December; 174(6): 1345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8940231

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Long-term safety of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Author(s): Berning SE, Madsen L, Iseman MD, Peloquin CA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 June; 151(6): 2006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7767552

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Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Turunen U, Farkkila, Valtonen V. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 July; 117(1): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428613

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Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin: a prospective, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Turunen UM, Farkkila MA, Hakala K, Seppala K, Sivonen A, Ogren M, Vuoristo M, Valtonen VV, Miettinen TA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1998 November; 115(5): 1072-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797360

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Lower dose of ciprofloxacin is adequate for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Author(s): Moodley P, Pillay C, Nzimande G, Coovadia YM, Sturm AW. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 October; 20(4): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385679

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Lower respiratory tract infection due to ciprofloxacin resistant Moraxella catarrhalis. Author(s): Cunliffe NA, Emmanuel FX, Thomson CJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1995 July; 36(1): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537282

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Low-level colonization and infection with ciprofloxacin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in a skilled nursing facility. Author(s): Lee YL, Cesario T, McCauley V, Flionis L, Pax A, Thrupp L. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1998 December; 26(6): 552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9836837

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Maintenance therapy of melioidosis with ciprofloxacin plus azithromycin compared with cotrimoxazole plus doxycycline. Author(s): Chetchotisakd P, Chaowagul W, Mootsikapun P, Budhsarawong D, Thinkamrop B. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 JanuaryFebruary; 64(1-2): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425157

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Methadone, ciprofloxacin, and adverse drug reactions. Author(s): Herrlin K, Segerdahl M, Gustafsson LL, Kalso E. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 16; 356(9247): 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145498

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Metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin therapy for active Crohn's disease. Author(s): Ishikawa T, Okamura S, Oshimoto H, Kobayashi R, Mori M. Source: Intern Med. 2003 April; 42(4): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729319

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Microbiological and chemical detection of incurred penicillin G, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in bovine and porcine tissues. Author(s): Myllyniemi AL, Rannikko R, Lindfors E, Niemi A, Backman C. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2000 December; 17(12): 991-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11271845

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Mixed pharmacokinetic population study and diffusion model to describe ciprofloxacin lung concentrations. Author(s): Breilh D, Saux MC, Maire P, Vergnaud JM, Jelliffe RW. Source: Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2001 May; 31(3): 147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11173053

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Molecular basis of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Denmark from 1995 to 1998. Author(s): Su X, Lind I. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 45(1): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11120953

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Molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin resistance of gonococcal strains in Spain. Author(s): Alcala B, Arreaza L, Salcedo C, Antolin I, Borrell N, Cacho J, De Las Cuevas C, Otero L, Sauca G, Vazquez F, Villar H, Vazquez JA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 May; 30(5): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12916129

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Molecular epidemiology and evolution of resistance to quinolones in Escherichia coli after prolonged administration of ciprofloxacin in patients with prostatitis. Author(s): Horcajada JP, Vila J, Moreno-Martinez A, Ruiz J, Martinez JA, Sanchez M, Soriano E, Mensa J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 49(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751767

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Molecular epidemiology and mutations at gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacinresistant Escherichia coli isolates from a Taiwan medical center. Author(s): Chen JY, Siu LK, Chen YH, Lu PL, Ho M, Peng CF. Source: Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2001 Spring; 7(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310803

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Molecular epidemiology of endemic ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Liverpool. Author(s): Corkill JE, Komolafe AJ, Neal TJ, Mortimore A, Alawattegama AB, Hart CA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 June; 14(6): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816664

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Molecular epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting decreased susceptibility and resistance to ciprofloxacin in Hawaii, 1991-1999. Author(s): Trees DL, Sandul AL, Neal SW, Higa H, Knapp JS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11403186

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Monotherapy with intravenous followed by oral high-dose ciprofloxacin versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as initial empiric therapy for granulocytopenic patients with fever. Author(s): Giamarellou H, Bassaris HP, Petrikkos G, Busch W, Voulgarelis M, Antoniadou A, Grouzi E, Zoumbos N. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 December; 44(12): 3264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11083625

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Moxifloxacin activity against clinical isolates compared with the activity of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Aktas Z, Gonullu N, Salcioglu M, Bal C, Ang O. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 September; 20(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385698

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Multicenter, randomized, double blind clinical trial of short course versus standard course oral ciprofloxacin for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in children. Author(s): Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, South Africa (Zimbasa) Dysentery Study Group. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 December; 21(12): 1136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488664

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Multiclonal increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Thailand, 19981999. Author(s): Trees DL, Sirivongrangson P, Schultz AJ, Buatiang A, Neal SW, Knapp JS, Kilmarx PH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438903

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Multiple brain abscesses caused by Salmonella enteritidis in a neonate: successful treatment with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Wessalowski R, Thomas L, Kivit J, Voit T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 August; 12(8): 683-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8105442

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Multiple drug allergy syndrome: severe anaphylactic reaction due to topical rifamycin SV in a patient with hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Scala E, Giani M, Pirrotta L, Guerra EC, De Pita O, Puddu P. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 40(9): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737462

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Murine typhus poorly responsive to ciprofloxacin: a case report. Author(s): Laferl H, Fournier PE, Seiberl G, Pichler H, Raoult D. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044280

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Mutant prevention concentration of garenoxacin (BMS-284756) for ciprofloxacinsusceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Zhao X, Eisner W, Perl-Rosenthal N, Kreiswirth B, Drlica K. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1023-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604537

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Mutation patterns in gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from India. Author(s): Chaudhry U, Ray K, Bala M, Saluja D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473806

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Nalidixic acid screening test for the detection of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Seema DS, Bhat GK, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 October; 44(4): 407-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035350

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Nalidixic acid susceptibility test to screen ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Kapil A, Renuka, Das B. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 February; 115: 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12138664

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Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin caused treatment failure: a report from Bangladesh. Author(s): Asna SM, Haq JA, Rahman MM. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 56(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711825

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a London sexually transmitted infection clinic not fully sensitive to quinolones: are isolates imported and how effective is ciprofloxacin as a first-line therapy? Author(s): Ivens D, Martin I, Ison C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 December; 11(12): 774-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138910

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Newcastle upon Tyne 1995-1997: increase in ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Tayal SC, Sankar KN, Pattman RS, Watson PG, Galloway A. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 May; 10(5): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361916

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Knapp JS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 September; 25(8): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9773436

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to ciprofloxacin: first report in Cuba. Author(s): Llanes R, Sosa J, Guzman D, Gutierrez Y, Llop A, Ricardo O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 February; 28(2): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11234790

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in British Columbia: an imported phenomenon. Author(s): Patrick D, Shaw C, Rekart ML. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1995 August 15; 21(15): 137-9. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7550049

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of strains from North America, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Author(s): Xia M, Roberts MC, Whittington WL, Holmes KK, Knapp JS, Dillon JA, Wi T. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 October; 40(10): 2439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891163

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Neisseria meningitidis showing decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: first report in Spain. Author(s): Alcala B, Salcedo C, de la Fuente L, Arreaza L, Uria MJ, Abad R, Enriquez R, Vazquez JA, Motge M, de Batlle J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004 February; 53(2): 409. Epub 2004 January 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14729735

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Neurologic adverse effects during concomitant treatment with ciprofloxacin, NSAIDS, and chloroquine: possible drug interaction. Author(s): Rollof J, Vinge E. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 September; 27(9): 1058-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8219437

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New approach for accurate simulation of human pharmacokinetics in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: application to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Ba BB, Bernard A, Iliadis A, Quentin C, Ducint D, Etienne R, Fourtillan M, Maachi-Guillot I, Saux MC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 February; 47(2): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157913

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Nightmare due to ciprofloxacin in young patients. Author(s): Dey SK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1995 August; 32(8): 918-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8635840

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No benefit of long-term ciprofloxacin treatment in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis: a three-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Sieper J, Fendler C, Laitko S, Sorensen H, Gripenberg-Lerche C, Hiepe F, Alten R, Keitel W, Groh A, Uksila J, Eggens U, Granfors K, Braun J. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 July; 42(7): 1386-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403266

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No influence of ciprofloxacin on ethanol disposition. A pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic interaction study. Author(s): Kamali F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 47(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7988628

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No interaction between ciprofloxacin and an oral contraceptive. Author(s): Scholten PC, Droppert RM, Zwinkels MG, Moesker HL, Nauta JJ, Hoepelman IM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 December; 42(12): 3266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835524

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Non-fatal acute liver injury possibly related to high-dose ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Goetz M, Galle PR, Schwarting A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 22(5): 294-6. Epub 2003 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739107

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North American (United States and Canada) comparative susceptibility of two fluoroquinolones: ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. A 53-medical-center sample of spectra of activity. North American Ofloxacin Study Group. Author(s): Jones RN, Hoban DJ. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1994 January; 18(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8026157

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Once daily, extended release ciprofloxacin for complicated urinary tract infections and acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Author(s): Talan DA, Klimberg IW, Nicolle LE, Song J, Kowalsky SF, Church DA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 February; 171(2 Pt 1): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713799

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Oral ciprofloxacin as prophylaxis in gastroduodenal surgery. Author(s): McArdle CS, Morran CG, Anderson JR, Pettit L, Gemmell CG, Sleigh JD, Tillotson GS. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 July; 30(3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522777

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Oral ciprofloxacin in the management of children with cancer with lower risk febrile neutropenia. Author(s): Paganini H, Rodriguez-Brieshcke T, Zubizarreta P, Latella A, Firpo V, Casimir L, Armada A, Fernandez C, Caceres E, Debbag R. Source: Cancer. 2001 April 15; 91(8): 1563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11301406

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Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of cholera. Author(s): Gotuzzo E, Seas C, Echevarria J, Ruiz R, Carrillo C. Source: Drugs. 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549397

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Oral ciprofloxacin is ineffective in culture-negative peritonitis. Author(s): Trakarnvanich T, Thitiarchakul S, Kurathong P. Source: Perit Dial Int. 2001 March-April; 21(2): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11330568

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Oral ciprofloxacin plus colistin: prophylaxis against bacterial infection in neutropenic patients. A strategy for the prevention of emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Author(s): Prentice HG, Hann IM, Nazareth B, Paterson P, Bhamra A, Kibbler CC. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 October; 115(1): 46-52. Erratum In: Br J Haematol 2002 June; 117(4): 1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722408

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Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Author(s): Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, Turkdogan MK. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 September-October; 50(53): 1426-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571754

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Oral ciprofloxacin vs intravenous therapy with nonquinolone agents. A study of 291 infections. Author(s): Lorian V, Pavletich K. Source: Drugs. 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549406

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Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Author(s): Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, Press J, Yagupsky P, Reinhart H, Yaniv I, Dagan R. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 November; 19(11): 1060-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11099086

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Oral ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin as alternatives to intravenous antimicrobial therapy. Author(s): Belliveau P, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R, Crowe H, Gousee G. Source: Conn Med. 1993 August; 57(8): 539-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8243083

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Patterns of mutations in target genes in septicemia isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Fendukly F, Karlsson I, Hanson HS, Kronvall G, Dornbusch K. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 111(9): 857-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510643

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Penetration of oral and topical ciprofloxacin into the aqueous humour. Author(s): Ghazi-Nouri SM, Lochhead J, Mearza AA, Qureshi MA, Thompson GM, Cowdrey G, Firth M, Moss R, Karim AK, Firth G. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 31(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580892

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Penetration of topical ciprofloxacin into the aqueous. Author(s): Ghazi-Nouri SM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 November; 29(11): 2043-4; Author Reply 2043-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670403

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Penetration of topically applied ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin into the aqueous humor and vitreous. Author(s): Yalvac IS, Basci NE, Bozkurt A, Duman S. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 March; 29(3): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663011

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Persistence of Salmonellae in blood and bone marrow: randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol treatments against enteric fever. Author(s): Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, Van Der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, Van Der Meer JW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 47(5): 1727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709347

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in healthy Mexican volunteers. Author(s): Escobar Y, Hoyo-Vadillo C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(9): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558441

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Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in blood and ascites of patients with pelvic peritonitis. Author(s): Mikamo H, Ninomiya M, Tamaya T. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 9(3): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513401

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Piperacillin-tazobactam versus ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin in the treatment of infective episodes after liver transplantation. Author(s): Philpott-Howard J, Burroughs A, Fisher N, Hastings M, Kibbler C, Mutimer D, Patch D, Rolando N, Wade J, Wendon J, O'Grady J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 52(6): 993-1000. Epub 2003 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585863

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Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric and adolescent patients with acute infections. Author(s): Payen S, Serreau R, Munck A, Aujard Y, Aigrain Y, Bressolle F, Jacqz-Aigrain E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 October; 47(10): 3170-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506027

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Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric patients. Author(s): Rajagopalan P, Gastonguay MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 43(7): 698-710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12856383

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Questioning dosing regimens of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Bauernfeind A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 May; 31(5): 789-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8335507

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Randomized, double-blind study of prulifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jul 16;137(2):I20 Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(3): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12118984

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Rapid resolution of symptoms with ciprofloxacin therapy in 3859 hospitalised patients with urinary tract infection. Author(s): Naber KG, Landen H. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 March; 23 Suppl 1: S35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037327

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Relationship between ciprofloxacin resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Author(s): Tolun V, Kucukbasmaci O, Torumkuney-Akbulut D, Catal C, Ang-Kucuker M, Ang O. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706090

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Relationship between quinolone use and emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli in bloodstream infections. Author(s): Pena C, Albareda JM, Pallares R, Pujol M, Tubau F, Ariza J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 February; 39(2): 520-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7726525

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Renal abscess: filling in with Tc-99m ciprofloxacin of defects seen on Tc-99m DMSA SPECT. Author(s): Dumarey N, Schoutens A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 January; 28(1): 68-9. Erratum In: Clin Nucl Med. 2003 May; 28(5): 456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493973

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Reply to: Ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing of enterococcal urinary isolates in accordance with BSAC guidelines. Author(s): Andrews JM, Wise R; BSAC Working Party on Sensitivity Training. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 50(3): 433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12205073

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Results of a prospective, randomized, double blind comparison of the efficacy and the safety of sequential ciprofloxacin (intravenous/oral)+metronidazole (intravenous/oral) with ceftriaxone (intravenous)+metronidazole (intravenous/oral) for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Author(s): Starakis I, Karravias D, Asimakopoulos C, Kolaras P, Nikolaidis P, Harlaftis N, Skoutelis A, Bassaris H. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 January; 21(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507837

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Rhinoscleroma treated with ciprofloxacin: a case report. Author(s): Avery RK, Salman SD, Baker AS. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 August; 105(8 Pt 1): 854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7630299

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Rufloxacin once daily versus ciprofloxacin twice daily in the treatment of patients with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Author(s): Bach D, van den Berg-Segers A, Hubner A, van Breukelen G, Cesana M, Pletan Y. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 July; 154(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776420

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Several gene programs are induced in ciprofloxacin-treated human lymphocytes as revealed by microarray analysis. Author(s): Eriksson E, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2003 September; 74(3): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949250

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Shigella flexneri bacteraemia in an immunocompetent male treated with oral ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Orr D, Hedderwick S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 November; 45(4): 275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423618

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Short-course ciprofloxacin treatment for enteric fever: caveat emptor! Author(s): Thomas MG, Woodhouse AF, Shore KP, Ellis-Pegler RB. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 September-October; 33(9-10): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511204

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Specificity of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin imaging. Author(s): Larikka MJ, Ahonen AK, Niemela O, Junila JA, Hamalainen MM, Syrjala HP. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 August; 44(8): 1368; Author Reply 1368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902430

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with ciprofloxacin: a review of adverse cutaneous events reported in Sweden as associated with this drug. Author(s): Hallgren J, Tengvall-Linder M, Persson M, Wahlgren CF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 November; 49(5 Suppl): S267-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576649

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Successful treatment of multi-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia meningitis with ciprofloxacin in a pre-term infant. Author(s): Lo WT, Wang CC, Lee CM, Chu ML. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 December; 161(12): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12536991

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Suppression of human prostate cancer cell growth by ciprofloxacin is associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Author(s): Aranha O, Grignon R, Fernandes N, McDonnell TJ, Wood DP Jr, Sarkar FH. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2003 April; 22(4): 787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632069

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Susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Germany to ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Author(s): Wagner J, Jabbusch M, Eisenblatter M, Hahn H, Wendt C, Ignatius R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821499

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Susceptibility testing of Singapore strains of Mycoplasma hominis to tetracycline, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and azithromycin by the Etest method. Author(s): Ngan CC, Lim T, Choo CM, Toh GL, Lim YS. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2004 March; 48(3): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023431

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Synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled ciprofloxacin for PET studies in humans. Author(s): Langer O, Mitterhauser M, Brunner M, Zeitlinger M, Wadsak W, Mayer BX, Kletter K, Muller M. Source: Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2003 April; 30(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745020

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Target site concentrations of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Author(s): Brunner M, Stabeta H, Moller JG, Schrolnberger C, Erovic B, Hollenstein U, Zeitlinger M, Eichler HG, Muller M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 46(12): 3724-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435668

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Tc-99m ciprofloxacin imaging in diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Ryu JK, Lee SM, Seong DW, Suh JK, Kim S, Choe W, Moon Y, Pai SH. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2003 September; 5(3): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937798

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The combination of the SH metabolite of erdosteine (a mucoactive drug) and ciprofloxacin increases the inhibition of bacterial adhesiveness achieved by ciprofloxacin alone. Author(s): Dal SM, Bovio C, Culici M, Braga PC. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(2-3): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224380

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The comparison of in the vitro effect of imipenem or meropenem combined with ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Author(s): Erdem I, Kaynar-Tascioglu J, Kaya B, Goktas P. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431875

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Thrombocytosis under ciprofloxacin and tazobactam/piperacillin. Author(s): Finsterer J, Kotzailias N. Source: Platelets. 2003 August; 14(5): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944250

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Topical ciprofloxacin versus topical gentamicin for chronic otitis media. Author(s): Nawasreh O, Fraihat A. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 January-March; 7(1-2): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12596948

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Topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone is superior to ciprofloxacin alone in pediatric patients with acute otitis media and otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Author(s): Roland PS, Anon JB, Moe RD, Conroy PJ, Wall GM, Dupre SJ, Krueger KA, Potts S, Hogg G, Stroman DW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 December; 113(12): 2116-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660913

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Topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Author(s): Roland PS, Kreisler LS, Reese B, Anon JB, Lanier B, Conroy PJ, Wall GM, Dupre SJ, Potts S, Hogg G, Stroman DW, McLean C. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 January; 113(1 Pt 1): E40-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14702493

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Topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of granulation tissue in children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Author(s): Roland PS, Dohar JE, Lanier BJ, Hekkenburg R, Lane EM, Conroy PJ, Wall GM, Dupre SJ, Potts SL; CIPRODEX AOMT Study Group. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2004 June; 130(6): 736-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15195060

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Transintestinal secretion of ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin and sparfloxacin: in vitro and in situ inhibition studies. Author(s): Rodriguez-Ibanez M, Nalda-Molina R, Montalar-Montero M, Bermejo MV, Merino V, Garrigues TM. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V. 2003 March; 55(2): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637104

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Ultraviolet recall-like phenomenon occurring after piperacillin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin therapy. Author(s): Krishnan RS, Lewis AT, Kass JS, Hsu S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 June; 44(6): 1045-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11369921

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Urinary bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of enoxacin versus norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Author(s): Well M, Naber KG, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sorgel F. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1998 April; 10(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624541

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Urinary bactericidal activity, urinary excretion and plasma concentrations of gatifloxacin (400 mg) versus ciprofloxacin (500 mg) in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Author(s): Boy D, Well M, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sorgel F, Ankel-Fuchs D, Naber KG. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 March; 23 Suppl 1: S6-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037323

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Urinary excretion and bactericidal activity of intravenous ciprofloxacin compared with oral ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Naber KG, Theuretzbacher U, Moneva-Koucheva G, Stass H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 November; 18(11): 783-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10614952

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Urinary pharmacodynamics of low-dose ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Stein GE, Schooley S, McMillan J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1998 April; 30(4): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9582586

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA mutation assay for identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Carattoli A, Dionisi A, Luzzi I. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 August 27; 214(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204377

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA mutation assay for rapid identification of mutations conferring decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in multiresistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 isolates. Author(s): Walker RA, Saunders N, Lawson AJ, Lindsay EA, Dassama M, Ward LR, Woodward MJ, Davies RH, Liebana E, Threlfall EJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 39(4): 1443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283069

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Use of ciprofloxacin in neonatal sepsis: lack of adverse effects up to one year. Author(s): Drossou-Agakidou V, Roilides E, Papakyriakidou-Koliouska P, Agakidis C, Nikolaides N, Sarafidis K, Kremenopoulos G. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 April; 23(4): 346-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15071291

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Use of MGIT 960 for rapid quantitative measurement of the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex to ciprofloxacin and ethionamide. Author(s): Huang TS, Lee SS, Tu HZ, Huang WK, Chen YS, Huang CK, Wann SR, Lin HH, Liu YC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004 April; 53(4): 600-3. Epub 2004 February 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14973155

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Usefulness of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin (infecton) scan in diagnosis of chronic orthopedic infections: comparative study with 99mTc-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy. Author(s): Sonmezoglu K, Sonmezoglu M, Halac M, Akgun I, Turkmen C, Onsel C, Kanmaz B, Solanki K, Britton KE, Uslu I. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 April; 42(4): 567-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11337543

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Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma. Author(s): Imre S, Dogaru MT, Vari CE, Muntean T, Kelemen L. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 September 15; 33(1): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946539

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Vancomycin plus imipenem ceftazidime or ciprofloxacin in second line therapy in patients with febrile neutropenia not responding to first line therapy. Author(s): Lacka J, Oravcova E, Sevcikova L, Studena M, Bachanova V, Kukuckova E, Spanik S, Sufliarsky J, Helpianska L, Trupl J, Kunova A, Vochyanova I, Sycova Z, Grey E, Krcmery V Jr. Source: Chemotherapy. 1996 March-April; 42(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8697890

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Variable disposition of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients undergoing continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Author(s): Fish DN, Bainbridge JL, Peloquin CA. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1995 March-April; 15(2): 236-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7624271

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Warfarin and ciprofloxacin interaction: case report and controversy. Author(s): Byrd DC, Gaskins SE, Parrish AM, Freeman LB. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 November-December; 12(6): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10612367

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What is the risk of Achilles tendon rupture with ciprofloxacin? Author(s): Shinohara YT, Tasker SA, Wallace MR, Couch KE, Olson PE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 January; 24(1): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002057

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CIPROFLOXACIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ciprofloxacin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ciprofloxacin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ciprofloxacin” (or a synonym): •

A clinically significant interaction between ciprofloxacin and theophylline. Author(s): Department of Materia Medica, University of Glasgow, UK. Source: Thomson, A H Thomson, G D Hepburn, M Whiting, B Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1987; 33(4): 435-6 0031-6970

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A comparative study of controlled release matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, and theophylline. Author(s): Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India. [email protected] Source: Saha, R N Sajeev, C Sahoo, J Drug-Delivolume 2001 Jul-August; 8(3): 149-54 1071-7544

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Aging and drug interactions. III. Individual and combined effects of cimetidine and cimetidine and ciprofloxacin on theophylline metabolism in healthy male and female nonsmokers. Author(s): Clinical Pharmacology and Gerontology Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho 83702, USA. Source: Loi, C M Parker, B M Cusack, B J Vestal, R E J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1997 February; 280(2): 627-37 0022-3565

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Alpha 1-adrenoceptor-blocking activity of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in isolated vascular smooth muscles. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan. Source: Ito, K Murakami, K Tamura, K Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1993 Sep-October; 32586-95 0003-9780

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Assessment of methods and outcomes: using modified inpatient ciprofloxacin criteria in community-based drug use evaluation. Author(s): College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311. Source: Rovers, J P Bjornson, D C Ann-Pharmacother. 1994 June; 28(6): 714-9 1060-0280

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Biochemical changes in Achilles tendon from juvenile dogs after treatment with ciprofloxacin or feeding a magnesium-deficient diet. Author(s): Institute of Anatomy, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Shakibaei, M de Souza, P van Sickle, D Stahlmann, R Arch-Toxicol. 2001 August; 75(6): 369-74 0340-5761

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Comparative study of the influence of Ca2+ on absorption parameters of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Spain. Source: Sanchez Navarro, A Martinez Cabarga, M Dominguez Gil Hurle, A JAntimicrob-Chemother. 1994 July; 34(1): 119-25 0305-7453

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Cost effectiveness of ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole versus imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Author(s): Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Buffalo, New York, USA. Source: Walters, D J Solomkin, J S Paladino, J A Pharmacoeconomics. 1999 November; 16(5 Pt 2): 551-61 1170-7690

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Decreased ciprofloxacin absorption with concomitant administration of ferrous fumarate. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, General Hospital De Tjongerschans, Heerenveen, The Netherlands. Source: Brouwers, J R Van der Kam, H J Sijtsma, J Proost, J H Pharm-Weekbl-Sci. 1990 October 19; 12(5): 182-3 0167-6555

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Effect of Gasex on pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): R & D Centre, Himalaya Drug Co., Makali, Bangalore, India. Source: Mitra, S K Sundaram, R Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1997 July; 35(7): 799-800 0019-5189

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Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT. Source: Zhu, M Wong, P Y Li, R C J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1999 December; 51(12): 1391-6 0022-3573

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Effect of the addition of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects inhibited by cimetidine. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131. Source: Davis, R L Quenzer, R W Kelly, H W Powell, J R Ann-Pharmacother. 1992 January; 26(1): 11-3 1060-0280

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Effects of ascorbic acid on interactions between ciprofloxacin and ferrous sulphate, sodium ferrous citrate or ferric pyrophosphate, in mice. Author(s): Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Japan. Source: Motoya, T Miyashita, M Kawachi, A Yamada, K J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2000 April; 52(4): 397-401 0022-3573

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Effects of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin on physicochemical surface properties of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: Cuperus, P L Van der Mei, H C Reid, G Bruce, A W Khoury, A E van der Kuijl Booij, M Noordmans, J Busscher, H J Microbios. 1995; 82(330): 49-67 0026-2633

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In vitro properties of ciprofloxacin suppositories formulated with glycerogelatin and theobroma oil bases. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Ind. Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Source: Ofoefule, S I Nwankwo, C Chukwu, A Orisakwe, O E Boll-Chim-Farm. 1998 October; 137(9): 341-4 0006-6648

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In vivo evaluation of interaction between aqueous seed extract of Garcinia kola Heckel and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Source: Esimone, C O Nwafor, S V Okoli, C O Chah, K F Uzuegbu, D B Chibundu, C Eche, M A Adikwu, M U Am-J-Ther. 2002 Jul-August; 9(4): 275-80 1075-2765

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Influence of Sanguisorba officinalis, a mineral-rich plant drug, on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the rat. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT. Source: Zhu, M Wong, P Y Li, R C J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1999 July; 44(1): 125-8 03057453

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Oral bioequivalence of three ciprofloxacin formulations following single-dose administration: 500 mg tablet compared with 500 mg/10 mL or 500 mg/5 mL suspension and the effect of food on the absorption of ciprofloxacin oral suspension. Author(s): Bayer Corporation, Pharmaceutical Division, West Haven, CT 06516-4175, USA. Source: Shah, A Liu, M C Vaughan, D Heller, A H J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1999 March; 43 Suppl A49-54 0305-7453

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Pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. A phase II trial. Author(s): Western Pennsylvania Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA. Source: Nemunaitis, J Rosenfeld, C Getty, L Boegel, F Meyer, W Jennings, L W Zeigler, Z Shadduck, R Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 1995 June; 18(3): 189-93 0277-3732

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Pentoxifylline, ciprofloxacin and prednisone failed to prevent transplant-related toxicities in bone marrow transplant recipients and were associated with an increased incidence of infectious complications. Author(s): Department of Clinical Hematology, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain. Source: Ferra, C de Sanjose, S Lastra, C F Marti, F Marino, E L Sureda, A Brunet, S Gallardo, D Berlanga, J J Garcia, J Granena, A Bone-Marrow-Transplant. 1997 December; 20(12): 1075-80 0268-3369

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between intravenous ciprofloxacin and oral ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Source: Wong, P Y Zhu, M Li, R C J-Chemother. 2000 August; 12(4): 286-93 1120-009X

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Possible pharmacokinetic interaction with quinidine: ciprofloxacin or metronidazole? Author(s): Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA. Source: Cooke, C E Sklar, G E Nappi, J M Ann-Pharmacother. 1996 April; 30(4): 364-6 1060-0280

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Regulation of ciprofloxacin uptake in human promyelocytic leukemia cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus 43210, USA. Source: Loo, K C Cario, A C Zhang, F Walters, J D J-Leukoc-Biol. 1997 May; 61(5): 619-23 0741-5400

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Safety and efficacy of temafloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections: a randomized, double-blind trial. Author(s): Department of Bacteriology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK. Source: Lindsay, G Scorer, H J Carnegie, C M J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1992 July; 30(1): 89-100 0305-7453

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Treatment with pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin reduces the toxicity of high-dose interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle. Source: Thompson, J A Benyunes, M C Bianco, J A Fefer, A Semin-Oncol. 1993 December; 20(6 Suppl 9): 46-51 0093-7754

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to ciprofloxacin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER

3.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE CIPROFLOXACIN

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ciprofloxacin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ciprofloxacin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ciprofloxacin: •

A fatal case of erythema necroticans. Author(s): Davis SV, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C, Pai SB. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2002 April-June; 74(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12708733

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A one-year survey of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from patients attending an east London genitourinary medicine clinic: antibiotic susceptibility patterns and patients' characteristics. Author(s): Lewis DA, Ison CA, Livermore DM, Chen HY, Hooi AY, Wisdom AR. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 February; 71(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750947

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A phase I study of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic solid tumors. Author(s): Ryan DP, Lynch TJ, Grossbard ML, Seiden MV, Fuchs CS, Grenon N, Baccala P, Berg D, Finkelstein D, Mayer RJ, Clark JW. Source: Cancer. 2000 January 1; 88(1): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10618622

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A phase I trial of docetaxel and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Rischin D, Boyer M, Smith J, Millward M, Michael M, Bishop J, Zalcberg J, Davison J, Emmett E, McClure B. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2000 April; 11(4): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10847460

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A Phase II study of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma. Author(s): Ryan DP, Kulke MH, Fuchs CS, Grossbard ML, Grossman SR, Morgan JA, Earle CC, Shivdasani R, Kim H, Mayer RJ, Clark JW. Source: Cancer. 2002 January 1; 94(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815964

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Ability of four potential topoisomerase II inhibitors to enhance the cytotoxicity of cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (II) in Chinese hamster ovary cells and in an epipodophyllotoxin-resistant subline. Author(s): Eder JP, Teicher BA, Holden SA, Senator L, Cathcart KN, Schnipper LE. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1990; 26(6): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2171796

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Activities of trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, clinafloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Author(s): Hershberger E, Rybak MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 March; 44(3): 598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10681324

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Acute diverticulitis of the colon--current medical therapeutic management. Author(s): Tursi A. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2004 January; 5(1): 55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14680435

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Altered DNA-cleavage activity of topoisomerase II from WEHI-3B leukemia cells with specific resistance to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Pessina A, Raimondi A, Croera C, Acchini M, Mineo E, Foti P, Neri MG.

Alternative Medicine 85

Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2001 June; 12(5): 441-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11395572 •

An assessment of two Carpobrotus species extracts as potential antimicrobial agents. Author(s): Springfield EP, Amabeoku G, Weitz F, Mabusela W, Johnson Q. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(5): 434-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834010

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Antibacterial activity of Harungana madagascariensis leaf extracts. Author(s): Okoli AS, Okeke MI, Iroegbu CU, Ebo PU. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11933123

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Antibacterial activity of meropenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including antibiotic-induced morphological changes and endotoxin-liberating effects. Author(s): Trautmann M, Heinemann M, Zick R, Moricke A, Seidelmann M, Berger D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 November; 17(11): 754-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923514

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Antibacterial activity of vegetables and juices. Author(s): Lee YL, Cesario T, Wang Y, Shanbrom E, Thrupp L. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 November-December; 19(11-12): 994-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624951

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of oral isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae from a southern Chinese population. Author(s): Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 1998 October; 13(5): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9807124

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a clinical isolate of vancomycin-dependent enterococcus using D-alanine-D-alanine as a growth supplement. Author(s): Sng LH, Cornish N, Knapp CC, Ludwig MD, Hall GS, Washington JA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1998 April; 109(4): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9535392

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Atp-bound topoisomerase ii as a target for antitumor drugs. Author(s): Wang H, Mao Y, Zhou N, Hu T, Hsieh TS, Liu LF.

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Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 May 11; 276(19): 15990-5. Epub 2001 February 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11278845 •

Cellulitis and septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila acquired at home. Author(s): Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D. Source: Infection. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339474

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Chemoprophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in ovarian cancer patients receiving paclitaxel: a randomized trial. Author(s): Carlson JW, Fowler JM, Mitchell SK, Carson LF, Mayer AR, Copeland LJ. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1997 May; 65(2): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9159346

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Chemoprophylaxis with oral ciprofloxacin in ovarian cancer patients receiving taxol. Author(s): Carlson JW, Fowler JM, Saltzman AK, Carter JR, Chen MD, Mitchell SK, Dunn D, Carson LF, Adcock LL, Twiggs LB. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1994 December; 55(3 Pt 1): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7530677

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Ciprofloxacin and etoposide (VP16) produce a similar pattern of DNA cleavage in a plasmid of an archaebacterium. Author(s): Sioud M, Forterre P. Source: Biochemistry. 1989 May 2; 28(9): 3638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2751986

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Ciprofloxacin inhibits cell growth and synergises the effect of etoposide in hormone resistant prostate cancer cells. Author(s): El-Rayes BF, Grignon R, Aslam N, Aranha O, Sarkar FH. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 July; 21(1): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063570

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Ciprofloxacin: mammalian DNA topoisomerase type II poison in vivo. Author(s): Mukherjee A, Sen S, Agarwal K. Source: Mutation Research. 1993 February; 301(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7678175

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Ciprofloxacin-induced inhibition of topoisomerase II in human lymphoblastoid cells. Author(s): Bredberg A, Brant M, Jaszyk M.

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Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 March; 35(3): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1645508 •

Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727080

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Contribution of permeability and sensitivity to inhibition of DNA synthesis in determining susceptibilities of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Alcaligenes faecalis to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Bedard J, Chamberland S, Wong S, Schollaardt T, Bryan LE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 September; 33(9): 1457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2510591

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Differential selection of multidrug efflux mutants by trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in an experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute pneumonia in rats. Author(s): Join-Lambert OF, Michea-Hamzehpour M, Kohler T, Chau F, Faurisson F, Dautrey S, Vissuzaine C, Carbon C, Pechere J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 February; 45(2): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158756

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Editorial comments on 'Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'. Author(s): Bunn PA Jr. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 October; 12(10): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762802

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Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 December; 51(12): 1391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678493

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Effects of hepatic stimulator substance, herbal medicine, selenium/vitamin E, and ciprofloxacin on cirrhosis in the rat. Author(s): Zhang M, Song G, Minuk GY.

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Source: Gastroenterology. 1996 April; 110(4): 1150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8613004 •

Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Li RC, Lo KN, Lam JS, Lau PY. Source: J Chemother. 1999 August; 11(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10465124

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Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1999 June; 88(6): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10350500

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Fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) secretion by human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Author(s): Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 August; 121(8): 1567-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9283689

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Increased cytotoxicity of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by combining cisplatin with VP-16 and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Haller J, Burgess R, Dawson D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1993 October; 103(10): 1081-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8412441

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Influence of Sanguisorba officinalis, a mineral-rich plant drug, on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the rat. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 July; 44(1): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459821

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Ionic binding, adaptive resistance and post-antibiotic effect of netilmicin and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Gould IM, Milne K, Harvey G, Jason C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 June; 27(6): 741-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1938684

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Ionophore-mediated uptake of ciprofloxacin and vincristine into large unilamellar vesicles exhibiting transmembrane ion gradients. Author(s): Fenske DB, Wong KF, Maurer E, Maurer N, Leenhouts JM, Boman N, Amankwa L, Cullis PR.

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Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 November 11; 1414(1-2): 188-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9804953 •

Penetration of ciprofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid in volunteers after an oral dose of 750 mg. Author(s): Naber KG, Sorgel F, Kinzig M, Weigel DM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 November; 150(5 Pt 2): 1718-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8411457

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Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Author(s): Sanchez Navarro MD, Sayalero Marinero ML, Sanchez Navarro A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 50(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12096008

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Phase Ib trial of pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin in patients treated with interleukin2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Thompson JA, Bianco JA, Benyunes MC, Neubauer MA, Slattery JT, Fefer A. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 July 1; 54(13): 3436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8012963

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Rapid assessment of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin susceptibility in exponentially-growing E. coli cells by means of flow cytometry. Author(s): Walberg M, Gaustad P, Steen HB. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 1997 February 1; 27(2): 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9012384

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Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study. Author(s): Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A, Manegold CH, Burghouts J, van Meerbeeck J, Gans S, Mollers M, Buchholz E, Biesma B, Legrand C, Debruyne C, Giaccone G; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Lung Cancer Group. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 October; 12(10): 1359-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762805

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Reply to the article “Editorial comments on 'reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in smallcell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'“, by P. A. Bunn Jr (Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1339-1340).

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Author(s): Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Lung Cancer Group. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 March; 13(3): 485-6; Author Reply 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996485 •

Sterilization of infected root-canal dentine by topical application of a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline in situ. Author(s): Sato I, Ando-Kurihara N, Kota K, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 1996 March; 29(2): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9206435

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The effectiveness of two ciprofloxacin formulations for experimental Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus keratitis. Author(s): Engel LS, Callegan MC, Hill JM, Folkens AT, Shimomura Y, O'Callaghan RJ. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996; 40(2): 212-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876389

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Transepithelial transport of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin by human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. Author(s): Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 December; 41(12): 2693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9420040

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to ciprofloxacin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page

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dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CIPROFLOXACIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ciprofloxacin. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ciprofloxacin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ciprofloxacin, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Ciprofloxacin ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ciprofloxacin. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Effects of ciprofloxacin on drug P450 metabolic pathways in pigs by Cox, Sherry, PhD from the University of Tennessee, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092813

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Pharmacodynamic modeling of ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by Campion, Jeffrey James, PhD from University of Kentucky, 2003, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086892

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CIPROFLOXACIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ciprofloxacin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ciprofloxacin, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Ciprofloxacin By performing a patent search focusing on ciprofloxacin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ciprofloxacin: •

Ciprofloxacin-hydrocortisone suspension Inventor(s): Goldman; David (Hillsdale, NJ), Purwar; Shivaji (Monroe, CT) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,965,549 Date filed: February 18, 1997 Abstract: The invention is directed to an aqueous non-ototoxic, topical, otic pharmaceutical composition of matter for treating a mammal consisting essentially of: ciprofloxacin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in aqueous solution in an amount effective for antibacterial action; hydrocortisone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount effective as an anti-inflammatory agent; polyvinyl alcohol at least about 85% hydrolyzed in an amount effective to suspend the hydrocortisone in solution; water sufficient to produce an aqueous composition; benzyl alcohol in an amount effective for antibacterial action; lecithin in an amount effective for enhancing suspension of other constituents in the composition; and polysorbate ranging from polysorbate 20 to 80 in an amount effective for spreading the preparation on a hydrophobic skin surface to the site of infection or inflammation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for treating otitis externa (external ear infections) and otitis media (middle ear infections) specifically otorrhea (otitis media with ruptured ear drum causing effusion). Otitis externa, involving the ear canal portion of the external ear, is a common otologic problem occurring mainly during hot, humid weather, and five times more frequently in swimmers than in nonswimmers. In the incipient stage, symptoms include itching and pain in the ear canal, and tenderness when pressure is applied around the external auditory meatus, the ear lobe is pulled or the jaw is moved. In the definitive stage, suppuration occurs in the ear canal and hearing may be decreased. Over 90% of cases of otitis externa are due to bacterial and fungal infections. Treatment with topical agents is common, including antibacterial and/or antifungal creams and drops. Oral antibiotics may be used if cellulitis symptoms are present. Otitis media, a term used to describe infections of the middle ear, is also very common. A relatively high percentage of the population, both adults and particularly children, are affected. It has been estimated that nearly 95% of all children experience one or more episodes of otitis by age 9, and that about 15% of all visits by children to pediatricians are in regard to otitis media. In children, the disease is most often associated with upper respiratory afflictions which trigger a transudate secretion response in the Eustachian tube and middle ear. Bacteria and viruses migrate from the naso-pharynx to the middle ear via the Eustachian tube, and can cause the Eustachian tube to become blocked, preventing ventilation and drainage of the middle ear. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05965549__

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Intramuscular injection forms of gyrase inhibitors Inventor(s): Beermann; Dieter (Wuppertal, DE), Hofmann; Wolfram (Bonn, DE), Pollinger; Norbert (Odenthal, DE), Serno; Peter (Bergisch Gladbach, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,023,257 Date filed: July 6, 1990 Abstract: Ciprofloxacin and related gyrase inhibitors are tolerated well if administered intramuscularly in the form of an aqueous suspension of the betaine form having an approximate neutral pH value or in the form of an oily suspension of the betaine or salts thereof. Oily suspensions which contain the active material in water-soluble form, eventually in form of the hydrochlorides, lactates, mesilates, methanesulfonates and other salts, are capable of releasing the active compound very rapidly, particularly when the wettability of the oily carrier medium is increased by addition of interfacially surface active materials. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to intramuscular injection forms which contain, as the active compound, gyrase inhibitors from the group comprising quinolone- and 1,8naphthyridone-3-carboxylic acids, their preparation and their use as medicaments. Tablets for peroral administration and relatively large volume infusion solutions (0.2% strength/50, 100 ml) and infusion concentrates (1% strength/10 ml) containing, for example, ciprofloxacin as the active substance have so far been available. In contrast, no satisfactory formulation has to date been developed for intramuscular administration. Solutions of, for example, ciprofloxacin of up to 5% strength for intramuscular administration are thus very poorly tolerated because of their non-physiological pH in the acid or alkaline range. After intramuscular injection of aqueous acid or alkaline solutions, considerable intolerances and damage up to necroses have been found in the muscular tissue. Surprisingly, it has now been found that ciprofloxacin is tolerated well following intramuscular administration if it is administered in the form of an aqueous suspension of the betaine form having an approximate neutral pH value or in the form of an oily suspension of the betaine or salts thereof. Moreover it has been found surprisingly that oily suspensions which contain ciprofloxacin in water-soluble form, eventually in form of the hydrochlorides, lactates, mesilates, methanesulfonates and other salts, are capable of releasing the active compound very rapidly, particularly when the wettability of the oily carrier medium is increased by addition of interfacially surface active materials. To the contrary aqueous suspensions which contain the active compound in the form of betaine ensure protracted release of the active compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05023257__

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Liposome composition and method for administering a quinolone Inventor(s): Gittelman; Josh (Redwood City, CA), Guo; Luke S. S. (Lafayette, CA), Martin; Francis J. (San Francisco, CA), Zalipsky; Samuel (Redwood City, CA) Assignee(s): Sequus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Menlo Park, CA) Patent Number: 5,972,379 Date filed: April 2, 1998 Abstract: A liposome composition for treating a bacterial infection is described. The composition includes liposomes having a surface coating of hydrophilic polymer chains

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and an entrapped drug-conjugate composed of ciprofloxacin conjugated to an amino acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for administration of a quinolone for treatment of a bacterial infection, and more particularly to a liposome composition for administration of a drug-conjugate of ciprofloxacin covalently attached to an amino acid. Chakrabarti, A., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,532, issued Jan. 10, 1995. Cramer, J., et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 75(2):295-301 (1977). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972379__ •

Method of treating polymicrobial burn wound sepsis with a combination therapy of ciprofloxacin and pseudomonas immune globulin Inventor(s): Collins; Michael S. (Pinole, CA) Assignee(s): Miles Laboratories, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Patent Number: 4,772,465 Date filed: October 27, 1986 Abstract: A method for increasing the survival rate in hypercatabolic mammals following the onset of burn wound sepsis. The method comprises orally administering to the mammal, sufficient doses of ciprofloxacin to attain high concentrations in extra vascular fluid, and parenterally administering to the mammal, Pseudomonas immune globulin. The combination therapy of treating Pseudomonas burn wound sepsis with ciprofloxacin and Pseudomonas immune globulin results in a higher rate of survival than the treatment utilizing a single agent. This suggests a synergistic interaction between the two agents in the therapy of polymicrobial burn wound sepsis. Excerpt(s): This disclosure is concerned generally with therapy for Pseudomonas burn wound sepsis (PBWS) and specifically with the use of Pseudomonas immune globulin and ciprofloxacin as a combination therapy. Although infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is not common among the general population, P. aeruginosa infection is encountered very frequently in certain susceptible groups of patients. Burn victims and immunosuppressed cancer patients have been identified as having an unusually high risk of acquiring severe, and sometimes fatal, P. aeruginosa infection. P. aeruginosa infections are usually acquired during a hospital stay, not at home. Bacterial infection is the leading cause of death among burn patients. (Monafo, W. W., 1979. An overview of infection control. J. Trauma 19 (Suppl): 879-80). Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues to be a major pathogen in burn infection. (McManus, W. F., C. W. Goodwin, A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt. 1981. Burn Wound Infection. J. Trauma 21: 753-756). Numerous studies have demonstrated that pooled human IgG concentrates are protective in experimental Pseudomonas burn wound infection. For example, see Collins, M. S., and R. E. Roby. 1983. Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity of an antravenous human IgG preparation in burned mice. J. Trauma 23: 530-534. The development of IgG concentrates for intravenous infusion (IGIV) permits twice weekly infusion of 500 mg IgG/kg into burn patients without undesirable side effects. (Shirani, K. Z., G. M. Vaughan, A. T. McManus, B. W. Amy, W. F. McManus, B. A. Pruitt, and A. D. Mason. 1984. Replacement therapy with modified immunoglobulin G in burn patients: preliminary kinetic studies. Am. J. Med. 76(3A): 175-180). Our laboratory recently described an IGIV preparation enriched in antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of P. aeruginosa (PS-IGIV). PS-IGIV is prepared from plasma of donors

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that have naturally high levels of IgG antibody to LPS. (Collins, M. S., and R. E. Roby. 1984. Protective activity of an intravenous immune globulin (human) enriched in antibody against lipopolysaccharide antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am. J. Med. 76(3A) 168-174). This strategy circumvents the need to immunize donors with experimental and potentially toxic vaccines. PS-IGIV is several-fold more potent than conventional IGIV in prophylaxis of experimental burn wound sepsis. In the therapy of established infection, combinations of PS-IGIV and tobramycin afford significantly greater survival in animal models than single agent therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04772465__ •

One-pot process for the preparation of 3-quinolonecarboxylic acid derivatives Inventor(s): Diehl; Herbert (Leverkusen, DE), Franckowiak; Gerhard (Wuppertal, DE), Naab; Paul (Wuppertal, DE), Zerbes; Rudolf (Wuppertal, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,639,886 Date filed: December 2, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to a one-pot process for the preparation of 7heterocyclyl-substituted 3-quinolonecarboxylic acid derivatives. They possess a strong anti-microbial effect. They include active compounds such as, for example, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a one-pot process for the preparation of 7heterocyclyl-substituted 3-quinolonecarboxlic acid derivatives. Compounds of this type are known per se. They possess a strong anti-microbial effect. They include active compounds such as, for example, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin. Compounds of this class which are to be prepared in accordance with the invention are substituted in the 7 position by heterocycles which, as the hetero atom, contain at least one nitrogen atom, but can, additionally, also contain oxygen, sulphur or additional nitrogen atoms. These heterocycles may also be substituted. Examples of monocyclic substituents which may be mentioned are piperazinyl, N-ethylpiperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 3aminopyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl or thiomorpholinyl. R.sup.6 denotes hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05639886__

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Orally administered antimicrobial pharmaceutical formulations of ciprofloxacin Inventor(s): Lee; Fang-Yu (Tachia, TW) Assignee(s): Yung Shin Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd. (Taichung, TW) Patent Number: 6,262,072 Date filed: October 12, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides three orally administered ciprofloxacin formulations: The first formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or at least one of pharmacologically acceptable salt; 0.3-10 wt % of pregelatinized starch as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.52 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The second formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or its pharmacologically acceptable salt; 1-5 wt % of polyvinyl

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pyrrolidone as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.5-2 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The third formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or at least one of pharmacologically acceptable salt; 1-8 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.5-2 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The ciprofloxacin or its pharmacologically acceptable salts, the binder, the diluent, the disintegrant, and the lubricant are first mixed in a dry state to form a powder mixture, followed by mixing with a water-solvent solution to convert the dry powder mixture into a wet powder mixture before grinding and granulating the wet powder mixture into wet granules, which are further dried to form dry granules. The above three formulations do not contain cellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to orally administered antimicrobial formulations which contain, as an active ingredient, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarb oxylic acid (also called ciprofloxacin) or its pharmacologically acceptable salts (preferably, HCl salt monohydrate) in a solid dosage form. The ciprofloxacin is combined with effective amounts of binders (preferably, pregelatinized starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or polyvinyl alcohol), diluents (preferably, lactose), disintegrants (preferably, sodium starch glycolate), wetting agent (preferably, sodium lauryl sulfate), and lubricants (preferably, magnesium stearate) to form granules or tablets. This invention also relates to methods for making the ciprofloxacincontaining tablets or granules using dry-wet-dry granulation processing before compression to tablets with granulation performed in a wet state. The tablets or capsules made from these formulations possess superior biological availability and excellent storage stability. 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid (also known as ciprofloxacin) belong to the class of quinolones, which are known to possess a broad antibacterial spectrum against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, in particular against Enterobacteriaceae. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,284,629, 4,499,091, 4,704,459, 4,668,784, 4,670,444, 5,286,754, and 5,840,333). Ciprofloxacin is a chemotherapeutic agent. Its use as an antimicrobial agent has distinct advantages over the use of antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and tetracyclines) in that ciprofloxacin does not induce tolerance or resistance in bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is also known to have low toxicity to humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06262072__ •

Orally administered controlled drug delivery system providing temporal and spatial control Inventor(s): Sen; Himadri (Haryana, IN), Staniforth; John N. (Bath, GB), Talwar; Naresh (New Delhi, IN) Assignee(s): Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,261,601 Date filed: September 14, 1998 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition in the form of tablets or capsules provides a combination of temporal and spatial control of drug delivery to a patient for effective therapeutic results. The pharmaceutical composition comprises a drug, a gas generating component, a swelling agent, a viscolyzing agent, and optionally a gel forming polymer. The swelling agent belongs to a class of compounds known as superdisintegrants (e.g., cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone or sodium carboxymethylcellulose). The viscolyzing agent initially and the gel forming polymer thereafter form a hydrated gel matrix which

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entraps the gas, causing the tablet or capsule to be retained in the stomach or upper part of the small intestine (spatial control). At the same time, the hydrated gel matrix creates a tortuous diffusion path for the drug, resulting in sustained release of the drug (temporal control). A preferred once daily ciprofloxacin formulation comprises 69.9% ciprofloxacin base, 0.34% sodium alginate, 1.03% xanthan gum, 13.7% sodium bicarbonate, 12.1% cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, and optionally other pharmaceutical excipients, the formulation being in the form of a coated or uncoated tablet or capsule. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition in the form of tablets or capsules which provides a combination of spatial and temporal control of drug delivery to a patient for effective therapeutic results. The pharmaceutical composition comprises an active ingredient or drug, a gas generating component, a swelling agent, a viscolyzing agent, and optionally a gelling polymer. The swelling agent belongs to a class of highly absorbent compounds commonly referred to as superdisintegrants. This class of compounds includes, for example, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone and cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The viscolyzing agent is a highly viscous material which upon contact with gastric fluid entraps the gas produced by the gas generating component. The viscolyzing agent consists of, for example, a carbohydrate gum. The gelling polymer is preferably a cross-linkable gelling polymer, such as a water soluble salt of one or more polyuronic acids, e.g., sodium alginate. The improved controlled drug delivery system of the present invention is designed to deliver effectively a drug to a patient over a specific time period (temporal control) and from a particular portion of the patient's gastrointestinal tract (spatial control). The improved controlled drug delivery system avoids dose dumping and results in the most therapeutic administration of a particular drug to a person with a particular ailment. It is well known to those skilled in the art that for ailments requiring multiple doses of a particular drug, the blood levels of a drug need to be maintained above its minimum effective level and below its minimum toxic level in order to obtain the desired therapeutic effects, to avoid undesired toxic effects, and to minimize side effects. When the blood levels of a drug are in this range, the drug is eliminated from the body at a particular rate. A controlled drug delivery system is usually designed to deliver the drug at this particular rate; safe and effective blood levels are maintained for a period as long as the system continues to deliver the drug at this rate. Controlled drug delivery usually results in substantially constant blood levels of the active ingredient as compared to the uncontrolled fluctuations observed when multiple doses of quick releasing conventional dosage forms are administered to a patient. Controlled drug delivery results in optimum therapy, and not only reduces the frequency of dosing, but may also reduce the severity and frequency of side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261601__ •

Preparation and use of ion exchange resins loaded with quinolonecarboxylic acid derivatives Inventor(s): Lange; Peter M. (Leverkusen, DE), Mitschker; Alfred (Odenthal, DE), Naik; Arundev H. (Leverkusen, DE), Rast; Hubert (Leverkusen, DE), Scheer; Martin (Wuppertal, DE), Voege; Herbert (Leverkusen, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,152,986 Date filed: October 24, 1989

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Abstract: Known antibacterial quinolonecarboxylic acid derivatives such as ciprofloxacin are administered to animals in their food in the form of weak cation exchangers loaded therewith. The taste is much improved and the animals accept the material more readily. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to ion exchange resins which are loaded with quinolonecarboxylic acid derivatives, processes for their preparation and their use. It has long been known to bind pharmaceutically active compounds to ion exchange resins in order, for example, to make active compounds having a pronounced inherent odor more utilizable (Swiss Patent Specification 383,552). It is also known to bind pharmaceutically active compounds to ion exchange resins in order to effect uniform release of the active compound over a longer period of time (EP-OS (European Published Specification) 42,818). It is furthermore known to bind anthelmintic active compounds to ion exchange resins in order to influence the flavor of the active compounds (DE-OS (German Published Specification) 3,028,082). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05152986__ •

Process for manufacturing compositions containing ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone Inventor(s): Singh; Onkar N. (Arlington, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,462,033 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention is directed toward a method of preparing a topical composition comprising ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone. The method involves dispersing hydrocortisone with lecithin for greater than 45 minutes prior to combining hydrocortisone with the balance of the composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to topically administrable ophthalmic and otic pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, this invention relates to a process for manufacturing compositions comprising ciprofloxacin, hydrocortisone and lecithin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,930 discloses topically administrable ophthalmic and otic compositions comprising (a) ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution in an amount effective for antibacterial action; (b) a non-ionic viscosity augmenter unaffected by pH and ionic level, said viscosity augmenter being present in an amount effective for augmenting the viscosity of the composition to a viscosity greater than that of water, said viscosity augmenter being at least 85% hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol; (c) a non-ototoxic preservative present in an amount effective for antibacterial action the preservative being benzyl alcohol; (d) water sufficient to produce an aqueous composition; (e) hydrocortisone in aqueous suspension in an amount effective for anti-inflammatory action; (f) lecithin in an amount effective for enhancing suspension of other constituents in the compositions; and (g) polysorbate ranging from polysorbate 20 to 80 in an amount effective for spreading the preparation on a hydrophobic skin surface to the site of infection or inflammation. According to the '930 patent, the compositions comprising ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone contain polyvinyl alcohol in an amount effective for augmenting the viscosity of the composition to a viscosity greater than that of water and suspending other constituents of the composition. To allow a ciprofloxacin preparation to be administered in drops from a medicine dropper and to flow by gravity to and remain or deposit in an effective amount at a selected area, a viscosity-augmenting agent that would also serve to suspend hydrocortisone was desirable. For compatibility

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with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride solubility, viscosity-augmenting agents were preferably non-ionic and unaffected by pH and ionic level. See Col., 8, lines 13-31 of the '930 patent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06462033__ •

Use of liposome encapsulated cirprofloxacin as an immunotherapeutic drug Inventor(s): Nagata; Les P. (Medicine Hat, CA), Saravolac; Edward G. (Bath, GB), Wong; Jonathan P. (Medicine Hat, CA) Assignee(s): Minister of National Defence of Her Majesty's Canadian Government (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 5,968,548 Date filed: April 16, 1997 Abstract: Liposome-encapsulated quinolones and specifically liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin dramatically enhances macrophage functions, induces NO production and augments the production of cytokines, rendering the composition an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent with unique clinical potential. Liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin and other quinolones could be extremely useful in antimicrobial, anticancer and AIDS therapies. In such cases, the immunological status of the patient is often compromised or suppressed, making them susceptible to microbial infections and to the development of tumor growth. Selective augmentation of cellular immunity by activation of the microbicidal and tumoricidal activities of macrophages, induction of NO and cytokine production could be of primary importance to such patients in terms of protecting them against microbial infections and inducing their cellular host defense to tumor cells. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic drug composition, and a process for using such composition. More specifically, the invention relates a liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin, and to the use of such composition for stimulate host cell-mediated immunity to resist microbial infections and to enhance macrophage killing of microbial pathogens and cancer cells. The present inventor has already proposed use of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin as an antibiotic (see Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 2,101,241, filed Jul. 23, 1993). Further research by the inventor has a liposome-encapsulated quinolone, specifically ciprofloxacin can be used as an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968548__

Patent Applications on Ciprofloxacin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ciprofloxacin:

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Antibiotic coating for porous bodies and method for its production as well as its use Inventor(s): Kuhn, Klaus-Dieter; (Marburg, DE), Schnabelrauch, Matthias; (Jena, DE), Vogt, Sebastian; (Jena, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040048786 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: The invention describes an antibiotic coating for porous bodies and its use. Into the porous system of non-metallic porous bodies and of metallic porous bodies, a coating made of at least one antibiotic salt that is hardly soluble in water or in an aqueous environment from the group of the netilmicin laurate, the netilmicin myristate, the netilmicin dodecyl sulfate, the sisomicin laurate, the sisomicin myristate, the sisomicin dodecyl sulfate, the gentamicin laurate, the gentamicin myristate, the clindamycin laurate, the amikacin laurate, the amikacin myristate, the amikacin dodecyl sulfate, the kanamycin laurate, the kanamycin myristate, the kanamycin dodecyl sulfate, the tobramycin laurate, the tobramycin myristate, the tobramycin dodecyl sulfate, the ciprofloxacin myristate, the vancomycin dodecyl sulfate, the vancomycin laurate, the vancomycin myristate, the vancomycin teicoplanin and the clindamycin teicoplanin is introduced. The antibiotically coated, porous bodies are used as implants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an antibiotic coating for (interconnecting) porous bodies and a method for its production as well as its use. These antibiotically equipped porous bodies shall be used as implants in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of bone defects and possibly for the treatment of soft tissue defects. It is desired that a continuous release of the antibiotic from the antibiotic coating located on the inner surface of the porous systems over a period of several days takes place in order to effectively prevent or fight a bacterial infection in the area of the bone defect and/or the soft tissue defect that needs to be treated. In particular such bacterial pathogens that have developed resistance towards conventionally used antibiotics shall be treated. Bone defects occur relatively frequently in human and veterinary medicine and are caused in particular through bone fistulas, partial fractures and tumors. In the case of open partial fractures, frequently additionally infections of the bone tissue are observed. The treatment of bone defects can occur through a filling process with suitable implants. Over the last few years in particular porous implants, which due to their chemical composition and their porous structure have an osteoconductive effect and favor a joining with the surrounding bone tissue, have gained interest. The treatment of bone defects becomes problematic whenever additionally microbial infections of the bone tissue exist. Infections of the bone tissue can be counteracted through the systemic or local application of suitable antibiotics after prior surgical reconstruction. The systemic application of antibiotics is problematic due to the in part quite considerable toxicity of the antibiotics. The local application directly in or on the infected tissue, after appropriate surgical reconstruction, however offers the advantage that high local antibiotics concentrations can be achieved while avoiding damaging antibiotics concentrations in the remaining organism. These high local antibiotics concentrations at the location of the bacterial infection allow the microorganisms to be killed almost completely so that the bacterial infections can be treated very efficiently. It is particularly beneficial if at the location of the bacterial infections an effective antibiotic concentration is maintained over the course of several days to weeks so as to allow the antibiotic to penetrate into the infected tissue as deeply as possible and thus destroy even germs that are difficult to access. Soft tissue defects with bacterial infections can

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also be found frequently in human and veterinary medicine. Local antibiotics application is therefore also of interest for the treatment of these types of infections. Until now hardly soluble salts of the aminoglycoside antibiotics and the lincosamide antibiotics met with relatively little interest in the production of controlled-release drugs and of antibiotically effective implants. Among the aminoglycoside antibiotics just a few slightly soluble salts are known. E.g. for gentamicin the presentation of slightly soluble salts based on higher fatty acids, arylalkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfonates has been described (G. M. Luedemann, M. J. Weinstein: Gentamycin and method of production. Jul. 16, 1962, U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572). Examples of this are gentamicin salts of lauric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, phenyl butyric acid, naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid. The synthesis of dodecyl sulfates of gentamicin in an aqueous or aqueous-methanolic solution is described by Jurado Soler et al. (A. Jurado Soler, J. A. Ortiz Hernandez, C. Ciuro Bertran: Neue Gentamicinderivate (new gentamicin derivatives), Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben und diese enthaltende antibiotisch wirksame Zusammensetzung (method for production of same and antibiotically effective composition containing it). Sep. 30, 1974, DE 24 46 640). These salts however often proved to be unfavorable because they represent wax-like, hydrophobic substances, which impair galenical usage. Furthermore fatty acid salts and aliphatic sulfates of gentamicin and of etamycin were synthesized from the free base or its salts in water at 50-80.degree. C. (H. Voege, P. Stadler, H. J. Zeiler, S. Samaan, K. G. Metzger: Schwerlosliche Salze von Aminoglykosiden sowie diese enthaltende Formulierungen verzogerter Wirkstoff-Freigabe (hardly soluble salts of aminoglycosides as well as formulations containing them with delayed active substance release). Dec. 28, 1982, DE 32 48 328). These antibiotics fatty acid salts are said to be suited as injection drugs. Hardly soluble aminoglycoside flavonoid phosphates represent a more recent development (H. Wahlig, E. Dingeldein, R. Kirchlechner, D. Orth, W. Rogalski: Flavonoid phosphate salts of aminoglycoside antibiotics, Oct. 13, 1986, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,293). It describes the salts of phosphoric acid mono-esters of derivatives of hydroxy flavanes, hydroxy flavenes, hydroxy flavanones, hydroxy flavones and hydroxy flavylium. Particularly preferred are the derivatives of the flavanones and flavones. These hardly soluble salts are supposed to be used as controlled-release drugs. For example these salts are introduced into collagen fleece (H. Wahlig, E. Dingeldein, D. Braun: Medicinally useful, shaped mass of collagen resorbable in the body. Sep. 22, 1981, U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,013). Furthermore also artificial heart valves were impregnated with these hardly soluble gentamicin salts, Gentamicin Crobefat (M. Cimbollek, B. Nies, R. Wenz, J. Kreuter: Antibiotic-impregnated heart valve sewing rings for treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(6) (1996)14321437). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fluroquinilone antibiotic product, use and formulation thereof Inventor(s): Isbister, James D.; (Potomac, MD), Rudnic, Edward M.; (N. Potomac, MD), Treacy, Donald J. JR.; (Arnold, MD), Wassink, Sandra E.; (Frederick, MD) Correspondence: Carella, Byrne Bain, Gilfillan,; Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein; Six Becker Farm Road; Roseland; NJ; 07068; US Patent Application Number: 20020136765 Date filed: December 20, 2001

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Abstract: An antibiotic product, in particular a fluroquinilone such as ciprofloxacin, is comprised of at least three dosages forms, each of which has a different release profile, with the C.sub.max for the antibiotic product being reached in less than about twelve hours. In one embodiment, there is an immediate release dosage form, as well as two or more delayed release dosage forms, with each of the dosage forms having a different release profile, wherein each reaches a C.sub.max at different times. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/792,092, filed on Feb. 22, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/687,229, filed on Oct. 13, 2000, and also claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/184,546 filed on Feb. 24, 2000. This invention relates to an antibiotic product, as well as the use and formulation thereof. The invention further relates to (a) fluroquinilone antibiotic products and in particular ciprofloxacin and its derivatives such as salts, esters, bases, etc., metabolites, etc. A wide variety of antibiotics have been used, and will be used, in order to combat bacterial infection. In general, such antibiotics can be administered by a repeated dosing of immediate release dosage forms, which results in poor compliance or as a controlled release formulation (slow release) at higher administered doses. The present invention is directed to providing for an improved antibiotic product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Gamma sterilizable culture medium for the identification of yeasts and fungi Inventor(s): Horn, Jurgen; (Egelsbach, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20030113834 Date filed: August 13, 2002 Abstract: Gamma sterilizable culture medium for the selectively identification of yeasts and fungi with an addition of ciprofloxacin and, if necessary streptomycin or other antibiotics. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a gamma sterilizable culture medium for the identification of yeasts and fungi. The media for selectively identifying yeasts and fungi contain antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin or chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline (Air Quality Monographs, Vol.2, Elsevier Press 1994) to prevent the concurrent growth of bacteria. The addition of these antibiotics as well as a series of other antibiotics to a Sabouraud medium is described by McFaddin in Media for Isolation-Cultivation-Identification-Maintenance of Medical Bacteria, Williams & Wilkins, 1985. In DP 19602345.9-41 is described the addition of sterile filtrated yeast extract to media, which can be additionally.gamma.-sterilized and retain the growth characteristics of non-.gamma.-sterilized media. In the pharmaceuticals industry are sought.gamma.-sterilized media for use in clean room areas and isolators. These clean room areas must be monitored for microbial contamination, and the product (that is, the microbiological nutrient medium) itself, with which this monitoring is carried out, should not introduce any contamination, but be sterile. The microbiological media are not completely sterile after autoclaving and filling into, for example, Petri dishes or other agar carriers, but have contamination rates in the order of magnitude of 0.1 to approx. 1%. Only as a result of an additional.gamma.-sterilization (or.beta.-sterilization) with high-energy radiation are killed the residual existing contaminations and a sterile

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product is obtained. However, many antibiotics are destroyed as a result of the.gamma.sterilization, so that afterward in selective media for yeasts and fungi whose selectivity is based on the addition of antibiotics, this selectivity no longer exists. In this way, for example, the antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline is completely destroyed as a result of a.gamma.-radiation with 25 kGray and the antibacterial effect of the only still weakly effective penicillin is essentially reduced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Infusion of ciprofloxacin having reduced acid content and being stable in storage Inventor(s): Eschenbach, Bernd; (Hattersheim, DE), Hniopek, Tilo; (Friedberg, DE), Muller, Hans-Jorg; (Braunfels, DE), Sommermeyer, Klaus; (Rosbach, DE) Correspondence: James P Zellers; Marshall Gerstein & Borun; 6300 Sears Tower; 233 South Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606-6357; US Patent Application Number: 20040082593 Date filed: September 11, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to aqueous infusion solutions of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-quinoline-3-ca- rboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin) which are stable in storage and which can be obtained by mixing between 0.015 and 0.5 g of active ingredient for 100 ml of aqueous solution with sulphuric acid or sodium hydrogen sulfate in a quantity equal to or less than 0.96 mole per mole of active ingredient, sufficient for dissolving the active ingredient and stabilizing the solution. The invention also relates to methods for producing the infusions and the use thereof. The inventive infusions enable the acid content to be reduced, are more stable in storage with the same acid content than other known solutions, and enable a larger proportion of secondary components to be tolerated in the active ingredient than previous standard infusions of ciprofloxacins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to infusions of 1-cyclo-propyl-6-fluoro-1,4dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-quinoline-3-c- arboxylic acid which are stable on storage and are obtainable by mixing 0.015 to 0.5 g of said active ingredient per 100 ml of aqueous solution with a physiologically tolerated compound in an amount sufficient to dissolve the active ingredient and to stabilize the solution. The invention further relates to the process for the production and to the use of such infusions. In particular, the invention describes both infusions ready for use and other dosage forms which are conveyed into such infusions before administration, where the active ingredient 1cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-di- hydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)quinoline-3-carboxylic acid is known as ciprofloxacin. EP-A-0 049 355 protects inter alia medicaments with a content of 7-amino-1-cyclopropyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-naphtyridine-3-carboxylic acid. EP-A-0 078 362 protects 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-pipera- zinoquinoline-3carboxylic acids. The active ingredients disclosed in the two EPs have high antibacterial effects and are suitable as medicaments for controlling bacterial infections in humans and animals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of treating middle ear infections Inventor(s): Conroy, Peter J.; (Fort Worth, TX), Wall, G. Michael; (Fort Worth, TX) Correspondence: Alcon Research, LTD.; Patrick M. Ryan(q-148); R&d Counsel; 6201 South Freeway; Fort Worth; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20030139382 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: Aqueous suspension formulations containing dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin are disclosed for the treatment of middle ear infections in human patients having an open tympanic membrane. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application, Serial No. 60/323,951, filed Sep. 21, 2001. This invention relates to the use of formulations of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone to treat otic infections. Specifically, the invention relates to the topical use of such a fixed combination to treat middle ear infections in humans. External ear infections, known as acute otitis externa ("AOE"), are currently treated with oral antibiotics, topical single-entity antibiotics, or topical antibiotic/steroid combination products. An example of an oral antibiotic product used to treat AOE is AUGMENTIN.RTM. (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid). An example of a single-entity antibiotic product approved for topical use in treating AOE is FLOXIN.RTM. (ofloxacin). Examples of combination products approved for this use include CORTISPORIN.RTM. (hydrocortisone, neomyciri sulfate, and polymyxin b sulfate) and CIPRO.RTM.HC (ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone). A product called SOFRADEX (gramicidin, framycetin and hydrocortisone) is available in some European countries and in Australia. External ear infections typically involve bacteria of the following types: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus sp. and Coryneforms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Pharmaceutical preparation with retarding active ingredient release, method for its production and its use Inventor(s): Kuhn, Klaus-Dieter; (Marburg, DE), Schnabelrauch, Matthias; (Jena, DE), Vogt, Sebastian; (Jena, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040052841 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: The invention describes pharmaceutical preparations with retarding active ingredient release, which consist of mixtures of powdery teicoplanin and at least one powdery, water soluble salt form of gentamicin, clindamycin, kanamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, vancomycin, moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin and an inorganic and/or organic adjuvant. The pharmaceutical preparations are used as permanent or as temporary implants in the form of tablets, molded bodies, fibers and granules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation with retarding active ingredient release as resorbable and also as non-resorbable implants in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of severe, local bacterial infections in hard and soft tissues. The pharmaceutical preparation in particular shall be used in the therapy of bacterial infections, which due to resistance appearances are no longer

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accessible with a simple local antibiotic treatment with only one antibiotic. The invention furthermore relates to a method for the production and the use of the preparation. The treatment of local microbial infections of hard and soft tissues in human and veterinary medicine requires high local concentrations of antibiotics in the infected tissue area. It has been known for quite some time that the systemic application of antibiotics is associated with a series of problems. The systemic application often requires the use of very high doses of antibiotics in order to achieve anti-microbially effective antibiotics concentrations in the infected tissue. Thus, particularly with the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, severe damage to the organism can occur due to their nephro-and oto-toxicity. It has therefore been suggested to use antibiotics in topical release systems, or transfer them into suitable controlled-release preparations. It is furthermore useful if the topical release systems exhibit a high level of active ingredient release during the first few hours and subsequently over the course of several days release a continuous low level of active ingredient quantities to largely achieve that the bacterial pathogens are killed. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, which is effective towards Gram-positive bacterial germs. It inhibits mureic synthesis and thus crosslinkage of the bacterial cell walls. Teicoplanin is especially beneficial in that it has a considerably higher shelf life than.beta.-lactam antibiotics and that it can be used for patients that are allergic to penicillin. Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin and kanamycin, and also clindamycin impair bacterial protein synthesis and thus have a bactericidal effect with many Gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and in part also with Gram-negative bacteria. Fluor-quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, represent broad-band antibiotics and act as topoisomerase inhibitors and as gyrase inhibitors against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria. In the treatment of problematic germs it is therefore useful to combine two antibiotics, which have different attack methods in the bacterial metabolism, with each other. This increases the probability of an effective treatment of this problematic germs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for manufacturing compositions containinig ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone Inventor(s): Singh, Onkar N.; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: Alcon Universal LTD.; C/o Alcon Research, LTD.; Patrick M. Ryan(q148), R&d Counsel; 6201 SO. Freeway; Fort Worth; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20020037883 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention is directed toward a method of preparing a topical composition comprising ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone. The method involves dispersing hydrocortisone with lecithin for greater than 45 minutes prior to combining hydrocortisone with the balance of the composition. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application, Ser. No. 60/220,865, filed Jul. 26, 2000. The present invention relates to topically administrable ophthalmic and otic pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, this invention relates to a process for manufacturing compositions comprising ciprofloxacin, hydrocortisone and lecithin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,930 discloses topically administrable ophthalmic and otic compositions comprising (a) ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution in an amount effective for antibacterial action; (b) a non-ionic viscosity augmenter unaffected by pH and ionic level, said viscosity augmenter being present in an amount effective for augmenting the viscosity of the composition to a viscosity greater than that of water,

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said viscosity augmenter being at least 85% hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol; (c) a nonototoxic preservative present in an amount effective for antibacterial action the preservative being benzyl alcohol; (d) water sufficient to produce an aqueous composition; (e) hydrocortisone in aqueous suspension in an amount effective for antiinflammatory action; (f) lecithin in an amount effective for enhancing suspension of other constituents in the compositions; and (g) polysorbate ranging from polysorbate 20 to 80 in an amount effective for spreading the preparation on a hydrophobic skin surface to the site of infection or inflammation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Tablets comprising ciprofloxacin hydrochloride Inventor(s): Sherman, Bernard Charles; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 1100 North Glebe RD., 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030229101 Date filed: June 6, 2002 Abstract: A pharmaceutical tablet comprising over 80% by weight ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate. Excerpt(s): Cipro.TM. 750 mg tablets weigh about 1150 mg each. They are capsuleshaped with a length of about 7/8 inch, and are relatively difficult to swallow because of the large size. It would thus be desirable to enable tablets smaller than Cipro.TM. tablets. It appears that Cipro.TM. tablets are made in accordance with the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,754. More particularly, the formulation of Cipro.TM. tablets 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg and 750 mg appear to be precisely what is shown in examples 4, 2, 1, and 5 respectively of U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,754. Cipro.TM. tablets are film-coated tablets, which means that they consist of core tablets made by compression on a tablet press, coated with a thin film coating. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Topical suspension formulations containing ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone Inventor(s): Bhagat, Haresh G.; (Fort Worth, TX), Singh, Onkar N.; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: Alcon Research, LTD.; R&d Counsel, Q-148; 6201 South Freeway; Fort Worth; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20010034339 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: Suspension formulations containing dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin are disclosed. The formulations contain a nonionic polymer, a nonionic surfactant and an ionic tonicity agent, but are physically stable and easily re-suspended. The formulations are intended for topical application to the eye, ear or nose. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional Application, U.S. Ser. No. 60/155,942, filed Sep. 24, 1999. This invention relates to topically administrable ophthalmic and otic formulations of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone. The formulations of the present invention are suspensions that have excellent physical

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stability and are characterized by their easy and ready resuspendibility. Specifically, the invention relates to stable suspension formulations of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone that lack a nonionic tonicity agent, such as glycerol or mannitol. Spanish Patent Application No. 2,065,846 A1 (Feb. 16, 1995) discloses topically administrable ophthalmic and otic antibiotic/steroid combination products. Examples 1-3 illustrate ophthalmic suspension formulations containing certain drug combinations with excipients including nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants. Example 1 is a formulation of clobetasone and lomefloxacin that contains a nonionic tonicity agent (glycerin). Example 2 is a formulation of fluoromethalone and norfloxacin that contains an ionic tonicity agent (sodium chloride). Example 3 is a formulation of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone that contains a nonionic tonicity agent (mannitol). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ciprofloxacin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ciprofloxacin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ciprofloxacin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CIPROFLOXACIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ciprofloxacin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ciprofloxacin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “ciprofloxacin” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “ciprofloxacin” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “ciprofloxacin” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

First International Ciprofloxacin Workshop; ISBN: 902199724X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/902199724X/icongroupinterna

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First International Ciprofloxacin Workshop: Leverkusen, 6-8 November 1985 : Proceedings (Current Clinical Practice Series, No 34) by H.C. Neu, H. Weuta; ISBN: 044490462X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044490462X/icongroupinterna

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Pocket Pharma: Ciprofloxacin extended-release and Urinary Tract Infections by D. Talan; ISBN: 1858739934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858739934/icongroupinterna

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Use of Ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Chronic Otitis and Sinusitis and Malignant External Otitis (Journal-Chemotherapy, 1994 , Vol 40, Supplement) by F. Legent; ISBN: 3805560710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805560710/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on Ciprofloxacin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ciprofloxacin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ciprofloxacin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ciprofloxacin: •

Medical Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis Source: in Lichtenstein, G.R. The Clinician's Guide to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated. 2003. p. 255-289. Contact: Available from SLACK Incorporated. 6900 Grove Road, Thorofare, NJ 080869447. (856) 848-1000. Fax (856) 853-5991. Website: www.slackbooks.com. PRICE: $44.95; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 556425546. Order number: 75546. Summary: Although the term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes a wide range of inflammatory states, it generally refers to ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. This chapter on medical therapy for UC is from a handbook that presents an up to date guide on selected topics in IBD, focusing on those clinically important areas that have undergone recent changes or discoveries. In this chapter, the authors note that there are several goals of medial therapy of UC: inducing remission, maintaining remission, maintaining adequate nutrition, decreasing disease-related and treatment-related complications, and improving the patient's quality of life. The authors discuss the common side effects seen with medications used to treat UC and the indications for the use of these agents. The chapter covers aminosalicylates (sulfasalazine, mesalamine), corticosteroids, budesonide, ciprofloxacin, azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, infliximab, and short-chain fatty acids and oral fish oils. An additional section considers nutritional therapy and probiotics. Patient care algorithms and guidelines for the management of specific clinical scenarios based on disease severity are also provided. 2 figures. 4 tables. 53 references.

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Drugs and the Liver Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.335-363. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: The liver is particularly concerned with drug metabolism, and especially of drugs given orally. Drugs can cause toxic effects that can mimic almost every naturally occurring liver disease in man. This chapter on drugs and the liver is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter is organized into specific pathologies and their potential causes: hepato-cellular zone 3 necrosis, due to carbon tetrachloride, Amanita mushrooms,

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paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and burns; hepato-cellular zone 1 necrosis, due to ferrous sulfate or phosphorus; mitochondrial cytopathies, due to sodium valproate, tetracyclines, tacrine, antiviral nucleoside analogues, and Bacillus cereus; steatohepatitis, due to perhexiline maleate, amiodarone, synthetic estrogens, and calcium channel blockers; fibrosis, due to methotrexate, other cytotoxic drugs, arsenic, vinyl chloride, vitamin A, and retinoids; vascular changes, due to sinusoidal dilatation, peliosis hepatitis, and veno-occlusive disease (VOD); acute hepatitis, due to isoniazid, methyl dopa, halothane, hydrofluorocarbons, systemic antifungals, oncology drugs, nervous system modifiers, sustained-release nicotinic acid (niacin), sulfonamides and derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antithyroid drugs, quinidine and quinine, troglitazone, and anti-convulsants; chronic hepatitis, due to herbal remedies and recreational drugs; canalicular cholestasis, due to cyclosporine A and ciprofloxacin; hepato-canalicular cholestasis, due to chlorpromazine, penicillins, sulfonamides, erythromycin, haloperidol, cimetidine and ranitidine, oral hypoglycemic agents, tamoxifen, other causes, and dextropropoxyphene; ductular cholestasis; biliary sludge; sclerosing cholangitis; hepatic nodules and tumors; and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer). 28 figures. 5 tables. 170 references. •

Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Source: in King, J.E., ed. Mayo Clinic on Digestive Health. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic. 2000. p. 99-114. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Information. 5505 36th Street, SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512. (800) 291-1128. Website: www.mayoclinic.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1893005046. Summary: This chapter on Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (the two most common inflammatory bowel diseases, IBD) is from a comprehensive guidebook from the Mayo Clinic that focuses on a variety of digestive symptoms, including heartburn, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea, and the common conditions that are often responsible for these symptoms. Written in nontechnical language, the book includes practical information on how the digestive system works, factors that can interfere with its normal functioning, and how to prevent digestive problems. This chapter first reviews the key signs and symptoms of IBD, including diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, blood in the stool (feces), fatigue, reduced appetite, weight loss, and fever. The authors note that although these diseases often cannot be cured, they can be treated. There are several therapies that may drastically reduce the patient's symptoms, and possibly even bring about a long term remission. The chapter outlines the differences between the two diseases (Crohn's disease can strike anywhere from the mouth to the anus; ulcerative colitis is typically limited to the colon and rectum), reviews theories about the causes of these problems, and offers classification systems to determine if the disease is mild, moderate or severe. Diagnostic tests used to confirm the presence of IBD include blood tests, X rays, and colonoscopy (which can include biopsy). Medications can effectively reduce symptoms in most people with IBD; drugs used include antiinflammatory drugs (sulfasalazine, mesalazine, olsalazine, corticosteroids), immunosuppressants (such as azathioprine, methotrexate, and cyclosporine), antibiotics (notably metronidazole and ciprofloxacin), nicotine patches, antidiarrheals, laxatives, pain relievers, iron supplements, and vitamin B12 injections. The chapter concludes with suggestions for lifestyle modifications that can help people cope with IBD and a section explaining the surgical options that may be used for IBD that is not responsive to other treatments. 1 figure.

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Perianal Fistula Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 395-399. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on perianal fistula is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Depending on the clinical classification, anywhere from 20 to 80 percent of CD patients have experienced perianal complications at some point in their disease. Fistulae (abnormal passageway from the intestinal tract) are not the only abnormality seen in the perianal area. The author briefly reviews fissures, perineal skin changes, vulvar fistula, and rectovaginal fistula before discussing surgical evaluation of these patients. The author summarizes patient management strategies. Pain should be promptly relieved by abscess drainage. If there is a complex fistula, the surgeon should perform the examination under anesthesia. Most patients are placed on metronidazole (an antibiotic, 1 to 1.5 grams daily) or ciprofloxacin (an antibiotic) and metronidazole. Patients are then observed for protracted periods on metronidazole 500 milligrams per day to see if the fistula will remain healed. If metronidazole is withdrawn, the majority of patients relapse. An alternative approach would be antibiotics plus 6-MP (6 mercaptopurine, an immune system modulator). The mean time to respond to this drug at 1 to 1.5 milligrams per kilogram would be approximately 3 months, and 6-MP can be used as a long-term agent to maintain improvement. If the patient has had a prior fistula and a second one develops, the author recommends initiation of 6-MP at that time. One could also argue that 6-MP should be withheld only if antibiotics are effective. A potential alternative would be use of infliximab (a cytokine directed bioloic therapy) initially with antibiotics and then the adding of 6-MP. If the combination of 6-MP/AZA (azathioprine, an immune system modulator) and infliximab is unsuccessful, the patient is admitted for intravenous cyclosporine. 6-Mercaptopurine is added or continued as a maintenance agent. If cyclosporine is ineffective, surgical diversion and/or resection is considered. Unhealed perianal wounds or fistula may require medical therapy after surgery. 1 figure. 7 references.

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Is There a Role for Antibiotics in Crohn's Disease? Source: Jewell, D.P.; Warren, B.F.; Mortensen, N.J., eds. Challenges in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. p.121-126. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $145.95. ISBN: 0632051698. Summary: This chapter on the role of antibiotics in treating Crohn's disease is from a book that offers an approach to the subject of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that highlights current areas of controversy. After a brief introduction, the authors discuss the use of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and antimycobacterial agents. The authors conclude that the role of antibiotics in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not yet well defined. Antibiotics work in perianal disease although controlled trials are lacking. Only metronidazole for the treatment of Crohn's

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disease has been adequately studied in controlled trials. However, many more good clinical trials are needed, including the comparison of glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics for long-term. The promising results with clarithromycin need confirmation. 1 table. 35 references. •

Topically Active Steroid Preparations Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 367-371. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on topically active steroid preparations is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glucocorticosteroids (GCS) remain the mainstay of primary medical treatment for induction of remission in moderate and severe attacks of CD. The anti-inflammatory effects of GCS in active CD are unsurpassed by any other type of drug. However, drawbacks with conventional GCS include problems with a wide array of side effects and the risk for steroid dependency in a substantial proportion of patients who initially respond favorably to the treatment. Elimination of, or at least a substantial reduction of, unwanted short-and long-term systemic side effects would make GCS an even more important anti-inflammatory modality for the treatment of CD. Efforts in developing superior steroids for IBD aim at obtaining increased and selective topical action, with no, or only limited, systemic impact. The author focuses on oral budesonide preparations, including the ileal release (the drug is in a capsule that does not disintegrate until it is in the intestinal location where it is designed to be of topical use) formulation of this drug. The optimal dose of oral budesonide for induction of remission in active CD is 9 milligrams per day. Budesonide appears to be particularly versatile in combination with other drugs, including metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, mesalamine, and sulfasalazine, for treatment of IBD. 1 figure. 11 references.

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pregnancy Source: in Stein, S.H. and Rood, R.P. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Guide for Patients and Their Families. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 1999. p. 6777. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 932-2423. Fax (212) 779-4098. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ccfa.org. PRICE: $17.00 for members; $22.00 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397517718. Summary: This chapter which discusses inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and pregnancy is from a text written specifically for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is the collective term for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine (the colon), that is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of its inner lining. By contrast, Crohn's disease can affect any area of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, and there can be areas of normal intestine as well. The authors note that most people develop IBD during their reproductive years. Therefore, issues pertaining to fertility, pregnancy, and the risk

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of inheriting IBD become very important. In addition, nutrition, medication usage, diagnostic tests, and surgery may affect the outcome of a pregnancy in a patient with IBD. Despite all of these issues, most women with IBD will have normal reproductive function and give birth to normal, healthy, full term infants. The authors discuss the effects on pregnancy of each of the common medications used to treat IBD, including the 5ASA compounds (including sulfasalazine, mesalamine, and olsalazine), corticosteroids, azathiprine, 6MP (mercaptopurine), cyclosporine A, methotrexate, metronidazole (antibiotic), ciprofloxacin, antidiarrheals, bulk fiber, and cholstyramine. The authors also discuss breastfeeding. 3 tables. 16 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CIPROFLOXACIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ciprofloxacin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ciprofloxacin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ciprofloxacin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ciprofloxacin: •

Barr amends pact with Bayer on U.S. Cipro sales Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 25, 2003

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Spectrum generic Cipro application accepted for filing by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 09, 2003

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U.K. asked to investigate 'risky' Cipro drug trial Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 24, 2003

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British government asked to investigate "risky" Bayer Cipro drug trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 24, 2003

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Increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin deemed "alarming" Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 18, 2003

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Bayer's once-daily Cipro approved by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 16, 2002

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Bayer files to expand potential Cipro XR indications Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 30, 2002

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Bayer says US court upholds Cipro patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 28, 2002

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DepoMed Q2 net loss widens; firm will partner Ciprofloxacin GR Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 14, 2002

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US court rules against Dr. Reddy's in ciprofloxacin patent case Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 13, 2002

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Bayer reaps windfall profit despite Cipro discount Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 28, 2002

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DepoMed Ciprofloxacin GR phase II study shows fewer side effects than Cipro Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 12, 2002

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Bayer files to sell once-daily Cipro tablet Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 08, 2002

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Rifaximin could replace ciprofloxacin as first choice for traveler's diarrhea Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 20, 2001

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Barr says state inquiry into generic Cipro deal closed Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 18, 2001

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Bayer to cut Ranbaxy's Cipro payment to $40 million--source Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 05, 2001

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Many US postal workers report Cipro side effects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 29, 2001

Periodicals and News

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CDC: One in five taking Cipro report side effects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 08, 2001

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US trade group warns against buying Cipro online Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 01, 2001

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Postal workers told to take Cipro alternative Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 29, 2001

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Bayer says validity of US Cipro patent "beyond doubt" Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 26, 2001

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US, Bayer reach deal on emergency Cipro purchase Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 24, 2001

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Government, Bayer reach deal on Cipro purchase Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2001

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HHS negotiating Cipro price with Bayer, Thompson says Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2001

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Bayer says Canadian govt recognises Cipro patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2001

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Barr ready to make generic Cipro if needed Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2001

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Sales of ciprofloxacin rise in Taiwan Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 19, 2001

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Bayer may produce Cipro with other companies Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 19, 2001

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US in talks with Bayer about relaxing Cipro patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2001

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German supplies of generic ciprofloxacin 'ample' Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 17, 2001

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German supplies of generic ciprofloxacin called ample Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2001

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Bayer to triple Cipro production; revenues will not make up for lost Baycol profits Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2001

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HHS should invoke law allowing generic Cipro purchase: Schumer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 16, 2001

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Indian firms could supply generic ciprofloxacin if anthrax scare widens Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 11, 2001

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Bayer's Cipro cleared by FDA for treatment of anthrax inhalation Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 01, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ciprofloxacin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Ciprofloxacin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ciprofloxacin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ciprofloxacin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for ciprofloxacin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with ciprofloxacin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to ciprofloxacin: Ciprofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html

Fluoroquinolones •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avelox; Cipro; Cipro I.V.; Floxin; Floxin I.V.; Levaquin; Maxaquin; Noroxin; Penetrex; Tequin; Zagam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202656.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 11857 16 647 981 21 13522

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ciprofloxacin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ciprofloxacin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ciprofloxacin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ciprofloxacin”:

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Anthrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Biodefense and Bioterrorism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html Gonorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ciprofloxacin. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of TB Contact: Pennsylvania Department of Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control & Surveillance, Tuberculosis Control Section, PO Box 90, Harrisburg, PA, 171080090, (717) 787-6267. Summary: This brochure for persons with tuberculosis (TB) provides information about the therapeutic drug, ciprofloxacin (cipro). Ciprofloxacin is a drug taken by persons suspected of having or infected by TB. The brochure discusses dosage, treatment adherence, side effects, how the drug works, and information individuals should supply to their doctors and nurses. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

Patient Resources

•

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CDC Health Advisory: Use of Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline for Postexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of Inhalational Anthrax Summary: Interim recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax after exposure to B. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6366

•

FAQ--Cipro (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride) for Inhalation Anthrax Summary: From the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, this fact sheet provides answers to questions consumers may have about the use of ciprofloxacin to treat inhalation anthrax. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6355 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ciprofloxacin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ciprofloxacin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ciprofloxacin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ciprofloxacin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ciprofloxacin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ciprofloxacin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ciprofloxacin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ciprofloxacin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CIPROFLOXACIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH]

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Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal

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tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidiarrheals: Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]

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Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

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Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH]

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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH]

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Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bismuth Subsalicylate: A nonprescription medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HELL-uh-koh-BAK-tur py-LOH-ree). [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH]

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Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopneumonia: A name given to an inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. These become clogged with a mucopurulent exudate forming consolidated patches in adjacent lobules. The disease is frequently secondary in character, following infections of the upper respiratory tract, specific infectious fevers, and debilitating diseases. In infants and debilitated persons of any age it may occur as a primary affection. Called also bronchial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchoalveolitis, bronchopneumonitis, catarrhal pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, capillary bronchitis and vesicular bronchiolitis. [EU]

Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU]

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Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Ceftazidime: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [NIH]

Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell

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division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH]

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Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Chlortetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the substrate of Streptomyces aureofaciens and used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH]

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CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen,

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which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and

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theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsants: Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and

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for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystalluria: The excretion of crystals in the urine, producing renal irritation. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]

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Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the

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abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH]

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Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from combination drug therapy in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU]

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Dwell time: In peritoneal dialysis, the amount of time a bag of dialysate remains in the patient's abdominal cavity during an exchange. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae

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infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enoxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Its clinical efficacy has been confirmed in a variety of systemic infections and particularly in urinary tract infections. The drug is well tolerated by adults, but should not be used in children and pregnant women. [NIH]

Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxins: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture

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dishes adhere. [NIH] Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fleroxacin: A third-generation fluoroquinolone derivative with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase which may account for its antibacterial activity. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH]

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Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galenical: 1. Usually cap: of or relating to Galen or his medical principles or method. 2. Constituting a galenical. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the

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blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gentamicins: A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (translation (genetics)). [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glanders: A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gramicidin: Antibiotic mixture that is one of the two principle components of tyrothricin from Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D, etc., seem to be linear polypeptides. The mixture is used topically for gram-positive organisms. It is toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulation Tissue: A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary

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disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein

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hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate

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perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH]

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Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inhalation Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU]

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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Exchange Resins: High molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH]

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Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Lactates: Salts or esters of lactic acid containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together

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from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in

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which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphokine-activated killer cells: White blood cells that are stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called LAK cells. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melioidosis: A disease of humans and animals that resembles glanders. It is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia, and bacteremia. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercaptopurine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

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Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiological Techniques: Techniques used in microbiology. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

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Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Conditions in which the bone marrow shows qualitative and quantitative changes suggestive of a preleukemic process, but having a chronic course that does not necessarily terminate as acute leukemia. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

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Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by

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slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norfloxacin: Quinoline-derived synthetic antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of action. Oral administration yields highly bactericidal plasma, tissue, and urine levels. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase and is used in gastrointestinal, eye, and urinary infections. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Novobiocin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the

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proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otorrhea: A discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one. [EU] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior

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abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pefloxacin: An orally administered broad spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against urinary tract infections as well as against many other systemic infections. The drug is well tolerated in adults, but should not be given to children and pregnant women. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU]

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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer

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phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections. [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]

Piperacillin-tazobactam: A combination of drugs used to fight infections in people who have cancer. Piperacillin is a synthetic penicillin; tazobactam enhances the effectiveness of piperacillin. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Polymyxin B: A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K,

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atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease

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in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus

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of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU]

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Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Rectovaginal Fistula: Abnormal communication between the rectum and the vagina. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH]

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Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirators: These enable the wearer to breathe in atmospheres polluted by dust, poisonous vapors, smoke, etc., and are therefore used in certain industries or in warfare; they consist essentially of a mask, a metal frame with outlet and inlet valves, and a socket. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested

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as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to

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as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to

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gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (gentamicins). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU]

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Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH]

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Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppuration: A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of

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pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Surgical Wound Infection: Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of

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uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Terbium: Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH]

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Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]

Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a

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protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyrothricin: A polypeptide antibiotic mixture obtained from Bacillus brevis. It consists of a mixture of three tyrocidines (60%) and several gramicidins (20%) and is very toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus. It is used topically. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH]

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Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the

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body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient

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responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid. [NIH]

White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 36, 71, 78, 115, 149, 166, 168, 188, 189, 205 Abdominal Pain, 115, 149, 189, 205 Abscess, 9, 18, 70, 116, 149, 174 Acetaminophen, 115, 149 Acne, 149, 196 Acremonium, 149, 159 Acute leukemia, 149, 184 Acute myeloid leukemia, 149, 192 Adaptability, 149, 159 Adaptation, 149, 160 Adenocarcinoma, 149, 175 Adenosine, 149, 151, 157, 190, 203 Adjuvant, 108, 149 Adrenal Cortex, 149, 176, 192 Adrenergic, 149, 153, 167, 195 Adverse Effect, 65, 75, 149, 190, 198, 207 Aerobic, 3, 23, 149, 177, 194 Aerosol, 150, 192, 202, 207 Affinity, 150, 199 Agar, 106, 150, 164, 177 Agonist, 150, 167, 186, 202 Airway, 30, 90, 150 Alanine, 85, 150 Alertness, 150, 157 Algorithms, 114, 150, 156 Alimentary, 48, 150, 188 Alkaline, 97, 150, 157 Alkaloid, 150, 186, 195, 203 Alleles, 14, 150 Allergic Rhinitis, 150, 157 Allogeneic, 49, 150 Alopecia, 150, 164 Alpha Particles, 150, 195 Alternative medicine, 122, 150 Aluminum, 151, 201 Alveoli, 151, 206 Amebiasis, 151, 183 Amikacin, 25, 29, 30, 62, 104, 108, 151 Amino Acid Sequence, 151, 152 Amino Acids, 151, 158, 170, 189, 191, 193, 204 Amiodarone, 115, 151 Amoxicillin, 51, 69, 108, 151 Ampicillin, 18, 39, 42, 151, 190 Ampulla, 151, 160 Anabolic, 151

Anaerobic, 23, 109, 151, 169, 177, 200 Anaesthesia, 151, 178 Analgesic, 149, 151, 166, 180, 185, 195 Analog, 151, 158, 161, 172 Anaphylactic, 63, 151 Anaphylaxis, 151 Anesthesia, 116, 150, 151, 192 Angina, 151, 152, 189 Angioedema, 50, 151 Animal model, 6, 99, 152 Anions, 152, 179 Antagonism, 152, 157, 203 Anthelmintic, 102, 152 Anthrax, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 33, 122, 136, 137, 152 Antianginal, 151, 152 Antiarrhythmic, 151, 152 Antibiotic, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 18, 29, 83, 85, 88, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 116, 118, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 170, 172, 174, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 205 Antibodies, 98, 152, 175, 177, 191 Antibody, 99, 150, 152, 162, 175, 177, 178, 180, 182, 195 Anticonvulsant, 152, 190 Antidiarrheals, 115, 118, 152 Antiemetic, 152, 153, 160 Antifungal, 96, 152, 172, 179 Antigen, 150, 151, 152, 162, 175, 176, 177, 178, 182 Anti-inflammatory, 96, 102, 110, 115, 117, 149, 152, 165, 166, 173, 190, 192, 197 Antimetabolite, 153, 183 Antineoplastic, 153, 164, 183, 187, 191, 207 Antioxidant, 153, 154 Antipsychotic, 153, 160 Antipyretic, 149, 153, 166, 195 Antiseptic, 153, 192 Antiviral, 115, 153 Anus, 115, 153, 156, 162, 189 Aorta, 153, 158, 175, 207 Aortic Valve, 21, 153 Apoptosis, 5, 23, 54, 72, 153 Approximate, 97, 153 Aqueous humor, 40, 53, 68, 153, 160 Arterial, 153, 154, 176, 193

210

Ciprofloxacin

Arteries, 153, 154, 155, 156, 175 Arteriovenous, 76, 154 Artery, 153, 154, 155, 156, 171, 194, 206 Ascites, 69, 154 Ascitic Fluid, 19, 154 Ascorbic Acid, 79, 154, 176 Assay, 10, 13, 30, 59, 75, 154, 177, 197, 205 Asymptomatic, 151, 154, 174 Atrial, 151, 154 Atrium, 154, 158, 206 Attenuated, 154 Auditory, 96, 154, 182, 197, 205 Auditory nerve, 154, 182 Autologous, 44, 154 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 44, 154 Azithromycin, 16, 42, 56, 61, 72, 87, 154 B Babesiosis, 154, 195 Bacillus, 4, 6, 9, 12, 115, 152, 154, 161, 174, 191, 205 Bacteraemia, 71, 154, 174 Bacteremia, 34, 154, 182 Bacteria, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 23, 25, 32, 57, 96, 100, 106, 108, 109, 152, 154, 155, 161, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 177, 181, 183, 185, 191, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206 Bacterial Adhesion, 8, 154 Bacterial Infections, 104, 107, 108, 136, 154, 180 Bactericidal, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 40, 43, 57, 74, 75, 88, 109, 155, 170, 186 Bacteriostatic, 155, 170 Bacterium, 155, 156, 205 Barbiturate, 155, 163, 203 Base, 101, 105, 155, 165, 170, 171, 172, 179, 203, 205 Basilar Artery, 155, 182 Basophils, 155, 174 Benzyl Alcohol, 96, 102, 110, 155 Beta-Lactamases, 155, 177, 201 Bile, 155, 160, 172, 175, 181, 190, 200, 201 Bile duct, 155, 160 Biliary, 26, 35, 59, 114, 155, 160, 190 Biliary Tract, 26, 35, 155 Bioavailability, 19, 23, 29, 36, 39, 45, 88, 155, 178 Biochemical, 5, 6, 13, 14, 78, 98, 150, 153, 155, 171, 187 Biological Availability, 100, 155 Biological Transport, 155, 166

Biological Warfare, 4, 155 Bioluminescence, 155, 181 Biopsy, 34, 46, 115, 155 Biotechnology, 15, 30, 122, 131, 156 Bismuth, 19, 156 Bismuth Subsalicylate, 19, 156 Bladder, 156, 162, 176, 193, 206 Blennorrhoea, 156, 174 Blister, 26, 156 Blood Coagulation, 156, 157, 197 Blood Glucose, 156, 176 Blood pressure, 156, 176, 184, 199 Blood vessel, 156, 159, 171, 181, 194, 199, 200, 203, 206 Blood Volume, 156, 192 Blood-Brain Barrier, 156, 180, 202 Body Fluids, 53, 156, 199 Bone Marrow, 6, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 44, 49, 69, 80, 149, 154, 156, 164, 181, 184, 193, 199 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 32, 44, 49, 156 Bowel, 22, 114, 116, 117, 156, 166, 178, 179, 180, 189, 200, 205 Bowel Movement, 156, 166, 200 Brain Stem, 156, 163 Broad-spectrum, 10, 116, 151, 156, 158, 159, 169, 173, 186, 190, 203 Bronchi, 156, 157, 203, 204 Bronchial, 26, 29, 157, 175, 203 Bronchiectasis, 22, 49, 157 Bronchioles, 151, 157 Bronchiolitis, 157 Bronchitis, 12, 20, 70, 157, 160 Bronchopneumonia, 26, 157 Budesonide, 114, 117, 157 Butyric Acid, 105, 157 C Cadaver, 35, 53, 157 Caffeine, 24, 56, 157 Calcium, 45, 54, 58, 82, 115, 157, 162 Calcium Channel Blockers, 115, 157 Candidiasis, 157, 172 Capillary, 157, 173 Capsules, 100, 101, 158, 167, 173 Carbohydrate, 101, 158, 174, 198 Carboxy, 158 Carboxylic Acids, 97, 105, 107, 158 Carboxymethylcellulose, 100, 101, 158 Carcinogen, 158, 183 Carcinogenic, 158, 178, 200 Carcinoma, 84, 158

211

Cardiac, 9, 152, 157, 158, 160, 169, 170, 175, 180, 184, 195, 200 Cardiopulmonary, 20, 158 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 20, 158 Case report, 38, 63, 71, 76, 158 Cations, 158, 179 Causal, 37, 158, 175, 198 Cause of Death, 98, 158 Cecum, 158, 180 Cefazolin, 43, 158 Cefotaxime, 16, 67, 158 Ceftazidime, 5, 17, 18, 25, 62, 76, 89, 158 Ceftriaxone, 18, 25, 57, 67, 68, 71, 158 Cell Cycle, 72, 158, 161, 170, 194, 206 Cell Death, 5, 153, 159, 170, 185 Cell Division, 154, 159, 170, 183, 191, 197 Cell membrane, 155, 157, 159, 161, 190, 191 Cell Size, 159, 171 Cell Transplantation, 34, 159 Cellulitis, 86, 96, 159 Central Nervous System, 16, 150, 157, 159, 172, 174, 180, 202, 203 Cephaloridine, 158, 159 Cephalosporins, 100, 155, 159 Cerebral, 155, 156, 159, 163, 165, 188 Cerebrospinal, 26, 159 Cerebrospinal fluid, 26, 159 Cerebrovascular, 157, 159 Chancroid, 21, 159 Character, 157, 159, 165 Chemical Warfare, 159, 165 Chemical Warfare Agents, 159, 165 Chemotherapeutic agent, 100, 159 Chin, 159, 182 Chloroquine, 65, 160 Chlorpromazine, 115, 160 Chlortetracycline, 106, 160 Cholangitis, 115, 160 Cholera, 20, 67, 160, 198, 207 Cholestasis, 115, 160 Cholesterol, 155, 160, 181, 200, 202 Cholinergic, 153, 160, 186 Chromatin, 153, 160, 169, 181, 186 Chromosomal, 8, 160, 191 Chromosome, 160, 180, 197 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 41, 160 Chronic prostatitis, 87, 160 Cilastatin, 29, 30, 59, 78, 160, 177 Ciliary, 153, 160, 206 Ciliary processes, 153, 160

Cimetidine, 78, 79, 115, 160 Cinchona, 160, 195 Cirrhosis, 87, 160 CIS, 84, 161 Cisplatin, 88, 161 Clarithromycin, 117, 161 Clavulanic Acid, 51, 108, 161 Clindamycin, 33, 72, 104, 108, 109, 161 Clinical Protocols, 6, 161 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 63, 117, 131, 161, 163, 164, 167, 184, 195 Clonic, 161, 163 Cloning, 156, 161 Coenzyme, 154, 161 Cofactor, 161, 193 Colistin, 67, 161 Colitis, 114, 115, 117, 161 Collagen, 105, 161, 171, 176, 191, 192 Collagen disease, 161, 176 Colloidal, 162, 168, 170, 202 Colon, 84, 115, 117, 161, 162, 168, 178, 180, 205 Colonoscopy, 115, 162 Combination Therapy, 16, 25, 54, 62, 98, 162 Complement, 162 Complementary and alternative medicine, 83, 92, 162 Complementary medicine, 83, 162 Complete remission, 162, 196 Compliance, 106, 162 Computational Biology, 131, 162 Conception, 163, 200 Concomitant, 65, 79, 163 Congenita, 163, 195 Congestion, 153, 163, 170 Conjugated, 98, 163, 164 Conjunctiva, 44, 163 Conjunctivitis, 37, 163 Connective Tissue, 154, 156, 159, 161, 163, 165, 171, 172, 174, 181, 202, 203 Consciousness, 151, 163, 165 Constipation, 115, 153, 163, 189 Contamination, 106, 163 Contraceptive, 25, 66, 163 Contraindications, ii, 163 Controlled study, 29, 60, 66, 163 Convulsants, 115, 163 Convulsions, 152, 155, 163, 176 Cornea, 34, 39, 40, 153, 163, 179, 197 Corneal Stroma, 40, 163 Corneal Ulcer, 39, 163

212

Ciprofloxacin

Corpus, 163, 192, 207 Cortex, 163, 187 Cortical, 163, 197 Corticosteroids, 114, 115, 118, 163, 173, 192 Cortisone, 164, 165, 192 Cryptosporidiosis, 154, 164 Crystalluria, 35, 164 Culture Media, 150, 164 Curative, 13, 164, 186, 203 Cutaneous, 72, 152, 157, 164, 174, 179, 181 Cyclic, 157, 161, 164, 174, 190, 193, 203 Cyclophosphamide, 32, 164 Cyclosporine, 24, 114, 115, 116, 118, 164 Cyst, 52, 164 Cytochrome, 32, 160, 164 Cytokine, 6, 103, 116, 164, 188, 203 Cytomegalovirus, 164, 172 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 164, 172 Cytoplasm, 153, 155, 159, 164, 169, 181, 186 Cytotoxic, 115, 165 Cytotoxicity, 10, 14, 41, 84, 88, 161, 165, 180 D Decontamination, 49, 165 Degenerative, 9, 165, 175, 187 Dehydration, 160, 165 Deletion, 153, 165 Delirium, 41, 153, 165 Dental Caries, 165, 172 Dental implant, 36, 165 Dermis, 151, 165 Detergents, 161, 165, 171 Deuterium, 165, 176 Dexamethasone, 5, 44, 73, 74, 108, 110, 165 Diagnostic procedure, 95, 122, 165 Dialysate, 20, 165, 168 Dialyzer, 165, 175 Diaphragm, 165, 191 Diarrhea, 3, 40, 68, 115, 120, 151, 152, 156, 164, 166 Diclofenac, 78, 166 Diclofenac Sodium, 78, 166 Didanosine, 58, 166 Dideoxyadenosine, 166 Diffusion, 61, 101, 155, 166, 177 Digestion, 150, 155, 156, 166, 178, 179, 181, 188, 200 Digestive system, 115, 166 Digestive tract, 166, 199, 200

Direct, iii, 6, 43, 48, 125, 166, 167, 173, 176, 195, 196 Discrete, 166, 203 Disinfectant, 166, 170 Disorientation, 165, 166 Disposition, 16, 20, 66, 76, 79, 87, 88, 166 Distal, 166, 194 Diuresis, 157, 166, 203 Diuretic, 166, 182, 199 Diverticula, 166 Diverticulitis, 84, 166 Diverticulum, 166, 167 Docetaxel, 84, 167 Dopa, 115, 167, 180 Dopamine, 153, 160, 167, 180 Dosage Forms, 101, 106, 107, 167 Dosimetry, 36, 167 Double-blind, 30, 43, 59, 60, 66, 70, 80, 87, 89, 167 Doxycycline, 8, 12, 61, 137, 167 Drug Combinations, 111, 167 Drug Interactions, 78, 126, 167 Drug Resistance, 9, 62, 167 Drug Tolerance, 167, 204 Duodenum, 155, 167, 173, 200 Dura mater, 167, 182, 187 Dwell time, 20, 168 Dyes, 155, 168, 172, 186, 201 Dysentery, 63, 151, 168 Dysmenorrhea, 168, 190 E Edema, 152, 168, 180 Efficacy, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 34, 42, 45, 71, 80, 168, 169, 177, 205 Effusion, 96, 168 Elastic, 168, 202 Elastin, 161, 168 Electrolyte, 165, 168, 175, 192, 199 Electrons, 153, 155, 168, 179, 187, 195 Electrophoresis, 65, 168, 177 Embryo, 168, 178 Emollient, 168, 174, 186 Emphysema, 160, 168 Empiric, 25, 29, 40, 62, 68, 168 Emulsions, 150, 168 Encapsulated, 20, 58, 103, 168 Encephalitis, 31, 168 Encephalitis, Viral, 168 Endemic, 62, 160, 169 Endocarditis, 10, 17, 20, 21, 23, 57, 105, 157, 169, 174 Endocardium, 169

213

Endophthalmitis, 38, 169 Endotoxin, 85, 169, 205 Enoxacin, 43, 74, 169 Enterobacteriaceae, 46, 52, 100, 169 Enterococcus, 39, 85, 169 Environmental Health, 130, 132, 169 Enzymatic, 157, 162, 165, 166, 169, 175 Enzyme, 5, 8, 10, 20, 161, 169, 174, 188, 190, 193, 196, 201, 204, 207 Eosinophils, 169, 174 Epidemic, 5, 29, 169 Epidermal, 38, 169 Epidermis, 156, 165, 169 Epidermoid carcinoma, 169, 200 Epithelial, 30, 33, 88, 90, 149, 155, 163, 169, 170 Epithelial Cells, 33, 169, 170 Epithelium, 13, 170 Erythema, 83, 170 Erythrocytes, 154, 156, 170, 175, 188, 195 Erythromycin, 72, 115, 154, 161, 170, 197 Esophagitis, 170, 201 Esophagus, 166, 170, 175, 189, 196, 200 Estrogen, 170, 198, 202 Ethanol, 66, 170 Etoposide, 8, 14, 86, 170 Evacuation, 163, 170, 180 Excipients, 101, 111, 170 Excitability, 170, 195 Excitation, 170, 171 Exfoliation, 170, 185 Exogenous, 10, 170 Exotoxins, 6, 170 Expander, 170, 192 Extracellular, 163, 170, 171, 199 Extracellular Matrix, 163, 170, 171 Extravascular, 20, 171 Exudate, 157, 171 F Facial, 171, 182 Family Planning, 131, 171 Fat, 26, 156, 157, 171, 181, 199, 202, 205, 206 Fatigue, 115, 171 Fatty acids, 105, 114, 158, 171, 193, 199 Febrile, 29, 47, 67, 76, 87, 89, 171 Feces, 115, 163, 171, 200 Femoral, 158, 171 Femoral Artery, 158, 171 Fibrin, 156, 171, 189 Fibroblasts, 31, 171

Fibrosis, 17, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 56, 60, 115, 171 Fish Oils, 114, 171 Fistula, 116, 171, 173 Flatus, 171, 172 Fleroxacin, 24, 26, 36, 56, 171 Flow Cytometry, 44, 89, 171 Fluconazole, 49, 172 Fluorescence, 171, 172 Fluorescent Dyes, 171, 172 Fluorine, 72, 172 Fold, 99, 172 Foramen, 159, 172, 182, 189 Fosfomycin, 17, 172 Fractionation, 19, 172 Frameshift, 172, 205 Frameshift Mutation, 172, 205 Fungus, 19, 157, 159, 172 G Galenical, 105, 172 Gallbladder, 149, 155, 166, 172 Ganciclovir, 7, 172 Ganglia, 153, 172, 185 Gangrene, 31, 172 Gangrenous, 172, 198 Gas, 100, 101, 166, 171, 172, 176, 178, 186, 202, 206, 207 Gas exchange, 172, 206 Gastric, 101, 151, 160, 167, 173, 175, 186, 188, 195 Gastric Acid, 151, 160, 173, 186 Gastrin, 160, 173, 175 Gastritis, 173, 201 Gastroduodenal, 67, 173 Gastrointestinal, 101, 117, 170, 173, 186, 190, 195, 200, 201, 207 Gastrointestinal tract, 101, 117, 170, 173, 200 Gemcitabine, 84, 173 Gene, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, 71, 150, 156, 173, 197, 204 Genital, 173, 197, 206 Genitourinary, 51, 52, 83, 173, 206 Genotype, 173, 189 Gentamicins, 173, 199 Germ Cells, 173, 187 Giardiasis, 173, 183 Gland, 149, 164, 173, 181, 182, 187, 193, 197, 203 Glanders, 173, 182 Glomerular, 173, 182, 196 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 173, 182

214

Ciprofloxacin

Glomeruli, 173, 194 Glucocorticoid, 157, 165, 173, 176, 192 Glucose, 154, 156, 173, 176, 197, 199 Glutathione Peroxidase, 174, 198 Glycerol, 111, 157, 174, 190 Glycoprotein, 56, 174, 205 Gonadal, 174, 200 Gonorrhea, 18, 50, 55, 136, 174 Gonorrhoea, 50, 52, 174 Governing Board, 174, 192 Grafting, 174, 177 Gramicidin, 108, 174 Gram-negative, 3, 36, 46, 57, 60, 109, 158, 169, 174, 177, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 194, 203, 207 Gram-positive, 109, 169, 174, 177, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190, 200, 201, 203 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 169, 174, 186, 188, 190, 203 Granulation Tissue, 74, 174 Granulocyte, 44, 174 Gyrase, 10, 21, 24, 97, 109, 171, 174, 186 H Half-Life, 158, 174, 190 Haloperidol, 115, 174 Headache, 157, 174, 176, 205 Heart Valves, 26, 105, 175 Heartburn, 115, 156, 175, 178 Hemodiafiltration, 76, 175 Hemodialysis, 37, 165, 175, 180 Hemofiltration, 175 Hemolysis, 154, 169, 175 Hepatic, 47, 49, 87, 115, 165, 175 Hepatitis, 41, 51, 115, 175, 189 Hepatocellular, 115, 175 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 115, 175 Hepatocyte, 160, 175 Heredity, 173, 175 Heterogeneity, 59, 150, 175 Histamine, 153, 160, 175, 195 Homodimer, 175, 204 Homologous, 29, 150, 175, 197, 202 Hormone, 86, 163, 164, 173, 175, 179, 192, 196, 203, 204 Humour, 40, 53, 68, 175 Hybrid, 175 Hybridization, 9, 14, 175 Hydrocortisone, 18, 96, 102, 108, 109, 176 Hydrogen, 99, 107, 155, 158, 165, 166, 174, 176, 184, 185, 186, 187, 194 Hydrogenation, 176, 195 Hydrolysis, 8, 155, 161, 176, 191, 193

Hydronephrosis, 35, 176 Hydrophilic, 97, 165, 176 Hydrophobic, 96, 102, 105, 110, 165, 176, 181 Hydroxylysine, 161, 176 Hydroxyproline, 161, 176 Hyperaemia, 163, 176 Hypersensitivity, 53, 63, 151, 176, 196 Hypertension, 53, 157, 174, 176, 203 Hyperthermia, 115, 176 Hypnotic, 155, 176, 203 Hypoglycaemia, 165, 176 Hypoglycemia, 50, 176 Hypoglycemic, 115, 176 Hypoglycemic Agents, 115, 176 Hypothermia, 115, 176 Hypoxia, 165, 176 Hypoxic, 177, 183 I Ileal, 117, 177 Ileum, 158, 177 Imidazole, 175, 177, 195 Imipenem, 17, 29, 30, 32, 34, 59, 73, 76, 78, 160, 177 Immune response, 149, 152, 164, 177, 201, 207 Immune system, 116, 177, 182, 206, 208 Immunity, 103, 150, 177 Immunoassay, 42, 177 Immunocompromised, 25, 177 Immunodiffusion, 150, 177 Immunoelectrophoresis, 150, 177 Immunofluorescence, 14, 177 Immunologic, 177, 188 Immunology, 85, 149, 150, 172, 177 Immunosuppressant, 177, 183 Immunosuppressive, 164, 173, 177 Impairment, 54, 160, 165, 177 Implantation, 9, 163, 177 In situ, 14, 74, 90, 177 In vitro, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 33, 39, 41, 45, 49, 51, 54, 65, 74, 79, 84, 177, 197 In vivo, 6, 8, 10, 23, 33, 79, 86, 166, 177 Incision, 177, 179, 202 Indigestion, 156, 178 Indinavir, 58, 178 Induction, 103, 117, 153, 178 Infection Control, 35, 60, 98, 178 Inflammatory bowel disease, 114, 115, 116, 117, 178 Infusion, 97, 98, 107, 178

215

Ingestion, 152, 178, 191 Inhalation, 6, 13, 122, 137, 150, 178, 191 Inhalation Exposure, 13, 178 Initiation, 116, 178, 201 Inner ear, 158, 178, 206 Inoculum, 10, 28, 178 Inorganic, 108, 161, 178, 181, 184, 190, 201 Insight, 7, 178 Intensive Care, 36, 57, 178 Interleukin-2, 80, 89, 178 Intermittent, 178, 189 Interstitial, 26, 38, 179, 196 Intestinal, 20, 23, 24, 49, 88, 116, 117, 164, 169, 179 Intestine, 117, 156, 179, 180, 201 Intoxication, 165, 179, 208 Intracellular, 13, 56, 157, 178, 179, 192, 193, 197, 198 Intramuscular, 68, 97, 179, 188 Intramuscular injection, 97, 179 Intraocular, 56, 169, 179 Intravenous, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 43, 58, 62, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 80, 98, 116, 178, 179, 188 Invasive, 46, 49, 68, 177, 179 Invertebrates, 179, 181 Involuntary, 179, 184, 186 Iodine, 179, 192 Ion Exchange, 101, 102, 179 Ion Exchange Resins, 101, 102, 179 Ions, 155, 168, 176, 179 Irritants, 168, 179 Isoniazid, 115, 179 K Kanamycin, 104, 108, 109, 151, 179 Kb, 130, 179 Keratitis, 34, 37, 40, 49, 90, 179 Ketoconazole, 58, 179 Kidney Disease, 45, 130, 176, 179 Kidney Failure, 180, 182 Kidney stone, 176, 180 Killer Cells, 180 Kinetic, 57, 98, 180 L Labyrinth, 178, 180 Labyrinthine, 56, 180 Lactates, 97, 180 Large Intestine, 117, 158, 166, 179, 180, 195, 199 Laxative, 150, 158, 180, 199 Lens, 153, 163, 180, 207 Lethal, 4, 155, 180

Leukemia, 84, 149, 180 Levo, 167, 180 Levodopa, 167, 180 Lidocaine, 155, 180 Ligament, 180, 193 Lincomycin, 161, 180 Linkage, 109, 180, 189 Lipid, 168, 174, 181 Lipopolysaccharide, 98, 174, 181 Lipoprotein, 174, 181 Liposome, 20, 24, 97, 98, 103, 181 Liver, 38, 66, 69, 114, 149, 155, 160, 164, 166, 171, 172, 174, 175, 181, 192, 205, 207 Liver cancer, 115, 181 Liver Neoplasms, 181, 207 Liver Transplantation, 69, 181 Lobe, 96, 181 Localized, 7, 9, 13, 149, 152, 159, 165, 168, 178, 181, 187, 190, 205 Lubricants, 100, 181 Luminescence, 41, 181 Lupus, 181, 202 Lymph, 12, 33, 175, 181 Lymph node, 12, 181 Lymphadenopathy, 33, 181 Lymphatic, 178, 181, 199 Lymphatic system, 181, 199 Lymphocytes, 23, 54, 71, 152, 178, 181, 208 Lymphoid, 152, 163, 174, 181 Lymphokine, 80, 89, 182 Lymphokine-activated killer cells, 80, 182 Lytic, 182, 198, 207 M Macrophage, 13, 103, 182 Malignant, 46, 113, 149, 153, 181, 182 Mammary, 182, 202 Mannitol, 111, 182 Mastitis, 182, 198 Meatus, 96, 182, 205 Medial, 114, 182 Mediate, 167, 180, 182, 195 Mediator, 167, 178, 182 MEDLINE, 131, 182 Melioidosis, 61, 182 Memory, 165, 182 Meninges, 158, 159, 167, 174, 182, 205 Meningitis, 6, 26, 42, 72, 172, 174, 182 Mental, iv, 4, 41, 130, 132, 159, 165, 166, 171, 182, 194 Mental Health, iv, 4, 130, 132, 182, 194 Mercaptopurine, 114, 116, 118, 182 Mercury, 171, 183

216

Ciprofloxacin

Metabolite, 73, 166, 183 Metastasis, 183 Metastatic, 84, 89, 183 Methotrexate, 115, 118, 183 Metronidazole, 33, 48, 49, 61, 71, 78, 80, 90, 115, 116, 117, 118, 183 Microbe, 183, 204 Microbiological, 10, 61, 106, 183 Microbiological Techniques, 10, 183 Microbiology, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 51, 52, 55, 58, 66, 70, 72, 75, 85, 149, 183 Microorganism, 5, 161, 183, 188, 207 Microscopy, 14, 183 Microspheres, 7, 183 Microtubules, 183, 187 Minocycline, 31, 33, 90, 183 Mitochondrial Swelling, 183, 185 Mitosis, 153, 183 Mitotic, 167, 170, 183 Mitotic inhibitors, 167, 183 Modeling, 19, 93, 184 Modification, 166, 184, 195 Modulator, 116, 184 Molecule, 7, 8, 152, 155, 161, 162, 170, 176, 184, 186, 187, 191, 204 Monitor, 11, 184, 186 Monocyte, 20, 184 Mononuclear, 184, 205 Morphological, 85, 168, 172, 184 Mucins, 184, 197 Mucopurulent, 157, 184 Mucosa, 29, 173, 181, 184, 201 Mucus, 156, 168, 184, 205 Multicenter study, 59, 184 Mupirocin, 43, 184 Muscle relaxant, 184, 190, 202 Muscle Spindles, 184, 190 Mutagenesis, 9, 184 Mutagens, 172, 184 Myelodysplastic Syndromes, 5, 184 Myocardium, 26, 184 Myotonia, 185, 195 Myristate, 104, 185 N N-acetyl, 14, 185 Nalidixic Acid, 17, 52, 58, 185 Nasogastric, 29, 185 Nausea, 152, 153, 156, 167, 178, 185 NCI, 1, 129, 161, 185 Nebramycin, 185, 203 Necrolysis, 38, 185 Necrosis, 114, 153, 163, 169, 185

Neonatal, 75, 174, 185 Nephrotoxic, 185, 191 Nervous System, 115, 159, 182, 185, 201, 202, 206 Netilmicin, 29, 88, 104, 185 Neuromuscular, 185, 191 Neurons, 172, 180, 184, 185, 186, 202 Neuropathy, 185, 189 Neurotoxic, 185, 191 Neutrons, 150, 185, 195 Neutropenia, 38, 47, 67, 76, 185 Neutrophils, 57, 174, 185 Niacin, 115, 186, 205 Nicotine, 115, 186 Nitrogen, 99, 150, 164, 186, 205 Norfloxacin, 17, 19, 43, 48, 74, 111, 186 Nosocomial, 8, 26, 29, 59, 186 Novobiocin, 5, 186 Nuclear, 31, 36, 54, 55, 70, 71, 72, 76, 168, 185, 186, 206 Nucleic acid, 166, 175, 184, 186 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 175, 186 Nucleus, 153, 155, 160, 164, 165, 169, 181, 184, 185, 186, 193, 200 Nystagmus, 180, 186 O Ocular, 19, 33, 39, 186 Ointments, 167, 186, 199 Oliguria, 180, 182, 186 Omeprazole, 24, 186 Oncology, 72, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 115, 187 Oophoritis, 174, 187 Ophthalmic, 34, 102, 109, 110, 126, 187, 191 Orgasm, 187, 198 Osmolarity, 182, 187 Osteoarthritis, 187, 190 Osteomyelitis, 25, 187 Otitis, 45, 46, 73, 74, 96, 108, 113, 187 Otitis Media, 45, 73, 74, 96, 187 Otorrhea, 73, 74, 96, 187 Ototoxic, 96, 102, 110, 151, 187 Outpatient, 43, 47, 187 Ovary, 84, 187 Overdose, 163, 187 Oxidation, 153, 164, 174, 187 Oxygenator, 158, 187 Oxytetracycline, 61, 187 P Pachymeningitis, 182, 187 Paclitaxel, 86, 187 Palliative, 187, 203

217

Palmitic Acid, 105, 187 Pancreas, 149, 166, 187, 188 Pancreatic, 84, 188 Pancytopenia, 5, 188 Parasitic, 164, 168, 188, 197 Parenteral, 25, 188 Parietal, 35, 187, 188, 189, 191 Parietal Lobe, 188 Partial remission, 188, 196 Particle, 7, 181, 188 Patch, 10, 47, 69, 188 Pathogen, 8, 9, 12, 98, 178, 188 Pathologic, 153, 155, 176, 188, 194, 201 Pathologic Processes, 153, 188 Pathologies, 114, 188 Patient Education, 136, 142, 144, 147, 188 Pefloxacin, 17, 23, 188 Pelvic, 69, 188, 193 Pelvis, 180, 188, 194 Penicillin, 12, 15, 32, 61, 84, 106, 109, 151, 152, 188, 190 Pentoxifylline, 5, 80, 89, 188 Pepsin, 160, 188 Pepsin A, 160, 188 Peptic, 188, 201 Peptide, 7, 161, 188, 189, 191, 193 Peptide Chain Elongation, 161, 189 Perhexiline, 115, 189 Perianal, 116, 189 Pericardium, 189, 202 Perineal, 116, 189 Perineum, 189 Periodontitis, 36, 189 Peripheral blood, 20, 34, 189 Peritoneal, 20, 154, 165, 168, 189 Peritoneal Cavity, 154, 189 Peritoneal Dialysis, 20, 165, 168, 189 Peritoneum, 189 Peritonitis, 67, 69, 174, 189 Peroral, 97, 189 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 108, 170, 189 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 167, 189 Pharmacodynamic, 11, 27, 48, 65, 66, 80, 89, 93, 189 Pharmacokinetic, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 27, 28, 30, 48, 56, 61, 66, 79, 80, 89, 189 Pharmacologic, 151, 174, 189, 204 Pharynx, 96, 189 Phenotype, 9, 52, 189 Phenyl, 105, 190 Phenytoin, 51, 190

Phosphates, 105, 190 Phosphodiesterase, 188, 190 Phospholipids, 171, 181, 190 Phosphorus, 115, 157, 190 Physicochemical, 79, 154, 190 Physiologic, 150, 167, 174, 190, 193 Pilot study, 6, 190 Pipemidic Acid, 17, 190 Piperacillin, 17, 18, 29, 34, 35, 54, 69, 73, 74, 190 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 54, 69, 190 Piroxicam, 7, 190 Plague, 12, 31, 190, 205 Plants, 150, 155, 173, 190, 194, 197, 200, 204, 206 Plasma, 18, 29, 40, 42, 48, 74, 76, 98, 150, 152, 156, 159, 170, 173, 174, 180, 186, 191, 198 Plasma cells, 152, 174, 191 Plasmid, 86, 191 Platelet Aggregation, 188, 191 Platelets, 73, 188, 191 Pleura, 191 Pleural, 26, 191 Pneumonia, 12, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 58, 59, 87, 157, 163, 182, 191 Pneumonitis, 38, 191 Podophyllotoxin, 170, 191 Poisoning, 8, 10, 91, 165, 179, 183, 185, 191, 198 Polymers, 111, 179, 191, 193 Polymyxin, 108, 161, 191 Polymyxin B, 108, 161, 191 Polypeptide, 151, 161, 174, 176, 188, 191, 205 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 96, 100, 102, 110, 191 Postoperative, 190, 191 Potassium, 191, 195, 199 Povidone, 54, 192 Povidone-Iodine, 54, 192 Practicability, 192, 205 Practice Guidelines, 132, 192 Precipitation, 33, 40, 192 Precursor, 164, 167, 169, 180, 192, 204, 205 Prednisolone, 192 Prednisone, 80, 192 Pregnancy Maintenance, 192 Prevalence, 5, 11, 22, 52, 192 Procainamide, 14, 192 Procaine, 180, 192 Progeny, 5, 192 Progesterone, 192, 200

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Progression, 9, 152, 192 Progressive, 160, 163, 167, 185, 187, 192, 196 Proline, 161, 176, 192 Promyelocytic leukemia, 80, 192 Prophylaxis, 13, 18, 25, 34, 44, 46, 54, 67, 99, 105, 137, 193, 196 Prospective study, 34, 193 Prostaglandin, 193 Prostate, 72, 86, 160, 193, 198 Prostate gland, 160, 193 Prostatitis, 47, 54, 59, 62, 73, 193 Protease, 162, 178, 193 Protective Agents, 157, 193 Protein S, 14, 109, 156, 161, 170, 173, 193, 201, 203 Proton Pump, 187, 193 Protons, 150, 176, 193, 195 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 187, 194 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 187, 194 Protozoa, 155, 168, 183, 194, 200 Proximal, 14, 166, 194 Pseudomonas Infections, 190, 194 Psoriasis, 194, 196 Psychiatry, 194, 206 Psychic, 182, 194, 197 Public Health, 5, 6, 132, 194 Public Policy, 131, 194 Publishing, 15, 194 Pulmonary, 13, 43, 156, 175, 180, 194, 202, 206 Pulse, 184, 194 Purulent, 169, 174, 187, 194 Putrefaction, 172, 194 Pyelonephritis, 38, 49, 59, 66, 71, 194 Pyogenic, 187, 194, 198 Q Quality of Health Care, 195, 205 Quality of Life, 114, 195 Quinidine, 80, 115, 160, 195 Quinine, 115, 160, 195 Quinolones, 10, 15, 32, 44, 47, 62, 64, 91, 100, 103, 195 R Race, 167, 195 Racemic, 167, 195 Radiation, 106, 172, 176, 183, 195 Radiation therapy, 172, 195 Radioactive, 165, 174, 176, 177, 186, 195, 202, 206 Radiolabeled, 192, 195 Radiopharmaceutical, 55, 195

Randomized, 16, 25, 27, 29, 30, 43, 59, 63, 66, 69, 70, 71, 80, 86, 168, 195 Ranitidine, 115, 195 Rectovaginal Fistula, 116, 195 Rectum, 115, 153, 156, 162, 166, 171, 172, 178, 180, 193, 195 Red blood cells, 170, 195, 197, 199 Reductase, 183, 196 Refer, 1, 162, 185, 186, 196, 204, 207 Reflux, 196, 201 Refraction, 196, 199 Refractory, 48, 196 Regimen, 161, 168, 196 Regurgitation, 175, 196 Relapse, 116, 196 Remission, 114, 115, 117, 196 Renal cell carcinoma, 89, 196 Renal failure, 165, 196 Resection, 116, 196 Respiration, 70, 163, 184, 196 Respirators, 10, 196 Respiratory Physiology, 38, 196, 206 Retina, 180, 196, 197, 207 Retinoids, 115, 196 Reversion, 196, 205 Rheology, 188, 196 Rheumatoid, 160, 161, 190, 196 Rheumatoid arthritis, 160, 161, 190, 196 Rhinitis, 197, 198 Rickettsiae, 197 Risk factor, 193, 197 Ristocetin, 197, 206 Rod, 154, 155, 169, 194, 197 Roxithromycin, 23, 54, 87, 89, 197 S Salicylate, 197 Salicylic, 197 Salicylic Acids, 197 Saliva, 26, 197 Salivary, 164, 166, 197 Salivary glands, 164, 166, 197 Salmonellosis, 24, 46, 197 Salpingitis, 174, 197 Saponins, 197, 200 Sclera, 163, 197 Screening, 13, 64, 161, 197 Secretion, 9, 74, 88, 96, 160, 175, 184, 186, 195, 197, 198, 204 Secretory, 57, 187, 197, 202 Segregation, 8, 197 Seizures, 43, 165, 190, 197

219

Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 198, 202 Selenium, 87, 198 Semen, 193, 198 Seminal fluid, 89, 198 Semisynthetic, 151, 158, 161, 170, 177, 183, 185, 190, 197, 198 Sepsis, 27, 75, 98, 198 Septic, 31, 55, 198 Septicaemia, 198 Septicemia, 68, 86, 198 Sequence Analysis, 51, 198 Serologic, 177, 198 Serotypes, 41, 59, 198 Serous, 154, 191, 198 Serum, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 27, 43, 46, 151, 158, 162, 189, 198, 205 Sex Characteristics, 198 Shock, 6, 151, 176, 198, 205 Side effect, 98, 101, 114, 117, 120, 121, 125, 136, 149, 153, 164, 166, 190, 198, 204 Signs and Symptoms, 115, 196, 198 Sisomicin, 104, 198 Skeletal, 184, 195, 199 Skull, 199, 203 Sludge, 115, 199 Small intestine, 101, 117, 158, 167, 173, 175, 177, 179, 185, 199 Smooth muscle, 78, 157, 175, 199, 201 Soaps, 171, 199 Social Environment, 195, 199 Sodium, 79, 99, 100, 101, 107, 111, 115, 166, 195, 199 Sodium Bicarbonate, 101, 199 Soft tissue, 17, 104, 108, 156, 199 Solid tumor, 29, 84, 199 Solvent, 100, 170, 174, 189, 199 Sorbitol, 182, 199 Specialist, 138, 199 Spectrophotometry, 8, 199 Spectrum, 3, 4, 34, 70, 100, 119, 171, 177, 179, 186, 188, 197, 199, 201 Sperm, 160, 198, 200 Spinal cord, 156, 159, 160, 163, 167, 182, 185, 187, 200 Spores, 4, 9, 178, 200 Sputum, 27, 200 Squamous, 88, 169, 200 Squamous cell carcinoma, 88, 169, 200 Squamous cells, 200 Stabilization, 190, 200 Stabilizer, 158, 200

Stent, 59, 200 Sterile, 31, 55, 106, 200 Sterility, 164, 200 Sterilization, 90, 106, 200 Steroid, 108, 111, 117, 164, 197, 200 Stimulant, 157, 175, 200, 202 Stomach, 101, 149, 166, 170, 173, 175, 185, 188, 189, 196, 199, 200 Stool, 115, 162, 180, 200, 203 Strand, 10, 14, 200 Streptococcal, 39, 180, 201 Streptococci, 184, 201 Streptococcus, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 42, 46, 49, 84, 169, 201 Streptomycin, 20, 106, 201 Striatum, 19, 201 Subacute, 178, 201 Subclinical, 178, 197, 201 Subcutaneous, 151, 159, 168, 172, 188, 201 Subspecies, 199, 201 Substance P, 170, 183, 197, 201 Substrate, 160, 201 Sucralfate, 23, 47, 201 Sulbactam, 42, 201 Sulfates, 105, 173, 201 Sulfuric acid, 201 Supplementation, 20, 201 Suppression, 32, 72, 201 Suppuration, 96, 201 Suppurative, 159, 169, 172, 174, 201 Surfactant, 110, 202 Surgical Wound Infection, 8, 202 Survival Rate, 98, 202 Suspensions, 97, 110, 202 Symphysis, 159, 193, 202 Symptomatic, 152, 202 Symptomatic treatment, 152, 202 Synaptic, 186, 202 Synaptic Transmission, 186, 202 Synergistic, 57, 98, 202 Systemic disease, 6, 198, 202 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 38, 160, 161, 202 Systemic therapy, 160, 202 T Tachycardia, 154, 202 Tachypnea, 154, 202 Tacrine, 115, 202 Tamoxifen, 115, 198, 202 Technetium, 45, 46, 202 Teicoplanin, 104, 108, 109, 203 Temporal, 100, 101, 182, 203

220

Ciprofloxacin

Tendon, 37, 76, 78, 203 Tenesmus, 168, 203 Terbium, 41, 203 Terminator, 166, 203 Tetracycline, 12, 72, 167, 183, 203 Thalidomide, 6, 203 Theophylline, 22, 78, 79, 203 Therapeutics, 4, 7, 37, 48, 59, 126, 203 Thrombosis, 46, 193, 203 Thyroid, 115, 179, 203 Tinnitus, 187, 203 Tobramycin, 17, 18, 57, 74, 99, 104, 108, 203 Tolerance, 18, 100, 149, 204 Tone, 163, 204 Tonic, 163, 204 Tonicity, 110, 111, 175, 204 Topical, 39, 40, 44, 53, 63, 68, 73, 74, 90, 96, 102, 108, 109, 110, 117, 170, 192, 199, 204 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 10, 109, 204 Toxic, iv, 38, 99, 101, 114, 160, 161, 165, 174, 177, 185, 186, 191, 198, 204, 205, 206 Toxicity, 15, 80, 100, 104, 109, 167, 183, 185, 197, 201, 204, 207 Toxicology, 51, 132, 204 Toxin, 9, 20, 169, 204 Toxoplasmosis, 154, 204 Trace element, 172, 204 Trachea, 156, 189, 203, 204 Transcriptase, 166, 204 Transfection, 156, 204 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 5, 204 Translation, 170, 173, 204 Translocation, 13, 161, 170, 205 Trauma, 98, 165, 170, 174, 185, 203, 205, 208 Treatment Failure, 38, 50, 51, 64, 205 Treatment Outcome, 34, 205 Trichomoniasis, 183, 205 Troglitazone, 115, 205 Tryptophan, 161, 205 Tuberculosis, 6, 24, 43, 56, 75, 136, 179, 181, 197, 205 Tuberculostatic, 179, 205 Tularemia, 12, 205 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 5, 203, 205 Tunica, 184, 205 Tympanic membrane, 108, 205 TYPHI, 41, 64, 205 Typhimurium, 16, 22, 25, 30, 39, 40, 75, 205 Typhoid fever, 38, 205

Tyrothricin, 174, 205 U Ulcer, 159, 174, 201, 205 Ulceration, 117, 173, 205 Ulcerative colitis, 60, 114, 115, 116, 117, 178, 205 Unsaturated Fats, 171, 206 Uranium, 203, 206 Ureters, 180, 206 Urethra, 193, 206 Urethritis, 25, 45, 51, 174, 206 Urinary tract, 3, 21, 29, 30, 38, 49, 59, 66, 70, 158, 169, 185, 188, 206 Urinary tract infection, 3, 21, 29, 30, 38, 49, 59, 66, 70, 169, 185, 188, 206 Urine, 19, 42, 51, 63, 156, 158, 164, 166, 176, 180, 186, 190, 206 Urogenital, 173, 174, 206 Uvea, 169, 206 V Vaccine, 149, 206 Vagina, 157, 195, 206 Valves, 9, 196, 206 Vancomycin, 16, 20, 25, 33, 76, 79, 85, 104, 108, 206 Vascular, 10, 78, 98, 115, 151, 157, 165, 174, 178, 206 Vascular Resistance, 151, 206 Vasodilator, 167, 175, 189, 206 Vegetative, 13, 206 Vein, 154, 179, 186, 206 Venous, 154, 193, 206 Ventilation, 96, 206 Ventricle, 153, 194, 206, 207 Ventricular, 151, 207 Vertigo, 187, 207 Vesicular, 157, 207 Vestibular, 180, 207 Veterinary Medicine, 10, 104, 108, 131, 207 Vibrio, 160, 207 Vibrio cholerae, 160, 207 Vinca Alkaloids, 207 Vincristine, 88, 207 Vinyl Chloride, 115, 207 Viral, 163, 166, 168, 207 Virulence, 154, 204, 207 Virulent, 6, 207 Virus, 207 Viscosity, 102, 109, 196, 207 Vitreous, 19, 33, 34, 53, 68, 180, 196, 207 Vitreous Body, 196, 207 Vitreous Humor, 19, 207

221

Vitro, 6, 11, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 49, 57, 73, 207 Vivo, 16, 46, 207 W Wakefulness, 165, 207 Wettability, 97, 208 White blood cell, 152, 174, 181, 182, 184, 185, 191, 208

Windpipe, 189, 203, 208 Withdrawal, 165, 208 Wound Healing, 184, 208 Wound Infection, 8, 98, 208 X Xenograft, 152, 208 Y Yeasts, 106, 172, 190, 208

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223

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